DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR· 

HUBERT WORK, Secretary 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Directo~ 

Professional Paper 135 

THE COMPOSITION OF THE RIVER. AND LAKE WATERS 

OF THE UNITED STATES 

BY 

FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE 

1924 
ADDITIONAL COPIES 

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM 

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

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AT 

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CONTENTS. 

PAn~· I. Introduction _____________________________ _ 

Statement of n.nalyses _________________________ _ 

Interpretation· of analyses ______________________ _ 

PArt'!' II. Tables of analyses _______________________ _ 

St. Lawrence basin _____________________ .. ______ _ 

Lake Superior~ ___________________________ _ 

Tributaries of Lake Superior ___________ _ 

Lake Michigan ____ . _______________________ _ 

Tributaries of Lake Michigan _________ :.._ 

Lake Huron-------------~----------------- TI:ibutaries of Lake Huron _____________ _ 

Lake Erie ________________________________ _ 

Tributaries of Lake Erie _______________ _ 

Waters tributary to Lake Ontario ___________ _ 

St. Lawrence River and tributaries __________ ~ 

Summary for St. Lawrence basin ____________ _ 

North Atlantic slope _________ · _________________ _ 

Waters of eastern Maine ___________________ _ 

Waters of western Maine. _________________ _ 

Merrimack basin _____________ ~ ____________ _ 

Connecticut basin ____________________ -'- __ _ 

Waters of western Connecticut------~----:---

Middle Atlantic slope _________________________ _ 

Hudson River __ -. ______________________ ~ __ _ 

Raritan River ____________________________ ..: 

Delaware River ____ .:_ ______________________ _ 

Susquehanna River_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 

Minor tributaries of Chesapeake Bay ______ ~ __ Potomnc River ___________________________ _ 

Summary for Middle Atlantic slope _________ _ 

South Atlantic slope and easten1 Gulf of Mexico __ _ Jnmes River ______________________________ _ 

Rivers from the Dan to the Savannah _______ _ Ogeechee River ___________________________ _ 

Altamaha River bnsin _____________________ _ 

Apalachicola River basin ___________________ _ 

Mobile River basin ________________________ _ 

Pe~rl River-----------~------------------- Summary for South Atlantic slope __________ _ 

Southern Florida------------~-----------------­

Mississippi basin------------------------------

Mississippi River_ ________________________ _ 

Northern tributaries of the MississippL ______ _ 

Minnesota River basin---------~----------­

Tributaries of the Mississippi between Minnesota and Cedar rivers ____________________ _ 

Iown, River basin _________________________ _ 

Des Moines River basin ___________________ _ Chippewa River __________________________ _ 

Bln.ck and Ln. Crosse rivers ____________ ~ __ . __ _ 

Wisconsin River basin _____________________ _ 

Rock River __________________ :-------~----

. Illinois River basin~------------------------

Desplaines and Kankakee rivers __ . ______ _ 

Fox River ______ ~---------------------- Illinois River _________________________ _ 

Vermilion and Sangamon rivers ____ ~-----

Sununary ____________________________ _ 

Kaskaskia and Muddy rivers _______________ _ 

Ohio River basin ___________________________ · 

Headwater streams_------ ______ ~ ____ .:.._ 

Page. 

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74 

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75 

PART II. Tables of analyses-Continued. 

Mississippi basin-Continued. 

Ohio River basin-Continued. 

Beaver River __________ - _-- __ ~ _____ - -- -

Muskingum ~liver ______________ -_----., 

Scioto River ____________________ - ------

Miami River _____________________ - - - - -

Wabash River _________________ --------

Cache River ______________________ -----

Tributaries of the· Ohio Southwest of 

Wheeling __________________________ _ 

I{entucky River~----------------------

Cumberland River _____ .. ______________ _ 

Tennessee River·-----------------~---- Green River _________________________ _ 

Summary for Ohio basin_--------------

Missouri River basin _______________________ · 

Missouri River ___ .. ___________________ _ 

Madison a1id Yellowstone rivers ________ _ Lake De Smet ____________________ _ 

·Tributaries of the Missouri in North and 

South Dakota _____________________ _ 

Eastern tributaries of the Missouri_~ ____ _ 

Niobrara River and adjacent lakes ______ _ 

Platte River basin _____ · _______________ _ 

Kansas River basin __ ~ _________________ 1 

Osage River basin __________________ ..: __ _ 

Minor tribtitaries of the MissourL ______ _ 

Arkansas River basin ____ .:. ________________ _ 

Main stream _________________________ _ 

w· aln u t River ________________________ _ 

Medicine Lodge and Chikaskia rivers ____ _ Cimarron River _______________________ _ 

Verdigris River~ ______________________ _ 

Neosho River _________ . _______________ _ 

Summary for Arkansas River basin _____ _ Red River ______ -. ______________ · ____ ..:. _____ _ 

General summary for Mississippi basin ______ _ 

Red River (of the North)'- _____________________ _ Devi~ Lake __________ _; _______________________ _ 

Rivers of Texas ____________________ . __________ _ 

Brazos and Colorado rivers-----------------

Rio Grande basin ______ · ___________________ _ 

Colorado River basin _________________________ .. _ 

Interior basin of California ___ .:. _________________ _ 

Owens aJ1d Mono lakes ____________________ _ 

SaUon Sea--~----------------------------- South Pacific slope ____________________________ _ 

Monterey Bay system ____ ~ ________________ _ 

Middle eli vision ____________ ·- _________ :.. ____ _ 

Southern division _________________________ _ 

Summary for the South Pacific slope ________ _ 

Middle Pacific slope ___________________________ _ 

San Joaquin basin ______ ~-----:---------------

Sacramento basin _________________________ _ 

Western division ____________ :.. _____________ _ 

North Pacific slope ___________________________ _ 

Columbia River basin ______________ .:. ______ _ 

Columbia River ______________________ _ 

Northern tributaries of the Columbia ____ _ Snake River _________________________ _ 

Southern tributaries of the Columbia ____ _ 

(III) · 

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171 
IV 

PART II. Tables of analyses~Continued. 

North Pacific slope-Continued. 

Saline and alkaline lakes of northeastern Washington--------------------------~------- Puget Sound dr!linage basin ________________ _ 

Great basin _____ , _____________________________ _ 

Lake Bonneville_~------------------------- Lake Lahontan: __________________________ _ 

Truckee basin ________________________ _ 

Walker and Humboldt basins ___________ _ 

Ragtown Soda Lakes _______ ~ __________ _ 

CONTENTS. 

Page. 

180 

180 

183 

184 

185 

'185 

186 

186 

·PART II. Tables of analyses-Continuecl.. 

Great basin-Continued. 

Oregon lakes _____________________________ _ 

Harney Basin _________________________ _ 

Warner Basin ________________________ _ 

Chewaucan Basin _________ :_ _________ ~ __ 

Minor basins _______ ~ _________________ _ 

Alaska ________________ .- ~ _________________________ _ 

Index ___________________________________________ _ 

Page .. 

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186 

187 

188 

189 

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19& 
T'fl.l~ CO~i.POSITION 0~~ T.HE RIVER AND. ·LA.K~J vYATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

By Fl~ANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE. 

PART I.-INTRODUCTION. 

In the sununer of 1903 the late Richard B. Dole, Oregon, by-Van 'iVinkle, and on I\:ansas by I-I. N. 

chCJnist of the water-resources branch of the United Parker with analyses made under the direction of 

States Geological Survey, began a syst.ematic in- Prof. E. H. S. Bailey.2 In all these reports the same 

vestigation of the cmnposition of the river and lake policy was followed as in the ·earlier report; tables 

waters of the United States. I-Iis plan, which devel- of analyses were given to show the ttverage annual 

ope~l gradu~lly, was tQ have analyses made of the c'tnnposition of the water of each river. Furtherdifferent waters in such a 1nanner as to give the aver- m·ore, by correspondence with a nu1nber of railroad 

age c01nposition of each one for an entire year. cmnpanies, Mr. Dole obtained many "boiler-water" 

For a few waters, such cmnpleteness was i:nipracti- analyses, which, if not of the greatest elaboration, 

cable, the analyses covered only part of a year, but have proved to be of considerable vahie. Some of 

even in these waters the data obtained were of much the cmnpanies responded 1nost liberally to his appeal, 

value. As a rule,· san1ples of each water were col- but others seen1ed· to take little or no interest in it. 

lected day by clay. They were then 1nixed in sets This material is now utilized for the fll'st ti1ne. 

of ten and t1nalyzed, so that for each river or lake It Wi),S Mr. Dole's intention to bring together all his 

from 34 to 37 analyses were n1ade. For the Missis- accumulated data in one exhaustive monograph. 

sippi above New Orleans composite analyses were The work was actually begun and covered part of the 

made in sets of seven, giving 52 analyses from which Atlantic slope, but on January 21, 1917, after a brief 

to cmnpute the average. For the Great Lakes, illness, Mr. Dole died, leaving his task ·unfinished. 

however, only n1onthly samples were taken, for the I-Iis plan was 1nost ambitious and under the conditions 

reason that their waters vary so little in con1position that controlled him would have occupied him for · 

that greater elaboration was not necessary. Some n1any years. Unfortunately, -but unavoidably, his 

of the larger rivers were treated even more thoroughly; official duties were so numerous that he could give only 

their average composition was detern1ined~at more part of ~lis time to this monograph. His last work, 

thcw. one point---;-the Mississippi at six points. For cmnpleted only a few days before his fatal illness, was 

some rivers the analyses cover two years of collection, to make, in cooperation with A. A. Chan1bers, a set of 

and for the data, received from a contributor not analyses of waters fron1 the · Yukon, showing the 

c011nected with the Geological Survey, three years. composition of that river for an entire year. These 

ln 1909 the first fruit of Mr. Dole's investigation · analyses will be found in the last section of this 

u.ppearecl as a water-supply paper. 1 This report, in memoir. o 

adcl~tion to text that described the purpose of the The course of Mr. Dole's investigations was followed 

work and the 1nethods of analysis, contained more by the present writer with much interest. l-Ie realized 

than 2,000 analyses, representing 59 different waters. · their great value to science, and their unique character, 

So large a n1ass of dat~ relative to the co1nposition of and felt that the notable n1ass of 1naterial thus acmnnuriver and lake waters had never before been published luted should be preserved in collected form. Veryfew 

as the work of any single laporatory. Indeed, of the analyses received from sources outside of the 

nothing like it had ever been attCinpted elsewhere. Geological Survey had been published, yet they served 

Of course Mr. Dole could not possibly have done all to reinforce and increase the value of the n1any printed 

the work single handed. l-Ie was fortunate in having tables. The writer therefore volunteered to take up 

a corps of capable assistants or rather colleagues, one phase of Mr. Dole's n1ore elaborate plan and to 

whose names appea.r in connection. with the tables of n1ake these thousands of analyses available for seienanalyses. Credit is given to every man who shared tific use and discussion. The task thus asstuned was 

in this labor. laborious hut well worth the time spent upon it. 

But this is not all.. Under Mr. Dole's direction, or . · Since the death of l\1r. Dole a considerable number 

in coopern,tion with him, other similar reports were of additional analyses have been collected, and they 

soon published, as follows: On the. waters of Califor- ·are incorporated in the present work. Some of then1 

nia, by Walton Vn,n Winkle and F. M. Eu,ton; on were 1nade in the laboratories of the United States 

Illinois by W. D. Collins; on ';y ashington and on Geological Survey; others were found ~n official 

J U.S. Oeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 230, 1909. 2 U.S. Oeol. Survey Water-Supply Papers 237, 239, 339, 303, and 273. 
2 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES 

reports published by individual States. A few· more 

were received from railro·aa companies, and some 

unpublished data were contributed in· manuscript, 

either by the analysts or by the organizations for· 

which they were made. Every analysis is credited to 

the source from which it was obtained. 

The work done by the present writer falls into two 

principal divisions. First came the classification and 

arrangement of the analyses, each one being assigned 

to its proper. drainage basin. As regard_s the larger 

rivers and their chief tributaries this task was easy, 

but with the smailer streams and lakes it was often 

difficult. Part of the trouble was due to defective 

maps, and part of it to the duplication of names. For. 

instance, two St. Joseph rivers rise near each other 

in Michigan and flow in opposite directions, one into 

Lake Michigan, the other into the Maumee. Two 

Fox rivers in Wisconsin and two Vermilion rivers in 

Illinois behave in the same way; and for each couple 

two drainage basins are indicated. There ·are also 

two Delaware rivers, two Red rivers, two Colorado 

rivers, and two Platte rivers, and such descriptive 

na1nes a$ Rock River, Cedar River, White River, and 

Cottonwood Creek occur over and over again. It 

has also been necessary to reject a good many of the 

collected analyses because of obvious defects. Some 

were incon1plete, some obscurely stated, and others 

distinctly bad. This part of the work was largely 

,. critical and could not be done·hastily. It required a 

good deal of conscientious study, and errors were not 

always easy to avoid. 

The reduction and tabulation of the analyses Was 

the second and most important division of this work. 

In order that they should be comparable it was necessary to reduce all analyses to a uniform standard, and 

that task, although easy, was very lab0rious. The 

analyses published in the water-supply papers of the 

Geol0gical Survey were all stated in ionic form, in 

parts per million, and with the bicarbonate radicle 

·instead of the normal C03 • Alumina .was not determined, and in most of the analyses potassium was 

assumed as present, with no word as to bicarbonates. 

Because of these differences the reductions to standard 

form became necessary in order that the analyses n1ight 

be. compared with one another. By that treatment 

some interesting relations we.re brought to light. which 

otherwise could hardly have been suspected. 

Wherever it seemed to be practicable the tables of 

analyses have been followed by att~mpts at interpretation, in· order to discover reiations between the 

waters and their lithologic origin.. For what m~1y be 

called primary waters-that is, waters of single 

streams as· distinguished from blends or mi."'Ctures___!_. 

the interpretation is often easy, out all such streams 

are small, and most of them form the headwaters of 

larger rivers. The waters of great rivers and their 

principal affiuents are all blended waters and are more 

difficult to deal with. Even with them it is possible 

to reach some definite conclusions, based upon a study 

of the tributaries and of the geologic and climatic 

characters of the drainage areas. What has been 

done in the way of interpretation is, however, only a 

small fraction of what is desirable. 

That the present work is very incomplete is plainly 

evident, and, indeed, even an approach to completeness would be impossible. Only about 650 different 

waters have been studied, and there must be thousands 

of others for which no analyses were found. Some of 

the deficiencies are, of course, insignificant, but many 

large rivers are unrepresented in our tabulations. 

Furthermore, the available analyses are very unevenly 

distributed geographica.lly. Some States and some 

drainage basins have been covered with comparative 

thoroughness; others are almost neglected. Vermont, 

for example, is represented by ·a single analysis, and 

·the data relative to the waters of Texas are altogether 

inadequate. The.se are only two of many examples 

which might be cited. This paper may be regarded 

as an outline for future workers to fill in. · 

STATEMENT OF ANALYSES. 

included with the sodium and not separately esti- ·In the usual statement of water analyses an 

mated. These. deficiencies were admitted by Dole essentially vicious mode of procedure has become so 

and excused on the ground that the amount of work firmly established that it is difficult to set aside. 

to be done made the simplification of the analyses For example, a w·ater is found to contain sodium, 

necessary. With these analyses the reduction to potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, a~d the 

percentage form was all that the present writer had radicles of sulphuric and carbonic acids; or, in ordinary 

to do in the way of recalculation. parlance, three acids and four bases. If these are 

The treatment of the miscellaneous analyses as combined into salts at least 12 such compounds must· 

they were received from various sources was a different be assumed, and there is no definite law by which 

problem. They were stated in many different ways, their relative proportions can be calculated. A 

some in parts per million or parts per hundred tho1,1.- combination, however, is commonly taken for granted, 

sand and others in grains per gallon or even grains · · and each chemist allots the several acids to the several 

per imperial gallon. · A few were given in terms of bases according to his individual judgment. The 

· ions, but most. of them were expressed in terms of 12 possible salts rarely appear in the final statement; 

salts-that is, as hypothetical combinations. In all the chlorine may be assigned to the sodium and · 

n~arly all these analyses normal carbonates were . all the sulphuric acid to the lime, and the result is a 
STATEMENT OF ANALYSES, 

meaningless chaos of assumptions and uncertainties. 

We can not be sure that the chosen combinations are. 

correct, and we know that in most analyses they are 

·too few. · · 

But are the radicles combined~ This is a point at 

issue. Alt]J.ough no complete theory covering all the 

phenomena of solution has yet been developed, it is 

the prevalent opinion, at least among physical 

che1nists, that in dilute solutions the salts ·are dissociated into their ions, and that with ions only can 

we legitimately deal. .Whether this theory of dissociation shall ultimately stand or fall is a question 

which need not concern us now; we can use it without 

danger' of error as a basis for the statem~nt of analyses, 

putting our results in terms of ions which may or 

may not be actually combined. Upon this foundation 

all water analyses can be rationally compared, witli 

no unjustifiable assumptions and with all the real 

data reduced ·to the simplest uniform terms. We 

'do not, however, get rid of all difficulties, and ·some 

of these must be met by pure conventions·. For 

exa1nple, Is silica present in colloidai form, or as the 

silicic ion Si03 ~ Are ferric oxide and alumina present 

as such, or in the ions of. their salts? The. ion may 

represent ferrous carbonate, the alumina may be 

equivalent to alum; but as a rule the quantities found 

are so trivial that the true conditions can not be 

determined from the ratios between acidic arid basic 

radicles. 'I'he unavoidable errors of analysis are 

commonly too large to permit a final settlement of 

these questions; and only in exceptional cases can 

· definite conclusions be drawn. 

For convenience, then, we .1nay regard these substances as colloidal oxides and tabulate them in that 

fonn. 1'he procedure may not be rigorously exact, 

but'' the error in it is usually very small. If we consider an analysis as representing the. composition of 

the anhydi'ous inorganic matter which is left when a 

water has been evaporated to dryness, the difficulty 

as regards iron disappears, for ferrous carbonate is 

then dec01nposed and ferric oxide remains. A similar 

difficulty in respect to the presence of bicarbonates 

also vanishes at the same time, for the bicarbonates of 

calciun1 and magnesium can exist only in solution 

and not in the. anhydrous residues. If in a given 

water notable quantities of lime, magnesia, and carbonic acid are found, bicarbonic ions must.be present, 

for without them the bases coulcl. not continue dissolved; but after evaporation only the normal salts 

re1nain. Sodium and potassium bicarbonates are 

not so readily broken down; but even with them it.is 

better to compare the monocarbonates, so as to secure 

a uniforn1ity of statement. In fact, some analysts 

report only normal salts, and others bicarbonates; 

so that for the comparison of different analyses we 

are con1pelled to adopt an adjustment such as that 

which is here proposed. In other words, we eliminate 

the variable factors and study the constants alone. 

· One other large variable remains to be consideredthe variation due. to dilution. A giv·en solution may 

be very dilute at one time and much more concentrated 

at another, and yet the mineral content of the water 

is possibly the same at· both times. For example, 

average ocean water contains 3.5 per .cent of saline 

matter, while that of the Black Sea carries little more 

than. half as much; and yet t~e salts which the two 

waters yield upon evaporation are nearly if not quite 

identical. In some cases it is desirable to compare 

waters directly; but n;wst generally it is also convenient 

to study the composition of the solid residues in 

percentage terms. In that way essential similarities 

are brought to light and the data become intelligible. 

Before proceeding further, it may be well to consider 

a single water analysis in order to illustrate the various 

methods of statement. For this purpose we will take 

· W. P. Headden's· analysis of water from Platte River 

near Greeley, Colo., which he himself states in several 

forms. In the first column of the subjoined table . 

the ·results are given in oxides, etc., as in- a mineral 

analysis, and in grains to the· imperial gallon. In 

the second column they are stated in terms of salts, 

and we have here recalculated Headden's figures into 

parts per million of the water taken. Finally, in 

a third column we give, as proposed in .the foregoing 

pages, the Gomposition of the -residue in radicles o·r 

ions and. iri percentages of! total anhydrous inorganic 

solids. 

Analysis of a water sta.ted in different forms. 

Grains 

per 

imperial Parts per Per 

gallon. million. cent. 

Si02------- 0. 891· CaS04--,.- 457. 7 Si02------- 1. 26 

SOa~- _---- 32. 601 MgS04--- 236.0 804------- 55. 28 

C02_:_ ___ ~_ 4. 554 K2S04---- 9. 4 COa------- 8. 78 

CL _______ 2. 681 Na2S04--- 6~. 5 CL __ --- __ 3. 79 

Na2o ______ 11.' 463 NaCL __ ..:_ 63.2 Na ______ ,:_ 12. 02 

K20 ____ --- . 355 Na2COa--..: 156. 9 K _________ . 41 

CaO _______ 13. 117 Na2SiOa-- 21. 9 Ca ________ 13. 24 

MgO_· _____ 5. 530 '(Fe, Al)20a 2. 7 Mg _______ 4. 69 

(Fe, AlhOa- . 189 Mn20a---- 2. 7 R20a------ . 53 

Mn20a----- . 189 Ignition __ 34. 2 100. 00 Ignition ___ 2. 397 Excess 

Si02---- 1.3 "Ignition" omit73. 967. ted. Salinity, 1,014 

Less O=Cl . 604 1,048. 5 .parts per million . 

73. 363 

So far as appearance goes, these statements might ' 

represent three different waters; and yet the analytical 

data are the same. A change in the last column of 

Si02 into the radicle Si03 would affect the other 

figures .but slightly. The compactness and simplicity 

of the ionic form of statement are evident at a·glance. 

Under it, as "salinity," we. have .given the concentration of the water in terms of parts per million: One 

million parts of this water contain in solution 1,014 

parts of anhydrous, inorganic, solid matter. 
4 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

There are few rules that are not subject to qualifications, and that is true in the piesent case. The 

statement of an analysis ·in percentages is best for 

purposes of comparison, but it gives only the relative 

proportions0 of the several reported constituents of a 

water~ not their absolute amounts. For this reason 

it has seemed best to state the analyses which are 

discussed in this memoir in two forms-first, in parts 

per million, and second·, in p~rcentages. For ordinary 

fresh waters, such as we find in nearly all our rivers and 

lakes, 1 part per inillion is very n~arly 1 milligram per 

liter, but for highly concentrated waters or brines, 

like that of Great Salt .Lake, this is not true. · For 

waters of the latter class the proper form of statement 

is in milligram per kilogram, which is exactly equivalent to parts per million. With waters of moderate 

concentration the error in parts per million is so slight 

as to be negligible, and the samples ·for analysis may · 

be taken by volume; for strong saline waters they 

should be taken by weight.· For the most concentrated waters the salinity may be stated in percentage 

terms; that, however, is only a matter of convenience. 

But in all such cases the specific gravity of the water 

ought also to be determined. 

The desirability of the double forn1 . of statement 

appears most clearly in the study of very dilute waters. 

In Moosehead Lake, for example, the dissolved solids 

amount to only 16 parts pet million, so that one part 

is equivalent to more than 6 per cent of the total. 

The percentage column, therefore, gives an erroneous 

·conception as to the relativ.e importance of the several 

constituents of the anhydrous residues,· which can be 

corrected by a glance at the other column. The 

unavoidable errors of analysis are magnified, and a 

minor constituent, such as chlorine, assumes undue 

importance. An error of 1 part per million i~ serious 

in the analysis of such a water, although it might be 

insignificant in waters of average concentration. 

This subject is considered .more fully in our general 

discussion of the tables of analyses as they are given 

in the second part of this paper. 

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. 

In the interpretation of any water analysis the first 

question to ask is as to its accuracy.· Every analysis 

is subject to errors, great or small, and for each individual analysis it is important to decide whether the 

' error is serious or negligible. When an analysis is stated 

in terms· of salts, the errors are obscured, as in the 

smoothing of a curve, and an accurate estimate of its 

value is not possible. In such a case the reputation of 

the analyst is the safest criterion upon which to base 

a judgment. 

When, however, an analysis is stated in. terms of the 

radicles actually determined, a decision as to its value 

is much simpler. The negative or acicl radicles and 

the positive or basic radicles mu.st be chemically 

equivalent, at least within the limits of permissible 

experimental errors. To this rule, which applies to 

nearly all waters, there are some apparent but not 

real exceptions. If the basic radicles are much in 

excess of the acid, it is possible that a part of the 

alkaline ions may be balanced or held in ~quilibrium 

by silica-that is, the usually colloidal silica may 

represent an alkaline silicate, which, however, is 

hydrolyzed in solution. Some geyser waters of the 

Yellowstone National Park have this peculiarity. On 

the other hand, certain volcat;tic waters are strongly 

acid; and then it is necessary to assume the presence 

of hydrogen ions in order to completely balance the 

negative radicles. Another source of acidity is found 

in some mineral springs, in which the iron and aluminuin are presumably in equilibriun1 as sulphates. 

The iron and aluminum must then be counted, not as 

colloids but as among the basic radicles. Examples of 

these exceptional waters are well known and demand 

no further attention here. 

The calculations implied in the preceding paragraph are very slm.ple and may be based either upon 

· the analysis as stated in parts per million or upon its 

petcentages. The quantity for each radicle is divided 

by its chemical equivalent, and the quotients for 

each group, acid or basic, are separately added together. The two sums should then be equal, or so 

nearly equal that the difference can be a·scribed to the 

small, inevitable errors of analysis. For the univalent 

radicles N a, K, Cl, NOs, and H COs the chemical 

equivalent and the atomic weight are the san1e; for 

the bivalent radicles Ca, Mg, S04, and COs the atomic 

weights shouid be halved. This is the usua1 procedure. 

H. Stabler, however, has proposed a modification of the 

method, in which the quantities determined are multiplied by the reciprocals of the equivalents, which he 

calls the "reaction coefficients" of the radicles. The 

products so obtained, the "reacting values" of the 

radicles, are identical with the quotients of the ordinary process and must balance in the same way. A 

table of Stabler's coefficients may save smne labor 

when large numbers of analyses are to be discussed, 

but the economy is probably small. 

The interpretation of a '\Vater analysis, then, is 

founded upon a study of equilibria. Even the hypothetical combination of the radicles is a crude attempt 

at such a .study-an attempt, however, which, as we 

have already seen, is based ordinarily upon unverifiable assumpt.ions. I speak now, of course, of such 

waters as commonly occur in nature. A solution of a 

single salt, or one in which, as in certain brines, one 

salt overwhelmingly predominates, is obviously easy 

to deal with. · 

Suppose, now, that the analysis of a river water is 

satisfactory, what does it signify From what source, 

did the river obtain its dissolved solids~ Was it a simple water, drawn from an area of definite geologic 
INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. 5 

chnrn.cter., or a blend of 1nany waters of v-ery different 

origin'? V\1as it, furthennore, a natural water, or ope 

that had been seriously contan1inated by human 

industries. 

In any a.ttmnpt to answer· these questions it must be 

borne in 1nind that the composition of a river water 

vn.Ties fr01n tin1e to tin1e and from place to place. The 

water v-aries in concentration between times of :flooci 

and ti1nes of drought, and its composition is changed 

by the infiux of tributaries. It is also n1odified by 

seepn.ge fr0111 theriYer banks, ancl the additions to the 

salinity of a river fron1 this source niay be of consider·able magnitude. In an arid region, for exan1ple, the 

occasional heavy showers dissolv-e large quantities of 

alkaline salts fr01n the desert soils and. wash them into 

the Ji\ers. In short, no general answer to the questions can be fonnulated. Each water must be studied 

on its indiv-idual1nm·its and with due regard to many 

different conditions. Some of these conditions are 

chemical, son1e geologic, so1ne climatic, and others· 

.c-ultural. The large rivers, like the Mississippi, the 

St. La-wrence, and the Columbia, are mixtures of 

waters f.r01n nearly all conceivable sources,· and these 

should be separately investigated. To do this is not 

alwn.ys possible, for necessary data are often lacking. 

The best exanlple of systematic changes in the composition of a water is. giv-en by the Rio Grande, as 

shown by the table of analyses on page 128. Small 

:rivers near their sources are easier to deal with. 

Althoi.tgh the 1ninerals that forn1 the rocky crust of 

]:i.:arth are relativ-ely insoluble, they are not absolutely 

so. The feldspars are especially susceptible to change 

through aqueous agencies, yielding up their li1ne and 

alkalies to percolating waters and forn1ing a residue of 

day. Hain water contains carbonic acid in solution, 

with other 1ninor in1purities, and these increase its solvent power, particularly with regard to limestone. 

The n1oment that water leaves the atn1osphere and 

enters the porous earth its chmnical and solvent activ-ities begin, and they continue, with little or no inte~­

ruption, until it reaches the sea. The character and 

extent of the work thus done v-aries with local conditions, but it is nev-er zero. It is to the solvent power 

of carbonated waters that the rivers and lakes owe 

their dissolved solids. Such water con1es primarily 

fron1 rain and secondarily from the decay of organic 

1natter in the soil. Other minor sources need not be 

considered here. 

As ,\rater carrying carbonic acid in solution is the 

primary agent of rock decomposition, it is an alJnost necessary infere~ce that carbonates should be 

the principal salts in nearly all fresh waters. That this 

is true n1ay be seen by a glance ~t the great number of 

analyses which are cited in this memoir. The following figures, which giv-e the average composition of the 

river and lake ·waters of North A1nerica, excluding 

89135-24 "t--2 

those of closed basins, may serve to emphasize this 

· conclusion. 3 

Average composition of North American ·waters. 

C03 ____________________________ -.- ___ _ 

804---------------------------------- Cl __________________________________ _ 

N 0 3 _________________________________ _ 

Ca_~--------------------------------~ 

~g--------------~------------------- Na __________________________________ _ 

!( ___________________________________ _ 

(Fe, Al) 20 3----------------------------. Si02 

_________________________________ _ 

33. 40 

15. 31 

7. 44 

1. 15 

19. 36 

4. 87 

7. 46 

1. 77 

. 64. 

8. 60 

100. 00 

This composition is not far from that given by the 

Mississippi alone, which naturally dominates the 

·entire c01nbination. Carbonates form about 50 per 

cen·t of the solid compounds held in solution by the 

average fresh water. The two chief sources of them 

are the decomposition of feldspars and the solution of 

.limestones. Other sources are of minor ·importance, 

but not negligible. The waters of saline. and .alkaline 

lakes, like those of the Great Basin, form a distinct 

class to be considered separately. (See pp. 183-189.) 

Their composition depends upon local and often uncle-

. termined conditions and is by no means uniform. 

Sulphates rank next to carbonates among the solid 

contents of river waters. Their original source was 

the oxidation and partial solution of iron pyrites and 

to a. much less extent of other sulphides. Iron pyrites 

is widely diffused· in th~ igneous rocks and alters easily 

to limonite. The sulphates thus formed are either 

disseminated in soils or concentrated into beds of 

gypsum. In the soils of arid regions alkaline sulphates accumulate, and from all these sources sulphates 

find their way into the rivers. When neither gypsu!Il, 

nor desert salts are present, an abnormally high proportion of sulphates· is indicative of industrial ·con.,. 

tamination. Androscoggin River, for example, is 

polluted by pulp and paper mills. The Susquehanna, 

upper Potomac, and Monongahela receive the. drainage of coal mines. fiere again iron pyrites is the 

source of the sulphates, for that mineral is a common 

impurity in eoal. In a purely agricultural region the 

extensive· use of artificial fertilizers, which contain 

either gypsum or superphosphates, may yield sulphates to adjacent waters. Superphosphates of 

lime contain aii admixture of calcium sulphate. In 

the same way fertilizers containing potash salts, 

mnmonia, or nitrates may have a local influence upon 

the. composition of both ground and surface waters. 

Such an influence would be mainly apparent in seepage 

from the banks of a stream. 

3 See Clarke, F. W., The data of geochemistry, 4th ed.: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

695, p. 115, 1920. 

• 
• 

6 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Only a very small part of the chlorine contained in 

river waters can be traced to the decomposition of · 

igneous rocks. Nearly all of it is primarily of organic 

origin, or secondarily derived from marine rocks and 

sediments. Waters near the points at which they join 

the sea may carry an abnormal quantity of salt, and 

even for many miles inland cyclic chlorine-that is, 

chlorine which represents salt thrown into the air by 

ocean spray and brought down again in rain-can be 

determined. The sedimentary rocks, especially those 

of marine origin, commonly contain at least traces of 

chlorides, and such deposits as those of rock salt are 

composed almost entirely of them. Where beds of 

salt exist they affect the springs, which pour their 

dissolved chlorides into the streams. Salt also accumulates in desert soils and from them is leached into 

rivers. The rivers of western Kansas, the Rio Grande, 

and the Colorado are good examples of chloride-bearing 

waters . 

In densely populated regions much chlorine is 

carried into rivers by sewage. The influence of the 

Chicago drainage canal upon the Illinois and Mississippi is clearly shown on page 73 of this menioir. It is 

a striking example of this sort of pollution, which in 

·less degree is exceedingly common. A less objectionable source of salt is found in oil fields. Petroleum is 

commonly accompanied by strong brines, which are 

brought to the surfa<;e when wells are drilled and 

allowed to drain away. When in the analysis of a 

fresh water excessive amounts· of sodium and chlorine 

are found, some sort of poJlution is to be inferred. To 

the saline rivers of the West and' to salt directly 

received from the ocean this rule does not apply. 

(See, for example, the analyses of water from Cape 

Fe~r River on p. 39.) 

Nitrates are of minor significance in the study of 

river and lake waters. They may be formed, together with ammonia, by electrical discharges in the 

atmosphere, and the:o. brought to the surface of the 

earth in rain. Relatively large quantities in a water 

may represent pollution by sewage, or, as has already 

been shown, the drainage from fertilized .fields or even 

from barnyards. The normal proportion of nitrates 

in natural w.aters is always small, except in a very few 

n1ineral springs. 

The basic radicles that are dete~·mined in water 

analyses were derived originally from the decomposition or solution of rocks. As for the igneous rocks, 

their average mineral composition is shown, with a 

fair approximation to the truth, by the following percentages, based upon a study of about 700. rocks, 

which had previously been investigated microscopi.:. 

cally. 

Average composition of igneous rocks. 

Feldspar_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 59. 5 

Quartz ___ . _______________ .. _____ ..: _ _ _ _ _ _ 12. 0 

Amphiboles and pyroxenes______________ 16. 8 

Micas _________ ~______________________ 3. 8 

Accessory minerals__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. 9 

100. 0 

The feldspars, it will be seen, are by far the n1ost. 

abundant· minerals and therefore of the greatest 

significance in the present discussion. 

The foregoing figures are quite in har1nony with 

those previously given for the average composition of 

fresh waters. C.alcium ranks first among the basic 

radicles and comes in great part from the decomposition of the lim-e feldspar, anorthite. A small part 

· may have been derived from hornblende or pyroxene, 

or from the ubiquitous apatite. Its secondary and 

perhaps the largest source is from the solution of limestone, and in less degree from gypsum. 

Secondary sources such as salt beds and desert 

salts being left out of account, the alkaline radicles 

sodium and potassium are derived frmn the alkaline 

feldspars albite and orthoclase. Potassiun1 is of n1inor 

significance, because much of it is retained by the sediments and does not find its way into the river waters. 

Some sodium may come from nepheline syenites, and 

some potassium fron1 leucite rocks, but these sources 

are too local to have any general significance. In regions where albite is more abundant than anorthite, 

sodium may be in excess of calcium, but such occurrences are relatively uncommon. They ai·e, however, 

not unimportant, as will be shown a little later. 

Amphiboles, pyroxenes, and olivine are the chief 

primary sources of the magnesium of the river waters, 

but its secondary source, the solution of magnesium 

limestones and dolomites, is perhaps even more important. In southeastern. Wisconsin these rocks are 

abundant, and the proportion of magnesimn in the 

waters is remarkably high. That region might well 

be defined as a hydrochemical province, and its waters, 

which drain into Lake Michigan, have an appreciable 

influence upon the lower lakes and the St. Lawrence 

River. (See pp. 14-15.) 

Silica, although its determination is often neglected, 

is one of the most significant constituents of river and 

lake waters. In some waters of South A1nerica it 

forms more than 50 per cent of the total dissolved 

solids, and even in some rivers of the United St_ates"it 

reaches figures that are nearly as high. From 30 to 

40 per cent is not uncommon. The silica content of 

river waters may be derived from the solution of 

almost any rock-forming silicates, except those contained in shales and. slates, which, with sandstone, 
INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES. 7 

represent the end products of aqueous decomposition. 

Its chief source, however, is from the feldspars, and 

their relative importance is shown by their percentage con1position, as given in the following table: · 

Cmnposition offeldspars. 

Albite. Orthoclase. Anorthite. 

----·------------- ---1---1--~ 

Si02......................................... 68.7 64.7 43.2 

Ah03·--------------------------------------- 19.5 18.4 36.7 cao _________________________________________ ------------ ____ ·________ 20.1 

No20 ---------------------------------------- 11.8 ------------ ------------ K20. ---------------------------------------- ------------ 16.9 ------------

100.0 100.0 100 .. 0 

The plagioclase feldspa.rs-oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, and bytownite--are ismnorphous mixtures 

of albite and anorthj.te. These mixtures are far more 

n.bundant than either of their components taken alone. 

'rhe significance of the foregoing figures is apparent 

at a glance. The alkali feldspars yield sodium and 

potassiun1 to percolating waters, and anorthite yields 

calciun1. The first two n1inerals, moreover, contribute 

much n1ore silica to the waters than the third. If the 

silica in the anhydrous residue from a water exceeds 

30 per cent, the alkalies are probably in excess of lime; 

if anorthite predominates, lower silica is found, and the 

proportions of the bases are reversed. These conclusions can be tested by an examination ·of the 

analyses of waters from the south Atlantic slope on 

pages 36-49 and will be seen to be very nearly but not 

rigorously true. The waters contain other substal}.ces 

than those derived from feldspars, and so the suggested 

regularities are disturbed. The rocks contained other 

n1inerals, and the feldspars themselves were not abso.:. 

lutely pure. The agreement with theory, however, 

is ren1arkably close. 

From what has been said it is clear that the silica 

of natural waters is of importance as an aid to diagnosis. It also serves as a cement which binds grains of 

sand together and so helps to form sandstone. It is, 

flu·thern1ore, of economic significance, for it is commonly detern1ined in the analysis of waters-for use in 

stemn boilers, for silica is classed among the objectionable incrustan.ts. In the preparation of this 

memoir many otherwise good analyses have been 

rejected because the analyst had ignored silica. Such 

analyses could not properly be reduced to the standard 

percentage form for cmnparison with others. In 

n1any boiler-water analyses silica and sesquioxides 

were weighed together, and in such analyses the reduction to percentages was .possible . 

. A few n1inor constituents of river and lake watei·s 

ren1ain to be n1entioned. Manganese has been 

reported in some analyses, and so also· have phosphates, 

but these are rarely detennined. Traces of phosphates n1ay be conunon, but overlooked, derived 

partly fron1 the apatite of the igneous rocks and partly 

from sedin1entary deposits. vVaters traversing an 

area containing extensive beds of phosphate rock are 

likely to contain n1ore than traces. Borates are 

found in some alkaline lake waters, and zinc has been 

detected in the basin of Spring River, Kans. The 

zinc-bearing waters have received the drainage from 

zinc mines, or else from springs issuing from ore 

bodies. 

The sesquioxides of iron and aluminmn are almost 

invariably present in river' waters, but rarely in large 

amount. When, however, they are found in abnormal 

quantities, defective filtration of the sa~ple is to be 

suspected. Very finely divided sediments are easily 

. retained in suspension and appear in the analyses. 

Such analyses, evidently, are of very doubtful value. 

Organic n1atter, which is commonly present in both 

surface and ground waters and which is sometimes 

determined, has been left out of acc.ount in the present. 

investigation. It may be derived from the decay of 

vegetation, or it may represent pollution by sewage. 

Its chief geologic significance is as a source of carbonic 

acid in the soil, for then it helps the decomposition of 

the debris of rocks. It was formerly supposed to be 

a solvent of silica, but that belief was long since 

abandoned. 

The salinity of a river water is a variable quantity, 

· being highest in times of drought and lowest in times 

of flood. It is, nevertheless, a useful aid to diagnosis, 

especially when the average composition of a water 

has been detennined for a sufficiently long period of 

time. As a general but not invariable rule, the 

salinity of a water is lowest near its source and tends 

to increase downstream. In the downward course of 

a river it receives n1ore saline matter frmn its tributaries, and so the water becomes n1ore concentrated. 

If, however, a large tributary of lo\ver salinity joins 

the n1ain strea1n, the general rule may be temporarily 

reversed. 

To .a certain extent the salinity of a water is determined by its geologic environment-that is, it depends 

upon the solubility of the rocks from which its solid 

contents were derived. In a strea1n issuing from a:n 

area of crystalline rocks the salinity is generally low, 

usually less than 100 parts per million, and the same 

is true of waters flowing from areas of shale or sandstone. A lin1estone water, on the other hand, is much 

higher in salinity, carrying as much as 200 parts per 

1i1illion and often more. In each class of rocks the 

solubility ~s in part dependent upon texture-whether 

a rock is compact or porous; firm and solid like a 

marble, or of a loose structure like chalk. Waters 

flowing from areas of silicate rocks are represented by 

most of the streams of the Atlantic slope; the tivers of 

Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa belong to the sedimentary 

class. These examples are only a few among many. 

The waters of the arid regions are highest in salinity, 

for they are loaded with desert salts. The Colorado, 

of Arizona, is typical of this class. 
8. COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE \VATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

In the complete study of a river water climatic 

conditions must be considered. Where rainfall is 

abundant vegetation is abundant and .organic matter 

accumulates in the soiL Its influ~nce as a source of 

carbonic acid has already been mentioned. In the 

colder parts of the Temperate Zone alternations of 

freezing and thawing help to disintegrate the rocks 

and so to ~ake them more accessible to the percolating waters. When, however, the winters are long 

and severe, as in the interior of Alaska, the soil is 

frozen during a large part of the year, and the solvent 

. activity of the waters becomes extremely slight. 

Under such conditions nearly all the water of a river 

. is mere surface run-off, and its salinity is very low. 

In a warmer climate the interruptions to the chemical 

efficiency of the waters are less frequent, and their 

salinity is increased. In hot and arid regions the 

conditions are quite different from those in humid 

regions. There. the decay or organic matter is of 

trifling signi:fican.ce, and the salinity of a water is 

highest during or after a heavy rain. The contrast 

between the rivers of humid and arid regions is clearly 

shown in the table of analyses on page 130, where the 

waters of the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, and the 

Colorado are compared. In general we may say that 

in humid regions carbonates are the dominant salts 

carried by. the rivers; in arid regions sulphates and 

chlorides prevail. Local conditions may partly re-

.· verse this rule, as, for example, where a water traverses 

beds of gypsum or rock salt, but these are quite 

exceptional occurrences. 

From what has been said it is clear that the interpretation of a water analysis involves the consideration of several ~istinct lines of evidence. First, the. 

quality of the analysis, which may be excellent, but 

of very little meaning, taken separately. It must be 

compared with other a11alyses, all belonging to a 

definite drainage basin. Furthermore, it must repre.:. 

sent a .norm.al water-that is, one which is uncontaminated by human agencies. The leading sources 

of contamination have already been pointed out and 

ought to be recognized without much difficulty. 

With the comparison of analyses from a distinct 

basin, relations begin to appear that would otherwise 

be unsuspected. Low salinity indicates that the 

solid contents of a water come from rocks of relatively 

low solubility, such as granite, for example, or shale 

and sandstone in a sedimentary area. High salinity, 

when compared with the composition of a water, may 

point either to a derivation from limestone, or else, 

in an arid region, to soluble salts in the soil. If much 

magnesium is present, it probably caine from magnesian limestone or dolomite, and then a reference to the 

geologic character of the basin should show whether 

the supposition is correct. 

The analyses of waters in regions which are geologically complex-that is, where plutonic, effusive, and 

sedimentary rocks are all present-are less easy to 

interpret. Even then the problem is not altogether 

hopeless. From what we know as to the possible 

source of each constituent of the water some definite 

conclusions may be drawn. In such cases the relations between silica, lime, and alkalies, as shown by 

analyses of samples taken at different points in the 

drainage basin, are particularly significant. They at 

least SlJggest probabilities, which are sometimes 

extremely strong. 

The study and interp~etation of water analyses 

inevitably leads to attempts at classification. They 

may be.· classified· according to character, or to composition, or to geologic origin. Under the first heading 

waters. are classed according to the purposes for which 

the analyses are made. Sanitary analyses, in which 

· only a few determinations are needed, relate to ·the 

suitability of waters for human consumption-that is, 

Are they wholesome or injurious to health? Other 

analyses, which need not be ver.y complete, are made 

for definite economic reasons-for example, Are the 

waters fit for use in steam boilers, or for irrigation, 

for paper making, or for any one of a great variety 

of other industrial purposes? Many so-called boilerwater analyses have. been. utilized in the present investigation, but without reference to their economic 

significance. They have given much useful information relative to the river and lake waters of the United 

States. 

Under the second heading the classification of waters 

is p'urely chemical, although the analyses may be 

made for utilitarian reasons. The water of a mineral 

spring is commonly analyzed in order to determine its 

therapeutic value, and it may be defined as saline, 

alkaline, chalybeate, or acid, as calcic, or magnesian, 

or as containing lithia. The nomenclature under such 

a classification is very varied. A different systen1, 

whic'h is much more general, describes a water in · 

terms of its acid radicles, as a carbonate, sulphate, 

or chloride water. Moses Lake, Wash., is essentially 

a carbonate water, Arkansas River at Rockyford, 

Colo., is. characterized by sulphates, and Great Salt 

Lake is a solution of common salt. Between these 

types there are all sorts of mixtures, and in some 

waters all three radicles are presept in nearly equal 

proportions. There are no sharp lines between the 

three subclasses. 

A classification of waters according to their origin 

is something quite different from the other two systems. Its purpose is geologi~, and although no complete scheme for it has yet been ~eveloped, the analyses 

as arranged in this memoir give soine suggestions as 

to what may be· possible, The dolomitic waters of 

Wisconsin represent one definite class, and distinctly 

limestone waters form another. The siliceous waters 

of the south Atlantic slope seem to form a distinct 

family to which the ·waters of other widely separated 
INTERPRETAT'ION OF ANALYSES. 9 

localities belong. Some of the rivers of Oregon and 

Washington are of this genernl character, and so also 

are Potaro River in British Guiana, the Mahanuddy 

in India, and certain streams at the headwaters of the 

lmbe and Danube, in Bohemia and Bavaria. 4 Such 

waters n1ight be termed granitic or feldspathic, at 

least until a better name can be found. The blended 

waters of the larger rivers are more cli:fficul t to 

• For analyses of these foreign waters see Clarke, F. w., The data of geochemistry, 

4th cd.: U.S. Gcol., Survey Bull 695, PP-91, 99, 101, 104, 1920. 

classify. .By far the greater number of these, 

however, are essentially carbonate waters. The 

waters that deposit siliceous sinter or calcareous tufa 

are g~ologically important, but they are not c~early 

represented among our rivers. Great Salt Lake, 

however, has deposited large beds of oolitic sand. 

A perfect classification of natural waters is evidently impossible, but the chemical system is the 

simplest. and most gener~l. Even here the analyses 

shade into one another wjth all conceivable graduations. 

PART !I.-TABLES OF ANALYSES. 

ST. LAWRENCE BASIN. 

The St. Lawrence, one of the largest rivers of 

North An1erica, forms, together with the Great Lakes, 

a large part of the boundary between the United 

States and Canada. The climate of its basin is that 

of the northern half of the Temperate Zone, with 

cold winters and warm sun1mers; and the alternations of freezing and thawing help to disintegrate 

the rocks and so to render them more easily decomposed by percolating waters. The snowfall over 

n1uch of its area is heavy, and freshets due to the 

spring thaws carry awn.y 1nuch of the water as 1nere 

surface run-off which has taken up little saline matter. 

'The average salinity of the water of the basin is therefore not high, and its character as a whole is little 

affected by local conditions. Between the smaller 

tributaries of the St. Lawrence there are marked 

differences in colnposition, but the Great Lakes serve 

as colossal 1nixing bowls in which the various waters 

are blended into son1ething like homogeneity. Such 

variations as are n.t all noteworthy will be considered 

in their proper connection late1\ The mean annual 

rainfall of the St. Lawrence basin is about 31 in~hes. 

Much of the territory chained by the St. Lawrence 

is either forested or fertile, and the soil is therefore 

rich in organic n1atter. The decay of such substances 

generates abundant carbonic acid, which tends to 

convert the dissolved inorganic matter into carbonates, 

n1ainly of lin1e and magnesia, and therefore the water 

of the systen1 is to be classed as a carbonate water. 

The waters that drain an arjd region as distinguished 

fr0111 a lnunid region are very different in character. 

The Colorado Hiver of Arizona is in this respect quite 

unlike the St. Lawrence. 

LAKE SUPERIOR. 

Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on 

the globe, has a surface area of 31,000 square miles, 

and a hydrographic or drainage basin of 82,800 square 

1niles. The. con1position of its water is best shown 

by the following table of analyses, which were made 

in the water-resources laboratory of the United States 

Geological Survey. 5 

aU. S. Goo!. Survey Water·Supply Paper 236, p. 101, 1909. 

Analyses of water from Lake S1tperior at Sault Ste. Marie, M ich.a 

[Parts per million.] 

-@ ~ ~ I~ -B 

~ I "0 ..... ~ .c:: 

ll(, 

e '0~ ~ ~~ ;c; > ·~ 

c::: 0.+ .... .....:. ~0 ~ .... . 0 .c:: 

Date 8 s s "'ce 8 rnui ~· 

ri ~0 ~~ ~0 ~0 rn"' ~ ...... :::3 §z b.o-" (1906-7). § 'Q) ~ ·-;.::::: <ll~ 

;c; s gs §s ~0 0'-" .... en ~b "'Sl ~!S 5 ::l 0 '-" .0 ~ o:l'-" ·~ :.0 ce ·c:; ~ -E ~CJ .c:: ..... 3 .: .~ I: bl) ·- :::3 0. 0 <ll ::; o; o:l "0·- :;:::: e o"' ·- :a o:l ·- -a 0 ~ 

E-< en ,_. 0 ~ en 0 

~.,j: 1 l"z" 0 E-< ~ 

Sept. 22 ___ 2 11 0.09 13 3. 2 3. 9 0.0 1.0 63 602.95 

Oct. 22 ____ 1 8. 7 . 03 13 3. 1 3. 5 .0 56 3. 8 . 25 1.2 61 602.84 Nov. 22 ___ 2 5. 9 . 04 13 2. 9 2. 0 .0 54 1. 8 . 45 1.4 54 602.66 Dec. 20 ___ Tr. 7. 2 . 08 13 2. 9 3. 6 .0 55 1.8 .30 1. 3 58 602.45 Jan. 22 ____ Tr. 4. 7 .03 13 2. 9 2. 0 .0 55 1. 6 . 45 1.2 53 602.22 Mar. 22 ___ 3 12 .04 13 3. 2 5 .. 1 .0 55 1.7 . 35 1.1 68 602.06 

Apr. 20 ___ 1 12 .11 13 3. 1 3. 5 .0 56 1.5 . 30 1.0 64 601.94 May 23 ___ 3 4. 8 .09 13 3.0 3. 0 .0 52 1.5 . 55 1.0 57 602.10 June 22 ___ 3 4. 6 . 04 14 3. 2 3. 3 .0 59 1.7 1.2 1.2 59 602.55 

July22 ___ 2 5. 7 .05 12 3. 0 2. 8 .0 58 1.5 1.2 1.0 5 602.70 

Aug. 22___ 5 5. 3 .05 13 3. 1 2. 9 .0 60 1. 6 ~,~~ 602.93 ---- ---- Mean___ 2 7. 4 . 06 13 3. 1 3. 2 .0 56 2. 1 . 5 1.1 60 

a Analyses by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts. b Gaging station at Marquette, Mich., 160 miles west. 

Several other analyses of waters from Lake Superior have been published, but they differ so much from 

the normal as to be of doubtful value. 6 

TRIBUTARIES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 

Complete analyses of water from tributaries of 

Lake Superior are few in number. Those which seem 

to be available for present purposes are as follows: 

Analyses of wate~ from trib1daries of Lake Superim·. 

1. Pigeon River, on boundary between Minnesota and Canada. Analysis by 

W. A. Noyes, Minnesota Geol. Survey Eleventh Ann. Rept., p. 174, 1882. 

2. Lake at Sidnaw, Houghton County, Mich. 

3. Creek at Pori, Houghton County, Mich. 

4. Davis Creek at Rockland, Ontonagon County, Mich. 

5. Ontonagon River at Ontonagon, Mirh. Analyses 2 to 5 received from Chi· 

cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

6. Branch of Presque Isle River at Wellington, Gogebic County, Mich. From 

Davidson, G. M., Western Ry. Club Proc., Feb. 17, 1903, p. 243. 

7. Creek at Siemens, Gogebic County, Mich. Analysis received from Chicago 

& Northwestern Ry. 

6 See Noyes, W. A., Minnesota Gcol. Survey ·Eleventh Ann. Rept., p. 174, 1882; 

Jackman, W. F., cited by A. C. Lane in U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

31, p. 27, 1899; Heath, G. L., Michigan Gcol. Survey Rept. for 1903, p. 119. Incom· 

plete analyses are also cited in Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 35, 

pp. 233, 318, 1915. 

11 
COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from tributaries of Lake Superior-Contd. 

I. Part~ per million. 

2 4 

--------1-----------------

C03 ___________________ 21.4 10.5 45.3 102.9 80.1' 22.2 14.1 S04 ___________________ 2.3 .1 Tr. 1.3 9.5 2.8 37.6 

CL ------------------- 3. 0 1. 1 . 8 . 8 9. 6 5. 0 5. 4 

~~a----~~====·=========== T~: 2 ----3:6- ---2o:o- ---43.·3- ---36:7- ---ii:5- ----is:5 Mg-------------~------ 2.9 1.2 3.4 11.9 10.0 2.7 3.9 

~~==================== i:~ } 2.4 } 5.5! 7.7 } 10.8 } 3.2 } 3.5 

Si02------------------- . 7. 2 } } } 8. 5 5.1 Fe20a----------------- .8 4.6 4.5 3.1 9.6 1.5-------- (Al, Feh Oa----------- -------- 4. 6 

50. 8 23. 5 79. 5 171. 0 166. 3 57. 4 92.7 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. ' 

2 4 

-----·----------------------

COa--------~---------- 42.00 44.75 57.02 60.19 48.17 38.64 :15.22 

S0 ·-----------~------ 4.69 .51 Tr .. 74 5.69 4.82 40.56 CL -------------------- 6. 09 4. 73 1. 03 . 48 5. 80 8. 67 5. 83 

NOa------------------- Tr. -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Ca ____________________ 18.08 15.16 25.11 25.32 22.07 20.00 19.96 

Mg____________________ 5. 74 5. 04 4. 24 6. 99 6. 02 4. 69 4. 20 

Na ____________ .________ 5.13~10.08~6.98} 4.48} 6.49} .5.62} 3.77 w_____________________ 2. 55 

Si02 ___________________ 14.15 } } 14.88 5.50 

Fe20a. ______ ---------- 1. 57 19. 73 5. 62 1. 80 5. 76 -------- -------- (Al, Fe)203 ____________ -------- 2. 68 4. 96 

100. oo . 1.00. oo J1oo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo. 

NOTE.-Other analyses of waters in the northern peninsula of Michigan are cited by A. C. Lane in Michigan Geo); Survey Rept. for 1903. They are too incomplete for use here and otherwise unsatisfactory. Other partial analyses are given 

in Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Bist. Survey, Bull. 35, pp. 233, 240, 318, 374, 1915. 

LAKE MICHIGAN. 

Lake Michigan, which comes next in order, has a 

water surface of 22,450 square miles, and a drainage 

basin of 60,150 square miles. For the water of the 

lake itself, there are, first; the standard analyses made 

in the laboratory of the water-resources branch of the 

United States Geological Survey, as given in the next 

table. · 

Analyses· of water from Lake Michigan at St. Ignace, Mich.a 

[Parts per million.] . 

I I rfl c:l "' c:l '0 :c bD "' '"3 :.a OJ OJ 

'0~ ;a "' ~ ;a ;a p. bJ) 

e ... ,...:. ·a <::! p.+ ~ "'0 ~ ~ -; ..cl.c 

8 s 'd~ 2$5 Q)d "'"' s Cl.l.,; Date ~z. ~ 0 f<lz ...,0 ...,o CI)'O 

(1906-7). ~ ::i ~~ ·-:.= ~"' § s ·~ §s ~o -+"'00 ale <l) tl£ bDg ;a 5 $:!'-' 0'-' a)'-' ·~ :0 ~ ::l 61 0 .Oa;> ,::: ... 3 1=1 !': ·a ·- ::l .0 ~'a 0.. ...., 0 C\l 

~ ~ 0 "@ ell '0·- ~ s ·- :a 0 

~ "' oCI.l E-< 00 ~ 0 U1 0 PS U1 z 0 E-< ~ 

---- ----- ------------------ Sept. 20 ___ 1 17 o. 02 27 7. 7 4. 9 5. 9 109 6. 6 0. 20 2. 6 126 581.08 Oct. 20 ____ 1 9. 2 . 02 26 7. 4 4. 4 6. 6 103 6. 5 . 30 2. 6 115 580.85 Nov. 20 ___ Tr. 9. 5 . 05 28 8.8 3. 4 2. 4 117 6. 4 . 35 2. 9 120 580.·72 Dec. 20 ___ 1 10 . 06 25 7. 1 4. 7 1.6 104 6. 2 Tr . 2. 6 108 580.62 

Jan. 20~--- 1 6. 2 . 04 26 8.1 3. 2 1. 6 110 6. 2 .1 2. 8 110 580.67 Feb. 19. __ ---- 12 . . 03 26 8. 4 5. 4 3. 4 113 7. 6 . 35 2. 8 120 580.64 Mar. 20 ___ ---- 14 .03 25 7. 9 5. 0 Tr. Ill 7. 9 .4 2. 6 117 580. 67 Apr. 2L __ ---- . 8.4 .04 26 8. 1 4. 7 .0 112 9. 5 . 3 2. 4 115 580.83 May 20 ___ ---- 9. 5 . 03 27 8. 7 5. 4 2. 6 115 7. 8 . 25 2. 5 121 581.07 June 20 ___ ---- 8. 6 . 04 26 8. 4 6. 6 4. 5 116 7. 7 . 55 3. 0 120 581.42 Aug. 20 ___ ............ 11 .04 28 9. 4 4. 2 3. 5. 120 7. 4 . 4 3. 2 123 581.51 

Mean ___ ;_rr:~TiO--j~ 26j&.2 ---------------- 4. 7 2. 9 112 7. 2 0. 3 2. 7 118 

a Analyses by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts. I! Gaging station at Mackinaw, Mich., 5 miles away. 

The foregoing analyses of water from Lake Michigan 

Jnay be taken as standard. In addition the following 

analyses have been collected from other sources. 

Analyses of water from Lake Michigan. 

1. At Port Washington, Wis.; city water supply, 1907. From G. M. Davidson. 

2. At Milwaukee, Wis., 1877. By G. Bode, Geology of Wisconsin, Yol. 2, p. 32, 

1877. 

3. At Milwaukee, \Vis. Average of five commercial analyses by different analysts. 

4. At Kenosha, Wis., 1911. By Dearborn Drug & Chemical Co. 

5. At Racine, Wis.; city ~ater supply, 1911. By Dearborn Drug & Chemical Co. 

6. At Chicago, Ill. Analysis by J. H. Long. Analyses 1 to 6 from Wisconsin 

Q-eol. and Nat. Bist. Survey Bull. 35, 1915. • 

7. Grand Traverse Bay, Mich. By Dearborn Drug & Chemical Co. From. 

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 31, p. 18, 1899: 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4" 

---------------------------

COa----------·-------- 66.7 72.0 70.9 68.7 66.4 i3. 4 66.4· 

S04-------------------- 9. 4 6. 0 10.7 15. 1 12. 2 6. 8 21. 9· CL ____________________ 4. 7 3. 0 4. 0 5. 3 i. 0 2. 3 7. 3 Ca _____________________ 30.8 34.0 31.7 32.9 30.8 32. 1 32.3: Mg ____________________ 9. 2 10.2 11. 1 10.6 10.7 10.9 9. 7 Na, K _________________ 5. 7 1.5 4. 6 5. 2 5. 6 3. 1 10. 4.· 

Si02------------------- 5. 6 16.0 6. 2 5. 4 2.1 5. 1 4. 0 

(Al,Fe)20a------------- 2. 4 ? 2. 4 1.8 1.2 .3 Tr. --------------------- 134.5 142.7 141. 6 145.0 136.0 134.0 152. 0> 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-------_1 ___ 2 ___ a___ 4_- 5 ---~ _[ __ 7_. 

C03------------------- 49.59 50.45 50.07 47.38 4S. 82 54. iS I 43. 75· S04-------------------- 6. 99 4. 21 7. 56 10.41 8. 97 5. OS 14.41 CL____________________ 3. 49 2.11 2. 82 3. 66 5.15 1. 72 4. 80· Ca_____________________ 22.90 23.83 22.39 · 22.69 22.65 23.96 21. 25· Mg____________________ 6. 80 7.14 7. 84 7. 31 7. 87 8.11 6. 38 Na,K__________________ 4. 29 1. 05 3. 25 3. 59 4. 11 2. 32 6. 78. 

Si02- ------------------ 4.17 11.21 I 4. 38 3. 72 1. 54 3. 81 2. 63. (Al,Fe,)20a--------~--- 1. 78 ? 1. 69 1. 24 . 89 . 22 Tr. ---------------------

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100, 00 100. 00• 

These individual analyses of water from Lake· 

Michigan agree fairly well with the standard series. 

but vary somewhat in details; the variation is due .. 

in part to differences in their quality and in part to· 

local contamination or· to the influence of inflowing· 

strean1s. The analyses by Dole and Roberts are alL 

of water taken near the outlet of the lake and there-.. 

fore represent more definitely its average composition._ 

TRIBUT-ARIES OF LAKE MIQHIGAN . 

For the waters tributary to Lake Michigan a· 

goodly number of analyses are available for present. 

use. Of the western drainage, which is mainly in 

Wisconsin, the larger streams are the Menon1inee, .. 

which forms part of the boundary between V\Tisconsin: 

and Michigan, and the Peshtigo, Oconto, Fox,. 

Sheboygan, and Milwaukee. The first four of theseempty into Green Bay; the others flow into the main. 

body of the lake. The sources of ·the l\ienon1inee, . 

which drains an area of about 4,000 square miles,. 

are in Michigan. The analyses given in. the following· 

table represent work done in the laboratories of theChicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago &. 

North Western railways and are of the class known~ 

as ''boiler-water" analyses. 
ST. LAWRENCE BASIN. 13 

Analyses of water from the Menominee and Oconto basins. 

1. J~nko nonr }'loodwood, Dickinson County, J'dich., 1891. 

2. Sturgeon Crook, H.nndvillc, Dickinson County, Mich., 1891. Analyses 1 and 

2 received from tho Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

3. Long Lake, 1qoronce County, Wis., 1907. From G. M. Davidson. 

4. Menominee llivor at Mouominoo, Mich., 1891. 

5. Tho same, 1902. Both rocoivod from tho Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

0. Cedar Hivor nt Spaulding, Mich. A tributary or tho.Mcuominee. From tho 

Chicago & North \Yostcrn H.y. 

7. Wausaukee H.ivcr, Wausaukee, Wis., 1897. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 

PnulHy. 

8. Oconto llivor at Oconto, Wis., 1892. 

9. Crock at Kingston, Oconto County, Wis., 1897. Analyses 8 and 9 received 

from G. M. Davidson: 

. Analyses 3, 8, nnd 9, made for Chicago & North Western Ry. From Weidman, 

Samuel, and Schultz, A. H., Wisconsin Goo!. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 35,.1915. 

I. Parts per mill1on. 

3 6 8 

COs •.....•..••. 66.8 96.7 48.9 77.2 63.5 136.4 40.5 52.1 75.3 so4----------·-- a.2 5.4 2.1 4.3 5.2 18.9 a.o 20.7 1.7 01.............. 'l'r. 1. 2 7. 7 1. 0 2. 4 4. 9 1. 4 9. 8 4. 8 ca______________ 21. 5 34. 5 18. 1 28. 2 21. 7 57. 2 15. 2 26. 0 31.3 

:Mg............. 13.0 17.1 8. 8 12.7 10.9 24.9 4. 8 10.5 14.3 Nn,K __________ 2.9 5.1 ·5.0 5.2 6.7 3.2 6.9 .6.4 3.2 

~~?,\'c)·20;:::::} 2. o } 7. o 8: g } 5. o } a. s i: 6 } a. 6 7: g 9: ~ 

"""i1QO 167:0 ----w:-1134.2!114.2 25o.9 75.4133.6_141.0 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

---------------- COs ........•••. 00.72 57.90 49.39 57.53 55.57 54.36 53.58 38.89 53. 41 

804------------- 2. 91 3. 24 2.13 3. 19 4. 55 7. 53 3. 98 15.49 1. 21 

01 ••.••..••...•• 'J'r. .72 7. 77 . 78 2. 09 1. 95 1.80 7. 35 3.40 ca ______________ 19. 55 20.00 18.29 21.00 19.05 22.80 20.10 19.40 22.20 

lVlg .••.••..••.•. 11.82 10.24 8.88 9. 46 9. 58 9. 93 0. 50 7.88 10. 14 

Nn,K •.•••.•.•. 2. (j<! 3. 05 5.05 3.84 5.87 1. 28 9. 15 4. 79 2. 27 

8102------------ } 2. 30 } 4.19 7. 98 } 4. 20 } 3. 29 1. 75 } 4. 77 5. 83 7. 02 

(AI, Fo)20s ----- . 51 .40 . 21 . 35 

-------- 100. oo JHX>. oo· ------ 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 

Fox Hi,7-er/ with a drainage area of 6,449 square 

1niles, all within the State of Wisconsin, em.pties into 

the south end of Green Bay. Lake Winnebago 

diYides it into two portions; the upper and the lower 

Fox. Wolf HiYer is its largest tributary. The 

analys·es giYen below are all except No. 10 taken from 

Bulletin 35 of the Wisconsin SurYey already cited. 

Those credited to I-Iall and. Juday were originally 

published in Bulletin 22, The inland lakes of Wisconsin, by ]~. A. Birge and C. Juday. Some incomplete 

analyses and some of small strean1s and mill ponds 

haYe not been used here. The following are suitable 

for present purposes. Analyses 11 t') 17 represent 

water fron1 the Yalley of ·wolf River; no analysis of 

the water of the riYer itself has been found. 

Analyses of tvatm·s of the Fox, River valley, Wis. 

1. lluiTnlo Lnko, an enlargement or tho Fox ncar its source. Davidson, 1912. 

2. Upper Fox Hivor at Princeton, Green Lake County. Davidson, 1901. 

3. Green JJuko. Mean or four analyses, 1907, by E. B. Hall and C. Juday. Reduced to standard form. 

4. Lake Winnebago ncar North Fond duLac. Davidson, 1905. 

5. Lako Winnebago at Oshkosh. Davidson, 1896. 

0. Lower Fox lUvor nt :Menasha. Analysis made by Dearborn Drug & Chemical 

Co., 1907. · 

7 Not to be confounded with the Fox River or Illinois. Both rivers rise in Wis.-

consin, and their sources arc not fur apart. 

7. Lower Fox River at Kaukauna. Davidson, 1909. An incomplete analysis 

or the water at Appleton is also given. 

8. Lower Fox River at De Perc. Davidson, 1892." 

9. Lower Fox River at Green Bay. Davidson, 1902. 

10. The same, 1919. Received from Chicago & North Western Ry. 

11. Creek at Wabeno, Forest County. Davidson, 1907. 

12. Pond on west branch or Embarrass River at Tagerton, Shawano County. 

Davidson, 1909. 

13. North branch of Embarrass River at Bowler, Shawano County. Dnvidson 

-1907. An incomplete analysis of another branch is also given. 

14. Creek, outlet of lake at Red Granite Junction, Waushara County. Davidson, 

1901. 

15. Lake Bea'sly, Waupaca County. Mean or three analyses. 

10. Long Lake, Waupaca County. Moan of two analyses. 

17. Rainbow Lake, Waupaca County. Mean of two analyses. Analyses 15, 16, 

and 17, by Hall and Juday, 1907. Heduced here to standard form. 

I. Parts per million. 

I I 

1 2 3 4 5 0 7 8 9 

---------- ----

003----------- 119.3 118.9 87.0 100.0 88.4 83.8 80.3 99.2 88.8 

S04 ----------- 11.2 36.3 16.7 9.8 29.2 7. 0 . 36.4 13.3 11. 1 Cl _____________ 2. 1 5. 4 5.8 3. 1 0. 4 3:5 0. 7 1.9 19.5 Ca _____________ 40.4 43.1 21.5 34.8 33.4 23.0 32.3 34.9 32.5 Mg ____________ 20.6 28.2 25.7 18.3 19.0 15.6 19.1 19.8 19.0 

~~~~~~:::~~~=~~} L3 } 3. 6 3. 4 } 1.7 } 9. 4 } 14. 1 } 1~.1 } 6. 0 } 12.7 3.0 

Si02----------- 6.1 23.7 9.4 13:7 3. 9 4. 4 6. 1 7.0 2. 5 (AI, Fe)20s---- 1. 7 18.0 2.0 . 7 1.5 10.0 .8 2. 9 .8 ---------- -- 208.7 277.8 174. 5 182.7 191.2 162. 2 1191. 8 1185. 0 186.9 

10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 

--- --~ --------· ------

COs----------- 61.5 81.9 48.0 . 80.1 82.0 133.0 89.0 89.2 

S04----------- 70.0 2. 5 33.9 2. 5 10.8 10.5 10.4 8. 8 CL ____________ 8. 7 4. 9 5. 5 8. 9 2.8 . 2. 4 2. 5 4. 2 Ca .. __________ Mg 39.9 27.3 25.3 18.1 35.0 45.7 31.8 22.2 _____ ::-______ 18.2 16.6 12.6 21.4 18. 7 27.9 17.7 16.0 Na ____________ } 5. 7 } 4.4 } 3. 5 } .7. 0 } 7. 5 2.4 3.0 2. 3 Js.. _____________ 2.0 3. 1 '3. 3 

Si02----------- 4. 6 16.9 7. 3 15.2 11.4 22.0 18. 2 19.4 

(AI, Fe)203---- 2. 7 • 1. 7 .0 .5 Trace. 2. 2 2. 5 2. 2 ------136.7J~ ---24&7j178.21147.6 211.9 150.2 168.2 

11. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

I 

1 2 3 4 5 .0 7 8 9 

------------------- QOs---------~- 57. 10 42.82 49.80 55.03 40.23 51..73 41.87 53.62 47.54 

so4------------ 5. 37 13.05 9. 57 5.30 15.28 4. 69 18. !10 7.19 5. 93 CL ____________ 1. 01 1. 94 3. 32 1. 09 3. 35 2.16 3. 49 1. 03 10.43 Ca _____________ 19.36 15.54 12.32 19.00 17.44 14.20 16.87 18.87 17.38 J\1:g ____________ 12.75 10.14 14.73 10.06 9. 95 9. 03 9. 95 10.70 10. 16 

~~~~~~~:~~~=~=~} .62 } 1. 29 1. 95 } . 93 } 4. 92 } 8. 70 } 5. 20 } 3. 24 } 6. 79 1.72 

Si02----------- · 2. 92 8. 53 5. 39 7. 49 2.04 2. 92 3.18 3. 78 1. 34 

(AI, Fc)203---- . 81 0. 69 1.14 . 38 . 79 0.17 . 42 1. 57 . 43 

---------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 1100. 00 1100. 00 

10 11 12 13 I 14 _· _1_5_j_1_6_l_1_1_· I ------

003----------- 29.02 52.45 35.11 52.08 48.81 53.45 49.95 40.88 

S04----------- 33.32 1. 60 24.75 1. 62 6. 43 4. 26 5. 83 5. 97 CL ____________ 4.11 3.14 4. 02 5. 78 1. 67 . 97 1.40 2.85 Ca ____________ Mg 18.83 17. 51 18.47 11.82 20.83 18.39 17.85 15.04 ____________ 8. 59 10.61 9.19 13.89 11.07 11.20 9. 93 10.84 Na ____________ } 2. 69 } 2. 81 } 2. 55 } 4. 54 } 4. 46 . 97 1. 08 1. 55 K _____________ . 80 1. 74 2. 24 

Si02----------- 2.17 10.84 5. 40 9. 941 6. 73 9. 08 10.22 13. 14 

(AI, Fe)203---- 1. 27 1. 04 . 51 . 33 Trace. . 88 1. 40 1. 49 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100. oo 1. 100. oo 100. oo 1100. oo 1 100. oo 

To a geochemist these waters of the Fox RiYer 

Valley are peculiarly interesting. They a.re abnormally high in their proportion of m~gnesium, which is 

shown Yery clearly in the percentage tables. This 

peculiarity is due to the fact that magnesian limestones are abundant in the upper regions of the 

Yalley_:_so much so that the geologists of Wisconsin 

have named certain areas the "magnesian cuesta" 
14 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

and the "magnesian escarpment." 8 From these 

areas the waters derive a large part of their mannesium. Their influence upon the waters of the Great 

Lakes appears very clearly upon comparison of their 

composition. In Lake "Superior the proportion of 

magnesium in the anhydrous saline residue is only 

5.35 per cent. In Lake Michigan it rises to 7.01 per 

cent, and· then diminishes regularly to the St. Lawrence, which at Ogdensburg carries 5.49 per cent. 

That is, the magnesian content of the Fox River 

waters affects the· composition of the lower waters of 

the St. Lawre;nce basin. The high proportion of 

chlorine in the lower Fox at De Pere and Green Bay 

indicates pollution by human agencies.· The differ-· 

ence between the two analyses at Green Bay is very 

striking. · 

The mean annual rainfall in the Fox River valley 

for 1897-1906 is reported. as 32.58 inches. The runoff is 7.97 inches or 24.5 per cent of the rainfall. 

Analyses of waters draining into Lake Michigan south of G1·een 

Bay, Wis. 

1. Sheboygan River at Sheboygan. Sample taken from the city reservoir. 

Davidson, 1900. 

2. Random Lake, Sheboygan County. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 

Ry., 1901. Two other analyses are given. 

3. Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan County. Mean of four analyses by Hall and Juday, 

. 1908. Two analyses less complete by railway chemists are also given and one of 

Spring Lake. 

4. Pauls Lake at St. Cloud, Fond duLac County. Davidson, 1903. 

5. Menomonee River at New Butler, Waukesha County. From Chicago & 

Northwestern Ry. · 

6. Menomonee River at Granville, Milwaukee County. Davidson, 1897. Fourteen other analyses of Menomonee River, either incomplete or showing marked 

pollution, are also giv\)n. 

7. Milwaukee River above the dam. Analysis by G. Bode, Geology of Wis· 

cousin, vol. 2, p. 32, 1877. Other analyses by Davidson show pollution. 

8. Root River at Racine. 

All these analyses except Nos. 5 and 7 are taken from Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. 

Hist. Survey Bull. 35. 

I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 4 I 5 6 7 8 

------------------

COa----------- 93.5 140.3 86.5 169. 1 157.4 204.9 95.0 169.6 

S04----------- 35:5 11. 5 11. 6 17. 9 27.8 21. 5' 25.8 56. 1 GL. ___________ 20. 1 5. 0 11.6 6. 7 10.2 1. 9 9. 8 7. 9 Ca ____________ Mg 37. 1 41.7 21. 1 61.9 49.2 91.2 42.9 74.7 ____________ 26.8 34.8 24.3 35.3 40.4 31.7 19.9 38.6 

~~============} 6. 0 l 3.3 4. 1 } 4. 2 } . 6. 6 } 3. 7 } 6. 3 } 18.6 2. 2 

Si02----------- 10.6 2. 4 11. 1 1. 7 6. 0 16.9 5. 3 9. 9 (AI, Fe)20a •... 2. 9 1. 5 1.0 3.1 1.0 2. 1 ? ------------3007J372.8 ------ 232.5 239.0 174.0 297.8 207.1 375.4 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

-------------------

COa----------- 40.21 58. 69" 49.71 56.78 52.35 54.94 45.89 45.17 

S04----------- 15.28 4. 81 6. 66 6. 01 9. 24 5. 76 12.46 14.94 CL ____________ 8. 64 2. 09 6. 66 2. 25 3.40 . 54 4. 74 2.14 Ca ____________ Mg 15.96 17. 45 12. 13 20.78 16.37 24.45 20.72 19.89 ____________ 11.52 14.57 13.97 11.86 13.41 8. 50 9. 62 10.27 Na ____________ } 2. 58 l 1. 38 2. 37 } 1. 41 } 2. 20 } 1. 00.} 3. 04 } 4. 96 K _____________ 1. 26 

Si02----------- 4. 56 1. 01 6. 38 . 57 1. 03 4. 54 2. 56 2. 63 (AI, Fe)20a .... 1.25 .. 86 . 34 2. 00 . 27 . 97 ? ------------------------ 100.00 100.00 10(). 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

s For details on the geology of the valley see Bulletins 35 and 36 of the Wisconsin 

Survey. 

Near the south end of Lake Michigan its chief 

affluent is St. Joseph River, 9 which rises in Indiana 

and flows· westward. The following analyses of its 

waters are here reduced to ionic fonn and p11rts per 

million. 

. Analyses of water from the St. Joseph River basin. 

1. Rock River at Three Rivers, Mich. 

2. Creek at Albion, Ind. Head of Elkhorn River. 

3. Elkhart River at Ligonier, Ind. 

4. Rock Run at Goshen, Ind. Tributary of Elkhart River. City watf\r. 

5. Elkhart River at Elkhart, Ind. 

6. St. Joseph River at Elkhart, Ind. Mean of three analyses. 

7. Grapevine Creek at Lydick, Ind. 

Analysis No. 2 from Baltimore & Ohio R. R.; the others from the Lake ShorR 

& Michigan Southern R. R. (New York Central). Silica and the oxides of iron 

and aluminum are reporterl together ns "oxides." 

I. Parts per million. 

-----I--__ 2 -1-3 ___ 4 _ __ :; -1-6 ___ 7 _ 

COs------------------- 129.8 98.0 118.4 118.1 132.7 122.4 151.0 S04---------~---------- 11.2 56.8 37.9 15.4 41.2 20.6 30.3 CL___________________ 4. 5 3. 9 2. 8 4. 5 3. 9 1. 3 3. 4 

NOa___________________ 3. 5 -------- -------- 4. 8 2. 9 ca _____________________ '59.1 62.3 61.8 55.2 71.1 59.5 70.6 

Mg____________________ 19.3 15.2 19. 1 19.0 17.6 18.4 25.5 Na(K) _________________ 4.2 4.1 3:2 2.9 8.6 2.0 2.3 

Oxides_________________ 2.1 10.6 2. 4 4. 1 3. 9 1. 9 1. 9 

233. 7 250. 9 245. 6 224. 0 279. 0 229. 0 285. 0 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 

--------1----------------------

COa ------------------- 55.54 39.08 48.21 52.72 47.56 53.49 52.98 S04-------------------- 4. 79 22.63 15.43 6. 88 14.76 8. 99 10.63 CL------------------~ 1. 92· 1. 56 1.14 2. 01 1. 40 . 56 1.19 

NOa------------------- 1. 50 -------- -------- 2. 15 l. 26 ca_____________________ 25.30 24.81 25. 16 24.64 25.49 25.98 24.77 Mg____________________ 8. 26 6. 06 7. 78 / 8. 48 6. 31 8. 03 8. 95 Na,K __________________ 1.79 1.64 1.30 1.29 3.08 .87 .81 

Oxides_________________ .90 4.22 .981 1.83 1.40 .82 .67 

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo j10o. oo. ·wo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

These waters have a strong fa1nily resemblance. 

Their salinity is of the same order, and alkalies and 

oxides are unusually low. Calcimn is practically the 

same in all, and magnesium varies only as its parent 

limestone might be expected to vary. .Chlorides are 

low, and sulphates indicate local variations in the 

drainage basin. All the w.ater are typical carbonate 

waters, such as originate in areas of sedin1entary rocks. 

For the eastern drainage of Lake Michigan there 

are first two series of analyses n1ade in the waterresources laboratory of the United States Geological 

Survey. These are of Grand River at Grand Rapids, 

Mich., and Kalamazoo ·River near Kalan1azoo, Mich. 

Each series represents the composition of the water, 

as determined by analyses of san1ples taken. daily 

during an entire year, and their 1nea.n therefore indicate its average quality. The con1plete. data· are 

given in the two following tables. 10 

Each analysis was made upon a c01nposite of ten 

daily samples. 

9 Another St. Joseph River rises in the same county and flows southward into 

the Maumee, a tributary of Lake Erie. These two rivers must not be confused. 

10 Published originally in Water-Supply Paper 236, pp. 63, 68, 1909. 
ST. LAWRENCE BASIN. 15 

Analyses of water from Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Dntc (1006-7). Magno- Sodium Car- Blear- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

------ ~I'm- 'l'otnl Silica Iron Calcium slum· and bonate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage bidity. iron (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle radicle (S01). (NOa). (Cl). solids. height From-- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (feet). 

---- ·--------- ---~--- ------------ Oct. 1 Oct. 10 10 0. 3 10 'L'r. 55 19 10 7. 2 . 220 . 29 0. 7 9. 6 256 0. 1 11 20 8 'l'r. . 19 'J'r. 59 20 13 11 244 2:J 1.0 7. 9 277 -.2 21 30 7 'l't•. 22 'l'r. 60 21 13 Tr. 269 24 . 7 6. 7 277 . 1 31 Nov. 9 4 -----·----- 16 0. 04 62 21 11 4. 8 254 29 1.5 7. 9 282 . 4 Nov. 10 19 3 -----·----- 16 . 03 65 22 9. 0 13 244 31 1.5 8. 2 290 . 1 20 29 19 . 05 17 . 03 63 21 7. 4 9. 1 234 37 3. 0 7. 9 286 2. 1 Dec. 1 Dec. 11 5 . 16 21 . 03 67 20 8. 7 . 0 246 47 5. 0 6. 7 303 1.6 12 29 7 . 2 15 . 03 69 22 6. 6 . 0 246 49 7. 0 8. 8 311 1. 8 Jan. 2 Jan. 10 375 4. 9 11 . 12 52 16 7. 9 .0 198 39 6. 0 6. 2 240 4. 5 11 23 --------2i" 2. 1 13 .3 45 13 7. 4 4. 3 148 34 6. 0 6. 7 210 6. 6 2•l Feb. (i 1. 3 21 . 07 45 14 6. 3 4. 1 158 32 3. 1 4. 0 198 10.4 l''eb. 7 17 28 . 5 5. 6 . 04 41 21 11 14 172 42 ---------- 6. 5 219 6. 8 18 27 9 . 4 24 . 07 64 19 8. 7 17 1\')8 42 4.. 0 5. 8 283 5. 4 28 1\:far. 9 38 1.1 2. 8 . 05 41 15 8. 2 ---------- ---------- 36 1.7 4. 8 201 5. 0 Mar. 10 19 42 1.8 6. 6 . 09 42 13 7. 9 18 145 30 1.5 4. 3 195 6. 0 20 29 51'5 2. 6 6. 0 . 12 42 12 6. 0 8. 4 146 26 2. 0 4. 1 191 7. 1 30 Apt·. 8 34 1. 1 11 . 08 47 14 9. 1 1L 162 30 4. 0 7. 8 219 6. 3 Apr. 9 19 7 .5 15 . 04 58 18 13 15 202 35 3. 5 7. 2 269 2. 8 20 May 1 36 1. 2 I 15 . 10 60 18 11 16 207 35 2. 5 7. 8 272 2. 0 May 2 12 . 36 1.4 16 . 12 50 15 11 12 179 30 2. 0 6. 0 235 5. 7 13 24 9 . 4 l 26 . 08 60 19 9. 7 7. 2 232 35 4. 0 9. 0 292 1.6 25 June •1 26 .5 9. 6 . 10 61 19 13 12 231 33 3. 0 9. 6 280 1.7 June 5 14 5 . 6 8. 2 . 05 61 19 15 7. 2 235 35 2. 0 7. 8 279 1.0 15 24 20 . 8 8. 0 . 14 60 20 14 7. 2 238 30 1.0 7. 4 269 . 4 25 July 4 9 .4 13 . 06 60 20 10 .0 257 28 1.7 10 273 .5 July 5 1.'\ 15 1.0 15 . 05 61 22 13 ---------- ---------- 31 'l'r. 9. 8 270 .2 16 25 200 4. 4 21 . 09 59 20 12 14 204 30 1. 6 9. 4 265 1.2 2(i Aug. 6 •.10 1. 6 10 . 06 59 20 9. 8 7. 2 229 32 .2 9. 4 259 . 6 Aug. 7 16 20 .8 15 . 05 60 22 10 11 226 32 . 8 8. 6 266 . 3 17 26 15 1.1 12 . 05 58 23 8. 8 12 217 31 1.4 9. 4 263 . 3 27 Sept. 5 20 1.0 24 . 05 59 22 15 .0 249 35 1.2 12 286 . 3 Sept. 0 I 15 15 1.2 14 .04 58 22 9. 1 7. 2 228 30 1.5 9. 0 263 . 2 10 25 70 2. 6 2. 4 . 06 53 18 9. 3 13 182 30 Tr. 8. 2 232 . 3 20 I Oct.· 5 12 :5 20 . 04 59 21 15 9. 6 237 29 2 .. 0 8. 6 277 . 6 

I ·--~~---56- ---19_1_10 ----s:-51--2-14----------------- :Mean •••••••• 37 1. 1 14 . 33 2. 3 7. 7 258 

a Analyses Oct. 1, 1906, to Nov. 29, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Jan. 2 to Mar. 29, 1907, by R. B. Dole and .M.G. Roberts; lVIar. 30 to July 4, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M.G. 

Roberts; July 5 to Oct. 5, 1907, by H.. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins . 

.1lnalyses of water from Kalamazoo River near Kalamazoo, kiich.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). 

I Mague- Sodium Carbonate BicarTotal Silica Sulphate Nitrate Total Turbidity. Iron Calcium and bonate · Chlorine 

iron (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved 

]!'rom- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (804). (NOa). solids. 

-----

Sept. 19 Sept. 28 3 o. 3 29 o. 3 59 20 9. 0 6. 8 250 16 1.5 3. 8 272 20 Oct. 8 4 .3 19 . 3 58 20 8. 7 9. 8 236 22 1. 5 3. 8 265 Oct. \) 18 5 'L'r. 20 'l'r. 62 19 8. 8 8. 4 257 15 2. 1 4. 3 261 19 28 3 'l'r. 20 Tr. 62 19 8. 5 5. 8 264 14 1.6 3. 6 262 20 Nov. 7 5 . 1 HI Tr. 64 18 6. 1 17 238 28 2. 6 3. 8 278 Nov. 8 17 9 'l'r. 17 'l'r. 63 18 6. 5 . 0 271 25 2. 4 3. 8 284 18 27 8 . 1 19 Tr. 66 19 8. 3 .o 250 27 2. 8 3. 6 262 27 Dec. 7 4 'l'r. 21 Tr. 64 19 7. 2 Tr. 253 21 2. 8 3. 4 267 Dec. 8 18 7 . 1 15 .00 60 '18 . 5. 4 5. 3 222 31 0. 8 3. 0 25.'i 10 28 Jj . 1 20 . 07 68 21 5. 8 17 234 31 3. 2 3. 6 289 20 Jan. 1 . 3 17 . 07 '63 19 4. \) .o 252 24 3. 2 3. 4 262 Jan. 8 17 . 8 22 . 06 56 17 3. 3 .o 213 31 3. 2 3. 4 241 18 28 11 .6 11 . 03 52 16 5. 5 .o 198 28 3. 2 3. 0 223 29 Feb. 8 9 .4 11 . 05 49 19 7. 1 19 202 32 1. \) 3. 5 228 J!'ob. \) 18 19 .3 2. 8 . 06 31 19 8. 4 14 160 25 . 2 I ·2. 9 174 19 28 13 .2 3. 4 . 06 22 17 7. 4 19 121 ----------- . 0 3. 1 140 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 4 . 4 23 . 06 57 17 6. 9 14 220 23 3. 6 3. 0 252 21 27 \) . 8 15 . 05 52 14 6. 3 4. 8 193 22 2. 0 2. 4 223 31 Apr. 9 9 .3 19 . 06 1 52 14 11 14 173 26 2. 0 3. 6 235 Apr. 10 21 10 . 15 26 . 06 : ___________ 16 ----------- 17 160. 24 3. 5 4. 6 232 22 :Mny 1 8 • 3 24 . 051 59 17 10 17 218 20 2. 5 3. 6 265 May 2 11 13 . 6 8. 8 . 05. 49 15 6. 9 12 163 30 2. 5 3. 4 214 12 21 2 . 1 19 . 07 60 18 12 12 234 22 1.8 3. 4 263 22 Juno 1 4 .2 14 . 06 58 18 10 12 235 20 1. 5' 2. 8 252 Juno 2 11 6 • 2 12 .03 58 18 11 11 228 20 2. 5 3. 0 249 12 22 3 . a 15 . 05 58 19 13 Tr . 249 19 1.6 3. 4 254 23 July 3 a .6 16 . 06 56 20 9. 5 4. 8 227 17 'l'r. 4. 2 241 July 4 13 10 'l'r. 22 Tr. 37 20 ----------- .o 174 22 'l'r. 2. 6 189 14 23 7 'l'r. 11 'l'r. a7 19 ----------- 9. 6 135 20 Tr. 2. 4 186 24 Aug. 2 4 'l'r. 23 'l't·. 58 20 ----------- 12 202 20 .9 2. 21 256 Aug. a 12 3 'l'r. 14 'l'r. 55 19 10 'l'r., 228 20 1.5 4. 5 2a3 -13 22 3 Tr. 19 'l'r. 38 21 ---·------- . 0 167 19 2. 0 "'I 196 23 Sept. 1 2 'l'r. 23 '1'1'. 58 21 12 .o 251 21 1. 5 3. 4 254 Sept. 2 11 3 'l'r. 22 'l'r. 58 21 ----------- . 0 I . 246 20 1.4 3. 6 257 12 21 6 'l'r. 18 'l'r. 57 . 20 11 9. 6 226 19 1.3 3. 8 245 

Moan •.•••••• 71 . 2 I 17 I . 05 55 181 8. 21 7. 81 216 231 1.91 3. 41 242 

a Analyses Sept. 19 to Dec. 7, 1906, by H. B. Dole; Dec. 8, 1906, to Mar. 27, 1907, by R. B. Dole and .M. G. Roberts; 1\'Iar. 31 to July 3, 1907, by Chase Palmer and 

M. 0. Hobcrts; July 13 to Sept. 21, 1907, by H. B. Dolo, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. 
16 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Four other analyses, made for c01nmercial purposes 

· by the Dearborn Drug & Chen1ical Co., of eastern 

tributaries to Lake Michigan are as follows: 11 

Analyses of water;drib1dary to Lake ~Michigan. 

1. Boardman River, a tributary of Grand Traverse Bay. 

2. Grand River at Jackson, Mich. 

3. Manistee Lake. Said to be contaminated by drainage from salt works. 

4. Muskegon Lake. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 

--------- --------

C03----------- 73.1 144.4 91.2 85.2 39.62 48.13 38.65 46.05 

S04-- 32.1 30.4 Tr. 19.8 17.40 10. 13 Tr. 10.70 CL ____________ 10. 1 12.8 52.6 10.4 5. 47 4. 27 22.37 5. 57 ca ____________ 43.2 71.8 40.4 41.8 23.41 23.93 17. 12 22.60 Mg ___________ 11.5 20.9 11.4 13.2 6. 24 6. 97 4.83 7.14 

Na,K _________ 6. 6 10.7 35.4 8. 6 3. 57 3. 59 14. 91 4. 70 SiOz_· __________ 7.8 9. 0 5. 0 5. 0 4. 23 3. 00 2.12 2. 70 

(Al, Fe)z03---- . 1 Tr . Tr. 1.0 . 06 Tr. Tr. . 54 ------------ ------ 184.51 300.0 236.0 185.0 100. 00 1100. 00 100.00 100. 00 

----

LAKE HURON. 

For Lake Huron, with a water surface of 23,800 

square n1iles and a drainage basin of 55,500 square 

miles, we have the following table of analyses made 

by Dole and Roberts in the water-resources laboratory 

of the United States Geological Survey. 

Analyses of water from Lake H1tron at Port Huron, Mich.a 

[Parts per million.] 

.a o;> o;> I 

'0 ;:; "' ;a bil ,; . <3 <3 o;> 

c;~ ;a ,; ;a ;a > bll e .... ,...:. 'Q) 

'2 p.+ ~ o;>o ~ ~ --; ..c::.o 

Date 8 s s '0,; 

Q)~ o;>"' s "'en o;>,...:. i- ~z ~0 ...,0 "''0 ::l gD:l ...,o :0~ bl)+> 

(1906-7). § ~ o;> ,;o;> 

;a s "gj §s o;o ...,w eeZ bJ)g e l=l'-' 0'--' <II'-' ·2 :e .§ ::l l=l 0 .Oo;> ..c:: ...,'-' 3 10: l=l '6 bll ;a.::l "8 ;o p. ..... 0 

::l "" .§ "a al al 0 3 -- :a 0 o;> 

@ ::s om E-< 0 w 0 ~ w z 0 E-< ::s ------ ----- ----------- ------

Sept. 2L_ 1 13 o. 02 24 6. 4 3. 5 3.4 97 4.8 0. 30 2. 5 108 581.12 

Oct. 2L __ 2 8. 7 .10 24 6. 3 3. 7 3. 6 96 6. 2 . 25 2. 5 105 580.87 Nov. 2L __ Tr. 8 . 05 24 6. 7 3. 0 . 0 100 5. 6 .4 2. 6 101 580.68 

Dec.2L ___ Tr. 12 .05 23 6. 7 3. 5 . 0 103 6. 6 . 3 3.1 106 580.65 Jan. 2L ___ ---- 12 . 03 23 7.1 5. 8 . 0 99 6. 7 .4 2. 5 108 580.65 Mar. 2L __ ---- 14 .03 22 7. 2 4. 7 1.2 101 6. 7 . 3 2. 5 109 580.68 

Apr. 2L __ ---- 14 .04 24 7. 7 5. 1 Tr. 106 6. 0 . 45 2. 6 110 580.90 

May2L __ ---- 14 .05 25 7. 6 5. 9 2. 4 102 7. 3 .4 2. 8 116 .581.08 June 2L __ ---- 8. 5 .04 24 7. 5 4. 7 5. 3 96 6. 4 . 45 2. 8 105 581.39 

~,12 --- --------------lo8j------·- Mean ___ .04 24 7. 0 4. 4 1.8 100 6. 2 .4 2. 6 

a Analyses by R.. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts. b Gaging station at Harbor Beach, Mich., 60 miles above. 

TRIBUTARIES OF LAKE HURON. 

Only a few analyses of water fron1 tributaries of 

Lake Huron have been obtained and several of them 

are too defective to have any present valueP Two, 

however: are available and appear in the next table. 

11 From Lane, A. C., U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 31, pp. 18, 92, 1899. 

Reduced to standard form from hypothetical combinations and parts per thousand.· 

' 2 For these analyses see Lane, A. C., U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 31, 

1899. The rejected analyses are of Saginaw, Chippewa, and Tittabawassee rivers, 

and one also of the Shiawassee. All these streams drain into Saginaw Bay, 

Analyses of waters tributary to Lake Hu1·on. 

1 Shiawassee River at Owosso, Mich. Analysis by Dearborn Drug & Chemical 

Co. 

2. Cass River. G. A. Kirchmaier, analyst. These two rivers drain into Sagmaw 

Bay, Lake Huron. · 

Percentage com- position. 

2 

--------------1-----.--------

co3--- --------------------------------- 135.1 "91. 4 50.97 35.85 so. ______ ------------------------------- 17. o 24.8 6. 41 9. 73 

CL _ ----------------------------------- _ 14.0 14.6 5. 28 5. 72 

Ca ________ ----------------------- ___ ___ _ 48. 2 45. 2 18. 57 17. 72 

Mg------------------~------------------- 24.6 15.7 9. 28 6.16 

Na,K ________ ·--------------------------- 18.1 9.4 6.86 3.69 

Si02-- ---------------------------------- 7. Q 46.9 2. 60 18.39 

(Al,Fe)203------------------------------ 1. 0 7. 0 . 03 2. 74 

265.01255.0!----wo.oo Ioo.oo 

LAKE ERIE. 

The water surface of Lake Erie covers 9,960 square 

miles, and. its drainage basin covers 32,660 square 

miles. The standard series of analyses, n1ade by 

Dole and Roberts· in the· water-resources laboratory, 

is as follows: 

Analyses of water from Lake Erie at Buffalo, N. Y.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date · (1906-7). t' ;a 

:c 

;:; 

E-< 

Sept.19 ___ 2 ~~--;·~~~~~~~~:~ 572.27 

Oct. 19____ 2 11 . 08 32 6. 8 6. 3 4. 8 116 11 . oo 7. 9 138 572. 25 Nov. 19 ___ 17 4. 2 . 04 31 7. 4 5. 8 . 0 124 12 Tr. 8. 2 129 572. 32 Dec. 19 ___ 24 · 7. 6 . 04 31 7. 4 6. 8 3. 6 118 13 Tr. 8. 6 136 572.45 Jan. 19 ____ 190 2. 9 . 07 30 7. 4 6. 4 . 0 117 13 . 25 _ 9. 2 126 572. 96 Mar. 19___ 13 4. 5 . 10 31 7. 5 5. 8 2. 2 112 14 . 25 9. 2 132 572. 22 Apr.19 _______ 8.6 .06 30 8.2 6.9 1.4 108 13 .35 8.4 129 572.62 

May25 _______ 4 . .7 .05 31 7.9 6.5 4.0 104 14 .6 8.6 132 572.84 

June19 _______ 4.6 .03 31 7.9 6.7 5.3 110 13 .45 8.8 131 573.18 

July 19____ ____ 3. 9 . 03 32 7. 8 7. 1 5. 2 110 14 . 50 9. 2 134 573.33 

Aug. 28 _______ · 2. 1 . 18 31 8. 0 5. 9 3. 4 112 13 . 35 8. 6 128 573.02 

Mean ___ 415.9J-:oi 317.6 6:5 &!ill la -.-3-J8.7frn --

a Analyses by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts. 

The following- boiler-water analyses of san1ples 

taken at different points on Lake Erie were received 

from the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. 

(New York Central system). They are here reduced 

to standard form. 

Analyses of water from Lake Erie. 

1. At Painesville, Ohio. 3. At Erie, Pa. 

2. At Ashtabula, Ohio. 4. At Dunkirk, N.Y. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

1 2 3 I 4 1 2 3 4 

---------------------

co3---------- 59.7 57.4 60.7 56.3 44.22 46.22 45.29 47.51 so. ___________ 19.8 13.3 15.6 9. 9 14.67 10.71 11.64 8. 36 CL ____________ 7. 2 7. 2 8. 0 6. 4 5. 33 5. 80 5. 97 5. 40 Qa ____________ Mg 34.1 30.8 33.3 28.7 25.26 24.80 24.85 24.22 ____________ 8. 3 7. 8 8. 1 7. 2 6.15 6. 28 6. 05 6. 08 Na(K) ________ 4. 6 4. 6 5. 2 5. 4 3. 41 3. 70 3.88 4. 56 "Oxides" a ____ 1.3 3. 1 3. 1 4. 6 . 96 2. 49 2. 32 3. 87 

135.0 124.2134.0Jll8.5 --- ------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 

a Silica plus sesquioxid.es. 
ST. LAWRENCE BASIN. 17 

These analyses differ to som.e extent from those 

nwde by Dole and Roberts. The latter refer to the 

water of the ma~n body of the lake, which receives 

its principal accessions from the upper lakes. The 

single analyses are evidently of water taken close to 

the shore and are affected by dr.ainage from smaller 

strea1ns. Their character, therefore, is that of the 

lake water slightly mixed with other waters derived 

fro1n sedimentary areas to the south~ 

TRIBUTARIES OF. LAKE ERIE. 

At the e~tretne west end of Lake Erie are several 

rivers, and of their water the following analyses 

have been collected. 

Analyses of water from trib·utaries of Lake Erie. 

t. Detroit River, tho ,connecting link between tho upper and tho lower lakes .. 

2~ Huron B.ivor,;at ~Ann Arbor, Mich. Analyses 1 and 2 by Dearborn Drug & 

Chemical :co. \ 'At(~ncomploto analysis made by R. W. Pryor in 1911 is given in 

U.S. Goo!. Survcy~Gool. Atlas, Detroit folio (No. 205), p. 20, 1917. 

3. Wolf Crook noar1Adrian, Mich. Raisin River basin. 

4. Raisin 'River at]Grosvonor, Mich. • 

5. Haisin Hivor at Plainfield, Mich. Analyses 3, 4, and 5 received from Lake 

Shore & Michigan Southern H. H. (New York Central system). Reduced hero to 

stanclal'Cl form. 

I. ·Parts per million. 

4 

-------------1---------------

COa. ••.....•••••...•..•.....••.•....••. 47.9 150.1 146.6 137.7 135.3 

S04..................................... 7. 8 69.8 43.2 24.0 28.5 Cl. ..................................... 9.1 9. 1 5. 7 6. 0 8. 2 

.N'Oa .................................... -·------ -------- Ca...................................... 24.8 80.4 

12.5 -------- -------- 78.0 64.9 64.3 lVIg..................................... 6. 0 23.8 

Na(K).................................. 6. 4 16.8 

~~~~.2 Fo)" ;o~:::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::: ~~r~ ~~r~ } 

24.5 20.7 15.5 12.2 7. 0 19.0 

6. 3 } 2. 7 4. 2 

108. 0 373. 0 322. 0 263. 0 275. 0 

Analyses of water from tributaries of Lake Erie-Continued. 

ll. Percentage composition of anhydrous residue. 

----1-'~--- COz------------------------------------ 44.35 40.24 45.52 52. 3i 49.20 

804------------------------------------- 7. 23 18.74 13.42 9. 12 10. 37 

CL. ..•. -------------------------------- 8. 43 2. 44 1. 7i 2. 28 2. 98 

NOa. ----------------------------------- -----·--- -------- 3. 88 Ca______________________________________ 22.97 21.53 22.05 24.68 23.39 

Mg ....... ------------------------------ · 5. 55 6. 38 7. 61 7. 87 5. 64 

Na(K) --------------------------------- 5. 92 4. 50 3. i9 2. 66 6. 91 

~l?.2:Fe)-;o;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5T~~ 6T~~ } 1. 96 } 1. ~2 } 1. 51 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. do 

Analyses of several other rivers tributary to Lake 

Erie have been· obtained, and of these the Maumee, 

which drains an agricultural region in Ohio and ·empties into the lake at Toledo, is the 1nost i1nportant. 

For this river there are, first, the recent series of analy-

. ses made in the water-resources laboratory of the 

Survey. This series is given in the next table. 

Analyses of water from Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio.a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Date (1906-7). Magne- Sodium Carbonate iHcar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Total Silica Iron Calcium and bonate Chlorine - -· ----- 'l'urbiclity. iron (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). slum potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved 

}"rom- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HC03). (804). (N03). solids. 

---

Sept. 9 Sept. 18 55 2. 0 28 0.10 58 17 44 0. 0 178 44 2. 2 9i 397 

19 29 70 2.4 26 . 20 57 16 40 .0 190 44 1.8 76 375 

30 Oct. 9 53 2. 4 19 . 10 57. 16 37 .0 192 43 1.8 71 350 

Oct. 11 20 37 1.4 20 Tr. 67 . 19 36 . 0 221 59 1.9 58 367 

21 Nov. 1 22 1.0 24 . 04 66 22 40 ----------- -------2ii8' 68 1.7 79 416 

Nov. 2 ll 16 1.1 17 .. 03 73 23 49 5.8 71 2.1 106 442 

12 23 80 2. 2 14 .05 62 21 35 .......................... ----------- 80 4. 0 85 404 

24 Dec. 4 230 3. 5 16 . 16 54 13 14 .0 157 48 19 23 275 

Dec. 5 15 290 6. 6 23 . 4 53 13 14 . .0 159 47 13 24 1 277 

l6 26 210 3. 9 27 .3 57 14 18 5. 8 160 51 12 24 296 

Jun. 6 Jon. 15 350 8. 0 18 . 7 42 8. 2 10 .0 134 33 11 12 214 

16 26 375 11 17 1.1 37 ........................... - 10 .0 123 29 9. 0 12 331 

27 Feb. 7 5.5 2. 1 7. 2 1.5 48 12 11 Tr. 151 37 4. 5 '14 262 

Fob. 8 18 20 .!} 14 .13 77 18 22 5. 5 228 69 8. 5 38 372 1\) 28 12 .6 15 .. 03 80 22 29 .0 242 74 6.0 58 410 

:Mnl'. 1 1\:[ur. 10 37 1.1 11 .04 70 19 25 . 0 216 67 6. 4 52 356 

11 23 900 16 36 . 7 44 12 21 6. 0 128 40 8.0 26 266 

24 Apr. 2 730 15 5. 0 . 20 42 11 14 .0 131 41 6.4 13 222 

~\pr. 3 12 98 3. 3 6. 0 .10 43 12 15 12 102 43 4. 8 28 216 

13 23 27 1.2 24 .08 72 18 20 11 210 57 6.0 30 344 

24 Muy 3 37 1.3 20 .06 74 20 25 9. 6 214 63 3. 0 44 373 

1\Jny 4 14 9 .3 13 .03 64 18 25 9. 6 178 59' 2. 5 46 326 

15 23 42 1.0 9. 8 .10 60 23 28 8. 4 172 58 . 3 44 320 

25 Juno 3 20 .6 4. 8 . 08 ----------- 12 26 'l'r. 93 50 . 2 42 202 

June 4 13 175 4.0 18 . 18 ----------- 10 15 8.4 95 34 4. 0 19 180 

15 24 250 6.3 18 . 18 ----------- 11 16 Tr. 120 34 Tr. 16 187 

25 July 2 120 2. 2 3.8 .16 ----------- 12 16 ----------- ----------- 30 2.0 14 . 162 

July 5 16 .......................... 1.9 ----------- . 12' 35 16 26 Tr. 134 44 Tr. 35 232 

17 26 270 6. 7 24 .6 42 13 24 .0 181 34 5. 5 29 283 

27 Aug. 5 63 2.5 19 .7 44 9. 0 14 .0 157 22 4. 0 12 212 

Aug. 6 15 40 1.2 18 .14 56 12 19 Tr. 199 33 2. 2 23 267 

16 26 40 1.1 12 .11 64 16 21 .0 228 47 1.6 26 • 309 

27 Sept. 7 38 1.5 14 . 16 63 17 22 .0 224 50 2. 2 26 310 

Sept. 8 17 38 . 7 22 . 08 62 18 29 .0 229 53 1.0 34 339 

18 27 125 2. 5 18 .6 52 16 23 .0 187 44 1.8 31 289 

28 Oct. 7 90 1.6 22 .5 53 14 27 .0 177 42 2. 0 41 292 

Menu .•.. ~---- 143 3. 4 17 . 27 57 16 241 2. 5 173 48 4. 5 40 298 

nAnn lyses September 9, 1906, to March 10, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; March 11 to October 7, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M. G. Roberts. 
18 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Three more analyses of the Maun1ee are available, 

as follows. 

Analyses of water jr01~~ 1lf amnee River. 0 

1. At Toledo, Ohio, 1903. Received from Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. 

(New York Central system). 

2. At Toledo. Analysis by C. F. Chandler. Cited by I. C. Russell in U. S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 11, opp. p. 176, 1885. 

3. At Delaware Bend, Ohio. Received from Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

-----~------l---:--2---~--3- _1 ___ 2_ --3-

C03---------------------------- 102.9 44.4 146.9 29. 79 42.39 47. 15 so4---------------------------- 55.5 14. o 2s. o 16.07 13. :is s. 98 CL____________________________ 54.3 2. 5 21.7 .15. i2 2. 39 6. 96 Ca_____________________________ 50.2 26.4 61.6 "14. 53 25.26 19. i7 Mg_____________________________ 19.9 4. 4 28.8 5. 76 4. 23 9. 24 

~~===================::===:====} 44.6 ~: ~ } 14. 0 } 12.91 ~: ~~ } 4. 49 

~ie~6;~:::::::::::::::::::::::::} 18.0 i: ~ } 10. 6 } 5. 22 6

: ~~ } 3. ~1 

345.4jl04.6 311.6 loo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

The analysis of the Maun1ee by Chandler is very 

different from the others and shows that great changes 

have taken pl_ace in the river during the intervening 

years. Analysis No. 1 is in fair agreement with the 

Survey series, and the evidence .indicates that the 

water at Toledo is now far fron1 normal. The high 

proportion of sodium and chlorine suggests pollution. 

Analysis No. 3 of a sample taken at a point above 

Toledo, is more nearly that of a noni1al river water 

the sources of which are in an area of sedimentary 

rocks .. 

The Maumee is formed by the union of two streams, 

St. Marys River and the St. Joseph. The latter is 

sometimes called "St. Joseph of the Maumee" in 

order to distinguish it from the other river of the 

same ·name which-flows into Lake Michigan. These 

duplicated names are very troublesome. Three other 

tributaries of the Maun1ee are Swan Creek, Tiffin 

River, and Auglaize River, and analys~s of all five 

streams appear in the next table. 

Analyses of water from tributaries of the Jlfattmee. 

1. Tiffin River at Stryker, Ohio. 

2. Auglaize River at Buckland, Ohio. 

3. St. Marys River at Decatur, Ind. .Analy£is received from Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry.; W. B. Lonclon, chemist. 

4. St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind. 

5. St. Joseph River at Hillsdale, Mich. 

6. St. Joseph River at Edgerton, Ohio. 

7. Swan Creek at Air Line Junction, near Toledo, Ohio. All analyses except No.3 

received from Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. (New York Central system). 

I. Parts per million. 

---1-1_.2··_·1-4 -5 1_6 -7-

C03---~--------------- 131.7 129.7 116.8,125.1 110.9 115.0 79.2 S04-------------------- 36.7 46.5 125.8 . 110.6 18.2 29.1 38.7 CL____________________ 7.5 21.5 109.8 64.7 7.1 6.4 17.7 

N03------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 2. 2 3. 5 · Ca_____________________ 69.0 52.9 · 91.3 I 88.9 53.0 59.9 51.4 Mg____________________ 19.2 20.1 29.0 I 28.8 17.4 17.3 11.3 

~~l::======:========} ::: } 36. 1 6&: ~ :}. 3~:: } ~: ~ 11_} ~: ~ I} 11.6 (AI, Fe)20J_____________ 3· 6 3. 4 1 12· 6 

---------------1---'---

276. o 310. 4 539. 4 : 459. o 215. 3 I 239. 6 1 226. o 

-----------~~--~-

Analyses of water from tributaries of the Mau~ee-:-Contd. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 

--------1~-- ------------------

C03------------------- 47.71 41.79 21.65 27.26 51.51 47.99 35.05 

S04-----------·-··------ 13. 30. 14.98 "23. 32 24.09 8. 45 12.15 17.12 CL -------------------- 2. 72 6. 92 20.36 14.09 3. 30 2. 67 7. 8.3 

N03------------------- -------- -------- ---····· -----··· 1. 02 1. 55 Ca_____________________ 25.00 17.05 16.92 19.37 24.62 25.00 22.75 Mg. ___________________ 6.96 6.48 5.38 6.28 8.08 7.22 5.00 

Na(K)_________________ 2. 68 11.62 11.23 7. 28 2. 32 1. 75 5.13 

Si02 - ------------------} 1. 63 } 1.16 · 51 } 1. 63 } . 70 }. 3. 22 } 5. 57 (AI, Fe)203---------- ___ . 63 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

The following analyses are of waters tributary to 

the St. Joseph. The ,points of collection are all in 

Indiana. No. 1 was received from the Baltin1ore & 

Ohio Railroad; the others from the Lake Shore & 

Michlgan Southern (New York Central Systen1). 

Analyse·s of waters tribtdary to the St. Joseph. 

1. Creek at St. Joe. 

2. Cedar Creek at Waterloo. 

3. Bixler Lake at Kendallville; mean of three analyses. 

4. Spy Run at Fort Wayne. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 3 4 2 4 

------1----------------------

C03----------- 132.7 174.5 83.4 163.9 36.46 49.35 40.49 41.81 so •... -------- 95.8 51.3 44. 2 94.3 26. 32 14. 51 21.46 24.06 CL·---~------ 4. 9 2. 4 3. 8 4. 0 1. 34 . 68 1. 84 1. 02 

~~ --======:=== ---87:6- --·so:s· 5S: ~ ---72:9- --24:o7· ··22:77- 2!: g~ ···is:sii 

Mg____________ 24.5 26.6 13. 9 39.2 6. 73· 7. 52 6. 74 10.00 Na(K) ________ 3.1 16.1 3.6 14.3 .85 4.55 1.75 3.65 Oxides a_______ 15.4 2. 2 3. 2 3. 4 4. 23 . 62 1. 55 . 87 

---;;,Q~ 206. o ---a!i2.0j1oo:oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

a Silica and sesquioxides. 

In t4e next table are analyses of waters fron1 several 

tributaries of Lake Erie in Ohio east of the Mau1nee. 

The Huron River of this table is not to be confused 

with the other river of the same name which flows into 

Lake Erie from Michigan, below the n1outh. of the 

Detroit. 

Analyses of water from tributaries of Lake Erie in Ohio. 

1. San<;lusky River at Tiffin. 

2. Huron River at Monroeville. Analyses 1 and 2 received from Baltimore & 

Ohio R. R. 

3. Huron River at Huron. 

4. Vermilion· River at Vermilion. 

5. Black River at Elyria Junction. City water. 

6. Rocky River at Berea. 

7. Euclid Creek at Nottingham. Analyses 3 to 7 from Lake Shore & Michigan 

Southern R. R. (New York Central system). 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 5 

--------1-----------------------

C03------------------- 195.3 146.8 59.3 67.9 83.7 102.2 30.6 S04-------------------- 113.7 203.3 55.5 69.6 121.6 78.8 135.0 CL ____________________ 72.1 9.8 6.1 8.7 17.2. 5.6 17.4 

Ca_____________________ 68.1 100.7 44.2 47.4 64.3 60.8 41.7 Mg____________________ 65.7 36.6 11.0 13.4 21.0 21.6 14.9 

~~~~~=========:========} 46.7} 30 .. 4} 4.0} 10.8} 19.5} 8.4} 22.9 

Si02---c-----··-·----·-} 11.4} 6.0} 4.9} 5.2} · 3.3} 4.6 } 1.0 

Fe203------------------~573.Q~ls5.0j223.0330:6282.Q~ 
ST. LAWRENCE BASIN. 19 

1lnalyscs of water from trib~tlaries of Lake Erie in Ohio-Contd. 

II. Percentage composiUon or anhydrous residue. 

--------J--1-_2_1_3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6_1_7_ 003 ____________________ 34.09 27.52 32.05 30.45 25.32 36.24 11.62 so.____________________ 11). 85 38.10 30. oo 31.21 36.78 21.94 51.21 

01..___________________ 12.58 1. 84 3. 30 3. 90 5. 20 1. 99 6. 60 

On..................... 11.88 18.88 23.89 21.26 19.45 21.56 15.82 :Mg .••••.••••.........• 11.46 6.86 5.95 6.01 6.36 7.66 5.65 

~~:::::::::::::::::::::} 8.15l 5. 69 'l2.16 } 4. 84 } 5. 89l 2. 98 } 8. 69 

S,i 02 -------------------} 1.99 1.111 2.65} 2.33} 1.00 1.63} .38 

HoOo ••••••••.•.•.••••• liio.OO\liio.OO)UiO.OO 100. 00 lo(J.OO[liio.OO\Joo.OO 

These waters an<l also those in the basin of the 

~1atnnee are not easy to interpret, and their generally 

high proportion of sulphates is suggestive of pollution. They drain an agricultural region in which 

there are son1e in1portant manufacturing centers, 

and frOJn these centers the streams might easily have 

bec01ne impure. A small stream might even become 

perceptibly affected by drainage from soil on which 

fertilizers such as plaster or superphosphates had been 

freely used. It is very doubtful whether these 

waters are really normal. More evidence is needed 

to decide the question. 

WATERS TRIBUTARY TO LAKE ONTARIO. 

Analyses of three waters tributary to .Lake Ontario 

ha,,o been received, as follows: 

Anctlyses of three waters t?''ibutary to Lake. Ontario. 

1. Ocncsoe Hiver at Rochester, N.Y. Analysis by C. F. Chandler, cited by I. C., 

J~usscll in U. S. Oeol. Survey Mon. II, opp. p. 176, 1885. · 

2. Hemlock Lake, 30 miles south or Hochestor. 

3. Skaneateles IJ!tkc, southwest or Syracuse, N.Y. From tap at city laboratory, 

Syracuse. Analyses 2 and 3 by Margaret D. Foster, in the water-resources laboratory of tho United States Oeologicnl Survey. 

- --------------------,---------,..---~-----

1 Parts per million. I Percentage composition. 

~---

- _______ __1_. __ 1 __ ·2 - I 

~~~~~~~~~=~~::::::~~~::::~~:j_}:_ l~ l l!l ~: r: ~: ~ ~t H On ................ ------------- 41. 7 20.0 33.0 24.48 23.82 28. 82 Mg •..• ·------------------------- 9.0 5.2 6.1 5.29 6.19 5.33 Na ......... , ................... 4.4 ·3.0 1.7 2.59 3.57 1.48 K.............................. 2. 3 1.1 . 8 l. 35 1. 31 . 70 Fc203.......................... 1.4 .3 .34 .83 .36 .30 Si02............................ 1. 4 1. 9 1. 5 . 82 2. 26 1. 31 1-ru 83.-981114. 50 1

100. oo ! 100. oo 1 100. oo 

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. 

The omission of Lake Ontario from the group of 

standard analyses is not serious, for the composition 

of the water of the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg n1ust 

be essentially the same. For the river at this point 

we have the following set of analyses by Dole and 

Hoberts: 

Analyses of water from St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg, N. Y.a 

[Parts per million.] 

-------

. I~ :0 ~ Q) "='· :;: t;O <:.: • "' <3 Q) bO 

~~ :0 "' :0 :0 > e ,......;,.. ·;;; 

~ '2 ~+ ~,..:_ 0)0 ~ ~ 8 0 ..c< 

Date ~ 8 s l=l"' 0)0 ~o ~· Q).., ~~ Q)Z" 

~~ 0)0 ~0 bOO) 

(1906-7). § ~ s ::l "'b ~0 o:Z Q) ·-~ ~~ :0 ·~ 0'-' ~w "='~ e §s g,_, .,,_, ·~ :0 ·5 ~ .00) ..c< ... '-" 

] = "' ~(j ~ 

"' = bO ;g-~ ~ 0. 0 

::; "' a 0 <il "' .~ '3 ·- :;:: 0 Q) 

E-< rF.l .!:< 0 ~ rF.l 0 !XI rF.l z 0 E-< ~ 

---- --- - --- - --- - - - -- Sept. 18 ... 2 9. 6 0.06 32 6. 9 6. 2 4. 2 114 12 Tr. 7. 7 135 244.93 

Oct. 18 .... 1 8. 2 .03 32 6. 5 6. 7 3. 7 115 12 Tr. 7. 2 134 244.68 

Nov. 18 ... 5 3. 7 .05 31 7. 3 6. 1 4. 2 114 12 0. 6 7. 6 128 244.62 

Dec. 24 ... 2 6. 6 .04 32 7. 1 5. 7 Tr. 123 13 .45 7. 6 133 244.64 

Jan. 18 .... 3 6. 6 .04 31 7. 4 6. 9 3. 6 117 13 . 25 7. 8 135 245.20 

Mar. 18 ... 18 5.0 .05 31 7. 3 5. 4 Tr. 120 13 . 25 7. 7 128 245.42 

Apr. 23 ... 4 7. 7 .05 30 7. 7 7. 3 2. 5 116 12 . 15 7. 3 141 245.32 

May 22 ... 1 7. 1 . 06 30 7. 6 6.8 4. 0 113 12 . 15 7. 2 143 245.74 

June 18 ... ---- 3 9 . 05 32 6. 9 6. 1 0. 0 118 12 .8 7. 9 130 246.05 

July 20 .... ---- 5. 2 .03 32 7. 4 5. 8 4.4 112 14 .6 8. 6 133 246. 12 

Aug. 18 .. _ ---- 9.4 .04 32 7. 3 6. 1 4.8 111 12 .4 8.3 137 . 245.90 

4.516.6 -:osl~ ------------------ Mean ... 7. 2 6. 3 2. 9 116 12 . 3 7. 7 134 

a Analyses by H. B. Dole and M. G. Hoberts. 

According to estimates made by engineers of the 

United States Army, the flow of the St. Lawrence 

past Ogdensburg is 248,518 cubic feet per second. 

This, with a salinity of 134 parts per n1illion, corresponds to. a transport of dissolved matter of 29,722,000 

metric tons annually. The area drained, exclusive of 

water surface, is 286,900 square miles, and from each 

square mile 103.6 tons is remove_d in solution· each 

year. 

Two other analyses of the water of the St. Lawrence, 

from Canadian sources, may properly be cited here. 

They give the composition of the water near Montreal 

and are here reduced to standard form and given in 

percentages of the dissolved constituents. 

Analyses of the St. Lawrence near Montreal. 

1. At Pointe des Cascades, near Vaudreuil, above Montreal. Analysis by '1'. 

Sterry Hunt, Philos. Mag., 4th scr., vol. 13, p. 239, 1857. 

2. Opposite Montreal. Analysis by Norman Tate, cited by '1'. Mellard Reade, 

in Evolution or earth structure, 1903. 

003.-.. -.. -.-.-.-.-.-----.-.--.-.. -----.. --.-.-.----.-.----.. S01 .... -.... ---------------------------............... -----.. CL .... _ ............................. _. _ ..... _. _. _. _ ......... . Ca ........................... _ .............. _ ....... _ ...... __ _ 

Mg .... --.-.. ----.-----.-------.. -.. --... -.-.-.. -.---...... -.- Na .... _. _. _. _. _ ..... _. _ ....... _. _ ... _ ... _. _. __ .. _ ........ __ .. 

K ................... ---------------------------·····--------· Si02 ... ------------------------·---......................... . 

41.66 

5.19 

). 51 20.08 

4. 52 3. 20 

. 72 23.12 

44.43 

11.17 

2. 41 20.67 

6. 44 4. 87 

-----io~oi 

100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, parts per million____________________________________ 160 148 

The very high silica in the first of these analyses is 

probably due to the influence of Ottawa Hiver. 

For the southern tributaries of the St. Lawrence 

there are data relative to the Oswegatchie, "'hich rises 

in the Adirondacks and enters the St. Lawrence at 

Ogdensburg, and Lake Champlain, of which Richelieu 

River is the outlet. The analyses of the Oswegatchie 

by Dole and his colleagues are given in the following 

table: 
20 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Oswegatchie River at Ogdensburg, N. Y.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Total Magne- Tur- iron Silica Iron Calcium sium bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). From- To-

--- ---

Aug. 28 Sept. 10 8 1.2 12 0. 4 11 2. 9 

Sept. 11 20 9 . 3 14 . 28 11 3. 2 21 30 7 .5 13 . 4 12 3. 4 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 8 5. 2 13 Tr.- 9. 6 4. 8 11 20 6 . 2 13 Tr. 12 3. 6 21 30 8 . 5 15 Tr . 14 4. 0 31 Nov. 9 7 . 1 . 14 .10 15 3. 8 Nov. 10 20 9 . 5 16 . 20 15 4. 0' 22 30 I 10 .6 11 . 30 13 3. 6 Dec. 1 bee. 11 6 . 1 7. 8 . 10 15 3. 4 12 22 5 .7 10 . 18 13 4. 4 23 Jan. 1 7 . 6 8. 5 . 21 . 15 4. 8 Jan. 2 11 17 . 6 8. 8 . 21 13 4. 0 i2 21 6 .4 7. 5 . 16 14 4. 2 22 Feb. 1 7 . 3 8. 0 . 16 12 3. 4 Feb. 2 12 18 .3 5. 6 .10 13 2. 0 13 22 9 .4 8. 6 . 18 12 2. 8 23 Mar. 6 10 . 4 8. 4 . 14 12 2. 8 Mar. 7 18 7 . 3 9. 2 . 14 10 2. 8 19 29 10 . 8 3. 0 . 05 11 2. 8 Apr. 10 Apr. 19 6 . 5 12 . 13 14 3. 9 20 30 9 . 8 12 . 15 14 4. 1 May 1 ·May 10 23 1.4 ----------- . 30 14 3. 7 11 20 8 .7 8. 2 .10 14 3. 8 21 30 3 .4 7. 6 .13 13 3. 6 31 June 9 8 . 5 7. 2 . 14 14 3. 5 June 11 20 3 .5 8. 2 . 12 14 3. 9 21 30 8 1. 0 ----------- . 35 12 3. 2 July 1 July 10 15 .8 6. 4 . 30 12 3. 6 11 20 10 . 8 6. 6 . 21 12 2. 7 21 30 10 . 8 5. 4 . 35 12 3. 8 

Aug. 31 Aug. 10 5 . 9 6. 2 . 44 11 3. 3 11 20 5 . 9 7. 6 . 52 11 3. 2 21 30 7 ~ . 9 9. 4 . 56 10 3. 4 

3~ Sept. 9 3 . 8 7. 6 . 35 10 3. 5 

Mean ________ 8 . 7 9. 4 . 21 13 3. 5 

Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate and bonate bonate radicle potasiuni radicle radicle (S04). (Na+K). (C04). (HCOa). ___ I ___ 

------

-------·-- 0. 0 45 6. 2 

---------- .0 45 4. 8 

---------- . 0 49 Tr. 

---------- .0 36 7. 2 

---------- 01 "46 6. 6 6. 9 .0 59 7. 1 6. 5 . 0 64 7 .. 9 6. 1 . 0 59 13 4. 9 . 0 56 8. 6 5. 8 . 0 59 8. 6 4. 9 .0 53 9. 0 3. 5 . 0 59 8. 5 3. 3 . 0 51 7. 9 3. 6 . 0 52 6. 9 3. 5 . 0 51 7. 7 4. 1 b6. 8 40 6. 4 4. 9 . 0 46 7. 1 

39 j .o 44 8. 7 

g:? -------·~~- 37 9. 4 

-------59- 6. 8 6. 8 . 0 7. 1 6. 3 . 0 60 7. 2 6:4 . 0 - 57 7. 6 7. 5 b2. 4 56 7. 1 6. 1 .0 56 7. 6 4. 6 b 4. 1 53 7. 1 4. 6 . 0 61 7. 4 5. 6 .0 64 9. 1 

---------- _____ ,... ____ ---------- 10 6. 3 . 0 49 9. 3 5. 4 .0 ---------- 8. 2 4. 7 .0 --·------- 9. 4 .......................... . 0 ---------- 10 

---------- . 0 ---------- 12 6. 3 . 0 ---------- 13 

5. 3 .o I 53 8. 2 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(NOa). (Cl). 

------

0. 0 Tr. . 0 Tr. 

Tr . Tr. . 0 Tr. 

Tr. Tr. 

Tr. Tr. . 0 Tr. . 0 Tr. .0 Tr. 

Tr . Tr. .9 . 7 . 6 . 5 

. 6 . 2 

1.0 . 6 . 6' 1. 6 . 0 Tr. 1.0 2. 2 1. 2 Tr. 1.9 'l'r. . 0 Tr. 1.9 1. 9 1.0 . 2. 

1. 4 . 6 Tr. 1.0 Tr. . 6 . 8 . 2 

. 8 . 6 . 5 . 2 

Tr. .6 Tr. Tr. 

Tr. Tr. . 3 1.2 .2 . 6 . 2 1. 2 .2 Tr. 

.4 . 4 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

---

80 

82 

91 

81 

83 

90 

94 

100 

83 

84 

79 

83 

72 

78 

72 

70 

69 

70 

67 

64 

78 

80 

87 

75 

74 

73 

78 

88 

69 

69 

62 

60 

65 

75 

70 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

4. 

4. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

6. 

6. 

5. 

6 

8 

6 

1 

0 

6 

0 

5 6. 3 6.1 

5. 7 5. 4 7 . 

6. 

6. 

0 

5 

5 5. 1 4. 

4. 6 4. 9 6. 8 

6. 3 5. 5 

6. 8 6. 3 5. 4 5. 3 4. 9 

4. 8 4. 9 

4. 7 4. 5 4. 5 4. 4 4. 4 4. 5 

771----------

a Analyses August 28 to December 11, 1906, by R. B. Dole; December 12, 1906, to March 29, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; April 10 to June 30, 1907, by Chase 

Palmer and M.G. Roberts; July 1 to September 9, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. . b Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

In an important paper on the pollution of Lake 

Champlain 13 M. 0. Leighton has given a number of 

analyses of water from the lake itself. and also from 

some of its tributaries. The latter; however, need 

· not be considered here, for they show, not normal· 

water, but water heavily contaminated by the drainage from pulp mills. . 

A glance at the map will show that the lake may 

be divided into two portions. One of these is long 

and narrow, ·hardly broader than a river, and extends 

from Whitehall, at the head of the lake, to a point a 

little above Ticondei·oga. Below this the lake broadens out to a 1naximum width of about 11 miles. The 

larger feeders of the lake rise in the Green Mountains, 

on the east, and ·the Adirondacks, on the west. 

·u U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 121, 1905. 

Analyses of water of Lake Champlain. 

1. The upper or narrow lake, half a .mile south o.r Chipmans Point. 

2. Mean or five concordant analyses of water taken at various points in the broad 

portion of the lake. These analyses by Leighton are reduced to standard form. 

3. Winooski River at Montpelier, Vermont. Analysis by Margaret D. Foster. 

In parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 2 

-----------1--- -~---- ---------

C03---------------------------- 29.9 30.6 41.4 28.51 45.41 46.29 

S04- --------------------------- 29.2 7. 4 7. 8 27.83 10.99 8. i2 CL____________________________ 1. 2 1. 2 2. o 1.14 · 1. 78 2. 23 

N03---------------------------- ----·---- -------- 1. 4 -------- -------- 1. 57 Ca_- --------------------------- 20.0 14.3 26.0 19.07 21. 23 29. Oi Mg_____________________________ 5. 8 2. 9 2. 8 5. 53 4. 30 3.14 Na_____________________________ . 3. 4 6. 1 2. 5 3. 24 9. 05 · 2. 79 

K_ ----------------------------- --------· -------- 1. 3 -------- -------- 1. 45 Fe20a-------------------------- ---------------- :04 ---------------- .05 (AI, Fe)20a--------------------- 4. 2 1.1 -------- 4. 00 1. 60 -------- Si02---------------------------- 11.2 3.8 4.2 10.68 5.64 4.69 

104. 9 67. 4 89. 44 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 
ST. LAWRENCE BASIN. 21 

The differences between the two an~lyses of water 

frmn Lake Champlain are very striking. The upper 

water is evidently contaminated, and that of the 

broad lake is n1uch more characteristic. The water 

of Lake Cha1nplain is an ordinary carbonate water, 

and so also is that of Winooski River, which rises in 

the' Green Mountains. 

Few ana1yses seen1 to have been made of waters 

:fro:m the northern tributaries of the St. Lawrence. 

Two, however, of water fr01n Ottawa River may be 

useful here, even though that strean1 is not within the 

limits of the United States. They are reduced to the 

usual percentage standard. 

Analyses of water from Ottawa Rivm·. 

1. At Ottawa, Canada. High ,water, July, 1907. Analysis by F. '1': Shutt and 

A G Spemcer, Hoyn.l Soc .. Cnnada ~l'rans., 3d ser., vol. 2, p. 175, 1908. Another incomp!Cte nnalysis is also given. 

2. At St. Ann Lock, Montreal. Analysis by'!'. Sterry Hunt. Cited by I. C. 

Russell in U. S. Oeol. Survey Mon. 11, opp. p. 176, 1885. Originally published 

in l803. 

COs ..•• : ••.. ------------------------------------------------- SO•----·-----------------------------------------------------

Cl.--------··--····--·-····-·---------------------------------- Cn. ...•..•..........•..•.... ______________________ _. __________ _ 1\-l:g __________________________________________________________ _ 

Na ..• ----·--·-----------·-·--------------------------------"- ](_ ---------------~------------------------------------------­ Si02.---------------------------------------------------------

(Al, Fo)20s ••. ------------------------------------------------

il5. 44 36.87 8. 57 3. 17 1.42 1. 24 l{l, 58 16.23 4. 74 2. 63 4. 51 3. 92 1.59 2.27 20. 03 33.67 a 7. 12 'l'r. ------

100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, pnrts per million .• __________________________________ 45 61.2 

The very high silica shown in these analyses is characteristic of waters originating in areas of' the older 

crystalline and especially feldspathic rocks. 

SUMMARY FOR ST. LAWRENCE BASIN .. 

In the foregoing pages nine sets of analyses 1nade in 

the United States Geological Survey n1ay be taken as 

standards because of their completeness in nearly all 

essential respects. Single analyses are obviously of 

much less significance. Even the Survey analyses are 

confessedly incomplete in certain particulars. Alumina, for example, was not deter1nined, but that mnission is not of 1nuch consequence. The alkalies were 

detennined as sodium only, but that defect has been 

corrected in four of the sets now under consideration 

by supplementary detenninations of potassiu1n by 

Chase Palmer. These determinations were 1nade on 

portions of the original sarnples that were .used in 

rnaking the uncorrected analyses. The unl)sed portions were 1nix:ed, and in ~the mixture the potassium· 

was deterrnined once for all. 

For the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence the saulpies of water for analysis were taken at monthly interva1s during the greater part of a year. For the other 

rivers daily samples were taken, m.ixed in sets of ten, 

and then analyzed. Thirty-five analyses therefore 

represent 350 daily sarnples, .and their average gives 

the rnean composition of the dissolved solids during 

about a year. 

In order to compare these averages and to elin1inate 

· the variations due to differences of concentration in 

the several waters, the next table has been constructed. 

It gives the percentage cOin position of the saline matter 

contained in each water,· as reduced to anhydrous 

forrn by evaporation and heating to complete dryness. 

Pahner's potassium determinations have been _utilized 

in four of the averages, and Fe has peen eorrected to 

Fe20 3, in which form it ·would finally be deposited. 

With these arnendn1ents the table is as follows: 

Percentage composition of dissolved solids in waters of St. Lawrence basin. 

1. Lake Superior, 11 analyses. 

2. Lake :Michigan, 11 analyses. 

3 .. Lake Ifmon, 9 analyses. 

·-· ~ --·---

I 

1 

~~:::~=============== 47. 42 

Cl 3. 62 ___________________ 1. 89 

N03 ______ --- _---- ___ Ca . 86 ___________________ 22. 42 Th1g __________________ 5. 35 

~~~~================} 5. 52 } 

~~~o~================ 12. 76 

. 16 

100. 00 Salinity a __________ · ___ 60 

c' Parts per million. 

2 

49. 45 

6. 15 

2. 31 

. 26 

22. 21 I 7. 01 

4. 02 } 

8. 54 

. 05 

100. 00 

118 

4. Lake Erie, 11 analyses. 

5. St. Lawrence River, 11 analyses. 

6. Oi·and River, 34 analyses. 

3 4 5 

47. 26 44. 70 45. 70 

5. 77 9. 83 9. 15 

2. 42 6. 58 5. 87 . 38 . 23 . 23 

22.33- 23. 45 23. 66 

6. 52 5. 75 5. 49 

4. 10 } 4. 92 } 4. 81 

11. 16 4. 46 ·5. 03 . 06 . 08 . 06 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

108 133 134 

7. Kalamazoo River, 35 analyses. 

8. Maumee River, 36 analyses. · 

9. Oswegatchie River, 35 analyses. 

i 6 7 I 8 9 

44. 3>7 47. 32 29. 63 39. 10 

12. 88 9. 54 16. 25 12. 24 

3 .. 00 1. 41 13. 55 . 59 . 89 . 79 1. 52 . 59 

21. 85 22. 82 19. 29 19. 40 

7. 42 7. 47 5. 44 5. 23 

3. 20 2. 87 6 .. 79 6. 57 . 89 . 70 1. 62 1. 80 

5. 46 7. 05 5. 78 14. 03 . 04 . 03 . 13 . 45 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

258 242 298 77 
22 COMPOSITION OJ!' RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF ·UNITED STATES. 

These ap.alyses fall into two natural groups. The 

first five relate to the main stem of the St. Lawrence 

basin; the last four to its tributaries. The first group 

is peculiarly instructive. The salinity of its waters 

is relatively low but tends to increase downstream. 

That it is not higher in ·the lower lakes and the St. 

Lawrence is probably due to the influence of Canadian 

tributaries, which originate in great part in areas of 

old crystalline rocks. Analyses of the Canadian waters 

are much to be desired. 

~ake Superior, at the head of the system, is relatively high in its proportion of silica, and so too are 

most of its tributaries on the south side. Pigeon 

River, on the north, resembles it in this respect. Lake 

Huron receives silica directly from Lake Superior and 

perhaps from northern waters also. Waters rising in 

areas of granite or granitoid rocks are almost inva-

. riably low in salinity and relatively· high in silica. 

This relation has already been noted and explained. 

It also appears in the water of the Oswegatchie, which 

rises among the old rocks of the Adirondacks. The 

diminution of silica in the lower lakes and the St. 

Lawrence does. not imply a loss, but merely a dilution 

by waters of different character. The positive amount 

. of silica in parts per million may. actually show gains. 

The magnesian content of the waters is even more 

significant. The influence of a magnesian environment upon the waters of Fox River was noted in the 

section upon Lake Michigan, and its effect upon the 

lake appears very clearly in the table. It is furthermore shown in the analyses of the two Michigan rivers, 

which are more than ordinarily magnesian and which 

doubtless are affected by magnesian rocks along their 

courses. From Lake Michigan downward the percentage of magnesium in the waters steadily decreases. 

The high percentage of the carbonic radicle in Lake 

Michigan is a necessary consequence of the high magnesium. Magnesium carbonate contains about 71 per 

cent of the carbonic radicle, calcium carbonate about 

60. In the table of analyses the two figures, for magnesium and the carbonic radicle, emphasize each other·. 

For the other constituents of the waters no definite 

regularities appear. The high ghlorine and the sulphates of the Maumee are probably due to some sort 

of contamination. The water is abnormal. To draw 

any positive conclusions from the composition of the 

tributary waters ~ much more intensive study of them 

and their minor affiuents would be necessary. Each 

water is a ble~d of waters from a number of different 

sources. Even the ground waters would have to be 

taken into account. 

In Water-Supply Paper 454, 1919, data are given 

for the drainage area, in square miles above the observing stations, and .the mean discharge for the year 

ending September 30, 1917,· in cubic feet per second, 

of nearly sixty rivers in the St. Lawrence basis. Nine 

of the.se rivers have been considered in the foregoing 

pages. Their total annual discharge is as follows: 

Drainage area and discharge of nine rivers in St. Lawrence basin. 

River. 

Bad River near Odanah, Wis ____________ . ____________________ _ Menominee River below Koss, Mich ________________________ _ 

Oconto River near Gillett, Wis-------------------------------

Fox River near Wrightstown, Wis.~-------------------------­

Wolf River at New London, Wis----------------------------- Sheboygan River near Sheboygan, Wis _________________ , ____ _ 

Milwaukee River near Milwaukee, Wis---------------------- Genesee River at Rochester, N. y ___________________________ _ 

Oswegatchie River near Heuvelton, N. Y ---~----------------

NORTH ATLANTIC SLOPE . 

D ·. Annual ~~age dis~h.arge 

(square (milliO!JS miles) of cubic · feet). 

444 14,002 

4, 320 136, 240 778 24,535 

5, 840 184, 170 2, 120 66,856 286 9, 019 567 17,881 

2, 190 • 69, 064 1, 470 46, 358 

For present purposes the waters of the north Atlantic slo.pe may be defined as those which enter the 

ocean along the coast of the New England States from 

Maine to western Connecticut. ·The rocks of this 

drainage area are predominantly igneous· and metamorphic, such as granite, gneiss, and mica schist. 

There are local bodies of limestone, sandstone, slate, 

and other sedimentary rocks, but. their significance is 

relatively small. The . waters derive their dissolved 

solids from rocks of igneous origin. In one respect 

the analyses of these waters are unsatisfactory, for 

the reason that the waters are too often contaminated 

by the drainage from factories and in northern New 

England especially from pulp mills. The effects of 

such pollution ar~ clearly shown in the analyses. 

WATERS OF EASTERN MAINE. 

First in order of consideration are the waters of 

Maine, and these may be. divided into an eastern 

and a western group. A. table of hitherto unpublished analyses of water from the Penobscot precedes 

the general tl).ble for the eastern group. 
NORTFI ATLANTIC SLOPE. 23 

Analyses of water from Penobscot River at Bangor, Maine.a 

[Parts per million. J. M. Caird, analyst.] 

Date. Silica 

(Si02). 

Iron 

(Fe). 

Aluminum 

(AI). 

. Magno- CarbonC(~!Y~ sium · rad~~le (Mg). (COs). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

Sulphate· Chlorine 

radicle (Cl). (SO.). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOs). 

Total 

solids 

at 100° c. 

Mineral 

residue 

after 

(HCOs). ignition. 

--------1----------------.--------------------------

~ 

1911. J\1:arch ............•... --------- ___ ... _______ 1.8 0.10 0. 42 7.1 1.0 0. 0 23 8. 5 1.4 0.19 90 28 

~~~~~1-~.-.: ~ ~ = =: = =: =: =: = = = = = = = = =: =: = = = =: =:::::: 

2. 2, .18 . 64 4. 6 2.1 .0 14 6. 3 1.9 .19 72 27 2. 1 .07 . 38 2. 8 .6 .0 10 9. 0 1.4 . 12 49 19 Juno ••.•...•...........••.. _________________ 1.8 . 18 . 18 3. 6 .4 .0 13 14 1.6 .09 55 16 

JulY---------------------------------------- 1.5 . 14 . 48 4. 4 1.8 .0 18 8. 3 1.6 .12 57 24 

August. ___ .----------------- __ ... --------.. 1.6 . 14 . 26 4. 7 2. 4 .0 16 6. 4 1.8 .09 71' 24 September.---.... ____ .. ------- __ ----. ____ .. 

" 1.7 . 10 . 69 4. 9 2.0 .0 15 6. 4 1.8 .09 78 31 October _____ . ___ . __________ . __ •. _ ... ____ . ___ 1.7 . 14 . 46 4. 9 1.9 .0 15 6.8 1.7 .09 72 30 

November ...... -~--- .. -----------.. -------. 2. 0 .10 . 69 4. 9 .8 .0 15 7. 2 1.4 ;:12 75. 23 

Dccombcl'. ... _. ---------------------------- 2. 4 .10 1.1 4. 0 1.3 .0 12 7. 2 1.2 .11 59 17 

1912. 

Jnm1nry ------------------------------------ 1.8 .10 . 58 3. 8 2. 0 .0 14 7. 5 1.1 . 12 71 23 

FcbruuJ'Y----------------------------------- 2. 2 . 10 . 22 5. 0 2.0 .0 17 14 1.2 . ~5 71 17 A vcmgo for 3 years, :March, 1909 to .February, 1912. _ ---------------••. --~----------- 2. 1 . 21 . 53 3. 8 1.4 .0 15 6. 2 1.5 . 12 62 23 

Porccntago oi anhydrous residue ----------- 8. 43 c 1. 08 d 4. 02 15. 2Q . 5. 62 29.74 24.92 6. 03 .48 ----------- _.,. ________ 

a Compiled from data in report of Bangor Water Board for 19ll~12, Bangor, 1912. Typographic errors corrected in accordance with personal communication from 

J.M .. Caircl. b 'l'hc alkalies were not determined, but by assuming an average of 1.1 parts per million R. B. Dole computed the amount of them equivalent to the excess or acids <>vcr bnsos, which corresponds to 4.42 per cent of alkalies in the anhydrous residue. c Fc20s. · cl Al20s. 

Analyses of water from eastern Maine. 

1. St. John Hivcr ncar International Highway Bridge, 192i. 

2. St. Croix Hivcr ncar Baileyville, 1921. 

3. Penobscot .River ncar Oldtown, 1921. Analyses 1 to 3 made by Margaret D. 

]~ostcr. in tho water-resources laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. 

4. Penobscot River at Bangor. The average of the nnalyscs by J. M. Caird, as· 

shown in the preceding table. 

fl. Cold Stream Pond, Penobscot County (Penobscot basin), 

6. Phillips Lake, Hancock County (Penobscot basin). Analyses 5 and 6 by 

J~. C. H.obinson. 

I. Parts per million. 

------------:,·1------------------ COs ____________________________ . 21.14 3. 59 5. 41 

.80·~--------------------------- 4. 3 3. 2 5. 6 CL............................. . 7 . 9 1. 0 

NOs---------------------------- 'l'r. 'l'r. Tr. 

Ca .. --------------------------- 13.0 3. 0 4. 2 

~~:::::::::::::::~~:::::::::~::. iJ :~ iJ } .AhOs ........................... -------- -------- -------- Fe20a. __ ----------------------- . 1 .1 . 2 :Si02---------------------------- 2. 8 1. 8 3. 0 

7. 4 

6. 2 

1.5 

. 12 3. 8 

1.4 

1.1 

1. 0 } . 27 2. 1 

4. 4 

2. 1 2. 0 

Tr. 

1.8 

. 2 

1.'9 

.6 

.2} 

1.2 

5. 4 

2. 3 

2. 6 Tr . 2. 1 

. 3 

2. 6 

.5 

. 5 

2. 0 

4M414.39122:5124.8914.4 ~ 

--------~--~--

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4. 

-----------+-----------------· - ·coa____________________________ 46.52 24.95 24.03 29.74 30.55 29.52 

80·---------------------------- 9.48 22.24 24.87 24.92 14.58 12.49 CJ..____________________________ 1.54 6.26 4.44 6.03 13.89 14.22 NOs .... ________ .. _________ ..... 'I'r. 'rr. Tr. . 48 Tr. Tr. 

Ca .. __________ .. __ .. ____ ..... --I 28. 60 20. 85 18. 66 15. 26 12. 50 11. 49 

~flg.-~==~::::::::::::::::::::::::1 ~: g~ §: ~~ §: ~~ } ~: ~~ 1~: ~~ 1~: ~~ K. ----------------------------- 1. 76 2. 78

1 

3. 55 4.17 . 2. 74 

AhOa ........ ------------------- -------- -------- -------- 4· 02 } 1 39 } 2 74 Fe20s .. _____________ .. __ ..... __ . 22 . 69 . 89 1. 08 · · 

s;o, ___________________________ ~~~~T*I~I~~ 

· The water of St. John River, taken. at a point ft.Lr 

above its mouth, shows little evidence of pollution. 

The St. Croi."< and Penobscot, on the other hand, have 

.the high proportion of sulphates that indicates contamination, partly by pulp mills. The apparently 

high proportion of chlorine in analyses 4 and 5 may be 

cyclic-that is, brought down as salt in rainfall. B.oth 

waters· were taken at points not very far from the 

co.ast, and considered in parts per million the figures 

for chlorine are not extravagant. The salinity of these 

water~ is very low. 

WATERS OF WESTERN MAINE. 

The largest rivers of western Maine are the Kenne-· 

. bee, the Androscoggin, ~nd the Saco. For the Androscoggin ·-there is a table of analyses covering an 

entire year. That table is next in order, followed by a 

general table containing five other analyses of water in 

this area. · 

, 
24 COMPOSITION Ol!., RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of ·water from Androscoggin River at Bntnswick, Maine.ft 

[Parts prr million.] 

9. -2 s -2 § ;8 .. 0 s ::l. e c:l__:, s .~~ 

§ < ·u;bQ s ... ~ '0;::: Q)o Q) &1 Dflte (1905·6). + s Q);g s ::l ... C/) .::._, ~ -;as c:l 9,. ::l ~'-"' ::l 'r;j 

.g,~ '§ ~ ·s al ;a ~ ... ;;.. 

U3 ~ "2 ;g 0 0 '30 :a 0 C/) p.,. C/) 0 8~ --· -------------- ----

Apr. 25 _________________ 6. 6 2.1 3. 6 1.4 1.7 0. 7 6. 4 3. 0 27 May 2.---------------- 6. 0 .1.8 4. 6 .8 2. 0 .9 9. 2 3. 3 30 !) _________________ 5. 5 1.0 3. 7 .6 2. 0 . 7 9. 5 1.0 25 

16·----------------- 5. 4 1.4 4. 3 1.3 1.9 I .6 8.2 .6 26 23 _________________ 5. 3 1.4 4. 4 1.3 1.9 I .8 8.6 .9 26 

30 __ --------------- 5. 8 2. 9 5. 8 .9 2. 2 I 1.0 9. 6 .9 31 June 6--------------,~- 7. 3 3. 1 6. 2 1.0 2. 4 1.3 11 .8 35 13 ___ c ____________ : 7. 5 2. 0 6. 3 1.5 2. 4 .9 11 1.'2 35 20 _________________ 6. 5 1. 8 6. 0 1.5 2. 0 .8 11 .6 32 

27----------------- 7. 8 3. 3 6. 9 1.2 2. 4 .9 9. 7 .4 35 July 4 _________________ 7. 5 2. 6 5. 6 1.2 2. 5 .9 9. 4 .9 33 11 _________________ 9. 5 1.7 5. 8 1.7 2. 1 .8 11 2. 6 37 18 ________________ <:! 8. 1 3. 2 7. 2 1.7 2. 5 .8 14 .9 41 25 _________________ 10 4.1 6':1 1.5 2. 7 1.2 12 3. 0 43 Aug. 1 _________________ 9. 8 3. 3 6. 3 2. 0 2. 4 .9 13 3. 9 44 

8·----------------- 6. 7 2. 2 5. 5 1.4 2. 8 . 7 9. 6 3. 5 34 15 _________________ 7. 0 2. 2 6. 9 2. 1 2. 6 .8 14 3. 7 41 22 _________________ 7. 6 2. 1 6. 9 2. 0 2.1 1.1 13 3. 9 40 29 _________________ 6. 8 4. 0 7. 9 1.6 2.8 1.0 12 3. 9 43 Sept. 5 _________________ 9. 0 3. 0 8. 4 2. 2 2. 8 1.4 16 3. 5 49 12 _________________ 7.4 1.8 5. 9 1.1 2. 2 .9 8. 8 3. 5 33 19 __________________ 9. 9 4. 9 7. 7 

I 

1.7 3. 4 .6 13 3. 9 48 26 _________________ 6. 2 2. 7 8. 8 . 6 1.3 . 7 14 3. 0 40 Oct. 3 _________________ 9. 6 2. 7 8. 4 . 7 3. 2 .8 14 3. 0 48 10 _________________ 9. 3 3. 1 14 .9 3. 8 .9 8. 9 1. '2 51 17 _________________ 13 4. 1 13 .6 3. 4 .9 14 3. 9 56 

~L=============J 8. 3 4. 9 11 1.5 3. 0 .9 13 3. 5 49 9. 4 3. \J 7. 5 .7 1.7 . 7 13 3. 0 39 

Nov. 7-----------------~ 13 4. 6 9. 3 .6 1.9 1.6 14' 3. 5 52 15 _________________ 14 4. 6 -7.0 . 7 3. 2 1.2 8. 8 3. 3 47 2L ________________ 14 3. 6 7. 8 .8 3. 7 1. 2 16 3. 5 52 28 _________________ 14 4. 7 7. 7 .7 3. 4 1.1 12 3. 5 .'i2 Dec. 5 _________________ 12 

I 5. 9 7. 9 . 3 3. 0 1.2 9. 1 1.2 45 12 _________________ 7. 5 4. 1 8. 4 .5 2. 6 .9 11 1.0 40 19 _________________ 10 3. 2 11 I . 7 2. 4 .8 6. 4 1.2 49 26 __________________ 9. 5 4. 5 10 .6 3. 3 1.5 16 3. 5 53 Jan. 6----------------- 9. 9 2. 0 6. 0 1.6 2. 3 1.3 15 1.2 47 '!) _________________ 11 5. 5 9. 3 .5 2. 4 1.5 9. 7 .9 47 16 _________________ 11 2. 9 11 1.0 1.7 1.4 15 1.0 52 23 _________________ 10 4. 2 8. 5 . 6 2. 8 1.3 10 1.2 43 30 _________________ 8. 0 1.8 6. 0 . 5 3. 0 1.3 8. 8 .5 34 Feb. 

~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~~~:~~~I 9. 5 4. 6 6.8 . 5 2. 7 1.4 11 .9 42 

11 2. 5 7. 2 1.7 2. 6 1.3 17 1.2 50 11 4. 0 12 . 8 2. 2 1.2 15 .4 52 27 _________________ 14 4. 3 7. 9 .9 2. 2; 1.2 14 .8 49 Mar. 6----------------- ------ 2. 6 5. 6 .8 2. 5 1.2 9. 4 3. 0 53 13 _________________ 12 2. 8 8. 8 1.2 2. 5 1.4 16 3. 5 52 20 _________________ 14 4. 9 10 1.2 3. 6 1.5 16 3.'5 .56 27 _________________ 11 4. 9 11 .9 2. 3 1.3 13 3. 3 52 Apr. 3 _________________ 6. 0 3. 4 5. 6 .6 1.9 1.0 6. 1 2. 8 31 10 _________________ 4. 9 2. 0 3. 6 .8 2. 0 . 7 8. 9 3. 6 27 

17__ _______________ ~~~~---'1~-·-8 ~ 3.0 -~ 

Mean _________________ . 9. 0 I 3. 2 7. 41~ 2. 51 1:0 112 I 2. 3 ~. 

a Analyses by F. C. Robinson. 

Analyses of waters in western Maine. 

1. Moosehcad Lake, at head of Kennebec River. Analysis by F. 0. Robinson. 

2. Kennebec Hivcr at Waterville. Analysis by Margaret-D. Foster. 

3. Rangeley Lake, at head of Androscoggin River. Analysis by Robinson. 

4. Androscoggin River at Gorham, N.H. nalysis by Miss Foster. 

5. Androscoggin River at Brunswick. Average of the anfllyses ·given in the 

previous table. CO a not determined but calculated to satisfy excess of bases. 

Analyses by Robinson. 

6. Saco River at Cornish. Analysis by Miss Foster. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

----·------------1--------------- <::> 

COa---------------------------- 5. 4 6. 4 5. 9 4. 43 9. 8 4. OS 

804---------------------------- 2.1 7. 8 2. 2 9. 3 12.0 6. 4 CL_____________________________ 2. 0 .3 2.1 .9 2. 3 .8 

NOa---------------------------- Tr. Tr. Tr. 'l'r. Tr. Ca------------~---------------- 2. 2 4. 2 2. 4 3. 6 7.4 3. 0 Mg _____ ·------------------------ .3 1.4 .3 1.4 1.1 .9 Na_____________________________ 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.3 2. 5 1. 8 

K------------------------------ .6 .7. .7 .5 1.0 . 7 

Fe20a-------------------------- . 2 .3 .. 3 . 37 3. 2 . 42 

Si02---------------------------- 1.4 3. 3 2. 2 4. 0 9. 0 5. 9 

16.0 25.8 18. 0 25.8 48.3 24.0 

Analyses of waters in western Maine-Cqntinued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

.3 4 5 

-----------1·------------------

COa ___________________________ _ 33.75 24.80 32.78 17.17 20.29 17.01 

804---------------------------- 13. 13 30. 23 12. 22 36. 05 24. 85 26. 67' 

~10~~=== = = = = = == = = = = = = == = ==·= = == = = 

12. 50· 1. 16 11. 67 c 3. 48 4. 76 3. 33 · Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. · 'l'r. Ca ____________________________ _ Mg: 13. 75 15. 28 13. 33 '13. 95 15. 33 12. 48 ___________________________ _ Na 1. 87 5. 43 L 67 5. 43 2. 27 3. 75 ____________________________ _ K _____________________________ _ 

Fe20a--------------------------

Si02----------------------------

'11. 25 5. 43 10.55 5. 04 5. 171 7. 50 3.75 2.72 3.89 1.94 2.07 2.92 1. 25 1. 16 1. 67 1. 44 6. 63 L 75 8. 75 12. 79 12. 22 15. 50 18. 63 24. 59 

lOO. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 I 100. 0~· 

The two lake waters in this table are of exceedingly 

low salinity. Oonsequently a s1nall error in parts permillion becomes a large one relatively in the percentage 

colun1n. One part per million in the analysis of water 

from Moosehead Lake is equivalent to 6 per cent of 

the total an1o.unt. In order to avoid such uncertain-· 

ties much larger quantities of water than are con1monly 

used should be taken for analysis. 

The three river waters in the table show serious 

industrial contamination. At Berlin, N. H., a few 

miles above .Gorham, there are large paper and pulp 

mills. At Rumford Falls, lower downstrea1n, ·there· 

are more ·paper and pulp mills and also chemical 

works. These two points alone cause n1uch pollution, 

and they are only part of a large list.- Their effects 

appear· in the very high proportion of sulphates. 

shown in the analysis . 

MERRIMACK BASIN. 

The headwaters of :Merrimack River are 1n the 

White. Mountains of New Hampshire, its principal 

source, the Pemigewasset, rising in the Franconia 

Notch. After a course of about 170 miles, it enters 

the ocean near Newburyport, Mass. Its· drain~ge 

area is about 5,000 square miles. The analyses in the 

next table, with one exception, relate to the Merrimack 

and its subordinate waters. A single analysis of 

water f:r;om Cocheco River is included here as a 

matter of convenience. 

Analyses of waters in the 111erTimack basin. 

1. Pemigewasset River at North Woodstock, N. H. Analysis by Margaret D. 

Foster. 

2. Lake Winnepesaukee at Wolfboro, N. H. Analysis by Miss Foster. 

3. Merrimack River above Concord, N.H. Analysis by H. E. Barnard, made 

for the U!lited States Geological Survey. 

4. Penacook Lake at Penacook, N.H .. An'alysis received from Boston & Maine 

R. R. J. J. Callahan, analyst. 

5. Nashua River at Clinton, Mass. (Wachusett Reservoir). Analysis by Miss 

Fost~r. 

6. Nashua River at Nashua, N. H. Received from Boston & Maine R. H. 

7~ Cocheco River at Dover, N.H. From Boston & MaineR. R. 
NOR1~H ATLANTIC SLOPE. 25 

Jlnalyses of 'Waters in the M er,rimaclc basin-Continued. 

I. Parts per million. 

11 213 4 56 7 

---- -~·-- -.--__ · ------------

COa-------------------1 4. 57 4. 92 47.9 7. 4 3. 44 13.9 5. o 

so~-------------------- 16.o 4.0 21.1 3.9 6.o 2a.1 4.5 CL. ................... 2.2 1.6 14.9 2.4 2.1 16.7 2.8 

-~a~~::::::::::::::::::: '~~8 '~_r7 ---29:1· ··-·a:a· a: 2 --·io:6· -----i:ii 

.l\1'g ------------------- 1. 8 . 7 7.1 . 9 . 7 1. 2 . 7 

~~:~:::::::::::::::::: .. :: g 2: t . ,g_ 51 3. 7 ~: ~ l 18.1 l 4. 7 

.AhOa ----------------- -------- -------- 2. 3 -------- .J?c20a •••••.••••••••••.• 3.9 .03 !i.7 2.0 .03 9.9 3.6 

.8102------------------- 8.5 1.2 30.8 . 3.7 

43.W l8.15jl7o.O 23.6' 22.39 -93.5· ----n9 

II. Percentuge composition of dissolved solids. 

---------~- __ 2_._!_a __ 4 ___ s __ 6_. _'_ 1_ 

-GOa------------------- 10.59 27.11 28.15 31.42 15.37 14.87 21.67 so.____________________ 37. o7 22.04 12.78 16.66 26. so 24. n 19.68 

CL-----------·-------- 5.10 8.82 8.78 10.11 9.38 17.86 12.38 

~~~~::::::::::::::::::: ;~_,.76 ;ts7 --17:14· --ia:iii- 13: ~~ --ii:a7· ----i~:s7 ~Mg.--------·----·-----. 4.17 3.86 4.18 3.73 3.13 1.26 3.20 Nn ____________________ 4.40 13.23 6.16} 15.48 9.81} 19.33~20.53 

](. _____________________ 2.32 3.30 'l'r. 4.46 

~~2%:~::::::::::::::::·.,----~i~o- ----:17- ~: ~~ } s. 69 ----:13-} 10.60 1.5. 67 Si02 ••.•.•. ___ •• _. _ •• __ 19. U9 6. no 18. 14 16. 53 

1 100. oo 1 '100:00 100. oo-""1 oo. oo 11 oo. oo 1 oo. oo · 1 oo. oo 

vVith two exceptions the salinity of these waters is 

extremely low. Analysis No. 3 shows an abnorn1ally 

.high salinity, which is unexplained. No. 6, Nashua 

RiYer at N ashtut, is clearly affected by industrial 

contamination. Along a large part of its com se 

there u.re factori~ps of various kinds, which render ·.its 

waters abnormal. The very high proportion of suphates in the V\T achusett Reservoir is difficult to 

explain. Nashua River above. Clinton flows through 

fanning country, and the sulphates may perhaps be 

derived· from fertilizers. In parts per million the 

proportion of the sulphate radicle is not excessive, 

but it is apparently 1nagnified in terms of percentage. 

CONNECTICUT BASIN. 

Connecticut lliv-er, the largest river inN ew England, 

issues from the Connecticut Lakes,· in extreme north-

. ern New I-Ian1pshire, and after a course of 37 5 miles 

enters Long Island Sound at Saybrook, Conn. Its 

drainage. u.rea is 11,083 square miles. 'l'he following 

ann1yses represent the composition of its dissolvecl 

solids. 

Analyses of 'WC£ters in the Connectiwt bnsin. 

I. Connecticut River at Pittsburg, N.H. 

2. Connecticut Hivcr at; Orford, N.H. 

3. Connecticut Hivor nt Sunderlnnd, Mass. A nalyscs Nos. I to 3 hy lVIargaret 

D. Fo~te1·. 

4. Roaring Brook nt South :Ocorficlcl, Mass. 

5. Pond at UniOJl\'iilo, Conn. 

II. Brook at Vernon, Conn. 

7. River View Pond, Saybrook, Crmn. Analyses 4 to 7 received from Now 

\"ork, Now Hnvon & Hartford H.H. 

Analyses of 'Waters in the Connecticid basin-Continued. 

I. Parts per million. 

--1-----~---

~8:.:: ::::::::::::::::: U' '~: l I~~ 21. ·i· 17. 7 ' IU 23.' 

6;:~::::::::::::::::: : ~8 ~r~ \'

6

Ca_____________________ 3. 3 13.0 12.0 r. ___ :~~~-~---:~~~-~---~~~~- 18.6 12.2 I 4. 4 -----~~~ 5. 9 

Mg ------------------- 1. 0 1. 2 l. 5 2. 2 2. 2 3. 2 7. 9 

~~~~~=================: : ~ 1: g i: g } 5. 3 I} 3. 9 } 3. 4 } 4. 6 

~:?t:~::::=:::::::::: -__ •:_:'_ ----'~;- ---~~;~- :::;~:;:l::::;:;:,:::;i:;: :::::;:; 

17.89 49:7 48.46 87.of57.11-ru --w.J 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 1 li 6 7 

COa------------------- 20.90 ~ 37.56~~~ 23.00 40.3.5 804-------------------- 32.42 14. 49 15. 07 29.68 21. 7i 16. 21 12.44 

Cl ------------------- . 59 2. 02 3. 30 3. 70 7. 43 12.04 12.10 NOa___________________ I. 56 Tr. 'l'r. -------- -------- -------- -------- Ca _______________ ~----- 18.43 26.16 24.76 21.33 21.34 10.02 9.93 

Mg ------------------- 5 .. 59 2.41 3.09 2.58 3.92 7.20 13.30 

~~~~~================== ~: ~~ ~: ~i ~: !~ } 6.14 } 6. 88 } 7. 80 } 7. 84 

Fr20a .. --------c------- . 95 . 40 . 33 -------- -------- -------- -------- Si02 ---------. _ ---- _ _ 12. 85 10. 46 9. 28 -------- ___ ----- -------- _______ _ 

Oxides a--------------------------------------- 11.78 7. 76 23.73 4. 04 

100.00 100.00 I 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

a Silica pJu~ sesqnioxidcs0 

WATERS OF WESTERN CONNECTICUT. 

Westr of the Conne·cticut River basin there are several huge. streams and ponds for which analyses have 

been made. 'l'he available data are as follows: 

Analyses of wctters in western; Connectictd. 

1. Pond at East Wallingford (Quinnipiac basin). · 

2. Lake Saltonstall ncar New Haven. 

3. Norwalk River ncar Branchville. Analyses 1 to 3 received from Now York, 

New Haven & Hartford R. R. 

4. Housatonic River at Falls Village. Analysis by Margaret :0. Foster. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

.;__----1-------------·-------

COa ___________ 10. 1 8. 7 22. i 57. 1 20.81 10.96 32.41 47.59 

804----------- 16.8 39.0 I 14. 1 13.0 34.67 49. 17 20.19 10.84 CL ____________ 4. 3 6. 4 7. 6 3. 4 8. 79 8.11 10.83 2. 84 NOa ___________ -------- -------- -------- . 32 -------- -------- -------- . 27 ca ____________ 8. 1 11.5 9. 4 28.0 16.71 14. 45 13.50 23.34 lVIg ____________ 3. 4 4. 0 3. 6 10.0 6. 97 5. 04 5. 10 8. 33 

~~======:~=~::} 2. 8 } 7. 0 } 11.4 .4. 1 } 5. 69 } 8. 82 } 16.26 3. 42 1.3 1. 'US Fe203-------~- -------- -------- -------- .26 -------- -------- -------- . 21 

Si02.---------- -------- -------- -------- 2. 5 -------- -------- -·-i:7i- 2. 08 Oxides a _______ 3. 1 2. 7 1.2 -------- 6. 36 3. 45 --------

48. 6 79. 3 70. 0 119. 98 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

'l'he high chlorine in several of these Connecticut 

waters is evidently clue to the proximity of Long Island 

Sound. 
26 COMPOSITION 01!' RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED .STATES. 

MIDDLE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 

The rivers of the middle Atlantic slope, from the 

Hudson to the Potomac, are of mixed character as 

regards the co~position of their waters. They are 

fed partly by ·streams rising in areas of crystalline 

rocks and partly by tributaries from sedimentary 

form.ations. They form, therefore, ·an intermediate 

class between the rivers ·of New England and those 

south of the Potomac, as wi~l appear when the streams 

of the latter region are studied. The group of rivers 

to be considered now are the Hudson, Raritan, Delaware, Susquehanna, and ·Potomac, with some of their 

'tributaries. For the smaller rivers in this area few 

data are available, and they are more or less unsatisfactory.14 

HUDSO!'J' RIVER. 

The Hudson, which drains an area of 13,366 square 

miles, rises among the old crystalline rocks of the 

Adirondacks, and on its way southward it receives 

many tributaries, of which the Mohawk, entering it 

from the west, is the largest. The Mohawk Valley 

is in a region of varied sedimentary formations, but 

the streams entering the Hudson from the east are of 

the New England type. For the Hudson itself the 

analyses by Dole and his· colleagues appear in the 

next table. . 

H Partial analyses of water from 22 streams in New Jersey are given in New 

Jersey Geol. Survey, Report on water supply, 1894. Alkalies were reported in onlv 

two samples, and carbonic acid not at all. 

Analyses of water from Hudson River at Hudson, N. Y.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). I Magne- Sodium Carbonate Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Total Silica Iron Calcium and bonate Chlorine 

Turbidity. iron (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved 

From- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). (SO.). (N03). solids. 

--- ---- I 

Sept. 17 Sept. 27 10 0. 6 19 0. 2 24 4. 4 7. 9 o. o 1 87 16 'l'r. 3. 8 131 28 Oct. 7 9 .4 15 .2 24 4. 2 7. 9 .0 80 17 0. 5 5. 3 129 Oct. 8 17 6 .2 . 9. 0 - 1 26 3. 8 10 .0 80 20 . 9 5. 6 131 18 28 7 .3 13 .05 26 3. 8 11 .0 82 20 . 7 5. 3 135 29 Nov. 7 8 ------------ 13 .18 25 4. 8 9. 9 .0 79 21, . 9 4.1 125 Nov. 8 17 8 ------------ 15 0 . 16 22 4. 4 10 . 0 77 21 .9 4. 1 123 18 27 18 .. 8 13 -2 20 4. 2 7. 9 .0 71 15 1.0 3. 0 112 28 Dec. 8 9 . 3 8. 6 .15 18 3. 8 6. 3 .0 63 12 . 5 2. 6 96 Dec. 9 18 8 .6 8. 0 .08 20 4. 2 7. 3 .0 72 16 1.6 4. 3 99 19 28 ag I . 5 11 . 06 24 5.0 7. 6 .0 83 18 1.5 4. 4 114 29 Jan. 8 1.4 7.4 . 1 ' 18 4. 0 6. 3 .0 60 14 1.8 2. 9 88 Jan. 9 18 31 I 1.1 12 . 16 15 3. 4 4. 6 .0 52 12 1.2 3. 4 82 19 27 13 . 6 5. 6 . 09 18 4. 0 5.0 .. 0 57 15 1.1 3. 6 86 31 Feb. 9 6 .4 9. 6 . 12 21 4. 6 5. 0 .0 67 16 1.6 4. 1 103 Feb.· 10 20 18 . 4 4. 2 .1 . 19 4.8 6. 6 .0 70 17 .0 4. 3 99 21 Mar. 2 9 .8 9. 6 . 13 24 5. 0 5. 7 .0 77 19 2. 0 5. 0 118 Mar. 3 12 6 .4 27 . 13 25 4. 8 5. 8 .0 76 21 2. 1 5. 0 12!! 13 22 20 1.1 13 . 13 20 4.0 4. 9 .0 63 16 2. 1 4. 2 98 23 Apr. 1 34 2.1 5. 6 . 13 16 2. 2 5.0 b 7. 9 43 9. 7 . 3 1.2 63 Apr. 2 o12 1{i .5 15 . 091 16 1.2 9. 8 .0 61 13 1.3 2. 9 94 13 22 13 . 7 9. 2 . 12 16 1.4 6. 9 .0 56 10 1.0 3. 0 82 23 May 2 30 1.4 13 . 16 16 1.4 9. 4 .0 56 12 . 9 2. 4 87 May 3 12 12 

.61 12 . 13 ----------- 1.0 5. 0 .0 48 12 .8 2. 4 77 13 22 7 . 5 9. 0 . 15 16 1.2 7. 6 .0 62 11 .8 2. 4 84 23 June 1 6 . 5 10 . 15 18 1.4 6. 3 .0 --------63- 13 .6 3. 4 96 June 2 11 7 . 5 5. 4 ·.11 18 1.8 ----------- .0 ____ .,. ______ . 5 3. 4 92 12 21 6 .4 4. 8 .11 20 2. 0 6. 9 .0 ----------- 14 .5 3. 4 93 22 July 1 29 1.0 6. 6 :09 '22 4. 0 9. 5 b 12 56 14 Tr. 6. 2 1(13 

July 2 11 20 .8 9. 2 . 12 ----------- 5. 4 9. 8 b 12 60 19 .0 5. 8 117 

12 21 4 .8 16 . 40 22 4. 6 11 .0 83 17 'l'r 3. 8 122 

22 31 9 .8 11 .11 26 4. 6 12 .0 92 20 Tr. 3. 4 127 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 7 . 7 10 . 21 26 5. 0 9. 4 . 0 88 20 Tr . 5. 0 127 

11 21 8 .8 ----------- .14 26 5. 4 9. 3 b 4. 8 84 19 .0 5. 4 125 

22 Sept. 1 7 . 7 8. 0 . 23 26 - 5. 4 9. 8 .0 95 21 .0 5. 4 131 Sept 2 11 9 .9 8. 8 . 42 26 5. 8 8. 8 . 0 87 22 Tr. 5. s 133 12 22 11 . 7 13 . 10 26 .'},4 9. ~ . 0 85 23 Tr. D 4. 2 132 

Mean ___________ 131 . 7 11 .15 21 3. 8 7. 9 .0 73 16 .8 4.0-1-----ws 

a Analyses Sept. 17 to Dec. 8, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 9, 1906, to Apr. I, 1907, by R. B. Dole.and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 2 to July i, 1907, by Chase Palmer and 

M.G. Roberts; July 2 to Sept. 22, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins 

b Abnormal; computed as llCOs in the average 

In addition to the analyses given in the foregoing 

table the following are available: 

Analyses of H·udson Valley waters. 

1. Mohawk Hiver at Utica. Cited by I. C. Russell in U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

II, opp. p. 176, 1885_; 

2. Hudson River at Albany. 

3. Croton River, 1872. Analyses 2 and 3 from Am. Public Health Assoc., Rept., 

vol. 1, pp. 542, 561, 1875. All reduced to standard form and parts per million, with 

organic matter rejected. Analyses 1 to 3 by C. F. Chandler. 

4. Croton River, water from the Croton aqueduct, I35th Street gatehouse, 

New York City. 

5. Water'from the Catskill aqueduct, New York City. Mainly from Esopus 

Creek, with a small admixture from other streams. Analyses 4 and 5 by Margaret 

D. Foster, in the water-resources laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

C03 _____ ~ __ c__________________ · 56.9 36.2 24.2 20.30 5. 41 

S04--------------------------- 18.7 12 .. 5 2. 5 11.00 7. 7 CL ___________________________ 2.3 4.5 2.9 2.60 1.0 N03 __________________________ ------------------------------ .88 .49 Ca __________________________ c_ 31.8 22.6 10.0' 12.00 4.5 

Mg_ -------------------------- 6. 9 4. 2· 3. 8 4. 40 1. 2 Na _______ c____________________ . 3. 6 2. 4 2. 1 1. 70 1. 1 

K---------·------------------- . 9 . 6 1. 6 1. 20 . 6 Si02 __ --~--------------------- 6. 7 8. 0 3. 8 · 9. 60 2. 6 Fe20s------------------------- __________ ---------- ---------- . 06 . 06 (AI, Fe)20s------------------- 1. 3 1. 2 1. 0 ---------- ----------

J29.1~~~~6J:74--u_ 
MIDDLE .ATLANTIC SLOPE. 27 

H.educecl to percentages of the anhydrous residue 

the figures for the ·:Hudson Valley waters assume the 

following form: 

lhulson Valley analyses in percentages. 

1. Mohawk :River; Chandler. 

2. Hudson River at Albany; Chandler. 

3. :Hudson Hivcr at Hudson; Survey series, mean or 36 composites of 10 daily . 

Stlmplcs each. Alkalies given as corrected by Palmer's dctcrmination.of potassium. 

For parts per million sec the complete· table, ante. 

4. CrotQn Hivcr; Chandler. 

5. Water from Croton nctucduct; Foster. 

6. Wnter from Catskill aqueduct (Esopus Creek); Foster. 

- -----------....,.---,--------.,----...,...--,-----

2 .3 4 

------1-----------------

COs---------------------------- 44.03 3!l. 26 35.45 46.71 31.84 21. !l4 S04---------------------------- 14.50 13.62 15.84 4. 83 17.25 31.22 

CL ..... ----------------------- 1. 78 4. 86 3. !l6 5. 66 4. 08 4. 06 NOs-------------------------------------------- . 79 1. 38 1. 99 Ca .••.•.• --------------········ 24.65 24.51 20.79 19.25 18.82 18.25 lVlg............................. 5. 35 4. 53 3. 76 7. 27 6. 90 4. 87 

Nn----------------------------- 2. 79 2. 63 6. 53 3. 98 2. 67 4. 46 K------------------------------ . 70 . 63 1. 78 3. 04 1. 88 2. 43 Si02---------------------------- 5.19 8. 66 10.90 7. 34 15.09 10.54 

].~~~~~·-·:::::::::::::::::::::::::} 1. Ol 1. 30 ----_-20·} 1. 92 .... ."oii· -----_-24 

100. 00- 100. 00 100 .. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

~-ali~lity,_~a~'ts_~cr million ______ 129.1 !)2.1 108 5~. 9 63.7 . 24.7 

1'he difference between the two analyses of Croton 

water is unexplained. Miss Foster's analysis was 

1nad.e in 1921, Chandle~·'s in 1S72~ The change in 

character between these dates is very great. 

These analyses are not quite comparable. The 

Mohawk, as has ·already been mentioned, COlnes from 

a r~gion of sedimentary rocks, in which gypsum is not 

uncommon. From that source probably the relatively 

high proportion of stilphates is derived. The Croton, 

on .the other hand, rises in an area of pre-Cambrian 

gneiss and is very different in character fr01n the 

Mohawk. As for the Hudson itself, its water shows 

the influence of the Mohawk, and also the higher 

. silica from its ·northern sources. Analyses of its 

waters north of Glens- Falls are n1uch to be desired. 

The difference in salinity between the Survey series 

and Chandler's analysis is of very little significnnce. 

The Survey figure is an average for an entire year; 

the other represents a single sample taken at a time 

of high water, and. therefore of low concentration. 

The individual analyses of the Survey series vary in 

salinity from 77 t_o 13.5 parts per million. 

RARITAN . RIVER. 

The Raritan, one of the minor rivers of the Atlantic 

slope, rises in northern New Je~sey· and has its entire 

course within that State. The only available analyses 

of its water are given. in the following table: 

Analyses. of water from Raritan River at Bo~tnd B;ook, N. J. a 

[Pnrts per million.] 

Dnto (HlOil-i). , Total Magno- Sodium Car- Blear- Sulphate Nitrate Total Moan 

'l'ur- Silica Iron Calcium and bonate bonate Chlorine gage_ --------- bidity. iron (Si02). (Fo). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissol~ed height 

From-1 1'o- (Fo). (Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (llCOs). (S04). (NOs). solids. (feet): 

--------- ---------------------------

Sept. 10 Sept. 19 9 0.1 22 Tr. 14 5. 0 10 o. 0 65 10 0. 8 4. 6 102 1.4 20 29 155 2.0 15 0. 5 13 4. 6 9. 9 .0 57 12 1. 9. 4. 6 93 1.6 30 Oct. 9 42 4. 3 14 . 20 12 4.4 7.4 .0 59 12 1.8 4. 2 92 1.8 Oct. 10 19 8 .2 15 .10 14 4. s· 7. 9 . 0 58 13 1.8 5. 3 89 L4 20 2!) 32 1.4 23 . 20 13 5. 2 9. 5 .0 56 10 1.7 6. 0 97 1.9 30 Nov. 8 13 .6 18 .09 . 12 5. 0 7. 4 . .0 57 10 1.6 '5. 3 98 1.6 Nov. !) 18 9 . 5 14 . 14 12 5. 6 7. 6 .0 59 12 .3 5. 0 85. 1.6 II} 2!l 12 0 15 12 . 08 11 5. 2 7. 9 .0 52 14 .6 4. 9 80. 2. 0 30 Doc. 9 6 . 2 18 . 09 13 5.4 7. 6 .0 62 9. 9 2. 0 4. 7 93 1.4 Dec. 10 1\} 26 .9 20 . 16 12 4.8 6.6 .0 50 13 1.9 4. 6 88 2. 1 21 30 28 1.0 14 .18 10 4.4 6.1 .0 39 11 3. 0 4. 6 79 2. 0 ~H Jan. I} 37 1.4 14 . 30 9. 6 4. 2 ---------- .0 ---------- 12 • 2. 1 4.6 73 2. 8 Jnn. 10 19 '!I 1.6 11 .17 9. 2 2. 8 ---------- .0 34 13 ---------- 5. 3 69 3.1 30 :Feb. u .4 17 . 10 9.6 3.8 7. 2 . 0 45 10 3. 8 4.8 75 1.8 Fob. 10 19 .2 19 . 08 11 5. 2 !l.4 .0 52 8. 6 4. 0 5. 9 83 . 1.6 . 20 lVfar. 2 .2 22 . 09 12 5. 0 7. 7 .0 52 11 2.4 5. 3 89 1.4 l\Jnr. a 12 11 .8 22 .10 10 4. 8 9. 0 . 0 45 ·13 3. 0 4. 8 82 2. 1 13 22 80 3. 3 21 0 20' 7. 2 2.6 6. 0 .0 30 11 2. 1 4.1 69 4. 9 23 Apr. 1 7 .4 12 .. 091 8. 2 4. 0 6. 3 .0 38 10 . 2. 8 3. 8 64 2. 2 Apr. 2 11 10 .4 17 . Oil 11 2.4 11 . 0 43 11 3. 0 3. 7 i6 1.9 12 21 5 .2 20' .11 10 3. 0 12 .0 44 11 2. 9 3. 8 81 .1. 8 22 May 2 40 .8 17 . 21 I 10 3,4 9. 8 .0 45 11 2. 8 3.8 81 1.8 1\{ny 3 12 20 .7 26 .18 10' 3. 6 9. 0 .0 44 12 2. 7 3. 6 90 2:2 J:i 22 45 1.6 24 . 13 11 3. 8 ---------- .0 46 11 2. 7 3. 5 86 2. 2 2:J June 2 8 . 3 11 0 06 11 3. 6 7. 6 .0 52 8. 9 2. 3 3. 6 74 1.8 Jnno a 12 18 .6 8. 2 ·. 08 9. 6 3. 0 11 .0 47 10 2. 3 3.8 67 1.7 Ja 21 5 .2 10' . 08 13 4. 4 8.4 .0 59 10 2. 2 4. 2 81 1.3 23 July 2 18 .3 8. 0 . oo· 13 5. 2 11 .0 67 11 1.7 4. 6 88 1.3 July 3 12 130 4. 7 20 .11 17 2.4 12 .0 57 14 . 7 4. 6 . 96 1. 3 13 23 272 7. 0 9. 6 0 18 14 3. 8 ll .0 50 15 . 7 . 4.8 81 1.<>1 24 Aug. 2 25 1.4 13 . 05 17 1.8 12 .0 56 . 17 .4 5.4 92 1.1 Aug. 3 12 8 .8 10 . 05 18 ·---------- ---------- .0 43 18 . 3 4. 8 88 1.1 13 2a -7 .6 ·8.4 .07 18 ---------- ---------- .0 66 18 .4 5.8 93 1.0 24 Sept. a 45 1.2 15 . 16 17 1.2 12 .0 62 16 . 9 5.4 97 1.4 Sept. 5 12 120 2. 6 19 . 7 16 1.6 14 . .0 56 18 1.0 5.4 104 1.5 

Moan ____________ ---------- --------------- 37 1.2 16 . 15 12 3. 9 9.1 . 0 51 12 1.9 4. 7 85 ----------

"Analyses Sept. 9 to Oct. 29, 1906, and from Nov. 9 to Nov. 2~·1906, by R. B. Dole; Oct. 30 to Nov. 8, 1906, and from Nov. 30, 1906, to Apr. 1, 1907, by R. B. Dole and 

1\L 0. Hobcrts; Apr. 2 to July 2, 1007, by Chase Palmer and M. u. Roberts; July 3 to Sept. 12, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. 

DELAWARE RIVER.· 

The Delaware drains an area of about 12,000 square miles in New York, New Jersey, and PennsylYania. Its largest tributary is the Lehigh, ·.and the Survey analyses for both nvers appear 1n the two 

following tables. 
28 

Date (1906-7). 

From- ToSept. 8 

18 

28 Oct. 8 

18 

30 Nov .. 10 

20 

30 Dec. 10 

20 

31 Jan. 10 

20 

31 Feb. 10 

20 Mar. 2 

12 Apr. 2 

13 May 4 

14 

24 June 4 

14 

25 July 5 

15 

25 

Al:lg· 1~ 

26 Sept. 5 

Sept. 17 

26 Oct. 7 

17 

29 Nov. 9 

19 

29 

Dec. 91 19 

30 Jan. 9 

19 

30 Feb. 9 

19 Mar. 1 

11 

22 Apr. 12 

22 May 13 

23 June 2 

13 

23 July 4 

14 

24 Aug. 3 

13 

25 Sept. 4 

12 

Mean •• ----------

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF· UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Delaware River at Lambertville, N. J.a 

[Parts per million.) 

Tur- I Total I Silica Iron Calcium M_agne-1 So~~~m b~:!te :;~:~~ Sulphate Nitrate I Chlorine di.Tssootlvaled ~a~aen b 'd't iron 

1 

(SI'02).. (Fe). (C ) smm t . d' 1 d' 1 radicle radicle (Cl) h . ht 1 1 y. (Fe). a . (M ) po assmm ra 1c e ra 1c e (SO·). (NOa). . solids. mg g · J (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). __ • __________ ~ 

~~2 _______ _:-~--~~--2-2-- ---o-. -20-·.---1-4_1 

___ 4__ 4-~~~---5-.7 o. o 59 9. 9 o. 5 2. 6 94 2. so 

12 Tr. 16 5. 2 6. 9 . 0 63 13 . 5 3. 1 87 2. 64 13 . 20 15 3. 8 5. 7 . 0 61 17 . 5 2. 8 94 3. 17 5 1 I 13 Tr. 16 3. 2 5. 5 . 0 52 15 . 6 3. 2 85 3. 16 

18 :81 16 Tr. 12 1.6 5.2 .o 38 12 .5 2.8 75 4.67 6 .1 7.2 Tr. 10 1.8 5.7 .0 37 10 .8 2.6 58 4.74 5 . 1 . 8. 0 . 06 10 2. 4 5. 4 . 0 36 14 . 7 2. 6 61 4. 39 

9 . 2 6. 0 Tr. 7. 8 1. 0 4. 9 . 0 28 9. 2 . 8 1. 8 46 5. 64 3 Tr. 8. 0 Tr. 9. 4 2. 2 _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 0 35 11 . 8 1. 9 55 4. 62 

5 .2 6.4 .12 9.2 3.4 3.6 .o ---------- 9.2 1.6 2.6 51 4.92 6 . 2 7. 6 : 11 10 3. 6 3. 6 . 0 37. 11 2. 0 2. 9 58 4. 80 43 2.1 7. 6 . 14 9. 0 3. 0 3. 9 . 0 ---------- ---------- 1. 4 2. 4 50 7.12 8 . 4 5. 8 . 11 9. 0 3. 2 3. 0 . 0 ---------- 9. 6 1. 6 2. 4 47 5. 98 8 .3 6.6 .09 9.5 3.4 3.8 .0 ---------- 11 1.8 2.4 51 5.39 3 . 2 7. 2 . 14 10 4. 0 3. 3 . 0 35 11 1. 6 2. 9 57 4. 66 

6 . 2 6. 0 . 04 12 4. 2 5. 8 . 0 ---------- 13 1. 9 2. 6 65 ---------- 12 .1 ----------- . 06 12 4. 0 6. 6 ---------- ---------- 11 . 5 2. 6 76 ---------- 7 .3 12 .06 13 4.6 ---------- b4.3 41 14 2.1 2.9 77 3.75 

39 1. 9 3_ o I . 05 8. 4 2. 6l 5. 7 . o 35 11 1. 1 2. 6 49 7. 19 2 .:s .7.4 .09 8.9 2.9 3.8 .0 ---------- 9.9 1.5 2.6 50 5.20 1 . 2 7. 2 . 09 9. 4' 1. 9 4. 4 . 0 32 9. 6 1. 0 2. 2 52 4. 89 

!4

71 ': 34: 187~·: 6~ ' . 05 9. 7 3. 5 5. 0 . 0 41 9. 2 . 6 2. 2 59 4. 94 . 07 10 3. 0 6. 3 . 0 41 9. 7 1. 0 2. 6 66 4. 34 . 11 10 3. 7 5. 7 . 0 43 9. 7 . 7 2. 5 62 4. 21 .10 9.1 3.3---------- .0 30 10 .7 2.6 52 4.79 4 I .. 3 3. 4 . 11 11 3. 8 3. 8 . o 43 10 . 6 3. 2 58 3. 88 

9~ 1: ~ -------~~~- : g~ ~; ~: g ------~~~- -------~~- -------~~- ~~ ,f:/ g: g 1g~ ~: ~~ 65 I L 8 14 .13 16 ---------- 8. 8 . 0 ---------- 15 1. 5 3. 0 85 3. 52 151 1.0 7.2 .04 16 ---------- 6.9 .0 52 16 1.1 4.0 83 2.57 . 10 . 9 11 . 04 17· ---------- 6. 6 . 0 61 18 1. 1 4. 0 94 2. 29 

~~ I 1: ~ ~!' 8 : 8~ ~~ ==========t------~:~- :8 !~ ~~ t ~ l ~ ~8~ ~: g~ 16 1 . 6 9. o . 07---12---3-.3-,--5-.4- . o ---46----12------1-. -1 --2-. 9----7-0-~~ 

a Analyses Sept. 8 to Dec. 9, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. iO, 1906, to Mar. 22, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 2 to July 4, i907, by Chase Palmer and lVI. G. 

Roberts; July 5 to· Sept. 12, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Date (1906-7). 

From- ToTurbidity. 

Total I iron 

(Fe). 

Analyses of water from Lehigh River at South Bethlehem, Pa. a 

Silica 

(Si02). Iron 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

[Parts per million.) 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Car- . and bonate potassium radicle (Na+K). (COa). 

:C,i~:~~ Sulphate 

radicle radicle (HCOa). (S04). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

Chlorine di;~~~~~d (Cl). solids. 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet) b 

-Se_p_t_. -11- -S-e-pt-.-20- --·--8-l---1-.-5·!---11--l---0.-1-0-l---2-2- ---8-.0----6-.8----0-. 0-~---58- ---43----2-.0----7-.0----1-28----4.-2 

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 12 . 5 11 . 10 17 7. 0 7. 9 . 0 48 42 3. 0 5. 5 119 4. 4 21 30 7 . 6 13 . 5 I 23 8. 8 9. 1 . 0 65 44 1. 9 8. 2 145 4. 2 

11 21 8 . 9 11 . 10 17 6. 6 7. 7 . 0 49 38 3. 2 6. 0 113 4. 5 22 31 13 1. 7 9. 0 . 20 12 4. 8 6. 9 . 0 30 26 1. 9 3. 8 79 5. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 11 12 1.4 5.4 .06 12 4.6 5.8 .0 28 29 2.8 4.7 78 4.9 12 21 16 1. 6 6. 4 . 08 12 4. 8 6. 1 . 0 25 32 2. 8 5. 3 84 4. 9 

Dec. ~ Dec. 1g ~~ r: ~ 1g. 6 : ~ g 1_~ ~--g ·_g ~~ ~ t8 ~-~ ~~ -------~--~ 14 23 . 11 1. 0 6. 4 . 07 11 4. 8 4. 1 . 0 28 26 3. 8 5. 0 72 4. 9 

24 Jan. 2 50 3. 2 7. 0 .12 10 -·-------- 5. 0 . 0 28 25 4. 0 5. 4 68 ----------

Jan. ii Feb. ~~ H ~J ~: ~ 1 

: ~~ & 8

1 :J ----~~~-~ :8 ~~ ~~ i: g I ::I ~~ -------~~~ Feb. 6 15 9 1.0 9.2 .09 . 13 5.4 5.0 :0 40 28 3.0 4.6 84 ---------- 16 25 6 .8 6.2 .06 15 5.0 5.0 .0 44 25 2.1 3.6 83---------- 26 Mar 7 11 1.0 8.4 .04 16 5.4 8.5 .0 49 30 6.9 4.2 100 ------· __ Mar. 8 17 55 2. 8 7. 2 . 10 13 ---------- 4. 5 . 0 37 23 2. 9 3. 4 82 ---------- 18 27 19 1.2 4.0 .09 7.6 1.6 5.8 .0 17 15 1.9 2.2 48 6.0 28 Apr. 7 12 1. 0 6. 0 . 09 11 2. 2 4. 6 . 0 28 20 2. 6 2. 6 70 4. 4 Apr. 8 17 1 .9 4.6 .07 12 4.6 6.1 c9.6 17 23 .9 3.8 72 4.6 18 27 4 1.6 17 .10 13 5.0 ---------- .0 34 26 1.0 3.6 92 4. i 28 May 7 2 1. 0 12 . 08 14 4. 8 8. 2 . 0 36 25 1. 0 3. 8 86 4. 5 May 8 17 18 1.0 7.6 .09 13 6.7 11 c16. 13 30 .0 4.4 98 4.5 18 27 1 . 6 15 . 05 14 4. 8 8. 7 . 0 45 25 . 5 3. 8 95 4. 5 28 June 6 ----------- 1.4 5.6 .06 12 4.5 7.6 .0 23 31 1.3 3.8 77 4.7 JUne 7 15 1 . 7 10 . 07 11 4. 2 5. 7 . 0 32 23 1. 5 3. 6 76 4. 7 17 26 2 .5 8.8 .05 13 4.2 7.6 .0 37 29 Tr. 4.4 85 4.5 27 July 6 3 . 4 3. 0 . 05 14 5. 0 6. 9 dll 11 34 . 2 4; 2 83 4. 6 July 7 17 4 . 6 7. 8 . 04 14 6. o 7. 2 . o 27 37 · 2. 1 4. 2 94 4. 5 18 27 42 1.8 ----------- .21 20 7.6 15 C4.8 57 37 1.8 5.8 174 4.3 28 Aug. 6 30 .9 ----------- .03 15 7.0 11 c2.4 35 39 .0 5.8 123 4.2 Aug. 7 17 5 .6 10 .04 21 9.6 ---------- .0 56 38 1.8 7.0 127 4.3 18 27 4 . 6 12 . 13 24 10 12 . . . 0 ' . 78 37 3. 0 7. 8 139 4. 3 

Sept. 2~ Sept. ~ ·--------~- 1: ~ ------~~--- : ~ 24 11 12 -------~~-~~------~~- ~ ------~~~- ~: 6 147 !: ~ 17 26 40 2. 4 ___________ . 30 18 6. 6 14 ___ · o_

1 

___ 66_ 31 . 8 s. 4 146 4. 6 

Mean __ ---------- 14 1. 2 8. 8 . 10 14 5. 7 7. 5 . 0 40 30 2. 2 4. 9 95 

a Analyses Sept. 11 to Oct. 31, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Nov. 1, 1906 to Apr. 7, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; Apr. 8 to June 26, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M.G. Roberts; June 27, 1907, to Sept. 26, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Gaging station at Mauch Chunk, Pa., 30 miles above. c Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 
MIDDLE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 29 

The following analyses of water from the Lehigh · 

and s01ne of its tributaries were n1ade by R. J. Wysor 

in the years 1913-14. They are reduced here to 

standard fonn. 

Analyses of water from Lehigh River basin. 

1. Lehigh River at South Bethlehem. Pa. Mean of 12 analyses. 

2. Little Lehigh River. Mean of two analyses. 

3. Jordan Creek. Mean of two analyses. 

4. Monocacy Creek. Mean of two analyses. 

5. Snucon Creek. Mean of two analyses. 

I. Parts per million. 

3 4 

---------~--- ---------------

C03-------------------------- 20.2 50.2 24.1 50.2 43.8 

804--------------------------- 26.0 16.0 19.0 20.0 3:0 

Cl ..•.......••.•.........•.•.. 8. 3 12.0 8. 6 3. 6 4. 2 Co •. __________________________ 15.0 28.0 20.0 30.0 22.0 1\fg ___________________________ 5.1 13.0 8.8 12.0 10.0 

Na(K)------·------------·---- 7. 6 23.0 5. 2 12.0 12.0 

SiOI-------------------------- 5. 5 7.1 6. 5 8.0 8. 5 

Fc20a ......................... 3.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 2. 8 

~~- Percentage composition or dissolved solids. 

4 

---·--------1------------------ COs--------------------------- 22.25 33.29 25.69 36.48 41.21 

804--------------------------- 28.63 10.61 20.26 14". 53 2.82 

CL ••..•• --------------------- .9.14 7. 96 9.00 2. 62 3. 95 ca ____________________________ 16:52 18.57 21.32 21.81 20.70 

Mt:t--------------------------- Nn(K) 5. 62 8. 62 9.38 8. 72 9.40 ________________________ 8. 37 15.25 5. 54 8. 72 11.29 

Si02-------------------------- 6.06 4. 71 6. 93 5.sr 8.00 

Fe20a .. ----------------------- 3. 41 . 99 1.71 1. 31 2. 63 --------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

-------· --------'---~---'----~-----=----

Two additional analyses ·of water from the Delaware are available for comparison with the standard 

series, as follows: 

Analyses of water from Delaware River. 

1. At Port Jervis, N.Y. Analysis received from the Erie R. R., 1902. 

2. Analysis by H. Wurtz, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d scr., vol 22, p. 125, 1856. Point or 

collcetion not stated, but probably at Trenton, N. J. 

(Parts per million.) 

COs-------------------·------------------------------------.--- 6. 8 25.5 

804-----------.. ·---------------------------------------------- 2. 9. 2. 2 CL ..••...•.• _. _ .•...•.•. __ .•.• ~. ____ .•.• __________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. 2 l. 2 

PO~-------_----------- .. -----------------------.-------- _____ ------~--- 1. .'i 

Cn ...... -------.. -----·-------------------------c--- ___ __ _ ___ 2. 1 10.8 

~ ~:_:_:_: = :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: } ~: g :J 

Si02 ....•.. --•.•.•.•................... _____ .. --.............. 6. 0 8. 40 

~~~g~::::::::::::: :::::::::::::~::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::: } 2.1 ------ _·_ ~-

~~ -----s6.9 

For Schuylkill River, which joins the Delaware at 

Philadelphia, there is one available analysis, made by 

Margaret D. Foster in the watm~-resources laboratory 

of the United States Geological Survey. 

89l35-24t-3 

Analysis of water from Schuylkill River at Norristown, Pa. 

Parts per Percentmillion. ~~~iWo~~ 

COa-----------------------~----------------------------------

804.-------·-------------------------------------------------- CL _____ .... __ .... __ .. ". _. __ . __ .. _. _. _ ..... ____ .·. ___ . _. ______ _ 

NOs-------------------------------------------.---------------- Ca. _________________________________________________________ _ 

Mg·-----------------~---------------------------------------­

Na,K .................................................•...... 

Fe20a ..................... ----------------------------------- Si02 ................................ ~-------------------------

27.7 

87.0 

11.0 

; 8 

24.0 

12.0 

19.0 

.5 

8.0 

190.0 

14.58 

45.79 

5. 79 

.42 

12.64 

6. 32 

10.00 

. 26 4. 20 

100.00 

The high sulphates in this water are due to drainage 

from coal niines. 

Now, including the Raritan with the Delaware, we 

have the following table of analyses as reduced to 

percentages. 

Analyses of water from the Raritan and Delaware. 

1. Raritan River. Mean of 35 composites of 10 daily samples. 

2. Delaware River at Port Jervis. Erie R. R. analysis. 

3. Lehigh River at South Bethlehem. Mean of 37 composites of 10 daily samples. 

4. Delaware River at Lambertville. Mean of 34 composites of 10 daily samples. 

5. Delaware River at Trenton(?). H. Wurtz, analyst. 

(Percen~age composition of dissolved solids.] 

_____ l ____ .__ s_ 

NOs.-------------------------· ~~S=-:=::==========:====:==:=:=1 ~iJi 2. 23 ---------- r~: ~i ~~J~ 2. 38 ~!J~ 1. 60 

44. 70· 

3.93 

2.12 

PO•-------~---------------'----'---------- ------------------------------ 2.61 Ca ____________________________ l

1 

14.08 7. 50 .14. 87 17.49 18.89 

Mg ______________ ._____________ 4.58 5.00 6.04 4.81 7.63 

Na.............................. 9. 27 } 12.50 8. 03 . 6. 70 1. 26 

K............................. . 1. 76 1.46 3.12 

Si02. ----------------------. --~ 18. 77 21. 43 9. 41 13. 12 14. 92 

~!~g~:::::::::::=:::::::::= :== ----··:2:3' ~ ------:99" ~-----:i5' ~ 

. I 100. 00 100. 00 I 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million.... 85 28 95 70 56.9 

In . columns 1 and 4 the alkalies are corrected by 

Palmer's determinations of potassium. 

These analyses. are hardly comparable. The Raritan clearly reflects its origin· among the silicate rocks 

and· sandstones of northern New Jersey.· The Survey 

analyses of the Delaware (column 4), which drains part 

of the same territory, show the same high sil1ca. They 

also show the influence of the Lehigh, which is contaminated by the drainage from co·al mines. The sul-' 

phates in the Le4igh originate in this way and are in 

excess of the carbonates. Analysis No. 2 is somewhat 

. misleading. The salinity is low, which is to be ex- . 

pected in a water taken near the sources of a. stream; 

but that condition_ tends to distort the proportions of 

the several radicles. For silic.a that proportion is only 

6 parts per million, and that of chlorine is 3.9.· A small 

error in either of these figures would be magnified in the 
30 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

·percentage column, which is most accurate for high 

salinities and less exact for low. As for the analysis by 

Wurtz, it is out of all relation to the others, and yet 

Wurtz was a good analyst. His determination of calcium phosphate, as it was given in the original unreduced analysis, is of very doubtful value. Phosphates 

have been found in other r.iver waters, although they 

are rarely looked for; but never in so large an amount. 

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 

The Susquehanna is a river whose source lies mainly 

in a region of sedimentary rocks, in which the coal 

measures are conspicuous. Its basin covers an area 

of 27,400 square miles. Three sets of analyses of 

water taken at thr.ee c:lifferent points, were made in the 

water-resources laboratory of the Survey, as follows: 

Analyses of water from Susquehanna River at West Pittston, Pa.a 

[Parts per million.] 

·------------------~-----~.------.------~----~------~----,-----~-------------~----~------~----~------

Date (1906-7). 

------.,-------,-ITurbidity. 

From- ToTotal 

iron 

(Fe). 

Silica 

(Si02). 

Iron. 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Carand po- bonate 

tassium radicle 

(Na+K). (C03). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HC03). 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet).b 

---------1----1----1--------1------11----------------------------------

Oct. 28 Nov. 8 

28 Dec. 8 

19 

29 Jan. 8 

19 

30 Feb 11 

21 Mar. 4 

14 

24 Apr. 3 

15 

25 May 5 

15 

25 June 4 

14 

24 July 4 

14 

25 Aug. 5 

16 

27 Sept. 7 

17 

27 Oct. 10 

Nov. 7 

16 Dec. 7 

17 

28 Jan. 7 

18 

'29 

Feb. 10 

20 Mar. 3 

13 

23 Apr. 2 

14 

24 May 4 

14 

24 June 3 

13 

23 July 3 

13 

24 Aug 4 

15 

25 Sept. 6 

16 

26 Oct. 9 

22 

Mean_-------

5 

3 

8 

37 

12 

150 

~i I 

2 

2 

2 

2 

65 

33 

8 

43 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

2 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 8 

18 

Tr. 5 

3 

0. 3 

1.0 

.4 

1. 4 

. 9 

5.1 

1. 5 

1.5 

• 6 

.3 

• 4 

. 7 

2. 6 

1.8 

. 9 

.4 

1.5 

• 5 

. 3 

. 3 

. 4 

. 2 .• .3 

. 3 

.7 

1. 0 

12 

10 

8. 4 10 

8. 4 10 

10 

8. 0 8. 8 16 

8. 2 9. 0 12 

5. 4 

12 

14 

15 

18 

9. 2 

6. 4 12 

10 

3. 4 23 

14 

7. 8 

9. 0 

5. 4 14 

8. 4 8. 0 . 

13 

4. 0 

10 I 

o. 04 

. 03 

. 03 

. 13 

. 14 

. 21 

. 19 

. 16 

. 14 

. 10 

. 12 

. 10 

. 13 

. 13 

. 21 

. 19 

. 22 

. 15 

. 29 

. 15 

. 27 

. 17 

. 06 

. 05 

. 06 

. 06 

. 05 

. 05. 

.11 

. 15 

.06 

. 06 

. 06 

. 12 

15 

16 

15 

16 

16 

12 

13 

14 

19 

20 

22 

12 

10 

16 

21 

24 

26 

12 

14 

12 

14 

26 

27 

. 26 

24 

25 

26 

20 

17 

20 

17 

. 18 

2. 4 

3. 0 2. 8 

2. 0 

1.6 

1. 4 

1. 6 

1. 6 

2. 4 

2. 6 

3. 2 

3. 2 2. 6 

2. 0 2. 2 

3. 4 

a. 9 

6. 0 4. 2 

4. 2 

4. 2 4. 2 4. 6 

5. 8 6. 2 4. 4 

4. 8 6. 6 

2. 9 4. 0 

3. 0 

1.8 

2. 9 

4. 1 4. 7 4. 4 6. 5 6. 5 6. 6 

5. 0 5. 5 

5. 4 6. 6 

7. 4 

------6:8-

------6.-8- 6.3 

5. 8 9. 0 9. 0 

9. 1 

8. 2 7. 1 

11 

11 

3. 8 

3. 5 4. 6 

3. 3 9. 1 

3. 5 5. 5 

1.9 

0. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 c'2. 9 

. 0 7. 2 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

<4. 8 <4. 8 <4. 8 

<12 . 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

61 

62 

56 

58 

58 

47 

38 

46 

54 

72 

81 

83 

25 

26 

56 

-------96-

36 

35 

43 

27 

54 

98 

82 

85 

85 

95 

66 

61 

67 

. 55 

8. 2 

8. 1 

8. 5 12 

11 

10 

15 

13 

18 

13 

12 

12 

10 

11 

9. 2 17 

18 

18 

18 

19 

20 

17 

20 

21 

17 

14 

11 

11 

12 

13 

14 

12 

9. 7 

0. 3 

• 4 

1.0 

3. 0 

2. 0 

3. 0 

g: g I 6. 0 4. 0 

2. 2 

3. 2 2. 6 

1. 6 

2. 0 2. 0 

1.5 

1.7 

. 0 

Tr. 1 Tr . Tr. 

Tr . 

.8 

1. 0 

. 8 

. 8 

• 4 

. 3 

. 3 

1.0 

Tr . 

. 5 

3. 1 3. 0 2. 0 4. 1 

4. 1 

3. 6 3. 6 3. 4 

4. 6 4_ 6 

5. 0 

5. 9 

2. 2 

1.4 

3. 6 4. 2 4. 8 4. 2 

5. 0 

5. 0 

5. 0 

5. 0 

7. 0 6. 6 4. 6 

4. 6 4. 6 

4. 6 5. 4 4. 6 

2. 2 3. 6 2. 4 

79 \ 77 

72 

79 

76 

68 

70 

69 

89 

95 

100 

103 

69 

50 

82 

98 

102 

134 

80 

82 

91 

80 

86 

148 

117 

108 

106 

100 

120 

91 

85 

97 

71 

5.11 

4. 24 5. 33 8. 11 6. 80 11.50 

10. 10 10. 10 8. 20 5. 60 4. 10 3. 40 10.90 

11.80 

6. 40 6. 10 10.40 

7. 50 

5. 60 

4. 70 4. 80 

3. 60 3. 60 4. 00 4. 00 

3. 30 2. 70 2. 40 2. 30 5. ()() 

~. 10 4. 90 

6. 30 

_ 3.41---6.-31---.--o 1

---6-3 --14--1---~.-5 --4.-2 --9-o 1~ 

a Analyses Oct. 28, 1906, to Apr. 2, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 3 to July 3, Hi07, by Chase Palmer and M.G. Roberts; July 4 to Oct. 22, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Gaging station at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 10 miles above. • Abnormal; computed as HC03, in the average. 
Dato (1006-7). 'l'otal 'L'ur· iron bidity. (Fe). From- 'l'o-

---

So pt. 21 Sopt. 30 8 0.1 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 7 .3 11 21 13 . 3 22 31 9 . 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 5 .4 11 21 a .4 22 Doc. 2 8 .a Dec. 3 12 14 1.3 13 22 12 1.0 23 Jnn. 1 11 .8 Jan. 2 11 19 2.1 22 Feb. 1 7 .6 Fob. 2 11 1 . 2 12 21 4 .5 .22 Mar. 3 2 .3 Mar. 4 13 3 .4 14 23 95 7. 2 24 Apr. 3 13 1. 0 Apr. 4 13 12 .6 14 23 1 . 5 24 May 3 4 1.0 May 4 13 1 .9 14 23 3 .6 24 Juno 2 'l'r. .2 Juno 3 12 9 1.4 13 23 1 .5 24 July 3 78 2. 2 July 4 13 8 ............................ 14 23 4 ........................... 24 Aug. 2 'L'r. ......................... Aug. 3 12 'l'r. .. ......................... 13 22 3 .............................. 23 Sopt. 1 'l'r. .......................... So pt. 2 11 Tr .......................... 12 21 2 ----------- 22 Oct. 2 4 .3 Oct. 3 11 8 .a 

Moan .••••••. 10 .9 

MIDDLE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of water from Susquehanna River at Williamsport, Pa.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Magno· Sodium Car- Bicar· Sulphate Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate radicle (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S04) .. (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). 

------------

7. 6 0.10 17.0 4.6 9. 9 0.0 40 41 5. 2 .10 17 6. 2 8.0 . 0 38 42 9. 0 Tr. 14 3. 0 7.6 . 0 33 34 13 Tr. 8.4 1.8 6. 0 . 0 30 17 

5.4' .13 10 2. 2 7. 7 .o -24 23 5.4 .16 11 3. 0 ---------- .0 27 21 5. 2 .11 8.0 1.8 .o 20 17 5·. a .14 8.4 2. 0 ·-----6:9· .o 17 18 G. 2 .15 7.8 2.4 4. 9 .0 14 19 6. 2 .11 8.4 2.4 5.4 .o 18 20 6. 2 .12 6. 2 1.8 '4.6 .0 15 16 5.8 .11 8.8 2.4 3.8 . 0 15 18 4. 0 .06 11 3. 2 3.9 .0 18 27 6. 2 .09 13 3.6 5. 7 . 0 20 32 5.8 .10 14 3.8 5. 5 .0 22 34 5. 2 .19 14 4.0 6. 0 .o 22 32 13 . 25 9.6 1.8 5. 5 ---------- ---------- 18 14 . 12 10 2. 2 8.4 ---------- ---------- 13 8. 0 .13 8. 2 2. 2 8. 2 ---------- ----------. 19 9.4 . 17 9. 0 2.1 8.8 ---------- ---------- 20 16 . 15 6.6 1.6 7.4 ---------- ---------- 14 7. 4 . 14 6.6 1. 5 4. 9 ---------- ---------- 14 18 .12 7. 5 1.7 7. 7 ---------- ---------- 16 4. 6 .12 9.6 2. 2 ---------- ---------- ---------- 21 3.6 .11 7.1 1.7 .o 19 15 9.8 . 12 9.0 2. 2 ------7:4" 20 12 . 12 11 2. 0 -----b'4:s· -------i6" 19 8. 0 .06 8. 7 3.4 -----·2:6· . 0 23 18 6.8 .11 13 4. 5 2. 2 . 0 29 26 . 2.8 . 15 17 4. 9 2. 5 .0 26 37 3.8 . 12 17 . 5.4 2.8 .o 32 37 5. 6 .13 19 7.1 5. 3 .o 40 45 5. 4 . 16 22 . 7.9 6. 0 .o 55 39 8. a . 14 23 7.9 6. 6 .o 55 42 5.8 .05 22 6.4 5. 8 . 0 38 51 11 .08 24 5.4 7. 7 . 0 44 -----··as· 5.6 .06 17 3. 6 ---------- . 0 ---------- --------------- 7. 6 .11 12 3.4 6. 0 .0 28 26 

31 

Nitrate Total Mean 

radicle Chlorine dissolved gage 

(NOa). (Cl). solids. height 

(feet). 

------------ 0. 5 5.4 110 0.93 .9 2. 0 123 1.14 

.6 4. 6 97 1. 86 .4 2. 6 68 3.15 . 5 3.4 63 2.03 

.5 3. 5 66 1.86 .6 2. a 52 3. 06 

.6 2.9 55 3. 22 

1.3 3.4 50 3. 63 

1.5 3.4 55 2. 99 

1.9 2. 9 45 6. 78 1.4 2. 4 49 4. 96 

1.8 4.1 62 2. 79 

1.6 4. 7 73 2. 27 

1.6 5. 0 79 1.80 

1.6 5.8 78 2. 09 

.9 1.7 55 10.89 

.4 7. 7 69 7. 20 

Tr. 3. 4. 52 3. 37 

1.2 3.4 62 2. 64 

1.0 2.4 54 5. 02 

Tr. 2. 4 41 4. 67 

Tr. .2.4 64 3.32 

Tr. 2.4 55 2. 22 

Tr. 2 .. 2 44 4. 60 

Tr. 2.4 62 2. 65 

Tr. 3. 6 73 3. 72 

.6 2. 2 57 2. 98 .2 3.4 72 1. 61 

Tr. 4. 2 81 1.04 . 2 4.8 93 .67 .2 6.0 111 .5 0 1.0 6 .. 6 117 . 36 .9 6. 2 128 . 58 .0 7. 8 122 1.19 1.1 7. 2 120 1. 20 .5 6. 2 90 2. 03 ------------- .7 4. 0 74 ........................... 

a Analyses Sopt. 21 to Oct. 31, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Nov. 1, 1906, to Mar. 13, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; Mar. 14 to Apr. 3, 1907, by M. G. Roberts; Apr. 4 to July 3, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M.G. H.oberts; July 4 to Oct, 11, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. · b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Dato (1906-7). Total 'l'nr- iron bidity. (Fe). From- 'l'o-

---

So pt. 10 Sopt. 20 3 -------T·r~- 21 30 4 

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 22 0. 4 11 20 5 . 1 21 31 29 2. 3 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 8 . 3 11 20 9 .3 21 30 19 1.8 Doc. 1 Doc. 10 13 .6 ll 21 19 1.0 23 Jan. 1 22 .8 Jan. 2 11 53 2. 1 12 21 41 1.5 22 31 8 .9 Fob. 1 Fob. 1L 12 .7 13 22 15 .7 23 lVlar. 4 6 .3 Mar. 5 14 30 1.0 15 24 5.5 3.0 25 Apr. 3 19 1.4 Apr. 4 13 10 . 5 14 2:.1 11 .6 24 May 3 42 1.\) 

Mny 4 l:i 18 .8 14' 2:3 8 . 5 24 Juno 2 40 1. 0 Juno 31 12 3 .:3 13 22 3 .2 23 July 2 40 .4 

July 3 12 8 .8 13 23 8 . 5 24 Aug. 2 1 .3 Aug. 3 12 'J'r. .2 13 22 'l'r. . 2 23 Sept. 1 'l'r; . 1 So pt. 2 11 7 .4 

Mean ..•..... 16 .8 

Analyses of water from Susquehanna River at Danville, Pa.a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Magno- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Silica Iron Calcium sium and IJO· bonate bonate radicle radicle (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (SO.). (N03), (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). 

--------------- 15.0 0. 30 -----22:6" ---------- 7. 2 0. 0 48 39 0. 2 14 Tr. 6. 2 11 .0 55 53 .8 8. 2 'L'r. ---·-is··- 5. 0 8. 7 . 0 48 35 .4 6.4 'l'r. 5. 2 8. 2 .o 47 28 1.5 7. 0 .05 18 5.6 8.0 .0 67 17 1.3 6. 0 .06 13 2.6 6.6 . 0 45 15 .0 6.0 . 05 16 3.4 7. 2 .0 56 22 Tr. 3. 8 . 18 12 2.8 6. 5 .0 41 13 .3 7.6 .09 17 4.0 8.4 .0 51 24 2.6 9.6 .10 15 3.6 8. 2 .o ggl 20 2. 6 14 .10 19 5.4 9.4 .0 25 5.6 6.4 . 19 9.4 3.0 4. 7 .o 28 13 2.0 15 . 26 15 4.0 16 b 14 . 40 22 3.0 23 .10 30 ---------- 9. 8 .o 76 42. 11 8. 0 .00 27 6.0 10 .0 68 39 7. 2 5. 2 .06 32 7. 2 12 b4.8 67 40 7. 2 11 .06 25 6.4 8.0 . 0 61 41 3. 6 9. 0 .05 26 6.4 12 .0 66 42 7.0 15 . 15 6.4 1.4 4.9 .0 24 10 1.9 6.4 . 12 11 2. 2 5.4 .o 34 14 2. 0 6. 0 .08 20 281 9.8 b 3.4 43 22 5. 3 12 .08 19 2. 2 11 bTr. 44 22 5. 2 12 . 13 12 1.0 8. 2 .o 43 14 3. 1 12 . 10. 18 1.4 8. 0 .0 48 18 3. 0 ·9. a .06 19 1.6 13 .o 58 20 6.1 13 . 18 22 1. 6 12 .o 65 21 5. 1 7. 2 .03 19 1.2 8.8 .o 48 21 6. 2 6. 2 . 05 25 4. 0 13 .0 65 30 6. 2 4. 0 .03 23 5. 6 5. 7 .o ---------- 32 3. 7 G. 0 .06 21 4. 8 7. 9 .0 51 31 2.8 4. 2 .06 23 5. 6 5. 2 .0 55 32 1.8 4. 8 .00 22 5. 0 9. 9 b6. 0 41 37 1.8 4. 0 . 05 28 6. 8 9. 0 .o 60 47 3. 0 4. 0 . 05 32 9.8 7. 7 .0 62 63 3. 0. 2.8 .. 04 34 10 11 b6. 0 50 71 2.9 

-·--------- . 12 35 11 9. 0 .el 79 71 2. 9 

8. 71 .09 21 4. 6 ------ 8. 9 . 0 --~- 54 I 31 3. 4 

Total Mean 

Chlorine dissolved gage (Cl). solids. height 

(feet). 

---------

4. 2 124 2. 50 4.9 141 2.40 4. 3 105 2. 79 5. 0 98 2. 90 4. 8 98 5. 01 3.1 73 4. 71 4. 7 88 3.95 2. 2 64 6.12 5.8 92 5. 25 5. 3 861 5. 75 8. 6 112 4.83 2.3 55 10.52 5. 8 . 121 7.14 16 178 6.10 12 140 3. 94 13 152 3. 28 6. 5 134 ------4:38 9. 8 142 2.4 56 9. 70 3.4 62 9. 24 10 104 5. 26 9. 4 99 5.18 5. 3 76 7. 82 7. 0 95 6. 37 9. 6 108 4. 95 9.4 120 4.10 11 100 4. 36 14 138 3. 41 12 126 3.19 10 116 3. 86 10 121 3.63 11 122 3. OS 11 143 2.59 13 170 2. 24 13 177 2.12 11 ---------- 2. 52 ---

. 8.1 --112~~ 

a Analyses Sept. 10 to Nov. 30, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 1, 1906, to Apr. 3, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Hobert~ ;Apr. 4 to July 2, 1907, by Chase Palmer and 

lVf. G. Hoborts; July 3 to Sept. 11, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b A bnormnl; computed ns HCOa in the average. 
32 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following analyses are of water from the Sus-

. quehanna at a point above the others, and of one of 

its northern tdbutaries .. 

Analyses of waters of the Susquehanna basin. 

1. Chenango River at Binghamton, N.Y. Analysis received from Erie R. R. 

2. Susquehanna River at Sayre, Pa. Analysis by Kennicott Co. of Chicago. 

[Parts per million.] 

C03-------------------·--------------------------------------

S04-----·-----------------------------------------------------

Cl----------------------------------------------------------- Ca __________________________________________________________ _ 

Mg __________________ ·-----------------------------------------

~~~e~;b~=-=-~========~=======================================} 

23.6 

12.0 

14.0 

16.0 

. 1. 2 

13.0 

18.0 

40.0 

11.0 

9. 0 

22.0 

3. 9 8. 4 

10.0 

2. 0 

97.8 106. 3 

In the following table the analyses of Susquehanna. 

waters are reduced to percentages of the anhydrous 

solids. 

Percentage analyses of Susquehanna wa.ters. 

1. Chenango River at Binghamton. 

2. Susquehanna River at Sayre. 

3. Susquehanna River at West Pittston. Meim of 33 composite samples or 10 

days each. · 

· 4. Susquehanna River at Williamsport. Mean of 37 composite samples of 10 

days each. 

5. Susquehanna River at Danville. Meim of 36 composite samples of 10 days 

each. 

4 

----------1--------------------

co 3-~------ ----------- --~---- 24. 13 37. 63 34.33 18. 73 23. 54 

so4 --"----------------------- 12.26 10.35 15.55 35.28 27.53 Cl._ ____ c_____________________ 14.32 8. 47 · 4. 67 5. 43 7.19 

N03 _____ -__________________ : __ ---------- ---------- 1. 67 . 95 3. 02 

Ca __ ------- __________ ______ __ 16. 36 20. 69 20. 00 16. 28 18. 64 

Mg___________________________ 1. 23 3. 67 · 3. 77 4. 61 4. 08 

~~ Si02 ======================~====} ---------------------~----} ' 13.30 } . 9, 7. 90 41 } 11.12 7. 00 } 10.31 8. 14 7. ~: 72 ~ (Al,Fe)203---------------.---- ~~~~~ 

. 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million___ 97.8 106.3 90. 73.7 112. 

In analysis No. 5 the alkalies are corrected by 

Palmer's determination of potassium. 

These analyses show clearly that the water of the 

Susquehanna is now far froip. normal. The very 

high figure for sulphates in the last· three analyses is 

due to contamination from the· drainage of coal 

mines. In analyses 1 and 2 it is much lower, an~ 

No. 2 approaches nearly what may be called a normal 

iver water. The low salinity~ however, suggests that 

a large part of the water emerges from shales and 

sandstones; and that limestones are .of less influence 

than is usual in sedimentary areas. The proportion 

of silica also leads to the same conclusion~ 

MINOR TRIBUTARIES OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 

Between the Susquehanna and the Potomac. numerous streams enter Chesapeake Bay, and for three 

of them analyses by Penniman and Browne are 

. a vailable. 15 Reduced to standard form they appear 

in the following table. 

Analyses of three Maryland waters . 

l. Big Elk Creek at Elkton. 

2. Gunpowder River; water from reservoir at Loch Raven. Average of daily 

samples during May, 1912. 

3. Patapsco River, Baltimore County. Average as in No.2. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 1 .3 2 

----------11------------------

C03---------------------------- 14.4 45.5 2. 6 27.38 35.80 3. 74 

S04- ------------------ -~--- ---- 1. 8 4. 9 5. 9 3. 43 3. 86 8. 49 CL _____________________________ ~.4 3. 3 3. 7 8. 33 2. 60 5. 33 

N03---------------------------- 3 .. 7 3. 3 3.1 7.&1 2. 60 4. 46 Ca _____________________________ 5. 2 18.3 

I 

-14.0 9. 89 14.39 20.14 

Mg-------------------~--------- 2. 0 3. 9 3. 4 3. 81 3. 07 4. 89 Na _____________________________ 6. 6 13.0 6. 5 12.55 10.23 9. 35 

Ah03--------------------·------ 1.1 3. 4 2. 6 2. 09 2. 67 3. 74 

Fe203_ ------------------------- .4 . 1 0 1 . 76 0 08 . 15 

Si02---------------------------- 13.0 31.4 I 27.6 . 24.72 24.70 39.71 ------------ 52.6 127. 1 : 69.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 

These waters, as shown by the high proportion of 

silica and sodium, derived their saline matter from 

igneous and crystalline metamorphic rocks. The 

nitrates in them are in excess of the usual or normal 

amounts. Is this peculiarity due to pollution or to 

small experimental errors that have been magnified 

in the percent~ge· column~ -

POTOMAC RIVER. 16 

The headwaters of the Potomac in· Maryland and 

West Virginia are seri9usly contaminated by drainage 

from coal mines, sawmills; pulp mills, tanneries, and 

other industrial enterprises. Eight . analyses, however, are worth citation, as follows. All are reduced 

to standard form, with the carbonates normal. 

16 Maryland Geol. Survey, vol. 10, pp. 539, 540, 1918, 

16 U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 192, 1901, is devoted to a general description, by several authors, of Potomac River. It contains many sanitary analyses 

of the waters and some "mineral" analyses, but the latter are unsatisfactory. The 

figures indicate· that the samples analyzed had been imperfectly filtered and retained 

much sediment. 
MIDDLE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 33 

Analyses of wetter from the 1tpper Potomac basin. 

1. North Drnnch of tho Potomac, Garrett County, Mel. Meari of two analyses. 

2. North Bmnch of tho Potomac at Keysor·, W.Va. Much polluted. 

3. Savage H.ivor, Garrott County, Mel. Mean of 2 analyses. 

4. Now Crook at Keysor, W.Va. 

5. Wills Creek at Ellerslie, Mel. Much polluted. 

o. Wills Crock noar Cumberland, Mel. 

7. Evitts Crook at Evitts, Mel. 

8. 1~vitts Crook near Cumberland, Mel. Analyses 1, 3, and 7 by Penniman and 

Browne, Maryland Goo!. Survey, vol. 10, pp. 539, 541, 1918. Nos. 2, 4, 5; 0, and 8, 

from Baltimore & Ohio R. R. 

I. Parts per million. 

_____ , ___ ---·--~--4- ---------__ s_ 

COs----------- 8.30 10.2 17.24 55.4 21.5 21.0 31.7 74.2 soj___________ 10.1 25.4 9. 55 12.1 14.2 9. 2 3. 7 ll. 5 CL___________ 1. 1 0. 0 1. 95 9. 9 2. 9 4 .. 9 1. 4 3. 0 

~~~-~~~~~::::: ----4:7- ---i4:2- 9:~~ ---33:8- ---i5:2- ---i2:s· ---i7:3- ----4i.-3 

lHg____________ 1.05 2.9 2.45 4.9 3.0 3.0 2.2 7.8 Na ____________ 3.751 0.4 3.90} 0.5} 1.9} 3.2 3.2} 1.9 

~~~g~~-~~~~~~:~: ---i:~r 13.0 ----:~rl} a. 9 } 8. o }· 3. 4 -----:r} 12. o 

Si02----------- 5. 7 9. 25 5. 4 

36.6184.155.02,~ 66.7~65:8~ 

Analyses of water from the upper Potomac basin-Continued. 

ll. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4 8 

-----1------------------ -----

COs.__________ 22.84 19. 20 31.34 · 43.79 32.20 36.57 48.17 48.93 

S04----------- 27.59 30.13 17.36 9.54 21.30 15.97 5.02 7.56 CL ___________ 3.01 7.15 3.54 7.86 4.35 8.49 2.13 . 1.99 

NOs ___________ --------·-------- . 64 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Ca ____________ 12.84 16.92 10.81 26.73 ·22.79 22.25 26.29 27.23 Mg ___________ 4.50 3.43 4.45 6.86 4.53 5.27 3.34 5.12 

~~:::::::::::: --~~~~~-} 7.66 ---~~~~-~5.11 l' 2 .. 81 15.50 ---~~~~-} 1.28 

AhOs__________ 3. 36 } 1. 71 1. 22 } 

Fe20a--------- .05 15.45 .25 3.11 12.02 5.95 .15 7.89 Si02----------- 15.57 10.81 8. 22 

100. oo -wo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. 

. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

From Cumberland to Chesapeake Bay the ·Potomac 

forms the southern boundary of Maryland. For its 

water at Cumberland there is, first, the series of 

analyses by Dole and his colleagues, covering an 

entire year, as follows: 

Analyses of water from Potomac River at Cumberland, Md.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1900-7). Total Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

·------- · Tur- iron Silica Iron Calcium sium and ·bonate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage 

bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potasium radicle radicle (S04). (NOs). (Cl). solids. height 

From- ·•ro- (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (feet). 

--- ----------------------------

SO))t. 11 Sopt. 20 10 1.4 9. 0 Tr. 39 7.4 8. 5 0. 0 46 96 1.7 12 204 3. 1 

21 30 6 .1 12 Tr. 45 8. 6 12 .0 51 ll7 .5 16 234 2. 6 

Oct. 1 Oct. 11 18 2.1 6. 0 0. 20 33 5.0 4. 9 .0 51 59 .5 9. 0 157 2.4 

12 21 21 1.7 8. 0 .10 30 4.8 9.3 .0 43 62 .8 11 150 2. 7 

22 31 8 .9 0.4 . 20 19 3. 2 7.4 .0 37 34 .3 5. 0 97 3. 5 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 8 1.2 7. 4 . 05 27 4.4 8. 0 . 0 45 53 .0 9. 5 134 3. 5 

12 21 14 1.1 5. 0 . 14 29 4:6 8. 5 . 0 42 63 Tr. 9.8 144 3. 6 

22 Doc. 2 8 .9 7. 0 30 20 3.8 ---------- .0 22 36 1.0 0. 7 98 3. 4 

Dec. 3 12 29 1.6 10 . 20 20 3.4 _____ .., ____ . 0 30 34 1.0 7. 2 100 4. 1 

13 22 27 1.7 13 . 20 13 2.6 6. 6 . 0 39 24 ·.9 4.1 80 5. 7 

2:i Jan. 1 34 2.1 5. 2 .10 17 3.8 4. 9 .0 36 42 1.5 3.8 84 4. 3 

Jan. 2 11 22 2.1 5. 2 . 20 15 3.4 4.4 . 0 32 37 1.4 2.8 79 5. 0 

12 21 80 6.0 5.8 .15 12 2.6 4. 7 .0 19 26 2.0 3. 8 63 7. 4 

22 31 28 2.8 14 .06 23 5.8 19 b 12 22. 76 1.4 4.4 159 5. 1 

Fob. 1 Fob. ·10 26 1.9 14 .09 23 5.4 4.4 . 0 25 64 1.8 3.4 128 3. 7 

11 20 26 1.9 0. 8 . 08 23 5. 2 4.3 .0 29 63 1.8 3.4 122 3. 6 

21 Mar. 2 33 1.6 5.8 . 08 22 4.8 3.2 . 0 28 55 1.2 3. 8 111 3. 9 

Mar. 3 12 37 2. 1 5.8 .10 17 3. 2 3. 3 .0 28 38 1.9 2. 9 84 4. 8 

13 23 280 9.1 16 .30 14 2.8 4. 3 .0 20 39 2.0 1.4 89 8.0 24 Apr. 4 21 1.9 4.8 .06 30 7.4 4.4 . 0 11 97 1.4 3.8 155 5. 0 Apr. 5 14 7 3. 2 7. 2 .09 31 gl 10 . 0 22 93 0. 9 5. 3 168 4. 0 15 24 35 4.4 6. 2 . 12 18 9. 9 .0 23 45 1.0 4. 8 100 3. 9 25 May 4 21 5.8 11 . 15 17 3.0 8.0 . 0 26 36 .9 3. 4 90 4. 0 May 5 14 13 2.6 16 .10 17 3. 2 7. 7 .0 30 39 .8 2. 9 101 4.8 15 24 11 3. 0 6. 2 .12 20 4. 0 17 . 0 43 45 . 7 8. 2 us 4.4 25 Juno 3 21 2. 5 6. 6 . 14 17 3. 0 26 . 0 53 40 .6 14 134 4. 2 Juno 4 14 •. 20 4. 6 8.4 .14 17 3. 0 7.4 . 0 25 41 1.1 2.4 91 4. 2 15 24 10 1.4 7.0 . 10 20 4. 4 7. 9 .0 25 51 1.0 4.1 107 3. 9 25 July 5 3 .3 7. 0 . 06 32 6.8· 10 b 7. 2 28 82 Tr. 6. 0 166 3. 8 July 0 15 3 2.6 8.8 . 08 38 ---------- _____ .,. ____ b 2. 4 29 99 .6 6. 2 186 3. 9 16 25 35 7. 9 5.0 ·. 22 21 4. 0 b 9. 6 9. 0 41 .0 3.8 98 3.8 27 Aug. 5 15 3. 5 4. 2 .06 24 4. 6 5. 7 b 8. 4 13 50 Tr. 5.4 113 3. 2 Aug. 0 15 25 9. 6 6. 8 .ll ---------- ---------- 12 .0 41 54 .2 7. 4 132 2. 6 16 25 40 8. 8 7.4 . 06 41 7. 8 14 . 0. 48 91 1. 0 12 197 2. 3 26 Sept. 4 8 2. 1 ----·-·---- .60 32 6.4 ---------- ·. 0 72 57 . 6 8.4 194 2. 3 Sept. 5 14 18 1.8 12 .09 42 ---------- - 20 .0 61 95 .4 13 215 2. 5 

8. 21 

---------------58-1---.9---------- ·Mean ________ 28 3. 0 .14 24 4.6 9.0 .0 36 6.4 130 

a Analyses Sept. 11 to Nov. 21, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Nov. 22, 1906 to Apr. 4, 1907, by R. B. Dolo and M. G. Roberts; Apr. 5 to July 5, 1907, by Chase Palmer, and M.G. 

Roberts; July 6 to Sept. 14, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. · · b. Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. 

A similar table of analyses of water from the 

Potomac at Great Falls, 16 miles above Washington, 

·made in the water-resources laboratory of the United 

States Geological Survey, is as follows. The samples 

were taken at the filti·ation plant of Washington. An 

earlier set of 12 analyses by R. Outwater is replaced 

by this.· 
34 COMPOSITION OF RIVER ANJJ LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Potomac River near Washington, D. C. 

[Parts per million. Anaiyses by Margaret D. Foster.] 

Date (1921). 

-------1---- --------------- Jan. 1-10 ____________ . S4 S.6 0.15 17 3.9 a3.3 ----- 4S 17 2.3 6.0 11-20 ___________ S3 7.5 .08 1S 4.1 a3.S ----- 55 15 2.6 4.3 21-3L __________ S9 9.4 .08 1S 4.2 2.4 1.4 56 15 2.6 3.1 

Feb. 1-10____________ SS 9. 5 . OS 1S 4. 2 2. S 1. 2 55 16 2. 7 3. 1 11-19____________ S6 9. 6 . 07 1S 4. 1 2. 5 1. 4 54 15 2. s 3. 3 2o-2s ____________ S5 s.2 .os 1s 4.1 2.2 1.3 51 16 2.s 2.s 

Mar, 1

1

1

=210

0

._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_,_ S3 7. 7 . 06 1S 4. 1 

1

2.3 1. 4 52 15 2. s- 2. S 77 s. 1 . 06 15 3. 6 2. 1 1. 0 39 17 2. 6 3. 2 21-31____________ 79 6. 4 . 05 17 3. s 2. 2 1. 2 47 16 2. 5 3. 0 Apr. 1-10 ____________ S4 6.7 .05 19 4.2 2.4 1.2 57 15 2.S 2.5 11-20.· ___________ 90 5.S .05· 21 4.S 2.9 1.7 65 15 2.S 2.5 

21-30____________ 96 5. 2 . 04 23 5. 5 3. 0 1. 5 72 18 2. 9 2. 2 

May 1-10------------ 94 5. 5 . 04 22 5. 0 2. 4 1. 9 68 1S 3. 1 2. 5 11-20____________ 76 7.1 . 04 16 3. s 2.1 1. 6 47 14 2. 3 2. 9 21-3L__________ 75 9. 2 . 09 15 3. 7 2. 1 1. 3 43 14 2. 3 3. 3 June 1-10____________ S7 8. 6 . 09 19 4. 1 2. 7 1. 4 53 18 2. 6 3. 3 11-20 ____________ 95 7.S .03 21 4.9 2.4 1.3 64 1613.0 2.9 21-30 ____________ 105 4.2 .03 26 5.7 2.3 1.2 85 15 I 3.2 2.1 July 1-10 ____________ 117 4. 4 . 02 28 6. 2 2. 3 1 • 9 88 22 13.5 2. 5 11-20 .. __________ 122 7. 7 . 07 27 6. 3 3. 4 1. 4 77 27 3. 3 3. 1 21-31__ __________ 118 5.8 .07 26 6.0 3.2 1.4 74 26 3.5 3.3 

Aug. 1-10____________ 120 5. 0 . OS 26 6. 1 3. 6 . 9 83 21 3. 2 2. 5 11-20 ____________ 111 7. 0 . 08 23 5. 7 3. 5 1. 2 69 23 3. 1 2. s 21'-31... _____ . ____ 113 6. 4 . 06 24 6. 2 3. 5 1. 0 74 21 3. 3 2. 5 Sept. 1-10 ____________ 125 4. 9 . 06 28 7.1 3. 7 1. 4 93 22 4. 1 1. 0 

11-20____________ 121 4. 4 . 12 28 7. 5 3. 8 1. 0 9S 20 4. 3 1. 4 

21-31._ __________ 126 5. 3 . 12 30 7. 0 3. 5 1. 9 98 22 4. 3 1. 9 Oct. 1-10.. __________ 117 6. 9 . 12 27 6. 3 3. 4 1. 7 so 25 3. s 2. 9 11-20 ____________ 124 6. 3 .12 29 6. 6 3. 4 1. 8 92 21 4. 0 3. 2 

Nov. t~k~~~~~~~~~~= U6 ~: ~ : ~~ 3~ ~: ~ 3: ~ ~: g ~n ~~ ! t 8 · ~: ~ 11-20 ____________ 145 5.5 .07 34 S.1 4.3 1.6 109 28 5.5 1.9 21-30 ____________ 132 4.6 .06 31 6.S 3.9 1.6 95 29 5.3 1.9 Dec. 1-10 ____________ 112 6. 2 . 07 25 6. 0 2. 9 1. 8 74 24 4. 2 2. 3 

11-20------------ 90 7. 2 . OS 1S 4. 5 2. 8 . 8 43 24 2. 9 4. 6 21-31.___________ 89 7. 3 . 08 18 4. s 2. s . 7 51 20 2. 7 4. s 

Average ____________ --6.G ~~ruJ5.42.9TuT70J20i3.33.8 

a Includes potassium. 

For the water of. the main trunk of the Potomac 

there are the following additional data. 

Analyses of water from the Potomac. 

1. At Cumberland, Md. 

2. At Brunswick, Md. Both analyses received from Baltimore & Ohio Railroad· 

Parts per million. Percentage compo- sition. 

-------------------------

COs------------------------------------- 40.7 50.6- 24. 11 25.72 804_- ----------------------------------- 60. 2 54. 6 35. 67 34. 53 CL ....... ------------------------------ 6. 9 5. 0 4. 12 3.15 Ca ... ----------------------------------- 33.8 31. 8 20.03 20. 15 Mg______________________________________ 8. 8 10.8 5. 24 6. 83 Na ______________________________________ } 8. 7 } 3. 2 } 5.16 } 2. 04 

~02~============:=~=~=~~~~=~=~=~=--~----~==i} 9 6 } 12 0 } \} (Al, Fe) 203----------------------------- --·---·-~,-~ 

168. 1 158. o 1oo. oo I 1oo. oo 

The largest tributary of the Potomac is the Shenandoah, which has its principal source near Staunton, 

Va., and enters the Potomac at Harper~ Ferry. Its 

basin is in a sedimentary area, with much limestone, 

and that condition is reflected in the composition of 

·its waters. Two analvses from the headwaters of the 

Shenandoah have be~n received froin the Baltimore 

& Ohio Railroad, and with these, for convenience, 

an analysis of a small stream near Washington 1s 

tabulated. The figures are as follows: 

Analyses of waters from the Shenandoah basin, etc. 

1. Lewis Creek at Staunton, Va. · 

2. North River a:t Bluffs, Va. Not to be confused with another North River 

which enters the James near Lexington. 

3. Pimmit Run near East Falls Church, Va. Analysis by C. H. Kidwell, of 

. the U.S. Geological Survey. Reduced here to normal carbonates. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 

-----------1--------------

COs---------------------------- 127.4 163.4 12.3 54.06 57.00 22.01 S04---------------------------- 9.4 5.3 3.4 4.00 1.85 6.0S CL •. -------------------------- 5.9 6.4 3.8 2.50 2.25 6.79 NOs ______ -----------------------------________ . 5 -------- -------- . S9 Ca _____________________________ 71.9 69.1 3.4 30.52 24.12 6.08 Mg ____________________________ 10.2 25.2 3.1 4.32 S.SO 5.55 

Na(K) _________________________ 3.S 4.2 4.0 1.63 . 1.45 7.16 

Si02----------------------------j} 7. 0 } 13.0 25:0 } 2. 97 } 4. 53 44.72 (Al, Fe)20a -------------------- -------- --------

FooOo---------- --------------~~~~----..+~~~~ 

Analyses 1 and 2 are of typical limestone waters, 

with high salinity, and calcium carbonate largely in 

excess of all other saline matter. - Analysis 3 is less 

definite in . character, but the. ·water is evid.ently 

derived from silicate rocks. Its salinity, 55.9 parts 

per million, is typically low. 

For the Shenandoah itself, the analyses by Dole 

and his colleagues appear in the fell owing table: 
MIDDLE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 35 

Analyses of water from Shenandoah River at Millville, W. Va.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1900-7). 

-

From-

--

s opt. 12 

Oct. 

N ov. 

D co. 

J an. 

F •cb. 

M .ar. 

A pr. 

fay 

J uno 

uly 

Aug. 

22 

2 

12 

22 

1 

11 

21 

1 

11 

21 

31 

11 

21 

31 

10 

20 

2 

12 

22 

I. 

11 

21 

1 

12 

22 

1 

11 

21 

1 

11 

21 

1 

11 

21 

31 

'l~oSept. 21 Oct. 1 

11 

21 

31 Nov. 10 

20 

30 Dec. 10 

20 

30 Jan 10 

20 

30 Fob. 9 

19 

28 Mar. 11 

21 

31 Apr. 10 

20 

30 May 11 

21 

31 June 10 

20 

30 July 10 

20 

31 Aug. 10 

20 

30 Sept. 9 

Mean ________ 

Total 'l'nr- iron Silica Iron Calcium 

bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca~. 

17 0. 3 16 Tr. 35 12 .2 12 0.10 35 42 .8 19 . 05 33 80 2.1 20 . 20 28 90 2. 0 20 . 20 28 9 'l'r. 19 Tr. 38 9 .1 10 . 05 42 37 1.4 14 . 20 29 7 . 1 16 .05 37 25 . 3 19 . 06 36 27 .5 13 .16 30 

28 1.0 12 .14 30 27 .9 14 .10 32 

28 1.1 11 .12 31 10 .4 10 .08 ---------- 9 . 5 14 . 06 36 11 .4 17 . 07 36 

--------75" 3. 7 16 .13 34 1.5 10 . 16 31 

19 .5 10 . 05 30 11 1.1 20 .07 35 75 2.1 26 .13 28 4 . 2 20 .07 31 

5 . 3 18 . 06 32 

3 .3 16 .05 28 9 .4 12 . 06 31 150 4. 0 14 .06 24 

85 1. 9 11 . 08 14 2 .3 14 .08 32 

15 . 5 14 .05 26 7 .2 11 .04 36 5 . 2 11 . 03 37 

38 . 6 8. 6 .03 35 4 . 3 8. 6 .03 37 

20 .4 13 .05 38 

80 1.6 15 

I 

.06 37 

31 .9 15 08 32 

Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

sium and bonate bonate · radicle . radicle. Chlorine dissolved gage 

(Mg). potasium radicle radicle (SOt). (NOa). (Cl). solids. height (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (feet). 

---------------------------- 11 5. 0 0. 0 156 3. 6 2.1 2. 6 149 1.4 12 . 6. 2 .0 160 3. 4 2.0 3. 2 150 1.3 9. 4 5. 8 . 0 142 5.1 2.6 3. 0 146 2. 2 8.0 . 6. 0 .0 118 6.1 .2.1 2. 4 131 3. 9 7.4 5.8 . 0 116 4.6 3. 4 2.4 131 4. 6 6.8 5. 7 Tr. 163 o. 1 3. 0 2.4 162 2. 2 7. 0 4. 9 6. 0 161 5.8 3. 0 2.4 172 1.8 7. 2 5. 2 Tr. 122 6. 5 3.0 2. 6 126 2. 9 9. 8 5. 5 6.0 147 7.1 3. 2 2.6 155 1.7 11 5. 7 .o 155 5.9 3. 2 2. 6 157 2. 4 8. 0 3. 2 Tr. 120 5.4 3. 5 2. 2 124 2. 7 7. 4 4. 3 .0 120 5. 9 3.0 2.0 ~5~ I 2. 9 7.6 4. 1 .0 I 129 6.6 3.0 2. 8 3.1 7.0 3. 3 . 0 : 120 4. 8 3.0 2. 4 123 3. 2 10 4. 1 . 0 ~ 144 5. 8 3. 2 3.0 151 2. 2 9. 4 4. 9 5. 8 i 137 8.1 3. 6 3.4 148 2. 5 9. 0 . 5. 4 .o 145 7. 1 4. 2 3.0 150 2. 2 8. 4 4. 9 .0 142 0.9 4.3 2. 9 146 2. 5 7. 4 4. 7 . 0 : 127 5. 3 4.1 2.9 126 3. 3 7. 8 4. 7 2. 4 i . 122 6. 1 3. 7 2. 3 132 2.4 9. 6 9.1 . 0 ---------- 6.6 3. 7 2.2 154 ---------- 6. 4 5. 8 4. 8 1 107 5. 9 3. 4 3. 8 . 138 ----------- 7. 6 6. 0 4. 8 110 5. 6 2.0 4. 2 138 ...................... 8.0 6. 9 3. 6 116 5. 9 2.6 3.8 137 -----·---- 7.8 8. 5 .0 122 6.1 1.7 3. 0 134 ---------- 7. 6 ·--------- .0 123 4. 9 2. 3 3.0 134 ---------- 5.4 0.3 .0 102 5.8 2.0 3.0 112 ---------- 5.4 5.4 . 0 71 5. 3 Tr . 1.8 78 ---------- 9. 2 6. 6 2.4 127 4. 9 1.8 3. 6 139 -------i:8 5.6 13 4.8 108 7. 9 1.3 2.6 122 

------9:8- 11 4.8 142 8.1 1.5 3.0 149 1.5 12 . 0 159 8. 7 2.0 4. 2 158 1.4 ..................... 8.8 . 0 : 149 8.4 1. 0 3.8 145 1. 1 

------7:8- 9. 0 .0 I 152 8.1 2.1 3.4 152 1.3 12 2. 4 I 149 7. 9 2.4 3.8 158 1. 4 7.4 13 .o I 149 7.9 2.1 6. 6 160 1.3 

------ 8. 2 6. 7 1. 3 1 132 6. 2 2.6 3. 0 140 -----·-----

a Analyses Sept. 12 to Dec. 10, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 11, 1906, to Mar. 31, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 1 to June 30, 1907, by Chase Palmer and 

M.G. Roberts; July 1 to Sept. 6,1907, by H.. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. 

For the northern tributaries of the Potomac there 

are seven analyses by Penniman and Browne.16 In 

two of these, representing the waters of Antietam 

Creek and Monocacy River, excessive amounts of 

N03 are reported, and the acid and basic radicles fail 

to balance. It seems probable t]lat the apparent error 

is due to a n1isplaced decimal point. On applying the· 

necessary correction, 14.3 to 1.43 in one case, 12.6 to· 

1.26 in the other, the analyses become rational. The 

corrected analyses appear in the following table. All 

the localities named are in Maryland. 

Analyses of water from northern tributaries of the Potomac. 

l. Conocochoaguo Creek at W1i!!amsport. 

2. Catoctin Creek at Catoctin. 

3. Little Antietam Creek at Fiddles burg, near Hagerstown. 

4. Antietam Creek at Keedysville. 

5. Fishing Creek. Water from Frederick city public supply. Drawn from a taP 

on a farm 4 miles south of reservoir, before mixing with the Tuscarora Creek supply· 

o. Tuscarora Crook near Frederick. 

7. Monocacy River ncar Frederick. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

--------1·------------------· ·--

COs-------------------- 52.8 34.2 96.0 99.6 7.2 o~o 52.2 SOt-------------------- 9. 3 18. 1 10. 1 11.8 . 2 1. 8 7. 2 CL------------------- 5.0 8.4 4.2 5.7 1.6 1.9 4.0 N03------------------- 1.8 2.2 9.0 1.4 ---------------- 1.3 Ca_____________________ 23.3 13. 2 47.2 50.2 2. 1 1. 4 29.2 

Mg.------------------- 9. 4 5. 6 15.4 10.9 . 1 . 9 3. 8 Na _____________________ 0.2 0.9 6.4 7.7 3.0 3.2 6.0 

AhOa. ----------------- . 4 . 8 1. 1 2. 8 1. 9 1. 1 . 4 l<'c10a.................. .1 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 1 

Sl02.- ----------------- 5. 0 14.4 10.8 31.4 4. 0 3. 6 11.6 ,---------------------

1 n3. a 1oa. 81 200. a 221. o . 20. a 20. o 115. 7 

10 Maryland Gcol. Survey, vol. 10, pp. 54G-542, 1918. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

________________ a___ 4 ____ l __ o ___ _ 

COs-------------------- 46.60 32.95 47.93 44.94 35.47 30.00 so.____________________ 8. 21· 11.44 5. 04 5. 33 . 98 9. oo 

Cl _____________________ 4.41 8.10 2.09 2.57 7.88 9.50 

. NOs .. ----------------- 1.59 2.12 4.49 .63 ---------------.. Ca_____________________ 20.56 12.71 23. 57 22.66 10.34 7. 00 · "Mg____________________ 8. 30 5. 39 7. 69 4. 92 . 49 4. 50 Na_____________________ 5. 47 6.65 3. 20 3. 47 14. 79 16.00 

Al20a------------------ .35 .77 .55 1.26 9.36 5.50 Fe20a------------------ . 09 . 05 . 05 . 98 . 50 

45.11 

6. 23 3.46 

1.12 

25.23 

3. 29 5.18 

.35 

Si02------------------- 4.42 13.87 5.39 14.17 19.71 18.00 10.03 

1100.00 10D.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 ' 100.00 100.00 

Now, the basin of the Potomac being considered as 

a unit, the following table will show the progressive 

changes in the character of its water from Cumberland 

to Great Falls, 16 miles above Washington. All .the 

analyses are reduced to the standard percentage form. 

Summary of analyses of Potomac water. 

1. Potomac River at Cumberland. · Mean of 36 composite analyses. 

2. Potomac River at Brunswick. 

3. Shenandoah River at Millville. Mean of 36 composite analyses. 

4. Potomac River above Great Falls. Mean of 36 composite analyses. In 

analyses 1 and 3 the alkalies arc corrected by Palmer's determination of potassium. 

2 4 

---------------1-------------

COs------------------------------------- 13.69 SOt------------------------------------- 44.85 CL.------------------------------------- 4. 95 NOs------------------------------------- .70 Ca._-.. -- ___ .-- ___ ._. _________ .__________ 18. 56 

Mg Na ... ----------------------------------- 3. 56 ________________________ _._____________ 6.11 } 

K--------------------------------------- ·1.08 

~!~i~--~~:= == ==== = =: = = =: == = === = = ======= === -----~:~~-

25.72 

34.53 

3.15 

20.15 

6. 83 2. 04 

47.22 

4. 43 2.14 

1.80 

22.85 

5. 86 3. 86 1. 00 10.71 

34.10 

19.82 

3. 27 3. 77 22.79 

5. 35 2. 88 

1. 39 6. 54 

7. 58 ------:o7- -------:oo ------------ Salinity, parts per million.: ____________ _ 100.00 

130 100.00 158 100.00 

140 100.00 

100.9 
36 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS 01!~ UNITED STATES. 

In this table column No. 1 shows the effect of contamination from the drainage of coal mines, pulp mills, 

etc. In No. 2 .the influence of less. contaminated or 

uncontaminated affluents appears.· No. 3 represents 

a water from a limestone region, in which, however, as 

shown. by the relatively high silica, accretions from 

silicate rocks east of the Shenandoah Valley are 

indicated. No. 4 gives the quality of the water as 

. modified by the Shenandoah and also by other tributaries. In short, the water has become an average or 

normal water, much like that of other ·large streams 

which derive their dissolved solids from a variety of 

different sources. 

SUMMARY FOR MIDDLE. ATLANTIC SLOPE. 

In order to compare the analyses of waters from this 

area the following table has been constructed. Each 

of the rivers has been taken at the lowest point at 

which samples for analysis were collected. Tributary 

streams are omitted. 

Comparative analyses for the middle Atlantic slope. 

1. Hudson River at Hudson, N.Y. 

2. Raritan River at Bound Brook, N.J. 

3. Delaware River at Lambertville, N.J. 

4. Susquehanna River at Danville, Pa:. 

5. Potomac River at Great Falls, Md. 

[Percentage composition of dissolved solids.] 

1 2 3 4 5 

COa----------- 35. 45 29.48 32. 95 23. 54 34. 10 

804-----------. 15. 84 14. 08 17. 49 27.53 19.82 CL _______ - __ - 3. 96 5. 52 4. 23 7. 19 3. 27 

NOa--- -------- . 79 2. 23 1. 60 3. 02 3. 77 Ca ____________ 20. 79 14. 08 17.49 18. 64 22. 79 Mg ___________ 3. 76 4. 58 4. 81 4. 08 5. 35 N a _______ ~ ____ 6. 53 9. 27 6. 70 6. 84 2. 88 

K_------------ 1. 78 1. 76 1. 46 1. 33 1. 39 

Si02----------- 10. 90 18. 77. 13. 12 7. 72 6. 54 

Al20a --------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Fe:.~Oa----- --~- . 20 . 23 . 15 .11 . 09 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts 

per million ___ 108 85 70 112 100. 9 

Although these rivers are blends of different waters, 

the analyses tell something of their geologic origin. 

In the Hudson the high silica and alkalies came fron1 

crystalline rocks at its northern and eastern sources, 

and the sulphates came in great measure from the 

sedimentary formations in the valley of the Mohawk. 

The Raritan and Delaware derived their· silica and 

· alkalies mainly from the crystalline ro~ks and sandstones of northern New Jersey, but the Delaware also 

shows the influence of the contaminated Lehigh. In 

the Susquehanna the contamination due to coal-mine 

drainag~ is very evident. It is unfortunate that no 

analyses are available giving the composition of the 

Susquehanna at some points below Harrisburg and 

nearer its mouth. The Potomac shows a more· com-

. plete blending of its component waters than appears 

in the analyses of the other streams. All five of these 

streams show a lower salinity than is usually found in 

rivera emerging from entirely_sedimentary areas. 

SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE AND EASTERN GULF OF 

MEXICO. 

For the purpose of this memoir the south Atlantic 

slope is regarded as extending from the basin of James 

River in Virginia to that of Pearl River in Mississippi. 

This region is a well-defined hydrochemical province, in 

· which ·the large streams are chemically similar and 

much alike in geologic origin .. The peninsula of Florida, 

which belongs here geographically, is, however, quite 

distinct in the character of its waters and must be 

considered a separate province, to be studied later. 

JAMES RIVER. 

James River, which drains an area of about 9,700 

square miles in southern Virginia, owes its chemical 

character in great part to the ·crystalline rocks of the 

eastern Appalachians·. It is slightly modified, however, by contributions from the limestone region of 

Rockbridge and adjacent counties. For the James 

itself we have the analyses made by Dole and his 

associates in the United States Geological ·Survey, 

which appear in the next table. 
SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE AND EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO. 37 

Analyses of wate1· from James River at Richmond, Va.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (Hl06-i). Total Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

'l'ur- iron Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium· radicle radicle (S04). (N03). (Cl). solids. height . Ft·orn- 'l'o- (Na+K). (C03) . (HC03). (feet). 

~----- .. - --· ---------------------------

.Sept. 10 Sept. 19 38 2. 5 25 0.6 17 4. 0 6.8 0.0 72 4. 3 Tr. 2.4 100 0. 7 20 29 43 2. 8 30 1.0 17 4. 2 6. 3 .0 76 5.1 0.4 2. 2 119 .6 30 Oct. 8 400 21 54 1.3 17 3. 2 4. 7 .0 69 12 .4 Tr. 146 2.8 ·Oct. 10 19 70 3. 5 15 .5 15 2. 6 5. 8 .0 58 5. 1 .9 1.9 83 1.1 20 29 270 7.1 21 .8 12 2.0 6. 7 .0 ---------- 3. 9 .9 1.4 93' 7. 2 30 Nov. 8 14 1.1 31 . 3 15 3. 6 6. 9 .0 68 5. 6 . 7 2. 9 98 1.0 Nov. 9 18 12 0. 5 25 . 2 16 4.0 6. 6 .0 71 10 .5 2. 2 97 .6 19 28 260 8. 6 14 .9 11 1.4 4. 6 .0 46 5.8 .4 1.4 71 2.1 29 Dec. 8 14 0.8 18 .3 13 2. 4 3. 9 .0 58 4. 6 .2 . 2 76 .7 Dec. 9 18 11 0. 9 17 . 25 14 4. 2 3. 0 .0 60 5.1 .1 2. 2 79 .6 19 29 47 3.0 11 .4 13 3.0 1.8 .0 !i4 5. 9 .2 2. 2 71 1.3 30, Jan. 8 55 5. 8 ](j .8 11 2. 8 ---------- .0 46 4. 9 . 7 1.9 71 1.5 Jan. 9 19 9 . 1. 3 15 . 23 13 3. 2 ---------- .0 56 4. 6 .4 1.9 73 1.1 20 29 21 • 2. 3 12 .. 26 12 2. 8 ---------- 0 50 4.3 .5 1.8 63 1.2 30 Feb. 8 6 0. 8 14 . 35 13 3. 2 ---------- .0 53 5.1 Tr. 2.4 70 1.0 J?cb. 9 18 24 1.2 11 .6 13 3.4 3. 6 .0 55 5. 1 '.rr. 3.0 69 1.0 19 Mm·. 1 17 0.6 13 . 18 13 2. 0 4. 7 .0 51 8. 8 .9 1.7 70 1.0 :Mar. 3 12 55 1.8 17 . 67 12 2. 3 6.1 .0 49 7. 7 . 7 1.0 76 1.4 12 22 55 1.8 13 .23 12 2. 5 6. 1 .0 51 5.8 .6 1.0 69 1.8 23 Apr. 2 38 1.9 16 .19 14 2. 5 6.8 .0 59 12 .3 1.4 83 .9 Apr. 3 12 190 8.6 24 . 7 13 1.8 11 .o I 60 8.4 .0 2.6 97 3. 5 13 22 42 2. 1 26 .16 13 1.6 10 . 0 59 5. 6 .0 1.8 91 1.6 23 May 3 so 2. 7 ----------- .. 7 16 3. 2 14 b 17 55 7.4 Tr. 3.4 174 .1.3 :May .j 13 220 10 22 1.8 11 1.4 6. 6 . .0 52 6. 6 .0 2. 2 88 1.8 14 23 70 2. 6 24 . 35 12 1.8 9.4 b 2. 4 54 6. 9 Tr. 1.8 91 1.2 24 June 2 110 5. 6 20 .3 13 1.9 8. 8 .0 62 7. 2 Tr. 2. 2 88 l.f Juno 3 12 230 14 6.4 . 5 9. 6 0. 6 6. 9 b 2. 4 33 7. 7 .0 2.4 58 3.8 13 22 235 11 11 . 3 12 0. 4 7. 2 b11 27 6.1 .0 2. 2 69 3. 6 23 July 2 110 5. 4 19 .24 15 0. 6 9. 8 b 12 46 6.2 Tr. 2.4 93 1.2 July 3 12 48 1.2 11 .04 16 4.0 8. 0 .0 62 7. 6 . 3 3. 8 82 . 6 13 22 20 0. 6 17 .06 18 4. 6 5. 7 .0 71 8.4 .2 3.6 94 . 6 23 Aug. 1 100 1.4 14 . 28 18 4. 8 6.1 .0 67 11 Tr. 4. 6 97 .4 j\Ug. 2 11 45 L o· 16 .05 18 4.8 7. 2 .0 71 9. 9 .4 3.6 98 . 2 12 21 120 1.6 18 1.5 17 5. 2 6. 9 .0 ---------- 10 . 7 3. 6 100 . 5 22 Sept. 1 28' 1.2 12 . 19 19 5. 5 5.0 b 3. 6 67 10 .3 3. 6 97 .3 Sept. 2 9 150 1.5 16 . 79 19 5.1 6.0 .0 ---------- 11 Tr. 3.2 100 .2 

I ,-3-.0 ------.0-,---60---7-. 1-,---.3---- lHcnn •••••••. 90 3. 9 18 .5 14 6. 7 2. 3 --soj==-= 

a Analyses Sept. 10 to Nov. 28, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Nov. 29, 1906, to Apr. 2, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; Apr. 3 to July 2, 1907, by Chase Palmer and !>L G. Roberts; July 12 to Sept. 9, 1907, by H. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

Only a few analyses of waters tributary to the Jan1es 

hrLYe been obtained. North River, not to be confused 

with the North River of the Shenandoah systen1, 

. drains a large part of Rockbridge County, Va., and 

flows· into the Jmnes south of Lexington. Several 

waters of this small basin have been analyzed by 

A. F. White,t7 and of his analyses four are suitable 

for use here. Unfortunately detenninations of carbonic acid were not 1nade, and it has been necessary to 

con1pute the an1ount needed to satisfy the bases-a 

procedure which is not ideally exact, but one which 

helps to show the essential character of the waters. 

These are typical limestone waters and very much 

alike. 'I'he differences between them are small and 

probably are due in part to varying local conditions, 

such, for exan1ple, as dissimilar cmnposition of the 

1ninor tributaries that forn1 the larger strean1s. 

The data are as follows: 

11 'L'hcsis, Washington and Lee University ,1906. 

89135-24t-4 

Analyses of waters in North' River basin. 

1. South River above Irish Creek. 

2. Old ·Buena Vista Creek. 

3. Mill Creek. 

4. North River at South H.iver station, Lexington . 

Parts per million. Percentage composition of residue. 

2 4 

-------------------

C03----------- 56.0 105.2 109.2 40.1 50.36 54.43 56.37 47.\17 

S04----------- 4. 2 6.1 9. 2 4. 6 3. 78 3.15. 4. 75 5. 50 CL ............. 6.1 8.4 3. 5 5. 1 5.48 4. 35 1. 81 6.10 Ca __ . __________ Mg 22.5 46.2 45.9 20.6 24.73 23.90 23. 69. 24. {14 ___________ 7. 8 17.3 17.9 5. 6 7. 01 8. 95 9. 24 6. iO Na .•.......... 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.3 1. 26 . 62 . 77 1. 55 K _____________ 1.6 1.5 1.5 .9 1.44 .77 . 77 1. 08 

Si02----------- 5. 5 7. 3 4. 5 5.1 4. 95 3. 77 2. 31 6.10 

(AI, Fe)203---- 1.1 .1 .5 .3 . 99 .06 . 29 . 36 

RIVERS FROM THE DAN TO THE SAVANNAH. 

For the Dan, Roanoke, Neuse, Cape Fear, Peedee, 

Saluda, ·wateree, and SaYannah we have only the 

tables of analyses made in the water-resources laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. These 

tabies are as follows: 
38 

· Date (1096-7). 

From- ToSept. 3 Oct. 1 

12 

22 Nov. 1 

12 

22 Dec. 2 

13 

24 Jan. 3 

20 

30 Feb. 10 

20 :Mar. 3 

13 

25 Apr. 4 

14 

24 

Sept. 13 Oct. 11 

21 

31 Nov. 11 

21 Dec. 1 

12 

23 

. 31 

Jan. 13 

29 

Feb. 9 

19 Mar. 2 

12 

24 Apr. 3 

13 

23 May 2 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STA~l'ES. 

Sus- Coeffi- Tur- pended cient of bidity. matter. fineness. 

210 I 260 

431 31 

17 

·230 

28 

21 

220 

350 

55 

110 

90 

175 

110 

380 

47 

27 

225 

38 

98 

126 

175 

42 

25 

23 

181 

131 

76 

664 

742 

525 

815 

215 

324 

209 

677 

231 

45 

150 

44 

110 

0. 60 

. 67 

. 98 

. 81 1. 94 

. 791 . 47 3. 62 3. 00 2.12 

9. 54 7. 41 2. 39 1. 85 

1. 90 

1. 78 4. 9 1. 67 

. 67 1.16 

1.12 

Analyses. of water from Dan River at_ South Boston, V a. a 

Total 

iron 

(Fe). 

8. 9 

9. 8 

2. 4 1.4 

1.0 

8. 4 

2. 0 3. 5 16 

24 

10 

9. 5 

6. 5 11 

8. 0 

9. 0 

5. 3 

1.4 

10 

2. 3 

6. 5 

Silica 

(Si02). 

26 

31 

50 

23 

17 

21 

16 

18 

26 

23 

16 

21 

23 

23 

25 

24 

18 

16 

28 

18 

31 

Iron 

(Fe). 

1.4 

2.1 

. 7 

.6 

. 07 1.3 

. 3 

.28 

2. 2 

1.8 

. 35 1.0 

1.0 

2. 2 

2. 2 2. 4 

. 33 

. 08 1.0 

.24 

1.1 

[Parts per million.] 

Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- SuiCalcium . and po- bonate bonate phate (Ca). smm tassium radicle radicle radicle (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). 

6. 0 5. 2 

6. 0 5. 2 5. 2 

4. 8 

5. 6 5.4 

. 4. 4 4. 6 

4.8 

5. 6 6. 2 5. 4 

6. 0 

5. 8 

7. 8 

6. 8 

6. 0 5. 6 

5. 6 

2.8 

1.8 

2. 2 

2. 0 

1.6 

1.2 

1.4 

1.8 

1.6 

1.8 

1.8 

2. 0 2. 0 

1.0 

1.2 

. 6 

.8 

.8 

1.1 

1.6 

1.0 

4. 2 7. 6 8. 5 7. 6 

5. 2 

5. 4 6. 3 

4. 9 6.8 

6. 0 

6. 2 6. 5 6. 2 

6. 5 6. 6 

7. 7 6.8 

9. 5 

9.4 

6. 3 8. 2 

0. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 b 16 . 0 

. 0 

.0 

41 

34 

39 

36 

34 

30 

32 

35 

33 

29 

31 

40 

40 

25 

24 

26 

28 

3. 0 40 

29 

30 

1.3 

2. 5 2. 6 2.3 

2. 8 

3. 3 4. 3 

1.6 

4. 3 4. 3 

2. 8 ·3.1 

3. 5. 4. rt 

5.8 

4. 0 

5. 3 5.1 

3. 6 2. 5 

2. 8 

Nitrate Chlorine radicle (Cl). (NOa). 

Tr. 

0.8 

Tr. 

Tr. 

. 6 

1.6 

.6 

.5 

1.1 

1.6 

1.6 

Tr. 

.2 

2.1 

1.8 

1.9 

2. 4 

.0 

3. 0 

1.8 

1.8 

2. 4 

2. 6 3.1 

2. 4 3. 4 2. 7 

2. 6 3. 0 3. 4 2. 9 

3. 4 4.1 

3. 6 2. 9 

2. 5 3.1 

4.1 

5. 3 3.1 

3. 4 4. 2 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

75 

82 

100 

61 

52 

67 

54 

50 

78 

69 

54 

75 

77 

75 

84 

86 

66 

64 

88 

55 

86 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

3. 2 4. 2 4. 3 4.S 

2. 5 

2. 7 2.3 

2.3 

2. 6 3. 5 4. 5 

2. 7 

2.S 

3. 1 

2. 9 

5.1 

4. 6 

2. 6 4. 9 

2. 7 

4. 2 

Mean •••..••. -m· ---;;-·~ --7-. 5-~---24- --1-.-1-,--5-.6-~ --6-.8----.0---3-3---3-.4----1-.1----3-. 2- ---il-== ti Analyses Sept. 3 to Oct. 31, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Nov.1, 1906, to Apr. 3,1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 4 to May 2, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M. 0. Roberts. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa,in the average. · 

Analyses of water from Roanoke River at Randolph, V a. a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). I 

Calcium Magne· Sodium Carbonate! Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Total Silica Iron and bonate Chlorine Turbidity. iron (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved 

From- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (804). (NOa). solids. 

------.. - -. 

Sept. 7 Sept. 16 500 14 25 2. 5 10 4. 4 6. 5 0.0 57 3. 6 0. 5 2.4 102 17 26 300 14 24 1.5 8.8 2. 8 6.9 .0 55 3. 8 .3 2. 6 90 27 Oct. 4 270 15 . 16 1.2 9.0 3. 2 6.3 .0 48 4. 0 Tr. 1.9 74 Oct. 10 25 290 14 23 2.1 8.4 2. 6 -·--------- .0 45 3.0 . 7 1.9 84 26 Nov. 5 38 2. 6 19 .4 11 4.4 6. 6. .0 59 4. 3 . 5 2. 2 76 Nov. 6 17 21 1.2 22 . 3 11 4.4 7.4 .0 61 4.9 .6 2. 5 80 18 27. 350 15 23 1. 3 .8. 8 3.8 7. 2 .0 50 5. 7 .9 ·1.9 82 Dec. 1 Dec. 15 17 1.4 29 .4 11 4. 6 2.8 .0 61 4.4 . 5 2. 9 87 16 27 ------------ 7. 7 20 1.0 9. 2 3.8 3. 9 .0 50 4. 3 .4 2. 6 75 28 Jan. 6 ------------ 7. 3 - 19 1.6 8. 8 3. 6 5.4 .0 56 4.1 .9 2. 3 72 Jan. 7 16 26 1.9 23 . 6 9.4 3. 8 2. 5 .. o 52 4. 6 .6 2.4 69 17 26 23 2.1 25 .6 10 4. 0 4. 5 .0 54 4. 6 •. 4 2. 9 81 27 Feb. 5 26 2. 3 18 . 5 9. 6 3. 6 3. 2 .0 51 4.1 .3 2. 6 68 Feb. 6 Mar. 2 60 3. 9 13 . 5 9.4 2. 8 4.4 .0 46 4.8 .3 2. 2 62 Mar. 3 12 ------------ 7.7 25 1.0 8. 8 3. 2 7. 2 .0 44 4.8 1.0 1.3 87 13 25 29 1.6 17 .19 8. 4 2. 6 7.1 b 8. 2 34 4. 3 .0 l.i 65 26 Apr. 4 65 2.1 13 .32 9. 8 3.0 7. 6 .0 51 4.8 .2 2.0 64 Apr. 5 14 171 6.5 24 1.0 9. 6 3. 2 7. 6 .0 50 4. 9 1.0 1.4 83 '19 29 290 1~ 28 1.0 10 3. 4 7. 2 .0 55 5.1 1.0 2. 2 91 30 May12 400 16 22 1.0 9. 6 3. 2 8. 5 .0 58 4.1 . 5 2. 6 85 

Mean •.......• 169 7. 7 21 . 95 9. 5 3. 5 5. 9 .0 53 4. 4 .5 '2. 2. 79 

a Analyses Sept. 7 to Nov. 27, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 1, 1906, to Apr. 4,1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 5 to May 12, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M. G. Roberts. · b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 
SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE AND EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO. 39 

Analyses of water from Neuse River at Raleigh, N. C.a 

[Parts per million.] 

----- --

Date (1906-7). Sus- Cocm- Total Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Nitrate 'l'otal 

----- 'l'urbid- pendcd cient of iron Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate ph ate radicle Chlorine disity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). tassium radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solved 

From- 'l'o- matter. fineness. (Fe). _(Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (804). (NOa). solids. 

------------------------------· --------- ----------

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 14 13 0.93 0. 9 1l 20 14 11 . 78 . 5 21 30 24 18 . 75 .8 Nov. 1 Nov. ·10 10 5.8 . 58 . 8 11 20 11 7. 6 . 69 .9 21 . 30 I) 5. 8 .64 .5 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 11 3. 8 .34 .4 11 20 26 16 . 61 1.4 21 30 45 29 .64 2.1 31 Jnn. I) 17 9. 0 . 53 1.3 Jan. 10 19 11 6. 8 . 62 1.0 20 29 8 3. 4 . 42 .9 30 lfcb. 8 15 10 . 67 1.3 Fob. \) 18 29 18 .62 1.5 19 28 ---------- 72 ---------- 3. 9 Mnr. 1 l\Jar. 10 33 12 . 36 2.1 12 21 ............................ 77 ............................ 2. 8 22 31 18 20 1.11 1.0 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 48 45 . 94 1.8 11 21 27 19 . 70 1.3 22 May 2 81 73 . 90 2. 7 Mny 3 12 82 67 . 82 2. 4 13 22 28 39 1.40 1.3 23 Juno 1 53 57 1.08 1.8 Juno 3 12 100 96 . 96 1.8 13 22 325 247 . 76 7.4 23 July 2 325 280 . 86 13 July 3 12 48 50 1.04 1.6 13 23 160 333 2. 08 1. 9 24 Aug. 1 120 82 . 68 1.6 Aug. 3 12 540 428 . 79 7. 0 13 22 70 26 . 37 2. 6 23 So pt. 1 . 40 37 . 92 2. 6 Sept. 2 11 . 170 113 . 66 14 12 21 30 28 . 93 3. 5 22 Oct. 1 120 76 . 63 7.0 

25 0.4 5. 2 1.8 7. 1 27 .4 5. 6 1.2 7. 2 25 .4 6. 0 1.2 7. 9 20 . 4 7. 2 1.8 8. 2 21 .3 5.4 1.6 7. 7 21 .3 6. 0 2.0 8. 2 22 .3 5. 6 1.8 8. 0 22 .65 6.4 1.6 8.0 22 1.8 6.0 2.4 6. 5 21 .9 5. 6 1.6 6.8 22 . 8 6. 8 2.8 7. 9 21 . 6 6.4 2. 6 7. 8 20 .s 6. 2 2. 6 6. 3 22 1.4 5. 8 1.8 6.0 22 1.7 5. 6 1.4 6.0 22 2.0 5.0 1.2 7. 6 26 2. 6 4.8 1.2 6. 9 22 .6 6.0 1.8 6. 8 16 1.3 5. 8 1.6 8. 2 39 1.2 6. 8 1.8 8. 8 23 2.0 6. 4 1.7 8. 8 28 2.1 6.0 1.4 9.3 30 . 95 6. 2 1.8 11 22 .9 6. 4 1:8 ---------- 32 1.7 5.4 .8 10 24 2. 0 5. 6 .8 8. 2 

39 3. 7 8. 2 2. 0 12 24 .9 6. 6 ---------- 9.1 

24 1. 8 4.8 ---------- 8. 5 24 1.5 6.4 3. 0 6. 3 43 5. 2 3. 8 1.9 5.4 

32 2. 2 5. 8 ---------- 5. 7 26 . 66 6. 8 33 3.1 4.8 ========== ------7~6- 28 .8 6. 4 . 3. 41 9. 4 29 2.0 5. 4 2. 4 7. 9 

0. 0 --------- 2. 6 .0 39 1.0 .0 44 1.2 .0 39 3.0 .0 37 2. 8 . 0 40 2. 8 .0 41 2. 8 .0 37 2.1 .0 32 2. 3 .0 35 1.8 .0 39 3. 5 . 0 40 2. 8 . 0 37 2.8 . 0 36 3. 1 .0 23 4. 9 .0 25 3.3 .0 23 4. 6 b 2.4 28 2.0 .0 33 4.1 

.0 40 3. 6 .0 32 4.8 

.0 32 3. 5 b4.8 29 2. 8 .0 35 3. 3 .0 34 4. 4 

.0 28 4. 3 .0 50 3. 6 .0 37 3. 5 .0 35 3. 3 .0 37 3. 9 .0 18 7. 6 .0 30 3. 8 .0 38 - 4. 6 . .0 32 3.3 .0 44 3. 6 .0 34 3. 9 

0. 0 'l'r. 

.0 

.2 

.2 

Tr . 

.0 

'l'r. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr . Tr . 'l'r . 'l'r . 

. 7 

.5 

. 6 

.0 

.5 

.5 

1.0 

7 'l'r . 

.9 

.0 

1.2 

Tr. 

.0 

'l'r. 

.8 

.6 

.5 

. 6 

. 6 

. 5 

. 5 

3. 8 

3. 8 4. 6 

5.0 

4. 6 

5. 2 4.8 

5. 8 

6. 5 

6. 5 5. 9 

5. 9 

----·----

........................... 

4. 7 4. 1 

3. 51 3. 8 

5. 0 

5. 4 

4. 2 

4. 6 4. 2 3. 8 

3. 6 3.0 

4. 6 

3. 6 

3. 0 3. 2 

3.8 

3. 2 4. 2 

4. 2 3. 8 

6 8 

8 

66 

6 

69 

63 

65 

6 5 

68 

74 

68 

66 

65 

67 

72 

79 

76 

85 

63 

62 

93 

77 

82 

78 

66 

90 

79 

---------71 

74 

75 

-------89 

75 

81 

84 

· Monn ________ 78 68 . 79 2. 8 26 1.4 5. 9 --1-. 8-~--7-. 9- .0 35 3. 4 .3 4. tl 7 

"Analyses Oct. 1 to 3 Dec. 10, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 11, 1906, to Mar. 31, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; Apr. 1 to July 2, 1907, by Chase Palmer and 

M.G. H.oborts; July 3 to Oct. 1, 1907, by H. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. · 

Analyses of water from Cape Fear River at Wilmington, N. C.a 

[Parts per million.] 

-----------......,------:------,-----,-----;-------;-----;----.,.-------,-------:----;----:----;--·--·--;-----'--

1 

M. Sodium Car- Bicar- 8 1 Date (1906-7). h t N't t T tal Mean 

(~~~b~). [f~) . c(~~).m ~~~~t f~~i~~ ~~di~j: ~~di~j! ~~fg~~ e (~b~)~ c~~{)i~e d~~~~~~d h~~f~t From- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (feet).b 

-0-ct--.-~~- -~-J:-~-. -~- ---.-!-~ ·I---;-J-I . ::.1---.:-~-~---.-!-J- --.-r-: :-6 --. -6~-: :- ---~-:8- ---.. -~g---. -1~-: 6

-6 --o-.:-8- --.-1-3~-: ~- --.-2-r-~ --.-!-! 

'l'urbiclity. 

'rotal 

iron 

(Fe). 

Nov. 0 17 12 . 6 10 . 0 4. 6 1. 0 6. 9 . 0 22 2. 3 . 0 6. 5 63 3. 6 

D.cc. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

1Vlnr. 

Apr. 

:May 

Juno 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

18 27 9 . 5 10 . 5 4. 4 . 8 5. 7 . 0 22 2. 3 . 0 6. 0 . 59 4. 0 28 Doc. 7 11 . 4 11 . 4 5. 0 1. 0 5. 8 . 0 22 2. 8 . 0 6. 2 52 2. 9 8 17 14 .4 12 .5 5.6 1.2 7.6 .0 29 3.3 .2· 6.'1 61 4.7 18 30 19 . 9 10 . 4 4. 6 · 1. 6 6. 5 . 0 20 2. 5 'l'r. ---------- 53 7. 6 31 Jan. 9 11 .8 10 .54 5.0 1.0 6.9 .0---------- 3.1 .0 6.5 ·56 5.8 10 20 17 .9 8.2 .37 5.0 .6 5.3 .0 22 2.3 Tr. 5.8 44 '4.3 

~ Fob. 1~ l~ 1:8 1&.s · • :~a i:~ t8 gJ :8 ~~ ~:g 1:~ t:~ ~; ~:~ 14 27 21 1.4 8.6 .61 3.8 .6 4.8 .0 18 2.5 Tr. 6.0 45 10.6 28 Mar. 14 29 1. 5 7. 6 . 81 3. 8 . 6 4. 9 . 0 21 2. 8 . 3 5. 0 47 13.7 15 26 29 2.3 18 1.8 4.0 .8 .6.4 .0 23 2.6 .0 4.0 65 11.3 

27 Apr. 0 27 1. 6 11 1. 0 4. 4 . 8 ---------- . 0 22 2. 8 . 4 5. 8 50 6. 4 

8 18 42 2.3 ----------- 2.1 4.2 .6 -------------------- --------·- 2.5 1.0 -------------------- 10.1 19 30 32 1.9 15 1.7 4.4 1.0 6.9 .0 22 2.6 .75 4.6 62 12.5 1 May 11 31 1. 6 14 1. 1 4. 4 1. 4 6. 8 . 0 24 1. 6 . 5 6. 1 60 10.9 l:i 24 ·28 1.2 8.0 .35 4.2 1.0 7.7 .0 20 2.0 .5 6.0 52 6.0 25 Juno 6 25 1. 0 7. 0 . 28 4. 6 . 8 7. 9 . 0 22 1. 6 . 5 6. 6 50 10. 4 8 21 28 1.4 9.2 .75 4.2 1.0 9.0 .0 24 1.6 .5 6.2 58 10.9 

~ July 1i --------~:.. ~:~ ~:~ :~~I ~:~ :~ 1~' 1 :8 ~2 ~:8 :g ~:g z~ ~:2 1\l Aug. 1 ----------· 1.4 7.6 .88 5.4 1.8 6.6 .0 26 5.4 Tr 5.4 57 4.4 2 12 ----------- 1.5 6:2 .61 6.4 .6 9.1 .0 29 6.9 Tr. 4.8 56 4;0 131 24 20 1. 4 11 1. 1 5. 5 2. 0 12 . 0 41 5. 8 Tr. 5. 4 66 6. 6 26 Sept;. 5 20 1. 4 8. 8 . 77 6. 5 . 8 5. 7 . 0 24 5. 1 'l'r. 5. 0 61 5. 8 (i 18 75 4.0 14 1.8 5.6 1.8 8.5 .0 28 5.3 .5 6.6 68 6.4 

30 Oct .• 9 -·-'---1_5_1 ___ 1_.·_4_1 ___ 11 __ 1 ___ ._7_9_1 ___ 8;_3_1 ___ 1_. 8_1 ___ 1_2 __ 1 ___ • 0 39 5. 6 Tr. 7. 0 75 3. 7 

Mean________ 73 1.3 9.9 .78 5.0 1.5 7.2 .0----.25-~--3-.2----.2----5-.8----5-7 ----------

-- --- --------'------~---~------~-----~----~-----~-----~----~------------L---~-----~-----~-----

a Analyses Oct. 2 to Nov. 27, 1906, by Ii. D. Dolo; Nov: 28,1906, to Apr. 6,1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 8 to July 4, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M.G. 

Hoborts; July 6 to Oct. 9, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Gaging station near Fayetteville N.C., 75 mile3 above. c Abnormal; omitted from the avera~c. 
40 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Peedee River near Peedee, N. C.a 

[Parts per million.) 

Date (1906-7). 

From- ToTurbidity. 

Total 

iron 

(Fe). 

Silica 

(Si02). 

Iron 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Carand po- bonate 

tassium radicle 

(Na+K). (COa). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HCOa). 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

Chlorine dirs~I~~d (Cl). solids. 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet) ,b 

-------1-----1-----1-----1----· ------------------------------

Oct. 26 Nov. 6 

17 

30 Dec. 12 

27 Jan. 9 

22 Feb. 6 

20 Mar. 16 

31 Apr. 16 

26 May 2 

12 

22 June 18 

29 Aug. 19 Sept. 1 

14 oct. 2 

16 

Nov. 5 

16 

29 Dec. 11 

21 Jan. 8 

21 Feb. 3 

19 Mar. 15 

30 Apr. 15 25 

May 1 

11 

21 June 3 

28 July 10 Aug. 31 Sept. 13 

28 Oct. 15 

19 

Mean _______ _ 

40 ----------- 90 ----------- 140 ----------- 135 ----------- 140 ----------- 145 ----------- 15 ----------- 251 __________ _ 15 ----------- 40 ----------- 25 --------"-- .20 ----------- . 120 ----------- 160 ----------- 100 ----------- 60 ----------- 255 ----------- 365 ----------- 375 ----------- 270 6. 3 240 10 295 8. 8 45 2. 4 

351·----------

131 1-----------

39 

30 

32 

30 

26 

30 

25 

18 

13 

14 

18 

26 

15 

18. 

20 

27 

21 

26 

37 

34 

23 

35 

26 

30 

26 

'rr. 

0. 9 

.9 

.8 

.8 

.40 

. 20 

. 30 

. 20 

.10 

. 10 

. 30 

. 20 

.40 <1.4 

.40 

.8 c 2. 8 

Tr. 

Tr. 

.03 

.03 

Tr. 

Tr. 

:31 

9.1 

5. 7 4. 7 

5. 5 

6. 4 

5. 2 7. 4 

8. 4 

9. 2 

12 

10 

7. 6 

7.0 

5. 5 

6. 5 

6. 7 5. 1 

4. 1 

5. 1 

5. 8 

6. 8 4. 9 

6. 6 9. 3 

6. 9 

1.6 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

1.2 

Tr. 

1.6 

1.6 

1.6 

0. 8 

1.2 

Tr. 

1.2 

1.2 

2. 9 

3. 3 

2. 1 

3. 7 

1.3 

0. 8 

1.7 

1.3 

. 8 

1.7 

1.3 

7. 2 

7. 8 11 

7. 2 

14 

13 

9. 4 

.5. 4 

6. 5 

7. 2 

8. 9 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.o I 

34 

20 

16 

20 

22 

17 

27 

32 

32 

41 

34 

·24 

24 

20 

44 

42 

391 39 

48 

45 

44 

26 

29 

43 

--- ------- 0. 4 3. 5 87 3. 0 --- ---- - -- . 6 2. 0 62 2. 8 ---------- . 3 7. 5 82 3. 9 ---------- . 5 7. 0 78 2. 8 ---------- .6 7.5 74 3.1 --·------- .6 4.0 72 3.8 ---------- . 4 1. 7 63 2. 8 -- -- ----- - . 9 3. 0 58 2. 6 ---------- • 4 4. 5 58 2. 7 ---------- . 4 1. 5 64 3. 2 -- -- --- -- - . 7 3. 5 59 2. 8 --- --- ---- . 4 2. 0 45 3. 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2 I 2. o 45 3. 1 

----------1 .3 3.0 40 3.4 4. 0 I , 5 3. 0 76 2. 9 

3. 6 ' . 2 3. 5 78 2. 5 3. 6 : . 4 4. 5 7 4 2. 8 2. 3 I . 5 3. 0 86 3. 0 4. 4 ' 1. 4 1. 4 91 3. 2 3. 9 . 9 1. 6 86 2. 4 3. 9 . 5 1. 1 64 2. 3 4. i . i . 7 70 2. 8 

~: ~ i 1: f I t i ~~ ~: ~ 32 --4-. 0-~---. 6-J--3-. -1 ---69-~ 

a Analyses Oct. 26, 1906, to May 1, 1907, by Jas. R. Evans; May 2 to June 28, 1907, by W. D. Collins; June. 29 to O.ct. 19, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. 

Collins. b Gaging station at Cheraw, S.C., 20 miles below. c Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. 

Analyses of water from Saluda River near Columbia, S. C.a 

[Parts per million.) 

Date (1906-7). Magne- Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium 

From- I (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). To-

---

Oct. 27 Nov. 5 70 23 1.0 6.3 0. 8 

Nov. 6 16 95. 26 .8 4. 2 Tr. 17 28 40 23 .6 9.1 1.2 29 Dec. 8 35 20 '30 10 1.6 Dec. 9 19 85 20 . 5 3. 9 'rr. 

Jan. 4 Jan. 15 25 32 '20 11 2. 0 16 25 45 19 .40 12 2.4 26 Feb. 4 60 17 . 20 8.4 1.2 

Feb. 5 14 70 27 . 30 7. 2 .8 15 24 55 15 . 20 9. 6 Tr. 25 Mar. 14 65 18 . 20 10 1. 2 Mar. 15 24 45 21 . 10 9. 6 1.6 25 Apr. 3 18 19 '10 10 1.2 Apr. 4 13 15 20 ........................ 10 1.6 14 23 250 20 . 5 7. 5 2.8 24 May 3 185 22 . 30 6. 0 2.4 

Mean ________ . ' 72 21 .38 8.4 1.3 

'a Analyses by J. R. Evans. b Fluctuates between 1 and 10 parts; average value about 6 parts. • Fluctuates between trace and 10 parts; average value about 5 parts. d Gaging station at Chappells, S. C., 50 miles above. e Approximate. 

Sodium Carbonand po- ate tassium radicle 

(Na+K).b (COa). 

----------- 0.0 

----------- .0 

----------- .0 

----·------ .0 

----------- .0 

----------- .0 

----------- .0 

----------- . o· ----------- .0 

.0 

~ ~ _l ~~~ ~--~1 .0 

.0 

'o. 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

b 6. o I .o I I 

Bicar- Sulphate bonate radicle radicle (S04). c (HCOs). 

27 ----------- ----------- ----------- 34 ----------- 39 ----------- ----------- ----------- 44 I 

44 

29 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 ----------- 29 I 

34 

34 -----------

===========I 34 ----------- 34 ----------- 32 ----------- 24 -----------

33 <5. 0 

---

Nitrate Total Mean 

radicle' Chlorine dissolved gage 

(N03). (Cl). solids. height 

(feet) .d 

--

0. 3 4.0 63 1.4 . 5 4. 0 55 1.5 . 5 1.0 68 1.7 . i 2.0 70 4. 2 . s 2. 2 48 5. 2 .. s 2. 5 80 5.6 

'5 2. 5 66 3. 6 . 3 

'0' 60 3. 8 . 3 4. 0 67 4. 5 . 1 3. 5 50 3. 2 . 5 4. 5 62 3. 6 .4 3. o I 64 2.1 .4 4. 5 60 2.0 .4 5.0 71 2. 7 . 3 4. 51 57 2. 6 .4 4. 0 55 5. 2 

'43 3. 51 621-----------
SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE AND EASTERN G1JLF OF MEXICO. 41 

Analyses of water from Wateree River near Camden, S. C.a 

[Parts per million.] 

-~ -----

Dato (1906-7). 'l'otal Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

'l'ur- Silica Iron Calcium and bonate bonate Chlorine gage 

bidity. iron (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height 

From- 'l'o- (Fe). (Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (80s). (NOs). solids. ·(feet). 

--- ------------ --------------- I 

Oct. 21 Oct. 30 70 ----------- 25 ........................... 6. 8 4.8 ---------- 0.0 33 ---------- 0. 9 2. 5 65 14.8 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 5.5 

~~~~~~~~~J 24 0. 5 5. 5 .8 ---------- .0 22 ---------- 'l'r. 4. 0 58 8. 3 

11 20 45 28 .9 4. 7 Tr. ---------- .0 ---------- ---------- . 3 2.0 60 7. 7 

21 Doc. 1 75 31 . 7 6.0 '1. 2 ---------- .0 22 ---------- .4 3. 0 70 10.8 

Dec. 2 13 60 -----------1 28 .8 5. 5 1.6 ---------- .0 22 ---------- . 5 2.8 65 8.1 

14 24 85 ----------- 31 .9 6. 2 1.6 ---------- .0 24 ............................ .6 2. 5 69 8. 8 

25 Jan. 3 125 ............................ 43 . 20 ---·------ .8 ---------- .0 37 --------·- .5 4.0 95 10.4 

Jan. 4 14 7.5 -----------1 20 . 40. 4. 2 Tr. ---------- .0 ---------- ---------- .8 4.0 56 8. 9 

16 25 10 ----------- 16 .10 ----··s:o· 1.2 ·--------- .0 39 ......................... .1 3.0 62 6.8 

. 26 Feb. 4 35 ----------- 30 . 30 2. 0 ---------- .0 32 ---------- .9 3. 5 73 6. 3 

Feb. 5 15 35 ............................. 15 .30 8. 8 2. 0 ---------- .0 30 ---------- . 1 3. 3 51 9. 3 

16 26 60 ----------- 17 .10 9. 6 1.6 ---------- .0 32 ---------- .4 4. 0 60 7. 7 

27 Mar. 8 so :::::::::J 18 . 20 8.4 Tr . ---------- .0 27 .3 4.0 60 10.3 

Mar. 10 19 65 16 .10 -----·9:2· 1.2 ---------- .0 46 ---------- .8 1.2 69 8. 3 

20 29 105 ----------- 16 . 20 .8 ---------- .0 29 ---------- . 6 2. 0 48 6. 6 

30 Apr. 8 35 -----·----- 19 . 20 10 1. 2 ---------- .0 34 ---------- .5 3. 5 68 6.1 

Apr. 9 18 15 .. ....................... 23 . 20 7. 2 2. 8 .. ................... .0 29 ---------- . 2 3.0 58 6. 3 

19 28 80 ----------- 29 . 30 5. 0 1.6 ____ .,. _____ .0 22 _ ____ .,. ____ . 1 4. 5 61 10.6 

29 May 9 75 ----------- 21 . 20 5. 5 .8 5. 0 .0 22 Tr. .2 4. 0 48 8. 5 

May 10 19 140 ........................... 26 b 2. 8 6. 1 4.0 6. 0 .0 47 2.0 . 4 3.0 91 6. 8 

20 30 325 ----------- 41 b 3. 2 7. 3 2.8 ---------- .0 43 4. 3 .3 2. 0 118 6. 2 

31 Juno !J 500 ----------- 19 b 3. 2 4. 5 1.3 10 .0 35 5. 6 .5 3.0 115 14.5 

Juno 10 19 600 .......................... 25 b3. 0 4. 9 2. 4 6.1 .0 37 6.6 .3 2.0 

,: I 

10.4 

20 29 500 ----------- 31 b 4. 0 4. 9 3. 1 3. 5 . 0 35 1.8 . 5 2. 0 8. 4 . 30 July !J 730 ----------- 34 ·b4. 0 6. 3 2. 3 6. 3 .0 37 5. 9 .2 3. 0 106 9. 3 

July 10 10 566 ------·9:6- 31 b 2. 0 6. 5 2. 6 7. 5 .0 41 5.4 . 2 2. 5 112 8. 3 

20 29 960 19 . 03 5. 3 1.8 11 .0 40 4. 3 . 7 1. 9 . 60 7. 2 30 Aug. !J 960 11 22 . 40 5.8 1.4 11 .0 40 4.6 . 7 1.7 68 6. 6 

Aug. 10 20 475 21 20 .07 5. 6 1.4 8. 7 .0 39 4. 4 . 5 1.4 63 7. 3 

24 Sept. 3 52.'1 18 23 . 06 5.0 1.4 11 .0 38 4.1 .6 2. 2 64 6. 9 

Sept. 4 14 400 15 17 . 04 5 .. 5 2. 3 8. 8 .0 39 4. 4 .3 2. 2 60 5. 3 15 24 350 10 

--------~rl . 04 8. 0 4. 4 12 ---------- ------·--- 5. 4 Tr. 1.4 ---------- .4. 8 

25 Oct. 4 550 24 'l'r. 3. 1 1.4 7. 6 .0 26 4. 6 . 5 2. 2 74 10.7 

Oct. 15 25 45 2. 2 .03 6. 1 1.4 12 .0 43 4. 3 'l'r. 2. 2 77 4. 0 

Moan •....•.. , 259 ........................ 251 . 281 6. 3 1.81 8.41 .o I 341 4. 21 .4 2. 8 731----------

a Analyses Oct. 21, 1906, to :May 9, 1907, by Jas. R. Evans; May 10 to July 19, 1907, by W. D. Collins; July 20 to Oct. 25, 1907, by R. B .. Dole, Chase Palmer, and 

W. D. Collins. · b Omitted from average. 

Goose Creek is a s1nall strean1 of the Coastal Plain, 

and its water near Charleston, S. C., has been impounded for practical uses. An analysis of the water, 

in its natural state, by F. L. Parker, and reduced to 

standard form, is as follows: 

Analysis of water from G?ose Creek. 

1. .Part~ p<Jr million. 

2. Percentage composition or anhydrous residue. 

COs----------------------------------------------------------

804--------------------------~------------------------------­

CL •••....•.. ------------------------------------------------- Ca .•.•..........•..•...•.•............•.......... , .......... . l\fg __________________________________________________________ _ 

Na(K) ...... ------------------------------------------------- Si02 ..•...........•..•..•.............•....................... 

Fe20s.~--------------------------·---~-------------c ........ . AhOs---------------·---------------------------·-------------

1.8 

4. 8 26.0 

5. 6 

1.4 

25.0 

2.8 

1.1 

5 

2. 61 6. 96 37.68 

8.12 

2.03 

36.23 

4.06 

1. 59 

. 72 

The composition of this water is evidently affected 

by the proximity of sea water and by the fact that 

Goose Creek drains a flat agricultural area that has 

probably retained cyclic salt derived from rainfall. 

It is not a normal river water. 
42 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Savannah River near Aug1i-sta, Ga.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-i). Total Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Mean Tur- Silica Iron Calcium and bonate bonate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total 

bidity. iron (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved gage 

(Fe). . (Mg). (SO.). (NOa). solids. height From- To- (Na+K). (C04). (HC03). (rcet). 

--- -------------·------------------------

Oct. 25 Nov. 3 45 ----------- 21 ----------- 5. 4 1.2 ---------- 0.0 27 0.1 3.0 56 9. 6 Nov. 4 13 40 ----------- 28 0. 20 6. 2 Tr. ---------- .0 24 -------·-- 3. 0 3. 0 77 9. 0 14 23 35 ----------- 32 .30 4. 4 Tr. -·-------- .0 17 ---------- . 7 1.5 59 10.4 24 Dec. 3 40 ----------- 32 . 20 4. 9 Tr. ---------- .0 20 ---------- .8 1.5 64 9. 2 Dec. 4 13 55 ----------- 34 . 30 6.4, 3. 2 ---------- .0 22 -----... ---- . 6 -1.8 74 9. 6 14 23 65 ----------- 31 .30 6.2 2.8 ---------- .0 22 ---------- . 5 2.0 72 10.8 24 Jan. 2 85 ----------- 36 . 40 3. 9 Tr . ---------- .0 15 ---------- . 3 3. 0 78 11.0 Jan. 3 12 60 ----------- 24 . 70 3. 9 1.6 ---------- .0 17 ---------- . 8 2. 5 54 11.2 13 22 16 ----------- 17 . 40 6.0 4. 8 ---------- .0 27 --·------- .8 3. 0 60 9. 3 23 Feb. 2 60 ----------- 30 . 40 8. 2 2.8 ---------- .0 34 ---------- .4 3. 5 70 9. 3 Feb. 3 12 150 ----------- 23 . 7 5. 4 .8 ---------- .0 20 ---------- .9 3. 0 53 14.2 13 22 20 ----------- 13 1.2 7. 6 1.2 ---------- .0 24 -----... ---- . 6 3. 0 52 9.2 Mar. 13 Mar. 22 22 ----------- 12 .9 5. 6 Tr. ---------- .0 20 ---------- .6 2.8 42 9. 4 23 Apr. 1 15 ----------- 20 .9 8. 4 Tr. ---------- .0 27 . 5 3. 0 .M 8. 4 Apr. 2 11 45 ----------- 23 1.2 8. 4 Tr. ---------- .0 27 ---------- . 3 2. 5 59 8. 5 12 21 210 ----------- 26 1.4 7. 6 Tr. ---------- . 0 24 ---------- .3 1.5 52 8. 4 Apr. 22 May 1 340 ----------- 20 1. 6 5. 5 Tr. ---------- . 0 19 ---------- . 4 3. 0 42 11.6 May 2 11 265 ----------- 17 1.8 7. 2 1.6 -------""\-- .0 24 ---------- . 2 3. 0 45 9. 5 12 22 45 3. 2 37 . 22 5. 9 .4 13 .0 50 5. 5 .8 1.7 90 8. 3 23 June 1 130 5. 2 31 . 20 5. 2 . 4 13 b 9. 6 27 5. 7 . 7 1.8 78 8. 3 June 2 11 175 14 21 . 54 4. 9 .4 11 b 7. 2 17 6.1 . 7 1.4 61 9.8 12 21 300 9. 6 17 . 08 5. 1 . 2 12 bTr. 35 5. 6 1.1 1.4 51 8. 2 22 July 3 425 14 15 . 06 5. 1 .4 11 bTr. 37 5. 8 1.6 

I. 'I 54 8.8 July 4 13 315 9.4 25 .20 5. 0 . 7 12 b 7. 2 .24 5. 5 . 2 1.4 67 . 7. 7 14 23 425 18 30 . 26 5. 0 ---------- 12 bl4 9. 8 7. 3 . 9 1.2 76 8.4 24 Aug. 3 400 14 14 .04 4. 7 .4 13 b9. 6 22 7.4 . 0 Tr . 53 7. 6 Aug. 4 13 575 46 15 Tr. 5. 1 . 6 11 .0 32 6. 8 3. 0 1.8 53 7.4 14 23 475 28 16 . 04 5. 1 .5 10 b 3. 6 30 6. 7 . 3 1.7 56 9. 5 24 Sept. 2 160 7.9 22 Tr. 5.0 . 5 13 .0 40 6. 0 1.0 2. 0 63 6. 5 Sept. 3 12 270 11 18 .04 5.0 .4 11 . 0 34 5. 3 1.0 2. 2 58 6. 8 13 22 200 9.3 19 .00 6.0 . 5 12 .0 40 5. 8 .7 2. 2 64 6.1 23 Oct. 2 300 21 14 . 04 . 6. 0 . 3 9. 2 .0 33 4. 9 .0 1. 6 49 10.9 Oct. 3 12 65 5. 6 16 Tr. 4. 6 . 4 9. 6 .0 32 4. 7 . 7 1.9 53 6. 3 13 22 2 2. 4 21 . 00 5. 3 . 5 11 b 2. 4 32 6.0 . 0 1.8 61 5. 3 

1721-----------. 5. 71 Mean ________ ·---· ---------1------------ 23 .44 ·. 8 12 .0 30 6. o I . 6 2. 1 60 ---------- I 

a Analyses Oct. 25, 1906, to May 11, 1907, by J. R. Evans; May 12to Oct. 22, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D Collins b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. · . · 

OGEECHEE RIVER. 

The Ogeechee, whose basin lies between those of 

the Savannah and Altamaha, appears to be quite 

different chemically from the other rivers of the south 

Atlantic slop~ For this river only one analysis, by 

H. C. White, is availaple, as follows: 

Analysis of water from Ogeechee River at Ogeechee, Ga. 

1. P~rts per million. 

2. Percentage composition o~ anhydrous residue. 

C03---------------------------------------------------------- so. _____ : ___________________________________________________ _ 

CL.----------------------------------------------------------

Ca .............. --------------------------------------------- Mg·---------------------------------------------------------- Na(K) _________________________ ~-----------------------------

Si02----------------------------------------------------------

(Al, Fe)20a .. -- __ ---- ----~---------------- --------------------

12.3 

1.4 

1.2 

6. 6 

1.4 

.8 

1.7 

? 

2 

48.42 

5. 51 ·4. 73 25.99 

5. 51 3.15 

6. 69 ? 

25.4 100.00 

NOTE.-Organic matter, 54 parts per million,_ was also determined, but need not 

be taken into account here. 

This analysis is that of an ordinary carbo~ate 

water, low in silica and alkalies. As will be seen in 

the final summing up for the southe~n Atlantic rivers, 

they are generaliy characterized by high silica and 

alkalies·. and are therefore of a very different type 

chemically from the Ogeechee. 

ALTAMAHA RIVER BASIN. 

The Altamaha is formed by the union of two rivers, 

the Oconee and Ocmulgee, and for these we have the 

next two tables of analyses; which were made in the 

'vater-resources laboratory of the Geological Survey. 
Doto (1906-7). 

·-- ------ 'l'urbidity. 

From- 'l'o-

---------- Oct. 18 Oct. 27 55 

28 Nov. 6 75 

Nov. 7 17 85 18 27 85 

28 Dec. 7 80 

Doc. 8 17 155 

19 Jan. 3 160 Jan. 4 15 105 ]() 26 38 27 Feb. 6 80 

Fob. 7 18 40 

~1:or. 2 Mar. 11 240 

12 21 110 22 31 35 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 75 

11 24 185 

25 :May 4 95 May 5 14 200 

15 24 100 

25 June 3 350 

Juno 4 13 375 

l4 23 400 

2•l July 3 230 July 4 14 350 . 15 24 400 

25 Aug. 2 650 Aug. 4 13 400 

15 24 425 

26 So pt. 7 290 

Sept. 8 17 400 

Oct. 28 Oct. 7 .. 350 

8 17 40 

1\:lcan ________ 208 

SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE .AND EASTERN GULF OF MEX~CO. 

'rota! 

iron 

(Fe). 

-----------

........................ 

----------· 

........................ 

...................... 

-----------

-----------

-----------

-----------

-·---------

-----------

....................... 

-----------

-----------

-----------

.......................... 

-----------

----------- 6. 1 15 

16 

16 

12 

15 

9. 6 

28 

19 

34 

16 

24 

15 

3. 5 

-----------

Analyses of water from Oconee River near Dublin, Ga.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulpha to Silica Iron Calcium and.potas- bonate bonate 

(Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium smm radicle radicle radicle 

(Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO~). 

---------------

~I 0. 6 9. 0 1.2 ---------- 0. 0 33 ---------- 32 2. 0 11 .8 ---------- . 0 39 ---------- 31 .9 8. 8 1. 2 ---------- .0 32 ---------· 24 . 40 8. 8 1. 2 ---------- .0 32 ---------- 26 . 5 9. 6 1.6 ---------- . 0 34 ---------- 31 . 7 12 -------~8- ---------- . 0 49 ---------- 28 1.2 8. 3 ---------- . 0 27 ---------- 20 . 5 5. 7 Tr. ---------- .0 20 ---------- 30 .9 14 4. 4 ---------- .0 51 ---------- 26 .8 12 ------i~2- ---------- . 0 56 ....................... 

221 1.0 5. 6 ---------- . 0 20 ---------- 34 1.1 7. 6 Tr. ---------- .0 27 ---------- 16 .6 9. 6 1.2 ---------- . 0 32 ---------- 24 1.6 12 1.6 ---------- . 0 41 ---------- 20 1.3 9. 6 1.6 ---------- . 0 32 ---------- 20 2. 4 10 2. 4 ---------- .0 ---------- .. .................. 16 1.8 7. 0 1.6 ---------- . 0 24 -·-------- 18 2. 5 10 1.6 ---------- . 0 34 --------·- 18 . 42 7. 8 2. 2 8. 4 .0 44 5. 4 21 Tr. 7. 7 2. 0 11 . 0 43 6. 2 22 Tr. 6. 6 2. 2 7. 9 .0 45 5. 6 11 Tr. 6. 3 2.1 8.1 .0 . 38 6. 0 ~ 10 Tr. 6. 6 3. 2 8.3 . 0 34 8.1 15 Tr. 6. 6 1. 6 9.4 .0 37 4. 9 13 Tr. 7. 1 1. 9 6. 2 b 4. 8 27 7. 5 17 Tr. 6. 3 1.9 8.1 .0 34 6. 3 14 . 02 5. 9 1.2 7. 9 . 0 32 6.1 21 'l'r. 7. 2 . 9 10 . 0 40 5.4 18 Tr. 6. 9 1.1 7. 9 . 0 40 5.0 18 Tr. 6.4 1.1 12 . 0 41 5. 5 16 . 02 11 1.7 8. 3 . 0 54 7.4 15 .6 8. 5 1.9 9. 2 .0 50 7. 5 

21 .68 8. 51 1.61 8. 81 .o I 37 6. 2 

Nitrate Chlorine radicle (Cl). (NOa). 

------

0. 4 4. 0 

. 4 4. 0 . 7 2. 0 . 1 4. 0 

. 7 4. 5 .9 "4. 8 

.8 5. 0 .4 4. 0 1.1 4. 2 

1.2 3. 0 

. 5 5. 0 

.6 2. 5 .4 2. 0 

. 3 4. 0 

. 2 6. 5 . 4 5. 0 

.3 2. 5 .2 4. 5 

4. 0 2. 2 

1.5 2. 6 1.0 1.9 Tr. 1.4 

. 6 1.8 3. 2 2. 4 

.6 3. 1 

2.3 3. 4 

2. 0 2. 9 4. 2 3.1 

.7 2. 4 

1.0 2. 6 

1.7 4. 9 

Tr. 2.8 

1.01 -3.4 

a Annlyscs Oct. 18, 1906, to May 14, 1907, by J. R. Evans; May 15 to Oct. 17, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as RCOa in the average. · 

Date (0906-7). 'l'otal 'l'ur- iron bidity. (Fe). From- To-

---------

Oct. 19 Oct. 28 35 ----------- 29 Nov. 7 49 ----------- Nov. 8 17 50 ----------- 18 2i 65 ----------- 28 Dec. i 60 ----------- Dec. 8 17 75 ----------- 21 Jan. 4 30 ----------- Jan. 5 16 60 ........................ 17 26 40 

27 Feb. 5 J?eb. 6 15 2~g I=========== l(l 25 40 ----------- 26 Mar. 7 210 ----------- Mar. 8 17 55 ----------- 18 27 35 ----------- 28 Apr. 6 25 ----------- Apr. 7 16 30 ----------- 17 26 560 ----------- 27 Mny 6 450 ----------- Mny 7 16 204 ----------- 17 26. 45 ----------- 27 June 5 310 ----------- Juno 6 15 226 __________ ., 

16 26 410 ------------ 27 July ll 670 ----------- July 12 21 416 ------------ Aug. 3 Aug. 12 1,100 21 1a. 22 580 35 24 So pt. 9 550 16 So pt. 10 11) 270 10 20 30 400 8. 9 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 180 2. 6 12 21 35 1.1 

Analyses of water from Ocmulgee River near M aeon, Ga. a 

[Parts per million, unless otherwise stated.] 

Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Silica Iron Calcium sium and potas- bonate bonate radicle (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). sium radicle radicle (SO.). (Na+K). (COa). (llCOa). 

------- ------- 12 0. 6 5. 6 1.6 ---------- 0. 0 20 ---------- 32 . 5 

, 'I .8 ---------- .0 22 ---------- 30 . 20 8. 3 Tr. ---------- .0 27 ---------- 30 . 30 7. 5 1. 2 ---------- ,o 22 ---------- 26 .9 8.1 1.6 ---------- .0 25 ---------- 29 . 7 9. 6 1.2 ---------- .0 32 ---------- 26 . 9 4. 4 Tr . ---------- .0 15 ---------- 18 .8 3. 6 Tr. ---------- . 0 12 ---------- 21 .8 3. 6 Tr. ---------- . 0 "i2 ---------- 34 1.8 4. 6 2.4 ---------- . 0 ··--------- ---------- 32 .8 7. 6 Tr. ---------- .0 24 ---------- 33 . 7 8. 0 1.6 ---------- .0 27 ---------- . 38 1.4 6.8 Tr. ---------- . 0 22 15 .8 6. 0 0. 8 ---------- .0 20 ---------- 14 1.0 9. 6 Tr. ---------- . 0 29 .................. -- 27 1.2 11 Tr. ---------- . 0 34 ---------- 23 2. 1 9. 2 Tr. ---------- . 0 29 ...................... 21 1.7 5. 5 1. 2 ---------- .0 2~ ---------- 24 1.4 4. 5 .8 ---------- .0 15 ---·-·a:a· 31 1.1 6. 7 ---------- 10 .0 40 25 2. 0 5. 7 2.9 8.1 . 0 43 2. 0 

26 1.2 4. 9 2. 8 11 .0 ---------- 5. 9 23 1.2 5. 7 2. 6 4. 4 . 0 37 4. 9 25 2. 4 4.1 2.4 6. 9 . 0 31 4.8 23 2. 0 6. 5 1.5 6. 3 .0 31 5. 2 32 1.6 8.1 2. 2 7. 5 . 0 41 6. 8 7. 5 .Tr. 5. 0 1.5 6. 8 :8 24 4. 7 21 Tr. 5.8 1.8 11 .8 40 4. 3 16 Tr. 5.8 1.8 6. 6 .0 32 4. 7 41 Tr. 6. 4 2. 3 7. 4 . 0 38 5. 8 29 Tr. 5. 1 1. 8 11 . 0 34 6. 4 42 Tr. 5. 7 1.8 11 . 0 37 ---------- 28 Tr. 4. 7 1.4 8.1 .0 30 5. 5 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(NOa). (Cl). 

------

0.1 4. 0 

.5 3. 0 

.5 1.5 . 2 1.8 . 6 1.5 .8 1.7 . 1 4. 0 

. 5 3. 5 .4 2. 0 

.5 2. 5 .4 2. 0 .3 1.5 1.2 3. 5 

.6 3. 0 .5 3. 5 . 7 3. 5 .8 4. 0 -1.6 2. 5 

1.8 3.0 1.0 5. 0 .3 4. 0 .4 2. 5 

. 4 3. 0 1. 1 4. 0 . 7 3. 5 1.0 4. 0 1.1 1.4 

1.2 1. 8 

1.3 2. 6 . 9 1.0 1.0 2. 3 

.7 3. 0 . 6 3. 2 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

---

76 

83 

68 

70 

78 

89 

83 

61 

94 

85 

60 

69 

50 

73 

64 

66 

48 

61 

70 

68 

69 

51 

54 

57 

62 

62 

55 

74 

62 

63 

84 

-------·--

68 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

---

50 

66 

77 

72 

77 

75 

56 

88 

46 

64 

58 

57 

71 

47 

52 

70 

64 

_48 

50 

96 

85 

91 

78 

86 

84 

94 

35 

64 

53 

87 

70 

85 

70 

I r· 6. 3 -~-.-1.-2,--8.-31---.-0 -----4.-9 r--.-7

1

--2.-8

1

Moan --6-9 •... ~--- 230 ----------· 26 .9 28 

43 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

---

1.4 

. 6 

.8 

1.9 

.9 

1.7 

3. 1 

3. 4 

1.4 

4. 3 

7. 5 6. 9 3. 2 

1.6 

1.6 

3. 3 5. 4 

4. 0 

1. 9 

1. 4 

.9 

1. 0 2. 4 

1.6 

.8 

2. 7 

.9 

2 . 

. 7 

0 

0 

9 

4 

1. 

3. 

----------

MeR II 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

---

3. 7 2. 9 

3. 0 

4. 0 2.8 

3. 3 

5. 4 4. 3 3. 3 

7. 2 

7.8 

4. 0 

8. 9 5. 0 3. 4 

3. 1 3. 4 

7. 7 5. 3 4. 5 3. 0 3. 1 

2. 8 

2. 5 4. 3 2. 2 

2. 7 3. 3 

1. 7 

1.1 

3. 7 

1. 6 

.9 

----

a Analyses Oct. 19, 1906, to Mny 6, 1907, by J. R. Evans; May 7 to July 21,-1907, by W. D. Collins; Aug. 3 to Oct. 21, by R. :J;J, Dole, Chase Palmer, and w. D. Collins. 
44 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE ·WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

~ 

APALACHICOLA RIVER BASIN. 

Apalachicola River, in Georgia and Florida, is formed by the union of the Flint and the Chattahoochee; and for these we have the following tables: 

Analyses of water from Flint River near Albany, Ga. a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

I Silica Iron Calcium Magne- and po- bonate bonate Chlorine gage Turbidity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height 

From- To- (Mg). (Na+K).b (COa). (HCOa). (S04).< (NOa). 

---

Oct. 23 Nov. 1 120 47 ------o:s·-1 6. 8 Nov. 2 11 45 19 11 

12 21 17 25 . 20 11 

22 Dec. 1 20 27 . 30 12 

Dec. 2 11 25 33 . 20 12 12 21 35 34 .5 14 

22 31 40 20 .9 6. 0 Jan. 1 Jan. 11 "35 18 .8 6. 2 12 22 20 22 .10 8.1 23 Feb 2 12 16 .8 7. 0 

Feb. 2 11 120 36 .9 5. 6 12 21 60 22 1.1 6. 8 22 Mar. 3 65 14 1.2 8.4 

Mar. 4 13 85 18 1.4 8. 8 14 23 40 12 . 7 6.4 24 Apr. 2 30 24 1.4 10 Apr. 3 12 60 19 .8 10 13 22 160 23 .9 9. 5 

23 May 2 460 27 1.3 9. 0 May 3 12 560 33 2.1 7.0 

Mean ________ 100 24 .861 8. 8 

a Analyses by J. R. Evans. b Fluctuates between _2 and 10 parts. Average value about 7 parts. c Fluctuates between trace and 8 parts. Average value about 6 parts. d Approximate. 

3. 6 _________ .. _ 0. 0 29 ----------- 4. 8 -------- -- .0 51 ----------- Tr . ----------- .0 32 ----------- 1.2 ----------- .0 34 ----------- 1.2 ----------- .0 37 ----------- 1.6 ----------- .0 49 ----------- .8 ----------- .0 29 ----------- 1.2 ----------- .0 22 ----------- . 8 ----------- .0 34 ----------- .8 ----------- .0 24 ----------- .8 ----------- .0 22 ----------- .8 _____ .,. _____ .0 22 ----------- 1.2 ----------- .0 27 ----------- 1.2 ----------- .0 29 ----------- .8 ----------- .0 22 ---------·- 1.2 ----------- .0 37 ----------- .8 ----------- .0 34 ----------- 2. 5 ----------- .0 34 ----------- 1.6 

===========! 

.0 34 ----------- 1.2 .0 24 -----------

1.41 b 7. o I .0 31 c 6. 0 

Analyses of water from Chattahoochee River at West Point, Ga.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Total Iron Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate 'l'ur- iron Silica Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate radicle bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Cit). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S04)- From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). 

---- ------------

Oct. 20 Oct. 29 85 ----------- 16 1.0 6. 6 1.2 ---------- 0. 0 24 ---------- 30 Nov. 8 45 ----------- . 30 . 6 3. 6 .8 ---------- .0 19 ------··--- Nov. 9 18 65 ----------- 20 .20 5. 7 Tr. ---------- .0 22 ---------- 19 29 70 ----------- 26 .7 6.8 1.6 ---------- .0 27 ---------- 30 Dec. 9 60 ----------- 30 .8 6. 0 2.8 ---------- .0 24 ---------- Dec. 10 19 55 ----------- 32 .5 6.4 2. 4 ---------- .0 29 ---------- 21 Jan. 1 130 ----------- 32 . 9 3. 9 Tr. ---------- .0 15 ---------- Jan. 2 11 85 ----------- 24 . 7 2. 3 .8 ---------- .0 ---------- ---------- 12 21 25 ----------- 17 .10 4. 7 .8 ---------- .0 17 ---------- 22 31 15 ----------- 24 .30 7.4 1.6 ---------- .0 29 ---------- Feb. 1 Feb. 10 I 220 ----------- 33 1.2 3. 6 1. 6 .-----~---- .0 ---------- ---------- 11 26 55 ----------- . 18 .9 4.8 Tr. ---------- .0 15 ---------- 27 Mar. 8 260 ----------- 25 1.3 4. 4 Tr. ---------- .0 15 ---------- Mar. 9 18 290 ----- ~----- 24 . 9 5. 6 Tr. ---------- .0 20 ---------- 19 28 30 ----------- 11 1.0 6. 4 Tr. ---------- .0 22 ---------- 29 Apr. 7 285 ----------- 28 1.4 6. 8 Tr. ---------- .0 22. ---------- Apr. 8 17 190 ----------- 27 1.1 2. 0 Tr. ---------- .0 9.8 ---------- 18. 27 185 ----------- 18 1.0 2. 5 Tr. .0 9.8 ---------- 28 May 7 185 ----------- 16 1.3 3. 5 .8 ---------- .0 12 ---------- May 8 18 350 16 22 .03 4. 9 1.1 8. 8 b 8. 4 13 4.8 19 28 115 7. 9 23 .03 5. 2 1.9 9. 2 b 8.4 21 5.0 

29 June 7 260 10 14 .03 3. 0 . 6 10 .0 26 4.0 

June 8 17 130 2. 4 16 .03 3. 2 1.1 7. 2 b 3. 6 21 3. 5 

18 27 ·120 5. 8 11 .00 5. 1 1.2 6. 7 .0 16 7. 6 

28 July 7 "340 13 12 .00 4. 9 . 7 7. 0 b Tr. 27 4.0 July 9 18 450 35 9. 0 . 00 4. 3 :9 7. 6 .0 28 3.0 

19 28 325 12 f3 .00 4.0 1.1 8. 1 .o· 24 3. 8 

29 Aug .. 7 375 21 12 .03 6. 0 1.3 9.4 .0 37 6. 6 Aug. 8 17 400 10 14 Tr. 3.2 1.0 7. 9 .0 24 4.0 

18 27 375 6. 6 15 Tr. 4. 2 . 6 6.3 .0 28 4. 2 

28 Sept. 6 225 3. 7 17 Tr. 4. 9 . 5 6.51 . .0 27 4.8 Sept. 17 26 155 5. 2 12 Tr. 5. 1 . 8 6. 6 .0 27 4. 3 27 Oct. 8 185 12 18 T<.l 4. 9 .4 9. 0 .0 29 4.1 

Oct. 9 18 140 I 4. 4 8. 9 1 Tr. 5. 7 1.0 5. 8 i .0 27 3. 5 

Mean ________ 185 --- -~------I 20 i . 47 4. 8 .8 ----u-,---_ 0- 23 4. 5 I 

1.8 3. 0 .4 3. 0 . 9 2. 5 .6 2.0 . 7 2. 2 .5 2. 5 .8 3.0 .5 3.0 .8 4. 0 1.1 5. 5 .4 2. 0 . 7 4. 0 .1 2. 5 .4 3.0 .3 1.5 . 7 3. 0 .3 2. 5 .3 2. 0 .2 3. 5 .1 2. 0 

.6 2.8 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(N03). (Cl). 

------

0. 0 2. 0 .4 2. 5 .4 1.5 .6 3.0 . 7 2.8 .4 3.0 . 7 1.5 .8 2. 5 .8 3. 5 . 5 3. 5 . 4 1.8 .3 ---------- .3 1.5 .4 2. 5 .2 2. 5 .4 3.0 1.6 1.5 

1.3 2. 0 1.1 1.5 

: ~ 1------i_-3- 1. 21 L 7 .0 1.0 . 7 1. 7 1.1 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 4. 8 1.1 1.8 1.1 2.0 1.0 1.8 

. 71 L 3 1.0 1.8 .6 L 7 

--_ -7 r--;:I 

I 

a Analyses Oct. 20, 1906, to.May 7, 1907, by James R. Evans; May 8 to Oct. 18, 1!107, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

solids. (feet) ,d 

84 4.3 80 1.8 74 2. 3 77 3.0 90 1.9 93 2. 1 08 3. 8 62 5. 4 63 2. 8 52 3. 0- 66 7. 9 70 5. 8 47 3.8 54 5. 8 39 4.1 72 2. 1 59 3.8 60 3. 6 66 9.4 60 7. 2 

67 --------.. ·-~ 

Total Mean 

dissolved gage 

solids. height 

(feet). 

------

50 4. 2 60 3.4 54 3. 5 71 4.1 77 3. 3 81 4.1 60 4.8 55 5. 3 59 3. 7 59 3. 5 53 7. 2 56 3. 8 53 7. 7 53 3. 8 40 3. 6 59 3. 5 40 3. 7 33 5. 9 34 4. 6 57 5.1 65 3. 6 47 3. 7 45 3.1 42 2. 8 45 3.2 36 3.0 40 2. 6 63 _, 2. 7 47 2. 6 48 2. 6 60 2. 0 

461 2. 6 54 2. 5 42 2.1 

--521=== 
SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE AND EAST-ERN GULF OF MEXICO. 45 

MOBILE RIVER BASIN. 

Mobile Hiver, in Alabama, is formed by the union 

of Alabama and 'J'ombigbee rivers. Cahaba River is 

a.tributary of the Alabama, and the Oostenaula also 

drains through the Coosa into the Alaba1na. For the 

Alaban1a, Cahaba, Oostenaula, and Tombigbee the 

following tables of analyses have been n1ade: 

Analyses of w~ter from Alabama River at Selma, Ala. a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Dnt.e ( t!)O(i-7). ~l'otal M•gno· Sodium I Car- Biear- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 'L'ur- iron Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tn.<:sium radicle radicle (SO.). (N03). (Cl). solids. height From- ~l'o- <Na+K).

1 

<co3). (IIC03). (feet). 

---------------------------

Nov. 5 Nov. 17 65 ----------- 19 0. 7 12 1. 6 ----------1 0. 0 46 0. 3 0. 2 79 3. 8 18 27 180 ----------- 40 .6 12 . 8 ---------- . 0 41 . 5 2. 0 91 17. 1 28 Dec. 7 155 ----------- 34 .8 11 1. 2 ---------- . 0 39 . 6 1. 8 82 11.0 

Dec. 8 17 180 ----------- 31 .5 9. 6 1.6 . 0 32 . 3 2.0 78 7.0 18 Jnn. 1 80 ......................... 20 .5 11 Tr. .0 31 .4 78 10.7 

Jnn. 2 13 50 ----------- 21 . 20 8. 3 4. 4 . 0 44 . 3 3. 5 83 19.5 14 23 35 ----------- 20 . 40 16 . 2. 8 .0 44 .8 3. 2 73 7. 7 24 Feb. 2 65 -·--------- 26 . 30 8. 4 1.6 .0 37 . 1 4. 5 67 7. 5 

Feb. 3 12 100 ----------- 26 . 5 8. 2 2. 4 .0 32 .8 2. 8 66 27.9 13 24 25 .......................... 10 .5 14 1.2 .0 44 .4 3. 0 58 9. 4 25 ~·lar. 6 260 .......................... 22 . 10 15 2.0 .0 46 .3 1.0 79 23.0 1\Jnr. 7 16 160 ----------- 28 . 10 10 1. 2 .0 34 .5 3. 0 70 20.8 li 26 95 .......................... 20 . 20 15 1.2 .0 49 . 3 1.5 'il 9. 3 27 Apr. 5 40 ----------- 20 . 20 16 1.6 .0 51 .4 2. 5 72 6. 3 Apr. 6 15 95 ----------- 22 .40 15 5. 2 .0 58 . 1 1.5 80 7. 4 l(l 25 195 ----------- 22 . 5 12 5. 2 .0 51 .2 3.0 76 13.3 26 May 5 220 ----------- 30 . 40 10 3. 6 .0 41 . 1 2.0 74 16. 1 May 6 15 90 ----------- 19 . 40 12 2. 8 .0 ---------- ---------- . 1 2. 5 63 16.5 16 25 312 ......................... 13 1.2 13 . 2. 3 3. 2 .0 431 10 131 1.2 94 23.9 20 Juno 3 165 ----------- 15 1.0 11 2. 6 .0 48 13 .4 1.8 90 12.7 

Juno 6 15 195 ----------- 25 1.3 13 2. 8 5. 6 .0 46 9.4 1.6 1.7 98 9.9 10 25 90 ----------- 17 .5 15 4. 8 6. 7 ·.o 14 1.2 2. 4 90 6. 0 26 July 0 205 ----------- ll . 35 18 2. 3 6. 7 .0 61 8. 7 .9 2.1 86 7. 2 July 7 10 210 ---·------- 22 1.1 15 4. 5 1 5. 5 .0 55 -----io ___ 1.6 2. 1 104 4. 0 17 26 125 ----------- 16 . 48 17 5.8 ---------- .0 67 1.6 3.0 105 4. 4 

28 Aug. 6 325 ----------- 17 1.1 15 5. 3 8. 9 h Tr. 50 13 1. 2 1.8 99 5. 4 Aug. 7 10 230 ----------- 25 1.0 15 9. 5 .0 12 1.6 2. 7 101 3. 8 17 20 160 ---------·- 23 1.2 13 7. 8 .0 60 9.4 1.1 2. 0 110 2. 7 27 Sept. 0 100 ·------:2."2" 21 1.0 16 4.8 5. 7 .. 0 59 . 8. 7 .4 2. 5 105 1.4 Sept. 8 17 80 21 'l'r. 15 4. 0 8. 1 .0 68 4. 8 1.0 2. 2 88 2. 1 18 27 90 2. 2 17 . 03 14 4. 1 7. 4 .0 66 5. 0 1.0 2. 4 82 2. 0 28 Oct. 7 180 2. 8 11 'l'r. 12 3. 0 6. 7 .0 56 3. 7 1.1 2.4 64 4. 7 Oct. 8 17 90 1 12 . 03 12 2. 9 9. 0 .0 57 4.4 .9 2. 3 68 1.5 

Mean ________ ------------------- 141 ----------- 21 . 53 13 2. 9 7. 0 . 0 48 9. 0 . 7 2. 3 82 ...................... 

ct Analyses Nov. 5, 1905, to l'viay 15, 1907, by J. R. Evans;.l'viay 16 to Sept. 6, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 8 to Oct. 17, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as liCOa in tho average. 

Analyses of water from Cahaba River near Birmingham, Ala. a 

Date (1906-7). 

'l'urbidity. From- 'l'oTotal 

iron 

(Fe). 

Silica 

(Si02). ·Iron (Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

[Parts per million.] 

lVIagnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Carand po- bonate 

tnssium radicle 

(Na+K). (C03). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(llC03). 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(SO.). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(N03). 

Chlorine diis~t~~d (Cl). solids. 

-------1-----1-----1----1----1---- ----------------------------

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Fob. 

1\:[ar. 

API'. 

May 

Juno 

July 

Aug. 

So pt. 

Oct. 

1 Nov. 11 50 ----------- 20 0. 20 14 12 21 20' ----------- 20 . 30 14 22 Dec. 1 55 21 . 40 12 

24 Jan. 2 100 ----------- 20 . 40 8. 8 

8 19 15 ----------- 14 . 20 9. 9 

1. 6 ----------

2.4 ---------- 3.6 ----------

.8 ---------- 1.2 ----------

3 13 75 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 23 . 5 12 

2

Z Feb. ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~=~~~=' ~~ : ~o ~. 4 1. 2 _________ _ 

12 23 5 -----------1 8. 6 . 20 13 'l'r. ----------

24 Mnr. 5 18 ----------- 12 . 20 11 1. 2~---·------ 6 15 25 ___________ 13 . ao 12 1. o _________ _ 

10 25 10 ----------- 10 . 30 14 1 2 

261 Apr. 4 10 ----------- 16 . 30 15 2: 8~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 14 25 ----------- 23 . 30 18 1. 0 ---------- 15 24 90 ----------- 14 1. 4 10 . 8 ----------

2~ :May 1~ i88 ~~~~~~~~~~= ~~ ~: ~ ~: ~ ~: ~ ~------8."8" 15 24 35 ----------- 15 . 40 8. 5 3. 6 6. 0 25 Juno 3 130 ----------- 1:3 . 8 8. 9 2. 9 7. 4 

4 13 10 ----------- 22 r 40 8. 3 3. 6 5. 7 14 24 20----------- 18 .6 11 4.0 6.3 

25 July . 8 20 ----------- 21 . 5 15 3. 6 6. 0 

2g ~~ ~ -------i'r-.- ~~ ;/r~ ~~ :: ~ n 1 Aug. 11 7 Tr. 11 Tr. ---------- 4.1 8. 7 12 2L 5 'l'r. 12 Tr. 20 4.0 12 22 Sept. 5 5 'l'c'. 15 'l'r. 23 2. 9 12 

211 Oct. o 35 1.0 ----------- .8 14 2. 7! 11 10 22 8 . 5 13 . 22 16 3. 0 10 

0. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 : 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 c 4. 8 

'l'r. 

Tr. 

. 0 

46 ---------- 46 

49 

51 

29 

34 

49 

24 

41 

34 

41 

46 

54 

58 

37 

32 

44 

41 

42 

53 

60 

76 

74 

84 

55 

78 

80 

70 

60 

57 

3. 6 4. 9 

0. 5 

4. 6 

6. 9 9. [i 

10 

11 

9. 5 10 

9. 9 12 

12 

13 

0. 9 

.8 

.9 

. 7 

.8 

.9 

. 4 

. 6 

.2 

• 5 

.3 

. 4 

. 3 

. 3 

.2 

.1 

. 7 

. 6 

. 3 

.3 

. 6 

.8 

.2 

1.0 

1.2 

.8 

1.2 

.8 

. 5 

. 3 

3. 0 

1.5 

1.8 

1.5 

2. 5 3. 4 

2. 7 1.8 

1.5 

1.5 

2. 5 

2. 0 

1.5 

3. 0 2. 5 

1.0 

2. 0 

2. 5 

2. 5 3. 0 3. 0 2. 0 3. 0 

2. 4 

3.0 

2. 2 

3. 8 .. 6 

1.4 

2.4 

78 

72 

70 

74 

73 

66 

72 

44 

53 

49 

59 

59 

75 

92 

52 

50 

62 

68 

66 

78 

87 

99 

.96 

107 

88 

99 

108 

127 

80 

86 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet) .b 

2. 2 

4. 5 4. 2 

3. 6 

8.8 

4. 8 

5. 2 14.3 

4. 2 

11. 6 

5. 6 3. 7 2. 9 

4. 0 11. 1 

8. 4 9.0 

12.2 

8. 0 4. 1 

3. 3 2. 7 

2. 4 2. 7 

2. 1 2. 2 

1.6 

2.1 

1.6 

23 Nov. 1 1.4 1 _____ o_1 ____ T_r._1 ___ 1_0_1 ___ T_r._ 1_._--_-_--_-_--_-_. ___ 3_._o_

11 

___ 12 ___ 

1\lean........ 40 ----------- 16 .44 13 I 2.5 1 9.1 ---. 0----52-,--8-. 8----. 6----2-. 2----7-6 == ct Analyses Nov. 1, 1906, to May 2, 1907, by J. R. Evans; .May 14 to July 19, 1907, by W. D. Collins; July 31 to Dec. 1, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and w. D. Collins. b Gaging station near Centerville, Ala., 75 miles above. c Abnormal; computed as 1IC03 in the average. 
46 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED 'STATES. 

There is also a single· analysis of water from Cahaba 1 

River by R. S. Hodges.18 The sample analyzed was 

taken near Leeds, Ala. Restated herewith bicarbonates reduced to normal carbonates, the figures are as 

follows: 

Analysis of water from Cahaba River. 

1. Parts per million. 2. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-------------------1------------

C03 •• ·-------------------------------------------------------- 80.0 41.91 so •. ..: -----------------------------------------------------.--- 1. 7 . 90 CL ... ------~------------------------------------------------- 3. 5 1. 85 · Ca .. _---------------------- __________ --~-------______________ 40. 7 21. 33 

.Mg Na. ..• -------------------------------------------------------- 8. 0 4. 22 _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. 8 2. 00 

K _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 3. 6 1. 89 

Si02.--------------------------------------------------------- 46.1 24.22 (AI, Fo)oO, _______________________ ---- ____ ----_------------ ---~~ · ~: 

IS Alabama Geol. Survey, Underground water resources, 1907. 

This analysis differs · materially fron1 the average 

given in the Survey table. The salinity is more than 

twice as high, and the percentages of the several constituents are notably different. 

Analyses of water from Oostanaula River near Rome, Ga. a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Total Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Tur- iron Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage bidity. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. height 

From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (feet). 

--------- ---------------------------------

Oct. 21 Oct. 30 25 ----------- 9. 6 Tr. 12 ---------- ---------- 0.0 39 ---------- 0.1 2. 0 63 6. 1 31 Nov. 9 40 ----------- 23 0. 30 12 ---------- ---------- .0 46 ---------- . 6 3. 0 81 2. 8 Nov. 10 19 140 ----------- 34 . 40 9. 9 ---------- ---------- .0 39 ---------- .3 ---------- 79 3. 3 20 Dec. 1 124 ----------- 34 . 6 11 1.2 ---------- .0 37 ---------- .4 1.5 85 14.4 

Dec. 2 11 95 ----------- 29 .40 9. 6 ---------- ---------- .0 34 ---------- . 6 1.5 70 3.6 12 21 105 .... --------- 27 .9 8. 2 1.2 ---------- .0 32 ---------- .8 1.8 66 6.3 22 31 70 ----------- 25 .7 11 1.6 ---------- .0 44 ---------- .4 2.0 82 6. 6 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 65 ·---------- 22 .8 9. 6 1.2 ---------- .0 37 ---------- .6 1.5 62 8.0 11 20 25 ----------- 14 .20 11 1.2 ---------- .0. 37 ---------- 1. 0 1.8 67 3.0 21 31 30 ----------- 21 .8 13 1.2 ---------- .0 44 ---------- . 2 1.5 75 3. 2 

Feb. 1 Feb. 10 40 ----------- 18 . 6 11 3.2 ---------- .0 41 -·-------- . 7 2.0 66 9. 0 

11 20 4 ----------· 13 . 7 11 0. 8 ---------- .0 37 ---------- . 3 2.0 54 3. 6 21 Mar. 4 165 ----------- 33 1.3 14 2.0 ---------- .0 44 ---------- .4 3.0 83 9. 7 

Mar. 5 14 45 ----------- 16 .9 7. 6 Tr. ---------- .0 24 ---------- .4 2.0 47 6.1 15 24 25 ............................. 18 1.2 15 1.2 ---------- .0 51 ---------- .8 1.0 76 4.0 25 Apr. 3 12 ----------- 19 1.2 11 ---------- ............................ .0 34 ---------- .6 2. 5 62 3.1 

Apr. 4 13 65 ----------- 17 1.4 14 3. 2 ---------- .0 ................... ___ ---------- .4 2.0 70 3. 4 14 23 60 ----------- 8.8 1.4 15 4.0 ---------- .0 59 ---------- .2 2. 0 68 3. 6 24 May 2 260 ----------- 7. 8 1.6 13 .............................. ---------- .0 51 ---------- .0 3.0 61 4. 7 May 3 13 220 ----------- 18 .7 15 3. 3 8. 8 .0 72 2. 6 .8 1.0 100 4. 2 14 23 150 ----------- 18 1.0 11 3.1 11 .0 72 '4. 3 .0 1.5 92 5.4 24 June 5 340 ----------- 29 1.6 12 3. 2 11 .0 71 4. 3 . 6 1.5 120 5. 0 

June 6 15 200 ----------- 25 .6 --------·- 3. 3 6. 0 .0 74 4. 8 .0 2. 5 99 3.8 16 26 180 ----------- 28 . 40 14 4.1 8. 2 . 0 78 3. 6 . 6 2.0 101 2.4 27 July 7 415 ----------- 26 1.2 12 3. 7 6. 6 .0 68 3.8 . 7 2.0 106 2. 9 July; 8 17 370 ----------- 39 .8 13 3. 9 12 .0 78 5. 5 .4 2.0 122 2.4 

Aug. 7 Aug. 16 260 ---------...... 31 Tr. 9. 6 4. 6 13 .0 73 5.1 1.0 1.0 105 1.9 17 26 260 ----------- 23 Tr. 13 2. 9 9.4 .0 67 4.8 1.0 0. 6 87 2.0 Sept. 27 Oct. 6 125 ------·---- 47 Tr. 7.3 3. 2 7.6 . .0 51 3. 6 • 5 1.7 109 2. 6 

Oct. 7 17 45 1.2 44 Tr. 14 5.0 7. 9 .0 74 3.8 ---------- 1.2 118 1.5 18 28 10 Tr. 17 Tr. 11 2. 9 9.1 .0 70 3. 3 ---------- 1.8 81 1.0 

Mean ________ --- 128 ----------- 24 . 7 12 2. 6 9. 2 .0 53 4.1 .4 1.8 82 .......... ------

a Analyses Oct. 21, 1906, ·to May 2, 1907, by Jas. R.,Evans; May 2 to July 17, 1907, by W. D. Collins; Aug. 7 to Oct. 28, 1907, b'y R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. 

D. Collins. 
SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE AND EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO. 

Analyses of water from Tombigbee River near Epes, Ala.a 

[Parts per million.] 

47 

-----------~-------~-----~------~----~----~----~--~----~~------~-------~-------------~------

Date (19013-7). 1 'l'otai M Sodium Car- Bic~r~ IS I h t N't t T t I Mean , 'l'm- Silica Iron Calcium agne- and po- bonate bonate u P. a e 1 ra e Chlorine diss~I~ed gage 

I bidity. (iFr~n). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle r(aSdOic)Ie r(~Oicl)e (Cl). solids. height From- 9'o- " (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa).. t • 3 • (feet) . 

. ~~~-- ~~- -N-0

-,--_ -2-l----95_1 

_______ -_-__ -_-__ -_1 ____ 3_7-l---o-. 4-0-I------1-2 ---2-. 8-. ::::::::::~~~----49-' ________ :1--o-. 4- ---3-.-5 ---95- ---3.-7 

Nov. 1~ ~~ ~~ ::::::::::: ~~ : 0 g ~: ~ --~---~-~~ . 0 i~ ·::::::::: J l g 1~ !: i 

Doc. 2~ Dec. 1~ ~g ::::::::::: ~~ : ~~ :::::::::: ~~: :::::::::: : g ::::::::::,::::::::: :! ~: g ~~ ~: ~ 13 22 95 ----------- 27 . 20 ------~--- Tr. ~--------- . 0· ----------'--~------ . 6 1. 8 57 10.7 

J•· ~ 1 :~:. lll :~ :~~~::~~=~~ ~ :f -~ ------~-;- ~~~:=~~~=~ J i! 1~:-~-~-~-~-~-~-: J H :ft :H l~eb. 4 13 130 ----------- 22 . 6 12 1. 2 ---------- . o _ ~ . 8 2. 2 75 31.1 14 24 8 -------~--- 9. 6 .10 12 Tr. --~------- . 0 39 --------- . 5 3. 8 51 7. 8 

25 :Mar. 9 380 ~----------- 31 .40 22 2.4 ~-------~- .0 68 --------- .2 3.0 118 28.0 .Mar. 11 20 85 ---------~- 19 . 40 14 3. 2 ~--------- . 0 51 --------- . 4 2. 5 73 20.6 

21 30 55 ----------- 21 . 40 18 5. 2 ----------1 . 0 66 -~------- . 6 3. 5 88 8. 4 31 Apr. 13 140 ----------- 26 .30 17 2.8 ___ ._______ .o 56 --------- .a· 3.5 92 5.8 

Apr 14 23 320 ---·------- 28 . 8 20 · 2. 4 . 0 68 ~-----~-- . 4 3. 5 97 9. 4 24 ~·Iay. 3 450 ----------- 33 . 9 22 2. 4 --------~- . 0 73 --------- . 2 4. 0 104 12.3 May 4 13 120 --~-------- 21 1. 0 20 1:6 ---------- . 0 61 --------- . 1 3. 5 88 31. 2 14 24 180 7.0 15 1.0 20' 1.9 8.5 .0 79 6.2 .o 1.8 94 33.8 

June ~ June 2g ~g~ ~. 9 ------23··· t g ~~ ~: ~ ~. 2 :8 ~~ ~: ~ ~~: ~j 104 ~~: ~ 22 July 2 260 8. 8 30 . 52 ~~-------- ---------- 11 . 0 90 6. 6 Tr. 2. 4 127 4. 3 July 3 12 200 8. 8 39 ~ 1. 0 ---------- 2. 0 11 . 0 94 7.1 Tr. 2. 6 129 3. 5 13 22 45 2. 4 27 1. 0 23 1. 8 12 . 0 83 6. 7 Tr. 3. 2 119 2. 9 23 Aug. 1 35 2.4 25 1.2 19 1.6 10 .0 ---------- 5.9 Tr. 1.8 96 2.4 Aug. 2 11 60 3. 7 20 1. 0 18 1. 5 11 . 0 .. ~ _ ~. ___ ~ 7. 9 . 2 4. 2 95 1. 7 12 21 100 3.3 23 .32 21 .9 11 .0 i5 5.7 1.7 2.6 102 1.6 22 31 90 3. 5 29 1. 0 22 . 8 11 . 0 82 6. 1 1. 5 2. 4 115 2. 0 . Sept. 14 Sept. 24 20 1. 5 16 . 52 21 . 9 8. 8 . 0 73 4. 8 1. 4 3. 4 94 . 7 25 Oct. 4 50 1. 5 23 . 33 18 1. 5 12 . o 71 5. 2 1. 3 3. 0 98 1. 4 Oct. 5 14 20 1. 3 10 · . 24 16 1. o 7. 9 . o 50 6. 7 5. o 2. 6 71 . 9. 15 1 24 lO 1. 1 18 . 98 13 1. 2 7. 6 . 0 46 6. 5 1. 2 3. 0 73 1. 0 

Mean....... 126 ----------- 25 . 63 18 L 81 - ~~-- -~-- ~~ - -----'-------'--------'------'----'---·--' 

io ---. o-,-_--o-7 --6-.3-,---.6-----3-. o----9-4 ----

a Analyses Oct. 24, 1906, to May 13, 1907, by~- R. Evans; May 14 to Oct. 14, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. 

PEARL RIVER. 

Pearl River in Mississippi is represent-ed by the next table of analyses. 

----- ----- I Date (1006-7). I -- From- 'l'o- I ------I 

Oct. 16 Oct.. 26 I 

2i NO\', 8 Nov. 9 20 21 Dec. 3 Dee. 4 15 26 Jan. 5 Jan. {i 15 16 26 28 Feb. {i 

.Fob. 7 16 17 26 .Mar. I 1\'1:!11'. 16 17 26 27 Apr. 5 Apr. 6 18 19 29 30 May 9 May 10 23 24 June 2 Juno 3 1:3 14 23 24 July 3 July 4 13 14 23 24 Aug. 3 Aug. 4 14 15 24 25 Sept. 3 Sept. 4 14 15 26 27 Oct. 7 Oct 8 19 

Mean _______ _ 

'l'urbidity. 

45 

75 

30 

35 

40 

105 

55 

25 

60 

30 

90 

85 

60 

30 

160 

35 

170 

'60 

60 

45 

50 

50 

100 

45 

15 

30 

45 

45 

40 

50 

10 

30 

'l'otal 

iron 

(Fe). 

-------2:8· 6. 6 

4. 4 

9. 6 11 

7. 0 

7. 9 

3. 5 

3. 5 

2.4 

5. 2 3. 2 6. 1 2.8 

2.3 

56 -----------

_Analyses of water fr~m Pearl River near Jackson, Miss'.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Silica 

(Si02). 

13 

27 

21 

23 

19 

28 

32 

19 

19 

15 

20 

14 

13 

20 

16 

31 

23 

10 

11 

26 

24 

20 

13 

15 

13 

11 

11 

12 

13 

9. 7 14 

8. 9 

18 

Iron 

(Fe). 

0. 20 

. 7 

. 8 

. 7 

. 30 

.9 

,{i 

. 5 

. 40 

. 10 

. 20 

.10 

. 40 

. 5 

2. 8 

1.7 

. 05 

. 10 

.07 

.04 

Tr. 

.0:3 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

. 04 

. 03 

. 03 

. 03 

. 37 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

5. 2 

5. 5 9. 6 

10' 

12 

6. 5 4. 7 

4. 4 

4. 4 

4.4 

4. 4 10 

8. 8 8. 4 4.0 

5. 0 

5.1 

6. 2 

7. 9 8. 1 

9. 7 7. 0 8.6 

9. 7 8. 3 

7. 7 

6. 3 

7. 4 

6. 9 8. 0 6. 9 

Magne- Sodium I Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean and po- bonate bonate Chlorine gage sium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HC03). (S01). (NOa). solids. (feet). 

--o-. 8- =-= --0-.-o ---20-1=-= ---o-. 4-~ ---48-~ 

. 8 -- -------- . 0 22 -- ~- ~----- . 9 4. 0 69 3. 0 1.2 .0 321__________ .4 1.8 67 2.0 1. 6 . 0 34 ---------- . 7 2. 0 72 3. 3 1.2 .0 41 ---------- .9 2.2 65 3.4 Tr. . 0 22 ---------- . 5 6. 0 62 7. 8 . 4 . 0 20 - ~---- ~--- 1. 0 4. 2 77 9. 6 

1. 6 . 0 54 \---------- . 7 6. 0 76 5. 0 

1. 2 . 0 ~---~-----,---------- . 9 4. 0 52 7. 9 1. 2 . 0 15 --- ~ --- --- . 3 3. 5 43 18. 5 

Tr. . 0 --------- -~------- __ . . 1 3. 5 46 8. 9 Tr. .0 12---------- .2 4.0 36 23.0 1. 6 . 0 34 ---------- . 5 . 1. 8 50 9. 5 .8 .0 29 _______ ·___ .8 4.5 61 4.3 

______ ::~. ~--------- :.8 _______ :~.!=========·= :? ~: ~ ·~g ~: b 

Tr. .0 17 ·-~-------- .9 3.0 46 12.4 1. 2 7. 9 . 0 28 5. 5 1. 0 2. 5 50 21. 0 

1. 6 6. 7 . 0 I 28 6. 7 1. 1 2. 6 45 12. 7 1. 4 8. 3 . 0 4.f 6. 6 1. 0 3. 1 79 5. 4 1. 6 11 . 0 44 7. 4 1. 2 3. 4 74 3. 6 1. 6 13 . 0 56 6. 2 . 5 3. 2 76 2. 7 

1. 9 14 . 0 I 30 11 5. 5 75 3. 4 1. 7 9. 6 . 0 45 6. 9 . 9 3. 2 65 2. 6 1. 6 8. 8 . 0. 40 6. 8 'l'r. 2. 9 54 1. 9 1. 7 7. 6 . 0 40 6. 2 . 7 2. 6 52 1. 9 

1. 4 8. 3 . o I 32 6. 1 2. 2 5. o 59 2. 1 . 9 7. 9 . 0 29 4. 9 . 8 2. 6 53 2. 5 1. 0 9. 2 . 0 38 4. 8 . 0 2. 6 56 1. 9 1. 5 4. 7 . 0 30 4. 7 . 7 2. 4 41· 1. I) 

2. 1 8. 3 . 0 I 41 6. 0 Tr. 3. 6 63 1. 0 1. 3 8. 3 . 0 37 5. 6 . 2 2. 9 52 1. 3 

7. 1 --1-. 1----8-. 9----.. 0-. ,---32----6-. 4----. 7- 3. 4 59 ----------

a Analyses.Oct. 16, 1906, to May 8, 1907, by James R. Evans; May 10 to Oct. 19, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. ·n. Collins. 
48 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

SUMMARY FOR SOUTH ATLANTIC SLOPE. lated into the percentage composition of the dissolved 

·solids are given in the next .table, in which, '\Vith two 

exceptions, the alkalies have been corrected by Palmer's determinations of potassium. 

In the foregoing pages there are 18_ tables of analyses 

made in the water resources laboratory of the United 

States Geological Survey. The averages, recalcuReduced analyses of waters of the south Atlantic slope. 

1. James River. Mean of 36 composite samples. 

2. Dan River. Mean of 21 composites. 

3. Roanoke River. Mean of 20 composites. 

4. Neuse River. Mean of 36 composites. 

5. Cape Fear River. Mean of 30 composites. Water prob::tbly mojifiej by tidal contamin:~.tion. 

6. Peedee River. Mean of 24 composites. 

7. Saluda River. Mean of 16 composites. 

8. Wateree River. Mean of 34 composites. 

9. Savannah River. Mean of 34 composites. 

10. Ocmulgee River. Mean of 33 composites. 

11. Oconee River. Mean of 32 composites. 

12. Flint River. Mean of 20 composites. 

13. Chattahoochee River. Mean of 34 composites. 

14. Oostanaula River. Mean of 31 composites. 

15. Cahaba River. Mean of 30 composites. 

16. Alabama River. Mean of 33 composites. 

17. Tomoigbee River. Mean of 33 composites. 

18. Pearl River. Mean of 32 composites. In this table each composite sample analyzed was a mixture of 10 or more samples taken daily between the dates given in tjlo 

original tables. 

-----------1---1--1--2---' 

COa------------------ - 804------------------ Cl __________________ ~ 

N 0 3 ________________ _ 

Ca __________________ _ ~g _________________ _ Na _________________ _ }( __________________ _ 

Si02-----------------

Fe20a----------------

Salinity a ____________ _ 

36. 02 

8. 67 

2. 81 

. 37 

17. 10 

3. 66 

7. 20 

1. 34 

21. 98 

. 85 

25. 43 

5. 34 

5. 03 

1. 73 

8. 79 

2. 35 

9. 10 

2. 04 

37. 68 

2. 51 

89 71 

1oo. oo I 1oo. oo 

10 11 

:4.99 I---:-4.-9-3-I---2-:-.5--7-I--.-2-:-.-33--I--:-6.-0-1-I---2-:-_-1-5-I---:-2.-4-9 

5. 90 I 4. 90 6. 91 5. 95 8. 01 6. 33 9. 12 

2. 95 6. 34 12. 52 4. 60 5. 61 4. 22 3. 19 . 67 . . 43 . 43 . 89 . 69 . 60 . 91 

12. 74 ; 8. 50 10. 80 10. 25 13. 46 9. 49 8. 67 

4. 69 2. 59 3. 24 1. 93 2. 08 2. 71 1. 22 

6. 70 10. 09 14. 04 10. 99 } 9. 62 10. 84 14. 42 

1. 47 1. 87 1. 95 2. 82 2. 41 4. 12 

28.15 37.47 21.38 38.65 33.65 37.65 34.95 

1.74 2.88 2.16 .59 .87 .60 .91 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

79 73 57 69 62 73 60 

12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 

- ------------------------11-------1-------- -----1-----1------1------1------1-----

COa- ____________ ~ ___ _ 

804------------------ Cl __________________ _ 

NOa-.- ______________ _ Ca __________________ _ ~g _________________ _ Na _________________ _ }( __________________ _ 

Si02-----------------

Fe20a~---------------

21. 06 

7. 48 

4. 28 

1. 07 

9. 62 

1. 83 

10. 23 

2. 90 

39. 70 

1. 83 

26. 00 

8. 86 

4. 86 

1. 43 

12. 14 

2. 29 

10. 14 } 2. 85 

30. 00 

1. 43 

22. 73 

8. 95 

4. 17 

. 90 

13. 12 

2. 09 

10. 44 

35. 77 

1. 83 

21. 32 

8. 49 

3. 96 

1. 32 

9. 06 

1. 51 

12. 08 

3. 40 

37. 73 

1. 13 

32. 06 

5. o4 

2. 21 

. 50 

14. 74 

3. 19 

9. 60 

1. 96 

29.48 

1. 22 

32. 53 

11. 18 

2. 79 

. 76 

16. 52 

3. 17 

8. 78 

3. 18 

20. 33 .. 76 

27. 86 

10. 63 

2. 72 

.·83 

15. 35 

3. 42 

11. 33 

2. 12 

24. 79 

. 95 

33. 34 

6. 37 

3. 03 

. 61 

18. 18 

1. 82 

8. 18 

2. 32 

25.25 . 90 

25. 29 

10. 31 

5. 48 

1. 12 

11. 43 

1. 77 

11. 59 

3. 22 

28. 99 

. 80 

Salinity a _____________ . 

100. 00 

69 

100. 00 

68 

100. 00 

67 

100. 00 

52 

100. 00 

82 

100 .. 00 

76 

100. 00 

82 

100. 00 

94 

100. 00 

59 

a Parts per million. 

A glance at this table is enough to show the general 

similarity in composition of these 18 rivers. They are· 

all low in salinity and relatively high in their percentages of silica and alkalies. Calcium is low in all, and 

in some of the analyses it is exceeded by sodium. 

Some rivers in Oregon and Washington show these 

peculiarities, and so do others at the headwaters of 

the Elbe in Bohemia and the Danube in BavariaY · 

1u For analyses of these foreign waters see U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 695, pp. 99, 

101, 1920. 

The sin1ilarity is so great that the analyses of these 

foreign waters might be placed side by side with 

those of the south Atlantic slope as members of the 

same general family. 

Of course the rivers now under consideration are 

not identical in composition. There are naturally 

variations due to local conditions. The James, for 

example, shows the influence of the limestone area at 

the head of the Valley of Virginia, and 'in a sense it 

may pe regarded as intermediate in type between the 
SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 49 

Pot01nac and the mo~·e southern rivers. Cape Fear 

River, with its abnormal percentage of chlorine, shows 

the effect of proximity to salt water, for the samples 

analyzed were taken near Wilmington, a seaport. In 

spite of these local differences, however, the analyses 

in the foregoing table tell a definite story and are 

~asy to interpret. 

'fhe rivers of this region, at least those represented 

in the table of analyses, rise in the southern Appala-

·chians and, after a long course on the Piedmont Plateau, descend to the Coastal Plain. They owe their 

·Cheinical peculiaritie·s to the rocks at their sources, 

which are essentially sodic in character. The granites 

of Georgia, of which many analyses have been made, 

are 1nostly soda granites, and the rivers derive their 

silica and alkalies from the decomposition of sodic 

feldspars by carbonated waters. Streams emerging 

fr01n areas characterized by the presence of potash 

feldspars are n1uch poorer in alkaline compounds, for 

the 1:eason that potash salts are largely retained by 

the sedin1ents,. while the sodium compounds remain 

.in solution. The potash thus held back reappears in. 

the slates and shales, which are essentially consoli-

·dated 1nuds and in which potassium is usually if not 

always in excess of sodium. The rivers of the south 

Atlantic slope reflect the character of the rocks from 

which they flow. Their low salinity is due to the relatively slight so~ubility of the feldspars. Limestones 

are 1nore soluble, and therefore limestone waters are 

generally n1uch higher in salinity. 

Ogeechee River falls outside the class of the other 

stremns as given in the last table. Its course is in 

the Coastal Plain, and its dissolved solids are derived 

fr01n sedin1en tary rocks. 

SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 

. ~ 

Fmv annlyses of the waters of Florida have been 

made, and they all show the effect of proximity to the 

ocean. The streams flow through a country of only 

slight elevation, with many swamps and morasses. 

The underlying rocks are all calcareous and of geologi-

. cally recent origin. The following analyses are 

available for present purposes: · 

Analyses of wateTs in so1tthem floTida. 

1. Kissimee River. 

2. Lake Okechobee. Analyses 1 and 2 by W. T. Read for R. B. Dole. 

3. Small stream at Deerfield. 

4. Small lake at Likely. 

5. Clear Lake at West Palm Beach. Analyses 3 to 5, by the American Water 

Softener Co., are of waters close to the eastern coast of Florida. 

6. Turkey Creek at Turkey Creek station. 

7. Small stream at Ellenton. Analyses 6 and 7, o( waters in the region of Tampa 

Bay, were received from the Seaboard Air Line. In all seven analyses bicarbonates 

are here reduced to normal carbonates, and organic matter is rejected. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

-------1·---------------

COs •• ~----------------- 6.4 55.9 60.2 4.0 15.3 1.5 182.0 so, ____________________ 4.3 .7.3 4.0 4.0 1.3 8.2 22.0 

CL___________________ 10.0 28.0 35.0 46.0 30.0 6.1 47.0 

NOs------------------- .2 .1 ---------------------------------------- Ca _____________________ 4.5 31.0 72.1 2.0 9.7 3.4 72.0 

Mg·----------------.--- 2.7 7.0 7.0 3.6 2.4 .6 39.0 

~~-----~~================ I:; 1~:8 } 7.0 } 26.0 } 16.0 } 4.0 } 23.0 

Si02------------------- 1.0 8.2} 2. 7 } 2. 7 } 5. 5 6.9 -------- Fe20s ......... _________ · .1 .1 -------- --------

(Al, Fe)20s------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 2.1 3. 6 --------------

37. 8 155. 6 188. 0 88. 3 80. 2 32. 8 388. 6 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

---·-----'-·1_1_2_ -3--4--5--6-_._7_ 

COs-------------------- 16.93 35.96 32.02 4. 53 19.08 4. 57 46:83 so,____________________ 11.37 4. 69 2.13 4. 53 1. 62 25. oo 5. 66 CL ____________________ 26.46 18.00 18.62 52.09 37.41 18.59 12.10 

NOs------------------- .52 .06 ---------------------------------------- Ca_____________________ 11.91 19.93 38.35 2. 26 12.10 10.36 18.53 Mg ____________________ .7.14 4.50 3.72 4.08 2.98 1.86 10.03 

Na _____________________ 19.05 10.28l3.72} 29.45} 19.95} 12.19} 5.92 

K---------------------- 3. 71 1. 28 Si02 ___________________ 2.65 5.27 1. 44 } 3

.

06 } 6

.

86 21.03 --------

Fe20s.----------------- . 26 . 03 . -------- --------

(Al,Fo),Q, ____________ ~~~~~~~~~ 

·These analyses, in general tern1s, represent limestone waters, contaminated more or less by sea water 

and also by cyclic salt derived from rainfall. It is 

also possible that the porous coralline rocks and. 

coquina n1ay contain disseminated salt, and so too 

may the swamps through which the streams flow. 

Any one of these sources of chlorides would account 

for their presence in the 'waters. 
50 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STA'.rEs. 

MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

For the n1a1n stem of the Mississippi there are six 

tables of a:p.alyses made In the water-resources laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. Tables 

2, 3, 4 are from Water-Supply Paper 239; the others 

are from Water-Supply Paper 236. . They are as 

follows: · 

1. Analyses of water from Mississippi River at Minneapolis, Minn.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total / Mean 

Turbidity. c~i b~). {~~). C(if!).m -~~~e- f~~iS~ ~a~~~le ~~gi~~: radicle· radicle C~lg)i.ne diss?lved I h~fi~t 

From-~~ ----t-~----l---~-t...:..---t--<M_g)_._I_<N_T_a_+_K_>_t __ <c_o_3)_. -t--<H_._c_o_3)---t __ c_s_o_4)_. -1--<N_0-3)_. -t-----t--s-ol-Id_s_._.l ~eet).b 

Sept. 10 

20 Oct. 1 

11 

22 Nov. 1 

11 

22 Dec. 2 

13 

25 Jan. 5 

16 

27 Feb. 7 

17 

27 Mar. 9 

19 

. 30 Apr. 9 

20 

30 May 14 

24 June 3 

14 

24 July 4 

14 

24 Aug. 3 

13 

23 Sept. 2 

Sept. 19 

30 Oct. 10 

21 

31 Nov. 10 

21 

Dec. 1 

12 

24 

Jan. 4 

15 

26 Feb. 6 

16 

26 

Mar. 8 

18 

28 Apr. 8 

19 

29 

May 13 · 23 June 2 

13 

23 July 3" 

13 

23 Aug. 2 

12 

22 Sept. 1. 

11 

Mean ______ _ 

25 

10 

15 

10 

10 

15 

10 

5 

10 

5 

5 

5 

10 

5 

5 

5 

5 

10 

15 

30 

10 

5 

5 

7 

5 

8 

5 

20 

20 

5 

10 

5 

10 

5 

5 

10 

33 

30. 

19 

22 

21 

13 

12 

12 

13 

16 . 17 

15 

14 

16 

13 

16 

17 

11 

12 

9. 0 9.0 

15 

12 

15 

12 

14" 

12 

18 

20 

8. 6 

5. 2 13 

17 

19 

15 

15 

0. 10 ----------- 13 .10 40 15 

.10 38 ----------- .05 41 16 Tr. 42 15 Tr. 38 16 . 05 43. 16 

0 08 46 15 0 10 46 16 . 06 47 17 

Tr. 47 ----------- Tr. 41 14 . 06 46 16 . 10 45 18 

0 10 ----------- 16 .05 46 14 . 05 43 16 

----------- 46 ----------- 0 05 ----------- ----------- .25 27 8.8 . 01· 26 9. 8 . 15 34 12 . 04 33 13 0 02 39 13 . 05 35 12 

Tr. ----------- 12 . 15 37 13 Tr. 41 15 

0 05 44 ----------- .08 44 10 .13 43 11 .11 40 14 . 10 38 14 0 18 35 12 0 11 37 12 

.Oi 40 14 

15 

14' 

15 

10 

9. 2 11 

11 

9. 9 . 7. 6 

9. 8 13 

7. 5 11 

8. 2 12 

16 

17 

9. 8 9.6 

6. 5 

7. 3 

8. 0 7.0 

7. 9 5. 2 

5. 7 6.4 

11 

13 

12 

11 

7. 5 9. 0 11 

10 

0. 0 

.0 204 

182 

. 0 ----------- .0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.b 

. 0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

196 

189 

215 

218 

214 

208 

222 

222 

222 

220 

205 

222 

195 

147 

127 

127 

144 

f56 

178 

165 

159 

171 

193 

198 

206 

199 

173 

172 

185 

188 

8. 2 20 

14 

25 

27 

18 

20 

25 

23 

28 

20 

18 

12 

24 

23 

15 

. 9. 2 

17 

20 

20 

20 

18 

22 

19 

23 

16 

15 

8. 6 14 

14 

13 

10 

14 

18 

0. 8 

.9 

5. 2 

.4 

. 3 

Tr. 

. 7 

. 9 

1.8 

.9 

.9 

1.3 

1.1 

1.6 

2. 0 . 7.0 

4. 6 

2. 9 

1.9 

1.2 

1.1 

Tr. 

1.9 

.6 

. 8 

1. 2 

1.3 

1.1 

1. 6 

. 6 

1. 1 Tr. 

.4 

.4 

Tr. 

1.4 

0. 9 

2. 5 

3. 8 

2. 5 

2. 0 

1.0 

1.6 

2. 0 

1.9 

1.7 

1.5 

1.7 

2. 0 

1. 9 

1.9 

2. 3 

1.5 

2.0 . 2. 2 

. 3 

.4 

1.5 

.2 

.6 

3. 3 

1. 2 

3.1 a Tr. 

1.0 

1.4 

.4 

1.5 

. 5 

1.6 

2251 1. 7 209 2. 5 194 3. 0 191 2. 0 

2031 2.2 lSi 2. 8 206 2. 6 220 4. 7 220 9. 6 

236 ----------- 2li ----------- 213 ----------- 206 ----------- 217 ----------- 214 ----------- 221 ----------- 218 ----------- 207 ----------- 155 ----------- 132 

160 

183 

180 

209 

205 

ISO 

233 

221 

206 

198 

19i 

lSi 

185 

175 

173 

zoo 

6. 2 4. 5 

3. 1 

2. 3 

1. 7 

2. 9 3. 3 

4.0 

2. 6 

1. 3 

1.0 

. 8 

.7 

1.1 

1.4 

.6 

a Analyses September 10, 1906, to February 16, 1907, by W. M. Barr; February 17 to 26, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; February 27 to September 11, 1907, by Walton Van 

Winkle. b Gaging station at Anoka, !v.[inn., 20 miles above. 

2. Analyses of water from Mississippi River near Moline, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Magne- Sodium- Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate I Mean 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle radicle I CbJo,ine Total 

I 

gage (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (~04). (N03). (Cl). solids. height 

From- To- (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). (feet). 

------ ·--- I 

Feb. 1 Feb. 9 15 29 0. 32 36 19 13 0. 0 203 25 1.7 4. 5 241 4.4 

10 18 20 19 . .56 41 18 7. 6 .0 205 1 29 1.7 4. 5 219 3. 2 

19 28 70 11 . 20 33 13 11 . 0 158 21 2. 3 7. 0 ISS 4, 8 

Mar. 1 Mar. 10 65 15 ----------- 30 13 15 ."0 144 19 3. 2 4. 0 168 5. 3 

11 20 60 18 0 38 32 12 11 . 0 168 15 3. 0 3. 8 185 5. 3 21 31 150 18 0 39 32 8.4 18 .0 151 23 4. 0 4. 0 16S 6. 6 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------· ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------·-- ----------·- ----------- ----------- 9. 9 

11 20 55 11 .24 20 10.0 11 . 0 91 24 2. 2 3. 5 124 I 12.8 

21 30 25 8. 0 0 23 24 11 7.1 .0 118 17 1.7 2.5 ~~~ I 10.3 May 1 May 10 20 18 . 24 26 8. 2 8. 7 . 0 123 21 1.0 2. 5 7. 8 

11 20 55 12 .8 27 9. 8 11 .0 131 24 0. 4 8. 3 156 6. 5 21 31 100 10 0 50 27 12 5. 9 .0 116 21 1.1 2. 0 149 6. 8 

June 1 June ·10 90 12 0 34 31 13 11 .. 0 ----------- 17 2. 0 1. 8 li2 7. 1 

11 20 145 16 0 31 37 16 7. 7 .0 155 20 0.4 2. 5 1S9 7. 4 

21 30 210 14 .6.') 42 15 6. 8 . 0 161 27 1.7 3. 0 1S6 6. 6 

July 1 July 10 185 13 0 31 40 . 14 8.1 0 0 166 31 0. 3 2. 5 203 6. 8 

11 20 372 19 .42 41 15 8. 6 .0 173 35 1.8 2. 0 212 s. 3 21 . 31 350 22 0 32 41 16 10.0 . 0 171 34 2. 7 4. 5 20S 7. 7 

Mean _______ 117 16 0. 39 33 13 10 . 0 152 24 1.8 3.1 I 179. !-----------
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 51 

3. Analyses of wate1· from Mississippi River near Quincy, Ill. 

[Parts per million:) 

! Date (1906-7). 

Tn•bidity.l Magno- Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. height From- To- (Na+K). '(COa). (HCOa). (feet). 

--------

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 150 17 0.10 38 17 16 0.0 180 25 1.0 5. 5 224 5. 4 11 20 540 23 . 20 34 14 . 16 .0 161 23 2.1 . 5.0 192 6.4 21 30 360 . 21 2.0 36 17 18 .0 166 23 2.0 5. 5 197 5. 7 31 Sept. 9 ............................ ............................... ----------- --------3i' ........ i3' ----------- ----------- -------iiis· -·--------- ....... 2:s· ''"'''3.'5' ----------- 5. {) 

Sept. 10 18 245 17 . 5 10 .0 24 187 6.0 20 29 224 16 . 40 35 18 11 .0 156 20 1.8 9.0 196 5. g. 

30 Oct. 9 263 17 . 12 38 21 12 .0 162 22 2.0 4. 5 200 6. 0 Oct. 10 18 144 19 .02 38 21 11 .0 190 20 1.5 6. 0 213 5. 3 20 31 151 15 .04 42 19 12 .0 206 22 1.0 6. 5 220 4.4 ·Nov. 1 Nov. 8 50 19 . 04 41 19 14 .0 214 26 . 5 4. 3 223 4.S 9 19 30 17 . 03 35 16 8.0 .0 174 14 .3 7. 5 -185 5.S 20 30 30 16 .05 36 17 11 .0 182 27 2. 5 3. 8 196 5. 9- Dec. 1 Dec. 10 50 17 . 32 37 19 11 .0 188 28 2. 5 6. 2 217 6. {) 11 20 25 10 .11 35 18 13 .0 176 27 2.0 4. 5 190 5. 2 21 25 10.0 18 .28 37 24 ° 16 .0 225 39 2.0 6.0 244 2. g. 

Jnn. 1 Jan. 10 200 19 1.0 35 16. 16 .0 218 27 3.0 5. 0 210 4. 5 11 20 475 26 2. 2 36 . 18 9. 8 .0 185 35 2. 7 4. 0 237 6. 2 21 31 300 26 1.4 32 14 17 •.o 140 25 2. 7 4. 5 203 9.1 Feb. 2 Feb. \} 96 21 .9 39 17 8. 8 .0 180 30 2. 7 5. 2 218 4. 2' 10 18 so 30 . 44 41 18 12 .0 205 31 2. 5 5. 0 239 4. g. 19 28 182 15 . 26 39 16 8.8 .0 183 22 3. 2 6. 0 207 5. 8 1\olnr. 1 Mar. 10 110 16 . 25 33 15 12 .0 151 19 5. 0 3. 3 188 6. 5- 11 20 190 18 . 61 35 16 10 .0 175 26 4.0 3. 3 192 7. 1 21 31 195 17 . 61 ° 34 14 13 .0 176 26 5.0 2. 8 193 7. 5- Apr. 1 Apr. 10 250 18 . 35 32 13 7.0 .0 141 21 2. 8 2. 5 180 9.S 11 20 40 14 . 22 24 10 7. 9 . 0 121 22 2. 4 2. 5 144 12.9- 21 30 40 8.4 .28 38 10 12 • 0 138 24 1.1 6. 5 170 11. g. 

:t.·Iay 1 May 10 45 10 . 12 33 13 9. 2 .0 163 22 . 9 2. 5 176 9.1 11 20 55 10 . 34 31 11 8. 7 .0 151 32 2. 0 3. 5 213 7.S 21 31 165 15 . 7 32 16 8. 7 .0 158 22 1.4 2. 3 176 8. 2 Juno 1 Juno 10 170 14 . 13 34 15 6. 9 .0 161 19 2. 3 2. 5 188 8. & 11 20 '250 14 . 62 40 17 8.4 .0 173 16 1.2 2. 3 200 10. & 21 30 210 16 . 32. 45 17 8. 7 .0 190 28 1.5 3. 5 218 9. 1 July 1 July 10 150 20 . 12 44 19 13 ·.0 207 37 2. 5 3. 0 227 8.3 11 20 400 24 . 66 40 15 10 .0 163 28 2. 4 3. 5 211 11.5 21 31 175 31 . 5 45 17 15 .0 207 30 1.8 3. 8 239 13.4 

Mean ........ 173 r 18 . 46 36 16~1 11 .0 i75 25 2. 2 4. 4 203 -----------

4- Analyses of water from Mississippi River near Chester, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7/. Magne- Sodium Carbonate Biearbon- Sulphate Nitrate 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- radicle ate radicle radicle radicle Chlorine 'l'otal 

(Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). (Cl). solids. l~rom- ~I'o- (Na+K). 

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 1, 400 6. 2 0. 30 46 15 30 0.0 146 93 0.8 11 320 ll 20 1, 525 27 . 14 38 14 27 . 0 145 52 2. 1 '9. 5 237 21 30 1, 875 33 ; 30 40 16 17 .0 145 47 2. 5 10.0 0 245 31 Sept. 9 1, 650 16, . 04 39 13 20 . 0 161 55 2. 5 12 25& Sept. 11 19 840 24 . 25 40 17 26 . 0 164 48 1.4 10 249 20 29 980 19 . 16 47 17 19 • 0 167 55 1.2 16 26(). 

30 Oct. 9 766 16 . 05 39 17 24 .0 150 40 1.5 11 228 Oct. 10 19 1,100 19 .08 46 21 24 .0 190 54 2. 0 10 26& 22 31 530 22 .08 53 22 25 • 0 236 58 1.2 12 30& Nov. 1 Nov. 9 540 22 .02 52 19 28 . 0 219 66 1.5 15 316 15 19 710 24 .04 53 23 22 . 0 200 iS 1.7 13 310 20 28 634 19 ·, 20 42 17 15 . 0 180 54 3. 5 10 254 

Dec. 1 Dec. 10 293 20 . 37 43 19 15 . 0 195 49 2.0 10 265- 11 20 220 17 1. 30 46 20 16 • 0 192 54 2.0 9. 5 271 22 31 194 15 . 12 52 ....... is--· 24 .0 241 55 4. 0 11 301 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 325 20 . 56 43 16 .0 205 52 3. 5 10 271 11 19 450 20 1.1 39 15 18 .0 175 51 2. 5 7. 0 26(). 21 31 850 35 1.2 35 10.0 18 .0 lli 42 1.2 5. 7 222. Feb. 1 l.t'eb. 9 310 21 1.2 33 13 22 . 0 148 36 7. 0 6. 2 214 10 18 181 23 . 47 46 17 22 .0 189 49 5. 0 12 277 21 28 587 24 . 33 47 16 23 .0 187 63 4. 0 12 304 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 580 21 . 35 42 17 26 .0 161 55 5. 0 7. 5 26{) 11 20 390 34 . 45 42 13 19 .0 146 44 3. 0 18 257 21 31 800 19 . 26 38 13 19 .0 166 53 4.0 5. 8 23~ 

Apr. 21 Apr. 30 445 20 1.2 47 20 12 .0 166 65 2.0 5. 0 256 June 1 June 10 2,·ooo 23 . 13 44 16 14 ............... ------- 156 64 2. 4 7. 0 284 11 20 ....... i;3oo· ------------ ------------ ................................. ........................... ......... 24' .. .......... ------- ........ i7s· ------------ ------------ .. ___________ ------------- 21 30 '22 . 41 59 16 .0 66 2. 4 6. 5 296- July 1 July 10 1, 320 26 • 26 48 14 21 • 0 173 62 2. 5' i. 0 294 11 20 2, 300 25 .18 50 17 13 .0 170 81 2. 0 i.O 304 21 31 634 24 .14 47 14 21 .0 166 54 5. 2 7. !'> 25(). 

Mean _____ ... 858 22 . 39 44 16 21 .0 174 56 2. 7 9. 8 269 
0 

52 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

5. Analyses of water from Mississippi River at Memphis, Tenn.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1908). Sodium Car- Total 

I 

Tur- iron Silica Iron Calcium 

bidity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). 

From-~~ ----1·-(_F_e_)_. -1----1----1----

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

and po- bonate 

tassium radicle 

(Na+K). (COa). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HCOa). 

lVIeat1 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

Jan. 10 

21 

31 Feb. 10 

20 Mar. 2 

12 

22 Apr. 1 

11 

21 May 1 

11 

21 

31 June 11 

21 July 1 

11 

21 

31 Aug 10 

20 

30 Sept. 9 

19 

29 Oct. 9 

19 

29 Nov. 10 

20 Dec. 2 

13 

23 

Jan. :20 

30 Feb. 9 

19 Mar. 1 

11 

21 

31 Apr. 10 

20 

30 May 10 

20 

30 June 9 

20 

30 July 10 

20 

30 Aug. 9 

19 

29 Sept. 8 

18 

28 Oct. 8 

18 

28 Nov. 9 

19 Dec. I 

12 

22 Jan. 1 

Mean·----~--

. 420 

350 

340 

270 

420 

425 

680 

55Q 

960 

680 

550 

I, 150 

375 

485 

420 

1, 600 1, 300 

1, 400 

1, 000 

425 

900 

950 

600 

600 

280 

270 

220 

240 

270 

240 

230 

230 

180 

170 

265 

556 

40 o.7 _______ 

3

_

2

_,--14-==--;-_.o

0 

--1-46-==--o.-3----6-.0----1-98-~ 

39 . 7 17 ---------- 129 ---------- . 5 7. 0 209 34.9 34 . 20 . 0 82 ---------- . 4 7. 0 168 39. 5 

~ ~:~ :::::·-~r·--r- ~-~=~~-m :~ il [:=~~~~~ 1 ~r: m ~~ 34 1. 3 37 12 ----------, . 0 115 __________ ) . 2 12 188 32.9 22 1. 3 27 11 ---------- . 0 115 ---------- 1. 6 . 6. 5 156 23. 6 24 1. 4 29 8. 4 . 0 104 ---------- 1. 8 8. 0 161 21. 5 

31 2. 8 24 15 ---------- . 0 95 ---------- 1.1 9. 0 174 24. 7 31 1. 6 26 9. 7 13 . 0 95 36 2. 9 5. 0 188 30. 8 19 1. 1 30 7. 7 13 . 0 93 36 5. 5 5. 1 169 25. 8 

10 .12 ---------- 12 13 . 0 122 46 5. 3 6. 3 188 19. 2 19 . 05 42 12 ---------- . 0 153 63 4. 9 5. 9 247 27.3 12 1. 6 36 14 ---------- . 0 ---------- 53 4. !J 5. 5 231 28. 2 16 . 18 0 46 11 28 . 0 156 56 5. 3 8. 7 245 21. 9 

13 . 30 49 15 21 . 0 ---------- 67 2. 2 6. 0 246 17.8 14 . ll 41 12 28 . 0 172 67 2. 4 12 250 22. 9 16 . 08 37 9. 3 24 . 0 143 41 1. 8 9. 0 205 22. !l 

21 . 20 39 12 :tl . 0 144 52 4. 0 6. 8 220 17.0 

-----------, 22 . 131 41 13 21 . 0 149 47 4. 6 8. 0 236 14.8 ------i·g·---, 17 .17 36 12 22 . 0 144 40 1. 7 8. 5 207 14.1 22 .16 38 12 17 b8.4 130 33 1.2 8.4 204 u.s 24 .14 39 12 13 b7.2 146 34 Tr. ll 218 10.1 

7. 41 23 . 22 39 10 20 b 7. 2 145 37 Tr. 9. 8 219 10. 0 8.8 14 .5 35 10 16 bTr. 142 34 Tr. 9.4 198 10.9 11 21 .37 36 13 17 b7.2 134 34 .20 9.6 208 9.9 8. 8 20 . 12 43 13 18 b 3. 6 159 40 Tr. 11 235 7. 0 7. 9 1 21 . 52 42 13 28 b7. 2 159 39 Tr. 14 257 9. 0 13 i 10 . 42 36 11 18 b Tr. 127 43 'l'r. 16 200 12. 0 8.0 I 5.6 .07 33 10 14 b8.4 106 29 Tr. 9.0 162 11.6 3. 5 24 I . 24 . 36 12 17 b 13 u5 32 1. 7 9. 6 201 8. 4 

7. 9 26 .. 56 33 10 16 b Tr. 124 35 1. 5 I 9. 6 1 195 13. 5 

-~---------1--2-4-·,.----.6-1-l---3-6 --12--,---19----.0----1-29- 43 I. 7 8.61 202 ----------

a Analyses Jan. 10 to May 10, 1907, by Ja.s. R. Evans; May 11 to Sept. 8, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 9, 1907, to Jan. 1, 1908, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, 

and w. D. Collins. · b Abnormal; computed as iiCOa in the average. · 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 53 

6. Analyses of water from Miss~ssippi River at New Orleans, La. a 

[Parts per million.] 

------------~~----~------~------~----------------------~----~---------------------~----------~---------~------

Dnto 

(1005-0) .. 

From- 'roSilica 

(Si02). 

Iron (Fo) Aluminum Calcium · (AI). '(Ca), 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Carand bonate 

~?~:- radicle. 

(Na+K). (C03). 

Bicar- I 

bonate . Sulppate I Nit~ate Chlorine 

radicle radicle radicle (CI) (HC03

). (S04). (N03). -

· Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

Free 

carbon 

dioxide 

(C02). 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). b 

----------l--------l--------1--------1--------1-------·--------------------- ---

Apr. 20 May 7 

14 

21 

28 Juno 4 

11 

18 

2q July 2 

I) 

10 

23 

30 Aug. (I 

13 

21 

27 Sept. 3 

10 

17 

24 Oct. 1 

8 

15 

22 

21) 

Nov. 5 

12 

1\) 

20 Dec. 3 

10 

17 

24 Jan. 1 

7 

14 

. 21 

28 Feb. 4 

11 

18 

25 lVInr. 4 

11 

18 25. 

Apr. 1 

8 

15 

22 

May 0 9. 5 0. 11 0. 63 29 7. 5 13 8. 2 . 12 . 44 28 6. 7 20 8. 0 . 10 . 72 32 7. 9 27 8. 8 . 25 . 42 30 7. 1 June 3 8. 8 . 10 . 54 33 7. 7 10 11 .00 .59 31 7.1 17 12 . 10 . 72 33 7. 3 24 14 . 12 . 76 34 8. 1 July 1 14 . 06 . 67 35 8. 9 8 11 • 11 . 34 35 9. 0 15 11 . 13 . 30 ·34 8. 5 22 10 . 12 . 20 33 8. 1 2\) 12 . 11 . 29 32 7. 7 Aug. 5 13 .13 .32 33 8.5 12 15 .15 .'27 32 7.8 20 11 . 27 . 40 32 8. 0 . 2(1 12 . 26 . 23 32 8. 2 Sept. 2 11 . 30 . 28 33 8. 7 9 11 . 21 . 24 33 9. 0 

~g I ~~ : i~ : ~g g~ g: ~ 30 16 . 21 . 93 39 10 Oct. 7 10 .10 .43 33 8.9 14 10 .09 .33 30 6.8 21 12 . 08 .. 55 33 8. 7 28 12 . 09 . 36 39 11 Nw. 4 ~ .10 .~ ~ H 11 9. 3 . 09 . 41 34 10 18 10 • 08 . 41 32 9. 0 25 9. (j • 11 . 29 35 10. Dec. 2 11 . 08 . 42 33 9. 5 X 9 12 . 11 , 37 39 12 Hi 9. 4 . 15 . 18 42 12 23 8. 0 . 13 . 28 33 9. 1 30 6. 8 . 13 . 32 29 7. 6 Jan. 6 9. 2 . 12 . 47 31 7. 8 13 9. 2 . 10 . 38 31 8. 0 

20 7. o I . 09 . 25 32 8. o 27 9. 2 . 11 . 37 28 6. 7 Feb. 3 9. 2 . 12 . 33 29 7. 0 10 7. 8 . 10 . 29 28 6. 8 17 9. 8 . 11 . 34 27- 6. 6 

24 11 .10 .27 28 7.0 Mar. 3 9.2 .10 .32 30 8.1 10 13 . 12 . 44 35 10 17 10 ".10 .35 35 10 24 12 . 18 . 50 30 8. 0 31 11 • 15 • 42 31 8. 0 Apr. 7 9. 2 . 15 . 37 30 7. 8 14 9. 3 . 14 . 29 29 7. 2 21 8. 0 . 13 . 35 27 7. 0 28 11 . 13 . 24 29 7. 2 

12 ---------- 13 ---------- 14 ----------

19 ---------- 19 ---------- 14 ---------- 12 ----------

14 ---------- 14 ---------- 15 ---------- 18 ---------- 18 ---------- 15 ---------- 21 ---------- 16 ---------- 19 ---------- 14 ---------- 17 

21 ---------- 10 ---------- 15 ---------- 21 ---------- 17 ---------- 13 ---------- 14 ---------- 15 ---------- 15 ---------- 14 ---------- 11 ----------

12 ---------- 13 ---------- 16 H ~~~~~~~~~~~ 

11 ----------

9.4 ---------- 11 ---------- 8.3 ---------- 8.5 ----------

7.8 ---------- 7.8 ---------- 8.4. ---------- 9. 7 ---------- 11 ----------

10 ---------- 9.0 ---------- 9.4 ----------

9.5 ---------- 7.9 ---------- 8.3. 

9. 9 ----------

98 

100 

100 

103 

110 

105 

115 

122 

125. 

125 

116 

110 

108 

116 

111 

115 

115 

122 

120 

118 

126 

. 132 

117 

106 

118 

140 

151 

123 

115 

117 

126 

142 

145 

115 

94 

98 

100 

102 

92 

91 

91' 

85 

91 

105 

125 

116 

96 

98 

98 

91 

92 

92 

22 

23 

27 

23 

25 

24 

23 

24 

25 

30 

36 

35' 

28 

30 

29 

27 

24 

26 

29 

2(1 

24 

30 

27 

18 

20 

23 

25 

22 

21 

23 

25 

24 

29 

22 

20 

20 

18 

~ 

HI 

18 

17 

18 

18 

18 

21 

26 

22 

21 

20 

18 

17 

20 

2. 1 

2. 1 2. 1 

2. 1 2. 1 2. 1 

2. 0 

2. 0 

2. 0 

2.8 

2.8 

2. 7 

2. 6 

2. 7 

2. 3 

2. 3 

2. 4 

2. 5 

2. 4 

2. 3 

2. 5 

2.4 

2. 6 

2. 3 

2. 3 

2. 2 3. 0 

2. 8 

3. 2 

3. 0 

2.8 

2. 8 

2. 7 3. 0 

2. 8 2. 3 

2. 5 

2. 7 

2. 6 

2. r 

2. 5 

2.3 

2. 2 2. 2 

2. 7 2. 8 

2. 9 

2. 8 

2. 9 

2. 1 3. 0 2. 5 

9. 2 11 

.10 

11 

8. 3 

7. 5 

7. 3 

9. 8 

9.4 

9. 9 

7. 7 12 

7. 6 10 

10 

11 

8. 0 13 

17 

10 

10 

18 

12 

7. 8 8. 8 11 

11 

11 

9. 4 .11 

11 

15 

14 

9. 5 11 

11 

8. 2 11 

6. 5 

8. 2 

0.3 

6. 8 

7. 0 

8'. 0 10 

8. 7 8.4 

7. 3 

9. 0 

5. 3 

4. 8 

o. 1 

145 

150 

157 

158 

166 

156 

157 

176 

178 

185 

182 

183 

168 

195 

180 

179 

169 

185 

199 

181 

195 

210 

190 

157 

170 

192 

210 

108 

158 

1091 181 

207 

215 

172 

149 

150 

148 

157 

136 

138 

130 

131 

139 

150 

108 

. 165 

144 

145 

142 

132 

130 

137 

13 

25 

15 

38 

22 

16 

8. 0 15 

44 

9 

47 

30 

3 

47 

32 

15 

17 

20 

62 

20 

51 

. 21 

13 

22 

20 

10 

1\) 

31 

30 

39 

23 

23 

24 

33 

39 

18 

20 

28 

46 

44 

50 

37 

35 

31 

33 

48 

44 

45 

42 

52 

41 

45 

10.5 

10.6 

11.9 

12.3 

13.2 

13.9 

13. 7 12. 3 

10.9 

10.7 

11.5 

11.9 

11.4 

11. 2 10. 

9.1 

7. 4 7. 4 

7. 3 4. 8 3. 2 4. 8 

7. 0 5.4 

2. 8 

1.9 

3. 5 

5. 2 5.1 

4. 7 

3. 5 2. 8 

5. 7 8. 4 

7. 5 8. 0 

8. 9 10.5 

10.7 

11.4 

12.5 

12.4 

10.3 

7. 3 

7. 1 

9. 8 11.6 

8. 0 12. 5 13.4 

14. 2 15.5 1--------1--------1--------!·--------1-------l--------~-------l------- ll .13 .40 r 32 .8.4 13 

1 

.0 111 ---24-

1

1\~lcan •• _____ _ ------u--9-.7-----uiG=== _________ _ 

o Analyses by J. S. Porter, chemist, New Orleans water and sewerage board. b Onging station at Carrqllton, La., 5 miles above. 

0 
54 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS. OF UNITED STATES. 

The following table sums up the six foregoing sets of 

analyses. In each column the average c.omposition 

is restated in percentages of the anhydrous residue, 

with carbonates normal and Fe recalculated into 

F.:>20 3 • The ·alkalies in No. 5 were correct~d by 

Palmer's' later determination of potassium. 

Analyses of Mississippi water restated. 

1. At Minneapolis. Mean of 35 analyses of· 10-day composite samples 2: Near Moline. Mean of 18 composite analyses. 

3. Near Quincy. Mean of 36 composite analyses. 

4. Near Chester. Mean of 31 composite analyses. Nos. 2, 3, and 4, by W. D. 

Collins. 

5. At Memphis. Mean of 35 composite analyses. 

6. At New Orleans. Mean of 52 analyses of 7-day composite samples. 

2 I 3 4 5 6 

-----------1·---·-----·----- _· _...:_ 

C03---------------------------- 48.03 42.27 43.15 33.23 30.23 34.98 

S04---------------------------- 9.35 13.58 12.55 21.74 20.50 15.37 

CL---------------------------- . 83 2. 09 2. 21 3. 79 4.10 6. 21 

N03---------------------------- . 73 1. 01 1.10 1. 05 . 81 1. 60 

Ca -------------------------- 20.77 18.68 18.06 17.08 17.16 20.50 

~~=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::} ~: ~~ } X:~~ } ~: ~~ } ~: ~; ~j~ } ~: ~g Si02---------------------------- 7. 78. 9. 09 9. 03 8-54 11.44 7. 05 

Ah03-------------------·-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 45 

Fe203. _______ ------------------ . 05 . 28 _ 35 . 20 . 43 . 13 

100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 1100_ 00 100. 00 1100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million ______ 200 179 203 269 202 166 . 

In addition to the analyses made in the Geological 

Survey, the following analyses have been collected from 

other sources: 

Analyses of water from the Mississippi. 

1. At Brainerd, Minn. Analysis by C. F. Sidener, Minnesota Geol. and NatHist. Survey Thirteenth Ann. Rept., p. 102, 1884. 

2. At Little Falls,. Minn. 

3. At St. Cloud, Minn. Analyses 2 and 3 by Kennicott Water Softener Co., cited 

by Dole and Wesbrook, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 193, p. 55, 1907 

4. Above Minneapolis. 

5. Below Minneapolis- Analyses 4 and 5 by J. A. Dodge, Minnesota Geol. and 

Nat. Hist. Survey Tenth Ann. Rept., p. 207, 1882. .Organic matter rejected. 

6. At La Crosse, Wis. Mean of three analyses by different analyses, cited in 

Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull·. 35, p. 415. 

7. At Savanna, Ill. Mean of two analyses received from Chicago, Milwaukee & 

st_ Paul Ry. 

8. Above Carrollton, La. Analysis by C. H- Stone (Science, vol. 22, p. 472, 1905). 

Recalculated from bicarbonates. 

I. Parts per ntillion. 

2 4 

-----------------------------

C03----------- 100.6 90.0 96.0 104. 6 93.4 65.1 104.7 44. 2 

S04----------- 2.4 9.0 9.0 3.4 3.6 11.9 36.0 28.8 

CL___________ . 9 12-0 24. 0 1. 7 1. 9 5. 4 5. 0 16. 1 

N03----------- -------- -------- ----'---- Tr. Tr. . 3 -------- -------- P04----------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ·-------- -------- -------- . S ca ____________ 44.6 43.0 45.0 43.9 42.3 29.0 45.6 29.6 

Mg____________ 8.0 13.0 14.0 15.5 11.9 9.8 18.9 6.8 

Na____________ 10.0 } 8. 0 } 16.0 3. 3 3. 2 } · 7. 9 } 12.1 10-0 

K_ ------------ 3. 4 1. 4 2. 3 2. 3 

Si02----------- 18.3 4.3 5.8- 13.5 16.7 10.2} 7.4 

~!~~~---~======= ~: ~ ======== ======== -----:7- ----i:7-} 2-4 2. 2 : ~ Mn304-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 2 

195.0179.3 2o9.81s8.01177.0 142.0 224.5jl46:0 

Analyses of water from the Mississippi-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4 7 8 

-----1·-----------------------

C03----------- 51.65 50.20 45.76 55.62 52. 76 45. 57 46.65 30. 27 

S04----------- 1.05 5.02 4.29 1.80 '2.04 8.62 16.03 19.69 

CL___________ .48 6.69 11.44 _91 1.08 4.03 2.22 11.05 

N03----------- -------- _______ ·_ -------- .Tr_ Tr. . 21 -------- --------

PO•----------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 27 ca ____________ 22.94 23.98 21.45 23.38 23.90 20.30 20.31 20.25 

Mg____________ 4. 09 7. 25 6. 67 8. 24 6. 75 6. 72 8. 42 4. 66 

Na ____________ 5.14} 4.46} 7.63 1.77 1.81} 5.58~5.38 6-86 

K. ------------ 1. 75 . 7,6 1. 28 1. 57 

~1~6-3~========= ~: ~~ ---~~~~- ---~~:~- ___ :~~~- ---~~~~-} i: ~~ 0 99 

5

: ~~ Fe203--------- 1.49 ------~- -------- .36 .92 .08 

Mn30f ________ -------- -------- ________ -------- -------- -------- _____ -___ .11 

100: 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. c...o 

These tables, notwithstanding their irregularities, 

tell a definite story.' The upper Mississippi is low in 

sulphates and chlorides, whi~h tend to accumulate in 

the lower stream·. The chlorides come in part fron1 

human contamination but more iargely, together with 

sulphates, from. western tributaries, notably from the 

Missouri. At New Orleans, also, there is probably 

some cyclic sodium brought in rainfall from the Gulf 

of Mexico. On the whole, carbonates predominate in 

the Mississippi water, with all else subordinate. 20 

NORTHERN TRIBUTARIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 

North of Minnesota River the Mississippi receives 

many affluents, but. only a few analyses of their waters 

are available. They are as follows. All the localities 

named are in Minnesota. 

Analyses of water from the northern tributaries of the Mississippi. 

1. Mille Lacs Lake. Analysis by J. A. Dodge, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 4, 

p. 38, 1899. 

2. Platte River at Royalton. Not to be confused with Platte River of Nebraska. 

3. Rum River at Anoka. 

4. Sauk .River at Sauk Center_ Analyses 2, 3, and 4 by the Kennicott Water 

Softener Co., cited by Dole and Wesbrook in Water-Supply Paper 193, p. 55. 

.5- Lake Eddy at Brownton. Analysis received from Chicago, Milwaukee & 

St. Paul Ry_ 

6. Lake Minnetonka. Analysis by W. A. Noyes, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 2, 

P- 311, 1888. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 

C03-------~-------------------- 85.0 118.0 118.0 124.0 

S04---------------------------- 1. 3 17.0 0 8 13_ 0 

CL---------------------------- . 8 6. 0 12.0 6_ 0 

Ca.---------------------------- 22.0 58.0 50. 0 47. 0 Mg_____________________________ 15.4 14.0 17.0 25.0 

Na.:--------------------------- 9.6 } 9_0 } 7.3 } 3.9 } 

K------------------------------ 3_2 

155_ 4 

38.3 

5. 2 58.1 

33_ 8 

9. 3 

Si02---------------------------- 4. 3 9. o 18.0 5. o } 

. Yr:8:_--========================= ----~·-=-!======== ======== ======== 

7

· 

5 

64.7 

----·-:s 28.1 

8. 0 1.1 

2. 5 4. 8 

14Ulj231.0 223.1223.9 307:6 ---uo.o 2o Bailey Willis (Jour. Geology, vol. 1, p. 509, 1893), cites some imperfect analyses 

of the Mississippi and Missouri near St. Louis. Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 365, 

1896, contains other analyses of Mississippi water, but these too are incomplete. The early analyses of Mississippi water by Avequin and by Jones are of no value 

for present purposes. Partial analyses, containing some useful data, are given in 

Report of the sewage and water board, New Orleans, 1903. These relate to the 

lower Mississippi near New Orleans. 

() 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 55 

Analyses of water from the northern trib1daries of the Mississippi- MINNESOTA RIVER BASIN. 

. Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

COa---------------------------- 59.03 51.08 52.89 55.38 50.53 58.81 so.____________________________ . 88 7. 36 . 36 5. 81 12. 46 

CL---------------------------- . 59 2. 60 5. 37 2. 68 1. 68 . 72 On _____________________________ 15.25 25.10 22.41 20.99 18.88 2.'i.52 

:Mg----------------------------- 10.71 6. 06 7. 62 11.17 10.99 7. 23 

Minnesota River, which drains an area of 16,350 

square miles, eJlters the Mississippi between Mimieapolis and St. ·Paul. For the river itself we have the. 

following table of analyses made by Dole an·d his 

colleagues in the water-resources laboratory of the 

U. S. Geological Survey: 

Nn _____________________________ 6.68} 3.90} 3.28} 1.74~3.02 1.03 

.K __ ---------------------------- 2. 24 2. 32 Si02---------------------------- 2. 97 3. 90' 8. 07 2. 23 4. 37 

~~f:8:_-_~:::::::::~::~~:~~~~~~~~: ---~--~~- ~:=:::== :::::==: :==:===: 2.44 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Analyses of water from Minnesota River at Shakopee, Minn.a 

[Parts per miliion.] 

Dnto (1906-7). Magne- Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle 

Fmm-~ ·r~ (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S04),c (Na+K). (COa). (HC03). 

··----

Sept. 24 , Oct. 4 110 28. 0. 05 68 33 20 0. 0 270 123 Oct. 6 18 75 28 Tr. 77 40 21 c 9. 6 317 126 19 30 60 24 0 10 !:!2 ----------- 33 0 u 331 134 31 Nov. 10 80 29 Tr. 84 38 27 .• I 287 184 Nov. 12 22 70 29 0 05 86 37 25 .0 329 171 23 Dec. 4 70 20 0 05 9.7 39 32 .0 366 182 Dec. 5 Jan. 1 20 24 Tr. 116 ----------- 33 .0 444 215 

Jfi!l. 2 12 10. 22 ·. 05 150 58 ----------- 0 0 459 206 14 24 10 26 Tr. 121 55 30 

. :1 r--- i~f 205 25 Fob. 6 5 24 'fr. 126 57 ----------- 211 Fob. 7 21 10 28 Tr. 102 48 39 177 22 }'.{fir. 5 10 16 Tr. 59 26 22 0 0 . 201 94 Mnr. 6 16 10 18 0 03 69 22 20 0 0 222 118 l!l 29 275 19 0 40 43 19 15 .0 154 66 30 Apr. 10 110 13 0 18 45 19 14 .0 178 82 Apr. 11 21 -----------· 11 .15 50 25. 23 .0 212 107 22 30 50 22 'fr 72 33 22 .0 266 128 Mny 3 :rdny 14 30 14 0 01 99 42 26 .0 294 180 15 25 30 16 0 05 94 43 20 .0 320 203 28 June 6 80 20 0 18 91 40 18 .0 284 177 June 7 18 175 26 0 20 78 34 17 .0 261· 153 

19 29 105 30 010 77 32 19 .0 278 137 July I July 12 80 27 0 08 78 37 21 .0 310 140 13 24 330 28 .15 71 31 27 .0 . 287 114 2.'i Aug. 5 155 27 0 03 71 31 11 .0 279 112 Aug. 7 17 155 30 0 05 82 37 27 .0 334 133 19 29 240 25 0 04 66 30 21 0 0 271 106 30 Sept. 9 140 ------------ 0 05 66 29. 15 .0 236 126 Sept 10 20 140 32 0 04 77 32 19 c 6. 0 272 112 21 Oct. 1 165 23 .6 58 19 ----------- .0 200 94 

-r.•lc[lll __ ----- 97 231 0 09 821 35 231- . o 1 296 144 

Nitrate Total Mean 

radicle Chlorine dissolved gage 

(N03). (01). solids. height 

(feet). 

1.8 3. 5 419 6. 6 1.8 4. 2 469 4.1l 1.3 6. 5 477 4. 6 1.5 3. 5 536 6. 4 .9 4.1 533 5. 7 .9 4. 5 580 4. 7 2. 6 7. 5 696 4. 6 1.4 8. 7 688 3.4 1.4 11 692 3. 2 1.3 ----------- 722 2. 8 5. 5 10 609 3. 8 2. 8 4. 8 337 6.0 2. 3 1.4 384 4. 6 1.9 2.0 250 7. 8 1.8 2.0 288 9. 4 1.3 _______ 2._9_ 359 7. 6 7. 8 439 5. 7 Tr. 3. 7 527 5. 3 1.8 3.4 588 4. 9 1.9 2. 5 553 6. 3 1.6 1.7 482 9.8 1.2 ----------- 447 13. 1 3.4 3. 6 477 8. 7 2. 7 7. 4 419 7. 3 2. 2 ·---------- 408 6. 2 1.5 5. 8 481 3. 8 1.6 5.0 408 3.8 .4 1.9 397 4. 2 1.4 8. 2 '"I ao 1.5 3. 0 

2. 0 :~~. --------~· 0 4. 71 I 

"Analyses Sept. 24, 1906, to Feb. 6, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 7 to Mar. 5, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 6 to Sept. 9, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 10 to Oct.l1 

1907, by ll. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. · . - ,, Gaging stntion at Mankato, Minn., 60 miles above. c Abnorm:1l; computed fiS HC03 in t.hc averngc. 
56 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE .WATERS OF UNITED- STATES. 

In addition to these analyses there are two others 

which represent the .main trunk of the nver. The 

p~rcentage average from the Survey table 1s tabulat.ed with them. 

Analyses of water from Minnesota River. 

1. Bigstone Lake at Ortonville, Minn., an enlargement of the river. Analysis by 

C. F. Sidener, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Thirteenth Ann. Rept. 

p. 98; 1884. . 

2. Minnesota River at Granite Falls, Minn. Analysis received from Chicago, 

Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

3. Minnesota River at Shakopee, Minn .. the average from the Survey table, 

reduced to normal carbonates and with the alkalies corrected by Palmer's determination of potassium. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

3' .2 3' 

-----------1------------------

COa---------------~------------- 111.5 108.0 S04-------------------~-------- 190.4 212.0 c l_ 0--------------------------- 9. 2 3. 8 

~~ :::::::::::::::::=:=:===~:=: 44.3 ---92~6- Mg_____________________________ 48.7 19.0 · 

~~=~==:=::::::::::::::::::::::: 3~: g } 43.0 

~i~6;:~==::::==:::::::::::::::: 10~: ~ } 5. 0 

555.0 482.8 

145.6 

144.0 

4. 7 

2.0 

82.0 

35.0 

18.0 

5.0 

23.0 

.1 

20. 13 22: 37 34. 36 43.91 1. 65 . 78 

8. 00 19.06 8. 61 3. 93 

6. 69 } 8. 91 1.01 

19: ~g } 1. 04 

459. 4 1. 100. 00 100. 00 

31.59 

31.26 

1. 02 

. 43 17.81 

7. 61- 4:12 

1. 15 4. 99 

.02 

100.00 

The-following analyses are of waters tributary 

to Minnesota River, arranged 1n order going ·downstream. All the localities named are 1n Minnesota. 

Analyses of water from tributaries of Minnesota River. 

1. Sulphur Creek at Ortonville. 

2. Pomme de Terre River at Appleton. 

3: Chippewa River at Montevideo. Mean of two analyses. Nos. 1, 2, and 3 

received from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

4. Yellow Medicine River at Canby: Analysis received from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. · 

5. Redwood River at Florence, 1903. 

6. Redwood River at Marshall, 1903. Analyses 5 .. and 6 by Kennicott Water 

Softener Co., cited by Dole and Wesbrook in Water-Supply Paper 193. 

7. Redwood River at Marshall, 1919. 

8. Pond at· Tracy. 

9. St. James Lak'e at St. James. Analyses 7, 8, and 9 from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

10. 'l'emperance Lake at Sherburne. 

11. George Lake at Fairmont. 

12. Budd Lake at Fairmont. Mean of three analyses, 1898-1901. Nos. 10, 11, 

and 12 from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

13. Budd Lake at Fairmont, 1917. Analysis received from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

14. Lake at Alden. 

15. Prior Lake. Analyses 14 and 15 from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

I. Parts per million. 

-----I--t-__ 2_\_3_. __ 4_\_5_ 6 7 8 

COa ---~------ 237.0 221.0 269.6 • 131.0 102. o 134.0 183.8 129. 2 soj ___________ 700.0 258.0 127. 1 733.6 100.0 140.0 543.3 1, 142.9 Cl_ ____________ 3. 8 2. 7 10.6 5. 4 9.1 12.0 5. 7 10. 2 Ca ____________ Mg 256.0 130.0 104.8 282.5 65.0 92.0 200.3 231.4 ____________ 61.0 56.0 59.3 108.1 16.0 32.0 68.7 158.2 Na(K) ________ 110.0 40.0 38.9 23.5 26.0 11. 0 42.9 79.2 Si02 ___ : _______ } 8. 6 } 11.0 } 18.5 13.0 10.0 18.0 16. 1 30.3 (AI, Fe)20a ____ 1.0 1.5 2. 0 7. 5 . 7 ------------------------ 1,376. 4 718.7 628.8 1, 298. 1 329.6 441.,0 1, 068.3 1, 781.'6 

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 

------------- COa __________ : ________ 205.0 113.0 9. 40 88.3 126.5 99.0 71.0 so. ____________________ 188.9 27.0 Trace. 10.3 57.6 6. 5 Trace. Cl _____________________ 9. 9 3. 1 2. 7 5. 6 4. 2 23.0 1.4 Ca _____________________ Mg 107. 5 34.0 34.0 28.7 64.3 32.0 32.0 ____________________ 60.3 22.0 14.0 17. 7 23.6 19.0 9. 9 Na(K) _________________ 13.4 20.0 6. 7 10.4 8.1 22.0 1.0 

Si02------------------- 19.3 } 9. 9 } 4. 4 } 1.2 17.8 } 4. 5 } 4. 1 (AI, Fe)20a ____ ------ __ .3 .2 ------------ 30~.312o6~ --- 604.6 229.0 155.8 162.2 119.4 

Analyse3 of water from tributaries· of Minnesota River-Contd. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 

-------- ----------~----------

COa----------- 17.22 30.75 42.88 10.09 30.95 30.39 17.20 7.25 so. ___________ 50.86 35.90 20.21 56.51 30.34 31.75 50.86 64.13 CL___________ .28 .38 1.69 .42 2.76 2.72 .53 .57 

Ca I 18. 60 18. 09 16. 67 2. 176 19. 72 20. 86 18. 75 12. 99' 

~ici):~~====== i: ~~ ~: ~~ ~: 1~ t ~~ i: ~g ~: ;g ~: 6~ ~: ~~ Si02-----------l} 63 } 1 53 } 2 94 1. 01 3. 03 4. OS 1. 51 1. 70 (AI, Fe)20a---- · · · . 07 . 46 . 45 . iO . Q3. 

. jiOo.OO IOo.OOjWO:OO IoO:OO lOQOO lOQOO "'10000 Ioo.oo . 

10 11 12 13 14 15 

--------1---------------------

COa------------------- 33.91 49.35 60.33 54.44 41.85 48.07 59. 46 

S04-------------------- 31.24 11.79 Trace. 6. 35 19.05 3. 16 'rrace. CL ____________________ 1. 64 1. 35 1. 73 3. 45 1. 39 11. 14 1. 17 Ca _____________________ 17.78 14.85 21.82 17.70 21.27 15.54 26. so ·Mg __________________ . __ 9. 97 9. 61 8. 99 10.91 7. 81 ·9. 22 8. 29 Na(K) _________________ 2. 22 8. 73 4. 30 6. 41 2. 68 10.68 0 84 

Si02------------------- 3.19 } 4. 32 } 2.83 } . 74 5. 89 } 2. 19 } 3. 44 (Al,Fe)20a _____________ . 05 .06 --------------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 

These analyses are of interest in relation to the petrology of the Minnesota basin.. In the western part 

of the valley Cretaceous rocks predominate; to the 

east. Cambrian and Ordovician limestones, shales, and 

sandstones appear. The waters from the Cretaceous 

areas are very high in salinity and rich in sulphates 

derived from the solution of gypsum. The eastern 

waters are mu.ch less concentrated and approach the 

ordinary carbonate type. There are some discordances to be explained, but they are perhaps more apparent than real. The latest analysis of water from 

Redwood River is quite unlike the earlier pair; but the 

dissimilarity may be really due to the difference between high and low water. Differences of that order 

are not uncommon. The analyses of water from Budd 

Lake differ in a similar way, but No. 12 represents 

"city water," which may have been modified by 

treatment of some kind. 

TRIBUTARIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI BETWEEN MINNESOTA 

AND CEDAR RIVERS. 

Analyses of waters south of the Mim:~es.ota an.d north 

of Cedar River have been received from the Chicago, 

·Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. as follows: 

Analyses of waters tributary to the Mississippi . 

1. Whitewater Creek at Weaver, Minn. 

2. Root River at Preston, Minn. 

3 .. Rock Creek at Browns, Iowa. 

4. Miles Creek at Miles Creek Station, Iowa. 

5. Wapsipinicol:\ River at Anamosa, Iowa. 

6. SimmonsCreek at Paralta, Iowa. 

I. Parts per million. 

COa----------------------------

S04----------------------------

C1---------------------~-------

Na(K) ~li-~=======:=======·============ _______________________ . __ 

Oxidesa ____ ------------ ·-------

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

143.4 

4. 7 

1.2 

55.8 

20.8 

9. 0 

8. 9 

2 

148.1 

8. 2 

1. 6 61.7 

19.9 

9. 4 

6. 7 

3 

168.6 

11.4 

2. 2 58.3 

32.5 

6. 9 

1.4 

4 

131.3 7. 4 

2. 6 46.3 

24.7 

5. 2 8. 9 

90.4 

6. 1 1.8 

41.0 

9. 9 

7. 3 

1.4 

127. 2 12. 1 

2. 8 51.5 

20.0 

7. 6 

8. 7 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 57 

1.lnalyses of waters trib'utary to the Mississippi-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of .dissolved solids. 

4 

COs............................ 58. 82 57.95 59. 94 57. 99 57. 25 55. 33 

sol ... ·························· 1. 93 3. 21 4. 05 3. 27 3. 86 5. 26 

8~~:~::::::::::::::::::·:::::::: 22: ~~ 24: ~~ 2o: ~~ 25: !~I 2~: ~~ 2~: ~~ 

Na(K)......................... 3. 69 3. 68 . 2. 45 2. 30 4. 62 . 3. 31 

Two of then1 show the presence of magnesian limestones in more than the average amounts in their 

drainage basins. 

IOWA RIVER BASIN. 

l\·lg____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s. 53 7. 78 11. 55 10. 91 I 6. 27 8. 70 

oxidu• ••••••.••.••••••••..•..•• ~~~poo~~~~~~ . 

Iowa River drains a large area in central Iowa, and 

Cedar River is its largest tributary. As a matter of 

convenience the two streams may be considered separately. For the main stem of Iowa River we have, 

·first, the following table of analyses made in <the waterresources laboratory of the United States Geoolgical 

Survey: 

o~ilica plus sesquioxidos. 

These analyses are of typical carbonate waters with 

rather high salinity and low sulphates and chlorides. 

Date (1906-7). 

Turbidity. Silica 

(Si02). 

From- To-

--·- -- Sept. (l Sept. 15 90 28 10 25 105 28 26 Oct. 6 125 24 Oct. 7 l(l 75 22 17 26 50 36 27 Nov. 5 25 21 Nov. (l 15 20 14 16 25 15 10 20 Dec. 5 35 15 Dec. 6 1(j 20 26 17 Jan. 4 70 27 .Jan. 5 15 135 14 16 28 115 18 29 Feb. 7 10 .12 Feb. 8 17 15 8.8 18 27 75 6. 2 28 

""·I~ I 240 9. 2 .:Mar. 10 170 18 20 29 90 ........................ 30 Apr. 8 285 15 Apr. 9 18 50 14 19 28 30 .13 30 May 8 50 13 .:May 9 18 50 9.8 Hl 28 540 36 29 Juno 7 190 17 June 8 10 650 23 17 26 255 25 27 July 7 350 26 July 8 17 1, 200 25 18 27 375 22 28 Aug. 7 162 22 .Aug. 8 17 175 20 18 27 75 24 

28 Sopt. 'I 80 16 

Sept. ~can •..•. :~. 50 17 

1681 19 

Analyses of wa;ter from Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa.a 

· [Parts per million.] 

Sodium Carbonate BicarbonIron-(Fe). Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (Na+K).· 

------------ 57 20 17 h7. 7 245 

0.30 47 18 19 .0 222 

.10 51 21 13 .0 223 

.10 56 23 14 .0 273 

Tr. 64 26 13 .0 283 

Tr. 63 22 12 .0 . 262 

Tr. 60 20 16 .0 268 

. 10 59 21 17 ·.o 275 

.15 53 20 16 .0 253 

.10 61 18 16 .0 282 

.05 61 24 ------------ .0 281 

. 6 23 10 11 .0 90 

.7 21 . 7. 5 .......................... .0 83 .15 39 15 14 .o 160 

.07 44 13 12 .0 165 

.15 ·----------- 9. 2 12 .0 79 .9 -·---------- 11 14 .0 118 

.05 35 11 18 .0 141 

.16 46 15 12 .0 195 

.45 44 16 9. 5 .0 208 .10 59 21 12 .0 228 .03 61 23 15 .0 270 .40 46' 18 15 .0 ------------ .15 57 24 12 .0 270 1.4 48 14 11 .0 202 . 10 47 16 9.1 .0 181 . 40 38 13 11 .• 0 161 . 30 47 17 26 .0 ------------ .30 55 20 11 .o· 252 .35 30 8. 2 ········9:9· .0 114 . 7 35 9.6 .0 153 .06 55 16 15 .0 . 238 

:10 48 17 11 .0 218 .19 59 18 8. 9 .0 245 .11 52 19 ............................. .0 222 .02 57 20 18 .0 267 

. 25 49 17 14 .0 210 

Sulphate Nitrate 

radicle radicle Chlorine 

(S04). (NOs). (Cl). 

31 0. 2 3.8 

·········aa· 1.8 5. 0 1.7 6. 7 32 1.1 4.0 44 .5 3.9 35 1.3 5.4 . 30 1.5 4.4 36 Tr. 3. 7 36 4.4 4. 5 42 4.4 4.0 31 3.5 4.0 31 5. 2 2.1 30 1.7 2. 7 39 2. 3 3.4 44 2. 2 6. 7 34 6. 9 1. 4 51 6.4 1.8 36 4.0 2.0 38 1.3 3.3 36 4.1 ········a:2· 49 1.0 49 Tr. 4.2 47 . 6 5.4 38 Tr. 3.3 36 5.4 2.4 37 2.9 3. 2 30 3.5 1.9 32 3.4 4. 3 33 4.4 2. 6 40 3.0 ------------ 22 7. 2 --------·--- 29 3.1 1.6 32 3.9 2. 4 34 3.0 2.8 33 3.0 4. 2 38 .6 3.8 

36 2.8 3. 6 

a Analyses Sept. 0, 1906, to Feb. 17, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 18 to 27, 1907, by HenryS. Spaulding; Feb. 28 to Sept. 16, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. 

b Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average.· · · 

Total 

dissolved. 

solids. 

253 

264 

265 

273 

312 

289 

291 

276 

270 

312 

306 

139 

134 

196 

211 

129 

187 

·192 

231 

221 

285 

319 

284 

284 

278 

232 

217 

270 

268 

172 

192 

. 266 

249 

288 

243 

285 

247 
58 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND. LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Several other analyses may be compared with the 

average from the preceding series, as follows: 

Analyses of waters in Iowa River basin-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

Analyses of waters in Iowa River basin. 

1. Iowa River at Iowa Falls, Iowa. Mean of six analyses of samples taken in 

July and August, 1913. Analyses by G. A. Gabriel, Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 26, 

pp. 46, 47, 1915. Reduced to standard form. 

------1---.,-----__ 1_4 ____ _ COa____________________________ 43.87 45.56 49.81 41.36 42.17 

S04---------------------------- 15.91 14.89 12.03 18.39 14.70 CL____________________________ 1.10 1. 39 2. 54 2. 05 1. 47 NOa____________________________ . 27 . 45 . 28 1.15 

50.91 

9. 80 

2. 01 

2. Iowa River at Marshalltown, Iowa. Mean of six analyses by Gabriel, loc. cit. 

3. Iowa River at Amana, Iowa. Ca. ____________________________ 21.16 19.99 21.27 21.76 20.00 20.72 

4. Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa. Mean of five analyses by Gabriel, loc. cit. Mg __ ~----·---------------------- . 6. 66 8. 05 8. 48 4. 91 6. 94 7. 92 ·Na(K) _________________________ 4.89 5.22 4.86 6.10 5.67 6.05 

5. The same; average from the Survey table. 

6. East Timber Creek at Fergueon, Iowa. Analyses 3 and 6 received from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. · ~~!~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---~:~~- ---~:~~- ! .. ~~~~- ---~:~~- ---~:~~- !..~~~~~ 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

-----------·1------· ------------

C03--- ----------------~-------- 158.8 140.4 156.9 118.8 104. 2 so •. --------------------------- 57.6 45.9 37.9 52.8 36.3 CL---------------------------- 4. 0 4. 3 8. 0 5. 9 3. 6 

113.7 

21.9 

4. 5 

The water of Cedar River has been analyzed in t~~ 

water-resources laboratory of the Survey, with the 

. following results: 

N03---------------------------~ 1. 0 1. 4 . 8 2. 8 Ca_____________________________ 76.4 61.6 67.0 62.5 49.4 46.3 Mg_____________________________ 24.1 24.8 26.7 14.1 17.1 17.7 

Na(K). ------------------------ 17.7 16.1 15.3 17.5 14.0 13.4 

~l~.\~e);o·a~==================== ---~~~~- ---~~~~-} 3. 2 ---~~~~- ---~~~~-} 5. 8 Fe20a-------------------------- .5 .2 ________ .3 .4 _______ _ 

Analyses of water from Cedar River near Cedar Rapids, I owa.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7).' 

I I 

Magne- Sodium Carbon· Bicar· Sulphate I Nitrate J.'otal Mean Silica Iron Calcium and po- ate bonate Chlorine gage Turbidity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height From- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). solids. (feet). 

--- I 

Sept. 6 Sept. 15 80 20 ----------- 29 18 14 b 4. 8 153 24 0. 0 4. 3 171 3 . .? 16 25 60 25 0.10 32 ----------- 8. 7 .0 149 27 2. 4 3.0 203 4. 1 27 Oct. 6 50 26 .10 48 16 ................................. .0 217 23 3. 3 4. 0 236 4. 1 

Oct. 7 16 20 23 Tr. 55 21 15 .0 246 28 4.4 3. 2 269 3. 4 17 27 15 26 Tr. 52 19 20 .0 229 29 .4 3. 3 248 3.3 28 Nov. 6 20 27 Tr. 58 20 11 .0 255 29 1.8 4. 6 277 3. 7 Nov. 7 16 10 17 Tr. 60 19 14 .0 263 28 2. 2 3. 5 285 3. 5 17 26 20 15 .05 64 20 16 .0 262 33 2. 6 3.8 281 3. 6 27 Dec. 6 25 17 .04 51 20 15 .0 240 33 .9 3. 8 258 4. 0 Dec. 7 16 15 21 .10 62 22 17 . 0 273 37 4. 4 3.8 309 3. 7 17 26 5.0 13 .10 64 26 16 .0 309 1 4o 4. 8 4. 0 311 4. 3 27 Jan. 5 80 12 .20 51 17 13 .0 207 ··--------- 4. 4 3. 1 228 4. 2 Jan. 6 15 20 9. 2 .08 47 17 9. 7 .0 175 ----------- 5. 2 2. 5 193 4. 4 16 26 75 15 Tr. 42 13 13 .0 167 29 3. 6 2.3 193 4. 9 27 Feb. 5 5. 0 11 .05 61 19 ----·------ .0 258 31 5. 2 3.9 260 4. 5 Feb. 6 15 80 6. 4 .05 58 15 14 .0 221 46 5. 2 4. 8 242 4. 2 16 26 30 4. 6 .10 24 6. 6 11 .0 87 21 5.8 2. 2 119 5. 7 27 Mar. 7 70 9.8 . 25· 26 9. 6 14 .0 ----------- 35 4. q 2. 2 151 5. 3 Mar. 8 19 65 14 .18 32 12 12 .0 ----------- 21 3.8 8.8 178 4. 7 20 29 30 12 . 15 37 9. 4 16 .0 149 26 2. 6 2. 7 1751 4. 6 

30 Apr. 8 135 15 Tr. 41 14 9. 9 .0 175 29 2.8 2.3 203 4. 7 Apr. 9 18 30 11 .03 53 16 ----------- .0 213 34 2. 6 2. 7 246 4. 0 19 28 10 3. 0 .05 54 19 8. 1 . 0 210 46 .6 3. 9 250 3. 6 29 May 8 io 3. 0 . 05 51 20 8. 6 . 0 230 35 Tr . 3.8 241 3. 6 May 9 18 10 4. 0 . 01 48 21 11 .0 226 3:i . 5 3. 4 241 3. 3 19 28 95 5. 8 .18 ----------- 17 9. 8 . 0 204 32 3. 0 4. 2 225 3. 4 

June 29 June 8 55 11 . 02 43 16 8. 8 .0 207 ----------- 2. 2 3. 4 230 3. i 9 18 140 14 . 02 47 14 7. 0 . 0 179 29 4.8 1.9 215 5. 4 19 28 80 10 . 05 48 13 9.8 .0 209 28 4. 2 2. 6 244 5. 0 29 Jul_y 9 235 15 .15 49 11 15 .0 201 22 8. 0 2. 9 230 4. 5 July 10 19 390 20 .48 38 11 6.4 .0 145 22 3. 1 ----------- 179 6. 3 20 29 105 14 . 05 43 13 12 .0 189 22 2. 8 2. 5 207 6. 4 

30 Aug. 8 65 15 0 01 55 15 .. 15 .0 234 27 4. 4 4. 0 248 4. 8 

Aug. 9 18 140 20 . 20 40 13 8. 6 .0 166. 22 2. 2 2.8 192 5. 2 

19 28 50 10 . 05 42 14 9.1 .0 198 23 2. 3 3. 3 213 4. 5 

29 Sept. 7 50 20 .15 51 14 11 .0 201 29 1.6 2. 5 228 4. 6 

Sept. 8 17 10 13 .18 57 18 10 .0 253 31 1.9 3.8 253 3. 8 

Mean ..••••. 64 14 I .09 48 16 12 . 0 209 30 3. 1 1 3. 4 228 -----------

a Analyses Sept. 6,1906, to Feb. 15, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 16 to 26, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Feb. 27 to Sept. 17, 1907, by Walton Van \Vinkle. 

b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. · 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 59 

Sev~ral other analyses .of waters in the Cedar River 

basin are available, and with them the average ·of the 

preceding table may be tabulated. They are as fol~ 

lows: . 

Analyses of waters in Cedar Rive1· basin. 

1. Cedar H.ivor at Charles City, Iowa. 

2. Cedar H.ivor at Waterloo, low~. 

3. Cedar H.lvor at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Nos. 1 to 3 are each an average of five 

analyses by G. A. Gabriel, or samples taken in July and August, 1913. Iowa Geol. 

Survey, vol. 26, pp. 43-44, 1915. 

4. Cedar River at Cedar Rapids. E. G. Smith, analyst, 1893. 

5. Cedar H.ivor at Cedar Rapids. C. 0. Bates, analyst. Mean or several analyses 

or samples taken at different seasons of the year .. Nos. 4 .and 5 from Iowa Geol. 

Survey, vol. 6, p. 365, 1896. 

6. Cedar H.iver ncar Cedar H.apids. The Survey average. 

7. Silver Creek at Covington, Iowa. 

8. Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. Drains through Shellrock River 

into tho Cedar. Analyses 7 and 8 from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. P"aul Ry. 

I. Parts per million. 

. 4 5 6 g. 

-----1·----------------

CO a ...... .... 103. 7 94. 7 87. 8 106. 5 97. 6 102. 1 130. 7 . 98. 1 SOL .......... 20.3 34.0 41.4 15:1 21.3 29.8 15.3 4.2 CL ........... 8.2 4.1 5.3 2.1 6.6 3.4 3.1 6.0 NOa .......... 1.8 1.0 .0 ........ ........ ·3.1 .............. .. Ca............ 57. 6 50. 2 41. 7 46. 4 46. 3 47. 7 62. 1 23. 3 

Mg............ 16. 0 . 16. 5 15. 9 16. 5 15. 8 15. 9114. 1 22. 7 

~~::::::::::::} 16.3 } 17.4 } 15.7 ~: g } 5. 9 } 11.9 } 11.0 } . 11.3 

t\~, J<;o>·2·o;:::: ---~~~~- ----~~~- ---~~-~- i: ~ !: ~ ---~~~~-} 2. 1 } 3. 2 

Fc203 ------~-- . 7 . 7 . 1 ........ ........ . 2 1-------- ........ 249:6' 228. s 220. 9 200. o 203.1 228. o 1 238. 4 ---ws.s 

. II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 3 6 8 

-----1-----------------

C03 .. --.. --.. 41. 55 41. 39 39. 74 53. 25 48~06 44. 80 54. 83 58. 12 so.----------- 11.74 14.86 18. 74 7. 55 . 10.49 13.08 6. 42 2. 49 

Cl.. .......... 3. 28 1. 79 2. 40 1. 05 3. 25 1:48 1. 30 3. 55 NOa .......... . 72 . 83 . 41 ........ ........ 1. 35 ------- ........ Ca............ 23. 08 21. 94 18.88 23. 20 22.80 20. 91 26. 05 13. 80 Mg............ 6. 41 7. 21 7. 20 8. 25 7. 78 6. 97 5. 91 13. 45 

N.:a ............ } 6. 53 \ 7. 60 } 7. 11 1. 50 } 2. 90 } 5. 23~ .f. 61 } 6. 69 K............. ( 1. 95 

Si02 ;--------- 6.41 4.07 5.48 .40 2.36 6.10 .SS} 1. 90 (Al;Fo)20s .................... -------- .35 2.36 ------.--~ 1<'0303......... . 28 . 31 . 04 ........ ........ . 08 -------- ....... . 

100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00' 100. 00 

Apart from local variations of -no marked significance, analyses 1 to 7 are of essentially the same type.· 

They represent ordinary limestone waters, with differences due to the presence of more or less gypsum 

near the points of collection. The water of Clear 

Lake, however, is of a different character. It is a 

magnesian-limestone water, with magnesium in excess of the dolomite ratio, and it resemble% the remarkable group of waters in southeastern Wisconsin. 

DES MOINES RIVER BASIN. 

Des Moines River rises in southern Minnesota, near 

the. principal sources of Minnesota River. Most· of 

its course, however, is in Iowa. Its valley is in a 

rich agricultural region, with abundant limestones and 

also large beds of gypsum, especially at Fort Dodge. 

These give the water of the river a distinctly sulphatic· character, although carbonates. generally, but 

not always, predominate in it. For the main stem of 

the river there are several individual analyses, but 

the following table, from the water-resom;-ces laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. claims 

first attention. 
60 COMPOSITION OE RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from De's Moines River at Keosauqua, Iowa. a 

[Parts ·per million.) 

Date (1906-7). I Imn (Fo). 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate I Nitrate Total Silica Calcium Magnesium and Chlorine Turbidity. (Si02). . (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle ate radicle ·radicle radicle (CI). dissolved 

(Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (S04). (NOs). solids. 

From- To-

---

Sept. 10 Sept. 19 275 35 Tr. 50 21 27 o. 0 233 51 2. 2 4. 5 303 20 29 425 23 0.10 47 12 20 .0 188 40 2. 5 4.8 256 30 Oct. 9 150 23 .10 58 ------------ 14 .0 233 49 2. 2 4. 8 294 

Oct. 10 19 65 32 .10 68 34 17 . .0 ------------ ------------ 1.8 6. i 368 20 29 20 .31 Tr. .. . 70 30 31 .0 ------------ 92 .6 8. 1 396 

30 Nov. 8 115 23 . 05 64 . 25 20 .0 ----------·- 65 3. 1 5.4 336 Nov. 9 18 50 22 .05 71 28 19 .0 272 ------------ 1.3 3. 5 361 

19 28 60 17 .05 80 28 26 .0 310· 90 1.8 5. 1 399 29 Dec. 8 85 26 .15 74 27 22 .0 315 91 2.0 5.3 407 

Dec. 9 18 30 27 . 05 83 28 18 .0 ------------ 96 3. 5 5. 5 431 

19 28 5 18 .10 100 38 27 .0 412 107 2. 6 8. 1 492 

29 Jan. 7 525 34 -------·---- 61 22 18 .0 220 83 2. 6 4. 6 345 

Jan. 8 17 135 20 .9 50 17 13 .0 167 61 4. 4 6. 5 259 

.18 27 235 29 1.2 -30 10 11 .0 99 52 3. 9 4.0 207 

28 Feb. 8 40 18 .45 48 17 16 .0 168 69 1.4 6. 5 261 

Feb. 10 19 220 23 .5 65 23 18 .0 231 104 2. 2 8. 5 346 

20 Mar. 1 95 14 . 35 40 13 16 .0 . 134 61 5. 1 4. 7 214 

Mar. 2 12 650 20 1.0 41 14 12 .0 129 60 7. 5 5;3 . 245 

13 22 950 23 .9 43 15 22 .0 ------------ 79 7. 3 3.8 258 

23 31 450 18 .6 45 16 18 .0 175 64 4. 2 3. 3 258 

Apr. 2 Apr. 11 300 18 .5 55 19 13 .0 218 62 2. 6 3. 5 288 12 21 75 15 .10 67 24 17 .0 266 76 4.0 3. 9 339 22 May 1 35 19 .05 66 30 20 .0 274 89 .5 6. 2 386 May 2 11 20 11 .15 71 24 20 .0 266 105 Tr. 8.8· 383 12 21 80 5. 2 .05 57 27 19 .0 238 94 1.1 9. 6 335 22 31 1, 740 30 1.0 53 19 13 . .0 175 82 3. 4 3. 7 316 

June 1 June 10 . 1, 750 18 . 5 51 16 12 .0 . 154 74 6. 3 2.8 275 

11 20 1,400 26 .8 ------------ 17 10 .0 ------------ 67 9. 5 2. 5 303 21 30 1,200 21 .16 60 19 12 -. 0 218 62 2. 8 2.1 299 July 1 ·July '10 1,300 24 .6 55 20 15 .0 214 69 3.3 4. 6 296 .11 20 . 1,670 33 .8 ------------ ------------ 13 .0 155 44 6. 2 2. 5 231 21 30 1,100 17 .16 42 14 8.4 .0 185 35 1.9 1.2 212 

31 Aug. 9 ·830 33 .12 62 21 7.1 .0 249 52 5. 0 1.81 310 

Aug. 11 20 2,400 31 .6 47 13 19 .0 175 _51 7. 1 . 2.8 259 

21 30 550 9. 2 .04 64 

~I 23 

:g I 

243 71 2. 0 5.0 327 

:.~·~l-'-1 500 ------------ . 18 49 16 20 . 165 ------------ 2. 2 3.4 1 251 

542 22 .. 36 58 21 17 .0 216 71 3. 3 4. 81 312 

a Analyses Sept. 10, 1906, to Feb. 19, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 20 to Mar. 1, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 2 to Sept. 9, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. 
· MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 61 

The individual analyses of Des Moines River are 

given in the next table, and for convenience of· comparison .the averages of the Survey series, reduced to 

standard forn1, are grouped with them. They are 

arranged as nearly as possible in order going downstremn from the headwaters. 

Analyses of water from Des Moines River. 

1. West Fork at Jackson, Minn. Moan of two analyses received from Chicago, 

Milwaukee & St. Paul RY:., 1888, 1892. 

· 2. East Fork at Algona, Iowa, 1889. 

3. West Fork at Estherville, Iowa, 1912. 

4. West Fork at Emmetsburg, Iowa, 1912. 

5. At Dakota City, Iowa, 191~. · 

6. At Fort Dodge, Iowa. Mean or four analyses, July-August, 1913. 

7. At Moingona, Iowa, 1894. 

8. At Boone, Iowa, 1912. 

9. At Des Moines, Iowa. Mean of five analyses, 1913. 

10. At Ottumwa, Iowa. Moan or five analyses, 1913. 

11. At Ottumwa Junction, Iowa, 1889. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

12. At Harvey, Iowa, 1012. 

13. At Keosauqua, Iowa, 1012. 

14. 'l'ho samQ; Survey average, 1906-7. 

Analyses 2, 5, and 7 were made in the laboratory of the Chicago. & Northwestern 

Ry. Nos. 2 and 5 aro recalculated from figures cited in Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 6, 

p. 305, 1890. Analyses 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13 are by G. A. Gabriel, Iowa, Geol, 

Survey, vol. 20, pp. 45, 40, 48, 1915 .. All are recalculated into standard form. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 . 6. 

--------1---------------------

COs------------------- 116.9 45.8 121.0 122.0 198.8 134.6 165.9 sol-------------------- 80.5 u .. o 159. o Ho. o 60.4 121.3 101. 2 . 01_____________________ 3. 0 3.1 9. 0 3. 0 8. 2 7. 8 5. 9 

~~::================== ---iii:4- ---is.T ·92:~ 81: ~ 95.1 1o: ~ ----si.·s 

Mg____________________ ·24. 4 8. 1 32.0 32.0 27.2 25.9 36.3 

Na(K>----------------- 12.8 0. 3 16.0 17.0 6.1 25. 2 15. 7 Sl02-------------------} 3.8} 1.7 5.0 4.0 21.9 17.4 9.9 (Al,Fc)20s------------- -------- -------- 6. 3 -------- 1. 5 

Fc20s------------------~~~~~~m+~ 

8 10 11 12 13 14 

--------1---------------------

COs. __ ---------------- 108. 2. 121. 2 113. 2 134. 1 97. 4 107. 2 109. 1 

sol-------------------- 109. o 119:4 93. 1 108.8 89. 0 101. 0 71. 0 CI__ ___________________ 8.0 0.0 7.0 23.3 11. 0 13. 0 4. 8 

NOs------------------- .1 .4 1.3 . 2 . 2 3. 3 

Ca·-------------------~ 60.0 71.0 64.6 07. 2 63. 0 70. 0 58. 0 :Mg____________________ 25.0 20.4 22.7 23.0 

Na(K>----------------- 21.0 27.2 19. 2 47.4 

19.0 24.0 21.0 12.0 8.0 17.0 

Sl02-----------------·-- 10.1 18.1 13.6 } 3. 4 10. 0 16. 0 22. 0 

(J\l,Fc)20a .••••••••••.• -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- I<c203.----------------- . 1 . 3 . 2 -------- .5 .6 .5 

241. 4 284. 0 335. 5 407. 2 302. 1 340. 0 306. 7 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

3 --------1-----------·--------- O'Os---•--------------- 38.00 48.30 27.80 30.55 45.81 32.35 SO•--------------~----- 26.59 12. 25 30.00 35.00 13.91 30. 59 Cl_____________________ . 99 3. 27 2. 07 . 75 . 1. 91 1. 87 

NOs.------------------ -------- -------- . 09 . 07 . 22 

39.67 

24.20 

1. 41 

Ca_____________________ 20. 28 10.11 21.18 20. 28 21.91 18.32 10. 56 Mg____________________ 8. 00 8. 50 · 7. 37 8. 02 8. 57 6. 22 8. 08 Na(K)_________________ 4. 23 0. 05 3. 08 4. 26 1. 40 0. 06 3. 75 

Si02. ------------------} 1. 25 } 1. 80 1. 15 ' 1. 00 5. 04 ' 4, 18 2. 37 (AI,Fc)20s............. ---------------- 1.45 -------- .36 Fc20s------------------ -------- -------- 'l'r. . 01 -------- .19 --------

100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 

8 9 10 ' 11 12 13 14 

COs--------------.----- 31.69 31.57 33.'74 32.93 32.24 31.53 34.96 so. ____________________ 31.93 31.09 27.93 26.71 29.46 29.71 23.37 01 ___________________ ._ 2.34 1.56 2.09 5.73 3.64 3.82 1.58 

NOs.------------------ . 03 . 10 . 39 . 07 . Ofi l. 09 

Ca_____________________ 17.58 18.49 19. 26 16. 50 20. 86 20. 59 19.09 l.Vt:g____________________ 7. 32 5. 31 6. 77 5. 65 6. 29 7. 06 6. 91 

Na(K)_________________ 6.15 7. 08 5. 72 · 11. 64 3. 97 2. 35 5. 59 

Si02. ------------------ 2. 93 4. 72 . 4. 05 } .. 84 3. 31 4. 70 7. 24 

i~!5~~:~~~::::::::::::: ---·:o3- ;---.-o~ ----.-o:st.:----~- ----.-iii- =:2~ -.----.-11 

100. oo too. oo 100. oo J.wo. oo 100. oo· 100. oo 100. oo 

89135-24t-5 

For waters tributary to Des Moines River the 

. following analyses are available: 

Analyses of waters tributary to Des Moines River. 

1. Lake Spaulding at Fulda, Minn. Mean of two analyses received from Chicago, 

Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. · 

2. Timber Lake at Wilder, Minn. From Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

3. Heron Lake, ·Minn. Analysis by W. A. Noyes, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. · 

Hist. Survey Eleventh Ann. Rapt., p. 173, 1882. 

4 Okabena Creek at Okabena, Minn. 

5. Lake at Kinbrae, Minn. Analyses 4 and 5 from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 

Paul Ry. . 

6. Raccoon River at Maple River Junction, Iowa, 1916. From Chicago & North· 

western Ry. 

7. Raccoon River at Des Moines, Iowa; 1809. ·From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 

Paul Ry. City water supply. 

8. The same, 1912. Mean of three analyses·by G. A. Gabriel, Iowa Gaol. Survey, 

vol. 26, p. 48, 1915. 

I. Parts per million~ 

_____ 1 ___ · __ 2_ --3-l--4-__ 5___ 6_1 __ 7_: ___ 8_ 

COs----------- 123.9 187.5 116.0 1 110.7 151.6 100. 1 116.8 113.6 so. ___________ 86.3 116.1 50.6 131.0 215.5 . 37.1 30.7 124.3 CL___________ 4. 6 13.7 3.1 2. 5 3. 9 8. 5 2. 7 6. 4 

NOs--------------------------- 3. 8 -------- -------- -------- -------- 13.7 Ca ____________ ·59.3 70.7 56.3 72.0 45.5 '43.3 55.8 72.3 Mg____________ 27.3 51.9 21.8 28.2 67.4 15.0 19.7 21.3 Na ____________ } 18. 7 } 27. 5 7. 9 } 12. 5 } 39. 6 } 21.4 } 4. 2 } 12.0 

K------------- 3. 6 } } } 

t~~~~~2~~~~~== !---~~~- ---~~~~- ----~~~- ----~~~- ----~~~- !---~~~-'----~~~- ----~~:~ 32'7.3 '491.8 272. 0 358.0 527.0 23Q.71 237. ~ 386.5 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids • 

-----I--- __ 2___ 3_1 __ 4_1 __ 5_ -.-6- __ 1 _ __ 8

_ 

C03----------- 37.86 38. 13 42. 65 30.92 28. 77 43.39 40.22 so. ___________ . 26.37 23.61 18.62 36.62 40.89 16.08 12.94 

CL ___________ 1.41 2.78 1.14 .70 .74 3.68 1.14 

~~ ::::::::::: --is:i2- --.i4~3s- ~: ~~ ··2o:ii- ---s.-63- --is:77- --23~52· Mg____________ 8. 33 10. 55 8. 00 7. 88 12.80 6. 50 8. 30 

~~============} 5. 71 } 5. 59 i: ~~ } 3. 49 } 7. 51 } 9. 28 } 1. 77 } 

~1~.~6);03·_-_~:=} 2. 20 4

: g~ 2

: ~~ } . 28 } . 66 } 2. 30 } 3. n 

Fe20s--------- · 

29.39 

32.16 

1. 66 3. 54 18.71 

5. 51 3.11 

4.19 

1. 73 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 0 100. 00 100.00 

CHIPPEWA RIVER. 

Chippewa River rises in the lake region of northern 

Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi near the south 

end of Lake Pepin. Its drain~ge basin has an area 

of 9,573 square miles. For the composition of its 

waters we have, first, the following table of analyses 

made in the water-resources laboratory of the United 

States Geologica1 Survey: 
62 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Chippewa River near Eau Claire, Wis.a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Date (1906-7). Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium Magne- and po- ate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage 

(Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle (S04) 0 (NOs). (Cl). solids. height 

From- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (feet). 

---

Sept. 14 Sept. 23 5 24 0. 20 11 .3. 7 8. 4 0. 0 45 12 Tr. 3. 2 Ill 6. 4 24 Oct. 3 10 11 .30 12 4.0 7.1 .0 44 9. 0 1.8 2.1 98 6.1 Oct. 4 ·13 5 5. 8 0 20 12 5.1 9.4 .0 45 14 Tr. 1.2 98 5. 0 14 23 5 16 0 15 13 6. 3 7.0 .0 59 19 Tr. 1.3 103 4. 9 24 Nov. 2 5 15 . 15 10 5. 2 8.1 .0 39 16 Tr. 2. 9 102 7. 8 Nov. 3 12 5 12 Tr. 16 5. 2 8. 6 . 0 41 13 Tr. 2. 3 109 6. 8 13 22 5 12 Tr. 12 4. 2 ----------- .o 33 14 Tr. 1.5 87 6. 4 23 Dec. 2 15 16 Tr. 10 ----------- 7. 5 .0 39 17 .0 .9 93 6. 5 Dec. 3 13 10 17 .40 12 4. 2 9. 2 .0 40 19 .0 1.2 94 5. 4 14 25 5 15 .30 14 4. 9 10 .0 53 17 . 0 2. 0 101 5. 2 26 Jan. 4 5 15 . 25 14 5. 7 7. 3 .0 36 ----------- .9 1. 5 97 5. 0 Jan. 5 17 5 10 . 25 16 5. 3 ----------- . 0 58 13 Tr. -------2:7- 94 4. 9 18 27 10 12 . 40 15 5. 8 13 . 0 61 9. 9 . 2 96 ----------- 28 Feb. 7 5 15 . 25 17 4.8 5.6 .0 70 12 . 8 . 4 109 ----------- Feb. 8 18 5 15 . 25 17 8. 5 11 .0 66 10 .1.4 .6 97 ----------- 19 ' 28 5 15 0 25 17 4.1 8. 7 . 0 65 12 1.8 1.6 95 ----------- Mar. 1 Mar. 10 5 18 . 6 19 6. 6 7. 6 . 0 68 15 1.2 1.5 104 ----------- 11 20 5 12 0 30 ° 14 ----------- 9. 1 . 0 60 16 2.1 2.3 100 5. 1 21 31 20 4. 6 . 37 ----------- 2. 8 5.4 . 0 25 15 1.2 1.5 59 11.2 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 10 6. 8 .19 6. 2 3. 7 5. 2 . 0 ----------- 18 1.1 . 4 58 11.2 11 20 5 6. 8 . 15 11 2. 4 8. 5 • 0 22 14 .9 . 1 72 7. 9 21 30 Tr. 12 . 18 9. 8 3. 7 4. 6 .0 29 17 Tr. . 7 73 7. 0 May 1 May 12 Tr. 9. 6 . 24 ----------- 5. 2 4. 4 .0 39 16 Tr. Tr. 72 7. 3 13 22 5 7. 4 . 18 8. 2 2. 3 ----------- . 0 28 11 Tr. . 1 163 8. 7 23 June 1 5 7. 0 . 19 7.0 2. 4 . 4. 9 .0 28 9. 9 Tr. 2. 4 89 8 .. 2 June 2 11 5 5. 8 . 16 10 3. 0 4.3 .0 38 8. 7 .8 Tr. 68 6. 6 12 21 5 5. 2 . 25 10. 4. 3 5. 9 . 0 46 15 Tr. .2 87 6.0 22 July 1 5 10 .18 15 ----------- 9. 5 . 0 56 14 1.2 . 8 90 6.0 July 3 12 10 9. 8 0 20 13 4.4 7. 6 .0 45 15 1.0 . 2 81 6. 3 13 22 5 10 . 30 14 ----------- 7. 3 .0 ----------- 10 .5 .3 84 5.1 

23 Aug. 2 7 12 . 21 17 ----------- 10 . 0 59 9. 9 Tr. .3 93 4. 8 Aug. 3 13 5 14 . 15 16 6. 9 8. 6 .0 61 ----------- 4. 4 .3 90 . 45 

14 23 20 13 .19 16 ----------- 11 . 0 55 12 Tr. Tr. 94 0 47 24 Sept. 2 5 11 .09 13 5. 2 13 .0 . 59 12 .4 .3 88 . 44 Sept. 3 12 5 14 . 12 16 6. 1 11 .0 72 15 .3 i. 0 108 . 42 

Mean _______ 7 12 . 22 13 4. 7 8.1 .0 48 14 .6 1.1 go· -----------

a Analyses Sept. 14, 19~6, to Feb 7, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 8 to Feb. 28, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 1 to Sept. 12, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle . 

. Two other analyses of waters· in the Chippewa 

basin are available for use here and app~ar in the 

next table. With them the average from the Survey 

table, reduced to standard form, is included. 

Analyses of waters in Chippewa basin. 

1. Trout Lake, Vilas County, Wis. Analysis by E. B. Hall and C. Juday. 

2. Red Cedar River at Menomonie, Wis. Analysis from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

3. Chippewa River near Eau Claire, Wis. The Survey. average. Analyses 1 

and 2 are reduced from the figures given in Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey 

Bull. 35. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

--------·t-·-1 _ __ z ___ 3 __ · _1_J_z_l_3 _ .. 

COs •• --------------------·------ 11.0 64.1 S04---------------------------- 6."' 3. 5 

CL------------------------------ 3. 0 4. 8 NOs----------------------~----- -------- -------- Ca------------------------------ 6. 7 21.7 Mg-------------------~--------- 2. 5 11.0 Na_____________________________ . 8 4 .. 7 

K------------------------------ . 3 

Si02---------------------------- 13.0 8. 9 

23.6 

14.0 

1.1 

. 6 

13.0 

4. 7 8.1 

24.54 

14.29 

6. 69 

14.96 

5. 59 1. 79 

0 67 12.0 29.02 

rr:8:::::::=====================} 1.1 1.1 -----~~-}. 2. 45 

53.24 

2. 91 3. 99 

18.02 

9.14 

3.90 

7.39 

1. 41 

30.49 

18.09 

1. 42 

. 77 16.80 

6.07 

10.47 

15.51 

.38 

44. 8 120.1 77. 4 100.0 100. 00 100.0 

Trout ·Lake lies in an area of old crystalline rocks, 

overlain by glacial drift. Its low salinity and high 

proportion of silica reflect these conditions; and the 

Chippewa, which has other lakes of similar character 

at its headwaters, shows the same influences but in 

ess degree. Its· water is modified by tributaries of 

different type, and Red Cedar River is. one of them. 

BLACK AND LA CROSSE RIVERS. 

Black and La Crosse rivers are two streams which 

enter the Mississippi at La Crosse; Wis. The following analyses of waters from their basins are recalculated from the figures given in Bulletin 35 of 

the Wisconsin Geological and.Natural Histo;ry Survey. 

Analyses of water from Black and La Crosse basins. 

1. Black River at North La Crosse. Mean of three incomplete analyses from 

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Omitted from percentage table. 

2. Morrison Creek at McKenna, Jackson County, Wis. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. A tributary of Black River. i::-

3. La Crosse River at La Crosse. Analysis by Dearborn Drug & Chemical Co. 

4. Sparta Creek at Sparta, Wis. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

--------l---1-· 2 ___ a __ ·_4 __ 2_. __ a __ · _4_ 

CO a.------------------ S04--- _-- -------------- Cl _______________ ------

Ca ____ ----------------- Mg ---------------~---- Na(K) ------ ___ ---- ___ ~ 

SiOa---------------------

(Al, Fe)20s-------------

38. 1 10. 4 76. 4 68. 8 37. 01 55. 89 54. 82 7. 3 4. 3 7. 7 1. 5 15. 30 5. 62 I. 20 5. 1 . 5 1. 7 1. 5 I. 78 I. 24 1. 20 19. 5 3. 4 28. 8 26. 0 12. 10 21. 07 20. 71 

6. 5 . 7 13. 8 12. 3 2. 49 10. 10 9. 80 5. 5 5. 1 4. 2 1. 4 18. 15 3. 07 1. 12 (?) 2. 6 } I. 91 (?) 3. 7 1. 5 14. 0 13. 17 1. 10 11. 15 

28. 1 136. 7 125. 5 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN. 

Wisconsin River rises in the lake region of northern 

Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi below Prairie 

du Chien. Its drainage basin of 12,280 square miles 

is entirely within the State of Wisconsin. Its sources 

are in an area of the older crystalline rocks, but as .it 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 63 

flows southward it dTains sedimentary formations of 

various kinds. The watm: of the river therefore 

undergoes 1nany changes in its course southward. 

For the c01nposition of the water of the main stream,. 

we have, first, the table of analyses 1nade in the waterresources laboratory of the United States Geological 

Survey. 

Analyses of water from Wisconsin River near Portage, Wis. a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Magne- Sodium Carbon- Bicar· Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle radicle 'Chlorine dissolved gage 

(Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Cl).- height (Mg). tassium radicle radicle · (SO,). (N03). solids. }~rom- •ro- (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). (feet). 

--- -- Sept. 11 Sept. 20 10 26 0. 2.5 14 7.3 9. 2 0. 0 66 ----------- 1.3 0. 8 117 5. 2 21 30 15 16 . 40 14 7. 2 ----------- . 0 68 13 . 9 2. 5 109 5. 3 Oct. 1 Oct. 11 10 13 'l'r. 16 8. 5 7.8 . 0 66 13 .5 1.5 105 4. 8 12 22 5 15 . 30 16 8. 3 10 . 0 75 16 . 5 1. 0 98 4. 9 23 31 5 19 •.rr. 16 8. 9 7:6 . 0 60 24 Tr. 4. 0 108 6. 5 N ov. 1 Nov. 10 5 17 •rr. 15 7. 3 7.1 .0 51 15 Tr. 2. 5 100 6.1 11 21 10 6. 6 .10 14 6. 2 7.8 .0 49 11 .4 1.5 100 5. 7 22 Doc. 1 10 6. 4 .10 13 5.4 7. 6 .0 48 14 .4 6. 0 93 6.8 ec. 2 11 10 16 . 30 '----------- •.• I •. , . 0 43 19 1.3 1.3 89 6. 8 12 22 10 22 .40 13 

~: ~ ------~~--- .o 59 19 . 4 3. 2 112 6. 5 23 1 5 15 . 40 14 .0 48 25 Tr. .9 105 ----------- fill. 2 Jun. 11 5 16 .40 15 7. 6 7.8 .0 72 . 19 .4 1.8 106 ------............. 2.8 

D 

J 12 22 5 15 . 20 ----------- 7. 2 7. 3 .0 72 23 1. 4 102 ----------- 23 Feb. 1 5 13 . 25 16 9. 6 5. 9 .0 71 ........................... Tr. 1. 8 105 ----------- F •eb. 2 12 5 13 . 40 18 6. 7 13 . 0 76 25 2.4 ........... ------- 108 ----------- 13 23 5 13 . 20 ----------- 7. 6 10 .0 72 15 2. 2 4. 5 98 ........................... 24 Mar. 6 5 11 '.18 17 8. 3 12 .0 75 23 1.6 2.1 109 ----------- :lar. 7 17 10 10 • 23 15 ----------- 11 . 0 73 1\ ----------- 1.9 1.8 107 6. 4 18 28 10 9. 0 . 20 11 7. 2 5. 1 .0 47 . 13 I. 9 1.8 78 7. 7 29 Apr. 7 5 5.8 .20 9. 2 2.8 4.3 .0 26 11 1.7 1.2 65 12.3 pr. 8 17 10 18 .15 11 4. 8 -------5~9- .0 49 21 1.0 .6 96 9. 2 18 27 5 11 .20 IO 4. 9 .0 37 I6 . 5 1.9 78 7. 8 A 

28 May 7 5 7. 6 .25 11 5.0 5. 7 . 0 35 17 Tr. ----------- 87 7. 9 May 8 17 Tr. 6. 8 .20 ----------- 5. 5 4. 6 .0 43 11 Tr. I. 5 88 7. 2 

Moun ________ 7 I3 . 22 14 6.8 8.1 . 0 58 17 .9 2.1 98 -----------

a Analyses Sept. 11, I906, to Fob. I2,'I907i by W. M. Barr; Feb. 13 to M·ar. 6, I907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 7 to May 17, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. b Gaging station at Necedah, Wis., 50 mi cs below. · 

The following analyses of waters tr~butary to the 

Wisconsin are taken fron1 Bulletin 35 of the Wisconsin 

Geological and Natural History Survey, where they 

are all stated in terms of parts per 1nillion. Their 

percentage conlposition has been added by the present 

writer. The analyses are arranged in order from the 

headwaters of the Wisconsin downstream. 

Analyses of wate1·s in Wisconsin River basin. 

I. Dass Lake, Vilas County. Analysis by E. B. Hall and C. Juday. 

2. Lake at Woodruff, Vilas County. From G. B. Davidson, of Chicago & Northwestern Uy. · 

3. Lake Kewaugcsaga, Vilas County. Hall and Juday. 

4. Creek at Fosterville, Vilas County. Davidson. 

5. Crook at Monico Junction, Oneida County. Davidson. 

6. Smalllako near Wot:don, Oneida County. Davidson. · 

7. 'l'wo Sisters Lake, Oneida County. Hall and Juday. 

8. Minocqua Lake, Oneida County. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

9. J>rairio Hivor at Merrill. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Uy. 

10. Summit Lake, Langlade County. Davidson. 

11. Scott Crook ncar Marathon City. Daviason. 

I2. Crook at Stratford. Davidson. 

13. Yellow Uivor at Necedah. Davidson. 

I4. North Branch of Lemonwoir Uivcr near Wyeville. Davidson. 

15. Council Ct·ock at 'l'omah. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Uy. 

I6. Baraboo Hivor at Baraboo. Davidson. 

17. Silver Lake llt Portage. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Uy.· 

I8. Black Earth Crook at Mazomanie. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 

u·y. 

19. Wisconsin River at Grand Rapids. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 

H.y. 

20. Wisconsin Rivei at Portage. The average from the Survey table, reduced to 

standard form, is inserted for convenience of comparison. 

i. Parts per million. 

2 8 9 10 

--...,..----1--------------------

C03-------------- 1. 7 3. 3 15. 2 22.9 60. 7 4. 7 11. 6 31.9 64.3 I4. 3 S04-------------- 1.4 2.9 7.9 4.4 41.5 24.9 8.2 1.3 1.9 19.4 Cl_______________ 2. 5 I. 8 2. 7 1. 6 6. 8------ 5. 6 . 7 4. 0 4. 6 Ca _______________ .6 2.4 7.2 9.8 34.5 8.0 4.5 I2.6 23.1 11.3 

Mg ... --------~--- 1.2 .6 2.8 3.3 14.3 .8 2.2 3.4 8.4 3.8 Na_______________ .3} 1.2 2.6} 3.2} 4.4 4.7 4.5} 4.8}I0.4} 3.1 ]{________________ . 6 1. 7 4. 0 4. 5 

Si02-------------- 5. 0 4. 1 16.5 1. 7 IS. 6 4. 0 22.9 ------} 9 5. 6 

(A,I, Fe)203.------ ~~~___.2~~~~~~----~ 

18. 3 16 .. 3 62. 8 51. 7 184. 5 48. 8 72. 5 57. 3 113. 0 63. 4 . 

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 . 19 20 

------1--------------------

C03-------------- I3. 8 I04. 1 37. 4 51. 7 78.8 96.9 82.7 112.8 39.4 28. 5 S04-------------- 19.8 18.3 9.2 8.0 9.2 4.6 2.I 18.8 1.5 17.0 CL ______________ 2.4 1.6 .9 2.0 1.1 7.7 2.1 9.1 1.4 2.1 

N03-------------- ------ : _____ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ______ . 9 Ca_______________ 9. 3 55,2 19.2 20.5 28.2 29.I 33.5 29.5 13.6 14. o Mg_______________ I. 3 11.8 7. 0 10. 2 14.8 21. 5 I3. 6 32.6 5. 5 6. 8 

Na (K) _ --------- 8. 0 11. 5 . 7 1. 9 5. I 7. 2 1. 4 5. 9 6. 0 8. I 

~1~.\?e);o;~====== 1~: i I~:~ 8: ~ I~: n 3. 6} 2. 9} 10.8 1~: n 3. 8 13.0 

Fe203------------ =:.::.==:.::.=.:.=.=.:.=.=J.=..=.=.=.=.== _: ____ .=.===.= __ ._a 

73. 7. 218. 5 81. 3 109. Il140. 8 I69. 9 146. 2 226. 5 71. 2 90. 7 
64 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of waters in Wisconsin River basin-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 1 3 8 10 

------1--------------------

C03_,____________ 9. 29 20.241 24.21 44.29 32.90 9. 63 16.00 55.67 56.90 22.55 

804-------------- 7.65 17.79; 12.59 8.51 22.49 51.03 11.31 2.27 1.68 30.59 Cl_ ______________ 13.6611.04. 4.29 3.10 3.68 ______ 7.72 1.22 3.54 7.25 

Ca _______________ 3.28 14.73 11.42 18.96 18.70 16.39 6.21 21.99 20.45 17.82 

Mg _______________ 6.56 3.68 4.46 6.38 7.75 1.64 3.04 5.93 7.43 5.98 

Na __ . _____________ 1.64} 7.37 4.15} 6.19} 2.39} 9.63 6.21} 8.38~9.20} 4.95 

K. _ -------------- 3. 28 . 2. 72 6. 21 Si02-------------- 27.32 25. 18 26.28 3. 29 10. 08 8. 20 31. 58------ ----- 8. 82 

(AI, Fe)203- ______ 27.32 Tr. 9. 88 9. 28 2. 01 3. 48 11.72 4. 54 . 80 2, 04 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.001100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 

·11 ______ 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 18 19 20 , __ _ C03-------------- 18. 73 47.65 46.00 47.39 55.96 57.03 56. 57 49.80 55.34 31.42 

804--------------26.87 8.38 )1.32 7.33 6.54 2.71 1.44 8.30 2.1018.74 

CL ______________ 3.25 .73 1.11 1.83 .78 4.53 1.44 4.02 1.97 2.31 

N03-------------- ------ ______ . ----- ------ ------ ___ _. __ ------ ------ ------ . 99 Ca _______________ 12.62 25.27 21.16 18.79 20.03 17.13 22.91 13.03 19.10 15.45 

Mg_______________ 1. 76 5. 40 8. 61 9. 35 10.51 12. 65 9. 30 14.39 7. 72 7. 50 

Na(K) ___________ 10.85 5.26 .86 1.74 .3.62 4:24 .95 2.60 8.43 8.93 

Si02-------------- 14.11 4.9910.33 12.38} 2 ·

56 }i.n} 739 6.58} 534 14,33 

(Al,Fe)203------- 11.81 2.32 .61 1.19 · ·. · 1.28 · ------ Fe203 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ _ . 33 

These analyses, although they are very dissimilar, 

are nevertheless interesting. Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 7 are of 

lakes in northern Wisconsin and resemble analyses of 

similar-lakes in Maine. All these waters. contain very 

high proportions of silica, and in Nos. 1 ·and 2 the 

salinity is remarkably low. These waters derive their 

solid constituents from glacial drift that overlies 

granite and represent a definite type. Analyses 9 and 

12 to 18 represent characteristic: carbonate waters, 

which owe their peculiarities in gr-eat part to limestone 

and other sedimentary rocks. The water of Black 

Earth Creek (No. 18) is extreri:wly high in magnesium, 

and its source is evidently in a magnesian area. No. 

.20, the Survey average for Wisconsin River, represents a blen.di.ng of all the different types, which was, 

of course, to be expected. 

ROCK RIVER. 

Rock River rises in southeastern Wisconsin and 

flows into the Mississippi near Rock Island. Its 

drainage basin, of about 11,000 square miles, begins 

in the magnesian area of Wisconsin, and below this 

its course is in the glacial drift of Illinois. For the 

headwaters of the Rock, all in Wisconsin, the following 

.ten analyses are available, as recalculated from the 

figures given by Weidman and Schultz: 21 

Analyses of waters in Rock River basin. 

1. Creek at Burnett Junction, Dodge County. 

2. Honey Creek near Lowell, Dodge County. Analyses 1 and 2 from G. M. 

Davidson, of the Chicago &. Northwestern Ry. 

a: Rock River at Watertown Junction. Analysis from Chicago, Milwaukee & 

St.PaulRy. 

4. Rock River at Jefferson. From G. M. Davidson. 

5. Oconomowoc River at North Lake. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

6. Garvin Lake. Mean of three analyses. 

7. Okauchee Lake. 

8. North Lake. 

9. Lake Mendota. Mean of two analyses. Analyses 6, 7, 8, and 9 by E. B. Hall 

and C. Juday. 

10. Yahara River at Madison, Dane County. From G. M. Davidson. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 3 4 6 8 9 10 

---..,-----1---------------------

C03-~------------ 186.6 177.4 119.1 133.0 138.3 73.3 108.4 122.0 77.2 108:0 soj ______________ 20.1 .. 34. 3 3. 5 88.8 4. 2 11.9 13.9 13.7 15.3 11.4 

CL-----"--------- 15.8 6. 3 6.8 6.4 3. 2 5. 5 4. 0 5. 5 3. 0 9. 2 Ca Mg __ ------------- 71.7 72.6 32.6 66.6 43.9 22.7 34.3 40.3 19.8 33.0 _______________ Na 37.7 37.4 28.6 34.1 30.8 19.0 25.9 28.0 21.6 26.2 _______________ } 10.3 } 4.1} 6. 6} 7. 6} 2.1 2. 8 3. 2 3. 5 3. 6} 7. 5 

K_ --------------- 1.1 1.4 1.8 2. 2 Si02--- c --- ____ --- 14.9 14. 0} 6. 7 4.4 } 1.0 10.2 17.6 16. 1 15.2 . 3 

(AI, Fe)203 ------ 1.5 2. 0 1.5 4.1 1.5 1.8 2. 2 .3 

358. 6 · 248. 1 203. 9 342. 4 223. 5 150. 6 210. 2 232. 7 160. 1 195. II 

II. 1'\lrcentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 3 4 5 

-'1-·7 

8 9 10 

----

C03-------------- 52.04 50.97 58.41 38.84 61.88 48.68 51.57 52.43 48.22 5.13 

804-------------- 5. 61 9.86 1.71 25.94 1. 88 7. 90 6. 61 5.89 9. 56 5.82 CL _______ -~---- __ 4.40 . 1. 74 3.36 1. 87 1. 43 3.65 1. 90 2. 37 1.87 4. 70 

Mg 

Ca .•... _____ •. __ 19.99 20.87 15.99 19.45 19.64 15.07 16.32 17.32 12.37 16.84 _______________ 10.51 10.75 14.02 9. 96 13.78 12.62 12.32 12.03 13.50 13.38 

Na -------------- } 2. 87 } 1.19 } 3. 23 } 222l .94 1. 86 1. 52 1. 50 2. 25 } 3. 83 

K -------------- . 73 .67 .77 1. 37 

Si02-------------- 4.16 4. 03 } 3. 28 1.28 .45 6. 77 8. 37 6. 92 9.49 • 15 

(AI, Fe)203 ----· .42 • 59 .44 2. 72 . 72 . 77 1. 37 .15 ·-------------- 100. OG LOO. 00 100. ()() 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

21 Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 35, 1915. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 65 

For the main sten1 of Rock River in Illinois there are two tables of analyses by W. D. Collins,Z2 as·· follows: 

Analyses of water Forn Rock River near Rockford, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

---- --- ---------,------,,---------,------.--------.----;-----;------;---........,.------,-----

Dato 

(1906-7). 

---.,-----I Turbidity. Silica 

(Si02). Iron (Fe). Calcium 

(Ca). 

Sodium 

Magnesium and 

(Mg). potassium 

Carbonate 

radicle 

(COs). 

Bicarbonate radicle 

(HCOs). 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOs). 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

'l'otal · solids. 

Frorri- 'l'o- (Na+K). 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 11 20 

450 14 0.20 32 19 11 0.0 187 17 3.0 5.5 207 228 22 .24 29 21 11 .0 174 21 3.6 .2.5 198 

21 30 310 19 1.7 28 17 11 .0 161 16 2.5 6.0 179 

31 So pt. 9 Sopt. 10 19 20 29 

148 20 . 12 40 26' 7. 9 . 0 253 22 3. 5 . 4. 5 249 140 6. 6 . 50 41 22 11 . 0 272 18 3. 6 4. 5 .229 60 15 . 08 54 33 18 . 0 295 15 4. 0 5. 5 275 

30 Oct. 8 Oct. 10 18 20 29 Nov. 1 Nov. 8 10 19 

60 8. 8 . 04 44 26 10. 0 . 0 252 16 4. 0 4. 5 243 3o 13 . o1 I 52. 26 · 13 . o a15 11 4. o 5. o 296 

--------zo- -- -------ia --- --------: o5 T--------53- --------·aa- -------i2 ___ ---------.-o· --------a2o· ---------i9- --------5:o· -------·4: :s· ---------286 10.0 11 .04 55 32 7.5 .. 0 314 21 3.5 6.0 ,287 

20 29 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 11 20 

--------zo--- -------iii--- --------.-o7- ---------48- ---------ii2- --------9."5- ---------.·o- --------29i- --------·21· --------4: o- --------5:2- ---------256 15 12 . 13 52 32 13 . 0 310 25 4. 0 7. 5 295 

21 31 10. 0 18 . 14 57 34 14 . 0 347 34 4. 0 5. 5 320 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 11 20 

380 21 1. 5 35 19 16 . 0 184 28 4. 0 3. 5 218 290 18 . 8 32 18 10 . 0 218 30 4. 0 4. 0 228 

21 31 177 17 1. 2 28 14 11 . 0 139 17 3. 0 5. 0 173 

Fob. 1 Feb. 7 10 18 

50 22 . 7 39 23 12 . 0 234 30 3. 5 5. 0 243 40 18 . 26 46 25 9. 0 . 0 265 21 5. 5 5. 5 261 

19 28 M.nr. 1 Mal'. 10 11 20 

80 13 1.8 34 17 9.2 .0 176 19 4.5 6.0 194 20. 13 . 25 44 26 7. 9 . 0 227 22 7. 0 5 8 233 

21 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 -----··21o--- -------iii---··-------.-ii9- ---------4i- ---------zo- -------·1:6- ---------.-o- --------2o8- ---- ----~24- --------z: 8- -------·z: 8- ---------22ii 

11 20 21 30 --------ii5--- --------8:o· --------."iii- ---------5o- ---------iiii- --------4:8- ---------.-o· --------2ii4- --------·24· --------2:5- --------5:o· ---------2ii6 

May 1 May 10 11 20 

'21 31 

--------4o--- --------9.-2- --------.-i5- ---------52- ---------22· --------8:2- ---------.-o- --------292· ---------25· --------9_-o- --------ii:o· ---------iio6 70 8.8 .15 51 27 11 .0 287 23 3.'2 4.0 268 

Juno 1 June 10 11 20 

80 8. 6 . 26 53 29 8. 2 . 0 267 25 3. 6 3. 0 268 100 8. 8 . 18 57 33 7. 7 . 0 272 25 4. 0 3. 0 275 

21 30 110 15 .17 62 29 9.2 .. o 287 19 3.0 3.5 283 

July 1 July 10 11 20 

210 21 . 78 51 20 7. 6 . 0 260 18 6. 0 2. 5 243 240 18 . 54 53 24 7. 2 . 0 253 13 6. 0 3. 0 239 

21 31 340 28 . 38 48 24 11 . 0 226 20 2. 5 ' 6. 0 247 

Moan _______ _ 134 15 :44 45 25 10 ·. 0 252 22 4. 6 250 

Analyses of water from Rock River near Sterling, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Dato Sodium (1906-7): Carbonate Bicarbon- s~gi~r;e Nitrate 

'l'urbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and. radicle ate radicle radicle Chlorine Total 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). (Cl). solids. 

From- To- (Na+K). 

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 600 11 0. 20 40 25 14 0. 0 225 18 6. 0 5. 7 247 11 20 425 23 .12 30 18 13 . 0 158 18 3. 3 7. 7 187 21 30 565 23 2. 4 30 17 9. 7 . 0 153 13 3. 5 4. 5 183 31 Sept. 9 410 20 .12 49 31 6. ~ . 0 264 19 3. 5 5. 0 268 Sept. lt 17 600 17 . 30 47 23 15 . 0 278 19 2. 0 6. 0 265 20 29 290 13 .10 50 31 5. 7 .0 285 17 . 4. 0 5. 5 265 

30 Oct. 7 ---------i44- -------iii--- ........................... ___________ .. ---------26" --------7.-.7- --------·:o" --------iii2" ------------ ............................. -------io ___ ---------297 Oct. 11 18 . 03 55 22 3. 5 

20 28 216 13 . 03 56 34 10 .0 330 18 3. 0 5. 5 303 Nov. 1 Nov. 8 '100 20 .10 55 34 18 . 0 326 30 3. 0 6. 5 301 10 16 30 6. 8 . 03 53 32 10 .0 . 330 24 0. 4 7. 0 288 20 29 60 13 . 03 55 37 10 . 0 303 26 5. 0 5. 0 280 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 50 17 . 04 52 32 9. 2 .0 293 26 2. 5 6. 2 275 ll 20 50 8. 8 . 06 56 35 15 .0 ------------ 33 ------------ ............................. ·304· 21 31 20 12 . 22 54 29 16 . 0 3.50 21 5,0' 6. 5 337 Jon. 1 Jan. 10 280 10 . 20 37 24 14 .0 227 26 4. 5 5.0 252 11 Hl 187 26 . 56 41 I 24 13 .0 245 36 4.0 3. 5 273 21 30 210 16 1.3 29 14 18 .0 139 24 5. 0 5. 2 176 Feb. 1 :Fob. 7 45 17 . 64 57 31 22 . 0 285 40 1. 8 11 312 12 17 40 9. 6 .40 48 27 12 . 0 235 44 4. 5 16 . 270 19 •28 60 12 . 13 42 .21 15 .0 213 26 5. 5 5. 3 224 Mar. 2 Mar. 10 60 15 . 21 46 26 13 . 0 ------------ 24 6. 5 4. 0 276 1l 20 90 20 .14 59 28 17 .0 278 25 0. 3 7. 5 282 21 :n 110 15 . 26 49 21 12 .0 245 19 5. 4 3. 8 260 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 240 15 .46 46 22 19 .0 240 31 4. 6 2. 8 242 11 20 so 16 . 20 48 26 11 .0 242 29 3. 7 3. 5 260 21 30 75 9. 6 . 32 51 36 6. 9 .0 269 29 2. 4 5. 0 280 May I May' 10 55 16 .13 51 21 9. 8 .0 282 2~ 6. 0 3. 0 294 11 20 ---------285" --------9:o· ----"·--.-15" ---------5()" ---------29" ------------ ---------.-0- ------------ ------------ --------ii:8- 21 31 11 262 29 --------ii.-5" ---------26() 

Juno 1 June 10 385 13 . 57 50 28 9. 7 .0 267 27 3. 7 3. 3 271 11 20 200 14 . 32 62 31 10 .0 289 21 5. 0 3. 0 299 21 30 220 18 . 25 62 29 10 .0 314 22 3. 6 5. 0 287 July 1 July 10 475 13 . 30 52 24 6. 6 . 0 277 19 5. 0 3. 0 253 11 20 500 17 .14 52 21 7. 3 .0 248 21' 2. 6 3. 5 '244 21 31 618 24 . 19 53 25 10 . 0 255 18 1.7 5. 0 255 

:Mean ________ 2291 15 . 31 . 4!l-l 

-- 27 12 .0 2631 25 3. 8 5. 5 267 

22 U.S. Oeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 239, 1910. 
66 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED: STATES. 

Reduced to percentages, with carbonates normal 

and Fe restated as Fe20 3; the two tables by Collins 

give the following averages: 

Percentage composition of Rock River waters. 

1. Rock River near Rockford, Ill. 

2. Rock River near Sterling, Ill. 

2 . 

COs---------------------------------------------------------- 49. 54 48.48 so4---------------------------------------------------------- 8. 79 . 9. 35 c-..__________________________________________________________ 1. 84 2. 06 

NO Ca a.- __ -_--------------------------------------------------- 1. 64 1. 42 ________ ----- _ _ _ __ __ _____ _ ______ __ _ ___ __ __ _____ _ _ _ __ _ _ _____ 17. 98 18. 34 1\![g __________________________________________________________ . 9. 99 10.10 

Na(K) __ -------- -------------~------------------------------- 3. 99 4. 49 Si02. ____________________ ---- __ ------- _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ 5. 99 5. 61 

Fe20a. __ ----------------------------------------------------- . 24 . 15 

100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million_----------------------------------- 250.3 267. 3 

In addition to the foregoing analyses there are two 

others of waters in the lower part of the Rock River 

basin. With them, as a matter of convenience, a single 

analysis of water from Plum River may be included. 

Plum River is a relatively small stream that enters the 

Mississippi at Savanna, Ill., about 50 miles north of 

Rock River. The data are as follows: 

Analyses of water in Rock River basin, etc. 

l. Lake at Nelson, Ill. Received from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

2. Leaf River at Leaf River Station, Ill. 

3. Plum River at Savanna, Ill. Analyses 2 and 3 from Chicago, Milwaukee & 

St. Paul Ry. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 . 3 2 

-----------1------------------

COa .. --- _____ -- _____ ----- _____ -

so4--- ------------------------- Cl_ __ ------------------- -~ ------

Ca._---------------------------

. Mg_; __ ------·------------------- Na(K) ~ _ ----------------------- . Si02 ... _________ ------- __ ------ _ 

(AI, Fe)20s---------------------

107. 0 185. 6 95.8 Tr. 8. 7 3. 8 63.2 61.4 

28.8 33.4 5. 6 10.1 11: ~ } . 2. 9 } 

132.8 

9. 7 3. 5 49.2 

24.8 

4. 7 

6. 3 

33.27 62.44 29.80 Tr .. 2.71 1.29 19.67 20.61 8. 96 11. 25 1. 76 3. 42 

3: gi } . 99 

57.49 

4.18 

1. 53 21.29 

10.72 

2.05 

2. 74 

321. 4 297. 2 231. 0 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

The analyses of waters in Rock River basin are 

especially interesting, because they reinforce the evidence, which has already been discussed in relation 

. to the Lake Michigan area, of the magnesian character of, southeastern Wisconsin-a definite hydrochemical province. All the waters at the head of 

Rock River are strongly magnesian, and this peculiarity is manifest throughout the length of the stream. 

The same peculiarity. appears in the Illinois River 

. basin. 

ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN. 

Illinois River, which drains nearly half of the State 

of Illinois, is formed by· the union of the Desplaines 

and the Kankakee. Its normal drainage basin has an 

area of about 27,900 square miles; bu.t it is also affected by the Chicago drainage canal, which carries 

the sewage of Chicago diluted by water from Lake 

Michigan. 23 The effect of this addition will be considered later. The two components of the Illinois 

may be studied first. 

DESPLAINES AND KANKAKEE RIVERS. 

Desplaines River rises in southeastern Wisconsin and 

drains an area of 1,392 square miles. Near its mouth, 

at Lockport, it receives the water of the Chicago 

drainage canal a~d therefore becomes much polluted.· 

The analyses cited later are of water taken much 

farther upstream. Kankakee River rises in northern 

Indiana and drains an area of 5,146 square miles. 

For the composition of its water we have, first, the 

table of analyses by Collins, which gives an average 

for an entire year, as follows: 

2a For other details see Collins; W. D., U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

239, 1910 . 
. MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 67 

Analyses of water from Kankakee River near Kankakee, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date 

(1906-7). 

-------I 'l'urbidity. Silica I .. (Si02). Iron (Fe). Calcium 

(Ca). 

Sodium J c b Magnesium and ar ~mate Bicarbon-

(Mg). potassium radicle ate radicle 

(Na+K). (C_Oa). (HCOa). 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOs). 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

'l'otal · solids. 

From- 'l'oAug. 4 Aug. 10 30 22 0. 20 58 21 18 0. 0 218 69 4. 0 4. 7 329 11 18 40 16 . 10 56 20 8. 5 . 0 213 53 3. 0 5. 5 273 . 21 30 70 21 . 07 54 21 17 . 0 218 57 3. 5 3. 5 326 31 Sept. 9 Sept. 10 19 50 17 .14 57 24 14 .0 201 52 2.0 4.5 283 10. 0 14 . 12 55 27 12 . 0 226 56 0. 6 5. 0 289 20 29 30 12 . 15 58 18 16 . 0 226 38 1. 8 5. 5 286 Oct. 1 Oct. 8 50 16 . 06 58 22 16 . 0 225" 53 2. 0 5. 0 285 11 19 20 11 . 04 61 ------------ 12 . 0 250 60 1. 7 6. 0 300 21 29 30 15 .06 63 27 17 . 0 262 63 1.0 8. 0 302 30 Nov. 8 10.0 17 .03 64 -24 13 .o 263 62 0.6 . 4.8 306 Nov. 9 19 20 30 20 16 . 05 61 42 22 . 0 203 83 8. 0 6. 0 314 Doc. 1 Dec. 10 11 14 

21 30 

30 11 . 04 55 16 . . 10 . 0 219 74 4. 0 

1

. 6. 5 295 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~-~~~~~-~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~-~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 31 Jan. !) 

Jan. 12 12 --.------5o··· -------i9 ___ --------.-44- ---------42· ---------i6- -------ii ___ ---------.-o· --------i79- ---------65- --------s:o· --------4:2- ---------253 

13 25 26 Fob. 7 1!'ob. 8 18 

Mar. 10 1 Mar. 28 10 =======~~~=== 25 =======i~=== 10 =====~==.=i~=l=========~~= .36 52 =========~~= 20 =======~~===~=======~=-=~= 14 .0 ========~~~= 185 =========~~= 71 ========~~~= 4.0 ========~~~= 3.3 =========~~~ 266 11 20 21 31 160 15 . 39 55 18 11 . 0 190 73 4. 6 3. 0 304 190 19 . 46 58 17 11 . 0 195. 61 4. 0 4. 0 286 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 30 16 . 61 45 16 12 . 0 181 43 4. 0 4. 2 247 11 20 12 . 12 .41 51 17 8.7 .0 188 42 3.6 3.5 220 21 30 May 1 May 10 15 . 11 . 30 63 27 9. 3 . 0 218 65 2. 4 3. 5 293 

90 10 .25 51 17 9.3 .0 183 53 8.8 4.0 255 11 20" 25 7. 2 . 20 54 22 9: 0 . 0 202 55 6. 2 4. 0 285 21 31 30 8. 4 . 34 61 23 10 . 0 219 58 3. 2 3. 5 310 Juno 1 Juno 10 80 10 . 68 58 21 11 . 0 210 58 7. 2 3. 0 289 11 20 21 . 3Q 

July 1 July 10 11 20 21 31 

35 8. 8 . 22 . 70 19 9. 6 . 0 223 40 4. 0 4. 5 293 

110 19 . 45 76 23 6. 8. . 0 273 421· 3. 2 3. 0 299 45 15 . 32 71 25 8. 2 . 0 258 46 3. 5 3. 0 312 138 16 . 74 52 18 5. 5 . 0 198 34 6. 8 2. 5 237 60 17 . 34 69 25 8. 7 . 0 253 46 6. 6 4. 0 294 

Moan .•••••.. 50 15 . 27 58 21 12 . o 1 215 571 4. 1 1 4. 9 288 

In addition to the foregoing table we have the fo~­

lowing analyses of watei· in this basin: 

The water of Yellow River appears to be normal. 

The other an~lyses, especially No. 2, indicate pollution. The high magnesium in No. 1 is doubtless derived from the remarkable magnesian area near the 

source of Des plaines River· in Wisconsin. 

Analyses of water j?-om Desplaines and Kankak~e rivers. 

1. Dcsplalnes Hivor at Wadsworth, Ill. Mean of five analyses received from 

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul H. H. 

2. Crook at Walkerton, Ind. 

3. Yellow H.ivcr at Bremen, Ind. Analyses 2 and 3 received from Baltimore & 

Ohio H.. H. and represent tributaries of the Kankakee. 

4. Ko.ukakoo River at Kankakee, Ill. Analysis received from Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati & St. Louis H. H. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

1 2 _.3,~4 1 2 3 4 

COs .••••.•.•.. 150.7 119.3 155.0 77.6 36.50 32.31 48.52 40.97 so. ___________ 121. 1 35.2 24.3 28.5 29.33 9. 52 7. 62 20.34 CL ............ 7. 2 63.0 16.8 2.8 1. 74 17.06 5. 24 1.47 

Ca •• ---------- 71.5 64.3 75.0 37.8 17.33 17.42 23.48 19.92 

Mg ............ 39.3 17.7 23.1 12.4 9. 53 4. 79 7. 23 6. 54 Na(K) ........ 20.6 40.8 10.9 12.6 4. 99 11.06 3. 41 6. 72 

SiOa ...... ----- } 2.4 } 29.0 } 14.4 6.2 } • ,')8 } 7.84 } 4. 50 3.24 (Al,Fe)30s ..... 1.5 .80 --------------------- 412.8 369.3 319.5 189.4 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 

FOX RIVER. 

Fox River, with a drainage basin of 2, 700 square 

miles, rises in southeastern Wisco'nsin and enters the 

Illinois at Ottawa. Its source is in a highly n1agnesian 

region, close to that of the other Fox River which 

drains into . Lake Michigan. The two rivers must 

not be confused. · For the Fox River of Illinois 

Collins 24 made two sets of analyses, which appear 

in the following tables. 

24 U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 239, 1910. 

6 
68 

Date 

(1906-7). 

From- To-

---

Aug. 3 Aug. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Sept. 8 Sept. 11 19 20 29 30 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 18 20 29 

Nov. 1 Nov. 8 9 19 20 30 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 11 20 21 31 Jan. 1'. Jan. 10 11 20 21 31 Feb. 1 Feb. .9 10 18 19 28 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 11 zo I 21 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 11 20 21 30 May 1 May 10 11 20 21 31 June. 1 June 10 

20 21 30 July 111 1 July 10 11 20 

21 31 

Mean ________ 

Date 

(1906-7). 

From- ToAug. 2 

11 

21 

31 Sept. 10 

20 

30 Oct. 10 

20 

30 Nov. 9 

21 Dec. 1 

12 

21 Jan. 1 

11 

21 Feb. 1 

10 

19 

Mar. 1 

11 

21 Apr. 1 

11 

21 May 1 

11 

21 June 1 

11 

21 July 1 

11 

21 

Aug. 10 

20 

30 Sept. 9 

19 

29 

Oct. 9 

19 

28 Nov. 8 

19 

30 Dec. 9 

20 

31 Jan. 10 

20 

30 Feb. 9 

18 

28 Mar. 10 

20 

31 Apr. 10 

20 

31 May 10 

20 

31 June 10 

20 

30 July 10 

20 

3~ 

Mean _______ _ 

Turbidity. 

llO 

30 

50 

50 

50 

40 

40 

20 

30 

20 

10.0 

15 

10.0 

10.0 

5. 0 40 

------------- 50 

15 

7. 0 15 

5.0 

10.0 

25 

25 

------------- 25 

20 

35 

55 

35 

80 

80 

50 

55 

35 

34 

Turbidity. 

135 

345 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

26 

15 

10 

12 

9. 4. 

9.4 

7.0 

5.8 

8. 2. 10 

6. 0 8.6 

11 

10 

9. 2 20 

------------ 14 

14 

15 

12 

11 

12 

11 

10 

-----·------ 10 

11 

20 

12 

11 

9. 2 16 

12 

12 

17 

12 

Silica 

(Si02). 

13 

13 

Analyses of water from Fox River near Elgin, Ill . 

. [Parts per million.] 

Sodium 

Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate BicarbonIron (Fe). radicle ate radicle (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (Na+K). 

0. 20 42 36 11 0. 0 283 .10· 40 35 10 .0 240 .06 44 34 19 . 0 252 . 05 41 34 17 .0 291 . 20 32 35 14 .0 260 . 03 43 29 10 .0 273 . 03 43 34 .u .0 254 .08 42 35 7. 7 . 0 270 .05 51 37 19 .0 300 .04 51 35 10 .0 316 .03 50 33 13 . 0 310 . 03 57 37 14 .0 300 .06 55 27 12 .0 300 .13' 62 37 8.8 .0 309 .12 65 39 13 .0 365 .07 61 20 18 .0 309 

------------ ......................... ------·----- --·---------- ........................ --------iss· . 64 45 22 10 . 0 . 20 53 30 10 .0 250 .13 56 31 8. 4 .0 231 . 13 44 23 14 . 0 220 .36 45 26 13 . 0 232 . 27 55 21 10 .0 245 .15 48 23 7. 7 .0 235 . 13 54 25 7.4 .0 256 

------------ ------------ ------------ ......................... ---------:o· ------------ .28 55 34 11 267 .12 54 22 10 .0 247 . 20 56 23 9.0 .0 292 .12 52' 29 5. 5 .0 234 .19 56 24 5.8 .0 247 . 25 61 29 8.4 . 0 265 .30 64 33 5.1 .0 272 .15 56 31 10 .0 275 .17 56 27 8. 7 .0 272 .17 56 29 6. 6 .0 273 

.15 51 30 11 .0 268 

Analyses of water from Fox River near Ottawa, Ill. 

Iron (Fe). 

0.15 

.14 

[Parts per million.] 

Calcium Magnesium (Ca). (Mg). 

47 

41 35 

34 

Sodium 

and 

potassium 

(Na+K). 

20 

20 

Carbonate Bicarbonradicle ate radicle 

(COa).. (HCOa). 

0. 0 

. 0 278 

246 

Sulphate 

radicle cso.). 

27 

31 

31 

29 

29 

24 

49 

31 

33 

36 

36 

45 

51 

46 

53 

51 

---------42-

49 

42 

44 

38 

40 

45 

~5 

---------43- 48 

47' 

50 

35 

32 

29 

28 

35 

26 

38 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

45 

50 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

2. 5 3.4 

3. 0 

1.2 

1.8 

2.0 

1.7 

~. 2 0. 6 

1.5 

1.2 

3. 0 4.0 

2. 5 3. 5 

3. 5 .......................... 2. 5 

3. 0 4.0 

4.0 

2. 7 

1.7 

1.5 

1.7 

------------ .2. 4 2. 5 

2. 6 

2.0 

2. 5 

1.5 

3. 5 2.0 

2. 7 

2.0 

2.4 

Nitrate 

radicle 

. (NOa). 

3. 0 3. 3 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

6.0 

4. 7 

7.0 

6. 5 5. 0 6. 5 

5. 0 5. 5 7. 2 7.5 

5. 5 7.0 

7. 5 6. 5 

5. 5 

6.0 

------------ 7. 0 6. 2 6.0 

6. 5 4. 3 

5. 0 5. 5 5. 5 

------------ 2.3 

4.0 

3. 3 3. 5 

3.3 

3. 5 

3. 0 4. 5 

2. 5 3. 3 

5. 2 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

12 

16 

Total 

solids. 

304 

270 

280 

264 

234 

265 

252 

265 

285 

306 

289 

293 

315 

348 

373 

378 

---------249 310 

317 

265 

274 

277 

258 

277 

-----·------ 292 

304 

329 

273 

292 

281 

308 

291 

284 

269 

290 

Total 

solids. 

335 

293 

-------io5 ___ --------5:o· --------:o7- ---------45- ---------39- -------i7 ___ ---------:o· --------257- ---------43- --------2:1· --------9:5- ---------298 40 6. 1 . 10 43 32 18 • 0 275 50 2. 4 12 288 30 6. 8 . 09 49 36 10. 0 . 0 261 43 2. 5 10 287 155 9. 4 . 06 55 31 19 . 0 254 53 5. 0 8. 0 307 20 4. 2 . 07 55 36 15 . 0 290 61 2. 0 11 334 . 10. 0 7. 2 . 06 60 39 21 . 0 320 60 1. 0 12 349 20 8. 6 . 06 60 39 17 . 0 330 54 1. 5 8. 0 351 10.0 4.6 .02 60 40 10 .0 320. 56 0.6 9.0 332 40 12 . 07 67 37 13 . 0 298 72 6. 0 7. 0 348 20 11 . 11 65 36 9. 5 • 0 315 68 3. 0 7. 5 357 15 9. 2 . 19 72 39 12 . 0 311 75 6. 5 8. 3 376 40 13 . 16 71 40 15 . 0 351 82 5. 5 8. 7 409 

-------3io ___ -------ai ___ --------:4o- ---------52- ---------25- -------is ___ ---------:o· --------238- ---------ss· --------s:o· --------s:o- -------·-ao5 40 21 . 40 46 23 16 . 0 204 49 7. 0 5. 0 273 10. 0 7. 8 . 09 58 31 13 . 0 251 64 5. 5 6. 5 334 7. 0 16 . 15 59 31 12 . 0 268 57 6. 5 7. 5 329 5.0 12 .05 tJ3 24 15 .0 244 70 4.6 8.2 319 50 8. 8 . 09 t)Q 29 16 . . 0 230 78 5. 4 6. 0 372 30 11 . 22 64 29 8. 2 . 0 262 80 4. 0 13 322 10. 0 8. 0 • 15 61 18 15 • 0 250 71 6. 0 8. 2 336 

~ ~~ : ~~ ~~ ~g 1 ~. 3 : g ~~~ ~~ ~: g ' ~: ~ ~~~ 15 7. 0 . 22 60 29 9. 3 . 0 264 56 3. 8 5. 0 314 15 8. 2 . 17 62 22. 17 . 0 287 63 4. 0 6. 0 343 15 9. 4 . 43 58 26 8. 7 . 0 284 54 4. 0 5. 0 344 

200 16 . 32 66 36 14 . 0 ------------ 55 5. 0 3. 8 360 90 11 . 28 61 31 12 . 0 257 63 8. 8 6. 0 326 95 8. 8 . 26 67 31 8. 4 . 0 272 50 3. 0 5. 0 319 218 9. 2 . 19 71 31 5. 5 . 0 280 49 9. 0 5. 0 326 550 16 . 37 61 27 7. 9 . 0 277 45 5. 0 5. 0 . 307 300 17 . 22 72 30 8. 5 . 0 286 60 10 6. 0 379 

192 13 . 38 85 38 9. 3 . 0 287 95 12 14 416 

94 11 . 20 1 . 60 32 14 ·I . o 275 61 4 .. 9 1 7. 9 1 335 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN~ 69 

In addition to these tab~es we have six other analyses of waters in the Fox River basin, as follows, 

reduced to standard form: 

Analyses of water in Fox River basin. 

1. Lake Geneva, Wis. Mean of four analyses by E. B. Hall and C. Juday. 

2. 'l'ho samo. Analysis received from G. M. Davidson, of the Chicago & Northwestern R'y. · 

3. Lako Cravath, Whitewater, Wis. Analysis received from Chicago, Milwaukee 

& St. Paul H.y. _ 

4. Nipporsink Creek at Genoa Junction, Wis. Received from Davidson. Analyses 1 to 4 aro reduced from figures given in Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Rist. Survey 

Bull. 35, p. 596, 1915. · 

5. l!'ox H.ivor at Cary, Ill. Analysis published by G. M. Davidson in Western 

H.ailway Club Proc., Feb. 17, 1903. ' 

6. Fox H.lvor at Elgin, Ill. Mean of three analyses received from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul H.y. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 

---------------1·-----------------

COs---------------------------- 92.3 115.0 160.0 153.4 130.7 120.5 so. ____________________________ 13.2 11.4 7. 5 32.4 16.2 17.0 

CL.---------------------------- 4. 2 8.8 2.4 3.2 7. 6 4. 9 

Ca •••• ------------------------- 20.7 29.6 39.3 61.7 41.5 38.0 

Mg ••• -------------------------- '26. 9 30.0 36.2 26.7 27.6 26.1 

Na·---------------------------- 4. 3 } 8. 5 l 14.8 } 7. 5 } 9. 5 } 10.0 

K------------------------------ 2. 5 

SiOa.---------------.. ----------- 9. 5 3. 6 1.5 13.3 8. 2 } 4. 8 (AI, Fo)aOa--------------------- 1.1 . 5 2. 0 ·2. 0 

------------------ 174.7 207.4 261. 7 300.2 243 .. 3 221.3 

Analyses of water in Fox River basin-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition or dissolved solids. 

2 .3 4 

-----------1------------------

COa--------------------·--------

SO•----------------------------

Ca CL.---------------------------- ____________________________ _ 

~:;:~~===:====================·== K. _____ c ••••• _.~ ______ ------.- __ 

Si02---------------------------- (Al, Fe)20a __ . _. _. __ . --.--.. ----

52.83 

7. 56 2.40 

11.85 

15.40 

2.46 

1. 43 5. 44 

0 63 

. 55.47 61. 14 51. 10 53. 69 5. 49 2. 87 10. 80 6. 67 4. 24 0 92 1. 07 3. 13 14.27 15.02 20.56 17.07 14. 46 13. 83 8. 87 11. 32 

} 4. 10 l 5. 65 } 2. 50 } 3. 90 l 1. 73 57 4:43 3. 38 0 24 ° 0 67 0 84 

54.47 

7. 68 2:21 

17. 18 11.79 

4. 51 

2.16 . 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

The very high magnesium in these analyses is also 

shown in the analyses of other waters in eastern 

Wisconsin, which belong to the basin of Lake Michigan. · 

The Niagara dolomite and "Lower Magnesian" limestone determine the character of these waters. 

ILLINOIS RIVER. 

For the main stem of the Illinois, Collins gives 

tables of analyses of water from three stations! as 

follows: 

Analyses of water from Illinois River near La Salle, Ill .. 

[Parts per million.] 

Dato Sodium (1906-7). Carbonate Bicarbon- s~si~r;e Nitrate 

'l'urbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle radicle Chlorine Total 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. 

From- 'l'o- (Na+K). 

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 70 14 0. 50 33 18 22 0.0 174 41 7. 0 28 265 11 20 50 19 .10 39 18 17 .0 170 28 6.0 20 262 21 30 235 25 . 05 38 19 20 .0 172 ·a4 1.0 18 252 

31 So pt. 9 50 10 .03 39 24 8. 0 .0 169 30 3. 0 17 235 

So pt. 10 19 50 8. 4 . 30 39 18 15 .0 171 32 5. 0 18 221 

20 29 110 6.8 0 07 42 17 12 .0 175 39 7. 0 21· 241 

30 Oct. 9 290 13 0 20 50 ------------ 18 0 0 180 49 7. 0 19 284 

Oct. 10 19 60 6.8 0 09 45 23 18 0 0 200 43 3. 5 7. 5 260 

20 28 40 9. 8 0 04 51 22 21 .0 220 45 4. 0 19 268 

30 Nov. 8 40 7. 8 0 02 51 23 24 . 0 240 ~ 6. 0 16 275 

Nov·. 9 19 30 10 0 12 63 29 25 .0 224 64 4. 0 18 276 

20 30 100 10 0 06 57 26 17 .0 210 66 6.0 13 300 

Dec. 1 Doc. 10 120 13 0 12 54 27 15 .0 219 72 7.0 14 320 

11 20 128 13 0 32 51 24 16 .0 195 62 6.0 i1 284 

21 31 174 10 .12 53 26 17 .0 210 64 7.0 12 311 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 206 15 .10 52 23 17 .0 220 68 9.0 9. 7 296 

11 20 248 18 0 36 51 21 11 .0 206 56 8.0 9. 2 298 

21 31 ...................................... --------5~6- --------.~28" ---------52" ---------2o- -------i3""" .0 ------··wo· ---------58- --------8~0- -------ii""" ---------289 Fob. 1 Feb. 9 15 .0 10 18 10 11 .08 53 22 17 .0 214 51 6. 5 16 311 

19 28 30 8. 0 . . 13 48 20 14 .0 195 . 50 7;0 13 273 

Mar. 1 Mar. 10 -~ ------·ioo- -------i3 ___ --------~22" ------------ ~.-- ------2o ·J-------iii--- ---------~0- --------198" ------------ --------3~2- -------io~o- ------------ 11 20 51 55 257 

21 31 150 12 0 26 46 ~g I g .0 205 57 10 9. 0 272 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 105 18 .38 50 I .0 205 73 6.8 7. 0 299 

11 20 40 12 .15 56 27 16 0 0 215 78 7.0 6. 5 344 21 30 35 9.4 0 20 54 27 10 .0 207 52 4. 6 10 266 

May 1 May 10 100 11 . 31 50 18 12 .0 208 52 12 9.8 272 

11 20 48 6. 0 .80 52 19 ~8 .0 185 48 14 14 300 21 31 230 8. 0 . 27 54 22 9. 5 .0 208 49 9. 6 8. 5 279 

Juno 1 Juno 10 95 13 . 38 51 19 10.0 .0 213 38 14 8. 3 307 

11 20 .280 9. 6 . 38 59 22 12 . 0 227 31 0.3 3. 0 276 

21 30 161 16 0 50 60 24 14 . 0 233 37 3.6 10 276 

July 1 July 10 1, 610 18 .15 53 18 11 .0 197 47 6.0 10 256 

11 20 270 15 .18 53 19 13 .0 206 36 7.0 o. o· 255 21 31 130 15 .13 57 21 15 .0 228 34 7. 0 12 288 

Mean ________ 159 12 . 21 50 22 16 .0 203 50 1 6.61 13 27 

89135-24t-6 
70 

Date 

(1906-7). 

Turbidity. 

From- To-

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 9 50 31 Sept. 9 . 60 

Sept. 10 19 30 20 29 40 30 Oct. 9 40 Oct. 10 19 40 20 29 30 30 Nov. 8 20 Nov. 9 19 10.0 20 30 20 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 20 11 20 40 21 31 15 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 30 11 20 80 21 31 235 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 149 10 18 12 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 20 11 20 45 21 31 45 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 35 11 20 35 21 30 33 May 1 May 10 15 11 20 20 21 31 20 June 1 June 10 44 11 20 30 21 30 60 July 1 July 10 30 11 20 60 21 31 23 Feb. 19 Feb. 27 25 

Mean ________ 43 

Date 

(1906-7). 

Turbidity. 

From- To-· 

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 105 11 20 218 21 30 230 

31 Sept. 9 1'47 Sept. 11 19 135 20 29 135 

Oct. 30 Oct 9 218 10 19 ---------86" 20 28 30 Nov. 8 50 Nov. 1'0 19 80 20 30 170 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 290 11 20 ·40 21 31 40 Jan. 1 Jan. 8 290 11 20 400 21 31 310 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 200 10 18 --------236" 19 26 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 60 11 20 70 21 31 210 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 280 11 20 60 21 30 90 May 1 May 10 330 11 20 130 21 31 150 June 1 Junc10 340 11 20 495 21 30 166 July 1 July 10 325 

11 20 238 21 31 74 

Mean _______ 188 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

13 

12 

20 

6.4 

8.4 

9.8 

8.8 

14 

6.4 

8. 8 10 

11 

17 

20 

21 

12 

14 

11 

10 

14 

6. 6 13 

13 

10 

7. 4 10 

14 

8. 6 8. 0 8. 8 11 

13 

14 

11 

12 

Silica 

(Si02). 

11 

12 

11 

8. 2 7. 2 8.0 

17 

--------9:2- 14 

6. 8 17 

19 

13 

19 

25 

16 

15 

11 

--------9:.6- 14 

12 

12 

11 

7.4 

4. 4 13 

7. 0 8. 8 10 

. 12 

13 

12 

18 

.15 

12 

Analyses of water from Illinois River near Peoria, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle radicle radicle Chlorine (Ca). (Mg). potassium· (COs). (HCOa). (S04). (NOs). (Na+K). 

0.10' 40 20 28 0. 0 182 .. 20 42 20 15 . 0 166 . 14 45 18 23 . 0 187 .10 42 18 15 .0 177 . 03 44 18 22 .0 174 .04 46 23 22 . 0 196 . 02 43 19 21 . 0 190 . 06 46 20 18 .0 216 . 03 48 22 18 .0 195 . 08 49 22 18 . 0 185 .11 51 24 14 . 0 213 . 28 54 24 20 .0 198 . 14 52 24 20 . 0 229 . 20 52 23 21 . 0 239 . 64 50 22 14 . 0 207 

------------ 41 17 18 . 0 139 1.3 40 16 14 .0 148 .49 49 20 13 .0 185 .11 49 . 21 19 . 0 180 . 22 52 20 18 • 0 204 . 25 52 24 14 .0 198 .26 50 22 19 . 0 195 .15 50 18 15 .0 207 .14 53 24 13 .0 210 .16 51 18 12 . 0 233 . 28 51 22 12 .0 205 . 28 52 24 9.8 .0 218 .12 52 22 15 .0 224 .32 61 .24 16 .0 ------------ .16 58 20 15 .0 217 . 12 56 23 15 .0 229 .18 52 16 8. 7 .0 195 .15 55 20 14 .0 209 .. 07 50 20 18 . 0 195 

• 21 491 21 17 I .0 198 

Analyses of water from Illinois River near Kampsville, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Magne- Sodium Bicarbo- Carbt>nate Sulphate Iron Calcium sium and potas- radicle nate radicle (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). sium (COa). radicle (S04). (Na+K). (HCOa). 

0. 20 46 21 34 0. 0 208 31 .30 39 19 20 .0 185 30 . 05 44 17 20 .0 177 33 . 06 40 18 17 .0 172 34 .15 41 20 15 . 0 181 29 .10 44 16 17 . 0 187 30 .10 41 16 18 .0 170 29 

-------:68- ----------- ------24 ___ ----------- --------:6- ----------- --------47" 49 42 226 .03 47 20 21 .0 221 39 .03 50 24 22 .0 220 39 • 32 45 20 16 .0 196 44 .65 46 21 17 .0 206 52 .17 54 22 13 .0 226 64 . 36 58 30 18 .0 265 70 .49 51 22 21 .0 235 60 .64 34 15 11 .0 158 53 .28 33 15 17 .0 150 42 .45 34 18 15 .0 153 44 

----------- ----------- -------9:1- ----------- --------:6- ----------- --------38" . 24 27 44 126 1. 0 24 10.0 18 . 0 114 30 .. 25 52 20 Q 16 .0 220 34 .46 47 17 21 .o 210 41 . 53 53 23 15 .0 223 38 .12 54 22 12 .0 235 48 .11 56 28 18 .0 . 237 52 .16 50 22 15 .0 208 47 . 57 49 24 18 .0 219 49 .12 56 24 13 .o 218 54 . 26 51 25 13 .o 223 44 . 26 58 . 25 17 .0 ----................. 35 . 32 68 23 9. 4 .0 244 47 .12 55 21 16 . 0 239 34 . 25 50 19 13 .0 202 31 . 34 54 20 11 .0 219 27 

. 27 47 20 18 .0 202 42 

21 1 10.0 

~I 4. 0 4. 0 

5. 0 40 6.0 46 7. 0 35 4.0 40 5. 5 41 ·7.0 52 7.0 64 8.0 62 10 59 12 59 6. 0 69 7. 5 50 7. 0 50 11 65 11 60 7.1 59 12 57 10 59 12 54 15 55 11 53 8. 0 60 8.8 50 9. 2 43 3. 2 37 3. 0 42 8.0 39 3. 5 34 7.2 

"I 6. 5 57 7. 0 

48 7.8 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(NOa). (Cl). 

5.0 24 5.4 22 5.0 20 4.0 20 4. 2 18 7. 0 20 6.0 17 

----------- ------62--- 3.0 

4. 0 19 4. 0 21 6.0 12 3.0 10 4.0 13 3. 0 11 3. 0 9. 5 3. 5 4. 7 4. 0 6.5 7.0 5. 7 

--------:4- ------34 ___ 

.4 4.8 3. 0 10 3. 0 12 6. 0 9. 0 6. 0 6. 5 1.3 9. 5 4. 6 10 4.0 18 4.8 8.3 4. 0 7.3 2. 5 11 10 13 8.0 10 6. 0 10 1.2 8.0 

4. 3 15 I 

(Cl). 

27 

20 

19 

20 

22 

20 

18 

20 

21 

18 

15 

13 

12 

12 

8. 7 

7. 5 8.0 

11 

9.8 

11 

9. 5 8.8 

7. 5 12 

9.8 

9. 5 10.0 

8. 5 11 

10 

12 

10 

8. 5 13 

13 

Total 

solids. 

278 

262 

249 

236 

228 

244 

233 .............................. 341 

269 

274 

246 

269 

311 

323 

298 

227 

2i5 

221 

-----------

........... ------- 160 

269 

266 

280 

278 

299 

280 

306 

280 

271 

293 

310 

281 

260 

242 

267 

Total 

solids. 

266 

245 

260 

222 

249 

279 

233 

264 

250 

259 

310 

293 

294 

310 

309 

223 

242 

275 

279 

275 

272 

272 

304 

271 

276 

289 

283 

277 

290 

272 

270 

257 

257 

275 

271 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

14.8 

15.0 

15.0 

15.1 

15.2 

14.9 

15.2 

15.0 

15.0 

14.8 

14.8 

15.2 

15.7 

15.8 

15.6 

15.7 

17.2 

22.9 

22.0 

19.8 

19.2 

17.9 

16.5 

16. 1 17.8 

20.2 

21.3 

18.9 

16.5 

15.8 

16.6 

17.6 

16.1 

15.0 

16.5 

19.7 

-----------
MISSISSIPPI BASIN •. 71 

VEitMILION AND SANGAMON RIVERS. River, a more southern tributary of the Illinois, has 

a drainage basin of 5,670 square miles. These two 

rivers are represented by the following tables of analyses by Collins. 

Vennilion River 25 drains an area of 1,317 square. 

1niles, and joins the Illinois at La Salle. Sangamon 

~~ Not to bo confused with tho Vermilion River which rises near this one but 

flows into tho Wabash. 

Dato 

(1906-7). 

'l'urbidity .. Silica 

(Si02). 

From- 'l'oAug. 1 Aug. 10 40 23 11 20 30 13 21 30 50 10 :u Sept. !) 60 15 Sept;. 10 19 20 9. 6 20 20 40 11 31' Oct. 9 50 5. 8 Oct. 10 18 20 4. 6 22 29 20 

30 Nov. 8 20 9. 9. o 0 I 

Nov. 9 19 20 11 20 30 60 17 Doc 2 Doc. 10 110 11 11 20 30 15 21 31 20 17 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 280 28 11 20 335 19 21 :n 315 20 Fob. 1 Fob. 9 25 17 10 18 40 9. 4 l!l 28 50 14 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 100 12 11 20 260 19 21 31 150 28 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 35 19 11 20 ............................ --------ii:s· 21 30 35 May 1 May 10 100 16 11 20 --------·-so· -----.--ii--- 21 31 Juno 1 Juno 10 45 \), 2 

11 20 55 9.4 21 30 85 13 July 1 July 10 420 16 11 20 560 19 21 31 70 20 . 

Moan. _______ 1071 14 

Dntc (J 906-7). 

Analyses of water from Vermilion River near Streator, Ill. 

[Parts per million.) 

Sodium Carbonate BicarbonIron (Fe)·. Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa)' .. (Na+K). 

0.10 44 36 27 0.0 248 . 10 40 . 35 23 .0 247 .60 39 33 16 .0 198 . 24 39 28 .0 e 165 . 14 36 28 -----·-is··- .0 19~ . 16 43 23 18 .0 20 . 20 37 23 20 .0 190 

. 05 41 28 22 .0 212 

. 05 47 28 24 .0 260 

. 03 49 34 23 . 0 213 

. 02 48 33 20 . 0 254 

. 10 55 31 18 . 0 260 

. 17 61 30 23 .0 280 

.14 63 32 18 .0 274 

.12 67 34 21 .0 329 

. 52 56 28 30 .0 257 

. 72 55 26 14 .0 239 . 36 46 20 13 .0 175 .17 •69 33 18 .0 278 

. 22 62 29 13 . 0 247 

.09 57 29 21 . 0 238 

.32 69 22 20 . 0 245 

. 30 55 20 11 .0 217 

. 22 57 22 22 .0 245 

.16 60 30 13 .0 250 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

72 

74 

64 

57 

56 

56 

53 

66 

60 

69 

70 

64 . 68 

69 

86 

68 

69 

56 

83 

80 

74 

76 

55 

86 

46 

----------·- ------------ ---------3s' _______ _\ ____ ............................... --------256' ---------77" .12 62 8. 9 . 0 . 14 60 24 8. 7 .0 237 72 

------------ ------------ -------20--- ............................ --------247' ------------ --------:34' 62 31 .0 . 26 62 35 17 .0 255 

.08 74 37 12 .0 276 

. 21 70 29 14 . 0 262 

. 25 61 25 16 . 0 241 

. 50 50 21 10 .0 200 

. 22 78 37 12 .0 300 

. 22 55 29 18 .0 241 

Analysis,of water from Sangamon River near Decatur, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

80 

70 

76 

66 

69 

50 

70 

68 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine Total 

(NOa). (Cl). solids. 

2. 5 10 357 2.1 14 321 2. 5 13 280 2. 5 6.0 243 1.6 5. 0 247 1 8. 0 254 1 7 240 1.7 10 268 1.2 10 294 

.3 9. 3 309 .3 10.0 322 7 . 9. 3 317 8 5. 5 333 16 4. 5 351 10 5. 7 397 16 4. 0 367 14 4. 7 340 14 5. 7 285 16 7 402 18 7. 7 359 17 6. 5 335 24 8. 3 342 14 6. 5 335 28 6. 5 363 26 3. 8 339 

-------iii--- ------------ ---------333 5. 5 4. 8 4. 5 351 

-------22--- ------------ ---------34() 6. 3 28 4 356 20 4 368 14 5 329 13 6 326· 12 5 273 20 6. 5 . 388 

12 6. 91 325 

--- -----'l'urbidity. Silica 

(Si02). 

Iron 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium 

and po- tassium 

Carbon- ate 

radicle 

(COa). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(804). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

·Chlorine 

(Cl). 

Total 

solids. 

Mean 

gage 

height 

From- To- (feet). 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Sept. 9 Sept. 10 19 21 29 Oct. 1 Oct. 9 10 19 20 29 Nov. 1 Nov. 8 !) 17 20 30 Doc. 1 Doc. 10 11 20 22 31 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 11 20 21 31 :Fob. I Fob. 8 ll 18 20 27 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 ll 20 21 ' 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 11 20 21 30 May 1 May 10 11 20 21 31 Juno 1 June 10 11 20 21 30 July I July 10 11 20 21 31 

Moan __________ _ 

240 

260 

270 

117 

26 

20 

18 

17 

0. 2 

.2 

. 06 

. 09 

46 

46 

53 

61 

21 

20 

22 

27 

(Na+K). 

13 

48.8 

8. 5 13 

0. 0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

(HCOa). 

223 

214 

235 

305 

20 4. 5 8. 2 262 -----................. 23 4. 8 3. 5 233 ----------- 25 4. 0 2. 7 264 ----------- ~6 4. 0 4. 5 297 -----------

--------·1o- ---------i5- -------.-o3- --------55- -------·24· ------is--- --------.-o· -------3i5- --------22· ------·2: 5· ------io--- -------3o2- == ====== === 

60 12 . 05 54 30 15 . 0 283 26 3. 0 5. 5 286 ----------- 20 10 . 15 53 30 21 . 0 297 27 2. 5 5. 0 275 ----------- 50 11 . 06 64 35 • 20 . 0 353 21 1. 0 9. 0 332 ----------- 30 . 15 .10 67 44 19 . 0 380 33 1. 0 7. 8 338 ----------- 20 '11 • 02 50 28 16 . 0 360 25 . 9 8. 5 324 ----------- 1{)8 16 .14 52 25 . 12 ·. 0 240 39 8. 0 3. 5 274 ----------- 191l 17 . 40 51 28 13 .. 0 . 278 37 7. 0 5. 5 283 ----------- 30. 29 .16 58 30 21 . 0 285 36 6. 0 5. 5 316 ----------- 25 15 . 28 62 30 12 . 0 314 42 8. 0 7. 0 332 -----------

--------24o· ---------36- -------_-74· --------45- --------2o- ------it·· --------.-o- -------221· --------64- -------7:o· -------a:5- -------2iii- 220 40 1. 9 42 18 15 . 0 186 42 8. 0 5. 5 279 20 23 . 13 59 28 15 . 0 290 43 12 5. 2 319 25 22 . 07 59 22 15 . 0 231 40 10 8. 0 . 317 

~g ~! : ~~ ~~ ~~ I ~~ : g _______ :~~- :b 1~· o g: g ~~~ 410 1 30 . 30 45 20 14 • . o .192 32 8. o 5. 5 . 210 100 20 . 22 53 27 15 . 0 267 45 12" 4. 5 305 40 18 . 19 58 26 11 . 0 268 42 14 7. 3 287 

10 15 . 23 47 18 11 . 0 252 42 ----------- 4. 5 292 30 13 . 25 55 32 9. 5 . 0 . 265 46 11 3. 2 286 100 17 .18 55 24 9.8 .0 247 46 18 5.5 292 60 12 . 15 54 28 12 . 0 271 38 19 5. 5 288 

140 19 . 46 64 30 9. 8 . 0 ----------- 37 12 3. 7 336 95 16 . 30 53 24 14 . 0 ----------- 23 20 4. 3 292 

------··a4o- ---------iii- -------.-6o- --------54- -------·2i- ------·7: 1- --------.-o- ------·2is- --·------ 26- ------i4--- -------2: o· ------·24o- 90 20 . 16 71 28 10 . 0 287 29 9. 0 5. 0 334 425 18 . 56 47 16 8. 2. . 0 Hl7 22 7. 0 4. 0 230 210 21 .32 63 24 17 .0 280 45 12 4.3 326 

8. 2 10.0 

12.2 

6. 9 

6. 0 6. 0 

5. 9 10.6 

7. 5 6.·9 

5. 7 

5. 5 6. 4 

6. 2 . 8. 6 

8. 4 7. 6 

7. 3 

5. 8 

7. 4 

7. 4 

126 . 27 55 26 14 268 35 8. 51 293 -----------
72 

Date 

(1906-7). 

From- To-

- Aug. - Aug. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Sept. 9 Sept. 10 19 20 29 

·oct. 30 Oct. 6 11 19 

20 28 30 Nov. 8 Nov. 11 19 21 30 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 11 20 21 31 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 11 19 21 31 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 10 . 18 19 28 'Mar. 1 Mar. 10 11 20 21 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 n 20 21 30 May 1 May 10 11 20 21 31 June 1 June 10 11 20 21 30 July 1 July 10 11 20 21 31 

Mean-----------

Date (1906-7). 

From- To-

---

Aug. 1· Aug. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Sept. 9 Sept. 10 19 

20 23 

30 Oct. 9 

Oct. 10 13 •24 29 

Nov. 1 Nov. 8 9 18 20 30 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 11 20 21 31 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 11 20 21 31 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 11 18 19 28 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 11 20 21 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 11 20 21 30 May 1 May 10 11 20 21 31 June 1 June 10 11 20 21 30 July 1 July 10 11 20 21 31 

· Mean ________ 

Turbidity. 

180 

248 

320' 

163 

70 

30 

100 

40 

20 

'10. 0 

20 

182 

168 

80 

20 

-------·sa··- 280 

20 

10.0 

30 

. 50 

10.0 

10.0 

8. 0 

5. 0 14 

25 

12 

5. 0 

-------------

.... :.. ..................... 

-------------

-------------

------------- 20 

74 

Turbidity. 

125 

115 

330 

300 

160 

140 

110 

50 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Sangamon River near Springfield, Ill. 

[Parts per million.) 

! 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Silica Calcium Magnesium and Chlorine . (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca) . (Mg). potassium radicle ate radicle radicle radicle (Cl). (COa). (HCOs). (S04). (NOs). (Na+K). 

17 I 0.10 44 24 19 0. 0 --------i92" 27 . 4. 0 9. 7 

18 .80 36 18 13 .0 24 4. 2 5. 2 

17 1.40 41 24 16 . 0 192 26 4.0 8. 5 

20 . 15 51 28 4. 9 . 0 203 34 3. 0 7. 0 

12 . 50 48 22 17 . 0 294 28 2. 8 10 9. 6 . 05 44 23 16 . 0 225 24 1.3 8. 5 9. 4 .10 51 24 15 .0 250 36 2. 0 14 

21 .10 47 28 25 .0 289 33 2. 0 8. 5 

9. 6 . 05 57 33 20 

.• I 

307 33 :20 10 

19 . 05 59 29 19 .0 315 36 . 10 11 7. 2 .10 62 32 14 . 0 320 36 . 30 13 

19 . 06 50 25 17 .0 256 36 2. 0 7. 5 21 . 40 53 25 15 .0 270 37 3. 0 8. 0 

13 . 20 . 55 17 16 .0 I 263 37 5. 0 5. 5 30 2. 8 55 29 27 .0 301 51 7. 0 6. 5 

------------ ------------ ---------47" ---------21" ------------ --------·: ii -~- -------257- ---------32" --------:iii" --------s.-7· 22 . 20 18 16 . 50 32 14 13 . 0 I 137 28 5. 0 6. 2 20 . 15 47 23 17 .0 238 40 .10 7. 5 14 . 20 '54 26 16 . 0 257 46 11 8. 5 16 .09 58 26 16 .0 274 40 6. 5 8. 5 

12 . 17 44 21 14 .0 213 35 3. 0 5. 0 12 • 15 56 18 11 .0 264 43 10 7. 0 13 .11 58 24 14 .0 247 49 4. 0 3.8 

18. .19 58 25 12 . 0 267 36 2. 3 4. 5 

13 . 23 56 26 13 .0 266 46 1.4 5:0 11 .19 58 34 9. 3 .0 271 44 3. 4 5. 5 13 .12 53 20 12 .0 257 47 4. 4 5. 0 14 . 15 54 22 18 . 0 268 43 5. 0 6. 3 12 . 13 58 26 16 .0 ------------ 43 2.8 4. 3· 

---·-------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -------·----- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------T- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 19 . 28 64 25 13 .0 270 38 1.0 5. 0 

16 . 32 52 24 16 . 0 247 37 3. 4 7. 51 

Analyses of water from Sangamon.River near Chandlerville, Ill. 

[Parts per million.) 

I Sodium Carbon" Bicar- I S 1 h Nitrate Silica Iron Calcium Magna· and po- ate bonate ~ P. ate radicle Chlorine Total 

(Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle radiCle (Cl). solids. 

(Mg). (Na+K). (COa). <Hco,).l. (so,). (NOa). 

18 0. 20 54 26 23 0.0 1.7 8. 8 293 17 . 50 39 22 11 .0 i~g I ~~ 3. 4 5. 5 231 

15 .07 43 19 18 • 0 193 ·31 4. 0 5. 0 232 

18 .09 50 24 7.4 .. o 236 26 2. 7 6. 5 247 

20 .18 53 33 13, .0 320 32 2. 0 "' 7. 0 317 

17 .06 51 27 16 .0 325 28 2. 1 12. 318 

14 . 04 56 33 20 .0 287 30 1.7 9. 5 287 

14 .04 56 32 31 .0 295 33 1.5 13 295 

Total 

solids. 

275 

222 

228 

284 

271 

223 

272 

277 

291 

311 

315 

267 

274 

278 

319 

------------ . 296 

193 

273 

293 

305 

243 

275 

279 

288 

296 

289 

299 

289 

292 

--,----------

------------

------------

------------

------------ 276 

276 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

3. 7 4. 6 4. 2 3.6 

2. 7 

2. 3 2. 7 

2. 7, 

------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- .0 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- 2.3 20 12 .03 66 33 20 0. 363 39 1.0 11 340 2. 7. 40 7. 2 .01 64 32 16 .0 345 32 .5 12 310 1.9 

------------ ------------ ----------- ----·------ ----------- ----------- .0 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- . 3. 2 

270 20 .10 49 24 27 .0 260 42 6.0 12 266 4.4 160 16 .. . 22 55 27 13 .0 252 37 4.0 7. 0 294 10.5 113 13 . 72 ·58 28 14 .0 283 41° 4.0 9. 0 296 9.3 155 24 .49 55 32 18 .0 306 38 8.0 7. 5 318 10.7 90 22 .40 51 23 15 .0 260 44 6. 0 6. 5 309 11.5 225 23 2. 6 25 7. 6 7. 9 .0 105 24 5.0 5. 5 184 . 15.5 50 15 .36 52 25 16 .0 234 36 5. 5 6.0 272 12.8 

45 17 .19 53 24 14 .0 252 42 . 6. 5 8. 2 279 10.5 20 9.8 .15 52 24 14 .0 247' 38 6. 0 6. 7 283 9.9 

30 10 .16 57 25 8. 8 .0 237 51 I 5.0 8. 0 266 8. 5 

--------isii~ ------------ ----------- -----·----- ----------- ----------- -------·:a· -------239" ----------- ---~---6~0- ----------- ----------- 6. 5 

16 .50 50 24 10.0 40 8. 5 274 11.6 130 14 . 22 49 23 11 .o 237 43 20 7. 0 265 10.4 

60 16 .11 45 22 11 .0 274 40 6. 8 7. 0 309 8.4 

80 10 . 61 55 30 13 .0 245 43 9. 2 7. 5 294. 7. 3 120 12 .11 53 27 10.0 .0 242 40 10 8. 3 279 9.3 124 10 . 23 56 27 12 .0 252 . 40 10 . 7. 3 316 9.0 

200 11 .80 53 27 . 16 .0 230 43 13 6. 3 295 9.3 204 ·18 .16 49 26 16 .0 235 34 9. 2 6. 0 302 10.1 170 14 . 30 57 24 12 .o 234 35 9.o· 5.0 298 11.0 

350 16 . 15 62 20 .. 20 .o 265 36 6. 2 6. 5 286 8.9 

10 16 • 21 63 25 15 .0 270 28 16 6. 0 293 7.3 

450 14 .09 60 20 10.0 .0 229 28 '6. 2 5. 0 259 10.4 

2·18 . 18 .38 43 17 11 .0 182 27 3.8 4. 5 213 u: 1 I 

154 15 I . 32 52 25 15 .0 255 361 6.1 7. 6 .2821-----------
......... ~· MISSISSIPPI BASIN. I • 73 

SUMMARY. 

In the foregoing pages there are ten tables of a~alyses 

by W. D. Collins of water from the Illinois and its 

tributaries. Each table except one gi~es the average 

composition of a stated water for an entire year. For 

the Illinois at Peoria the table is less complete,. as the 

dates. given in it show. All the localities named are 

in Illinois. Reduced to percentages, ~ith carbonates 

'normal and Fe·recalculated to Fe20 3, the averages are 

as follows. Each one, except No. 5, is the mean of 

. 36 analyses of composite samples of ten daily collections. For No. 5 there are only 34 analyses. . 

Pm·centage composition ·of the dissolved solids in Illinois River and 

·tributaries. 

1. Ko.nkakec River ncar Kankakee. 6. Illinois River near Kampsville. 

2. Fox H.iver near Elgin. 7. Vermilion River ncar Streator. 

3. Fox River ncar Ottawa. 8. Sangamon River near Decatur. 

4. Illinois River near Lasalle. 9. Sangamon River near Springfield. 

5. Illinois River ncar Peoria. 10. Sangamon River near Chandlerville 

1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 

------1--------------------

o.s_-_-_--_-_·_·_· __ ··_·_·_·_·_ 38.01 46.80 41.43 37.05 36.69 38.51 36.84 44.66 43.12 44.37 · ' 20. 49 13. 50 18. 71 18. 52 18. 08 16. 27. 21. 14 11. 86 13. 31 12. 73 CL .............. 1.76 1.85 2.42 4.81 4.90 5.81 2.14 1.83 2.70 2.69 

NOs •.•.•.••.....• 1.47 .85 1.50 2.45 2.94 1.67 3.73 2.88 1.22 2.16 0a .••••.•••...•.• 20.8618.11 18.3818.5318.4518.2117.1018.6418.71 18.40 ·Mg .•.•••••••.••.• 7.55 10.65 9.81 8.15 7.91 7.75 9.01 8.81 8.64 8.85 Na(K).- --------- 4. 31 3. 90 4. 29 5. 93 6. 40 6. 97 5. 59 4. 74 5. 76 5. 31 Sl02-------------- 5.40 4.26 3.37 4.46 4.52 4.65 4.35 6.44 5.76 5.31 Fc20a •••.••••.•.•. 15 .08 .09 .10 .11 .16 .10 .14 .18 .18 

Sail I a 100, 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100: 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

n ty --------- 278 282 326 270 266 258 322 ' 295 278. 283 

a .Parts per million. 

A glance at the figures given in this table will show 

its relation to the magnesian area of Wisconsin and 

also, partially, the influence of the Chicago Drainage 

Canal. Fox River· rises in the magnesian area, and 

its waters, with those· of the Illinois, show in columns 

2 to 6 the gradual diminution in the ·magnesian content, which, however, is high throughout. The other 

tributaries of the Illinois are also highly magnesian, 

and perlutps from the same source. Illinois is. covered 

over most of its area by glacial drift, which is rich in 

pebbles of magnesian limestone. Did those pebbles 

come from the Niagara dolomite of Wisconsin~ 

In columns 4, 5, and 6, representing Illinois River 

the proportion of chlorine is notably high. Thi~ in1purity is. received from the drainage .canal, which 

carries the sewage of Chicago. The influence of the 

canal IS even moi·e clearly shown by the sanitary 

analyses of the late A. W. Pn1mer.26 His annual 

averages for 1900, representing Illinois River follow· ' ' the percentages have been calculated by F: vY. 

Clarke. The localities are arranged Ill order going 

downstream. 

26 Chemical survey or the waters or Illinois, 1897-1902, Illinois Univ., 1903. 

Chlorine in Illinois and Mississippi rivers. 

Total Chlorine. 

d~~8~ed 1 ______ __ 

(parts per Parts per · million). million. Per cent. 

----------------1---------

235.3 

269.4 

245.4 

245.2 

236.3 

234.3 

232.6 

150.1 

23.1 

21.4 

18.7 

17.5 

14.8 

14.0 

13. 1 3.1 

9. 82 7. 94 7.62 

7.14 

6. 27 5. 98 

5. 63 2.06 

The decrease in the proportion of chlorine as we .. 

follow the Illinois downstream is most striking; but 

even more surprising are the data concerning the 

Mississippi a little farther ~outh, at Alton. Here 

samples were taken 100 feet from the Illinois shore 1 

. one-fourth the distance across, in midstream, three-· 

fourths over, and 100 feet from the Missouri shore. 

The figures rep resent averages covering periods 

ranging from nine months to nearly the· entire year 

1900. 

Chlorine in Mississippi River at Alton, ill. 

Total I Chlorine. 

d~s;~~~~ed~---,..----

(parts per Parts per million). million. Per cent. 

______________ , _ _:__ ------

100 feet from Illinois shore One-fourth distance across-- ----------------------7 

Midstream .. _______ •. ____ =================:=====-- Three-fourths distance across ..................... :· 100 feet fromMissouri shore-----------------------= 

194. 1 182.8 

160.6 

155.0 

154.2 

7. 7 

4.4 71 I 4.1 

3. 5 

3. 97 3.87. 

2. 74 2.65 

2.27 

The influence of Illinois River on the east side of 

the Mississippi is perfectly evident. The chief cause 

of the diminution of chlorine in the Illinois is of 

course, the dilution of the water by other· less ~on­ taminated sources of supply. In the Kankakee at 

Wilming~on the proportion of chlorine during the 

same perwd was only 1.21 per cent, and in Fox River· 

1t was 1.98 per 9ent, calculated from the total matter 

1n solution. Kankakee and Fox rivers represent an 

approximation to the normal chlorine of the regic,n · 

t~e Illinois, into which they flow, shows the exaggera~ twn produced by artificial means. Near the ocean 

the normal chlorine ·in fresh waters is ·much higher 

and the effects of pollution are less conspicuous than 

in inland streams. 27 

27 A good summary or the relations between normal and polluted waters in the· 

eastern and middle States is given by M. 0. Leighton in U. s. Geol. Survey Water-

~uppl~ 79, 19~; The subject of normal chlorine is considered, and the classical 

~hl?rme .map of Massachusetts is reproduced. See also Rivers Pollution ComDllSSlOn S1xt~ Rept., 1868, on the domestic water supply of Great Britain. This 

report contams abundant data on chlorine in waters. 
74 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

KASKASKIA AND MUDDY RIVERS. Illinois. For the composition of their waters we have 

the three following tables of analyses by W. D. 

Collins. Kaskaskia 28 and Muddy rivers are large streams 

that enter the Mississippi between the Illinois and the 

Ohio. Their courses are entirely within the State of 2s U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 239, 1910. 

Date (1906-7). 

Silica Turbidity. (Si02). ~ 

From- 'l.'o-

-------

.. 'I Aug. 1 Aug. 10 40 11 20 270 13 21 30 204 16 31 Sept. 9 50 20 Sept. 10 19 50 9. 6 20 29 40 9. 0 30 Oct. 9 121 33 Oct. 10 19 30 6. 4 20 29 20 .. 14 30 Nov. 6 20 13 Nov. 10 19 30 8. 8 20 30 195 23 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 100 17 11 20 40 18 21 31 30 12 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 ------------ --~----25 ___ 11 20 194 22 31 220 14 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 20 16 . 

10 18 25 13 19 ~ 25 14 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 100 17 11 20 260 19 21 31 50 17 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 10 16 11 20 8· 17 21 30 ------------ -------iii ___ May 1 May 10 30 11 20 ------------ -------14 ___ 21 31 275 June 1 June 10 80 14 11 20 85 16 21 30 303 15 July 1 July 10 40 15 

11 20 I 415 18 

:ean ..... 3:.: 255 19 

llO 16 

Date (190f?-7). 

Silica 'rurbidity. (Si02). 

From- ToAug. 1 Aug. 10 120 16 11 20 224 11 

22 30 300 20 

31 Sept. 8 262 21 

Sept. 10 19 127 61 

20 29 106 16 

30 Oct. 9 ------------ ------------ Oct. 10 19 70 13 

21 28 40 14 

30 Nov. 8 20 17 

Nov. 10 19 20 8. 8 

20 30 273 22 

Dec. 1 Dec. 10 293 18 

11 2() 184 17 

21 31 30 14 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 270 28 

11 19 133 23 

21 31 ------------ ------------ Feb. 1 Feb. 9 40 17 

10 18 50 13 

19 28 37 16 

Mar. 1 Mar. 10 110 13 

11 20 350 24 

21 31 140 15 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 90 10.0 

11 20 10.0 ll 

21 30 175 12 

May 1 May 10 180 21 

11 20 205 12 

21 31 600 15 

June 1 June 10 380 15 

11 20 235 15 

21 30 285 

I 

16 

July 1 July 10 150 17 

11 20 210 16 

21 31 550 17 

Mean ________ 184 I 17 I 

Analyses of water from Kaskaskia River near Shelbyville, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Magne- Sodium Carbonate Bicar- Sulphate Calcium and bonate Iron (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium ·radicle radicle radicle 

(Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (SO,). 

0.10 44 23 15 0. 0 245 30 . 30 38 23 15 .0 233 28 . 60 47 24 15 . 0 217 22 . .11 55 30 3. 0 . 0 274 30 . 30 38 23 17 • 0 ................................. 25 . 06 50 29 24 . 0 289 26 . 13 45 25 17 . 0 220 38 . 06 42 32 18 . 0 241 31 . 02 57 28 19 . 0 330 36 . 03 64 38 23 . 0 355 37 .10 63 36 14 . 0 345 33 . 04 52 29 15 .0 275 31 . 24 54 25 13 .0 267 38 . 24 56 26 14 . 0 267 33 . 24 53 26 15 .0 293 42 

----------- ----------- --------19" ----------- ----------- -------267" ----------- 1. 0 . 42 10 .0 42 . 36 34 16 11 .0 153 31 

----------- 58 28 15 . 0 271 37 . 13 57 26 12 . 0 280 40 . 09 57 26 15 .0 280 37 .19 52 27 19 .0 237 38 . 78 45 19 12 . 0 . 196 46 . 17 55 25 13 .0 260 40 . 19 56 25 10 .0 270 40 . 15 49 19 9. 5 . 0 257 40 

-------:12" --------54- --------20~ ----------- --------:o- -------257- -----·----- 8. 4 35 

----------- ----------- --------28- ------i3-.-- --------.-0- -------276- ----------- . 21 57 39 . 34 51 23 9. 6 . 0 225 28 . 23 67 28 8. 9 . 0 ----------- 34 . 21 66 28 7. 9 . 0 280 29 . 14 70 29 9. 5 . 0 304 34 . 30 59 25 10 . 0 258 30 . 27 65 27 14 .0 268 28 

. 23 53 26 13 . 0 262 34 

Analyses of water from Kaskaskia River ·near Carlyle, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Magne- Sodium Carbonate BicarCalcium I SulphaOO and bonate Iron (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle 

(Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (804). 

0. 20 42 24 15 0. 0 271 19 

.10 44 24 16 • 0 218 24 

• 06 36 17 16 . 0 -----·----- ----------- .07 43 20 7.1 .0 198 23 . 15 42 22 22 . 0 221 25 

. 07 46 20 14 . 0 251 26 

----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------:o- ----------- ----------- . 08 44 18 17 204 32 . 8 55 25 24 .u 284 29 

. 03 53· 26 15 . 0 I 270 29 

.03 56 25 20 . 0 294 28 . 18 21 16 13 .0 154 24 . 28 37 16 17 .0 205 38 . 64 43 23 16 . o I 192 28 

. 20 56 28 16 . 0 272 45 2. 5 24 11 15 -----------1 116 40 

1.0 31 11 14 

--------~~_I_------~~~- 40 

----------- ....................... -- ----------- ----------- ----------- .. 32 39 18 13 

I 

. 0 175 33 . 20 51 21 14 .0 224 41 

. 08 55 23 18 . 0 260 46 . 34 47 21 14 I . 0 203 52 1. 1 28 8. 9 6. 0 .o ll9l 28 . 15 40 19 .11 --.--------- 180 1 38 . 15 54 26 12 ----------- 210 48 1.1 57 24 16 ----------- .274 46 . 19 49 26 14 ----------- 217 44 

. 66 42 18 11 . 0 178 40 . 42 44 22 14 .0 213 46 

. 15 45 20 13 .0 208 35 . 47 29 12 11 • 0 116 31 

. 53 46 18 11 . 0 198 19 . 28 57 21 11 . 0 255 32 

. 16 61 24 10.0 :0 265 27 

161 52 24 12 . 0 245 30 . 36 44 "16 11 .o 194 30 

. 39 47 20 14 I . o I 2131 341 

Nitrate Mean 

Chlorine, Total gage radicle (Cl). solids. height (N03) .. (feet). 

0. 5 6. 2 256 1.8 2. 1 6. 5 243 2. 2 3. 5 5.0 236 2.4 2. 0 5. 0 279 1.7 1.2 

10. I 218 1. 4 3. 5 7. 5 286 1.4 . 6 6. 0 285 1. 8 1.2 6. 5 252 1. 7 • 2 9. 0 301 1.4 . 3 9. 5 340 1.3 . 6 10.0 334 1. 6 3. 0 5. 3 273 6. 5 7. 0 5. 5 268 7. 7 8. 0 6. 7 285 7. 1 10 5. 5 296 6. 1 

----------- -------.t:o· ----------- 6. 5 5. 5 258 13.2 5. 0 5. 0 192 12.0 10 4:2 298 5. 4 9. 0 7. 0 304 4. 5 12 5. 2 297 4. 4 13 4. 8 292 5. 2 12 6. 5 267 9. 6 22 4. 3 281 5. 8 12 4. 0 282 4. 4 9. 0 3. 5 282 3. 7 

------i2 ___ -------3:8- ----------- 3. 7 290 4. 0 

----------- ----------- ----------- 4. 1 15 3. 8 303 4. 2 12 2. 8 264 7. 1 1. 1 2. 8 313 5. 3 8. 0 3. 8 272 4. 7 2. 0 6. 0 315 3. 2 16 ----------- 274 4. 4 8. 0 4. 5 284 5. 4 

6. 9 5. 6 2791-----------

Nitrate 

I 

Mean· 

Chlorine 'rota! gage radicle (Cl). solids. ·height (NOs). (feet). 

-

2. 0 9. 0 273 ----------- 1.9 7. 5 235 ----------- ----------- ----------- 204 ----------- 1.7 5. 5 225 ----------- . 5 6. 0 284 ----------- 1.2 9. 5 274 ----------- --------:9- ----------- ----------- ----------- 12 233 ---------·- .5 7. 5 273 ----------- .6 8. 5 268 2. 3 . 5 11 26!l 2. 3 3. 0 5. 0 198 4. 8 5. 5 11 2~5 14. 1 5. 0 6. 0 251 14.7 4. 0 I 7. 5 291 9. 0 5. 0 i 5. 0 200 19. 1 . 5. 0 i 4. 7 213 20.0 

----------- ----------- ----------- 21.2 

6. 0 1 6. 0 214 17.5 

6. 0 j 6. 5 262 8. 5 7. 0 7. 0 301 7. 5 6. 0 5. 8 277 9. 2 3. 0 7. 0 189 17.4 10 6. 5 239 14.0 8. 0 7. 3 281 7. 2 6. 0 7. 0 292 5. 9 3. 6 88.3 268 5. 8 6. 0 6. 0 239 11.2 14 7. 5 249 10.4 7. 0 6. 8 242 ----------- 3. 8 4. 8 166 16.8 7. 0 3. 8 225 14. 1 6. 0 5. 3 271 8. 4 8. 0 .6. 0 . 298 5. 3 5. 0 7. 0 255 4. 2 

8. 0 5. 0 239 9. 8 

4. 8 6. 91· 2481-----------
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 75 

Analyses of water from Muddy River near Murphysboro, pl. 

[Parts per million.) 

Date (1906-7). M~gne· I Sodium Carbonate Bicar· Sulphate Nitrate Mean 

'rurbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium s1um and radicle bonate radicle radicle· Chlorine Total gage (Si02). (Ca). potassium radicle (Cl). solids: height (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). (feet). Froiu- 'l'o-

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 158 17 0.10 33 17 24 0. 0 101 I 68 1.0 20 258 ----------- 11 20 730 28 1.6 15 15 22 .0 75 49 2.1 19 189 ----------- 21 29 550 27 5.0 17 8. 4 13 ;Q 54 41 1.0 11 158 .............................. 31 Sept. 9 224 11 1.7 24 11 9. 5 . 0 67 64 1.7 21 213 .................... ---- Sept. 10 19 445 17 2.1i 18 8. 7 13 .0 43 41 2.0 11 150 ----------- 20 29 248 15. .30 21 11 14 .o 63 48 1.5 15 166 ----------- 30 Oct. 9 ........ i23" ......... i4" ----·-·:7-- ...... 39""" ------is·-- --------·-- ............................. ----------- .............................. ----------- ............................. .............................. .............................. Oct. 12 17 25 .0 154 74 3. 5 16 274 ----------- 20 29 80 23 1.0 30 13 27 .0 88 89 1.0 15 247 .............................. 31 Nov. 8 40 21 .08 34 16 I 32 .0 108 107 1.0 14 285 Nov. 10 19 190 13 .15 38 17 27 .o 90 112 ·. 4 17 278 0. 2 20 . 30 728 16 1.3 12 6. 3 12 . 0 31 28 1.5 6. 3 115 15.7 Doc. 1 Dec. 10 385 44 5.0 17 8.1 21 .0 54 65 2. 5 13 217 6. 6 11 20 408 45 4. 0 18 4.4 17 . 0 .36 50 4.0 6.8 219 11.7 21 31 290 33 4. 5 16 10 20 .0 54 70 2. 0 8. 7 204 10.4 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 -·--·---2oo- ---------44" ----------- ............................ ----------- ----------- ------·-:a· ----------- -·--------- ----·-·a:a· .............................. ----------.. 23.3 11 20 4.1 9. 6 4.1 16 45 42 5. 5 183 24.4 21 31 240 32 4. 5 17 . 5. 2 15 .0 35 46 3.0 5. 5 146 19.2 }'ob. 2 Fob. 9 185. 29 3. 0 19 8. 7 23 .0 53 72 5. 0 8.2 218 8. 2 11 18 40 24 1. 5 30 15 29. .0 88 106 3. 5 17 294 1.8 19 28 100 16 . 55 33 18 30 .0 89 137 1.7 23 342 3.1 Mar. 1 ME\1', ~~I 290 37 4. 9 21 12 25 .. 0 46 93 3. 2 11 252 6. 2 11 340 32 4. 9 17 6.1 16 .0 49 51 1.7 6. 5 193 12.4 21 31 170 16 5. 3 28 12 17 .0 79 72 1.6 10 230 7. 5 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 100 19 1.11 43 22 34 .0 144 120 3. 2 19 339 1.8 11 20 35 16 . 21 51 21 35 ,. 0 46 186 1.2 25 424 2. 3 21 30 80 15 .8 46 26 31 .0 .104 138 1.1 21 343 4. 2 May 1 May 10 340 17 2. 5 24 6. 9 18 .o I 79 81 1.8 12 229 5. 6 11 20 190 18 2. 20 18 9. 3 20 .0 57 61 1.8 8. 3 193 7.1 21 31 150 26 . 7 29 12 19 .0 72 62 1. 0 10 210. 2. 8 June 1 Juno 10 .................................. ---------iii" ... ............................ ............................. ·---------- ----------- ----·-·-:a· --------32" ----------- ~------5:a· ------.............. ....... i22" 9. 3 11 20 230 1.4 14 7. 4 11 . 24 7. 0 18.5 21 30 435 20 .83 20 10 12 . 0 66 38 1..5 8. 0 139 9. 6 July 1 July 10 65 22 1. 3 24 5. 8 14 . 0 78 42 .6 9. 0 178 5. 3 ll 20 80 17 .15 31 12 16 .0 97 59 1. 1 13 206 4. 3 21 31 210 39 2.8 22 7. 9 20 .0 90 45 .8 11 212 9. 6 

Moan ....... . 245 24 2.1 25 12 20 .0 72 72 2.0 13 225 ________ .,. __ 

Reduced to percentage form the three tables of I the other hand, is evidently abnormal because of 

analyses giye the subjoined averages. pollution, probably from the drainage of coal mines. 

Percentage composition of dissolved soli~s :in Kaskaskia and 

M'uddy rivers. 

1. Kaskaskia B.ivor near Shelbyville. 

2. Kaskt\skia B.ivcr noar Carlyle. 

3. Muddy IUvor noar Murphysboro. 

2 3 

----------------1----------

COs.-_--------------------------------------------

80• .. ·--·----·-·------·---------------------------- CL ••........•...... ------------·------------------ NOs ••••.• --.... --.----. ------------ ~----- ---------

Mg. Ca .... _____________________________________ ·-----------------------------------·-------- . _________ _ 

Na(K).--------------------------------------------

Si02 ••...•••.•..•. --------------------------------- Fo30s.-----·-·--·----------------------------------

Salinity·, parts por miliou ........................ .. 

. 45.44 

11.98 

1. 98 2.43. 

18.68 

9.16 

4. 58 5.64 

.11 

42.09 

13.64 

2.82 

1.92 

18.86 

8. 02 5. 61 6. 81 

. 23 

17.15 

34.88 

6;30 

. 97 12.11 

5.82 

9. 69 11.63 

1.45 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 284 249 206 

The water of Kaskaskia ·River resembles that of the 

Sangamon very closely. The two drainage basins are 

alike in every essential particular. Muddy River, on 

OHIO RIVER BASIN. 

Ohio River, the second largest tributary of the 

Mississippi, drains an area of about 214,000 square 

miles. It is formed by the u,nion of the Allegheny and 

Monongahela at Pittsburgh, Pa. Among its chief 

affluents are the Muskingum, Miami, and Wabash, on 

the north, and the Kentucky, Cumberland, and 

Tennessee, on the south. Fo:r; all of these, and also 

for some of their tributaries, tables of analyses giving 

annuttl averages appear in Water-Supply Papers 

236 and 239. 

HEADWATER STREAMS 

The three following tables, from Water-Supply 

Paper 236, contain analyses made by Dole and his 

colleagues in the Un1.ted States Geological Survey: 
76 

Date (1906-7). 

Turbidity. From- To-

----

Sept. 13 Sept. 23 19 24 Oct. 3 15 Oct. 4 14 46 15 24 21 25 Nov. 3 29 Nov. 4 14 5 15 25 29 27 Dec. 5 ·8 Dec. 6 16 65 17 26 13 27 Jan. 5 36 Jan. 7 15 38 16 25 35 26 Feb. 5 6 Feb. 6 16 4 18 27 6 28 Mar. 10 5 Mar. 11 20 --.......... ---- 21 31 27 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 8 11 20 5 21· 30 40 May 1 May 11 19 11 20 19 21 30 29 31 Juno 9 36 June 10 20 20 26 30 18 July 1 July 10 28 12 22 15 23 A.ug. 1 26 Aug. 2 11 15 12 21 5 22 31 2 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 19 

Mean ________ 21 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Total 

.iron 

(Fe). 

o. 2 

1.2 

3. 5 

1.2 

1.5 

.2 

2.0 

.2 

2. 6 

.9 

1.6 

1.4 

1. 8 

. 5 

.4 

.2 

.4 

6. 5 1.5 

. 7 

.4 

1.1 

.9 

.6 

1.0 

1.3 

.8 

1.0 

1.2 

1.0 

1.1 

. 6 

. 3 

.2 

1.1 

1.2 

A1falyses of water from Allegheny River at Kittanning, Pa.a 

[Parts per million, unless otherwise stated.] 

Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Silica Sulphate Iron Calcium and po- bonate bonate (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle radicle (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). 

---------------

12 Tr. 21 4. 2 19 0. 0 51 35 8. 6 0.06. 22 4. 0 19 . 0 61 25 6. 0 Tr. 18 2.0 12 .0 40 19 n Tr. 14 

I 

1.8 11 .0 34 13 9. 2 .1 12 2. 2 9. 6 .0 37 12 7. 8 .1 12 1.8 7. 6 .0 36 14 4.4 .2 12 2. 2 9.3 .0 37 14 6. 0 .1 12 2.0 9.1 ·.o 33 14 4. 8 .15 10 3. 0 4.4 .0 26 12 7. 6 .17 10 3.2 5.0 .0 26 13 6. 2 . 22 11 3. 6 7. 1 .0 28 16 5.4 . 21 8. 5 2.0 5. 7 .0 21 12 5.4 . 21 9. 2 2. 2 5. 2 .0 19 14 7. 4 .2 13 3. 8 9.1 .0 32 23 6.8 . 16 15 3.4 9.0 .0 41 23 2.4 . 09 16 3. 4 9. 8 b 9. 4 22 22 6. 8 . 13 14 3. 2 9. 3 . 0 34 20 7.0 . 3 9. 2 2. 2 8.0 . 0 28 16 3. 8 .10 7; 4 1.6 5.4· .0 24 12 7.0 .13 10 2.6 7. 2 .0 29 14 6.4 .10 12 2.8 9.4 .0 27 16 12\ . 16 9. 6 2.4 9.1 .0 27 14 11 .10 8.6 2. 2 9.1 .0 29 12 17 .18 "10 2.0 8.8 . 0 37 12 5. 4 .10 10 1.6 8.0 .0 30 12 14 . 15 10 1.9 8. 8 .0 43 10 7. 2 .10 10 2. 0 8. 5 . 0 35 14 7. 6 .11 14 2. 0 13 .0 45 14 12 .15 14 2.8 11 .0 44 14 10 .14 15 3.4 12 .0 45 18 9.0 .14 17 4.0 14 .0 50 22 10 .12 18 4.4 15 .0 51 22 5.4 .10 23 5.4 19 .0 63 26 6.4 .13 26 6. 0 21 . 0 71 30 8.0 .19 25 6.0 22 .0 67 32 --------- 7. !l .13 14 3. 0 11 .o I 38 17 

Nitrate 

·radicle 

(NOa). 

---

0. 0 Tr . 

. 6 

.4 

. 6 

. 7 

.9 

.9 

1.5 

1.1 

1.7 

1.0 

1.1 

1.1 

1.2 

. 6 

1.1 : 1.5 

. 6 

1. 3. 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

. 7 

. 6 

. 5 

. 3 

.4 

. 7 

.6 

.3 

.3 

.. 2 

.1 

.2 ---.7 

Total Mean Chlorine gage (Cl). dissolved height solids. (feet). 

--------- 28 140 2. 49 29 142 2.86 20 107 5.68 13 87 5. 51 12 81 5. 94 13 77 5.11 12 74 7. 67 11 71 5.49 8. 2 59 10.30 8.4 63 7. 79 11 i3 8.15 6. 7 54. 11.20 7.4 55 10.20 10 80 5. 63 13 89 4. 60 16 85 4. 89 13 83 5. 27 8. 2 65 11.46 6.0 47 11.47 9.4 67 7.11 12 73 5. 77 10 72 8.16 7.6 66 8.06 11 81 6.48 11 . 64 6. 99 9.1 78 7. 82 9. 7 71 6. 28 13 88 4. 92 13 89 5. 25 14 94 4. 21 17 109 3. 27 17 111 2. 98 25 132 1. 92 32 154 1. 75 32 155 1.99 --------- 14 87 ...................... 

a Analyses Sept.13 to Dec. 5, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 6, 1906, to Mar. 31, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; Mar. 4 to Sept. 10, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M.G. Roberts. . . · . b Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. 

Analyses of water from Monongahela _River at Elizabeth, Pa.a 

[Parts per million, unless otherwise·stated.) 

Date (1906-7). Total Magno- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean Tur- Silica Iron Calcium and bonate bonate Chlorine gage bidity. iron (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height From- To- (Fe). (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). solids. (feet) ,b 

--- ------------------------- Aug. 25 Sept. 3 42 ·2. 7 13 1.0 12 2.2 9. 6 0.0 23 34 0. 7 2.8 94 8.60 Sept. 4 13 . 34 2.0 7.4 . 5 15 2.4 9.4 .0 22 45 . 6 3. 5 97 7.02 14 23 9 .1 7. 2 Tr. 4.0 4.0 11 .0 8. 7 1.2 1.2 4. 7 118 ' 7. 36 24 Oct. 3 10 1.1 6. 2 .4 16 4. 2 12 .0 4. 8 64 .6 4. 8 121 7. 75 Oct. 4 13 18 3.1 4.8 1.1 12 2. 8 6. 2 .0 16 40 . 5 3. 8 94 8.13 14 23 29 3.4 9. 6 .9 12 2.0 6. 3 .0 17' 32 1. 5 3.4 83 9.06 24 Nov. 2 . 31 2. 3 7. 4 . 9 10 3. 0 6. 3 . 0 21 -28 1.2 3. 0 74 7:91 Nov. 3 12 42 3. 3 5.4 . 7 13 2. 6 7. 2 .0 12 40 1.8 3.4 82 7.06 13 22 85 6. 3 5. 2" .4 15 2. 8 7. 9 .0 9.8 42 1.6 4.1 90 7. 46 23 Dec. 2 75 3. 0 7. 6 .. 8 10 1.4 5.8 .0 20 21 2. 6 2. 6 66 8. 37 Dec. 3 12 60 3. 7 5. 6 .5 10 3. 6 6.0 .0 15 28 1.0 3. 5 69 11.02 13 21 --------47- 5. 6 6. 2 . 56 8. 6 2. 4 4. 6 . 0 15 19 1. 5 1. 9 56 14.56 22 Jan. 2 2. 5 5. 6 . 25 10 3.0 5. 4 .0 15 27 1.5 2. 9 63 12.40 Jan. 3 12 80 3. 5 4. 4 .5 9. 8 ·3.0 4. 6 .0 .15 24 1.5 2.4 64 13.25 13 22 350 17 8. 2 . 7 8.0 ---------- 4. 9 .0 22 18 2. 5 3.4 77 24.96 23 Feb. 1 21 1.8 6. 0 . 07 12 3. 6 .0 .0 9.8 44 1.7 2. 4 80 9.14 Feb. 2 11 110 6.1 5. 4 . 19 11 .6 5. 5 .0 12 32 2. 5 1.7 64 12.44 12 21 27 2. 8 5. 8 .12 13 2. 0 6. 5 . 0 17 37 2.1 2. 9 73 10.18 22 Mar. 3 28 2. 3 5. 6 . 25 10 1.4 5. 5 .·0 15 32 2.1 2. 9 66 10.42 Mar. 4 13 190 4. 4 6. 0 . 26 ·9 .. 6 .4 5. 2 .0 18 22 1.9 1.7 54 13.12 14 24 350 7. 5 18 1.0 11 .6 8. 5 .0 19 26 2.0 2.9 83 20.00 25 Apr. 3 . 50 2.5 5. 4 . 1 14 3. 2 6. 6 .0 16 44 Tr. 2. 6 85 8. 22 Apr. 4 13 12 1.6 7. 8 .06 18 3.0 12 .0 11 65 2.5 4. 2 119 7. 28 14 23 45 . 2. 8 8. 8 .46 11 1.8 6.3 .0 16 33 2. 8 3. 5 78 10.04 

May 24 May 3 65 2. 6 8. 8 .9 8. 8 1.0 5. 5 . 0 18 20 3.0 2. 9 63 11.15 4 13 45 2.1 17 . . 46 11 1.0 ; 6. 8 .0 23 25 1.8 3. 0 80 10.82 14 23 37 2. 5 18 .33 11 1.0 9. 6 .0 23 27 1.5 3.4 81 9. 43 24 June 2 40 2.1 12 . 95 13 1.2 9.4 .0 22 32 1.8 2. 9 87 8. 05 Juno 3 12 45 1.91 7.4 . 21 11 .8 7. 2 .0 ;22 26 1.5 3. 9 70 11.19 13 22 180 4. 0 n .28 17 1.8 8. 5 .0 50 24 3.0 3. 6 96 11.50 23 July 3 38 2. 3 2. 2 • 05 14 2.4 5. 2 .0 20 37 Tr . 3. 6 79 7. 50 July 4 13 70 3. 2 11. . 28 12 2.0 8. 5 .0 21 34 2. 7 3. 8 90 9.14 14 23 285 13 14 1.4 8. 2 1.0 6. 6 .0 21 15 

I 

2. 8 2. 2 76 14.53 24 Aug. 1 205 5. 3 9. 8 . 46 11 1.8 ---------- . 0 ---------- 22 2. 5 2. 6 72 11.23 Aug. 3 12 39 2. 6. 10 .28 13 2. 8 7. 7 .o 17 37 2.0 3.4 85 7. 90 13 22 70 1.9 7. 0 . 35 13 2. 8 9. 3 .0 13 38 .3. 5 4. 8 86 6.85 23 Sept. 2 90 3.5 8.4 .6 12 2. 2 ---------- .0 32 28 1.0 4. 6 82 9. 40 

Mean ________ 82 3. 7 8.4 .49 12 2. 2 7.3 .o I 18 33 I 1.8 3. 2 81 ---------- I 

a Analyses Aug. 25 to Oct. 23, 1906, and from Nov. 3 to Dec. 2, 1906, by D. B. Role; Oct. 24 to Nov. 2, 1906; and from Dec. 3, 1906, to Apr. 3, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 4 to Sept. 2, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M. G. Roberts . • . b Gaging station at Lock No. 4, 10 miles above. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 77 

Analyses of water from Youghiogheny River ~ear McKeesport, Pa.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Alumi- Cal- l Mag- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Acidity Mean 'l'ur- Silica Iron num cium nesium and po- bonate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved free as gage bidity. (Si0»). (Fe). (Al). (Ca). (Mg). tsssium radicle radicle (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. H2so •. height From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa):. (feet).b 

---------------------- .. j-0.0 

---------------------

.Sept. 6 Sept. 16 4 11 6. 7 ... · .................... 37 14 0.0 Tr. 5. 5 397 72 0.06 17 26 . 22 12 5. 8 52 17 21 . 0 .0 300 'l'r. 6.0. 453 75 -----·-:o6 27 Oct. 6 5 10 7. 0 42 16 16 . .0 .. 0 . 245 0. 0 5. 0 374 66 Oct. 7 16 3 8. 2 . 5 5. 0 29 8. 4 12 .0 .0 172 .7 4. 8 298 34 .. 65 17 26 8 8. 4 . 4 6.0 29 5.6 10 . 0 .0 167 . 8 . 5.8 249 20 . 52 27 Nov. 5 11 9. 0 . 5 7. 2 29 5. 6 12 .0 .0 . 174 .4 5. 4 251 30 . 21 Nov. 6 15 8 7.8 . 8 ----·4:o· 34 5.8 14 .0 .0 227 . 6 5:7 311 53 . 05 16 25 140 5. 6 . 2 22 3. 2 8.8 .0 .0 127 . 8 4. 6 184 . 22 2. 04 26 Dec. 5 49 5. 6 . 07 --------- 15 4. 0 10 .0 .0 97 . 8 3. 4 118 16 1. 25 Dec. 6 16 190 5. 2 .09 0.8 12 4. 2 3. 9 . 0 c 3. 9 40 2. 8 3. 8 84 .0 4. 50 . 17 27 50 3. 8 .12 2. 6 14 4.8 4. 4 .0 .0 73 2. 8 3. 8 119 10 3. 41 28 Jan. 7 190 7. 8 .07 3. 4 17 5. 4 4.1 . 0 . 0 85 2.1 3. 7 138 10 5. 31 Jan. 8 17 230 6. 0 .06 2. 0 14 4. 2 ----~-:s.-7· . 0 0 5. 1 62 2.1 3.1 103 . 0 8. 20 IS 26 210 8. 6 . 06 5. 6 20 5. 6 . 0 .0 104 1. 9 3. 6 164 10 7. 60 29 Fob. 7 47 8. 6 . 35 8. 2. 23 7. 5 6. 9 .0 .0 141 . 2.0 4. 8 226 33 3. 70 Fob. 8 17 43 8. 2 . 2 8. 8 23 7. 2 6. 6 . 0 .0 142 1.9 4.0 224 30 2. 62 18 27 55 7. 2 ."13 5. 8 18 5.8 5. 0 . 0 . 0 107 2.0 3. 8 171 20 4. 26 28 Mar. 9 80 6. 4 . 15 3. 7 --------- 3. 8 2. 7 .0 .0 82 . 5 3.8 127 15 3. 21 Mar. 10 22 1, 600 8. 8 . 10 2. 3 ------28" 5. 2 5. 5 .0 0 7. 5 86 1.6 2. 6 140 .0 10.34 23 Apr. 1 140 11 .18 10 7. 6 7. 7 .0 . 0 165 1. 6 3.0 239 22 3. 42 Apr. 2 14 110 11 . 15 11 30 8. 6 11 .0 .0 184 . 6 5.0 277 66 2.00 15 . 24 240 16 .07 2. 8 17 5. 2 7. 6 . 0 .0 86 1.3 4. 2 140 17 3. 26 25 May 4 82 7. 6 . 05 2. 2 16 4. 6 7. 9 . 0 .0 74 1.1. 2. 4 123 11 3.16 May 5 15 540 14 .06 0. 5 20 6. 4 8. 2 . 0 0 7. 3 78 1.1 5.0 143 . 0 3.85 16 25 45 8.4 .06 4. 2 19 6. 2 9.1 .0 .0 104 . 7 4. 2 157 11 2.37 26 Juno 4 160 7. 2 . 05 2. 2 16 5. 2 7. 2 . 0 .0 74 . 7 ,3.0 118 6. 9 3. 26 Juno 5 14 290 8. 2 .03 .o. 7 13 3. 6 9.1 .0 c 6. 1 54 1.1 2.4 .98 .0 ~. 37 15 24 60 8.4 . 04 2. 2' 17 5. 2 8. 8 . 0 .0 80 1.1 4. 2 129 3. 4· 3.09 25 July 4 7 7.8 .04 2. 4 24 6.8 11 .0 . 0 116 . 7 6. 6 181 22 1. 36 July 5 14 52 9.4 .09 2.8 30 8. 2 13 .0 .0 152 . 6 5.8 236 28 1. 51 16 26 46 6.8 .05 --------- 14 3. 8 14 .0 0 Tr.· 66 1.3 4. 8 112 .0 2.67 27 Aug. 5 106 6. 8 . 04 1.3 16 4. 2 7. 9 .0 . 0 76 1.2 3. 2 120 3. 9 2.1 Aug. 6 15 31 7. 8 . 03 2.1 24 7.0 10 .0 .0 116 . 7 4. 8 183 14 1. 35 

6 

16 26 15 8. 4 . 1 3. 6 30 8. 8 12 .0 . 0 160 . 6 7. 4 255 24 1.18 27 Sept. 6 55 10 .05 3. 3 30 8. 2 11 .0 .0 153 1.1 8. 4 242 16 .9 0 

--------------------------------------------- Moan •.• · ••••••• 141 8. 5 . 70 4. 0 23 6. 7 9. 3 .0 .0 123 1.1 4. 5 -197 22 ----------

a Analyses Sept. 6 to Nov. 5, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Nov. 6, 1906, to Apr. 1, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 2 to Sept. 6,1907, by Chase Palmer and M. 

G. Roberts. 

b Gaging station at West Newton, Pa., 10 miles above. c Omitted from tho average. 

In the next table the average analyses of the three 

river waters are restated in the form of the percentage 

composition of the·anhydroussolidresidues. Bicarbonates are reduced to normal carbonates, and the alkalies 

· are corrected by Palmer's deter.mination~ ofpotassium. 

Percentage composition of three river waters in Ohio basin. ~ . . 

1. Allegheny River. Mean of 36 analyses of 10 day composite samples. 

2. Monongahela River. Mean of 37 composite analyses. 

3. Youghioghony River. Mean of 35 composite analyses. 

2 

-----------:----~·-- ---------

COa-------------------~--------------------------- 21.51 11.47 Tr. so.________________________________________________ 19. 55 42. 52 66.40 

CL-------------------------------------~---------- 16.10 4.12 2. 33 NOa .• --------------------------------------------- . 82· 2. 32 . 60 

Ca •• ·-----~----------------------------------·----- 16.10 15.47 '12. 42 l\{g________________________________________________ 3. 46 2. 84 3. 63 

Na·------------------------------------------------ 11.04 8.12 4. 38 ,!{ _____________ ------------------------------------- 2. 09 1. 42 . 98 

Si02 ----------------------------------------------- 9. 09 10.82 4. 60 J<~e203---------------------------------------------- . 24 . 90 . 55 AhOs---------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- 4.11 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million__________________________ 87 81 185 

All three river basins lie in a densely· populated 

region, with many coal mines, i~:on works, an.d other 

industrial ·enterprises. Their waters are therefore 

1nuch contaminated, an.d most so in the Youghiogheny, which is the principal tributary of the M~non~ 

gahela. In this 1river as it nears Pittsburgh acid contamination has almost completely destroyed the 

carbonates and. replaced them by sulphates, as shown 

in the analyses. The Allegheny is less affected, and 

the Monongaheln. in this respect 1$ intermediate between the other two. A regular gradation in composition appears in passing from analysis No. 1 to No. 3. 

This industrial contamina:tion is doubtless very 

variable. In times of industrial depression or of 

strikes it should be much less, and during floods the 

acid .or polluted waters should be temporarily swept 

away by purer waters from the upper courses of the 

streams. 

For these rivers and their tributaries a good number of railroad or boiler-water analyses are available. 

These are best arranged in groups, and i_n each one the 

. analyses will follow the courses of · the streams in 

order from the headwaters downward. 

·First; there are .two analyses of water from the 

Allegheny,· as follow13: 

Analyses of water from Allegheny River. 

1. At Eclipse, Pa. Received from Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. (New 

York Central syste.m). · 

2. At Rankin, Pa. Received from Baltimore & Ohio R. R. 

Percentage com- Parts per million. position discharge solids. 

2 2 

-------------------· -------

COa------------------------·-------------

SO•-------------------------------------

Ca C1.------------~------------------------ _____________________________________ _ 

Mg·-------------------------------------

Na(K) .• ___ ·----------------------------- Oxides a ___________ ----------------------

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

25.2 

8. 8 12.6 

14.5 

3. 2 8.1 

1.0 

73.4 

20.3 

24.7 

17.4 

17.6 

3.8 

11.3 

9. 4 

34.31 

12.01 

17. 12 19.74 

4. 32 11.10 

1. 40 

104. 5 . 100. 00 

19.44 

23.64 

16.70 

16.81 

3. 60 10.81 

9. 00 

100.00 
78 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Kittanning, the station at which the ·Survey samples 

were collected, is between these two; and the salinity, 

87 parts per million, and the composition of the water 

are also intermediate. Rankin is very near Pittsburgh and shows the effect of industrial contamination. 

For the Monongahela the following five analyses 

are of value. All were received from the Baltimore 

& Ohio Railroad. 

Analyses of Monongahela River water.a 

1. At Fairmont, W. Va. 

2. At Glassport, Pa. 

3. At Versailles .. Pa, 

4. At Rand, Pa. 

5. At Glenwood, Pa. I. Parts per million. 

2 4 

----------1---------------

COa ...•..•..................•. S04 ...................••...... Cl ........................... . 

Ca Mg .•...... __________________________ ----------------·----_ Na(K) _______________________ _ 

Oxides b _ _. ____ ----------------

11.7 

9. 8 . 2. 0 8. 9 

1.8 

1.3 

10.3 

45.8 

6. 0 24.6 

4. 0 10.3 

2. 4 

2. 6 17.0 

66.9 

12.0 

44.5 

6.4 

19.8 

4. 0 

4. 2 

8. 9 

99.8 

9.1 

81.5 

8. 8 29.9 

6.1 

5. 7 

6. 0 

147. 1 

42.9 

64.1 

6.8 

39.8 

9. 3 4. 4 

3.1 

170.4 

a For an early analysis of Monongahela water see Howard, C. D., West Virginia Agr. Expor. Sta. Bull. 89. b Silica plus sosquioxides. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 3 4 5 . 

----------1---------------

COa--------------------------- 25.59 8. 95 12.02 6.18 25. 17 S04--------------------------- 21.41 36.83 44.57 55.42 37.60 CL........................... 4. 32 6. 05 6. 44 6. 00 4. 01 Ca............................ 19. 56 15. 35 19.86 20.30 23.37 

Mg ....... -------------------- 3. 85 3. 58 4. 04 4.14 5. 45 Na(K)........................ 2. 80 3. 92 4. 17 3. 89 2. 60 Oxidesa ______________________ ~~~~~~ 

100. 00 100. 00 100:00 100.00 100.00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

Following the river downstream the increase in 

salinity, as shown in parts per million, is very striking. 

The pollution, as appears in the proportion of sulphates, increases in somewhat the same way although 

not so regularly. The irregularity is probably due 

to local causes. Analysis No. 1 is most nearly that 

of a normal water. 

The following analyses of water from tributarie's 

of the Monongahela were received from the Baltimore 

& Ohio Railroad. All are reduced to standard form 

as usual. The localities mentioned are ·in West Virginia. 

Analyses of waters in Monongahela basin. 

1. West Fork of the Monongahela at Clarksburg. 

2. West Fork of the Monongahela at Jayenn. 

3. Lake Kester at Oral. Mean of two analyses. 

4. Bingamon Creek at Enterprise. 

5. Buffalo Creek at Glover Gap. 

6. Buffalo Creek at Farrington. 

7. Tygarts Valley River at Arden. 

s: Tygarts Valley River at Grafton. 

9. Cheat River at Rowlesburg. 

I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 4 5 

------

COa ........... 19.1 30.2 16.6 . 48.5 13.1 

S04------------ 11.8 46.3 8.1 42.1 9.8 CL ____________ 4. 9 5. 9 2. 5 6. 6 3. 0 

Ca.·------------ Mg 13.2 24.6 11.2 ~6.5 . 7. 9 ____________ 2. 7 5. 0 1.9 8.0 2. 9 Na(K) _________ 3. 2 11.4 1.6 4.3 1.9 Oxides a _______ 8. 2 6. 0 7. 9 3. 2 11.5 ---------- 63.1 129.4 49.8 149.2 50.1 

6 7 

----

12.9 16.1 9.4 2. 4 7. 2 .9 9.8 10.1 1.6 1.0 4. 6 . 6 18.5 5. 3 ----

64.0 36.4 

II. Percen.tage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

-- ----------

COa----------- 30.33 23.35 33.32 32.46 26.09 20.11 44.17 so. ____________ 18.74 35.81 16.25 28.22 19.51 14.73 6. 61 CL ____________ 7. 73 4. 56 5. 01 4.45 6. 01 11.21 2. 57 

Mg Ca .. ------~---- 20.93 18.99 22.44 24.45 15.78 15.34 27.74 ____________ 4. 26 3.83 3. 93 5. 37 5.86 2. 53 2. 69 Na(K) _________ 

~·~ I'·" 3. 24 2.88 3. 89 7. 26 1. 67 Oxides a _______ 13.00 4. 62 15.81 2,17 22.86 28.82 14.55 

100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

8 9 

----

5. 5 . 31.6 4. 9 29.2 .9 13.8 4. 3 24.3 . 9 5. 4 . 6 9. 0 7. 5 3. 1 ---- 24.6 116.4 

8 9 

----

22.26 27. 17 20.09 25.12 3.83 11. f!5 17.26 20.88 3. 57 4. 62 2. 45 7. 71 

30.54 2. 65 

100.00 lCO. 00 

Four more analyses of water from tributaries of the 

Monongahela, through the Y oughiogheny, are given 

in the next table. They also were received from the 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 

Analyses of water from the Youghiogheny basin. 

10. West Fork of Youghiogheny River at Toll Gate, W.Va. 

11. Bear Run at Bear Run station, Pa. 

12. Indian Creek at Indian Creek station, Pa. 

13. Yougbiogbeny River at Versailles, Pa. Mean of two analyses., 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

10 11 12 13 10 11 12 13 

------------------

COa. _- ------- 29.5 10.5 11.5 70.4 36.20 33.25 29.22 25.66 

S04----------- 4. 0 2. 9 4.8 73.0 4.87 9. 20 12.22 26.63 CL ___________ 3.0 . 9 4. 9 6. 0 3. 70 2. 97 12.36 2. 20 Ca ____________ 15.9 6.1 6. p 46.9 19.59 19.27 17.53 17.11 Mg ___________ 3.1 1.3 1.7 18.3 3.84 4. 04 4. 21 6. 66 Na(K) ________ 2. 0 . 6 3. 2 3. 9 2.39 1. 92 8. 00 1. 42 Oxidesa ______ 23.9 9. 2 6. 5 55.7 29.41 29.35 16.46 20.32 ------------------------ 81.4 31.5 39.5 274.2 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 79· 

Analyses of waters in Beaver River basin. 

· ·1. Mahoning River at Youngstown, Ohio. 

2. Shenango River at Sharon, Pa. Analyses 1 and 2 received from Lake Shore & 

Michigan Southern R. R. (New York Central system). 

3. Shenango River at New Castle Junction, Pa. 

4. Big Run at New Castle Junction, Pa. · 

5. Creek at ;Fombell, Pa. Analyses 3 to 5 received from Baltimore & Ohio R. R. 

I. Parts per million. 

-----------=-I----· __ z ____ 3_1 __ 4 __ --5--

COa--------------------------

so~-------------------------~- CL __________ ·----------------- Ca ___________________________ _ 1\ig __________________________ _ 

57. 5 40. 3 37. 7 14. 6 10. 6 71. 8 10. 0 63. 3 ·. 21. 0 11. 1 10. 4 3. 9 7. 9 5. 0 3. 4 41. 1 22. 4 37. 1 15. 9 8. 5 11. 9 5. 1 8. 7 1. 5 2. 0 

Although these 13 analyses of waters in the Monongahela basin are not elaborate, they still give some 

suggestive information. Analyses 1 ·and 2, 7 to 9, 

and 10 to 13 show clearly the increase in pollution as 

represented by th~ sulphate radicle as the streams are 

followed downward. This appears yery distinctly in 

the last group. The analysis of Youghiogheny water 

differs widely from the mean in the 81J.rvey table, but 

the sample was taken at a point above McKeesport, 

where the contamination reached a maximum. At 

Versailles the carbonates are still conspicuous, but the 

sulphates exceed them in quantity. The salinity of 

~he river varies enormously, almost from day to day, 

but that is evidently due to variations between low 

ai1d high water and has no other real significance. 

Na(K) _______________________ _ 15. 1 2. 6 5. 1 3. 2 2. 2 

. 0 . 

BEAVER RIVER. 

Beaver River, which enters the Ohio at Rochester, 

Pa., 26 n1iles northwest of Pittsburgh, is formed by 

the union of the Mahoning and the Shenango. For 

the n1ain trunk of the riYer no analyses are ayailable; 

but for its subordinate waters the following data are 

useful. · 

Oxides a_----·----------------- 5. 0 1. 7 3. 9 19. 0 8. 0 

212.8 86.0 163.7 80.2 45.8 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 

----------------------------

CO a ___ -------------------·---- 27. 01 46. 97 23. 04 18. 16 23. 20 SOc------------------------- 33.76 11.39 38.64 26. 19 24. 23 CL _____________ ._____________ 4. 87 4. 59 4. 82 6. 21 7. 47 

Ca____________________________ 19.31 26.10 22.66 19.87 18.45 Mg___________________________ 5. 60 5. 98 5. 29 1. 89 4. 26 Na(K)________________________ 7.11 2. 98 3.12 4. 01 4. 85 

Oxidesa----------------------~~~~~ 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a Silica plus scsquioxides. 

MUSKINGUM RIVER. 

For Muskingum River, w4ich enters the Ohio ·at 

Marietta,. there is the following table of analyses made 

by Dole and his colleagues in the water-resources 

laboratory of the Geological' Survey: 

Analyses of water from 1Vl1tskingum River at Zf!'nesville, Ohio.a 

[Parts per million.] 

:Onto (1906-7). · Total Magno- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 'l'ur- Silica Iron Calcium and bonate bonate Chlorine gage bidlty. iron (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height (Fe). (Mg). (S04). · (NOa). solids. I<' rom- 'l'o- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (feet). 

--- ·--- -------------------------

Sept. 3 Sept. 13 130 3. 5 15 0.10 47 10 27 0.0 136 40 0. 2 60 281 8.1 14 23 100 2. 9 23 . 30 55 •12 27 .0 155 41 .9 71 314 7.8 24 Oct. 3 70 2. 2 32 Tr. 58 13 36 .0 154 52 .0 ---------- 356 8.1 Oct. 4 13 85 2. 9 15 Tr. 55 11 46 .0 ---------- '53 2.1 ---------- 339 9.0 14 23 48 2. 6 13 Tr. 52 12 ..................... . 0 132 51 1.9 65 334 8.8 24 Nov. 2 45 1.4 27 .06 53 11 33 5. 3· 136 50 1.0 62 305 8.6 Nov. 3 13 24 . 7 14 . 03 60 13 36 Tr. 160 49 1.0 77 . 326 8.2 14 24 80 1.8 12 . 06 55 11 33 Tr. 168 50 1.1 -------38- 301 10.2 25 Doc. 4 32 1.4 11 .16 4·1 9. 8 19 Tt. 111 43 3. 0 2.16 9. 5 Doc. 5 15 150 5. 6 15 . 23 37 8.4 20 3. 6 96 40 4. 5 ---------- 207 11.3 16 27 ----------- 3. 9 10 .19 35 8.4 14 .0 92 38 3. 6 29 182 11.4 28 Jan. 4 ----------- 7. 2 7. 6 .H 32 6. 0 12 .0 86 ---------- 3. 8 28 169 13.6 Jan. 10 20 --------85- 11 13 . 75 22 3. 6 7.1 .'0 61 ---------- 4. 2 13 128 18.6 21 Mar. 4 3. 2 11 .19 37 7.6 12 4.8 89 ---------- 3. 7 29 192 11.7 Mar. 9 31 480 -------i~7- 18 . 20 28 ---------- 14 17 36 35 2.1 19 160 17.0 Apr. 6 Apr. 20 17 9. 0 .11 44 .· 9.8 22 .0 117 45 1.5 36 225 1.0.3 21 30 215 5.8 25 . 25 36 7.0 19 .0 93 39 1.6 29 207 13.5 :rv.ray 1 May 10 42 1.8 15 . 23 38 8.4 17 .0 102 40 1.5 28 197 11.1 11 Juno 1 81 2. 3 16 . 09 26 8. 8 21 .0 76 42 .0 36 187 11.3 Juno 2 18 105 4. 0 12 .18 26 7.61 17 ------2~4- 35 1.5 24 181 11.8 19 July 4 3 . 1. 0 ------i2 ___ . 5 30 9. 6 24 70 42 .0 46 188 8. 9 July 5 20 uo 4. 0 .18 42 9. 2 19 .0 127 38 1."2 38 227 9. 5 21 31 260 7. 7 10 .4 28 5.8 14 .0 83 26 .8 20 150 12.6 Aug. 2 Aug. 11 62 1.1 11 .10 46 •• I 21 .0 130 36 .8 37 223 8.8 12 21 2 .3 11 . 06 58 

i~ -----~~--- Tr. 160 45 .4 65 296 8.0 22 31 48 1.4 7.6 .13 58 Tr. 145 50 . 5 ---------- 328 8.1 Sept 1 Sopt. 10 35 1.0 11 .16 64 Tr. 156 51 .4 ---------- 373 . 7.8 

Meana-------1 961 3. 21 14 .181 43 9. 51 23 I· 1.31 1151 431 1. 6 40 244 ----------

a Analyses Sopt. 3 to Oct. 23, 1906, by R. :a. Dole; Oct. 21 to Mar. 31, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 6 to Sept. 10, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M. G. Hoborts. · 
80 . COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following analyses <?f waters in the Muskingum 

basin were received from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and are reduced here to standard form. The 

localities given are all in Ohio. 

Analyses of waters in the Muskingum basin. 

1. Fork of Mohican River at Lexington. 

2. Clear Fork Creek at Butler. 

3. West Fork of Licking River at Utica. 

4. Licking River at Black Hand. (Not to be confU:Sed with the Licking River of 

Kentucky, which enters the Ohio opposite Cincinnati.) 

5." Leatherwood Creek at £:1pencers. 

6. Leatherwood Creek at Campbells. 

7. Willis Cr~ek at Cambridge. 

8. Crooked Creek at New Concord. 

9. Muskingum River at Zanesville. 

10. Jonathans Creek at Glenford . 

. I. Parts pe~ million. 

I 1 2 3 4 5 

-'1-7· I 

COa-------------- 107.3 103.8 133.9 124.2 101.6 74.6 80.7 so._. _____________ 56.9 28.3 71.0 46.5 87.0 142.8 91.1 CL _______________ 3.9 3. 9. 10.8 6.8 9.0 12.7 19.5 Ca ____ · ___________ Mg 60.6 53.6 72.6 67.2 76.6 71.9 61.3 _______________ 20.8 16.5 26.1 21.0 16.4 22.4 13.2 Na(K) ___________ 2. 6 2. 6 9. 8 4.4 5. 8 8. 2 19.6 Oxides a __________ 5. 6 7. 2 7. 4 6. 0 20.0 8. 0 4.1 

-------------- 257.7 215.9 331.6 276.1 316.4 340.6 .289 .. 5 

.a Silica plus sesquioxides. · 

8 

121.6 

44.0 

4. 9 66.6 

14.7 

12.6 

4.1 

--

268.5 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

--------------

COa-------------- 41.64 48.08 40.3~ 44.99 32.09 21.90 27.89 45.28 so. ______________ 22.07 13.14 21.41 16.82 27.50 41.95 31.47 16.38 Cl _______________ · 1. 53 1.83 3. 26 2.48 2.85 3. 72 6. 72 1. 82 

Mg Ca __ ------------- 23.52 24.83 21.90 24.34 24.19 21.09 21.19 24.80 _______________ 8.06 7. 62 7. 87 . 7. 60 5. 20 6.58 4. 55 5.49 Na(K) ___________ . 99 1.18 2. 97 1. 60 1. 85 2.40 6. 77 4. 70 Oxides ___ -------- 2.19 3.32Foo 2.17 6. 32 2. 36 1. 41 1. 53 ---- 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 001100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

9 . 10 

89.2 72.7 51.3 27.2 21.7 3. 9 54.1 48.3 15.2 6. 9 15.7 2.6 9.4 32.3 

256. 61193. 9 

9 10 

----

34.75 32.50 20.04 14.02 8.45 2.04 21.07 24.89 5. 90 3. 57 6.14 1. 31 3. 65 16.67 

100.00 100.00 

Some of the waters represented 

table were evidently contaminated. 

,show this fact very clearly. 

in the foregoing 

Nos. 6,' 7, and 9 

SCIOTO RIVER. 

For the Scioto itself no analyses have been found, 

but the three which follow are of its tributaries. They 

were received from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 

The basin of the Scioto lies entirely in Ohio. 

Analyses of waters from the Scioto basin. 

1. Big Walnut Creek at Big Walnut. 

2. East Fork of Paint Creek at Madison Mills, 

3. Sugar Creek at Jasper Mills. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 1 

-----------------------------

COa----------------------------

SO•---------------------------- CL ____________________________ _ 

Ca __ --------------------------- Mg ________ ·--------------------- Na(K) Oxides __ ----------------------- a _______________________ _ 

. aSilica plus sesquioxides. 

56. 5 175.9 186.8 19. 37 53. 97 42. 87 110. 0 30. 0 93. 3 37. 72 9. 23 21. 41 5. 9 3. 9 3. 9 2. 03 1. 21 . 90 49. 8 71. 4 96. 5 12. 09 21. 90 22. 15 20. 2 35. 0 40. 1 6. 93 10. 76 9. 21 3. 8 . 2. 6 2. 6 1. 32 . 78 . 59 45. 3 7. 0 12. 5 15. 54 2. 15 2. 8';' 

2i».5 325. 8 "435.7 100. oo 100. oo 1 100. oo 

MIAMI RIVER. 

For the Miami in western Ohio· we have only the 

series of analyses covering an entire year, as made by 

Dole.and his colleagues. Their table follows: 

Analyses of water from Miami River at Dayton., Ohio.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). Total Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Tur- Silica Iron Calcium and bonate bonate Chlorine gage bidity. iron (Si02)." (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height From- To- (Fe). (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). solids. (feet). 

--- ---------------------------

Sept. 16 Sept. 25 32 3.1 16 Tr. 58 28 10 9. 0 264 38 0. 9 5. 0 300 0. 7 26 Oct. 5 32 . 9 21 Tr. 65 28 9. 0 9. 0 280 35 2. 8 5. 8 318 .8 Oct. 6 15 18 . 4 17 Tr. 63 26 9. 6 .0 297 37 3. 1 5. 0 309 . 6 16 25 14 .10 18 Tr. 65 27 9. 0 .0 301 40 2. 9 5. 0 317 .8 

26 Nov. 4 5 . 15 20 Tr. 66 28 11 8. 2 291 41 2. 0 5. 5 327 ·I. 0 

Nov. 5 14 8 Tr. 20 Tr. 69 29 9. 8 Tr. 317 41 2. 0 5. 3 335 2. 0 15 24 75 2.1 14 0. 24 64 27 9. 8 11 250 40 7. 0 4. 3 304 2. 8 25 Dec. 4 16 . 5 19 .05 75 28 7. 4 3. 6 278 60 15 4.0 346 2. 4 

Dec. 5 14 26 .7 26 . 07 75 28 8. 2 10 269 62 12 4. 7 355 2. 5 15 24 80 1.4 15 . 23 64 23 6. 8 . 0 . 239 52 13 3. 0 296 3. 0 

25 Jan. 4 ----------- 3. 2 16 . 19 68 24 7. 1 .0 272 52 12 3. 5 318 4. 2 Jan. 5 14 210 3. 0 14 .5 50 17 6. 5 .0 184 36 18 3. 6 238 6. 5 

15 24 450 6. 7 15 . 7 42 14 7. 1 .0 161 29 11 3. 4 212 7.·5 

25 Feb. 4 75 1.8 16 .6 61 23 8. 8 12 229 44 i6 4.1 301 3. 3 

Feb. 5 14 45 . 5 8. 8 . 05 60 26 8. 0 12 215 51 10 3.8 282 2. 9 

15 24 11 .4 24 . 06 58 25 6. 9 13 212 42 11 4.1 298 2. 8 

25 Mar. 6 260 4. 2 25 . 08 67 . 25 7. 4 8. 4 246 49 9. 0 3.8 320 2. 9 ;Mflr. 27 Apr. 6 37 1.0 15 . 12 64 24 8. 0 12 228 44 10.0 4. 6 299 . 2. 2 

Apr. 7 16 25 . 3 20 . 14 50 26 8. 4 12 200 44 15 5. 4 282 2.1 17 26 25 . 6 19 .11 58 25 3 .. 5 16 217 41 15 4. 2 298 2. 2 

27 May 6 20 .4 15 . 16 62 24 6. 3 13 229 39 19 3. 8 297 2. 5 May 7 16 18 .4 23 .11 58 23 3. 3 14 217 40 18 4. 3 292 2. 0 

17 28 37 1.3 14 .10 52 26 3. 0 12 218 41 15 3.8 275 1.8 

29 June 8· 240 4. 4 19 . 19 53 20 12 10 197 34 15 4. 8 264 3. 8 

June 9 18 280 7. 0 18 . 7 49 18 11 9. 6 180 27 17 3.8 252 5. 2 

19 28 7.') 2. 6 17 . 12 60 22 11 2. 4 249 33 6:2 4. 8 '283 2. 5 

29 July 8 90 . 1. 6 17 . 03 42 26 8. 2 .0 206 37 1.2 4. 2 240 1. 9 

Julr 9 19 ----------- 7. 9 30 . 35 51 20 14 . 0 ---------- 26 6. 4 2.4 254 4. 0 

20 29 ----------- 3. 2 8. 6 . 04 26 18 12 .0 ---------- 32 Tr. . 6 163 3. 4 

30 Aug. 8 ----------- 1.6 9. 2 Tr. 56 24 12 .0 ---------- 37 1..'\' . 6 258 2. 2 

Aug. 9 18 ----------- 1.0 18 . 03 55 25 11 .0 ---------- 39 

I 'I 1.4 273 1.4 

19 28 35 .9 9. 8 . 05 69 29 12 .10 323 34 .0 5. 4 331 1. 1 

29 Sept. 7 43 .9 15 .04 63 24 14 .0 287 41 2. 5 5. 8 304 1.2 

Sept. 8 17 140 2. 6 19 . 13 59 25 13 . 0 251 36 2. 2 4. 8 289 1.7 

Mean ________ 84 2. d 17 .)5 59 24 9. 0 5.8 244 40 --8-. 6-~--4-. 1- 289 

a Analyses Sept. 9 to Dec. 4, 1906, by R. B. Dole; Dec. 5, 1906, to Mar. 6, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M. G. Roberts; Mar. 27 to June 28, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M. G. 

Roberts; June 29 to Sept. 17, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. 
MISSISSIPPI 'BASIN. 81 

WABASH RIVER. 

Wabash River, the largest northern affluent of the 

Ohio, has been very thoroughly studied in the waterresources bra,nch of the United States Geological 

Survey. For the main stem of the river there are two 

tables of analyses, giving the mean composition of the 

water during an entire year. These tables follow: 

Analyses of water from Wabash River near Logansport, Ind. a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date Sodium· (1900-7). Silica Calcium Magnesium and ·Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine· - _ 'l'urbidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle ate radicle radicle radicle (Cl). 

(Na+K). (C03). (HC03). (S04). (N03). 

From- 'l'o-

------ Sept. 9 Sept. 18 105 ............................... 0.15 66 62 382 b 7. 9 190 82 0. 0 741 

19 29 50 11 Tr. 102 60 ------------ .0 259 97 . 0 690 

30 Oct. 9 20 17 . 10 109 03 ------------ . 0 242 100 .0 737 

Oct. 12 21 10 8. 0 .10 117 08 434 .0 258 114 Tr. 806 

22 31 10 9. 0 . 20 128 77 473 .0 276 101 .0 915 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 10 10 .10 112 .......................... 478 . 0 314 112 .4 960 

11 20 10 13 . 08 133 74 461 . 0 317 138 .0 889 21 30 125 11 . 20 91 33 169 . 0 I 206 93 18 320 

·Doc. 1 Doc. 10 150 19 . 40 77 36 '112 .0 218 97 11 223 

11 21 145 22 . 85 68 25 61 . 0 166 75 .11 114 

22 31 50 17 . 20 92 36 105 . 0 259 102 18 198 

Jnn. 1 Jan. 10 295 29 ............................... 48 15 34 . 0 127 61 9. 7 57 12 . 20 240 21 1.·2 52 17 28 .0 144 44 13 51 

21 30 280 27 1.2 52 17 33 .0 150 52 5. 0 49 

31 Fob.· 9 10 8. 4 .10 97 35 97 .0 298 99 6:4 175 

Fob. 10 20 'l'r. 16 Tr. 102 36. 119 .0 292 94 0.0 222 

21 Mar. 3 10 10 'l'r. 94 35 115 . 0 278 111 8.4 204 

:rvrar. 4 13 370 0. 4 .05 83 34 118 . 0 ------------ 88 7. 3 218 

14 23 050 38 1.2 43 15 22 .0 116 46 16 35 24 Apr. 3 145 12 . 25 57 19 38 .0 187 00 4.4 60 

Apr. 4 14 30 10 . 20 00 25 83 .0 240 76 0. 7 153 

15 25 5 8.0 . 22 -------11 33 98 .0 258 87 7. 9 222 

20 May 7 10 10 . 07 36 115 .. . 0 234 89 3.2 223 May 8 17 8 5.0 . 04 32 98 .0 242 89 4. 3 185 

18 28 20 -----··-o:s· . 04 33 ------------ . 0 260 85 4.1 233 

29 Juno 7 90 . 20 22 59 . 0 195 60 0.1 117 

Juno 8 18 150 18 .15 18 31 . 0 194 42 7. 5 63 

19 28 230 11 .15 61 20 53 . 0 207 53 5. 0 89 

29 July 8 50 11 .05 88 29 ------------ ·. 0 277 63 4.4 188 July 10 21 900 14 . 10 63 20 62 . 0 195 50 8.8 95 

22 31 140 11 . 02 67 22 53 . 0 239 56 2. 9 83 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 50 11 . 05 84 33 102 .0 288 64 2. 2 174 

11 20 85 9. 0 .05 85 35 108 . 0 292 73 1.8 214 

21 30 75 20 . 05 89 44 176 .0 295 80 1.8 313 

31 Sept. 9 75 9.8 .08 67 24 94 . 0 217 48 3. 5 150 

:Moan ..••..•• 132 14 23 82 35 142 .0 234 79 5. 9 292 

n Analyses Sept. 9, 1906, to Feb. 9, 1907, by W. ·M. Barr; Feb. 10 to Mar. 3, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 4 to Sept. 9, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. b Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. , . · 

Dnto (1900-7). 

]froms opt. 

0 ct. 

9 

20 

2 

17 

31 

N rov. 14 

25 )cc. 5 

15 

2() 

1\11, 7 

18 

28 

Fob. 7 

19 

:Mar. 1 

ll 

2() 

A pr. 10 

27 Moy 10 

20 

J uno 3 

14 

27 

ToSept. 19 

Oct. 1 

16 

30 

Nov. 13 

24 

Dec. 4 

15 

25 

Jan. 5 

17 

27 

Fob. 0 

18 

28 

:Mar. 10 

25 

Apr. 15 

24 

May 8 

19 

Juno 1 

13 

26 

July 7 

uly 8 18 

191 31 

J 

A ug. 1 Aug. 14 15 2() 

27 I Sept. 0 Sept. 7 10 

Mean ..•. ---1 

'l'urbidity. Silica 

(Si02). 

50 8.0 

90 5.4 

---------is· 12 

12 

25 10 

205 .11 180 12 

290 5. 2 

135 12 

190 13 

170 15 

315 30 

120 18 

40 12 

30 12 

50 15 

625 36 

75 16 

75 9. 0 

50 10 

85 6. 4 

425 3. 0 

195 5. 0 

170 14 

300 16 

280 12 

300 10 

450 14 

130 13 

80 9. 2 

30 28 

172 13 

Analyses of water from Wabash River at Vincennes,· Ind. a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Calcium Magno- Sodium Carbon~ Blear- Sulphate Nitrate Iron sium and po- ate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine 

(Fe). (Ca). ~Mg). tassiqm radicle radicle (S04). (NOs). (Cl). 

(Na+K) (C03)- (HC03). 

0. 05 54 26 46 0. 0 232 55 1.3 84 

. 05 65 24 49 .0 254 56 1. 3 90 

'.10 01 25 31 . 0 232 64 4. 4 60 

Tr. 75 26 54 .0 266 68 4.4 89 

Tr. 73 30 60 .0 279 60 1.8 104 'l'r. 68 27 ----------- .0 246 65 2. 2 84 . 25 63 20 36 .0 200 71 .11 53 .40 64 18 19 .0 188 67 16 29 

·. 40 59 16 21 .0 1196 58 18 26 . 6 62 22 19 .0 209 61 5. 3 21 

.7 45 16 12 . 0 ----------- 39 13 13 

......................... ----------- --------i9' 8.1 . 0 147 39 6. 5 8. 3 . 9 47 12 .0 168 ---------··- 6.1 8.8 . 10 69 23 ----------- . 0 264 73 8.1 24 .05 69 22 25 .0 255 60 8.8 30 .15 69 25 29 . 0' 256 72 8. 5 28 

1.8 46 22 10 . 0 171 46 6.1 21 

.18 58 17 12 .0 216 ----------- 7.8 16 . 09 ...................... 23 20 .0 246 61 7.. 9 27 

. 28 62 24 26 .0 228 61 6. 9 37 . 17 61 24 20 .0 264 57 . 8 27 . 21 51 17 19 .0 192 46 6. 6 14 . 01 51 15 13 .0 -------22o· ----------- 16 15 .05 62 ........................ 21 .0 51 11 33 . 20 62 22 17 .0 255 44 7. 5 20 

. 20 62 20 21 .0 252 45 . 9 24 . 02 53 17 15 .0 208 37 3. 5 14 . 01 62 20 21 .0 253 50 2. 0 13 .09 62 21 24 .0 262 45 1. 9 20 .04 64 24 29 .0 264 45 1.1 26 . 01 61 20 28 .o· 241 49 1.1 43 

. 24 61 22 25 I .0 I 230 55 6.4 36 

a Analyses Sept. 9, 1906, to Feb. 0, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 7 to 28, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 1 to Sept. 16, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. b Gaging station at Mount Carmel, Ill., 30 miles below.. . . 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

421 

436 

376 

470 

504 

436 

360 

322 

330 

307 

232 

209 

242 

348 

358 

356 

287 

288 

339 

350 

335 

248 

:.!95 

329 

317 

316 

283 

311 

302 

322 

362 

I 330 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

1, 461 

1, 515 

1, 596 

1, 785 

1,882 

1, 940 

1, 905 

841 

681 

498 

703 

323 

309 

320 

051 

727 

711 

713 

311 

374 

559 

097 

748 

072 

713 

478 

388 

422 

020 

425 

434 

059 

734 

932 

527 

807 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet).b 

1.6 

1. 3 

2. 3 

1.4 

1.1 

3. 9 

9.1 

8. 9 

13.2 

10.5 

22.8 

23.3 

19.4 

7. 0 

6.0 

6.4 

18.6 

8. 0 

5. 3 

7. 9 

5. 9 

0.8 

15.8 

7. 2 

6.0 

5. 5 

8. 2 

4.3 

3.8 

3.8 

3. 7 

......................... 

-
82 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

In addition to the data given in the foregoing tables, 

the following analyses have been received: · 

·1. At Fort Recovery, Ohio. 

2. At Lafayette, Ind. Analyses 1 and 2 from Lake Shore & Michigan Southern 

R. R. (New York Central system). 

3. At Lafayette, Ind. 

4. ,At Terre Haute, Ind. Analyses 3 and 4 from Erie R. R. 

Analyses of water fr9m the Wabash. 

Parts per million. Percentage composit!on. 

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 

-----------------

COa----------- 96.9 137.3 128.5 135.6 30.79 38.77 32.21 37.42 soj ___________ 96.4 40.2 69.2 60.1 30.65 11.35 17 .. 35 16.57 CL ____________ 2. 8 43.9 49.3 35.9 . 89 12. 37 12.36 9. 91 

NOa----------- 8. 9 4.3 ---82:8- -------- 2. 81 1. 20 Ca ____________ -------- -------- Mg 71.8 74.1 72.2 22.82 20.95 20.75 19.92 ___________ 19.8 22.1 19. 7 25.6 6. 29 6. 25 4. 95 7. 16 Na(K) ________ 5. 1 28.4 31.9 23.3 1. 62 8.04 8. 01 6.42 

~l?, :Fe);oa--~~~~} 13.0 } 3. 8 12.7 8. 6 } 4.13 } 1:07 3. 17 2. 36 

4. 8 .9 1. 20 . 24 ·--3M.lj 398.9 --------------- 314.7 362.2 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

The next gro~p of analyses represents waters tributary to the Wabash north of White Riv~r and nearer 

to its sources. All the localities except No. 1 are in 

Indiana. Analyses 4 and 8 were received from the 

Erie Railroad; No. 3 from the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 

Chicago & St. Louis Railway; the others from the 

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern (New York Central 

System). 

Andlyses of waters in the Wabash basin. 

1. St. Mary's Reservoir, Celina, Ohio. ~he main source of the Wabash. 

2. Lake Manitou at Rochester. 

3. Round Lake at Laketon. 

4. Center Lake at Warsaw. 

5. Salamonie River at Montpelier. 

6. Mississinewa River at Eaton. 

· 7. Pipe Creek at Peru. 

8. Eel River.at North Manchester. 

9. Wild Cat Creek at Mulberry. 

10. Pine Creek at Templeton. 

1: Parts per million. 

8 10 

------1--1------------------

COa ______________ 72.0 67. 6 113.7 109. 6 108. 8 152. 5 167. 0 92. 7 244. 7 116. 1 

S04-------------- 54.1 16.3 92.4 66.0 l!i2.1 57.3 34.5 67.2130.7 34.3 

CL ______________ 24.6 1. 3 5. 3 14. 5 106. 5 41.4 3. 1 6. 2 12. 5 2. 0 

NOa ______________ ------ ------ ------ ------ 9. 3 6. 6 10. 9 ------ ------ 19.4 

Ca _______________ 47.5 27.7 72.4 87.2 101.5 84.3 87.4 49.6 106.1 67.2 

Mg _______________ 13.8 13.5 18.7 8.0 31.1 30.4 24.2 13.8 44.3 23.5 

Na(K) ___________ 15.9 2.9 15.3 9.4 52.4 18.5 3.7 23.8 51.4 1.3 

Si0 -----~--------} 8.; } .5 2

· 0 9· 9 } 10.4} 5.0 } 4.6 10· 8 } 2.2 } 4.8 (Al,Fe)20a.______ 2.7 4.1 16.8 

236. 6 129. 8 322. 5 308. 7 572. 1 396. 0 335. 4 280. 9 591. 9 288. 6 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

,_1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

COa--------------130. 44 52.06 35.25 35.49 19.06 38.51 49.76 33.01 41.34 40.24 

S04--- ----------- 22.85 12.60 

_'f~~l-'l~~ 26.57 14.47 10.28 23.93 22.09 18.83 CL ______________ , 10.39 1.04 18.60 10.46 . 92 2. 21 2.10 . 68 

~~:~=============l- f~~ -2i.-3i 1.62 1. 67 3. 26 -i7.-ii5 -i7.-93 6. 72 

22.44 28.24 ·17. 74 21.29 26.09 23.29 

10.39 5. 80 2. 60 5. 43 7. 67 7. 22 4. 92 7. 48 8. 12 

Na(K) ___ --------~ 6. 73 2. 21 4. 74 3. 05 9.16 4. 68 1.10 8. 48 8. 68 .45 

Si02--------------} 3 68 } . 39 . 63 3. 21 } 1. 82 } 1. 25 } 1. 37 3. 84 } . 3S } 1. 67 (AI, Fe)20a_______ . . 85 1. 33 5. 96 ---- 1100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

The largest tributary of the Wabash is White 

River, which divides into two branches, the East 

Fork and West Fork.- For these there are the following table,s of analyses, which were made in the waterresources laboratory ·of the United States Geological 

Survey: 
Date 

(1906-7). 

'l'urbidity. 

Prom- 'l'o-

---

Sept. 12 Sept. 23 25 24 Oct .. 3 55 

Oct. 5 15 25 

10 25 10 

20 Nov. 4 10 

Nov. 5 16 5 

17 27 95 

28 Dec. 7 25 

Doc. 8 18 40 19 28 10 29 Jan. 7 125 

Jan. 8 17 70 

18 27 120 

28 Feb. 7 5 

Feb. 8 17 5 

18 27 5 

28 Mar. 10 50 l\{ar. 11 20 220 

21 30 30 31 Apr. 9 10 Apr. 10 19 3 21 29 20 

30 May \) 10 . Mny 10 21 75 

22 31 105 

Juno . 1 June 11 245 

12 23 00 24 July 3 10 July 4 14. 245 

15 24 75 

25 Aug. 3 50 Aug. 4 13 10 

14 24 10 

.25 Sept. a 10 

Sept. 4 13 5 14 23 30 

24 Oct. 3 25 

Mean ________ 52 

MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 

Analyses of water from East Fork of White River near Azalia, Ind.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Sodium Carbonate "Bicarbon- Sulphate Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle radicle (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). (HCOs). (SO,). (Na+K). 

29 Tr. ------------ ............................... 8. 6 0. 0 293 24 

13 • 0.10 56 24 7. 6 .0 268 30 

18 . 10 64 25 15 .0 290 26 

9. 0 Tr. 66 26 12 . 0 300 25 

13 Tr. (i3 29 16 .0 319 35 

15 • 05 70 28 13 .0 316 33 

11 . 30 53 18 12 . 0 225 34 

18 .05 07 24 ------------ . 0 307 40 

22 . 10 02 20 13 .0 266 37 

13 . 05 00 . 27 5. 6 .0 303 33 

21 1.2 42 ------------ 7. 5 . 0 176 28 

16 Tr. 45 15 4. 8 . 0 184 35 

16 . 40 43 16 ·6. 3 .0 177 23 

22 Tr. 70 27 ------------ . 0 300 32 

12 .10 79 26 ------------ . 0 320 39 

15 Tr. 68 28 11 .0 318 34 

15 . Tr. 60 22 9.4 . 0 267 34 

21 .s 42 ------------ 11 . 0 192 18 

11 .15 64 21 7. 9 .0 284 31 

10 .10 60 22 5. 6 .0 ------------ 30 

11 <:> . 05 58 24 7. 0 .0 &79 33 

0. 0 . 20 56 23 7. 8 .0 246 36 8. 0 . 01 59 24 6. 7 .0 268 31 

0.8 .04 ------------ 24 0. 2 .0 260 32 

9. 0 . 10 58 23 5. 9 .0 258 33 

14 . 25 54 17 5. 9 .0 230 23 25 . 20 64 19 5. 2 .0 269 28 

15 . 01 06 24 7. 3 .0 323 26 

1:-1 . 35 58 21 9. 2 . 0 263 26 

15 . 12 64 23 13 . 0 300 27 

13 .08 67 ----------·- 12 . 0 304 28 

13 . 01 72 26 14 . 0 316 35 18 Tr. -----·------ 25 ------------ .0 316 31 

12 . 10 65 25 9. 2 . 0 308 29 

14 . 01' 64 25 13 .0 320 29 

10 Tr. 07 22 11 b 8. 4 261 26 21 Tr. 66 22 12 b 12 259 28 

15 .14 61 23 9. 5 . 0 276 30 

83 

Nitrate Total 

radicle Chlorine dissolved 

(NOs). (Cl). solids. 

1.8 8. 0 305 

2. 2 5. 5 264 

3. 9 3. 7 290 

.9 4.1 290 

. 5 5. 9 302 

1.4 2. 0 305 

4. 4 . 2.4 236 

9. 7 2. 7 311 

8. 8 2. 3 289 

9. 7 -------·---- 306 

4.4 1.3 106 

7. 9 1.6 197 

7. 0 2. 0 196 

7. 3 2. 2 307 

9. 2 2. 7 312 

0. 2 2. 5 3:H 

9. 9 2. 3 272 

8. 0 2. 5 209 

5. 0 2. 8 280 

8. 8 2. 0 269 

12 2. 3 283 

9. 0 2. 4 261 

7. 5 2. 3 280 

4. 4 2. 5 250 

0. 0 2. 2 269 

4. 4 1.6 240 

4.4 1.9 292 

4. 2 3.1 305 

6. 0 1.6 256 

7. 8 2. 0 303 

4. 9 2. 5 297 

1.6 3.8 334 

1.1 ------------ :-129 

2. 2 4. 0 291 

2. 6 5. 3 300 

2. 2 6. 0 280 

1.7 0. 2 292 

5. 6 3. 1 279 

a Analyses Sept. 12, 1906, to Feb. 17, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 18 to 27, 1907, by H. S.·Spaulding; Feb. 28 to Sept. 13, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 14 to Oct. 

3, 1007, by H. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Date 

(1000-7). 

. ~ . --------- Turbidity. 

From- To-

·---

Sept. 8 Sept. 18 25 10 28 20 

29 Oct. 8 25 

Oct. 0 10 15 

20 ;n 10 

Nov. 1 Nov. 11 10 

12 21 10 

23 Dec. 2 40 

Dec. ·3 12 30 13 22 30 23 Jan. 4 40 

Jon . .5 14 125 15 25 125 

20 Feb. 4 20 

Feb. 5 14 10 HI 25 Tr. 20 Mnr. 7 5 Mnr. 8 17 235 18 27 35 28 Apr. 7 10 Apr. 8 17 5 18 27 5 20 May 8 10 May 9 19 10 20 30 20 

June 1 Juno 10 80 11 20 50 21 30 25 July 1 July 11 50 13 22 130 23 Aug. 2 80 Aug. 3 13 30 14. 23 20 24 Sept. 3 20 Sept. 4 12 10 

Mean ________ 39 

A..nalyses of water from West-Fork of White River near Indianapolis, Ind.a 

[Parts per million.] 

I !<On (Fo), 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Silica Calcium Magnesium .and radicle ate radicle s~Eftf;e (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). (HCOs). (SO,). (Na+K). 

' 27 0.10 81 36 78 0. 0 301 67 20 Tr. 83 43 127 .0 303 78 

22 . 7 78 37 91 b 6. 5 280 74 

11 . 10 84 37 109 . 0 293 73 8. 4 . 10 93 ------------ 138 . 0 331 . 125 19 'l'r. 95 38 129 . 0 344 75 14 . 20 95 36 123· . 0 353 79 18 Tr. 73 27 44 . 0 266 78 22 . 13 77 34 47 .0 287 85 20 . 20 71 33 26 .. 0 254 76 10 .8 79 28 34 .. 0 290 68 13 .5 50 ---· -------- . 14 .0 205 41 18 . 6 48 17 20 .0 ------------ 30 12 .10 79 26 20 .0 293 56 10 .10 86 32 38 .0 349 61 10 .10 82 29 38 .0 311 60 15 . 08 79 31 49 . 0 314 52 9. 0 . 20 62 23 26 .0 ----·. ------ 38 16 'l'r. 64 24 21 .0 262 42 7. 0 .10 66 24 32 .0 266 47 12 .18 75 27 36 .0 281 55 8.8 . 20 65 30 41 .0 273 00 8. 8 . 05 69 30 34 .0 . 280 59 10 . 02 72 29 35 .0 282 48 6. 8 . 02 74 27 35 .0 282 58 9. 6 .01 61 22 iS .0 236 44 23 . 05 67 .21 14 .0 260 42 16 . 06 69 26 -·---------- . 0 298 45 13 . 10 70 27 29 .0 298 49 14 .. 05 66 19 17 .0 259 20 9. 0 . 01 72 22 26 .0 305 40 15 Tr. 74 28 31 .0 312 45 11 . 02 77 30 42 .0 326 51 12 . 30 70 29 c42 .0 295 58 15 . 08 75 22 37 .0 298 47 

14 .151 74 29 48 . 0 291 58 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(NOs). (01). 

1.7 145 

. 5 262 

• 9 195 

1.1 215 

. 7 207 

1.3 251 

2. 2 210 

13 63 

9. 7 72 

13 38 

8. 8 55 

14 14 

9. 5 13 

0. 3 35 

7. 6 52 

0. 7 60 

5.8 65 

9. 7 30 

4. 7 20 

10 46 

5. 8 02 

4. 8 67 

6. 2 57 

4.1 57 

8. 3 70 

5. 6 33 

3.4 21 

7. 9 34 

7. 1· 43 

6. 0 15 

6. 6 27 

7. 3 38 

4. 9 50 

1.3 54 4. 8 42 

0. 1 78 

"Annlyses Sept. 8, 1906, to Feb. 14, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 16 to 25, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Feb. 26 to Sept. 12, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle.· b Abnormal; computed as liCOs in the nverage. 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

590 

793 

608 

701 

705 

798 

754 

448 

474 

382 

412 

249 

245 

378 

451 

441 

454 

305 

339 

351 

422 

414 

425 

416 

415 

343 

332 

365 

380 

300 

357 

415 

430 

408 

396 

450 
84 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following' analyses of waters in the White River 

basin were received from the Lake Shore & Michigan 

Southern Railroad (New York Ce;ntral System). 

A nlyses of waters in White River basin. 

1. West Fork of White River at Muncie, Ind. 

2. West Fork of White River at Indianapolis, Ind. 

3. Pogues Run at Indianapolis. 

4. Fall Creek at Indianapolis. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 •3 4 2 4 

For a large part of its course the Wabash forms the 

boundary between Indiana and Illinois, and from the 

latter State it receives several large tributaries. Three 

of these, the Vermilion, 29 the Embarrass, and the 

Little Wabash, have been studied by W. D. Collins 

and the analyses were published in Water-Supply 

Paper· 239, 1910. His tables, giving annual averages, 

are as follows: 

29 Another Vermilion River is 'an affluent of the Illinois. The sources of the two 

· are near together. 

-----1------------------------. 

COa----------- 124.5 129. g 69.6 148.1 49.71 44.47 26.63 35.42 

S04----------- 23.5 41.4 78.2 99.4 9. 39 14.23 29.94 23.76 

CL------~----- 7.1 8. 6 21.3 27.1 2. 82 2. 96 8.14 6.48 

.NOa----------- 2. 6 11.0 -------- -------- 1. 03 3. 78 --is.-34- ---2o:45 'CIL----------- 57.9 67.4 47.9 85.5 23.12 23.19 Mg ____________ 21.4 23.7 11. 1 29.4 8. 56 8.16 4. 25 7. 03 Na(K) ________ 4. 6 5. 6 28.6 24.0 1. 82 1. 92 10.93 5. 75 

Oxides a~------ 8. 9 3. 8 4. 6 4. 6 3. 55 1. 29 1. 77 1.11 

250. 5 290. 8 261. 3 418. 1 100.!()0 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

, Date 

(1906-7). Silica Turbidity. (Si02). 

From- To-

---

Aug. 2 Aug. 10 135 20 

11 20 300. 18 

22 30 425 19 31 Sept. 9 117 15 

Sept. 10 19 50 13 

20 29 142 20 30 Oct. 9 90 11 I 

Analyses of water fro~ Vermilion River near Danville, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Sodium 

Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate BicarbonIron (Fe). radicle ate radicle (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (Na+K). 

'· 

0.40 48 31 27 0.0 272 .5 38 24 ·11 .0 193 . 20 36 15 15 .0 163 .10 56 28 15 .. 0 241 .30 44 28 8. 7 .0 285 .12 49 24 15 .0 282 .07 52 26 18 .0 270 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(804). 

39 

27 

25 

36 

38 

32 

36 

Oct. 10 19 --------20 ___ ------------ --------: .. r-------,.- ---------36- -------23 ___ ---------:o- --------326- -.--------4i- 20 29 12 

30 Nov. 8 10.0 13 .10 63 36 20 . 0 350 46 

Nov. 9 19 .20 6. 2 .03 60 36 21 .0 330 44 

20 30 161 16 .05 53 25 10.0 .0 220 46 

Dec. 1 Dec. 10 125 21 .06 56 26 12 .0 254 47 

11 20 50 12 .17 56 27 8.0 .0 236 42 

21 31 40 10.0 . 24 58 28 14· .0 275 46 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 270 19 . 37 39 22 14 .0 189 67 

11 19 296 17 .6 43 18 13 .0 190 47 

21 31 90 20 1.1 50 22 13 .0 189 41 

Feb. 1 Feb. 9 10.0 15 . 16 62 27 13 .0 265 47 

10 18 45 18 .09 56 23 14 ' .0 240 55 

20 28 10.0 8. 4 .13 57 24 14 . 0· 247 50 

Mar. 1 Mar. 10 7. 0 11 .13 49 23 14 .0 243 39 

11 20 230 15 . 70 49 20 13 .0 180 50 

21 31 160 15 .54 48 . 22 9. 3 . 0 207 48 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 25 14 .18 55 25 9. 3 . 0 236 44 

11 20 5.0 8. 6 . 23 ·54 21 10.0 . 0 242 45 

21 30 19 4. 7 1.3 56 35 8. 7· . 0 247 52 

May 1 May 10 45 18 . 26 50 18 9. 5 .0 227 45 

11 20 25 9. 2 . 15 56 24 9. 2 .. 0 243 40 

21 31 35 11 . 15 56 28 9. 2 .0 239 44 

June 1 June 10 330 13 .18 50 26 8. 1 .0 175 37 

11 20 65 11 . 25 63 26 8. 7 .0 250 42 

21 30 100 14 . 57 61 24 8.6 .0 245 34 

July 1 July 10 70 17 . 25 65 25 6. 7 .0 267 37 

11 20 460 13 . 24 64 21 8. 2 .0 221 34 

21 31 55 17 . 23 64 25 8. 9 . 0 265 35 

Mean-------- 115 I 14 . 29 541 25 13 I .0 2431 42 

Nitrate Chlorine Total radicle 

(NOa). (CI). solids. 

0. 7 5. 7 299 2. 7 3. 2 216 4. 5 4. 5 222 3. 0 5. 0 282 . 8 5. 0 267 1.8 7.0 264 1.2 5. 0 275 

---.------:6- -------T5- ---------322 .3 6. 5 342 .6 7. 5 318 8.0 3. 5 279 14 4. 2 302 16 4.8 301 12 4.5 314 12 4. 7 254 . 5. 5. 3. 0 245 16 5.0 263 16 5. 2 330 12 5. 0 316 16 5.0 299 8. 0 3. 8 279 12 3. 5 256 24 4.8 250 24 4.0 266 19 .2. 5 264 11 3. 0 295 24 3.8 274 24 3.8 288 24 3.8 276 20 4. 2 230 16 4. 3 304 10.0 3. 0 258 16 5. 0 301 18 3. 3 290 24 4. 0 285 

12 4. 5 281 
Dato I 

(1906-7). 

'.rurbidity. 

l<~rom- 'l'o-

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 215 11 20 268 22 30 400 31 Sept. 9 100 Sept. 10 19 214 20 27 220 30 Oct. 9 182 Oct. 10 19 70 20 28 30 29 Nov. 10 -------ioo· -- Nov. 11 19 

20 30 200 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 160 11 20 144 

21 Jan·. 31 224 Jan. 1 10 280 

11 18 275 21 31 100 Feb. 1 Feb. 8 20 10 18 25 19 28 25 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 25 11 20 800 21 31 100 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 10.0 11 20 8.0 21 30 70 May 1 May 10 20 11 20 30 21 31 30· 

June 1 June 10 I 200 

11 20 90. 

21 30 200 July 1 July 10 80 11 20 422 

21 31 100 

. Mean ________ 155 

Dato 

(1~06-7). 

Turbidity. 

From- To-

---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 280 

11 20 220 

21 30 268 

~H Sept. 16 148 

Sept. 17 26 ............................... 27 Oct. 12 --------20 ___ Oct. 13 19 

20 29 20 

30 Nov. 8 20 

Nov. 9 18 20 

20 30 220 

Dec. 14 Dec. 20 -------i63--- 21 31 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 214 

11 20 161 

21 31 159 

Feb. 2 Feb. 9 45 

10 18 12 

HI 28 8. 0 

Mar. 1 Mnr. 10 50 

It 20 280 21 31 . 120 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 ------------- 11 20 15 21 30 112 

May 1 May 10 210 

11 20 80 21 31 120 

June 1 June 10 200 

11 20 100 21 30 220 

July 1 July 10 43 

11 20 181 

21 31 68 

Menu~------- 118 

Silica 

(Si02). 

27 

21 

22 

18. 

21 

17 

19 

11 

10.0 

------------ 6. 4 18 

26 

13 

12 

17 

30 

32-

11 

19 

14 

11 

18 

15 

9.0 

10.0 

11 

13 

8. 2 

5.0 

16 

17 

16 

20 

22 

26 

F 

MI$SISSIPPI BASIN. 

Analyses of water from Embarrass River near Charleston, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- sui8

hate 

Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle ra icle (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (H_COa). (SO,). (Na+K). 

o. 35 48 25 20 0. 0 251 31 . 20 39 18 12 .0 182 22 .06 . 36 18 16 .0 182 24 ;OS . 57 29 15 .0 282 28 . 30 38 20 7. 3 .0 190 22 .45 38 18 ·n .0 192 23 . 04 56 28 28 .0 287 27 .16 58 31 16 .0 315 36 . 14 61 33 21 .0 322 32 

--------:io- ---------59" ---------39" -------iii""" ............................... --------32ii' ---------3ii" .0 .06 37 22 11 .0 246 18 . 20 54 25 18 .0 280 32 .09 54 26 11 .0 257 26 .32 57 31 10.0 .0 286 34 

. 57 43 21 13 .0 219 34 . so 38 16 15 .0 200 35 3. 6 41 20 10.0 . 0 200 22 .15 55 24 8. 0 . 0 -253 33 .13 52 21 13 .0 260 43 .08 42 23 14 .0 267 33 . 26 52 24 13 .0 250 41 .24 45 18 11 .0 173 39 . 23 . 51 25 15 .0 242 39 .26 54 24 9. 6 .0 249 48 

.16 52 25 9. 9 .0 250 34 .45 49 29 6. 3 .0 225 32 

.12 52 24 15 .0 267 32 .16 49 22 12 .0 256 35 -._50 50 23 10.0 .0 250 31 .36 50 24 13 .0 228 25 .34 65 29 7. 5 .0 284 32 .23 57 21 11 .0 281 29 .15 66 25 13 .0 280 26 .26 50 21 13 . .0 217 27 . 21 64 24 14 .0 270 30 

.34 51 24 13 . 0 I 249 31 

A:nalyses of water from Embarrass River near Lawrenceville, Ill. 

[!'arts per million.] 

Sodium 

Silica Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate 

(SiOs). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle ate radicle radicle 

(Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO,). 

24 0.30 42 22 29 0.0 207 33 15 .14 33 18 18 .o 150 23 17 . 30 33 18 32 -------·-:a· 123 26 

15 . 20 42 22 19 205 24 

------------ ............................. ------------ -------i9--- ........................... ------------ ------------ ------------ ------·is--- ----.---·:as· ---------59" -~-------49" ---------.-0- --------274" ---------45" 27 16 .10 55 25 43 .0 270 36 11 .10 60 34 87 .0 305 49 

16 . 05 72 31 48 .0 335 50 15 . 20 66 ............................. 55 .0 229 64 

-------2i ___ --------:32" ---------49" ------------ ---------·--- ------------ --------227" -------~-46" 23 20 .. o 20 3. 7 19 8. 5 18 . 0 100 27 

31 1.4 28 16 17 .0 136 36 25 1.7 24 9. 5 17 .0 104 30 14 . 22 46 20 27 . 0 203 43 

11 . 13 52 22 21 .0 234 44 

18 . 07 54 124 25 .0 244 54 

14 . 15 52 u~ 33 . o· 205 29 22 2. 2 26 10.0 15 .0 111 38 19 . 78 44 16 19 .0 19~ 39 ............................... ................................... ................................ -------26 ___ --------·--- ---------:6- --------246" ---------42" 13 . 13 55 28 10 . 32 45 24 29 .0 243 43 13 . 62 37 12' 22 .0 143 35 11 .15 42 17 31 .0 183 52 19 . 30 34 15 17 .0 141 34 9. 2 . 29 26 9.3 13 .0 91 17 18 . 59 48 23 17 .0 187 28 18 . 90 51 18 19 .0 190 26 17 . 14 55 20 20 .0 231 25 13 .11 39 18 28 .0 158 21 15 . 22 45 17 15 ,o 170 24 

17 . 53 44 19 28 \ .o I 195 35 

85 

Nitrate ·Total radicle Chlorine 

(NOa). (Cl). solids. 

2. 8 7. 5 297 

2.1 4. 2 23() 

3. 5 2.0 226 

1.7 5. 5 282 

1.4 3. 5 214 

2. 5 5. 5 212 

3. 0 5.0 316 

1.5 5. 0 310 

0. 5 7. 2 291 

-----·-·a:4- --------7:2- --------,293 

5. 0 5. 3 258· 

8.0 4. 0 283 

8. 0 .5. 5 277 

8. 0 6.0 300 

9. 0 5. 0 236 

7.0 4. 2 254 8; 0 4. 2 232 

6. 0 5. 0 271 

8. 5 5. 0 291 

8. 0 5. 0 281 

8. 0 4. 5 289 

10.0 7. 5 237 

16 4. 3 278 

16 5. 5 269 

14 4. 5 264 

9. 2 5. 5 256 12 5. 5 285 

10.0 7. 3 281 

10~ 0 4. 3 276 

13 3. 8 267 

6. 0 3. 5 277 

13 4. 5 269 

18 4. 5 312 

7. 0 3. 0 243 

10.0 3. 2 301 

7. 6 4. 9 270 

I 

Nitrate Chlorine Total radicle (Cl). solids. (NOa). 

1.2 26 278 

2.4 23 231" 

1.5 45 240 

. 8 26 251 

........................... -·---------- ............................. 

--------7:o· -------64 ___ ---------426 . 3 61 371 .2 114 472 

5. 5 75 468 

.3 '88 458 

--------5:6- ------·2o--- ---------308 2. 5 9. 5 166 4. 5 9. 2 205 

4. 0 8. 2 174 

2.0 20 268 

6. 0 24 284 

6. 0 32 342 

4. 2 46 342 

9. 2 14 192 

14 16 274 

------··a:a· -------40 ___ -------- "325 2. 6 51 296 2.4 28 238 

3. 2· 40 287 

1.5 26 235 2. 7 12 120 

2.0 19 251 1.4 36 255 7. 0 18 275 

2.1 38 246 

6. 0 22 222 

3. 7 35 283 
86 COMPOSITION OF RIVER· AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Little Wabash River near Carmi, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). 

Silica 

(Si02). Iron 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Carbonate and d' 1 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(SOt). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOs). 

Chlorine 

(Cl). Total 

solids. 

Mean· 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

---.---1 Turbidity. 

From- Topotassium ra 10 e (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 20 38 0. 20 27 15 18 0.0 171 19 0.8 -~ --------.. 219 ----------- 11 20 40 22 . 20 31 16 22 .0 160 26 1.9 12 211 ----------- 21 30 144 28 . 25 23 8. 3 14 .0 97 25 1.5 14 174 ----------- 31 Sept. 9 142 38 .32 21 13 14 .0 91 22 1.5 6. 3 163 --·-------- Sept. 10 19 ------------ ---------is- ----------- ------23 ___ ------i3 ___ ......................... ----------- --------95" ----------- -------2:6" ----------.. ----------- ----------- 20 29 90 .30 15 .0 24 5. 5 147 --------i~3 30 Oct. 9 127 19 . 35 16 10 14 .0 76 21 1.5 9.0 138 Oct. 10 18 --·--------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ------·---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ........................... ----------- 0. 7 20 29 70 30 2.0 22 9.3 21 .0 93 32 .6 6. 5 188 0. 6 30 Nov. 7 30 26 .6 24 14 16 .0 118 44 . 9 11 187 0. 5 No.v. 9 19 ------------ ---------is- ----------- ------i3 ___ ----------· ----------- ----------- --------39" ----------- -------3:o· ----------- ----------- 0. 6 20 30 430 . 6 4. 0 6.4 .0 19 1.0 111 6. 4 Dec. 1 Dec. 9 192 27 1.5 17 9.1 16 .0 69 33 3. 5 8.8 153 4. 5 12 20 273 39 3. 7 15 3.8 15 . 0 52 23 2.5 6. 5 185 8. 4 21 .31 151 39 3. 7 16 5.3 16 .0 64 38 2. 5 5. 5 184 7.5 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 220 3~. 9. 9 7.8 6. 2 15 .0 54 26 6. 0 4. 2 140 17. 1 11 20 94 35 3. 2 10.0 3.8 13 ----------- 51 31 1.2 4. 0 159 19.8 41 31 60 17 .40 11 5.2' 10.0 .0 44 30 4. 0 5. 5 138 26.0 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----·------ .......................... ----------- ----------- ·----------- ----------- ----------- 21.6 10 18 40 21 2.S 25 9.6 16 .0 lQS 42 2. 0 7. 5 193 5. 8 19 28 35 15 . 9 32 12 21 .0 126 51 1.5 16 219 0. 9 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 100 24 2.2 28 15 25 .0 104 74 3.0 11 239 3. 5 11 20 330 25 4. 9 8. 5 6. 7 19 .0 57 1.5 7. 3 187 11.8 21 31 145 48 6. 5 15 6. 7 18 ----------- 69 2. 7 6.0 240 22.3 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 60 24 2. 3 36 15 14 ----------- 126 51 2. 8 8. 0 227 5.8 11 20 60 19 1.3 36 17 17 .0 153 52 1.8 8. 3 236 1.9 21 30 ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------

::I ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- 1.8 May 1 May 10 ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----.-'l. ......... - ----------- ----------- ~---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- 3. 7 11 20 140 25 1.1 21 11 12 .0 86 43 2. 5 9. 0 182 2. 7 21 31 155 18 . 74 22 7. 9 11 .0 74 30 1.2 7.0 151 3.1 June 1 June 10 ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------------------- ----------- ----------- 8. 8 11 20 155 26 1.1 19 7. 7 21 30 220 22 4. 9 20 4.8 July 1 July 10 110 14 1.6 18 3. 9 11 20 120 15 .19 18 6.4 21 31 160 33 1.7 

l 

14 4. 8 

Mean. ______ 135 26 2. 0 20 9.1 

Apart fron1 the individual analyses, most of them of 

local significance, there are eight tables of analyses of 

waters in the Wabash basin. Each of these tables 

gives the average composition of a water during 

an entire year .. In the next table the averages are 

restated in terms of the percentage composition of 

the dissolved solids, with bicarbonates reduced to 

normal carbonates and Fe recalculated into Fe20 3 • 

The alkalies in analysis Np. 3 are corrected by 

Palmer's later determination of potassium. 

Percentage composition of Wabash waters. 

1. Wabash River near Logansport, Ind. Mean of 33 analyses of 10-day composite 

samples. 

2. Wabash River near Vincennes, Ind. Mean of 31 composites. 

3. East Fork of White River near Azalia, Ind. Mean of 37 composites. 

4. West Fork of White River near Indianapolis, Ind. Mean of 35 composites. 

5. Vermilion River near Danville, Ill. Mean of 36 composites. 

6. Embarrass River near Charleston, Ill. Mean of 36 composites. 

7. Embarrass River near Lawrenceville, Ill. Mean of 34 composites. 

8. Little Wabash River near Carmi, Ill. Mean of 31 composites. 

2 4 6 8 

------------------------

COa ___________ 15.04 34.09 47.85 31.76 42.02 45.12 34.45 27.·42 

S04----------- 10.32 16.57 10.58 12.88 14.77 11.41 12.57 20.26 

CL--~--------- 38.15 10.84 1.10 17.32 1. 59 1. 81 12.57 4. 75 NOa ___________ l . 77 1. 93 1. 97 1. 36 4. 20 2. 80 1. 32 1. 33 Ca____________ 10.72 18.37 21.51 16.44 19.00 18.79 15.80 12.67 Mg ____________ · 4. 57 6. 63 8.11 6. 44 8. 79 8. 82 6.82 5. 76 

~~==========:=!} 18. 55 } 7. 56 } 2. 75 } 10.66 } 4. 57 } 4. 79 } 10.06 } 9. 50 . 77 

Si02.---------- 1. 83 3. 92 5. 29 3.10 4. 92 6. 26 6.11 16.47 Fe20s. _ .:, .... . 05 .09 . 07 . 04 .14 . 20 . 30 1. 84 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinity a ______ 765 336 279 450 284 271.5 278.4 158 

a Parts per million. 

10.0 .0 64 14 1.5 5. 5 149 9.8 12 .0 102 24 2.4 6. 0 153 4. 7 8.1 .0 80 22 1.7 6.0 134 2. 0 11 .0 83 22 1.2 6. 5 137 1.7 10.0 .0 53 19 1. 5 5.0 150 -----------

15 .0 88 32 2.1 7. 5 176 --------....... 

These waters of the Wabash basin show no uniformity- of type. Nos. 3, 5, and 6 are ordinary 

carbonate. waters and contain rather more than the 

average proportion of magnesium. Nos. I, 2, 4, and 

7 are abnormally high in chlorine, which is an indication of pollution. No. 1, of water from the Wabash 

at Logansport, is in this respect unusually bad. The 

source of the comtamination is not indicated. 

CACHE RIVER. 

Cache River drains an area· of about 600 square 

miles l.n southwestern Illinois, and enters the Ohio a 

short distance above the mouth of the latter.. In its 

basin there are extensiv(3 swamps. The analyses, 

by W. D. Collins, appear in the following table, 

from Water-Supply Paper 239: 
. MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 8'7 

Analyses of water from Cache River near llfo1mds, Ill. 

[Parts per million.] 

Dato (1006-7). Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HCOa). 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(SO.). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

--,---~1 Turbidity. Silica 

(Si02). 

Iron 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

and d' 1 potassium ra lC e Chlorine 

(01). 

Total 

solids. 

From- 1.'o- (Na+K). (COa). 

Aug. 1 

11 

21 

31 

Aug. 10 210. 4. 6 0. 20 26 10.0 13 0. 0 121 4. 3 1. 0 7. 2 166. ----------- 20 220 20 1.0 18 7.4 29 7.4 93 20 .9 5.0 141 ----------- 30 155 31 . 60 22 7. 0 38 . 0 90 35 1. 0 15 211 -----------

SQpt. ~g 

Sopt. 9 130 16 .17 22 9.1 20 . o 94 14 1. 0 6. 5 139 -----------

~ ============ ============ =========== ::::::::::: ::::::::::: ::::::::::: ::::::::::: ::::::::::: =========== ===========· ::::::::::: =========== --------3:8 30 Oct. 10 

20 Nov. 1 

15 

22 Dec. 1 

11 

21 Jan. 1 

Oct. 9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.4 

~~ ---------4o- --------9:2- -------:2i3" ------33 ___ ------ia ___ ------i7 ___ -------·:o- -------i59- ------27 ___ --------:7- ---- ---7~o- -------i9o- 1 ~ 

Nov. 8 40 22 .19 42 8.7 25 .0 211 44 .6 19 · 284 2.9 21 155 26 . 25 19 3. 8 39 . 0 108 43 1. 5 23 244 3. 0 30 168 28 .80 19 4.5 37 .0 85 35 2.0 14 229 8.5 Dec. 10 273 23 2. 8 · 9. 7 3. 6 11 . 0 59 14 1. 2 6. 0 129 5. 2 20 90 22 3. 2 9. 7 3. 0 7. 4 . 0 . 41 18 3. 0 3. 0 126 7. 7 31 50 28 2.8 9.2 6.4 14 .0 59 17 2.7 3.0 117 ll.5 

Jan. 10 182 39 6.5 8.3 3.1 17 .0 72 19 1.2 3.7 170 17.3 11 

21 :Fob. 1 

10 

Hl J.\l[ar. 1 

. 20 112 29 5. 2 12 4. 0 11 . 0 62 18 2. 7 4. 7 142 23. 6 31 50 24 2. 8 12 6. 3 14 . 0 66 19 2. 4 4. 0 121 24. 5 Fob. 9 40 23 2. 5 13 3. 7 12 . 0 58 22 3. 5 4. 5 129 19. 4 17 20 19 4.8 15 5.6 11 .0 74 13 1.0 6.7 115 13.4 28 175 21 4.9 14 3.9 8.2 .0 70 16 6.0 5.5 121 7.3 Mar. 10 100 33 12 5. 4 13 . 0 42 · 15 1. 2 3. 0 138 8. 8 ll 20 2oo 43 . ------4:5-- 15 1. 5 1. o. . o 57 I o. 2 2. 4 4. o 169 15.8 21 Apr. 1 

11 

21 May 1 

:n 130 21 7. 4 16 4. o 9. o . o 64 16 1. 2 3. 8 119 17. 5 Apr. 10 340 24 2.6 18 5.6 8.7 .0 69 15 7.0 3.3 125 10.1 20 55 18 3. 4 16 6. 3 9. 0 . 0 94 13 . 6 4. 5 138 5. 0 31 45 10. 0 1. 5 23 8. 5 6. 9 . 0 96 12 1. 5 4. 5 118 6. 0 May 10 145 12 1. 5 28 5. 8 19 . 0 104 36 1. 0 13 ----------- 9. 2 11 

21 Juno 1 

11 

21 July 1 

'""' ~ 1-------l-------~--- ------~-r- ------~--- -------n ------u -------J --------~- ------r -------iT -------n ------l !H 

July 10 1 103 15 . 20 23 5. 9 8. 8 . o 97 9 .. 7 2. 0 4. 5 116 8. 2 11 

21 20 ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- 7. 1 31 : 160 24 2. 6 25 9. 0 13 . 0 100 10. 0 . 7 10. 0 158 11. 6 

Mean _______ _ 134 22 2. 5 19 6.0 

TJUBUTAR.IJDS OF THE OHIO SOUTHWEST OF WHEELING. 

Southwest of Wheeling there are several creeks ·for 

which analyses have been obtained, and also Little 

l"Canawha and Kanawha rivers. Six analyses of 

waters in this group have been received from the 

Balt:in1.ore & ·Ohio Railroad and are given, with one 

other composite analysis, in the following table. The 

· localities named are all in West Virginia. • 

Analyses of waters southwest of Wheeling, W. Va. 

1. Grave Creek at Cameron. 

2. Big Gnwe Cr·eek at H.oseby Hock. 

3. Fish Creek nt Littleton. 

4. Fish Creek at Bellton. 

5. lJittle Kanawha H.iver at Kanawha. 

6. Little Kanawha H.iver at Parkersburg. 

7. Kanm"ha H.iver at South Charleston. :Mean of four composites of 28 daily 

samples, taken between July 26 and August 28, 1918. Analyses by A. A. Chambers 

in the water resomces laboratory of the Geological Survey. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 

-----·1-------------------

003------------------- 33.3 48.7 22.5 20.5 33.4 22.9 28.0 so.____________________ 21.2 21.7 11.5 11.5 2.4 4.1 10.4 

CL-------------------- 3. 9 2. 0 2. o 2. o 4. 9 16.1 6. 4 

N03------------------- -------------------------------- ----~--- -------- .8 On_____________________ 17.4 31.3 ·17.1 16.7 20.9 12.6 14.8 ~{g ____________________ 2.9 6.1 1.6 1.0 1.4 2.8 4.5 N!\(1<:) ________________ 15.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.2 10.4 8.3 

Si02------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 38.2 Fel03.----------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 1. 0 Oxr<lcsa _______________ 22.6 8.0 18.0 19.0 64.8 25.0 

122.9 119. 1 74. 0 72. 0 131. 0 94. 5 112.4 

a Silica plus scsquioxides. 

15 .0 85 19 2.1 6.8 149 -----------

Analyses of waters southwest of Wheeling, W. Va.-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 5 6 

--------1--------------------

003------------------- 27.09 40.89 30.46 28.51 25.50 24.23 24.94 so.____________________ 22. 13 1s. 21 15. 52 15 93 ·1. s4 5. oo o. 26 Q}_____________________ 3. 21 1. 66 2. 67 2:74 3. 73 17.04 5. 65 

NOa------------------- -------- ·------- -------- -------- -------- --·------ . 67 Ca_____________________ 14.15 26.30 23.13 23.26 15.96 13.30 13.13 Mg____________________ 2. 36 5. 13 2.18 1. 42 1. 08 2. 92 4. 02 Na(K) _______________ ·__ 12. 68 1. 07 1. 73 1. 77 2. 41 11. 05 7. 35 

Si02------------------- ----· __ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 34.09 

Fe203------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 89 

Oxides a--------------- 18.38 6. 74 24.31 26.37 49.48 26.46 --------

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

The waters represented in this table are all from 

ateas of sedimentary rocks. With one possible exception they appear to issue from formations in which 

shales and sandstones are largely in excess of liiD:estones. The high proportion of silica and oxides and 

the low proportion of calcium give evidence in favor 

of this conclusion, even if nothing were definitely 

known of the local geology. The very high sodium 

and chlorine in the little Kanawha· at Parkersburg is 

·due to the proximity of oil and brine wells. 

KENTUCKY RIVER. 

West of the Kanawha the principal southern affluents of the Ohio are Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, 

Green, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers. For the 

Kentucky we have the following table of analyses by 

:Oole and his associates: 
88 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Kentucky Rwer at Frankfort, Ky.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). 

From- ToTurbidity. 

Total 

iron 

(Fe). 

Silica 

(Si02). Iron 

(Fe). CalCium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium Car- and po- bonate (tassium radicle Na+K). (COa). 

Bicar-j S 1 h t N't t T t 1 bonate u P. a e 1 ~a e Chlorine 0 a radicle rad1cle radiCle (Cl). dissolved (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). solids. 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet) .. 

------1----1----1·----1-----1------------· ----------------------

Aug. 28 Sept. 8 

18 

28 Oct. 8 

19 

29 Nov. 9 

20 Dec. 1 

13 

24 Jan. 3 

13 

. 23 Feb. 2 

12 

22 Mar. 4 

14 

24 Apr. 3 

14 

24 May 4 

14 

25 June 4 

14 

26 July 7 

17 

27 Aug. 6 

16 

26 

Sept. 7 

17 

27 Oct. 7 

18 

28 Nov. 8 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

19 

30 

12 

'23 

2 

12 

22 

1 

11 

21 

3 

13 

23 

2 

12 

23 

3 

13 

23 

3 

13 

24 

5 

16 

26 Aug .. 5 

15 

25 Sept. 4 

Mean _______ 

70 

180 

165 

160 

105 

50 

2.·7 

4.0 

5. 2 

4. 9 

2. 7 2.0 

43 ----------- 32 

----------- 8 8 105 1.9 450 9. 3 270 5.8 210 3~ 2 700 16 150 4'. 2 65 3. 5 36 1.9 200 10 210 5.8 650 23 43 1.4 90 2; 1 26 1.4 24 . 5 

90 ·3.0 49 1.9 26 .8 375 13 215 5. 6 68 2. 3 40 1.8 190 3. 8 33 1.4 45 2. 1 20 1.0 70 2. 4 

150 4. 71 

15 

28 

23 

21 

19 

5. 2 19 

14 

12 

15 

15 

18 

14 

15 

14 

13 

9. 8 

4.0 

12 

21 

11 

15. 

22 

12 

18 

34 

15 

22 

16 

12 

16 

28 

7. 8 16 

16 

22 

16 

0. 9 

1.2 

1.4 

. 8 

. 6 

.4 

. 3 

. 12 

7 

. 6 

. 65 1.4 

.. 4 

. 7 

. 8 

.16 

. 09 

.15 

. 35 

. 4 

. 12 

.18 

. 21 

.06 

.10 

. 6 

.10 

1.3 

. 61 

.11 

:05 

. 52 

. 26 

. 49 

.16 

. 70 

.49 

18 

21 

30 

27 

21 

22 

25 

26 

26 

27 

25 

28 

26 

22 

13 

18 

18 

19 

18 

21 

18 

13 

14 

18 

20 

21 

13 

14 

16 

17 

17 

21 

21 

22 

22 

21 

2. 2 

4. 2 

2. 6 

.4. 6 4. 8 

4. 2 4. 6 

4.4 

4 0 

5. 4 '4. 8 

4. 6 4. 8 

5. 2 4. 8 4.0 

3. 8 

3. 4 

3. 6 3. 4 

4. 0 

3. 2 

1.3 

1.4 

3. 0 2. 4 

3. 8 

1.7 

1.3 

3.8 

4. 8 

----------

----------

----------

----------

----------

3. 7 

11 

8. 9 

7. 2 

9.1 

6. 5 

5. 5 6. 8 

7. 2 

6 5 

4.3 

3. 6 

3. 0 3. 6 

5. 2 5.0 

3. 8 

5. 5 4.3 

6.2 

6. 5 

5. 7 6. 9 8. 7 6.4 

7. 9 9.1 

7. 9 9.1 

9. 9 

6. 1 9.1 

9. 9 

6. 6 

7. 5 8. 3 

7. 2 ---

6. 8 

0. 0 

. 0 .. 0 

.. 0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

5. 8 14 

12 

.0 

.0 

2. 9 

.0 

2. 4 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2. 9 

.0 

.0 

8.4 

12 

8.4 

17 .0 

. 0 

. 0 ---2.4 

77 

80 

76 

111 

103 

83 

89 

.90 

89 

80 

99 

79 

94 

96 

---------- 45 

40 

46 

74 

70 

73 

63 

49 

59 

89 

82 

77 

51 

54 

49 

46 

58 

41 

72 

78 

78 ---73 

. 5. 4 

6.4 

7. 6 

8. 2 8. 7 

7. 6 

2. 0 7. 9 10 

---------- 6. 9 

7. 9 9.4 

7.4 

8.1 

8.1 

8. 9 8. 9 8. 7 8. 2 8, 2 8.4 

6. 2 7. 7 4. 0 

7. 6 

7. 7 

7. 2 11 

7. 1 12 

12 

9. 9 

9.1 

9. 4 8. 7 ---

8. 3 

Tr.· 

1.5 

2. 4 

2. 6 

2.8 

1. 7 

2.0 

2. 1 50 

6. 2 7.4 

o. 4 7. 4 

7.0 

5.0 

.4 

.9 

l. 8 

4.11 4.0 

2. 8 

2. 2 

1.5 

. 3 

.5 

2. 0 

1.5 

1.8 

1.5 

Tr. 

Tr. 

.0 

.0 

1.3 

1.2 

1.3 ---2. 5 

1.4 

1.7 

1.9 

1.7 

2. 4 

2. 2 2.4 

2. 2 3 0 

----·-i:s· 1.7 

1.4 

1.8 

1.2 

1.4 

2. 4 

2.0 

1.6 

1.3 

. 2. 4 

2. 5 2. 6 

2. 2 1.4 

1.9 

2. 4 2. 4 

1.4 

1.8 

2. 2 

2. 4 2. 6 

.6 

3. 6 3.0 ---

. 2.0 

102 

120 

117 

147 

133 

105 

111 

112 

117 

117 

125 

118 

121 

125 

95 

73 

83 

78 

96 

100 

92 

88 

86 

86 

100 

131 

102 

106 

93 

81 

85 

108 

87 

96 

99 

\12 ---104 

6. 4 6.8 

6. 4 

7. 3 

7. 0 6. 0 5. 8 5. 8 

8 9 

6. 

10. 

10. 

9. 

19 . 

9 . 

8. 

8. 

2 

6 

2 

5 

1 

6 

4 

0· 10.1 

10. 

13 . 

4 

0· 6. 7 8. 

7. 3 

0· 

8 

0 6. 9. 

7. 2 

6. 7 9.4 

8. 3 6.3 

6.4 

6. 2 5. 9 

5. 7 6.1 

6.4 

---

----------

a Analyses Aug. 28, 1906, to.Jan. 22, 1907, by R. B. Dole; Jan. 23 to Apr. 2, 1907, by R. B. Dole and M.G. Roberts; Apr. 3 to July.5, 1907, by Chase Palmer and M.G. Roberts; July 7 to Sept. 4, 1907, by R. B. Dqle, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. · 

For one tributary of Kentucky River the following 

analysis is available, made by C. H. Kidwell and 

Margaret D. Foster in the water-resources laboratory 

of the United States Geological Survey. 

Analysis of water from· Elkhorn Creek, .H miles northeast of 

Frankfort, 'Ky. 

1. Parts per million. 

2. Percentage composition or dissolved so)ids. 

2 

COa----------------------------------- -------------·---------- 92. 7 39.90 S04---------------------------------------------------------- 19.0 8.18 

CL .... --------·----------------~------------------------------ 6. 7 2. 88 NOa •• -------------------------------------------------------- 4. 6 i. 98 Ca .. -------------------------------------'-------------------_ 57. 0 24.54 Mg·--------~--------~---------------------------------------- 5. 0 2.'15 Na·---------------------------------------------------------- 12. o· 5. 16 K. ------------ --~ _______________ ---- _______________ ------ __ _ _ 2. 0 . 86 

AbOa.-------------------------------------------------------- 1. 3 . 56 

{,"&~'::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::: :1-i#l~ 

CUMBERLAND RIVER; 

Cumberland River drains an area of about 18,000 

square miles in Tennessee and Kentucky. For this 

river there are two tables of analyses by Dole and his 

associates, as follows: 

@! 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN.· 89 

Analyses of water from C1tmberland River nea1· Nashville, Tenn.a 

[Parts per million.] 

- Date (1006-i). 'l'otal Magno- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean .. 'l.'ur- Silica Iron Calcium and po- bonate bonate Chlorine gage - .. - bidity. iron (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height From- To- (Fe.) (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S01). (NOa). solids. (feet). 

--- ------ _._ __ __ 1_1_5, ______ · ____ ------------

Oct. 24 Nov. 3 75 .......................... 29 4.0 33 3. 2. ---------- 0. 0 0. 6 2.0 139 8.8 Nov. 4 13 28 ----------- 26 . 20 26 1.2 ---------- . 0 90 ---------- . 7 3. 5 112 8. 0 14 23 30 ...................... 27 . 30' 24 1.2 ---------- .. 0 76 ---------- . 8 3. 0 109 18.1 2•1 Dec. 3 35 ----------- 28 . 20 24 2. 0 ---------- .0 81 ---------- .• 8 2. 5 106 17. 1 Dec. 4 13 50 -.. ----- ~ .. .: ... 29 . 20 22 2. 8 ---------- .0 83 ---------- . 6 '2. 8 111 9.5 14 23 75 ----------- 28 .30 27 3. 6 ---------- .0 85 ---------- .5 3. 0 114 20.0 2•1 Jnn. 2 135 ----------- 33 . 20 27 2. 8 ---------- .0 85 --------.... . 8. 1.0 128 21.3 Jnu. 3 12 150 ....................... 22 . 30 ·23 ---------- ---------- . 0 81 ---------- .6 .18 110 25.0 13 22 60 ----------- 31 . 10 26 3. 6 ---------- • 0 93 ---------- 1.0 1.7 118 15. 1 23 Feb. 1 75 ----------- 20 . 40 21 4. 4 ---------- .0 78 ...................... .6 2.0 106 18.7 Feb. 2 ll 65 ......................... 13 . 30 26 3. 6 ---------- . 0 90 ---------- .4 2.0 107 14.2 12 23 90 ----------- 21 . 30 22 3. 2 ---------- .0 83 ---------- . 8 1.0 97 11.4 24 :Mar. 5 180 ----------- 31 . 30 23 3. 6 ---------- .0 ---------- ---------- .4 1.2 114 29.8 lVI:!u·. 6 16 350 ----------- 31 .10 22 ---------- ---------- . 0 78 ___ ... ______ . 5 1. 0 112 28.7 17 26 110 ----------- 25 . 30 24 ---------- ---------- .0 81 ---------- .4 2. 0 112 22. 1 27 Apr. 5 70 ------·----- 15 . 30 27 4. 0 ---------- .0 93 ---------- . 5 2. 0 107 10.3 Apr. 6 15 135 ----------- 27 .10 20 5. 2 ---------- . 0 78 ---------- • 2 1.5 100 .18. 7 16 25 45 ----------- 9. 6 'l'r. 17 7. 6 ---------- .0 76 ---------- 1.8 1.5 87 . 11.6 26 May 5 95 ----------- 12 . 20 18 ------6.-4" ---------- .0 78 ---------- 1.6 2. 0 91 10.3 Mny 6 15 75 ----------- 11 . 20 18 ------5:7- . 0 73 -----i6""" 1.1 ---------- 88 24.3 15 24 85 ----------- 20 . 30 30 3. 2 . 0 98 2. 7 1. 4 128 14.0 2!i June •3 80 ----------- 24 • 20 .................... !: i ) 2. 9 .0 110 14 2. 0 1.5 150 10.2 Juno 4 13 425 ----------- 20 . 8 31 7. 9 . 0 100 16 4. 3 ·2.4 146 16.8 14 23 110 ----------- 17 . 35 22 4.1 5. 7 .0 82 18 3. 2 1.4 121 14.4 24 July a 245 ----·------ 14 .24 29 4. 7 6. 0 . 0 115 16 1.9 1.8 138 9. 3 July 4 14 100 ...................... 15. • 25 32 4. 5 8. 9 .0 113 14 1.4 2. 4 140 8. 2 15 25 30 ----------- 12 • 25 31 5. 8 11 . 0 .................... 14 • 9 4. 8 140 8.1 26 Aug. 4 70 ----------- 13 . 12 32 ---------- 8. 6 • 0 113 9. 7 1.7 2. 0 122 7. 8 Aug. 5 1<l 195 ----------- 7. 8 .03 33 ---------- 13 .0 118 14 1. 7 3. 3 127 8. 0 15 24 110 ----------- 5.2 . 20 36 1.8 15 . 0 115 20 . 6 2. 0 135 7. 5 25 Sept. 3 80 ----------- 8. 2 • 20 33 .................... 10 .0 102 14 1.6 1.5 125 7. 8 So pt. 5 14 250 ...................... 14 .45 26 ---------- 8. 2 . 0 95 17 .8 2. 0 128 8. 2 25 Oct. 13 450 .' 12 24 I. 3 26 1.4 11 . .0 90 10 1.6 1. 8 127 8. 8 Oct. o H 24 215 G.1 28 1. 0 24 3 .. 0 16 b'l'r. 95 13 1.3 3.6 140 8. 0 25 NO\'. 3 45 3.0 19 .9 27 . 9 14 bTr . 99 12 1.0 2.4 130 7. 4 

9.6 1 I ---------- l\'l:can. ______ 126 ----------- 20 . 42 26 3. 6 ·.o 92 14 1.2 . 2.1 119 ----------

o Analyses Oct. 24, 1906, to May 15, 1007, by Jas. H. Evans; May 15 to Sept. 14; 1907, by Waltop Van Winkle; Sept. 25 to Nov. 3, 1907, by H. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, 

and W. D. Collins. . · b Abuormnl; computed as HCOa in the average. · 

Date (1906-7). 'l'otal ---------- Tur- iron bidity. (Fe) .. ]?rom- 'l'o-

---

Jan. II Jon. 20 45 ...................... 21 Feb. 2 95 ----------- Feb. 3 12 70 ----------- 1::1 23 170 ......................... 24 Mnr. 7 320 ...................... lVI'nr. 8 17 290 ...................... 18 27 180 ----------- 28 Apr. 6 85 ----------- Apr. 7 16 35 ----------- 17 2(i 100 ----------- 27 May 6· 95 ----------- May 6 15 340 ----------- 17 2(i 130 ......................... 27 June 5 120 -·--------- June 6 HI 490 ........................ 17 28 180 ----------- 20 July 8 80 ----------- July 0 18 142 ----------- 10 20 20 1.0 30 Aug. 8 25 1.1 Aug. 0 22 200 6. 1 Sept. 2 Sept. u. 220 6. 6 12 21 350 12 22 Oct. 1 300 12 Oct. 2 11 220 10 12 21 200 11 22 31 150 6. 6 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 90 3. 5 11 21 270 12 22 Dec. 1 220 10 Dec. 2 11 170 3. 3 12 21 70 2. 2 22 31 2GO 7. 9 Jan. 1 Jan. 11 240 8. 0 

Mean ________ 176 ----·------

Analyses of water frorri Cwmberland River near Kuttawa, Ky.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Magne- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sulphate Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- bonate bonate radicle (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S01). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). 

--------------- 20 0. 20 27 7. 2 ..................... 0.0 110 ---------- 18 .40 24 3. 6 .................... .0 78 ---------- 25 • 30 24 3. 6 ---------- .0 85 ---------- 25 .10 23 ---------- ..................... .0 85 ..................... 31 . 20 22 4. 8 ---------- .0 ---------- ---------- 38 . 40 24 3. 2 • 0 80 ---------- 23 . 20 22 5. 6 c======== .0 ---------- ---------- 18 . 20 26 ---------- ---------- .0 102 ---------- 10 .10 27 4. 0 .. ................... . 0 83 --------·- 7. 6 . 20 26 3. 6 ---------- . 0 80 ---------- 8.4 Tr. 25 4. 8 ------s.-2- . 0 80 ---------- 11 .6 27 4. 2 .0 99 7. 1 17 . 30 31 4. 6 7. 2 .0 118 7. 2 

11 .40 33 5. 4 4. 4 .0 121 13 

17 .8 25 3.1 -----·s:o· .0 101 6.9 14 .40 27 3. 4 .0 105 6. 7 16 . 20 31 3. 9 ---------- • 0 126 8. 2 12 . 20 34 4. 2 9."1 :o ..................... 8. 1 17 .07 34 4. 8 8. 2 3. 6 111 8. 7 27 . 06 36 5. 7 10 2. 4 124 8. 7 24 . 26 35 4. 6 9. 5 2. 4 123 8. 6 19 • 24 35 5. 6 11 4. 8 112 11 26 1.2 28 4. 6 8. 5 Tr. 100 13 

19 .9 21 3. 6 6. 6 · Tr. 73 9. 0 16 . 52 29 4. 1 6. 4 Tr. 96 10 7. 4 • 24 28 4. 0 6. 9 7. 2 82 10 ](j . 35 31 4. 7 9. 4 Tr. 115 10 9. 2 .11 34 5. 2 7.1 4. 8 107 11 12 . 32 31 4. 8 9. 0 4.8 99 13 13 . 54 30 3. 7 6. 9 Tr.· 102 11 17 .04 22 3. 4 8. 5 . 0 .................... 10 14 .04 32 2. 2 5. 4 .0 106 11 15 . 15 34 4. 6 8. 2 . 0 110 12 15 .10 27 3. 1 5. 7 .0 84 8. 9 

18 .30 28 4. 3 7. 8 .9 100 9. 7 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(NOa). (Cl). 

------

0. 6 2. 7 

1.0 1.7 

. 4 1.5 .6 1.5 

. 3 1.8 

• 8 1.5 

. 5 2. 5 

.4 3. 0 .9 1.5 2. 2 2. 0 2. 9 4.0 5. 0 1.0 3.0 4. 0 

1.5 4.0 1.7 2.0 

2. 5 3. 5 1.9 3. 5 

1.5 4. 0 

1.4 3. 9 

1.8 4. 2 

1.6 3. 8 1.4 5. 0 3. 8 3. 0 3. 5 4. 2 2. 2 3. 0 

. 8 3. 0 2. 4 5. 0 2. 2 4. 8 

2.0 3. 8 2. 0 3. 0 2.4 2.4 2. 3 2. 4 

3. 0 2. 2 2. 0 2. 2 

1.8 3. 0 

Total Mean 

dissolved gage 

solids. height 

(feet). 

------

147 17. 1 

------ii8" 24.2 

16.3 104 11.7 108 36.8 122 33.4 108 27.5 124 9. 7 06 21.1 91 10.9 94 9. 9 112 : 34.7 

131 16.6 137 10.1 122 22.3 . 123 11.1 137 5. 5 135 4. 3 136 3. 7 153 2. g 152 4. 1 149 3. 0 145 . G. 9 

108 6. 2 125 4.1 107 4. 9 133 1.9 129 4. 0 128 9. 3 141 13.0 105 7. 5 126 7. 2 137 14.8 111 ----------

124 ...................... 

o Analyses Jan. 11 to May 6, 1907, by Jas. R. Evans; May 6 to July 18, 1907, by W. :0. Collins; July 19. 1907, to Jan. 11, 1908, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer and W. :0. 

Collins. . · · b Onging station at Clarkesville, T~nn., 70 miles above. · 
90 COMPOSITION ·OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

TENNESSEE RIVER.· 

Tepn~ssee River, the largest tributary of the Ohi~, 

drains an area of 39,000 square miles in Tennessee 

and Kentucky~ For this river there are two tables 

of analyses fro~ the water-resources laboratory of 

the Geological Survey. 

Analyses of water from Tennessee River near Knoxville, Tenn.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date. 

I 

I 

(1906-7). Sus- Coeffi- Total Cal- Mag- Sodium Carbo- Bicarbo- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean Turbid- pended. cient of iron Silica Iron cium nesium and po- nate nate radicle radicle Chlorine dis- gage ity. (Si02). (Fe). tassium radicle radicle (Cl). solved height matter. fineness. (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). solids. (feet). From- To-

--------------------·---------------------------------

Oct. 26 Nov. 4 48. 21 0.44 --------- 18 0.40 26 1.6 ---------- Nov. 5 14 75 28. .37 --------- 26 . 6 18 --------- ---------- 15 24 280 212 . 76 --------- 29 . 8 20 3. 6 ---------- . 25 Dec. 4 300 194 . 65 --------.. 26 .9 22 4.0 ---------- Dec. 5 15 215 173 • 81 --------- 30 . 7 23 2. 8 ---------- 16 30· 105 79 . 75 --------- 24 .10 21 2. 8 ---------- 31 Jan. 9 80 64 . 80 --------- 25 .30 21 1. 2. ---------- Jan. 10 19 25 16 .64 --------· 2S . 20 20 1.2 ---------- 20 29 25 15 .60 --------- 13 . 20 20 2.0 ---------- 30 Feb. s 55 33 . 60 --------.. 16 .40 23 3. 6 ---------- Feb. 25 Mar. 7 45 32 .71 --------- 14 .10 24 2. 4 ---------- Mar. 8 17 60. 48 .80 --------- 10 .40 26 3. 2 ---------- 18 27 275 237 .86 --------- 37 . 20 20 6.4 ---------- 2S Apr. 6 240 193 .80 --------- 38 . 20 19 --------- ---------- Apr. 7 16 135 136 1. 01 --------- 30 . 30 26 --------- ---------- 17 26 155 164 1. 06 15 . 20 22 --------- ---------- 27 May 6 170 196 1.15,========= 20 .30 20 3. 6 ---------- May 7 14 105 88 . 84 --------- 12 . 20 20 4.4 ---------- 15 24 55 58 1. 06.--------- 15 .20 22 5. 5 12 25 June 3 85 60 . 71 1--------- 12 .40 22 5. 7 ---------- June 4 13 325 450 1. 38 --------- 17 .6 21 4.3 12 14 23 335 365 1. 09 --------- 20 .40 24 4. 7 ---------- 24 July 3 460 290 . 63. --------- 25 .30 21 5. 0 7.9 July 4 13 267 221 .83 --------- 19 .40 20 4. s ---------- 14 24 310 300 .97 --------- 19 --------- 23 5.0 8. 2 Aug. 4 Aug. 13 350 184 . 53 9.1 30 1.4 24 . 5. 6 7. 2 14 23 425 177 .42 7. 2 30 1.1 ------28- 5. 3 9.1 24 Sept. 2 400 202 .50 11 33 1.4 . 5. 9 6.9 Sept. 3 13 285 117 . 41 6.1 44 1.0 25 6. 4 10 14 28 700 506 . 72 18 49 1. 9 22 5. 7 6. 6 

~~I Oct. 15 110 81 . 74 3.8 57 1. 1 24 6. 5 3. 8 Oct. 26 20 45 2. 25 .9 15 . 08 26 7. 4 6. 6 ------ ------------- Mean _________ 204 156 . 81 25 . 54 22 4. 3 8. 2 

. 0. 0 83 --------- 0. 2 .0 59 --------- .8 .0 77 --------- . 2 • 0 78 --------- .3 .0 93 --------- .3 . 0 73 -------·- . 7 .0 66 --------- .9 .0 68 --------- 1.0 .0 63 --------- .8 . 0 76 --------- .4 .0 80 --------- .4 ·. 0 85 --------- .3 .0 '85 --------- . 7 .0 78 --------- .4 .0 98 --------- . 2· .0 S5 --------- 1.1 .0 73 --------- .9 .0 73 --------- .s 

--------- 102 4.3 .5 

--------- 95 5. 0 . 5 .0 90 5.S 1. 3 .0 1oa I 4.9 2.0 .0 101 7. 2 1.4 .0 99 5. 6· . 6 .0 93 8.1 1.1 Tr.b . 98 6. 9 1. 2 Tr.b 101 6. 6 1.2 b3. 6 S9 7.1 1.0 b3. 6 92 7. 1 Tr. Tr.b 88 S.4 1.5 

"'·'[ 85 6.2 

. 5 a4.8 96 6.5 --------- .0 86 6.4 .8 

6. 0 

----i2 ___ 

12 

10 

18 

7. 0 10 

12 

4. 5 

6. 5 11 

8.5 

10 

6. 5 9.0 

7. 5 6. 5 10 

11 

10 

6.0 

7.0 

9. 5 I 

7.0 

11 

9. 6 11 

17 

13 

14 

5. 8 

9. 6 

111 

93 

128 

124 

131 

136 

105 

11S 

96 

99 

103 

114 

136 

136 

133 

105 

99 

88 

109 

110 

120 

125 

. 126 

120 

118 

141 

139 

143 

164 

164 

162 

119 

122 

2. 

1. 

8. 

3. 

2. 

4. 

5. 

2. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

3. 

2. 

4. 

3. 

3. 

5. 

2. 

2. 

6. 

5. 

2. 

2. 

3. 

1. 

5 

9 

4 

4 

4 

2 

8 

s 

8 

0 

5 

7 

4 

8 

4 

9 

9 

1 

4 

3 

9 

6 

9 

0 

3 

8 

1.7 

1.7 

1. 8 

3.1 

1.7 

.s 

------..... 

a Analyses Oct. 26, 1906, to-May 14, 1907, by Jas. R. Evans; May 15 to JUly 24, 1907, by W. D. Collins; Aug. 4 to Oct. 25, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, .and W. D . Collins . . b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Date. 

(1906-7). Turbid- Suspended. ity. matter. From- To-

------------

Oct. 24 Nov. 10 40 35 

Nov. 11 21 290 258 22 Dec. 10 225 186 

Dec. 11 20 205 161 21 30 125 94 31 Jan. 10 270 245 

Jan. 11 20 30 21 21 30 35 19 31 Feb.' 9 190 158 

Feb. 10 19 95 74 

20 Mar. 1 380 290 

Mar. 2 11 170 142 12 21 210 185 

22 31 40 32 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 210 196 11 22 80 75 

23 May 2 115 124 

May 3 12 105 96 14 24 175 172 

25 June 3 90 143 

June 4 13 50 57 

14 25 125 109 26 July 7 250 201 

July 8 17 140 135 lS 28 160 100 29 9 115 76 Aug. 10 20 75 91 21 31 S5 so Sept. 2 Sept. 11 so 82 12 23 190 106 24 Oct. 3 290 170 

Oct. 4 14 375 184 

~'""·····-~-~~ 94 

127 

Analyses of water from Tennessee River near. Gilbertsville, Ky.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Sodium Carbo- Bicarbo- Coeffi- Total Silica Iron Cal- Mag- and po- nate nate Sulphate 

cient.of iron cium nesium tassium radicle fineness. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). (Na+ radicle radicle (804). 

K). (COa). (HCOa). 

-----------------------------

0. 87 --------- 30 o.s 11 --------- --------- 0.0 56 --------- . 89 --------~ 28 . 6 12 2. 8 --------- .0 51 --------- .S3 --------- 36 .40 14 3. 2 --------- . 0 49. --------- . 7S --------- 31 .6 13 4. 8 --------- .0 54 --------- . 75 --------- 15 . 30 17 3. 2 --------- . 0 61 --------- . 91 --------- 28 .40 14 4. s --------- .0 61 --------- . 70 

... ·····r 26 .40 16 6. 0 --------- . 0 71 --------- . 54 --------- 12 . 20 19 4. 0 --------- .0 76 --------- . 83 27 .40 16 1.2 ---------- .0 --------- --------- . 7S 17 . 30 17 1.6 --------- .0 68 --------- . 76 26 . 40 15 4.4 --------- . 0 54 --------- . 84 --------- 22. .10 20 4. s --------- .0 64 --------- .ss --------- 38 . 20 24 --------- --------- .0 88 --------- .so --------- 21 .. 20 17 5. 2 --------- .0 68 --------- . 93 ------·-- 32 . 20 22 2. 0 --------- .0 73 --------- . 94 --------- 16 .40 16 6. 0 --------- .0 68 --------- 1.08 --------- 18 .30 17 6.4 --------- .0 73 --------- . 91 -------·-- 16 . 20 18 --------- --------- .0 73 --------- . 98 --------- --------- 1.0 --------- 2. s 5. 7 .0 61 12 1. 59 --------- 11 . 20 22 2. 5 9. 2 .0 73 13 1.14 --------- 11 . 17 21 4. 8 5.4 . 0 73 11 .87 --------- 6. 6 .40 20 4. 9 8. 6 .0 72 12 .80 --------- 8. s --------... 26 3. 8 3.S .0 93 11 . 96 --------- 14 .30. 21 2. 2 7. 5 .0 82 12' 

. 62 --------- 11 . 28 21 5. 6 10 . 0 82 13 

. 66 --------- 15 . 21 24 5. 2 --------- .0 87 13 1. 21 --------- 12 .05 21 4. 5 --------- .0 --------- 14 . 94 --------- 11 . 29 21 3. 8 6. 7 .0 76 14 

1. 02 --------- 15 .28 24 5. 8 10 . 0 ss 9. 6 

. 56 1.6 20 . 6 21 5. 3 6.1 .0 S7 7. 9 . 59 4. 9 27 1.0 21 4. 9 5. 4 .0 90 7. 1 .49 7.0 19 1.2 19 3. 5 12 C4. S 71 7.4 2.35 12 . 08 20 3. 6 9.4 c~. 6 72 6. 4 ------------ . 90 20 .39 19 4.1 7. 7 . 0 72 11• 

'J.'otal Mean Nitrate Chlorine dis- gage radicle 

(NOs). (Cl). solved height 

solids. (feet).b 

------------

0.4 2. 0 99 6.0 . 8 1.0 94 9. 6 . 8 1.5 102 15.4 1.0 1.5 109 8.1 . 7 7. 0 96 11.2 1.1 3. 0 120 19.6 1.2 2. 7 102 10. s . 5 2. 5 88 12.9 1.0 2. 0 84 lS.O . 4 2. 2 S5 10.3 . 3 2. 0 79 7. 3 .3 1.0 S6 22.3 . 7 3.S 130 19.2 .3 2.0 95 12.8 .1 2.0 112 7. 4 1.3 3. 5 82 9. 2 1.1 4. 5 90 10.0 1.0 4.0 90 17.6 1.8 1.0 106 17.0 2. 2 1.4 112 7. 0 'l'r . 2. 3 91 s. 4 4. 0 4. 8 114 10.8 3.1 2. 2 103 6.3 2.1 1.9 102 4.6 l.S 2. 9 118 5. 3 1.8 4. 0 --------- 3. 7 1.9 2. 5 95 3.4 2. 7 4. 3 107 3. 4 . 5 4. 0 112 3.1 2. 0 4. 2 108 3. 3 1.2 4. 8 121 6. 5 . 1.1 6. 0 107 4.1 'l'r. 3. 0 S9 2.5 

1.2 3. 0 101 

a Analyses Oct. 24, 1906, to May 12, 1907, by J. R. Evans; May 14 to Sept. 11, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 12 to Oct. 24, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. · · b Gaging station at Johnsonville, Tenn., SO miles above. c Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. · 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 91 

GREEN RIVER. 

For the water of Green River one analysis was made 

by C. II. Kiqwell and Margaret D. Foster in the waterresources laboratory of ~he U. S. Geological Su~vey. 

Analysis of water frqm Green River at Mumfordville, Ky. 

1. Parts por million. 

2. Percentage composition or dissolved solids. 

COs. __ ._. __ .. _. ____ . _____ . _________ ._-------•.• _______ -_______ 73. 2 41. 40 

S06------------------------------------------~---------------- 10.0 5. 66 CL ••• ---· ·-·-·----------------------------------------------- 2. 6 1. 47 NOs--------------------·------------------------------------- 1. 9 1. 08 Ca. ___ ·---· .. ------------------------------------------------ 37.0 20. 93 

Na. Mg .• --------------------------------------------------------- 6. 8 3. 85 _. ___________________ . __________ . ____________________ ------ 8. 5 4. 80 K. _. _____ . _____________________________________ -~ _____ ---- __ _ 1. 4 • 79 

AhOs-----·---·------------·---------------------------------- 1. 3 . 73 Fo20a ••..•.•.•.•.•. ___________________________________________ .1 . 06 

Si03----·-·.------·-------------------------~------------------ __ 3_4._0 __ 1_9._23 

176.8 100.00 

Reduced to percentages the five tables of analyses 

by Dole and his colleagues assume the following form, 

with , the alkalies corrected by Palmer's later determinations: 

Percentage composition of dissolved solids in three rivers in Ohio 

basin. · 

1. Kentucky River at Frankfort, Ky. 36 composite analyses. 

2. Cumberland River ncar Nashville, Tenn. 35 composites. 

3. Cumberland IUvor, ncar Kuttawa, Ky. 34 composites. 

4. 'l'onnossoo River ncar Knoxville, Tenn. 32 composites. 

5. 'l'onnossoo Uivor, near Gilbertsville, Ky. 33 composites. 

---------1---------------

COs-------------·---------·-- 38.51 36.66 40.57 so,___________________________ s. 32 11.38 7. 85 

CL-----·--------------------- 2. 01 L 71 2. 43 

NOs--------------------··---- 2. 51 . 98 1. 46 

Ca·---·-····----------·------~ 21.06 21. 14 22.67 

Mg·----·-----·-·-·--·-·------ 3. 71 Na ••.• ·--·---~----------------- 5. 82 

2. 93 3. 48 6.18 4. 29 

K----------------------------- 1.41 2. 27 2. 34 

Si02. ------·--·-··-·-------·-- 16.05 16.26 14.59 

1!'0203------------------------- . 60 .49 . . 32 

35.34 

5.34 

8.00 

. 67 18.33 

3. 58 5. 42 

1.82 

20.83 

. 67 

34.57 

10.74 

2. 93 1. 17 18.56 

4. 00 5.08 

2. 83 19.54 

. 58' 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, parts per million_____ 104 119 124 122 101 

SUMMARY FOR OHIO BASIN. 

For the 1nain sten1 of the Ohio no satisfactory analyses have been found, although sanitary analysesthat is, partial analyses m~de with reference to. the 

water supply of cities-are abundant. With such 

analyses the present inv.estigation has little or nothing 

to do. 

In the foregoing pages 19 tables of analyses have · 

been given relative to nine basins tributary to the 

Ohio. 1'hese analyses were all made in the waterresources laboratory of the United States Geological 

Survey ·aild for present purposes may be taken as 

standards. Seven of the tables refe~ to tributaries of 

tributaries-that is, of the Monongahela and- the 

Wabash. Three of the main subbasins of the Ohio 

are represented by two sets of analyses each; and in the 

next table for comparative use, only those of water at 

the station nearest the mouth of a given river are 

mcluded .. The new table, then, gives the average 

compo.sition, in percentage form, of the dissolved solids 

in each water. The analyses by Chambers of water 

from the Kanawha appear ·to be sufficiently complete 

for inclusion with the other nine. · 

Comparative analyses of tributaries of the Ohio. 

1. Monongahela River. Mean of 37 analyses of composite samples each, representing 10 daily collections. 

2. Allegheny River. Mean of 36 composites. 

3. Muskingum River. Mean or 27 composites. 

4. Miami River. Mean of 34 composites. 

5. Wabash River at Vincennes, Ind. Mean of 31 composites. 

6. Cache River. Moan of 36 composites. 

7. Tennessee River near Gilbertsville, Ky. Mean of 33 composites. 

8. Cumberhind River near Kuttawa, Ky. Mean of 34 composites~ 

9. Kentucky River. Mean of 36 composites. 

10. Kanawha River. Mean of 4 composites of 28 samples. 

1 2 3 .4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

------------------

C03-------------- .11. 47 21.51 24.71 43.64 34.09 30.97 34.57 40.57 38.51 24.94 

804-------------- 42.52 19.55 18.36 13.88 16.57 14.08 10.74 7.85 8.32 9. 26 

CL------~-------- 4.12 16.10 17.07 1.42 10.84 5.04 2. 93 2.43 2. 01 5. 65 

NOs-------------- 2.32 .82 . 69 2. 98 1. 93 1. 55 1.17 1. 46 2. 51 . 67 Ca .• _____________ Mg _______________ 15.47 16.10 18 .. 36 20.46 18.37 14.07 18.56 22.67 21.06 13.13 2.84 3. 46 4.06 8.33 6. 63 4.44 4.00 3.48 3. 71 4.02 Na _______________ 8.12 11.04 9. 39 2.49 } 7. 56 11.11 5.08 4. 29 5. 82 }.7.35 K. --------------- 1.42 2.09 1. 28 .. 83 2.83 2. 34 .1. 41 

Si02-------------- 10.82 9.09 5. 98 5.89 3. 92 16.30 19.54 14.59 16.05 34.09 

Fe20s.- ---------- .90 .24 .10 .os .09 2.44 .58 .32 . 60 .!i 9 

-------------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 Salinitya _________ 81 87 244 289 336 135 101 124 104 112 

a Parts per million. 

NoTE.-ln seven of these column~) the alkalies are corrected by Palmer•s·later 

determinations of potassium. 

That these analyses form no definite group is clear. 

Each river is a blend of different waters and therefore 

has no hydrochemical character of its own. The 

Alleghe~y and Monongahela, as has already been 

shown, are seriously contaminated by industrial 

refuse, and so too, in much less degree, is the Wabash . 

The northern tributaries of the Ohio in Ohio and Indiana ·flow through a region which is in large part 

agricultural but. in which there are many populous 

manufacturing cities, so that the streams are not now 

in their natural condition .. The rivers south of the 

Ohio appear to be_much less polluted. and. to resemble 

one another more closely than those of the north. 

The latter show high salinity, the others are· much 

more dilute. 

Although no analyses have been made giving the 

average composition of the Ohio itself, a fair approximation to it can be obtained ·by combining the data 

furnished in the last table. .It is necessary, however~ 

to weight the analyses, as for the present purpose 

they are of very unequal value. The tributaries of 

the Ohio differ in relative importance, for some are 

small and others large. Their ·contributions to the 

Ohio are different in quantity and in composition, 

but their run-off and their salinity are known and 

give the necessary data for weighting. Each analysis is 

multiplied by the corresponding run-off, and the sum 

of all the products thus obtained is then divided by 

the sum of the run-offs. Cache River is omitted 
92 COMPOSITION ,OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

from the calculation as being too insignificant to have 

any appreciable effect upon the final mean. Its 

drainage area is only 600 square miles, and its salinity 

is low. The data so obtained, with figures showing 

the relative magnitude of the several drainage basins, 

appear in the following table," in which the figures 

for drainage. areas and run-off are as given by R. B. 

Dole and H. Stabler in Water-Supply Paper 234. 

Estimated 'composition of Ohio River water. 

• River. 

Monongahela _____ ---------- ___________ _ 

Allegheny----------------------_----- __ _ 

~?:!1~~~~:~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ = = Wabash __________ -_-_-_- _______ ---------

.Tennessee .. _____ ------------------------ Cumberland. __ ------------- ____ ---- ___ _ Kentucky ______ · ________________________ ·_ 

Kanawha._-----------------------------

Relative magnitude of tributary basin. 

Drainage area (square 

miles). 

7,620 

11, 100 7, 740 

5,400 

33,000. 

39,000 

18,'000 

7,870 

11,000 

Annual 

run-off 

dissolved 

solids 

(tons per 

square 

mile). 

217 

160 

232 

210 

249 

•159 

171 

164 

160 

Average composi- tion as computed. 

COa -------- 30.29 S04 -------- 16.97 Cl_________ 7.17 

NOa ------- 1. 64. Ca --------- 18. 25 Mg -~------ 4. 70 

Na --------- 6. 48 

K ---------- 1.62 Fe20a------ .43 Si02------- 12.45 

100.00 

The validity of the combination thus obtained depends upon the assumption that the other tributaries 

of the Ohio, great and small, would give much the 

same average as has been found here. That assumption is a reasonable one, and the composition assigned to the river is probably near the truth. It is 

to be hoped that this average may be checked at 

some future time by actual analyses of the water fron1 

some point near Cairo; Ill. 

MISSOURI RIVER BASIN. 

Missouri River, the largest tributary of the Mississippi, is formed by the union of Madison, Jefferson, 

and Gallatin rivers at Gallatin City, Mont. Its 

drainage area is 528,000 square· miles, and its length 

more than 2,000 miles. It has many large tributaries, 

such as Yellowstone, James, Cheyenne, Big Sioux, 

Niobrara, Platte, Kansas, and Osage ~ivers, and for 

these there are abundant analytical data. 

MISSOURI RIVER. 

For the main· stream the following tables of analyses, 

made in the wat~r resources laboratory of the United 

States Geological Survey, claim first attention. 

Analyses of water from ]}f issouri River near Florence, Nebr. a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7}. Magne- Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S04). (NOa). (Cl). solids. height From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (feet).b 

---

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 2,400 30 o. 20 53 17 57 0. 0 ----------- 197 1.3 8. 0 442 7. 1 

11 20 1, 080 18 .05 88 37 34 .0 215 178 . 9 8. 7 467 6. 2 21 31 880 44 .6 68 25 72 .0 ----------- 175 . 3 9. 0 496 6. 7 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 1, 470 36 .5 73 25 53 . 0 231 184 1.0 8. 7 526 6. 4 11 20 .625 27 .5 82 30 57 . 0 247 195 .9 9.1 543 5. 8 21 30 350 . 29 . 20 94 30 45 . 0 298 212 1. 8 9. 5 597 5.1 

Dec. 2 Dec. 13 325 24 .18 92 38 51 .0 305 211 .9 12 565 4. 7 14 23 . 80 25 .10 102 38 58 .0 337 237 1.0 12 663 3. 7 25 Jan. 3 90 23 . 05 91 33 52 . 0 300 222 . 9 14 608 ---- ~--- ... -- Jan. 4 13 120 23 .. 05 82 30 ----------- . 0 270 199., .9 14 545 ----------- 15 26 230 28 . 10 97 27 60 . 0 309 233 1.4 15 615 --.......................... 27 Feb. 6 40 34 Tr. 96 32 '60 . 0 310 224 1.6 15 620 ----------- Feb. 7 16 110 27 . 15 80 27 50 . 0 251 178 1.5 12. 499 ............................. 17 27 1, 400 36 1.2 50 13 38 . 0 154 132 1.6 6. 2 340 ----------- 28 Mar. 12 750 37 1.4 56 13 38 .. 0 156 143 2. 6 5. 5 403 10.4 

Mar. 14 23 2, 700 39 2. 0 51 18 38 .0 156 144 2. 9 8. 7 393 12.6 24 Apr. 2 2, 700 16 1.0 45 10 62 • 0. 160 153 1. 2 10 394 12.0 Apr. 3 12 3, 330 43 . 7 54 15 49 .0 176 128 1.2 7.1 402 12.2 

14 23 3, 600 55 1.2 61 ----------- 58 .0 162 204 1.5 6. 9 540 12.8 

25 May 4 3,800 67 . 65 53 ------i7 ___ 56 . 0 152 217 1.2 6.0 548 11.5 May 5 14 3,100 21 . . 35 52 50 . 0 163 154 3. 6 6. 9 390 11.0 

15 24 1, 460 41 .8 56 18 43 .o 177 167 1.1 8. 2 435 10.3 

25 June 3 7,200 16 .10 58 16 56 • 0 164 197 1.7, 4. 6 455 14.0 

June 4 13 .·4,000 10 .18 58 16 56 . 0 164 190 3.8 6. 2 444 14.8 

14 24 2,800 76 1.2 59 ----------- 50 .0 162 180 3.8 6.1 530 15.9 

25 July 4 3,200 21 . 07 61 12 40 .0 166 -------i79" 1.8 5. 0 ----------- 15.8 July 5 14 4,000 20 .9 51 16 51 .0 152 3.1 ----------- 416 16.6 

15 24 3, 600 16 . 13 50 12 44 .0 161 . 113 5. 0 7. 0 325 16.9 

25 Aug. 3 1,600 19 .04 49 7. 9 50 . 0 171 108 5. 5 7. 6 340 15. 2 

Aug. 4 13 2,000 21 . 05 47 14 44 . 0 163 110 2. 0 14 326 13.3 

14 23 1,000 26 .04 66 20 37 • 0 262 81 1. 6 6. 0 353 II. 9 

24 Sept. 3 900 25 . 38 46 14 36 . 0 146 96 . 9 . 8.8 300 10.6 

Sept. 4 13 1, 200 33 . 06 48 13 42 . 0 158 115 .9 7. 0 322 9. 7 

14 23 1, ooo 36 .10 48 13 40 c 4.8 146 113 .7 8.4 332 9. 2 

24 Oct. 3 900 35 . 35 54 17 44 c 7. 2 150 ----------- Tr. 7. 8 362 8.8 

Oct. 4 14 1, 000 33 . 14 54 14 46 c 4.8 161 134 1. 2 . 9. 6 373 8. 5 

Mean ________ 1, 726 31 .441 65 20 I 49 .o 203 168 1.8 8.9 454 -----------

a Analyses Oct. 1, 1906, to Feb. 6, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 17 to 27, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Feb. 28 to Sept. 13, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 14 to Oct. 14, 

1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. . b Gaging station near Omaha, Nebr., 5 miles below. c Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 
Date (1906-7). 

----·:-----r ~eurbidity. 

From- 'l'oSilica 

(Si02). 

MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 

Analyses of water from Missouri River near Kansas City, Kans.a 

Iron 

·(Fe). 

[Parts per million.] 

I I Sodium 

(Na+K). 

Carbon- ate · radicle 

(C03). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HC03). 

Sulphate 

radicle c~!).m ~tH~\1~-~ f~~i~~~ (804). 

------· -----1-----1-----:----1----

Oct. 4 

14 

24 

NO\'. a 

13 

23 ])cc. 3 

13 

23 

Jan. 3 

13 

23 

:Feb. 3 

13 

23 Mm·. ll 

10 

26 

.Apr 5 

15 

25 l\·.fay 5 

15 

25 

June 4 

14 

2•1 July 5 

15 

25 Aug. 4 

14 

24 

.Sept. 3 

13 

23 Oct. 4 

14 

Oct. 13 

23 

Nov. 2 

12 

22 

Dec. 2 

12 

22 Jan. 2 

12 

22 Feb. 2 

12 

22 

Mar. 5 

15 

25 

Apr. 4 

14 

24 May 4 

14 

24 

Juno 3 

13 

23 July 4 

14 

24 

Aug. 3 

13 

23 

Sept. 2 

12 

22 

Oct. 2 

13 

21 

2, 500 

900 

1, 230 

1,500 

870 

475 

500 

300 

190 

350 

270 

140 

35 1, 020 

1,400 

1,500 

3,450 

2,150 

2,SOO 

3,600 

3,800 

2,800 

1,200 

3,850 

5,350 

3,200 

4,000 

4,400 

3,600 

2,000 

2, 700 

2,400 

2,000 

1, 700 

1, 200 1,075 

1,100 

1,000 

l\·Ioan________ 1, 909 

3r 

26 

33 

31 

3S 

30 

3S 

30 

41 

39 

35 

41 

43 

70 

74 

41 

65 

55 

62 

41 

89 

47 

49 

43 

20 

26 

25 

22 

24 

15 

22 

21 

1S 

20 

27 

27 

26 

2S 

37 

0. 30 

'l'r. 

. 5 

.40 

. 40 

. 20 

.40 

. 40 

.12 

. 40 

. 35 

. 08 

. 20 2.8 

. 20 

1.4 

2.1 

2. 1 

2.4 

. 5 

1.8 

3. 2 1.2 

1.1 

1.0 

.10 

1.2 

.05 

.4S 

'l'r. 

. 30 

.28 

.05 

. 03 

. 33 

. 26 

1.0 

.28 

. 73 

60 19 49 

69 21 40 

64 21 ----------- 69 22 49 75 24 50 

i7 22 53 

i7 21 ----------- S5 27 51 

91 29 55 iS 26 49 79 23 52 

90 30 55 S4 281 68 61 22 I 61 56 17 i 43 

52 15 37 

========~~= ------~r-~ H 68 11 I 55 

----------- 20 60 ----------- 16 48 58 ----------- 43 

--------53" i~ i g~ 56 H : 5!3 

57 ----------- 45 53 10 ·I 46 

47 13 38 

46 ----------- 37 44 12 ! 29 

44 14 -----------

:~ g ~~-------3i" 

53 10 I 38 53 1') : 116 

56 9. 8 45 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.o I 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 c Tr 

c 'l'r. 

198 

215 

217 

219 

236 

270 

275 

307 . 

334 

265 

265 

326 

328 

138 

154 

128 

l.'iO 

164 

l.'iS 

146 

175 

15S 

159 

li6 

167 

156 ----------- 164 

104 

157 

168 

162 

160 

176 

171 

161 

157. 

17S 

159 

157 

183 

-------i36" 152 

155 

171 

167 

171 

1SO 

122 

123 

-------i37" 179 

171 

176 

170 

16S 

16S 

131 

143 

103 

101 

99 

95 

92 

S7 

105 

10S 

110 

120 53 0 1i I' 43 

-----:------1--------1------ 62 1s 1 441 .0 202 135 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(N03). 

2. 2 

.4 

2. 2 2. 2 

.9 

. 4 

1.8 

.9 

1.3 

2. 6 

3. 1 2. 2 

2. 2 

4A 

1.7 

3. 4 

1.9 

2. 5 . 2. 2 

3.0 

Tr. 

5.3 

·3. 5 

3. 9 

. 7 

2. 6 

3. 5 

3. 7 4.1 

3. 4 

3.0 

.9 

1.3 

1.6 

1.8 

1.6 

1.5 

1.3 

2. 2 

I 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

13 

13 

15 

13 

13 

15 

17 

20 

22 

18 

1S 

23 

24 

16 

8. 5 

9. 5 11 

6. 3 s. 7 9. 5 11 

11 

12 

14 

s. 5 s. 4 8. 8 

s. 3 6. 7 6. 0 

5. 5· 

7.0 

11 

13 

13 

17 

16. 

13 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

419 

438 

426 

447 

486 

495 

510 

525 

580 

.503 

493 

579 

590 

454 

414 

392 

435 

362 

440 

462 

549 

478 

394 

460 

424 

418 

406 

383 

316 

323 

295 

291 

293 

307 

337 

339 

349 

389 

426 

93 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet).b 

s. 5 7. 2 8. 7 

9. 0 

8. 6 

7. 6 

7. 0 

.5 

4. 5 7.4 

6. 3 

5.1 

5. 4 10.2 

13. 5 12.0 

13.5 

12.7 

13. 1 

13.2 

12.0 

11.3 

10.1 

13.0 

17. 7 

17.8 

18 .. 6 19.8 

22.6 

19. 1 

i6. 5 13.8 

11. I 

9. 9 8. 5 

8. 3 s. 6 

7. 6 

a Analyses Oct. 4, 1906, to Feb. 12, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 13 to 22, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Feb. 23 to Sept. 12, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 13 to Oct. 

'21, 1907, by R. B. Dolo, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. · b Sampling station above the entrance of Kansas River; gaging station below that stream. c Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the avcragp·. 

Analyses of water from 1vfisso.uri River near Ruegg, Mo.a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Dntc (1906-7). Magne- I Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate 

-- -~---- 'l'urbidity. Silica. Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassiilm radicle radicle (S04). From- 'l'o- . (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). 

---

Sept. 2i Oct. i 1,SOO 29 Tr. 41 12 : 31 0.0 134 S2 

Oot. s li 1, 900 29 0. 20 54 13 

'--------~~- .0 195 ----------- 19 28 930 46 .10 66 19 .0 232 134 

29 Nov. i 1,150 23 . 20 67 22 .0 225 126 

Nov. 8 17 1,050 21 . 25 6S 22 

I 53 .0 ----------- 133 

IS 2i 780 24 . 20' 69 19 42 .0 226 126 

29 Dec. 9 - 500 2S .5 5G 29 31 .0 227 104 

])cc. 10 20 425 29 . 30 09 24 35 .0 245 103 

21 31 300 27 . 30 70 20 40 .0 28S 114 

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 375 25 . 40 ----------- 24 30 .0 26S 100 

11 20' 550 31 . so 54 19 31 .0 188 92 

21 30 1, 400 ------------ ----------- 31 11 2S '0 ----------- ----------- 31 Feb. 9 350 49 1.4 40 14 21 .0 127 -------i28' l~cb. 10 19 400 22 . 45 07 20 31 .0 ----------- 20 Mar. 1 1,400 30 . 45 58 16 35 .0 184 97 

.Mar. 2 11 1,000 14 :22 4S 15 32 .0 159 94 

12 21 2,000 41 1.7 50 11 27 .0 164 88 

23 Apr. 2 1,970 I 27 . i 42 13 39 .0 -------i49' 112 

Apr. 3 12 2,000 56 1.8 50 14 34 .0 96 

1:3 22 4, 000 40 1.0 51 15 45 .0 173 125 

23 Ma)' 3 3, 200 47 1.0 51 10 3S .0 151 146 

i\:Iay 4 13 2,300 48 1.6 I 40 15 28 ·.o. 144 102 

14 23 1, 500 33 1.2 39 10 1S .0 130 08 

24 Juno 4 2,800 17 . 20 ----------- 14 36 .0 i85 98 

Juno 5 15 4,800 2S. . 20 52 15 39 .0 100 142 

16 25 4, 250 10 .10 55 8. 4 44 . 0 151 135 

20 July 5 3, 000 1S .40 54 8. 6 30 .0 149 95 

uly 0 16 3,000 23 ----------- 45 --------·-- 37 .0 159 ----------- li 2fl 4,000 10 . 25 49 12 ----------- .0 176 77 

27 Aug. 0 3,300 18 .19 43 --------·-- 3S .0 144 87 

.Aug. 7 17 3, 900 20 .10 40 12 40 .0 141 90 

IS 27 2,600 17 . 01 39 12 31 .0 141 80 

28 Sept. (i 1,000 19 .14 46 14 32 .o 153 S5 

f'cpt. i 10 1, 280 28 .00 40 12 3S C4. 8 156 S4 

17 26 1, 000 28 .19 50 14 38 C4, 8 167 ss 

27 Oct. 0 900 30 .00 53 14 37 CQ. 6 173 95 

J 

Mean _______ 1, 931 1 29 . 51 521 16 I 361 .o I 17S 104 

Nitrate Total Mean 

radicle Chlorine dissolved gage 

(N03) . (Cl). solids. height 

(fcet).b 

-------2~0- 14 291 10.3 12 363 7. 6 1.3 1S 445 6. 6 1.3 21 424 7. 7 2. 4 15 442 7. 6 

1.8 16 421' 7. 6 .9 16 383 7. 7 2. 2 18 429 7. 3 2. 6 -------·--- 438 5. 2 2. 2 21 420 0. 9 

3. 2 14 342 1o.·o 

4.1 10 202 14.0 

3. 0 8. 4 274 8. 1 

4.0 1S 37S 7. 0 

4. 5 14 348 11.0 

3. 7 12 292 10.4 

4.1 11 319 . 12.9 

1.1 14 345 11.2 

3. 4 s. 9 350 11. 2 

5. 0 10 401 11. 1 

2. 0 9. 3 413 11. 7 

3. 6 7. 6 342 13.-4 4.1 6. 7 271 14.1 

3.0 11 317 10.4 6. 6 9. 2 ~ 3S5 15.9 2. 7 6. !J 354 15. 6 5. 0 0. 3 300 17.4 

1.9 7.0 333 15.8 

5. 5 5. 5 315 18.0 

2. 7 . 0.0 282 10.0 2. 7 7. 3 285 1a. 2 

2. 2 7. 3 254 11.5 1.1 10 277 9.1 

1.3 14 . 300 s. 0 1.5 14 319 7. 0 1.4 17 351 0. s 

2.9 12 346 ....................... 

a Anlyses Sept. 27, 1900, to Feb. 19, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 20 to Ma 1, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Mar. 2 to Sept. 6, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 7 to Sept. 

10, 1907, by H.B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Onging station at Hermann, Mo., 70 miles above. c Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

89135--24 t-· -7 
94 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Reduced to standard form the averages from the 

preceding tables are as follows: The alkalies are 

corrected by Palmer's determinations of potassium. 

Reduced analyses· of Missouri water. 

1. At Florence. 36 composite analyses. 

2. At Kansas City. 37 composites. 

3. At Ruegg. 36 composites. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 • 2 

---------------

COa---------------·------------- 101.8 103.3 88.6 22.42 24.23 25.63 

S04---------------------------- 171. 1 139.5 105.2 37.69 32.74 30.44 Cl _____________________________ 9. 0 13.4 12. 1 .1. 99 3. 15 3. 52 

NOa---------------------------- 1.8 2. 3 2. 9 .40 .54 . 85 ca _____________________________ Mg 66.2 64.1 53.2 14.58 15.04 15.22 _____________________________ 20.3 18.7 16.1 4. 48 4.37 4. 68 Na _____________________________ 43.8 39.3 31.4 9. 64 9. 22 9.07 

K------------------------------ 7. 7 6. 4 6. 5 1. 70 1. 50 l. 90 

Si02----------------"----------- 31.6 38.0 29.3 6. 95 8. 97 8.49 

Fe20a-------------------------- . 7 1.0 .7 . 15 . 24 . 20 

------------------ 454.0 426.0 346.0 100.00 100.00 100.00 

In addition to the data given in the preceding· 

tables, the following analyses have been coliected and 

reduced to standard form: 

Analyses of water from Missouri River. 

1. Near Gallatin C'ity, Mont., half a mile below the junction of Madison, Gallatin 

and Jefferson rivers. Received from the analyst, A. D. Burkett. 

2. At Great Falls, Mont. Analysis by Edgar and Mariner, cited in U. S. Geol. 

Survey, Eighteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 4, p. 612, 1897. 

3. At Bismarck, N.Dak. Analysis by C. F. Sidener for Northern Pacific Ry. 

4. At Chamberlain, S. Dak. Mean of two analyses. 

5. At Running Water, S. Dak. 

6 At Council Bluffs, Iowa. Nos. 4, 5, and 6 received from Chicago, 'Milwaukee 

& St. Paul Ry. 

7. At Atchison, Kans. From Atchison, 'fopeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

8. The same. From Kennicott Water Softener Co. 

9. The same. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

10. At Lansing, Kans. Analysis by F. W. Bushong. 

11. At Kansas City, Mo. From Union Pacific R. R. 

12. The same. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Analyses 7, 8, 10, and 

12, ·from Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 211, 1911. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 6 

-------1 .. ----J-------- --------·----

COa---------------- 78.7 30.6 122.2 82.7 83.7 112.8 so~._______________ 45.7 28.8 152.2 84.3 87.6 96.1 CL ________________ 14.1 8.6 15.1 7.8 7.8 7.6 

NOa ________________ ------------------------------------------------------------ Ca _________________ 35.9 10.1 79.0 43:1 60.1 61.3 

Mg_________________ 12.1 6. 2 25.2 15.4 10.3 17.0 

Na(K) __ ----------- a 29. 0 . 19.3 37.3 30. 6 22.4 34. 3 

Si02---------------- 24· 4 9· 4 } 9. 0 } 7. 0 } 3 4 } 5. 3 (AI, Fe)20a --------- 5. 1 ---.------- · _ 

Fe:Oa-------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

245.0 113.0 440.0 270.9 275.3 334.4 

a By difference. 

Analyses of water from Missouri River-ContinuecL 

I. Parts per million-Continued. 

8 10 11 12 

COa________________ 80.0 60.0 94.5 135.3 104.3. 112. o· 804---------------- 89 .. 0 123.0 84.4 119.0 83.1 76.0 CL ________________ 17.0 12.0. 13.0 22.0 7.8 20.0· 

NOa ________________ ----------------.-------------- .7 -------------------- Ca_________________ 46.0 47.0 51.4 '85.0 44.0 62.0 Mg_________________ 14. o 12. o 17.2 23. o 14. o 13. o· Na(K)_____________ 3.5.0 38.0 29.8 56.0 47.2 39.0· 

Si02---------------- 20.0 9.0 27.2 30.0 64.1 15.0· (A!, Fc)20J _________ -------------------- 4.1 .2 11.1 ---------- Fe203-------------- 1.3 .5 ---------- ________ · __ --------------------

302.3 301.5 322.4 471.2 375.3 337.0: 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-----------1--1--__ z _ __ 3 ___ 4___ 5 ___ 6_· 

·coa---------------------------- 31.76 27.10 21.78 30.53 30.41 33.74: 804------------ __ . ___ ----------- 18. 71 25.45 34. 56 31. 12 31. 82 28. 74 C!______________________________ 5:80 7. 62 3. 44 2. 88 2. 83 2. 28: 

NOa---------------------------- -------- --------· ------------------------ _______ _ Ca_____________________________ 14.75 8. 93 17.96 15.91 21.83 18. 33. Mg _____________________________ 5.00 5.48 5.72 5.68 3.74 5.09 

Na(K) ------------------------- •11. 84 17.13 8. 49 11.30 8.14 10.23: 

8i02---~------------------------ 10· 04 } 8. 29 } 2. 05 } 2. 58 } I. 23 } I. 59· (Al,Fe)20a ....... ------------------ 2.10 

Fe20a-------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------. 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00> 

8 10 11 12 

---.,--------------------------

~84 :~~=====~==================== ~: !~ !g: ~g ~~: ~~ ~~: ~~ ~~:I! ~~: ;~ CL---------------------------- 5. 62 3. 98 4. 28 4. 67 2. 08 5. 94 

NOa---------------------------- ------------------------ .15 ---------------- Ca ________________ ----- _ __ _ __ __ 15. 22 15. 58 lli. 94 18. 04 11. 72 18. 40" 

Mg_____________________________ 4. 63 3. 98 5. 34 4. 88 3. 73 3. 86 Na(K) _________________________ 11.58 12.62 9.24 11.88 12.58 11.55 

8i02---------------------------- 6. 62 2. 98 8. 44 6. 37 17.08 4. 45- (Al,Fe)20a--------------------- ________ -------- 1.27 -------- 2.96 --------. 

Fe20a-------------------------- .43 .16 -------- .04 ----------------

100. oo 1100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 1 100. oa. 

a By difference. 

MADISON AND YELLOWSTONE RIVERS. 

The course of Madison River, one of the-three cmnponents of the l\1issouri, is partly through the Yellowstone National Park, where it is formed by the junction 

of Firehole and Gibbon rivers. The main strean1 of 

Yellowstone River- issues from Yellowstone Lake, 

crosses Montana, and joins the Missouri near theNorth Dakota boundary. Ga.rdiner River enters theYellowstone near Mammoth Hot Springs. Thedrainage area of the Yellowstone is nearly 70,000 

square miles. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 95 

In the next table of analyses the first six are of 

waters in the Yellowstone National Park. They 

were 1nade by Gooch and Whitfield in the chemical 

laboratory of the United States Geological Survey 

and are here reduced to the standard form adopted 

throughout this work. 30 · 

A 1wlyses of lake ariel river waters in 111 acli~on and Yellowstone 

basins. 

1. Firoholo River above Upper Basin. 

2 . . Firoholo River at Marshall's. 

3. Yellowstone Lake~ 

4. Gardiner River above Hot River. 

5. Gardiner H.ivor below Hot River. 

0. Hot H.iver. 'l'emporature 58° C.; specific gravity, 1.00157. 

7. Yellowstone H.iver at Billings, Mont. C. F. Sidener, analyst. 

8. Yellowstone River at Glendive, Mont. Analyses 7 and 8 received from Northem Pacific Ry. 

9. Popo Agio H.ivor at Lander, Wyo. Drains through Wind and Big Hom rivers 

into tho Yellowstone. 

10. Little Goose Creek at Sheridan, Wyo. Drains through Tongue H.iver into the 

Yellowstone. Analyses 9 and 10 by E. E. Slosson, Wyoming Exper. Sta. Bull. 24, 

1895. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 6 9 10 

--------:1---------------------

COs-------------- 20. 1 75.4 24.9 57.8 119.0 so~-------------- 7.4 10.1 8.4 13.o 96.2 

(.:! ________________ 10.5 73.7 9.4 4.9 30.1 

13~07------------- 'l'r. 6.8 .••••• ------------ As02------------- ------ •••••••••.•. ------------ Ca •• ------------- 5. 2 6. 6 8. 6 25.0 . 74.9 

Mg............... 1. 1 . 7 . 3 . 5 17. 5 Nn............... 15. 1 93.0 15.6 20.0 31. 1 

K •. ···----······· 9. 4 17.0 4. 7 7. 9 10. 5 Li._______________ 'l'r. 1.1 ------ 'l'r. Tr. 

NH~-- -------···· . 2 ••••.. . 4 .••••• ------ Si02-----···-·---· 40.7 96.5 42.0 46.9 27.2 

~hOa ............. ,~.5 ~·.9} 4.0} 7.9} 1.9 Fe20a ••...•.....•. lr. '!1. 

290. 1 70. 8 75. 3 44. 2 186. 7 507. 6 93. 4 97. 1 6. 3 164. 6 160.4 14. 5 10. 3 11. 1 27.8 

14.3 ------ ------ ------ ------ .4 ------ ------ ------ ------ 236.0 47.9 53.3 3.9 52.9 63. 1 13. 7 12. 6 10. 1 28. 9 

150. 6 } 27. 2 } 25. 4 20. 7 45. 0 

46. 2 6. 5 13. 5 ].1 _______________________ _ 

.1 _______________________ _ 

50. 0 } } 9. 0 21. 5 

9. 7 6. 0 8. 0 } . 7 } 3. 3 

115. 2 386. 8 ll8. 3 183. 9 408. 4 1529. 6 273. 5 282. 0 112. 5 544. 2 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

. I 1 2 3 4 5 I 6 7 . 8 9 10 

~~==~ 17.45 19.49 21.05 31.43 29. 14

1 

18.97 25.85 26.70 39.29 34.31 so~-------------· 6.42 2.61 1.10 1.0123.56 33.19 34.15 34.43 5.60 30.25 CL~----·-------· 9.11 19.05 7.95 2.66 7.37 10.49 5.31 3.65 9.87 5.11 

13~07-----------·· ''l'r. 1. 76------ ------ ------ . 93------ ------ ------ ______ · AS02 ............. ------ . 00------ ------ ------ . 03------ ------ ------ ------ Cn ............... 4.51 1.71 7.27 13.59 18.34 15.43 17.52 18.90 3.46 9.72 

:Mg __ _. ____________ .96 .18 .25 .27 4.29 4.11 5.02 4.47 8.96 5.31 

~"--------------- 13.10 24.04 13.19 10.88 7.61 9.85}9.95}9.01 18.40 8.27 h .••• -•••• -------. 8. 18 4. 39 3. 97 4::'!0 2. 57 3. 02 5. 77 2. 48 

Ll................ 'l't·. . 28------ Tr. 'l'r.. . 07 ------ --··-- ------ ------ NlJ~----·--··-·-- .17------ . 34 ------ ------ . 01 ------ ------ ------ ------ Si02-------------- 35.33 24.96 35.50 25.50 6.66 3.27} 2 20 } 2 84 8.00 3.95 

~bOa ............. ~-,~7 ~·,~3} 3.38} 4.3o} .46 · 63 · · } .63} .60 

Fo20a •••.•....... ~~------'-==---------

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo'1oo. oo 100. oo 100. oo too. oo 100. oo I 

These analyses an~ ve.ry suggestive. Firehole River 

receives n1uch of its water fron1 springs that deposit 

siliceous sinter and is therefore reinarkably high in 

silica. Yellowstone Lake is equally high in silica, 

and n1uch of it is deriYed frmn rocks in which plagio-. 

clase feldspars are abundant. Gardiner River, on the 

other hn.nd, fiows near Ma1nn1oth Hot Springs, which 

deposit calcareous sinter. Its water is originally a 

carbonate water, but., below Hot River it ~s more 

sulphatic, owing to the influence of its tributary. 

1'he two analyses of Yellowstone River show it to be 

a 1ni..~ed water, rich in both carbonates and sulphates 

and poor in silica: Its two n1inor tributaries are quite 

so Seo U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 47 for analyses of Yellowstone Patk waters. 

different and doubtless are more or less n.ffected by 

alkaline salts along their courses. Popo Agie River 

is especially rich in alkalies, which may have cmne 

in part from the leaching of irrigated soils. 

LAKE DE S.MET. 

Lake De Sn1et is an isolated body of water, highly 

saline, which li~s west of Powder River in Sheridan 

County, Wyo. It is within the general area of the 

Yellowstone basin. The following analyses were 

made by W. T. Schaller in the chemicallaboi:atory of 

the United States Geological Survey: 

Analyses of wate1· from Lake DeSmet. 

1. Lake De Smet. 

2. Shell Creek, a feeder of Lake De Smet. 

Parts per million. Percent~fgn~omposi2 

----------------------------1·------·1------ ------------ C03.------------------------------------

HC03----------------------------------- so. ____________________________________ _ 

CL ..• --------------------------------·· 

Mg Ca ... ----------------------------------- ____________________________________ _ 

Na _______________ ·----------------------- K ______________________________________ _ 

(A1,Fe)203------------------------------

Si0:i .....•...............•.•............ 

67 

536 

4,129 

58 

71 

406 

1,342 

82 . 3 

14 

6, 708 

22 

273 

467 8 109 

77 

83 

5 

4 

15 

1, 063 

1.00 

7. 99 61.55 

. 87 1. 05 6. 06 

20.00 

1. 22 

. 05 

. 21 

100.00 

2. 08 

25.68 

43.94 . 75 

10.26 

7. 24 7.80 . . 47 

.37 

1. 41 

100.00 

TRIBUTARIES OF THE MISSOURI IN NORTH AND SOUTH 

DAKOTA. 

Analyses of waters of tributaries of the Missouri in North and 

South Dakota. 

1. Little Missouri River at Medora, N.Dak. 

2. Heart River at Mandan, N. Dak. Analyses 1 and 2received from Northern 

Pacific H.y. 

3. Belle Fourche River at Nisland, S. Dak. An amuent of Cheyenne H.iver 

· 4. H.apid Creek at Rapid City, S.Dak. An amuent of Cheyenne H.iver. 

5. White River at Crawford, Nebr. 

6. Ditto at Dakota Junction, Nebr. Analyses 3, 4, 5, and 6 received from Chicago 

& Northwestern H.y. · 

7. Beaver Creek at Linton, N.Dak. H.eceived from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 

Paul Ry. 

8. James H.iver at James, S.Dak. (Also known as Dakota Hiver.) 

9. James H.iver at Ashton, S. Dak. 

10. James H.iver at Mitchell, S.Dak. 

11. James River at Menno, S. Dak. 

12. Elm H.iver at Ordway, S. Dale 

13. Firesteel River at Mitchell, S. Dak. Elm and Firesteel rivers ure tributaries 

of the James. 

14. East Fork of Vermilion River at Montrose, S. Dak. 

15. East Fork of Vermilion River at Parker, S. Dak. Mean of two analyses. 

16. West Fork of Vermilion River at ParlrGr, S. Dak. Mean of four analyses. 

Analyses Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, and 16, receiver} from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 

Paul Ry.; Nos. 12, 13, and 14, from Cllicago & ).>J'orthwestern H.y. 

I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 I 4 5 6 7 8 

-------------------------

003----------- 427.2 270.8 278 92.4 126.4 129.1 270.8 249.6 so. ___________ 425.8 337. 1 2,065 49. 1 6.3 22.2 196.5 169.4 CL ____________ 7. 9 18.4 76 3.4 5.1 3. 6 '!'race. 95.1 r.:n ____________ 49.9 67.8 450 48.0 60.9 59.4 74.8 58.8 l\1g. ___________ 20.4 36.5 132 20.4 8. 0 5. 4 31.9 40.5 

Na(K) ........ 443.4 233.0 466 2. 2 17. 7 33.4 154. 6 188.9 

~t6{~!~~ _·:~==} 9.0 } 7.0 4 5. 0 . 7 .9 } 4. 4 } 6. 3 10 11.1 . 29.9 34.0 ------------------------------------- 1, 383.6 970.6 3, 481 231.6 255.0 288. o I 733.0 808.6 
96 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of waters of 'tributaries of the M issou·ri in North and 

South Dakota-Continued. 

I, Parts per million-Continued. 

_______ 9 __ 1_o_l_1_1_!_._12 __ 1_3 ___ 14 __ 1_5_ 

. I 

~8.s:~~~~~·===== i~f: ~ !gg: ~ I gt i 3~gJ ~~~: ~ ~~k ~ 1, &~g: ~ Cl·------------- 36.3 80.2 67.1 384.0 24.9 4.6 5.4 Ca ____________ 46.9 103.5· 82.6 126.2 119.3 178.4 273.6 

Mg____________ 23.4 39.6 32.2 63.7 134.1 92.9 123.'4 

16 

115.2 

281.2 

3. 6 78.8 

48.6 

41.6 

(~I,Fe)20s-----} 5 7 } - 9 } 3 8 2. 5 8. 1 5. 0 } 2 1 } 

Na(K) ________ 111.8 183.0 ·177.81431.0 140.0 35.2 100.1 

8102----------- . . . 22.7 16.9 15.8 . 2.0 

521. o ~~-9oLo).~733.1~. 320. o 1, 089. o 1, 726. 5 571.0 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

I 

I 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

--------------------

COs----------- 30.87 27.90 7. 96 39.89 49.57 44.83 36.94 30.87 

804----------- 30.79 . 34.73 59.33 21.20 2. 47 7. 71 26.81 20.95 CJ. ____________ . 57 1. 90 2.18 1.47 2. 00 . I. 25 Trace . 11.76 Ca ____________ 3. 61 6. 98 12.94 20.77 23.88 20.63 10.20 7. 27 Mg ____________ 1.47 3. 76 3. 80 8.80 3. 14 1. 87 4. 35 5. 01 Na(K) ________ 32.04 24.01 13.39 .94 6.94 11.60 21.09 23.36 

(AI,Fe)20s ..... } . 65 } . 72 . 12 2.15 . 27 . 31 } . 61 } . 78 Si02--------"-- . 28' 4. 78 11.73 11.80 ------------ --------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

9 10 11 12 13 _1_4_]_1_5_ 16 

COs---~------- 29.89 16.70 12.92 21.95 25.79 16.65 11.33 20.17 so. ___________ 27.10 42.34 46.74 18.60 40.63 52.87 59.44 49.25 CJ. ____________ 6. 97 8. 06 7.45 22.16 l. 89 .42 .'31 . 63 Ca ____________ 9.00 10.41 9. 17 7. 28 9. 04 16.39 15.85 13.80 Mg ____________ 4.49 4.00 '3. 57 3. 68 10. 16 8. 53 7.15 8. 51 Na(K) ________ 21.46 18.40 19.73 24.87 10.60 3. 23 5.80 7. 29 

~ts2~::~~s--~~~~} 1.09 } .09 } . 42 .15 . 61 . 46 } .12 } . 35 1. 31 1. 28 I. 45 -----------·------------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

-

These 16 analyses are with four exceptions characterized by high salinity.. In all but two of them the 

-proportion of sulphates is very high, and in the James 

the proportion increases regularly ·as the river is followed downstream. In eight of these apalyses the 

figure for alkalies is also remarkably high-an indication of much saline matter in the soils of the region. 

through which the river flows. 

EASTERN TRIBUTARIES OF THE MISSOURI. 

Analyses of waters of eastern tributaries of the Missouri. 

1. Big Sioux River at Dell Rapids, S.Dak. 

2. Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 

3. Big Sioux River at Canton, S. Dak. Analyses 1 to 3 received from Chicago, 

Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

4. Big Sioux River at Hawarden, Iowa. Received from Chicago & Northwestern 

Ry. 

5. Rock River at Luverne, Minn. Anaiysis by W. A. Noyes, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 1, p. 550, 1884. A tributary of the Big Sioux. 

6. Otter River at Ashton, Iowa. A tributary of Rock River. Received from 

Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

7. East Floyd Creek at Sanborn, Iowa. 

8. West Floyd Creek at Sheldon, Iowa. Mean of two analyses. 

9. Floyd Creek at Sheldon, Iowa. 

10. Floyd River at Sioux City, Iowa. Mean of two analyses. Analyses 7 to 10 

received from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

11. Little Sioux River at Grant Center, Iowa. 

12. Kingsley Creek at Kingsley, Iowa. 

13. East Soldier Creek at Charter Oak, Iowa. 

14. Boyer River at Early, Iowa. Analysis from Chicago & Northwestern Ry., 

cited in Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 365, 1896. 

15. Mosquito Creek at Earling, Iowa.' 

16. l'dosquito Creek at Underwood, Iowa. 

17. East Branch of Nishnabotna Creek at Manning, Iowa. 

1S. Creek at Aspinwall, Iowa. ·A tributary of Nishnabotna River. 

19. Fishing River at Mosby, Mo. 

20. Orand River at Chillicothe, Mo. 

Analyses ofwaters of eastern tribu,taries of the Missouri-Con. 

21. Shoal Creek at Ludlow, Mo. A tributary of Grand River. 

22. Medicine Creek at Powersville, :Mo. A tributary of Orand River. 

23. Medicine Creek at Newtown, :Mo. 

24. Medicine Creek at Laredo, lVIo. 

25. Chariton River near Derby, Iowa. 

Analyses 12 and 14 from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Analyses 11, 13, and 15 to 

25 received from Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

I. Parts per million.· 

------l----1-2- _3 __ 4_. _5 __ 6 __ i __ s __ 9 __ 

C03 ____________ 142.6 135.2 94.9 162.0 131.7 202.2 209.9 )97. 1 249.7 so( ____________ 156.5 152.0 97.0 190.7 24.7 377.9 30.0 70.5 66.8 CL ____________ 3.9 10.1 38.2 14.8 1.1 7.6 1.8 1.9 2.8 

Ca _____________ 89.5 82.1 55.i 98.1 56.3159.8 87.9 89.5 109.2 Mg ____________ 31.4 32.2 18.3 44.9 20.3 66.6 31.2 34.2 40.5 

ii~---~====~====J 23.8 } 26.9 } 46.8 } 26.4 i: ~ } 29.4 } 15. 5 } 17.6122.1 

AhOs----------} 3.1 } .5} 37.6} .3 ·

9 } 20.0} 1.7} 4.8 11.9 Fe20s---------- 8. 7 Si02----------- 7.5 20.9 22.8 

450. 8 439. 0 388. 5 544. 7 275. 0 886. 3 378. 0. 415. 6 503. 0 

10 11 12 13 1 14 15 16 17 18 

COs----------- 161.7 154.2 180.6 191.7,143,0 -147.4 .153.9 ~--:~ S04------------ 90.9 67.4 308. 5 31. 7 62.8 20.6 10.5 1.5. 8 35. 5 CL ------------ 2. 4 . 9 39.8 2. 4 ll. 8 3. 2 1. 8 3. 2 5. 5 ca _____________ 85.3 75.8 164.-4 83.3 62.3 62.6 62.2 25.8 68.0 

Mg____________ 27.4 22.9 50. 7 26.7 22.6 20.6 ·19. 0 8. 3 21.8 Na(K) _________ 18.4 19.1 25.8 ·15.7 32.5 13.6 16.3 9.5 16.4 

~tS ~:!:?_s_-~~=~} 6. 1 } 4. 4 ~: ~ } 6. 5 } 2. 2 } 5. 6 } 11.8 } 18.0 } 2. 7 

392. 6 354. 7 i92. 0 358. 0 337. 2 273. 6 275. 5 140. 0 301. 0 

19 20 . 21 22 23 24. 25 

--------·1---------------------

COs------------------- li7. 0 91.4 141.1 104.3 127.7 87.5 106.3 so(____________________ 41. 3 17. 1 18. 2 so. 4 17.3 12. 3 12. 1 Cl_____________________ 6. 7 3. 6 5. 7 8. 6 1. 8 3. 5 3. 5 

Ca_____________________ 100.3 45.7 72.6 63. 0 53.6 41.4 43. 6 Mg____________________ 15.7 9.1 12.8 17.8 16.3 10.2 13. 1 

. Na(K) .. --------------- 10.3 10.5 12.4 17.6 14.3 8. 3 14.2 Oxides a _______________ ~~1 __ 1_. 7-~~~____:_: 

362. 7 181. 31 264. 5 297. 3 I 233. 6 169. 5 195. 7 

II. Percentage composition of dis.solved solids. 

---'-----~--~- , , • , • I , • • 

COs------------ 31.63 30.80 24.43 29.74 47.94 22.82 55.53 47.43 49.64 so. ____________ 34. n 34.62 24.96 3.5. 01 s. 64 42.64 7. 94 16.97 13. 28 CL ____________ .87 2.30 9.83 2.72 .44 .86 .48 .46 .56 Ca _____________ 19.85 18.70 14.34 18.01 20.51 18.03 23.25 21.54 21.71 Mg ____________ 6.97 7.33 4.71 8.24 7.43 7.51 8.25 8.22 ·8.05 

~~~~===~==~==~=} 5. 28 } 6. 13 }12. 05 } 4. 85 3: ~i } 3. 32 } 4. 10 14. 2214.39 

AhOs-----------} .} } } 05 . 36 } 2 25 } 

Si02----------- 1. 38 7. 65 2. 57 Fe20s---------- .69 .12 9.68

1 

· 3.21 · .45 1.16 2.37 

100.00 100. 00 100,00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

-----·1-·-10- -1-1 _·_1_2 -1-1-3- 14 15 16 17 18 

COs------------ 41. 23 44. i4 22.80 53.55 42.41 53. 88 55.86 42.43 50. 19 so. ____________ 23.18 19.55 38.95 8.85 18.63 7.52 3.81 u.29 11.79 Cl_____________ . 61 . 26 5. 03 . 67 3. 50 1. 17 . 65 2. 28 1. 82 Ca _____________ 21. 75 21.99 20. 76 23.27 18.47 22.88 22. 58 18.43 22. 58 Mg ____________ 6.98 6.64 6.40 7.46 6.70· 7.52 6.90 5.93 7.24 

Na(K)_________ 4. 69 5. 54 3. 26 4. 39 9. 64 4. 97 5. 91 6. 78 5. 44 

(~I, Fe)20s .... j} 1.56 } 1.28 · 43 } 1.81 } .65 } 2.06 } 4.29 }12.86 } .94 

s.o,_ ----------~wo. oo 100. oo 1;.: 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

----------:'· _1_9 _ __2~1_2_1 __ 2_2 _ __2~ _2_4 __ 2_5_ 

~?~·:::::: ::::::::::::::1 

Ca ____________________ _ Mg ______________ , _____ _ Na(K) ________________ _ 

Oxides a. __ -----------~ 

48. so 11.39 

1. 85 27.65 

4. 33 

2. 84 

3.14 

50.42 

9. 43 1. 98 25. 21 . 5. 02 

5. 79 2.15 

53.34 

6. 88 2.16 

27.45 

4. 84 4. 69 

. 64 

35.08 

27.05 

2. 89 21.19 

5. 99 5. 92 

1.88 

54.67 

7.40 

. 77 22.95 

6. 98 6.12 

1.11 

51.62 

7. 26 2. 06 24.43 

6. 02 4. 89 

3. 72 

54.32 

6. 18 1. 79 22.28 

6. 69 

7. 26 1. 48 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 97 

These analyses of water fron1- eastern tributaries 

of the Missouri are arranged in order from west to 

east, following the course of the Missouri downward. 

In this way they show the fa~irly regular Ghange in 

character of the waters, fron1 the high salinity of the 

northwestern streams to the n1oderate salinity of 

those in the agricultural regions of Iowa and Missouri. 

There is a tendency toward a gradual lowering <:>f 

the proportion of sulphates in the waters, and the 

1nore eastern rivers have the .character of ordinary 

carbonate solutions derived in great part directly 

from the soil but originally froru sedimentary rocks 

in which limestones predon1inate. The changes are 

not absolutely regular, for there ·are local variations, 

but their general drift is clear. 

NIOBRARA RIVER AND ADJACENT LAKJ<JS. 

Niobrara River rises in easter.n ·Wyoming, traverses 

the State of Nebraska, and after a course of about 

450 n1iles, enters the Missouri near Yankton, S. Dak. 

'1\vo analyses of water froru the Niobrara, made by 

E. T. Erickson in the chemical laboratory of the 

United States Geological Survey, are given below. 

Analyses of water f1·om Niobrara River. 

1. At Alliance, Nebr. 

2. At Valentino, Nebr. 

Parts per million. 

1 

Percentage 

composition. 

-------------11---.----------

COa .•.....••••••••••••..•••••• ---------- 111. 4 69. 0 41. 40 39. 01 

,~?.~·::~::::::::::======================== 10. 6 . 0 . 3. 96 . 00 2. 9 Tr. 1. 08 Tr. Ca ________________________ · ______________ _ 49. 3 28. 0 18. 33 15. 82 l\1g _____________________________________ _ 

~~====================================== 

5. 8 2. 4 2. 15 1. 36 33. 8 14. 5 12. 58 8. 20 2. 9 6. 6 1. OS 3. 65 

Si02------------------------------------- 52. 3 56. 5 19. 42 31. 96 

~,177.0 100:00 ---wo:oo 

These analyses are peculiar on account of their 

relatively high proportions of silica and alkalies. 

The samples of water, however: were from the barren 

sand hills of northwestern N ebJ ask a, which may perhaps contain soluble or colloidal silica. More data 

relative to the Niobrara are desirable. 

In the sand hills mentioned above are many s1nall 

lakes that occupy shallow depressions and are wjthout· 

outward surface drainage. Some of these lakes are 

remarkable for their high content in salts of potassiurn, 

which are now extracted fron1 the waters for conuuercial purposes. ·The following analyses of son1e of 

these waters were made by Mr. Eric_kson. 31 

Analyses of water from the 1JOtash lakes of N ebmska. 

1. Floyd Lake. 

2. Plant Lake. 

3. Stoughton Lake. 

4. Hathorne Lake: 

5. Mitchell Lake. 

6. Jesse Lake. (For another analysis of water from Jesse Lake, by J. H. Show, 

see Colorado School of Mines Quart., vol. 10, No.3, p. 21, 1915.)• Lakes 1 to 6 are 

all in Sheridan County. 

7. Phelan Lake, Morrill County. 

8. Alkali Lake. 

9. Ash burgher Lake. 

10. Sturgeon Lake. Lakes Nos. 8 to 10 arc ~n Garden County. The analyses-all 

represent the percentage composition of the solid residues. Calcium is absent, and 

magnesium is present only in traces. 

For 18 other analyses of waters from this group of lakes, by J. H. Show~ see Nebraska Oeol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 28. · 

1 

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

---------------- COa.-----------·-- 21.65 28.39 14. 13 33.80 34.43 26.52 31.42 30.33 36.27 28.65 HCOa .• __________ 11.20 13.07 13.26 19.52 12.36 10.69 11.34 21.37 13.90 17.41 

S04--------------- 20.02 12.44 20.28 1. 90 3. 29 14.84 11.90 4. 72 1.10 5. 90 CL _______________ 4.15. 2.36 14.62 3. 99 6.16 3. 71 1.47 2. 36 5. 58 4. 61 Na _______________ 19.05 21.77 30.11 29.60 25.49 20. 74 23. 05128. 33 28. 56 20.49 K ________________ 23.84 21.93 7. 60 11.03 18.21 23: i~ .:~~~: -~:~~~ 14: g~ 22.94 

Si02-------------- .09 .04 . 16 .00 -·-----

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ----. -~--~--

100. 00(00. 00 100. 00(0. 00 100.00 Salinity, per cent. 5. 36 7.12 3.09 3. 79 10.52 4. 49 5. 17 2. 67 6.·34 2. 73 Specific gravity 

l. 0381 l. 04411. 02211. 056 at 25° c ________ 1. 044 1. 002 1.025 1. 033 1. 096 1.022 

PLATTE RIVER BASIN. 

Platte River is formed by the union of two branches, 

. the North and South Platte. From the head of the 

North Platte the system has a length of n1ore than 

1,200 miles, but the course of the united rivers in 

Nebraska is only about 450 miles. The analyses to 

be considered first are the three tables by Dole published in Water-Supply Paper 236. · 

a1 For details relative to these lakes, see Hicks, W. D., U. S. Geol. Sun·ey Bull. 

715, pp. 125-139, 1921. 
98 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from North Platte Rive1· near North Platte, Nebr.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). 

Silica I Calcium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium 

(Mg). 

Sodium 

and po- tassium 

Carbon- ate 

radicle 

(C03). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(SOl). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(N03). 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

---,-----1 Turbidity. (Si02). 

Iron 

(Fe). 

From- To- (Na+K). (HC03). 

Sept. 10 

20 Oct. 2 

15 

25 Nov. 4 

14 

24 Dec. 4 

14 

24 Jan. 3 

13 

23 Feb. 3 

13 

23 :rviar. 5 

16 

26 Apr. 5 

15 

25 

Sept. 19 120 0. 10 57 8. 5 28 0. 0 161 I 54 Tr. 5. 0 262 1. 9 

oct. 1l ~~ ---------~~- 1

: ~o ~~ ~r ~g : ~ ~~~ . ~~~ 1

: ~ tr ~? ~: g 24 1 85 42 .15 46 11 31 .0 155 72 Tr: 7.9 289 2.0 Nov. 3 290 50 . 15 41 11 27 . 0 155 62 1. 0 5. 7 2641 2. 4 

~~ ~~~ ;~ :~~ ~~ g --------35" :~ ~~~ g~ :~ g:~ i~~ ~:1 Dec. 3 130 44 . 20 46 11 3-5 . 0 168 78 . 4 6. 7 300 2. Z 

13 160 48 . 35 50 16 37 . 0 179 ----------- 1. 3 8. 0 333 ----------- 23 140 52 .15 51 15 39 . 0 205 102 Tr. 9. 2 372 ----------- Jan. 2 150 43 1. 2 47 14 37 . 0 178 88 Tr. 8. 1 306 ----------- ·12 20 35 Tr. 52 14 37 . 0 198 97 . 4 9. 5 326 ----------- 22 20 36 .05 56 15 41 .0 212 102 .2 9.4 359 ----------- Feb. 1 150 37 . 12 54 14 39 . 0 187 84 . 0 11 351 ----------- 12 150 30 . 12 46 9. 5 31 . 0 162 76 . 7 7. 3 272 ----------- 22 300 34 . 10 52 12 ----------- . 0 146 41 2. 8 6. 7 270 ----------- Mar. 4 210 45 . J5 47 12 34 . 0 170 82 1. 6 7. 0 309 ----------- 15 240 31 . 08 52 14 36 . 0 167 ----------- . 9 10 331 ----------- 2~ 165 30 Tr. 47 13 34 . 0 186 86 . 4 9. 0 319 -----------

Apr. 1! '~6~ ~~ .og ~~ n ~g :8 ~!~ 1g 1J ~:~ ~~! --------2~5 

May 4 440 41 . 55 38 ----------- 24 . 0 135 67 . 5 4. 8 258 2. 5 24 675 43 : ~0 

1

. 44 12 28 . 0 145 84 . 7 7. 3 285 2. 4 

May ~~ I June ~ ~~g ig : ~~ · H ~~- 9 ~! : g H~ ~! t i l g ~~~ ~: i 

June 4 13 350 34 . 48 38 9. 4 21 0 137 58 5. 0 4. 7 246 1 3 4 

~~n ____ !~ \~--~-~-!~----~-~---~-~-~---~~-~---~-:-~~-----~-~~---·-:-~~~--~-!~----~-~~----~-~~---~-~-!~---~-~-~~~--------------~-:-~ a Analyses Sept. 10. 1906, to Feb. 12, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 13 to 22, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; ·Feb. 24 to June 30, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. 

Analyses of water from Platte River near Col1tmbus, 'Nebr.a 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906-7). I Tmbldlty. 

I Magne- Sodium CarbonI 

Bicar~ Sulphate Nitrate Total Mean 

Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S04). (N03). (Cl). solids. height 

From- To- (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). (feet). 

---

Oct. 1 Oct. 11 20 31 Tr. 56 15 40 0. 0 189 112 0. 0 12 361 1. 8 12 21 50 33 0.10 55 16 40 .0 187 1i3 . 7 11 353 2. 2 22 Nov. 2 350 37. . 20 44 ----------- 34 ----------- .0 74 .4 8. 4 296 3. 0 Nov. 3 12 625 47 . 20 52 13 39 . 0 181 86. 1.8 9. 6 349 3. 5 13 22 300 32 . 20 66 17 50 .0 195 134 .4 13 412 . 3. 2 

23 Dec. 2 210 26 . 20 64 17 ----------- .0 187 167 Tr. 14 441 3.0 Dec. 3 13 180 36 . 07 73 22 ----------- .0 204 --·--------- . 4 19 543 ----------- 14 23 50 35 . 05 77 25 77 .0 220 223 .9 19 561 ----------- 24 Jan. 2 60 27 .10 65 25 51 .0 190 181 .9 15 446 ----------- Jan. 3 12 20 26 . 05 71 23 49 .0 207 206 . 9 17 510 ----------- 13 22 15 32 'l'r. 74 21 46 .0 152 191 . 7 16 496 ----------- 23 Feb. l 20 22 . 08 74 23 55 . 0 216 186 1.4 17 487 ----------- Feb. 2 12 15 22 .10 73 20 56 . 0 198 189 5. 2 16 473 ----------- 15 ul 215 31 Tr. 46 15 ----------- . 0 148 101 2. 3 8. 5 309 ----------- 25 Mar. 6 115 30 Tr. f\6 16 52 . 0 192 

~~~:~~~~~~~~ 1.4 13 443 ----------- Mar. 7 16 580 35 .9 72 20 52 . 0 186 2:3 17 530 ----------- 17 26 325 28 . 25 68 23 39 .0 200 2. 0 20 522 ----------- 27 Apr. 5 700 33 . 35 57 16 60 . 0 184 I 172 

1.2 16 454 3. 2 Apr. 6 15 2,000 26 . 35 56 13 47 .0 175 144 2. 7 ----------- 385 3. 0 16 26 800 32 . 20 63 18 46 . 0 182 155 1.6 13 437 2.8 27 May 6 900 50 1.0 58 14 39 .0 161 130 1.1 10 407 3. 2 May 7 15 580 38 . 6 55 16 41 .0 168 128 .9 11 389 2. 9 

Mean ________ 374 32 . 20 63 18 48 . 0 186 i 152 1.3 14 437 -----------

a Analyses Oct. 1, 1906, to Feb. 12, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 15 to 24, 1907, by :S:. S. Spaulding; Feb. 25 to Mar. 6, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 99 

Analyses of water from Platte River at F1·emont, Nebr.a 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

I 

Date (1906-7). Magne- Sodium Carbonate Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Total Silica Iron Calcium and bonate Chlorine 'l'urbidity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved 

(Mg). (COa).· (SO,). I (NOa). solids. .I<' rom- To- (Na+K). (HCOa) . I 

---

Oct 371 10 Oct. 20 100 50 0.10 47 __________ ..,_ 36 0.0 199 0. 0 4. 9 265 

21 31 290 44 . 40 44 12 ------------ . 0 157 51 .9 4. 5 246 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 540 49 .40 47 12 32 .o 161 71 1.3 7.3 303 

11 20 400 42 . 40 54 14 41 . 0 -:.-------i84" 97 .9 9. 0 3.'\9 

21. 30 170 43 .16 53 19 ------------ .o 86 .9 7. 7 328 

Doc. 1 Doc. 10 270 51 . 20 52 14 34 .0 193 107 1.3 8. 5 364 

11 20 125 46 Tr. 61 16 38 . 0 218 111 . 4 7. 5 385 

21 30 ------------- 44 'l'r. 60 14 

I 

33 • 0 I 221 93 Tr . 8.1 352 

31 Jan. 9 80 38 .·15 53 15 34 .o 185 97 1.4 8.4 339 Jan. 10 27 10 47 Tr. 62 13 40 . 0 237 79 1.3 7.8 391 

28 Fob. 6 10 47 ~ 15 57 15 34 . 0 209 80 1.9 7. 1 335 

Mar. 13 Mar·. 22 675 40 . 28 53 13 31 .0 199 82 Tr. 8. 8 341 24• Apr. 5 460 35 . 32 57 16 32 .0 192 95 .6 7. 1 387 .Apr. 6 17 1, 050 44 . 30 47 11 26 .0 176 75 . 8 6. 9 298 

18 27 540 49 . 45 -----------·· 13 33 .o 181 83 'l'r. 10 347 

28 :May 8 510 62 . 6 45 11 37 .0 168 71 1. 1 5.4 322 May !) 18 .......................... 50 .40 I 49 12 ------------ . 0 170 71 • 7 5. 7 308 19 2!) 485 50 . 40 43 13 24 .0 168 57 2. 3 4.8 280 30 Junc .• S 700 44 . 23 41 !J. 3 23 . 0 160 51 2. 4 6. 7 256 Juno !) 18 600 41 . 12 38 8. 3 231 .0 160 50 3.0 4. 0 251 20 2!J 625 55 .8 40 11 27 . . 0 169 52 1.8 3. 8 283 30 July 10 850 ------------ .10 41 5. 9 29 .o 154 45 1. 8 4. 5 228 uly 11 20 1,050 51 . 8 38 4. 4 25 .o 142 42 2. 4 2. 6 241 21 30 500 32 .08 39 4. 5 --·--------- .o 152 49 . 9 ------------ 337 

J 

:n Aug. 10 375 42 . 20 . 41 8. 7 34 . o 186 49 Tr . 6. 5 260 A ug. 11 20 450 45 .15 44 10 27 .0 167 64 .9 5. 7 274 21 31 95 49 .15 43 9. 9 25 . 0 166 51 Tr. 5. 0 274 Sept. I Sept. 10 230 44 : ~6 I 43 9. 5 24 . 0 165 46 1.8 4.8 253 11 21 90 63 45 8. 2 15 b 4. 8 161 37 . 3 6. 6 271 22 Oct. 1 95 62 . 10 40 4. 2 20 b 4. 8 I 155 24 . 3 3.0 243 0ct. 2 11 200· 60 . 66 41 8. 6 31 b 6. o I 162 41 1.0 6. 0 270 12 23 75 45 . 06 45 9. 4 32 b 4. 8 167 58 . 5 7. 4 280 24 Nov. 21 100 51 .14 46 9.7 32 b 6. o. 160 61 . 8 7. 8 290 

1\{oan •.•••.•. l 379 47 . 26 47 11 30 . o I 178 66 1.0 6. 4 302 

a Analyses Oct. 10, 1906, to Fob. 6, l!l07, by W. M. Barr; Mar. 13, to Sept. 10, 1907, by Walton Van \Vinkle; Sept. 11 to Nov. 2, l!l07, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, 

and W. D. Collins. · . b Abn< .. ·mnl; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Fairly con1parable with the data given in the foregoing tables are the 23 analyses of water from the 

Platte n,1ade by Prof. Samuel Avery for the Office of 

Experin1ent Stations of Nebraska. The samples 

analyzed were taken at Lexington once a month 

between February, 1903, and January, 1905. Reduced to standard form the average of the analyses is 

as follows: 

.Mean composition of Platte River water at Lexington, Nebr. 

so, COs------·-------------------------~----·-----~--------------- ___________________________________________ ; ____________ _ CL _________________________________ , _______________________ _ On _________________________________________________________ _ l'v.[g _________________________________________________________ _ 

Na K •.• ------------------------------------------------------- ........•.... ______________________________________________ _ 

(AI, Fo)20s.------------------------------------------------- Si02---------------------------------------------------------

Parts per Percentmillion. ~~;i~?o~: 

74.4 

87.2 

8. 0 49.6 

11.8 

32. 1 4. 8 4. 2 

30.9 

24.56 

28.78 

2. 64 16.37 

3. 89 10.59 

1. 58 

1. 39 10.20 

303. 0 100. 00 

The four sets of analy~es, stated in percentage fonn, 

cOin pared as follows: 

Comparative table of Platte River analyses. 

1. At North Platte. Survey average, 29 composite analyses. 

2. At Lexington. Avery's analyses, 23 monthly samples. 

3. At Columbus. Survey average, 22 composites. 

4. At Fremont. Survey average, 33 composites. 

---·----------1--1--__ 2 ____ a __ · __ 4 __ 

COa---------------------------~---------1 27 .. 52 24.56 21.75 29.56 

so •. ------------------------------------~ 25. 80 28. iS 36. 19 22. 26 CL_____________________________________ 2. 03 2. 64 3. 33 2.16 

NOa------------------------------------- . 40 . 32 • 34 

Ca .... ----------------------------------~ 15. 63 1g: ~~ 15.00 15.85 

~~~~~~·~ ~;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~~ m m ~ m~~ ~- ~ ~~}_-: ~~~ ~- ----:!:-!-} ---:; :------~:~ ~ Salinity, parts per million _______________ l--wo.oQ--wo.oQ--wo.oQIOQ.Oo 295. 95 303 420 296 

For data relative to tributaries of the Platte there 

is first a group of analyses by W. P. Headden 32 of 

water from several streams at the headwaters of the 

·South Platte, in the.Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 

Reduced to standard form they are as follows: 

32 Colorado Agr. Ex per. Sta. Bull. 82, 1903. 
100 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of waters from tributaries of the Platte in Colorado. 

1. Thompson River 3 miles west of Loveland. 

2. St. Vrain Creek 3 miles west of Longmont. 

3. Boulder Creek, water from tap at Boulder. Contains traces of Li. 

4. Clear Creek 1 miles west of Golden. Contains traces of Li and Cu. 

5. Cache la Poudre River above the North-Fork. 

6. Cache la Poudre River 150 feet above the headgate of Laramie County ditch. 

7. Cache la Poudre River from faucet in chemical laboratory of Agricultural 

Experiment Station at Fort Collins. 

8. Cache la Poudre River 2 miles above Greeley. 

9. Cache la Poudre River 3 miles east of Greeley. 

_10. South Platte River below mouth of Cache·la Po~fdre River, 1 mile south and 

mile~ east of Greeley. · 

I. Parts per million. 

______ , __ 1 · ___ 2 ___ a ___ 4 ___ 5 ___ 6 _ __ 1 -1-s ___ 9 _ ~ COs _________ :____ 15.2 24.3 9. 3 . 10.2 12.8 10.7 46.1 115 99 89 

S04-------------- 85.5 112.8 4.0 32.4 3.3 2.2 31.0 942 521 559 CL______________ . 9 2.1 3. 0 2. 7 1. 5 2. 9 1. 4 40 30 38 Ca _______________ 29.2 33.0 6.7 16.3 5.3 6.4 30.9 193 143 137 

Sr ______ :~-------- -----~ . 3 .1 Tr. ______ ______ . 3------ ------ ------ Mg _______________ 9.7 13.3 1.1 2.6 1.0 1.3 7.6 104 48 47 

l\1n ______________ ------ ------ .1 ______ ------ ------ ------ --·---- ------ ------ Zn ____________ ~-- ______ ______ Tr. .1 ____________ ------ ------ ------ ------

Na_______________ 5.8. 16.8 2.0 5.7 4.0 2.4 7.0 155 97 122 K _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 6 1. 0 . 8 3. 2 . 9 1. 1 2. 3 · 5 4 .4 

AbOs-------------} .3} .4} .4 2.7} .1} .3} .3} 1} 1} Fe20s------------ 2.1 Mn203 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ • 1 . 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ . 8 . 1 . 1 . . 1 Tr. 1 1 

Si02-------------- 6.7 6.9 8.8 19.5 8.7 7.6 9.0 15 14 13 

154. 0 211. 0 36. 4 98. 3 37. 7 35. 0 136. 0 1; 570 958 1, 101 

n. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4 7 1 8 9 10 

______ , __ ------------------

COs-------------- 9.87 11.52 25.61 10.37 31.91 30.58 33.68 7.34 10.34 8.78 S04-------------- 55.52 53.46 11.02 32.99 9.07 6.29 23.36 59.99 54.33 55.28 CL______________ . 58 1. 00 8. 16 2. 74 4. 03 8:29 1. 10 2. 52 3. 19 3. 79 

Ca·---------~---- 18.9615:64 18.3916.6014.53 18.29 22.5812.31 15.0013.24 Sr ____________ ·____ ______ .14 .17 Tr. ______ ------ .19------ ------ ------

Mg_______________ 6. 30 6. 30 3. 09 2. 67 2. 93 3. 73 5. 53 6. 65 5. 00 4. 69 

Mn "- _ ---------- ------ ------ . 30------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Zn. ______________ ------ ------ Tr. .14------ ------ ------ ------· ------ ------ Na _______________ 3.76 7.96 5.62 5.8010.80 6.86 5.12 9.8410.0912.02 

K---------------- .39 .47 2:20 3.21 2.72 3.14 1.66 .34 .46 .41 

AhOs-------------} .19} .19} 1.21 2· 74 } .44} .86} .18} .01} .16} .. 27 Fe20s------------ 2.12 Mn20s----------- .08 .05. _____ .76 .07 .25 .11 Tr .. 01 .26 Si02 ______________ 4.35 3.27 24.23 19.86 23.50 21.71 6.49 .94 1.42 1.26 

· 100. o 100. oo 1~0. ool10o. oo 100. oo11oo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

" Bivalent manganese, reported originally as MnO. 

In the preceding table analyses Nos._ 5 to 10 are 

peculiarly instructive. Cache la Poudre River flows 

first through a rocky canyon, over boulders of schist 

and granite, and then emerges upon· the plains. Its 

waters are then diverted into irrigation ditches and 

reservoirs and finally reach the Pla~te near ·Greeley. 

At first we have a very pure mountain stream, rela.;. 

tively high in carbonates, rich in silica, and low in 

salinity. At the end of the series we have waters in 

which sulphates predominate aqd the salinity is very 

high. The change is great in all respects an~ is partly 

due to the use of the water for irrigating an originally 

arid soil containing much soluble matter. The traces· 

of zinc and copper . in the water of Clear Creek are 

evidently derived from the drainage of mines around 

Central City and Blackhawk. 

For two other tributaries of the Platte, Laramie and 

Elkhorn rivers, the following analyses are· available: 

A.nalyses of water from Laramie and Elkhor·n rivers. 

1. Laramie River about 20 miles above .Laramie, Wyo. MeaJ?, of three analyses. 

2. Laramie River about 50 miles below Laramie. Nos. 1 and 2 by E. E. Slosson; 

Wyoming Exper. Sta. Bull., 24, 1895. 

3. Elkhorn River at Norfolk, Nebr. Received from Chicago & Northwestern Ry. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 

--.,.--....,..--------!------------------

COs _________________ ·___________ 58.0 i 84.0 111.'1 2i. 35 19.59 49.93 

so. __ -------------------------- 23.6 161. o 5.1 11.16 3i. 48 2. 29 CL____________________________ 6. 5 27.0 3. 6 3. 11 6. 32 1. 62 ca_____________________________ 29.1 64.6 59.2 13. i5 15.0i 26.61 

Mg_____________________________ 5.1 22.0 4. 0 2. 45 5.10 1. i9 

Na·-----------------------~---- 15.5 38.0 } 14.1 7. 34 8. 82 } 6. 34 K------------------------------ 2.7 8.4 .85 1.96 (Al, Fe)20a _ ------------------- 4. 7 4. 8 3. 2 2. 26 1. 12 1. 44 Si02---------------------------- 67.2 19.4 22.2 31. i3 4. 54 9. 98 

212.4 429.2 222.5 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 

The two analyses of Laramie water show the effect 

upon it of irrigation. The· water helow La.rmnie has 

received much material from irrigated soils. The high 

silica in No. 1· is abnormal for water of the western 

· plains. Elkhorn River is a characteristic ca.rbonate 

water such a.s are common in the strea.n1s fa.rther 

east. 

In southeastern Wyoming, within the basin of the 

North Platte, there a.re many sa.line "lakes," which, 

however, are essentia.lly beds of salts tha.t are covered 

by water only during part of the year. Smne of these 

beds have been worked as commercial sources of 

sodium sulphate.33 The availa.ble a.na.lyses a.re a.s 

follows, 'expressed here in percenta.ges. 

A.nalyses of saline lakes in Wyoming, 

1. Wilmington Lake, Natrona County. Analysis by E. E. Slosson, Wyoming 

Exper. Sta. Bull. 49, p. 119, 1901. · 

2. Soda Lake, Albany County, sec. 4, T. 14 N., R. 75 W. 'A,nalysis from U. S. 

Dept. Agr. Bur. Soils Fifth Rept., p. 1089, 1903. Analyst not nf1med. 

3. Big Lake. 

4. Track Lake. 

5. Reel Lake: Nos. 3, 4, and 5 are in All:iany County and are known as the Union 

Pacific Lakes. Analyses by H. Pemberton and G. P. Tucker, Franklin Inst. 

Jour., vol. 135, p. 52, 1893. 

HCQ,_ .•.... --------- ------. ---------- c . 

2

183 ----~---. --

4 

.. J ----'---- COs. ______ -~----------------- 32. 75 1. 02 so.___________________________ 16.62 61.17 ----ss: i6- ----64: ao- -----64:57 

CL___________________________ _ 10.78 4. 95 8. 85 2. 74 3. 06 

Bt07-------------------------- -------------------- 2. 03 1. 14 . 57 Ca ________________________ J ___ ---------- • 78 . 93 . 53 . 59 

~rt~::::::::::::::::::::::::: ----39:85- 2!: g~ 3. 03 1. 09 l. 32 27. 00 30. 20 29. 89 

K----------------------------- ---------- 1. 85 ---------- ---------- ----------

100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, parts per million_____ 119,700 82,420 Specific gravity __________________________________ _ 100.00 

52,600 

1. 0487 

100.00 

77,300 

1. 0725 

100. 00 93,100 

1. 0087 

The figures for sa.linity given in the foregoing table 

are to be rega.rded as merely approxima-te. The 

salinity must vary as the concentration of the wa.ter 

ss For additional information concerning these lakes see Ricketts, L. C., Wyoming 

Territorial Geologist, Ann. Rept. for 1888, p. 45; and Schultz, A. R., U.S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 430, p. 570, 1910. · 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 101 

varies. The occurrence of borates, as shown in three · 

of the analyses, is not common in natural waters. 

1\:ANS.AS RIVER· BASIN. 

Kansas River (also known as Kaw River) is formed 

by the union of Sn1oky Hill and Repuhhcan rivers at 

Junction, and enters the Missouri at Kansas City, 

ICans. The drainage basin of the entire system is 

about 61,440 square lniles, of which 34,550 square miles 

is in Kansas. Parker and Bailey 34 studied the quality 

of its wa.ters with more than ordinary thoroughness and 

in addition to the usual chemical analyses give many 

concurrent determinations of turbidity and also details 

as to the geologic relations of the various _streams of 

the system. Their report also contains -numerous 

"assays" of waters, which, however, are too incom- · 

plete to be utilized here. Beginning with Smoky 

Hill River the analyti~al data are as follows: 

31 Parker, H. N., and Bailey, E. H. S., U.S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 

273, 1911. . 

Analyses of water from Smoky Hill River at Lindsborg, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 8,480 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories or the University or Kansas, E.~- S. Bailey, director.] 

Date Sodium (1900-7). Silica Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine · Total 

'l'urbidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (C03). ate (SO.). (N03). (Cl). dissolved 

(Na+K). (HC03). solids. From- '1'0-

------ ----~-, Nov. 27 Dec. 0 27 ao. 9 - 112 21 171 0. 0 258 227 0. 5 203 893 Dec. 7 10 03 ·----------- .8 123 24 150 - .0 203 254 . 4 230 981 

17 20 . 55 49 :40 110 26 172 .0 305 250 .8 214 954 

20 Jan. 6 31 27 .8 111 13 210 . 0 277 220 1.8 240 939 

Jon. 7 li 53 24 1.0 120 14 161 . 0 295 227 3. 5 192 899 

18 28 385 ---------24' -------i:7·- ---·-------- .............................. ------------ ----·------- ------------ --------265' ---·-------- --------i96' --------'877 29 Feb. 7 55 130 19 158 .0 346 1. 1 :Feb. 9 19 117 69 .08 70 21 148 .0 284 170 . 2 154 686 21 Mar. 3 59 02 .06 107 22 103 .0 '277 245 1.1 169 874 

J\{ar. 4 14 95 41 .30 108 20 161 .0 255 208 .6 174 843 

15 26 149 18 . 50 123 26 153 . 0 252 246 1.0 179 866 

27 Apr. 7 199 18 . 80 - 128 27 196 .0 290 252 .5 235 1, 007 

Apr. 8 18 93 23 . 80 136 20 139 .0 382 197 .9 164 844 

19 :May 1 115 17 . 80 117 23 176 .0 310 219 1.5 216 901 

May 5 15 214 16 1.2 112 27 199 .0 290 239 1.5 251 960 

16 '26 405 19 1..0 120 19 202 .0 285 257 2. 0 246 997 

28 Juno 9 29 11 .8 122 34 

I 

199 . 0 300 . 243 2. 2 251 . 1,004 Juno 10 21 35 22 1.0 100 23 195 . 0 55 217 2. 8 242 917 22 July 2 02 26 .8 133 29 163 . 0 215 286 3. 2 191 929 

J'uly 5 16 243 39 2. 5 158 28 106 . 0 172 401 5. 0 103 941 18 29 1, 210 29 4. 0 68 9. 5 38 . 0 165 77 3. 0 54 357 

30 Aug. 10 910 24 1.3 90 25 144 . 0 143 215 1.7 160 751 

Aug. 11 20 2,030 30 .9 125 20 96 .0 195. 257 4. 5 96 715 21 Sept. 1 90 21 . 6 120 20 126 .0 198 243 2. 7 118 720 

Sept. 2 14 57 26 . 08 122 30 150 b 6. 0 195 284 2. 0 175 880 22 Oct. 8 143 24 . 50 101 15 168 .0 215 256 2. 3 204 890 

Oct. 10 27 78 20 .12 124 22 195 .0 235 235 .9 230 927 

28 Nov. 16 51 27 . 16 114 26 200 .0 295 242 .9 256 982 Nov. 17 29 29 24 : 12 93 24 178 . 0 275 ~ 255 . 8 227 738 .. lVlea·n ...... _____ 2471 28 . 86 114 1 22 I 161 .0 256 237 1.8 191 1 867 

a Aluminum=0.8. b Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

NOTE.-Analyses from Nov. 27, 1906, to Feb. 7, 1907, and from Mar. 15 to Nov.16, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 9 to Mar. 14. 1907 andfrv:n Nov. 17 to 29, 1907 

by Archie J. Weith. 

Additional analyses of water from Smoky Hill River 

are as follo.ws: 

Analyses of water from Smoley Hill River, Kans. 

1. South Fork of Smoky Hill River at Somena. 

2. North Fork or Smoky Hill River at McAllastor. Analyses 1 and 2 received 

fr·om Union Pacific R. R.· 

3. Smoky Hill River at Salina. Received from Missouri Pacific Ry. 

4. Smoky Hill River below Salina. Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

4 2 4 

COs.~--------- 119. 2 138. o 246 164 26. 26 25.82 32.84 10.03 

SOl----------- 143.5 184.0 188 251 21.60 34.43 25.10 24.54 

Cl. ............ 18.1 15.0 36 229 3.98 2.81 4.81 22.38 

~~s::::::::::: 9:: ~ --i6i:6· ----i76- ----i42- 2o: ~~ ~~--is:96- --22:76- ---ia~ss 1\•Ig .. ~-------- 15.0 32.0 35 27 3.30 5.99 4.67 2.64. 

Na(K) ........ 30.2 26.0 40 182 7.97 4.86 5.34 17.79 

(Al,Fe)203 ... - 2.6 3.4 2 7 .57 .64 .07 .69 

Si02----------- 20.7 35.0 32 21 4.56 6.55 4.47 2.05 

~ --s34.4 ~ 1, 023 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

89135-24'[-8 

The principal tributaries of Smoky ,.Hill River are 

Saline and Solomon rivers. For these there are first 

the .two following tables· of analyses: 

0 
102 COMPOSITION. OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Saline River at Sylvan Grove, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area 2,300 square miles. Analyses made by F. W. Bushong in the chemical laboratories ofthe University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.l 

Date 

(1906-7). Sodium Bicarbon· Total 'l'urbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (804)- (NOa). (Cl). solids. From- To- (Na+K). 

-------

Nov. 27 Dec. 6 65 27 ao. 9 114 47 738 0. 0 370 497 0.4 982 2, 623 Dec. 7 16 33 ------------ 1.2 147 56 852 .0 382 540 . 4 1,108 2, 910 17 26 41 55 1.0 152 58 865 .0 407 566 . 7 1, 170 3, 086 27 Jan. 5 45 28 1.0 137 46 681 .0 327 480 . 4 980 2, 688 Jan. 6 15 27 23 1.2 148 56 807 .0 334 541 1.4 1, 086 2,832 16 25 27 44 1.2 151 52 777 .0 427 521 .9 1, 004 2, 784 26 Feb. 4 28 49 . 6 148 51 714 .0 320 554 .4 954 2, 648 Feb. 5 15 49 20 .14 144 52 776 .0 I 406 530 .2 1, 041 2, 716 16 25 46 93 . 30 145 41 726 .0 367 462 .4 934 2, 566 f 26 Mar. 7 37 86 . 62 159 55 866 .0 374 520 .4 1, 131 3, 031 Mar. 8 17 32 23 . 25 115 54 774 b 3. 1 311 475 .2 960 2, 503 18 27 49 18 .8 145 59 822 . 0 336 549 . 6 1,118 2,884 28 Apr. 7 70 14 .8 144 62 . 934 .0 330 427 .4 1, 269 3, 200 Apr. 8 17 51 13 3. 2 151 63 971 . 0 337 607 .4 1, 339 3, 357 18 27 44 10 1.6 142 68 1, 021 . 0 345 551 . 7 1, 380 3,408 28 May 9 41 12 1.5 134 62 949 .0 340 582 .9 1, 280 3,176 

May 10 20 50 14 . 50 138 60 1, 005 .0 320 621 1.0 1, 348 3,370' 21 31 43 . 15 1.2 136 67 1, 150 . 0 322 670 .6 1. 580 3, 835 June 3 June 12 218 15 3. 0 120 53 862 .0 277 498 .9 1; 148 2, 880 13 22 75 17 1. 4 116 44 689 .0 282 447 1.1 928 2, 423 23 July 5 1, 130 35 4. 0 97 32 295 .0 208 273 4. 5 368 1, 210 July 6 15 590 27 1. 2 110 24 392 .0 252 302 1 .. 7 504 1, 485 16 25 860 28 1. 2 114 26 238 .0 238 245 1.5 276 1, 043 26 Aug. 4 240 27 1.8 120 42 444 b 9. 0 225 350 ·. 7 592 1, 712 Aug. 5 14 158 27 1. 8 124 .. 45 591 .0 263 401 1.0 796 2,106 16 26 916 32 3.4 84 22 182 .0 222 153 2. 7 224 790 27 Sept. 5 140 31 . 12 106 37 425 b 6. 0 252 296 1.3 564 1, 571 Sept. 6 17 72 27 . 05 125 60 905 . 0 305 457 1.1 1, 023 2, 587 18 28 78 15 .12 142 79 1, 022 .0 305 578 3. 8 1, 448 3, 488 29 Oct. 10 668 19 . 12 124 43 555 b3. 0 290 366 3. 0 741 1, 998 Oct. 12 22 46 17 .10 148 74 991 . 0 355 562 .6 1, 340 3, 366 23 Nov. 2 55 18 .18 167 61 973 .0 355 554 . 7 1, 300 3, 382 Nov. 3 13 43 27 .40 149 40 9321 .0 380 554 . 3 • 1, 268 3, 191 14 29 41 23 .10 109 1 64 914 .0 390 544 . 6 1, 216 3, 010 

Mean .•.•.... 180 28 1.1 1321 52 760 1 . 0 3231 479 1.01 1, 0121 2, 908 

a Al=2. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

4nalyses of water from Solomo,n River at Bel~it, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 5,540 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date (1906-7). ' Magne- Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Total Mean 

T·urbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate bonate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved gage (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). (01). solids. height · From- To- (Na+K). (feet). 

---

Dec. 1 Dec. 13 25 35 1.0 112 16 107 0. 0 337 118 0.4 56 534 ------------ 14 24 18 19 .9 109 20 95 .0 366 118 2. 7 80 615 ----------- 25 Jan. 3 13 32 1.0 107 15 107 a8.4 325 116 4.6 72 585 ----------- Jan. 4 13 20 37 1.2 116 20 70 .0 319 118 4. 8 58 525 0. 8 15 24 9 48 1.6 109 15 98 ----------- ----------- 134 4.4 ----------- 655 .6 . 25 Feb. 3 .. 7 51 :s 91 12 94 a2.4 208 148 3. 0 71 602 .6 Feb. 4 24 19 39 . 20 94 13 74 .0 303 71 3. 9 57 544 .9 25 Mar. 6 17 95 . 20 94 18 95 .0 317 112 4. 8 62 625 . 7 Mar. 7 16 22 28 .18 95 15 72 .0 306 110 3.0 50 509 1.6 17 26 50 31 4. 0 89 8. 2 76 .0 300 103 1. 0 54 514 .9 27 Apr. 6 47 29 .6 91 10 "I as. 3 302 110 .4 66 544 1.1 Apr. 7 17 52 28 1.6 95 15 83 ·a7. 0 330 113 .6 46 552 .6 27 May 6 32 24 2.4 98 19 83 .0 327 110 1.0 64 526 1:2 May 7 16 41 28 .9 98 

~-'1 76 .0 305 108 1. 5 63 527 1.5 17 27 36 32 1.1 94 106 a14.0 295 118 1.5 98 606 1.2 28 June 6 46 30 .8 99 19 104 .0 333 117 1.8 88 617 1. 5 June 7 16 67 31 2. 0 82 15 72 . 0 267 102 2. 7 49 476 1.4 17 26 50 39 2. 0 86 20 83 . 0 295 101 3. 5 60 508 1.5 27 July 8 7. 767 34 5. 0 73 17 53 . 0 218 92 12.0 36 428 4. 0 July 9 18 156 51 3. 0 91 • 20 61 .0 272 99 2. 8 32 460 1 1. 4 19 28 750 36 6. 0 66 12 42 .0 165 76 5. 5 22 330 2. 3 29 Aug. 7 195 28 4. 0 80 25 67 . 0 254 83 7. 5 50 4291----------- Aug. 8 17 32 39 . 50 102 22 97 . 0 340 115 2. 7 78 18 29 90 29 1.4 77 14 60 .0 240 69 4. 0 40 573 r·--------- 380 -----~----- 30 Sept. 11 49 34 .10 78 16 74 a 12.0 237 77 3. 2 54 437 ----------- Sept. 12 21 43 36 .03 84 19 106 .0 305 97 2. 3 96 570 ! ___________ 

22 Oct. 2 34 22 . 14 50 21 138 .0 135 131 1.2 130 "506 '----------- Oct. 3 16 188 23 .12 66 13 66 .0 200 74 4. 0 54 373 '----------- 18 28 35 37 .14 96 18 111 .0 320 115 1.2 104 613 :----------- 29 Nov. 7 34 31 . 14 109 22 114 . 0 360 125 1.2 106 

g~ !=========== Nov. 8 ' 18 40 35 .10 112 22 109 . 0 372 133 .9 1011 19 I Dec. 5 33 34 .10 87 21 114 .0 367 132 .3 . 90 594 ________ .,. __ 

Mean _______ 313 35 1.4 92 16 86 . 0 294 108 3. 0 67 534 -----------

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

NoTE.-Analyses from Dec.1, 1906, to Feb. 3, 1907, and from Mar. 17 to Nov. 18, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 4 to Mar. 16 and from Nov. 19 to Dec. 5, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 103 

Additional analyses of water fr01n Saline and Solonlon rivers are as follows: -

Analyses of water from Saline and Solomon rivers, Kans. 

1. Saline River above New Cambria. E. H. S. Dailey, analyst. 

2. Solomon River at Minneapolis. Received from Atchison, Topeka & Santa 

Fo Hy. 

3. Solomon B.ivor at Solomon. Bailey, analyst. 

4. J~lm Crock at Lenora. . 

5. :Mulbony Creek at Deloit. Analyses 4 and /i from l\'Ussouri Pacific B.y. Elm 

and 1\{ulhorry crocks aro tributaries of tho Solomon. 

6. Solomon Hiv~r at Beloit. Analysis by F. M. Darst. Received from Kansas 

Stnto Board of Health. 

I. Parts per million. 

-----------1---1-------------

COa·--------------------------. 340 91 156 157. o 149.6 115. r so.____________________________ 420 53 257 . 0 147.8 104.1 

CL----------------·------------ 858 42 270 i. 6 131.6 32.0 Cn·---------------------------- 140 55 128 74.0 111.9 86.0 Mg.·--------------------------- 47 11 24 16.0 21.4 14.5 Nn (K) ••• -----------·---------- 647 39 226 8. 9 101.1 9. 9 

~~~-~~-~:::::::::::::::::::::::::1·----;r} · T~~ --·- --J} 4~: ~ } 25: ~ } · ~~: ~ 12,481--;19 1,106 3i2.5 689. 0 413.0 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

I 4 

~-?--~-:-=_-=:-:-::-:-::-:-::_:_:_-=:-:-::-:-::-:-::-::llt ~ ~ H * # '~ * llll ~Jl Ca •.• __ ------------------~----- 5. 63 17. 24 11. 57 23. 68 16. 24 20.82 Mg ___________________________ ;_ 1. 90 3. 45 2.17 5. 12 3.11 3. 51 

Na (K) ...•.•.. ----------------- 26.08 12.22 20.43 2. 85 14.67 2. 40 

~~;8~---~:::::::::::::::::::::::: ----:20-} Tr. ---·:45-} . 64 } . 01 } 3. 39 

Si02---------------------------- . 97 8. 78 3. 62 15.04 3. 65 9. 05 

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo ioo. oo 

The following analyses represent minor tributaries 

of S1noky I-Iill River: 

Analyses of water from tribtdaries of Smoky Hill River, Kans. 

l. Big Creek at Ellis. Received from Union Pacific R. R. 

2. ·Gypsum Creek at Gypsum City. 

3. Turkey Creek at Swayne. Nos. 2 ai1d 3 received from Missouri Pacific Ry. 

4. Lyons Creek at Jacobs. Received from Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

5. Lime Creek at Herington. Received from Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. 

6. Chism Creek at Herington. Received from Missouri Pacific Ry. 

I. Parts per million.-

4 

------------1--------- -----~ --

COa---------------------------- 170 145.0 133 2I8 104 276.0 so. _____ . _______________________ 18 134.0 1, 504 138 43 141. 0 Cl _____________________________ 18 8. 1 31 24 19 5. 6 Ca _____________________________ i7 67.0 5I7 128 49 I05. 0 l\1g_ .. ___________________________ 20 25.0 90 37 23 57.0 Na(K) _________________________ 23 55.0 78 34 13 52.0 (Al,Fe)20a ....... _______________ 3 4. 9 5 Tr. 3 1.4 

Si02---------------------------- 35 23.0 40 31 I4 23.0 

::!64 462. 0 2, 398 610 268 661.0 

II. Percentage composition or dissolved solids. 

2 4 

-----------1------------------

COa .. ___________________ . ______ _ so. ___________________________ _ ()} ____________________________ _ 

Mg Ca·---------------"·----------- ____________________________ _ Na(K) ________________________ _ 

(Al,Fe)20a ....... _. _- -----·-.---- Si02----------------------------

46.70 

4. 94 4. 94 21.61 

5. 50 

6. 32 

. 82 

9. 62 

31.39 

29.00 

1. 75 14.50 

5. 41 11.91 

1. 06 4. 98 

5. 55 62.72 

1. 29 21.56 

3. 75 3. 26 

. 20 

1. 67 

3.5. 74 22.62 

3. 93 20.98 

6. 07 5. 58 . Tr. 

.5. 08 

38. 8I 16.04 

7. 09 I8. 29 8. 58 4. 85 

1.12 

5. 22 

41.75 

21.33 

. 85 15.89 

8. 62 i. 87 

. 21 3. 48 

100.00 100.00 100:00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 

For R·epublican River, which unites with the 

Smoky Hill to form the Kansas, there are first the 

tables of analyses by Bailey and his colleagues-one 

of the river itself, the other of a tributary, Prairie 

Dog Creek. They are as follows: 

Analysis of water from Rep1tblican River at Junction, Kans. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise stated. Drainage area 25,840 miles. Analyses made in the ehemicallaboratories of tho University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.} 

-------------------------~------~----~----~------------------------------~----------~--~----~----------~-----

Date I Mean Run-off Sus- Dis-

(1906-7). . C 1 M Sodi~m Car- Bicar- Sui- Ni- Chlo- Total Mean dis- sq~e~e ponded solved 

--~ ~ -~----- ~l'ur- Silica. Iron cit~1;1 sf~~t p~~as- bonate bonate phate trato rine dis- gage charge mile matter matter 

bidity. (SiO~). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). sium (COa). (HCOa) (SO.). (NOa). (C1). ~g~iJs~ (~ei~)h~ /c~bp~cr (cubic P(to~~ (to~~ From- 'l'o- (Na+K) ee · ee feet per er hpeourl'S). second). second). hours). 

Nov. 2G ~~------;;-----;; --1.-1- ·---;; --14- ---68-~ ~ --47-~ --29------;- -~ ~ 0. 032 500 ---;; 

Doc. (i I 15 305 --------- 1. 2 74 43 52 . 0 330· 48 2. 0 27 399 6. 0 800 . 031 380 860 1(l 25 152 46 .8 79 1\J 56 bll 320 69 2.6 37 436 5.6 720 .028 210 850 · 26 Jan. 4 320 39 2. 4 78 10 51 . 0 372 58 . 9 36 518 6. 3 890 . 034 570 1, 240 J nn. (; 16 257 42 3. 5 71 22 56 b 8. 9 298 59 4. ·4 40 419 5. 7 740 . 029 350 840 17 26 108 62 .6 82 7.2 75 b7.7 338 70 3.3 35 471 5.7 740 .029 .150 940 27 Fob. 5 55 65 1. 2 · 82 18 83 b 18 340 59 1. 3 35 485 -5. 7 740 . 029 110 970 Feb. u 15 205 57 . 26 71 17 64 b 10 294 56 1. 5 30 4I9 6. 0 800 . 031 350 900 Hi 26 \!25 145 . 20 55 6. 0 44 . 0 243 37 2. 4 14 429 7. 1 1, 1.50 . 044 2, 540 I, 330 27 Mar. 8 526 79 . 56 65 14 35 . 0 260 45 3. 1 20 423 6. 6 980 . 038 1, 800 1, I20 Mar. IO 20 446 36 . 18 68 I5 58 . 0 277 53 2. 1 31 382 6. 5 950 . 037 1, 200 980 21 30 200 38 2.5 G8 7.3 59 .0 305 45 1.1 28 405 6.3 890 .034 480 970 31 Apr. 9 185 38 2. 5 73 11 59 . 0 318 55 . 3 25 396 6. 1 830 . 032 350 890 Apr. 10 20 144 36 1.8 76 6.3 55 b7 320 56 1.5 32 407 5.9 780 .030 260 860 21 30 \46 3

3

9

9 1. 5 79 I 19 62 . o 327 60 1. 2 33 419 5. 8 760 . 029 210 860 :May 1 May 10 131 2. 2 70 12 54 . 0 312 55 1. 7 31 398 5. 9 780 . 030 240 I 840 12 21 138 44 1. 0 . 78 7. 9 57 . 0 330 58 1. 6 32 427 5. 9 780 . 030 280 900 22 31 120 43 1.0 801 4.5 67 b5.0 330 65 1.4 37 441 6.0 800 .031 340 950 Juno I Juno 10 I, 966 35 4 49 13 45 . 0 228 36 7. 5 21 312 6. 4 920 . 036 3, 850 780 11 21 3, 760 41 9 48 19 24 . 0 195 36 11 15 290 7. 0 1, 100 . 042 7, 870 860 22 July 1 1, 485 43 6 65 12 50 ·. 0 242 40 5. 5 20 336 6. 3 890 . 034 2, 420 \ 810 Jul~ 2 16 2, 070 39 2. 0 64 16 53 . 0 255 49 8 25 345 5. 9 780 . 030 3, 090 730 1s 27 3, 350 12 1 46 13 61 . o 111 21 3. 5 19 262 1. o 1, 100 . 042 1,·270 I 780 28 Aug. 30 1, 300 33 1. 8 65 14 62 . 0 198 62 3. 8 47 399 Aug. 31 ~pt. 10 45 44 . o1 75 21 75 b 1. o 211 11 1. 5 s1 449 s. 3 66o . o26 :::::::=1"----soo 

Moan .•.. ---- --;u) ---48- --2-.-2- -----69-~--1-4- ----.'17- ---. 0- --;gs-l--53--a.o --30-,---:402 -------- 850 ________ l,515~--9i5 

a Gaging station at Clay Center, Kans. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

NoT~:.-Analysos from Nov. 26, 1906, to Feb. 5, 1907, and from Mar. 21 to Sept. 10, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 6 t.o Mar. 20, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 
104 C0::(\1POSITION · OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Prairie Dog Creek at Long Island, Kans. 

[Parts per million .• Drainage area (estimated), 900 square miles. AnalyseS made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S.·Bailey, director.) 

Date I 

Sodium I 

(1906-i). Bicarbon- : Total 

Turbidity. Silica · Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate ! Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved (Si02). (Ca). . (Mg). potassium (COs) . (SO,). (NOs). (Cl). 

(Na+K). (HCOa). ! solids. 

From- To-

--- - ------

Dec. 5 Dec. 14 40 33 0.20 87 19 31 0. 0 386 1 . 13 0.3 9.0 355 15 25 13 3i . 40 92 19 35 a 12 422' 16 . 5 12 399 26 Jan. 4 23 43 1.2 i9 9. 5 28 aJ2 340 1 31 4. 2 8.0 335 Jan. 5 15. 13 38 . 8 92 18 . 36 a 12 390 15 4.8 10 3i9 16 

2~ I 8 38 . 6 94 18 42 ------------ ------------· 20 1.3 -----·------ 403 2i Feb. 11 59 1.0 96 li 38 a 18 435 I 20 1.1 14 430 Feb. i 16 31 49 .02 52 18 46 .0 359 16 1.2 7. 2 355 17 Mar. 2 60 59 . 20 71 . 14 ------------ .0 308 13 1.5 7. 9 339 lVlar. 3 13 47 ·64 . 52 81 15 37 .0 353 14 . 7 8.0 379 14 . 23 101 30 2.0 82 18 34 .0 36i I 11 .9 8. 2 . 337 

24 Apr. 5 54 34 1.0 88 8. 4 31 .0 403 ' 8. 3 .5 7.1 364 Apr. 6 17 39 30 3.4 88 8. 1 32 .0 412 9. 2 1.2 8. 8 362 18 May 4 29 32 1.6 88 17 37 .0 384 11 1.1 11 354 May 5· 16 29 36 2. 0 89 6. 7 33 .0 - 38i i 12 1.6 9 358 17 26 61 39 1.2 89 5. 2 ::19 .0 415 . 9.1 3.5 10 389 27 June 6 53 39 .8 90 22 39 .0 395 8. 6 4.1 11 375 June 8 19 672 20 12 58 12 46 .0 285 14 12 9 337 21 July 3 2,435 49 5 54 11 32 ;0 250 13 10 7 289 July 4 14 610 til 5 80 19 43 a 7 362 16 7. 5 11 385 15 . 28 1, 506 55 7 55 12 33 .0 240 16 8 5 290 29 Aug. 7 248 44 2 73 18 38 .0 335 15 4.0 14 351 Aug. 8 17 1, 730 38 10 62 18 35 .0 278 15 6 10 426 24 Sept. 4 269 32 . 08 60 15 43 

01 

250 16 8.0 7. 5 279 Sept. 5 15 100 32 . 03 67 17 33 .0 290 16 4.0 9 .301 26 Oct. 6 224 20 . 12 54 18 35 .0 235 16 1.2 7.3 236 Oct. 7 16 93 28 . 50 51 14 29 .0 202 18 4. 5 6. 5 234 17 30 71 35 . 20 43 13 32 .0 245 ! 15 3. 5 6. 5 268 Nov. 1 Nov. 12 189 25 1.2 54 14 30 .0 I 278 I 14 . 3. 8 8. 5 281 13 22 85 29 . 16 69 14 25 .0 270 I 15 3.2 7.0 274' 23 Dec. 4 2831 30 . 12 71 19 36 .0 300 I 14 3. 5 9.0 30i 

Mean ________ 304 39 2. 0 i4 15 36 .o I 334 I 15 3. 6 8. 9 339 

I 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

NOTE . ....:.Analyses from Dec. 5, 1906, to Feb. 6, 1907, and from Mar. ~4 to Dec.~. 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 7 to Mar. 13, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 

Analyses of waters in Republican River basin. 

1. Arikaree River at. Benkelman, Nebr. Analysis by F. W. Bushong. 

2. Sappa Creek at Oberlin, Kans. Mean of four analyses by Bushong.a5 

3. Pond at Belleville, Kans. Received from the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 

Railway Co. 

4. Republican River above Junction City, Kans. E. H. S. Bailey, analyst. 

Parts per· million. Percentage composition. 

2 4 4 

---~----

COa___________ 133 276.0 51 163.0 17.05 50.15 17.00 30.15 so.____________ 337 11.0 . ?S 75.o \ 43.20 2.oo 32.66 13.8i · CL____________ 17 16.0 37 55.0 2.18 2. 92 12.33 10.17' 

NOs___________ Tr. 4. 0 -------·- -------- Tr. . 73 -------- -------- Ca____________ 103 101.0 · 24 86.0113.20 18.35 8.00 15.91 :Mg____________ 42 26.0 12 18.0 5.37 4.72 4.00 3.33 Na (K)________ 101 70.0 59 72.0 12.98 12.71 19.69 13.32 

(AI, Fe)20a ____ -------- 1. 3 }. -------- -------- . 24 } Fe20a. __ . _____ Tr. -------- 19 7. 61 Tr. ________ 6. 32 1. 41 SiOa___________ 47 45.0 64.0 6.02 8.18 11.84 ------------------------

780 550.3 300 540. 6 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a~ According to Parker and Bailey, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 273,. 

p. 234, 1911. When the samples for analysis were taken the creek contained little 

else but ground water from the Tertiary. 

For the main sten1 of Kansas River there is first, a 

table of analyses covering a period of two years and 

giving the. average character of the water during that 

time. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 105 

A.nalyses of water jrorn Kansas River near Holliday, Kans. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise stated. Drainage area, 61,100 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the. University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

I 

Date. - Mean Run-off Sus- Dis- Sodium 'l'otal Mean dis- per pended solved 

'l'ur- Silica Iron Cal- Magno- and Car- Bicar- Sui- Ni- Chlo- dis- gage charge square matter matter 

bidity. (Si02). (Fe). cium sium potas- bonate bonate ph ate trate riue solved height (cubic mile (tons (tons (Ca). (Mg). sium (C03). (HC03). (SOl). (N03). (Cl). solids. (feet).a feet per (cubic per 24 per 24 From- 'l'o- (Na+K). second). feet per hours). hours). second) 

------------------·-----.- --.-·------------------------------

1906. 1907. 

Dec. 29 Jan. 7 47 56 1. 0 92 26 94 b12 341 ·77 0. 9 82 564 fl. 2 4, 340 0. 071 410 6, 610 

1907. 

Jan. 8 17 62 25 1.0 74 21 77 b3. 6 319 Sl 1.6 so 495 6. 3 4, 510 . 074 572 6, 030 

19 28 298 61 3. 0 63 I 9 . .'i 40 . 0 216 60 3:9 28 363 6. 6 5,020 0 082 2, 467 4, 920 

29 Fob. 7 18 25 2. 0 94 I 3.1 64 .0 328 81 2. 7 60 474 6. 3 4, 510 . 074 244 5, 770 

Fob. s 13 ....................... ...................... ------·-- ·--------'--------- --------- --------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 6. 6 5,020 0 082 0 2,500 ---5.-77o 14 24 429 47 .40 "I 8. 8 68 . b 12 171 60 3. 4 44 375 7. 0 5, 700 . 093 5, 279 

25 Mar. 6 906 67 .s 62 12 68 .0 222 47 2.3 . 39 421 7. 4 6,620 .108 10,492 7,520 

Mar. 7 18 3, 425 33 0 40 70 15 37 .0 247 60 3. 0 25 366 8. 3 8, 840 . 145 55,207 S, 740 

19 30 1, 672 25 2. 0 S2 7. 9 54 .0 278 74 4. 9 3S 415 7. 1 ( 5, 930 . 097 19, 517 6, 640 

31 Apr. 11 970 17 0. 0 87 5. 4 62 b5. 0 295 . so 2. 9 54 455 6. 6 5, 020 . 082 s, 539 0,170 

Apr. 12 23 80 17 1.8 82 s. 7 74 . 0 335 S2 1.5 72 505 6.4 4,680 0 076 1, 061 6, 380 

24 Ma~ 3 72 18 1.5 S8 12 67 . 0 315 76 1.9 60 459 6. 3 4, 510 0 074 999 5, 590 

May 4 13 117 19 1.3 78 6. 4 58 .0 280 69 2. 2 4S. ~07 6. 2 (4, 340 . 071 1,430 4, 770 

14 23 125 23 1.5 71 2. 3 76 .0 257 S1 3. 3 61 435 6.1 4,170 . 068 1, 700 4, 900 

24 June 6 765 24 2. 0 66 14 57 . 0 233 57 4. 0 43 366 . 6. 7 5,190 .085 11, 196 5,130 

June 8 19 2,940 27 3. 0 5.~ 12 40 b7. 0 170 43 6. 8 29 285 8. 2 8, 560 .140 45,669 6, 590 

20 29 2,093 35 7. 0 56 13 39 . 0 192 :n f>. 0 18 272 7. 2 6,160 . 101 22,220 4, 520 

30 July 9 2, 500 29 1.2 66. I4 66 .0 217 57 6. 5 60 371 6. 7 5,190 . 085 23; 639 5, 200 

July 10 19 3,190 39 7. 0 .'i2 14 50 bll 1S8 39 4. 0 29 307 8. 0 8,000 0 131 51,084 6, 630 

20 29 2,840 . 55. 10 44 10 38 b36 68 .44 .6 17 278 9. 4 I2, 400 . 203 68,634 9, 310 

30 Aug. 8 1, 800 36 5. 0 54 IS 40 . 0 185 42 2:5 24 . 277 7. 5 6, 850 .112 21,102 5,120 

Aug: 9 18 765 37 2. 5 65 13 48 .0 223 48 2. 8 37 334 7. 0 5, 700 . 093 9, 991 5,140 

I9 28 400 34 .8 69 17 56 b9. 0 213 M 2. 3 45 364 6. 1 4,170 • 068 3,333 4,100 

29 Sept. 7 80 32 0 I4 79 21 84 b9. 0 2~'l 93 1.7 79 484 5. 6 3,520 . 058 722 4, 600 

Sept. 8 17 70 35 .05 98 I9 54 .0 327 67 1.9 43 450 5. 3 3, 160 . 052 640 3, 840 

18 27 55 23 . 04 71 20 35 .0 265 52 Tr. I9 309 5. 1 2. 920 0 048 434 2, 440 

29 Oct. s· 833 24 . 14. 79 IS 50 .0 275 55 2. 5 42 378 6.4 4, 680 . 076 8, 011 4, 780 

Oct. 9 18 1, 260 35 • 6 58 15 76 .0 285 56 3. 3 69 375 6. 4 4; 680 . 076 8, 769 4, 740 

19 31 52 26 .I4 S5 16 36 .0 345 46 1.2 27 363 5.3 3, 1CO .052 316 3, IOO 

rov. 1 Nov. IO 46 19 .12 86 14 30 .0 260 39 1.8 27 289 5.3 3,160 .052 427 2,470 

11 20 41 22 . 12 59 17 39 .0 370 48 . 6 13 278 5. 2 3,040 . 05 213 2, 280 

21 30 37 21 .·12 100 13 30 . 0 320 44 .8 11 305 5. 2' 3, 040 . 05 205 2, 500 

ec. 1 Doc. 7 24 19 . 24 67 16 32 . 0 335 56 0 7 19. 286 5. 2 3, 040 . 05 230 2, 350 

8 17 16 20 .20 101 19 45 . 0 342 59 0 5 

I 

41 326 5,3 3,160 . 052 213 2, i80 

IS 27 18 20 . 24 61 16 33 .0 340 48 . 6 I9 257 6. 0 4, 000 . 065 I73 2, 7SO 

1908. 

28 Jan. 6 18 24 0 40 77 1S 50 .0 315 61 1. 2 32 329 5. 6 3, 520 . 058 200 3,130 

N 

D 

J 1908. 

an. 7 Jan. I6 30 21 . 16 96 16 4S .0 31S 63 .s 32 389 5. 6 3, 520 0 058 266 3, 700 

17 26 12 22 . 25 96 I7 4S . 0 340 71 0 .5 32 380 5. s 3, 760 . 062 406 3, S60 

27 Feb. 5 30 20 . ~0 110 19 71 . 0 370 80 1.4 6S 526 5. 6 3,520 0 058 124 5, 000 

Feb. 6 14 18 16 .14 102 16 57 . 0 340 64 .6 4S 440 6. 0 4,000 0 065 216 4, 750 

15 2~ 60 13 .13 S9 I4 41 .0 263 62 3. 6 30 357 6. 2 4,340 . 071 59S 4,I80 

25 Mar. 5 I, 100 23 .I6 79 15 64 .0 265 70 3. s 67 . 401 6. 5 4,850 . 079 10,856 5, 250 

Mar. 6 15 240 24 .IO 73 I5 66 .0 260 6S 1.7 54 402 6. 3 4, 510 . 074 2, 034 4,1100 

IO .25 90 I6 .IO 91 15 44 . 0 270 61 .0 35 364 5. 9 3,880 . 064 419 3, 810 

26 Apr. 4 70 14 .IO 78 I4 51 .0 . 300 69 2. 0 28 342 5. 7 3, 640 0 06 . 462 3, 360 

Apr. 5 I4 90 24 . I2 4S I5 46 .0 295 60 0 5 34 303 5. 8 3, 760 . 062. 812 3, 080 

I5 24 395 28 .I4 62 15 59 .0 288 63 .8 45 352 0. 1 4,170 . 068 3, 457 3, 960 

~'i May 4 215 51 . .IO 93 Ill 62 .0 299 70 2. 5 52 472 5. 9 3, 880 . 064 1,393 4, 940 

1ny 5 14 4, I20 28 . 52 55 10 35 .0 158 41 8. 0 IS 270 10.0 14, soo . 242 135,224 1, 080 

15 24 2,900 44 .6 56 I3 42 .0 175 45 8. 0 . 22 282 9. 3 12,'000 . 196 83, S93 9,140 

25 Juno 3 3,850 33 1.2 49 9. 9 32 b 27 12 32 0 7 9.1 250 11.6 2.3, 600 0 386 203,011 1, 590 

uno 6 I5 2,550 23 .6 49 8. 0 29 .0 151 28 4. 5 .5. 9 217 21.8 87,700 I. 44 4S6, 840 51,380 

16 25 2,620 33 I. 2 49 7. 5 29 . 0 152 30 .4 6. 5 236 17. 7 02,0.50 1. 02 361, 875 39,540 

26 July 5 .2, 250 26 . 44 64. I3 40 bJl 72 57 3. 0 22 237 13. 7 36,200 . 592 197, 141 ZJ, 100 

uly 6 15 2, 280 25 . 44 58 10 42 .0 185 50 4:6 24 298 11.0 20,000 . 327 I08, 594 16,090 

10 25 2,800 31 .. 7 51 I3 41 .0 164 40 4. 0 23 273 12.0 20,000 . 420 191, OI4 I9, 160 

26 Aug. 4 2,050 29 .4 54 9. 8 39 .0 227 42 4. 0 27 288 10.2 15,840 . 259 70,482 12,320 

ug .. 5 14 1, 663 27 0 7 61 13 46 .0 206 52 2. s 35 321 s. 8 IO, 240 • 168 42, 744 8, 880 

I5 24 2,000 32 . 5 59 11 46 .0 1S4 44 3. 0 36 :no 10.3 16,360 . 268 81,409 13,690 

25 Sept. 3 2, 375 31 . 44 44. 6. 0 45 b7.5 121 34 3. 2 28 253 IO. s 18,960 . 310 111, 701 12, 9.'i0 

opt. 4 I3 430 33 . I4 7S I3 .58 .0 274 49 1.5 53 422 7. 3 6,390 . 104 6, 280 7, 280 

14 23 111 33 .14 95 I5 84 .0 327 119 1.0 88 558 6. 5 4. 850 . 079 1, 571 7,310 

24 'Oct. 3 90 41 .06 94 32 67 b 2. 4 

~~ ~----i~rJ . 75 10i 4IO 6. I 4; 17.0 . 068 '788 4, 620 

ct. 4 I3 70 55 0 30 9() 46 50 blJ 0 75 123 672 5. 9 3,8SO. . 064 li03 7, 040 

14 23 080 23 • 15 49 46 51 .0 0 75 22 272 5. 8 3, 760 0 062 14, OSI 2, 7t10 

24 Nov. 2 I40 45 0 07 85 21 --------- 0 0 303 68 0 62 45 476 0. 4 4, 080 .070 1, 756 0, 020 

rov. 3 11 I 50 41 . 14 93 20 38 .0 312 S4 . .9 4S 473 6. 2 4, 340 • 071 1, 465 5, 540 

I2 21 1,040 25 0 07 69 I3 44 . 0 251 90 : 1.4 35 376 5. 8 3, 760 . 062 5,127 3, S20 

23 Dec. 2 613 12 . 20 70 1S 41 .0 278 

~~ i 0 87 43 352 6. 0 4,000 . 065 4, 266 3, 800 

oc. 3 13 50 23 :15 92 24 36 .0 260 1. 03 46 428 5. 9 3,88~ .064 524 4, 41!0 

14 23 50 12 .IO 93 27 29 .0 295 48 I 0 76 38 476 • 6. 0 4,000 • 065 454- 5,140 

24 31 36 10 . 15 1 92 30 66 .0 3S8 821 0 94 28 504 5. 9 3,880 . 004 262 ·5,2SO 

J 

J 

A 

,s 

0 

N 

D 

-------·--,----261,--6-1 .,---z.30 -4-1-. -,372 ~. 8,6991~ ------ Moan_______ 920 29 1. o5 1 73 16 51 ' . 0 35,100 6, 989 

• Gaging station at Topek.a, Kans. b Abnormal; computed as HC03 in tho average. c Estimate'd. 

NOT~,.-Analyscs from Dec. 29, 1900, to Nov. 20, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; Nov. 21, 1907, to Sept. 23, 1908, by Archie J. Weith; Sept. 24 to Doc. 31, 1908, by W. L. Sippy. 
106 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Additional analyses of water from Kansas River are 

as follows: 

Analyses of water from Kansas River, Kans. 

1. At Topeka. Mean of two analyses received from Atchison, Topeka & Santa 

FeRy. 

2. At South Topeka. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

3. Above Lawrence. E. H. S. Bailey, analyst. 

4. At Lawrence. From Union Pacific R. R. 

5. At Holliday. 

6. At Argentine. Analyses 5 and 6 received from Atchison, Topeka & Santa 

FeRy. 

7. At Armourdale. From Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. 

I. Parts per million. 

-----I---__ z _ __ a ___ 4_' __ · _5_1 __ 6_1 __ 7_ 

COa------------------- 197 107 189 177 169 150 S04-------------------- 118 ° 69 134 79 68 85 CL-------------------- 141 61 144 84 33 36 Cr --------------------- 106 66 112 68 54 104 Mg____________________ l.ll 13 27 44 29 16 Na(K)_________________ 1W 53 121 67 27 29 

135 

113 

92 

88 

20 

77 

Fe20a------------------ -------- 5 . (AI, Fe)203------------ -------- 2 -----3-80-- ----T3r2~-~-----3-4i-~=======a= 

Si02------------------- 33 34 30 

~~~1557412J4551---s28 

Analyses of water from Kansas River, Kans.-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 I 3 I 4 5 6 7 

_C_O_a_..,-_-_-_ -_-__ -_-__ -_-__ -_-__ -_-_ 1 -2-8.-7-2 26. 42 -~24. 80 ~ ~ 32.97 ~ 

S04-------------------- 17.20 17.04 17. 59 14. 18 16.51 . 18.68 21.40 Cl_____________________ 20.55 15.06 18.90 15.08 8. 01 7. 91 17.42 Ca_____________________ 15.45 16. 29 14. 70 12.21 13. 11 22.86 16.67 Mg____________________ 2. 77 3. 21 3. 54 7. 90 7. 03 3. 52 3. 79 Na(K)_________________ 10. 50 13.09 15.88 12.03 6. 55 6. 37 14. 58 

Fe20a------------------ -------- -------- . 66 (AI, Fe)20a ____________ -------- . 50 ______ :_ ---i:44- ----T-r~- ----:22- ======== 

Si02------------------- 4.81 8.39 3.93 5.39 7.77 7.47 .57 

100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

East of Junction City the two principal feeders of 

the Kansas are Big Blue and Delaware rivers. For 

the Big Blue there are, first, a table of analyses made 

in the laboratory of the University of Kansas, and also 

several separate analyses from other sources. They 

are as follows: 

Analyses of water from Big Blue River at Manfwttan, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 9,490 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date Sodium (1906-7). Silica Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total Turbidity. Iron (Fe). ate dissolved (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOa). (Cl). solids. From- To- (Na+K). 

--- I 

Dec. 19 Dec. 28 24 11 1.0 87 17 49 on 326 60 0. 2 33 422 29 Jan. 7 16 26 .6 72 13 41 03.5 316 55 1.0 28 373 Jan. 8 17 16 26 .8 82 9.1 44 08.6 313 54 2. 6 7. 2 386 18 27 43 54 . 6 77 15 43 04.8 310 61 1.9 19 398 28 Feb. 6 17 59 1.4 87 19 49 022 324 58 2 23 458 Feb. 7 16 373 36 . 22 74 20 79 .0 228 138 2 31 471 17 26 392 43 .8 44 4. 6 29 . 0 169 34 4 8.8 262 27 Mar. 8 293 45 . 70 62 13 38 .0 227 43 3 16 453 Mar. 9 18 718 36 .6 54 15 I 39 .0 204. 39 4. 8 8. 4 283 19 28 176 ---------22- 6 68 4. 9 43 .0 274 40 1.5 19 348 29 Apr. 8 46 .9 83 15 40 0 7. 4 318 53 . 2 21 389 

Apr. 9 18 39 31· 2. 6 86 20 44 010 340 41 .9 26 399 

19 30 22 18 1.6 86 17 45 .0 337 55 1.2 29 395 

May 1 May 10 19 25 3. 5 86 3. 9 47 aS. 0 312 56 .9 26 391 11 20 28 25 ~50 86 12 45 08.0 320 55 .8 27 398 21 30 495 26 5. 5 71 10 48 .0 280 50 1.7 23 348 31 June 9 1, 136 21 4 40 14 27 .0 153 27 5 10 158 June 10 19 4,180 79 6 31 9.1 29 .0 115 20 1 7 285 20 29 0740 37 3. 5· 52 10 41 .0 188 29 4 17 254 30 July 9 666 40 4 49 20 39 . 0. 210 31 7 15 495 

July 10 19 1, 455 19 7 46 13 43 .0 175 27 5. 5 18 256 20 29 2,156 50 40 33 17 30 .0 120 18 6 5 227 30 Aug. 8 620 35 2 55 18 30 .0 210 35 3 19 282 Aug. 9 18 900 30 5 63 11 34 .0 185 29 3 10 380 19 Sept. 1 158 31 .8. 68 16 44 .0 240 36 2. 5 23 304 Sept. 2 12 160 32 .10 63 16 46 aS:O 228 26 2. 2 25 321 13 22 100 39 . 03 80 16 48 .0 280 41 1.3 28 354 Oct. 1 Oct. 13 1, 582 35 .8 44 10 34 .0 165 32 3. 3 15 234 14 23 140 35 .40 60 13 47 .0 228 . 34 2 23 305 24 Nov. 3 57 40 . 24 83 21 68 .0 270. 41 1 31 354 

Nov. 4 13 47 36 . 20 68 15 47 .0 2961 43 . 6 30 361 14 23 25 32 . 20 78 18 47 . 0 300 46 . 5 29 372 24 Dec. 3 - 24 33 .18 75 21 54 .0 305 46 .5 29 376 Dec. 4 20 29 24 .10 73 18 61 .0 305 46 . 2 28 360 

Mean ________ 497 34 3 67 14 I 44 . 0 I 2581·· 441 2. 3 21 ! 348 I 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

NOTE.-Analyses from Dec. 19, 1906, to Feb. 6, 1907, and from Mar. 19 to Dec. 3, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. ito Mar. 18 and from Dec. 4 to Dec. 20, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. . 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 107 

Additional analyses of water from Big :_Blue River,.,._ Kans. Additional analyses of water front Big Blue River, Kans.-Con. 

1. Big Blue River at Marysville. C. 1\'I. Belknap, analyst. II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2. Big Blue H.iver at Blue Rapids. Received from Missouri Pacific Hy. 

3. Big Dlue Hiver above Manhattan. E. H. S. Bailey, analyst. 2 4 4. Big D!ue Hiver at l\'lanhattnn. · H.eceived from Union Pacific H. H. Did the 

sample analyzed contain sediment? ----------------------------------

5. Mill Creek nt Washington. H.eceived from Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 

Jly. 

C03---------------------------- 24.14 41.73 34.84 28.22 45.27 27.80 S04.-- -----~------------------- 32.00 10.39 17. 66 7. 67 6. 43 26.81 CL____________________________ 8. 73 6. 39 6. 33 11.66 ·8. 20 8. 34 

G. 'rho same. J. H. Hamilton, analyst. Analyses 1 and 6 from Kansas State 

Board of Health. Originally in bicarbonate form. 

Ca_____________________________ 22.37 21.32 18.55 17.48 23.70 23.97 Mg_____________________________ 1. 33 5. 01 4. 98 2. 64 2. 80 2. 87 Na(K)_________________________ 6.69 6.98 7.69 7.67 8.43 7.48 

I. Parts per million. ~~~?~~);(>~===================== -=--:62' ----.-36' ---~·-~~- ---4.-42" }---;·-~;-1·----.-74 Si02---------------------------- 4. 12 7. 82 8. 37 20.24 · 1. 99 -------------------

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

--·--------------------l-----l---2--l--------4----l __ _ 

COa---------------------------- 116. 1 139.8 154 804.--------------------------- 153. 9 34. 8 78 

C'-----------------------------~ 42.0 21.4 28 Ca_____________________________ 107.6 71.4 82 

'Mg •• --------------------------· 6. 4 16.8 22 

92.0 

25.0 

38.0 

57.0 

8. 6 25.0 

359 

51 

65 

188 

22 

6i 

90.0 

86.8 

2i. 0 ii. 6 

9. 3 

24.2 

For D'elaware River and its tributaries there are 

the following data: 

Na(K) ····················-··-· 32.2 23.4 34 Fo203.---·-········-·--········ ......•....•. .-.. ' ·-·-···· ---··--· -·--·--· (AI, l"e)20J .••.••..•.......... ~. 3. 0 1. 2 ....•... 

Si02-----··--··················· 19.8 26.2 37 14.4 } 41 66.0 

481.0 335.0 442 326.0 i93 

~ 

2. 4 

6. 4 

323. i 

Analyses of water f?·om Delaware River at· Perry and Valley Falls, Kans. a 

[Pnrts per million. Dminngo area at Perry, 1,200 square miles (estimated); at Valley Falls, 951 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of University 

of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.) 

Date (l!lOi). 

-----....,

1

-------1 'I:mbidity. 

From- , ~l'oSilica 

(Si02). Iron (Fe). 

[Parts per million.) 

Sodium 

Calcium Magnesium and 

(Ca). (Mg). potassium 

(Na+K). 

Carbonate 

(C03). 

Bicarbonate(HCOa). 

1-------l·---------l---------l--------l---------:--------:---------:---------l-----l ;-:--:-1 Jnn. 13 I4 23 24 Feb. 2 

Fob. 3 12 13 22 

23 Mar. 4 Mnr. 5 I4 15 24 25 Apr. 5 Apr. li 16 li 29 30 May I1 Moy 12 22 24 Juno 7 Juno 23 28 12 22 22 July 12 July I3 23. 24 Aug. 4 Aug. ,5 I5 li 27. 

28 Sept. 6 Sept. 7 17 . 18 28 

Oct. 13 Oct. 23 24 Nov. 22 Nov. 23 29 

l\'lenr1. •••.•• , 

6 I, 140 

268 

390 

570 

498 

1, 338 

1, 044 

410 

111 

60 

47 

78 

90 5,125 

1, 950 3400 

'560 

425 

317 

317 

200 

317 

115 

63 

42 

23 

700 

I3 

34 

43 

33 

29 

40 

26 

17 

14 

11 

4. 6 

7. 6 11 

10 

0. 6 4.0 

4. 8 

4.0 

.6 

. 24 

. 50 1.8 

3. 5 

2. 8 

1.0 

3. 6 

1.2 

1.2 

99 22 57 5. 8 58 6.0 62 8. 4 

.48 8. 4 74 14 60 11 76 li 

89 17 

85 ··--·--····· 83 20 77 I6 74 I5 93 24 

35 

32 

29 

32 

27 

38 

41 

30 

27 

29 

33 

30 

35 

35 

· ----·· 34--- -· · · ·-· 9: o ·· · · ····-··54· ·· ·····is--- · ·--·· · · · 36 · 69 40 42 20 28 

~~ ~:& ~~ ~~ ~~I 20 I. 5 73 17 31 17 .09 68 I8 33 24 . 44 82 19 32 20 . 12 50 15 30 21 . 06 44 1 i 37 13 . 30 i3 19 22 16 . 14 84 19 43 . I3 . 16 67 20 39 

23 3.4 70 I I6 

a Valley ~'nils, Kans., from June 12 to November 29, 1907. b Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.Q b 5.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 b 7. 0 b 9.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

392 

242 

227 

256 

168 

261 

227 

280 

371 

380 

356 

350 

365 

357 

140 

195 

157 

278 

270 

255 

. 257 

232 

195 

170 

250 

330 

315 

270 

Sulphate 

(SO~). 

62 

43 

36 

22 

33 

39 

41 

41 

43 

50 

48 

46 

49 

48 

35 

24 

37 

27 

34 

29 

25 

31 

46 

68 

52 

62 

41 

Nitrate 

(N03). 

0. 6 

6.0 

3. 3 

.2 

6.6 

4. 2 

4. 9 3. 6 

3. 3 

3. 5 

1.8 

1.6 

2.1 

2. 5 

7. 5 10 

7. 5 

6.0 

4. 5 

3. 0 3.0 

3.0 

3. 3 

.3 

1.7 

1.2 

.8 

Chlorine 

(Gl). 

21 

11 

6. 0 12 

6.0 

6. 9 

7. 6 8.8 

8. 4 14 

14 

14 

13 

48 

6 

10 

6 

11 

12 

10 

13 

13 

9.3 

11 

17 

20 

I8 

I3 1 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

408 

280 

288 

500 

240 

329 

309 

306 

368 

376 

368 

325 

334 

375 

271 

272 

334 

286 

282 

283 

298 

.253 

198 

337 

377 

322 

320 

NoTg.-Annlyses ft·om Jan. 4 to Feb. I2 ~nd fr·om Mar. 15 to Oet. 23, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 13 to Mar. 14 and from Oct. 24 to Nov. 29, 1907, by Archie J. 

·woith. 
108 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following analyses represent waters in the 

Delaware basin: 

Analyses of waters in the Delaware River basin, Kans. 

1. Delaware River at Muscotah. Received from Missouri Pacific Ry. 

2. Delaware River at Valley·Falls. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

3. Delaware Ri;er at Perry. Analysis by J.·E. Curry. Cited in Water-Supply 

Paper 273, p: 207. · 

4. Creek at Horton. 

5. Elk Creek at Holton. Nos. 4 and 5 from Chicago, Rock Island &Pacific Ry. 

6. Creek at Perry. From Union Pacific R. R. Imperfectly filtered? 

I. Parts per million. 

2 6 

---------------------·---- coa____________________________ 202.1 148 172.0 96.0 177 82. 

S04---------------------------- 109.6 26 44.0 6.6 80 77 

CL----------------------------- 15.9 181 2. 3 6. 1 34 9 Ca _____________________________ 122.6 80 89.0 43.0 ·102 34 

~;{K)-~======================== ~~: ~ ~~ I i~: ~ 16: g ~~ : !~ Fe203--------------------------- -------- 1 5. 3 -------- -------- -------- (AI, Fe)203--------------------- 1. 7 -------- -------- Tr. } 13 14 

Si02--------~------------------.- ~--13_,~~------4-1 

I 517.0 317 i 3~·!.61171.1 460 I 314 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 

C03-------·------------------·-~ 39.09 46.70 47.18 56.11 38.48 26.11 

~?-~--~~========================= 2~: ~ ~: ~~ 12: g£ ~: ~~ 1~: ~~ 2~: ~~ Ca _____________________________ 23.71 25.25 24.41 25.13 22.17 10.83 

Mg·----------------~----------- 5. 26 4. 74 5. 76 9. 35 5. 87 3.18 Na(K)------------------------- 4.78 5.05 4.93 .46 5.87 14.97 

Fe20a-------------------------- -------- . 32 1. 45 -------- -------- -------- (AJ,Fe)20s •••. ________ ~-------- .33 ---------------- Tr. } 2 83 4.46. 

Si02---------------------------- .2.55 4.11 3.57 1.52 · 13.06 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

For several of the tributaries of the Kansas in the 

lower part of its course, the following analyses are 

available: 

Analyses of waters from tributaries of lower Kansas River. 

1. Mill Creek at Alma. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

2. Mill Creek at McFarland. From Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. This 

Miii Creek is not to be confused with another stream of the same name, which 

flows into the Big Blue. 

3. Wakarusa at Wakarusa. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

4. Wakarusa Creek at Richland. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

5. Big Stranger Creek at Linwood. From Union P&cific R. R. 

I. Parts per million. 

_____ _\__• 1-. 2 -. 3 _4 _5 

C03 • _____ ----------- _ ___ _____ 186. 0 139 55. 0 142 108. 0 

S04--------------------------- 53.0 97 29.0 53 41. c Cl--------"------------------- 12.0 1'1 5.7 21 16.0 Ca____________________________ 102.0 94 39.0 85 57.0 Mg___________________________ 27.0 23 7. 0 17 16.0 Na(K)________________________ 5. 5 13 3. 4 18 17.0 

riJ~~~~~~~=== = = = = = == = = = = == == = = ------~~ :-w------~- -----2~~ ~- -------~r ----- -~~] 393. 21 388 163. 5 350 ,. 282. 0 

------------~----~--

II. Percentage composition of·dissolved solids. 

5 . 

-----------1------------- -

C03• _ ------------------------ 47. 30 35.83 33. 64 40. 57 38.31 

so4--------------------------- 13.48 25.00 17.74 15. 14 14 .. 54 CL__________________________ 3. 05 4. 38 3. 49 6. 00 5. 66 Ca ___________ ------- __ ____ ___ _ 25. 94 24. 23 23.85 24.29 20.22 Mg___________________________ 6. 87, 5. 92 4. 28 Na(K)________________________ 1. 40 3. 35 2. 08 

Fe203------------------------- . 61 ---------- 1. 47 ---------- ----------

4.86 5.66. 5.14 6. 03 I 

. 57 . 18 ~t6;~~~~~-3~=================== -~---i.-35"} 1. 3. 43 9. 40 29 .----i3."45" 

100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 

These w·aters are all from a comparatively sn1all 

region, and apart from "local differences they a.re of 

the same general type. 

In the foregoing pages there are eight tables of 

analyses, each orie giving the composition of a river 

. water during several months or for a ye·ar or .1nore. 

The final averages, restated in percentage forn1,. 

appear in the next table. 

Average composition of Kansas River waters. 

1. Smoky Hill River at Lindsborg. 29 composite analyses. 

2. Saline River at Sylvan Grove. 34 composites. 

3. Solomon River at Beloit. 32 composites. 

4. Republican River at Junction. 25 composites. 

5. Prairie Dog Creek at Long Island. A tributary of Republican B.iver. 3(}1 

composites. 

6. Big Blue B.iver at Manhattan. 34 composites. 

7. Delaware B.iver at Perry and Valley Falls. 27 composites. 

8. Kansas River. at Holliday .. A two years' average. 72 composites. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

-------------------· 

co~·--------- 14.40 6. 02 26.17 34.36 45.91 35.53 39.47 31. i . so •.. __________ 26.87 18.26 19.50 12.56 4. 20 12.32 12. 17 15.14· (;1 21.61. 38.57 12.09 7.11 2. 49 5. 89 3. 85 10. 1 NO·a=====:==== . 21 .03 . 54 .71 1.00 .64 1. 07 .57 Ca ____________ Mg 12.93 5. 03 16.61 16.35 20.69 18.74 20.78 18.12 _________ " __ 2. 41 1. 98 2. 89 3. 32 4. 19 3. 92 4. 75 3. 98 Na (K) ________ 18.26 28.97 15.52 13.50 10.06 12.32 9. 79 12.66 Fe20a _________ . 13 . 07 .36 .71 . 56 1.12 1. 30 .38 

Si02---------- 3.18 1. 07 6. 32 11.38 10.90 9. 52 6. 82 7. 19 ,-----,--- 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100 00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinity a _ _ _ _ _ 882 2, 624 · 554 422 358 3571 337 403: 

a Parts per million. 

The two westernmost of 'these streams flo"w from a. 

semiarid region and are characterized by high salinity,. 

which decreases as the river system is followed eastward into a rich, fertile, well-watered area. Saline 

-River, which well deserves its name, is rich in sulphates. 

and chlorides, derived from saliferous and gypsiferous. 

shales. In Solomon. River carbonates begin to pre-· 

dominate, and in the easternmost rivers of the group· 

there is a close approximation in chemica~ character to 

some streams of the Middle West and the Atlantic· 

slope. Kansas River itself represents a blending of 

all the streams that flow into it. 

OSAGE RIVER BASIN. 

Osage River, also known in Kansas as Marais des. 

Cygnes, rises in eastern Kansas and flows southward 

to its junction with the Missouri at Osage, Mo. The 

. area of its basin is about 15,300 square miles. Its 

area in Kansas is approximately 4,300 square miles,, 

and its waters in that portion of it have been well' 

studied by H. N. Parker and E. H. S. Bailey.36: 

The composition of the water of the Osage and its. 

tributary Marmaton River is given in the two follow-· 

ing tables: 

as U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 273, 1911. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 

Analyses of water from Osage River at Boicourt, Kans. 

[P!lrts per million. Drainage urea, 2,700 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date 

(1906-7). 

·109 

-----,----I 'J'urbidity. 

I Sodium I Bica.rbon- · Total 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). (HCOa). (SO,). (NOs). (Cl). solids. 

Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium ~Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved 

~'-ro_n_l-- __ ''_'o_-_ --··---1--'-----1----·1----~---- (Na+~~----·1-----1-----1----·1--~--1----- No\'. 29 Dec. 8 220 22.0 · o 2. 4 68 6. o 41 o. 0 232 43 3. 7 10 293 Dec. 9 18 70 3. 0 58 8. 7 34 . 0 202 46 3. 6 9. o 269 

19 28 44 -------i9"'• 1. 6 70 18 29 . 0 236 51 4. 0 8. 8 276 

30 Jan. 8 83 19 1. 4 75 4. 8 33 . 0 260 43 4. 8 12 1 295 

Jan. 9 18 64 21 . 30 41 1. 9 25 b 12 241 35 4. 4 10 I 293 

19 28 1, 016 39 4. 0 43 7. 2 22 . 0 138 37 8. 0 3. 9 220 29 Feb. 7 55 45 1. 8 87 6. 8 27 , b 11 278 40 5. 7 8. 3 352 Fc~l. 8 17 247 27 .24 77 12. 36 .o 249 49 3.6 6.9 310 19 28 67 42 . 30 105 5. 6 31 . 0 248 46 6. 2 8 4 327 1\~Tnr. 1 Mar. 11 1, 007 29 . 50 69 8. 7 26 . 0 204 50 4. 0 6:91 298 12 21 810 19 3. 4 68 2. 6 20 . 0 192 44 4. 8 4. 1 259 22 31 516. 20 5 70 . 3. 1 ' 24 b 3. 1 260. 43 1 2. 2 8. 2 298 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 297 · 12 1. 5 73 3. 7 20 I . 0 240 39' 2. 3 7. 6 275 11 21 -45 7. 2 1. 0 84 2. 0 22 . 0 275 44 1. 2 11 292 22 May 2 286 9. 0 2. 0 74 11 26 . 0 247 39 1. 7 12 277 May 3 13 473 19 5 65

1 

2.0 23 .o ·195 40 6.0 6.0 249 14 23 70C 17 1.2 73 11 20 .0 232 42 6.5 6.0 277 24 June 4 100 21 . 8 90 3. 6 18. . 0 273 42 4. 0 9. 0 303 June 5 14 1, 850 :10 6 57 9. 9 22 . 0 185 33 6. 0 7. 0 239 15 24 1, 140 23 5 57 19 28 . 0 187 31 7. 0 4. 0 232 25 July 10 1, 200 3. 5 48 13 21 . 0 170 31 6. 0 5. 0 180 July 11 21 84 -------32___ 2 78 16 3:i I b 10 238 33 3. 5 12.0 310 

22 Aug. 1 I 139 23 2 64 8. 8 2a b 9. 0 125 32 . 6 4. 0 228 Aug. 2 11 210 58 12 32 12 25 b 17 152 21 3. 8 5 234 12 21 282 36 3.6 65 15 39 .o 188 24 3.2 11 245 22 Sept. 3 284 2a . 7 47 11 19 . o 145 20 3. o 5 185 Sept. 4 17 80 45 .22 49 11 27 .o 190 19 1.9 8 237 18 29 75 19 . 20 65 12 27 . 0 198 22 . 6 10 215 30 Oct. 14 80 15 . 16 58 12 v 26 b 5. 0 205 25 . 3 13 233 Oct. 15 24 55 15 . 14 72 35 34 . o 245 27 . 5 22 279 25 Nov. 4 42 17 .15 70 14 22 .0 ·248 32 1.2 26 293 Nov. 5 17 36 12 .36 74 11 42 .0 280 34 .9 43 333 18 30 85 13 . 12 83 13 43 . 0 250 32 . 8 26 290 

Mean •••••••. 3~6 I 24 2. 2 I 671 12 28 . 0 222 36 3. 5 10 270 

a Al=1.8. b Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. 

Non:.-Analyscs from Nov. 29, 1906, to Feb. 7, 1907, and from Mar. 12·to Nov. 17, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 8 to Mar. 11 and from Nov. 18 to 30, 19+>7, by Archie J. Weith. 

Analyses of water from Marmaton River. at Fort Scott, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drninago area 360 (estimated) square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date I Sodium (IIJ07-8). Silica Calcium Magnesiuri1 and Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine 'J'otal 'l'lll'biclity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). ate (SO.). (NOs). (Cl). dissolved 

(Na+K). (RCOa). solids. From- 'l'o-

------... -- ~ ----. --- -

Fob. 1 Feb. 10 15 16 3. 2 84 3. 3 21 0. 0 257 38 1). 0 10 277 11 20 7 16 . 24 89 7. 6 21 .o 283 41 3. 5. 4. 0 297 21 ·Mnr. ·2 8 70 .10. 91 5. 5 30 (J 8. 0 256 45 2. 3 4. 2 366. 1\:rur. 3 12 11 48 . 36 88 7. 5 29. a 6. 7 246 44 . 7 4. 1 .344 

13 22 7 4 1.0 85 8. 3 17 . 0 250 43 . 2 4. l 268. 23 Apr. 1 9 1. 5 . 6 83 1.6 23 I .0 229 43 . 1 4. 6 280 Apr. 2 11 15 8. 0 1. 5 77 9. 3 18 I .o 240 46 . 6 2. 3 268. . 12 21 12 5. 4 1.2 96 1.3 16 .o 287 47 .4 6. 0 294 22 l\•lny I 12 2. 6 1.4 94 1.3 20 .o .. 280 45 . 7 7. 5 291 

l\oluy 2 11 58 8. 4 5. 0 67 2. 9 20 . 0 181 38 5. 5 3. 5 224 12 21 54 15 3. 5 67 6. 9 14 .0 205 33 4. 5 4. 0 238. 23 Juno 3 14 10 1.5 86 3. 7 25 . o. 285 36 3. 2 5. 5 274 Juno 4 13 23 13 

I 1.0 89 8. 5 21 .o 280 34 1. 9 6. 0 27() 14 25 80 18 . 2. 0 65 23 36 .0 172 34 7. 2 2. 0 296 26 July 5 44 18 5 59 8. 6 18 .0 178 24 4.0 2. 5 205- July 6 15 22 12 3 73 19 23 .o 235 27 2. 6 2. 0 226 16 29 20 14 1. 5 

Ml 12 19 a14 240 28 1.8 5. 5 196 30 Aug. 9 22 9. 0 1. 0 80 11 23 . 0 280 \ 28 1.0 4. 0 257 Aug. 10 26 15 12 .8 .79 11 37 .o 260 26 . 7 5. 0 251 

Sept. 27 Sept. 6 13 9. 0 .11 84 11 19 a_3, 0 260 21 . 7 4. 0 242• 8 19 12 10 . 04 79 9. 7 18 . 0 258 20 .9 5. 4 247 20 Oct. 5 17 10 i . 04 83 14 28 .o 290 34 . 0. 5. 5 289· Oct. 7 20 17 5. 2 . .02 83 12 20 .0 270 25 1. 5 6. 5 257 21 31 10 14 I 

.10 89 11 20 . 0 285 24 . 6 7. 0 27~ 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 14 11 . 13 86 9. 8 21 . 0 278 29 1.0 7. 0 273 11 20 11 11 I .14 88 10 15 . o. 265 21 .5 7. 0 266 21 Doc. 3 1.2 9. 0 .12 79 10 24 .o 255 24 .5 6. 5 265 Dec. 4 15 13 11 . 06 94 9. 2 26 .o 275 21 . 5 7. 0 258 17 26 14 9. 0 .14 76 8. 7 25 . 0 250 32 .• 6 6. 0 25~ 

17 Jan. 7. 36 18 . 40 78 7. 8 23 . 0 213 37 3. 0 5. 5 236 Jun. 8 17 42 18 .6 74 6. 8 25 .o 218 51 2.'0 4. 5 252 18 27 45 14 . 25 89 7.8 20 .0 220 48 2. 0 5. 0 264 28 Feb. 9 12 11 . 40 82 8. 0 30 . 0 250 52 2.1 5. 9 28~ 

Fob. 10 19 32 14 I . 18 '81 7. 5 24 . 0 245 48 1.71 6. 0 277 

Menu ________ 22 14 i 1. 1 I 81 8. 7 23 ! .o 251 1. 351 1.91 5. 2 267 I 

I 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

NOTJ<:.-Annlyscs from Fcb.ll to Mar. 12, 1907, and from Dec. 4, 1907, to Feb. 19, 1908, by Archie J. Weith; from Mar. 13 to Dec. 3, 1907, by F. W. Bushong. 
110 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Reduced to sttmdard form and in percentages, the 

averages of the two preceding tables compare as 

follows: 

Reduced analyses of Osage and M armaton rivers. 

003-----------·----------------------------------------------· 

S04---------------------------------------------------------- CJ __________________________________________________________ _ 

N03---------------·-------------------------------------------

()a_ ---------------------~.-----------------------------------­

lVIg __ -------------------------------------------------------:. Na(K)-------------------------------------------------------

Fe203--------------------------------------------------------

Osage. 

37.26 

12.31 

3. 41 1. 20 22.90 

4.10 

9. 56 

1. 06 

n·Iarma· 

ton. 

42.01 

11.89 

1. 77 

0 65 27.58 

2. 96 7. 81 

0 5.5 

Si02----------------------------------------------------------~~~ 

100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, parts per million ____________ ,________________________ 293 294 

Additional analyses of water from Osage River are 

given in the next table. 

Analyses of water from Osage River. 

1. At Reading, Kans. 

2. At Quenemo, Kans. 

3. At Ottawa, Kans. Analyses 1 to 3 received from Atchison, Topeka & Santa 

FeRy. 

4. At Ottawa, Kans. 

5. At Ossawatomie, Kans. 

6. At Bagnell, Mo. 

7. At Osage, Mo. Analyses 4 to 7 from Missouri Pacific Ry. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

-------·- ---------------------

003-------------·------ 151.1 164.0 90 91.0 150 79.8 100.7 S04-------------------- 59.0 45.0 40 31.0 36 40.8 13.3 CL____________________ 16.0 9. 0 18 8. 7 11 4. 2 4. 4 Ca_____________________ 92.0 100.0 62 59.0 87 42.5 47.9 Mg____________________ 21.1 17.0 8 9. 3 12 16.0 14.8 

Na(K) ---------------- · 9.8 6.3 15 5.7 16 4.0 2.8 (AI, Fe)203 -----------, 17.0 1. 0 1 4. 4 1 1. 7 2. 7 

Si02------------------- 18.0 18.0 16 22.7 16 2. 4 17.4 

3s4.0" 360. 31-----;w '2318 ----a291ffil:4 204. 0 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

3 4 

-----------------

003------------------- 39.35 45.52 36.00 39.26 45.59 41.69 49.36 

S04-------------------- 15.37 12.46 16.00 13.37 10.94 21.32 6. 52 Cl _____________________ 4. 17 2. 50 7. 20 3. 75 3. 35 2. 19 2.16 Ca __________________ · ___ 23.96 27.76 24.80 25.45 26.44 22.21 23.48 j\fg ____________________ 5. 49 4. 72 3. 20 4. 02 3. 65 8. 36 7. 26 

Na(K) ---------------- 2. 55 1. 75 6. 00 2. 46 4. 86 2.09 1. 37 

(AI, Fc)203 ------------ 4. 42 .29 0 40 1. 90 0 31 0 89 1. 32 

Si02------------------- 4. 69 5. 00 6. 40 9. 79 4. 86 1. 25 8. 53 --------------------- 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

The analyses in the followi~g table relate to tributaries of the Osage. All the localities cited are In 

Kansas. 

Analyses of water from tributaries of the Osage. 

l. Elm Creek at Miller. 

2. Salt Creek at Lyndon. W. A. Burton, analyst 

3. Salt Creek at Lomax. 

4. Dragoon Creek, at Harveyville. 

5. Dragoon Creek at Burlingame. W. F. Standiford, analyst. 

6. North Pottawatamie Creek at Glenlock. 

7. Cedar Creek at Garnett. A. H. Wieters, analyst. 

8. Sugar Creek at Sugar Creek. 

9. Little Osage River at Harding. _ · 

10. Bull Creek at Paola. 

Analyses 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, and 10 received from the Missouri Pacific Ry.; No. 4 from 

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry.; Nos. 2, 5, and 7 from Kansas State Board of 

Health. I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

----------------·--

C03-------------- 114.0 82.7 112.0 190.0 74.4 152.0 46.8 97.0 87.0 69. 1 

so4-------------- 58.0 116.4 52.0 47.0 88.5 44.0 90.1 19.0 51.0 25.4 CL _______________ 6. 7 10.0 28.0 12.0 8. 0 7. 9 9. 0 2. 8 6. 7 6. 2 Ca _______________ 65.0 74.0 71.0 104.0 56.4 84.0 52.4 60.0 50.0 40.8 j\fg _______________ 14.0 13. 1 12.0 20.0 12.8 16. 0 5. 1 7.8 12.0 8. 0 Na(K) ___________ 16.0 18.9 25.0 17.0 19. 1 17. 0 13. 3 1. 8 16.0 6. 9 (Al, Fe)20a _______ .2 5.4 2. 4 13. 6 6. 0 7. 5 4. 8 3. 2 2. 6 1.2 

Si02-------------- 14.4 5. 0 27.0 4. 8 9. 2 10.5 10.2 22.9 13.0 11.4 

-- 325. sJ 329. 4/ 408. 4 

---- 231. 71 214. 5 

---- 288.3 274.4 338.9 238.3 169.0 

----

.II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

________ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5 ___ o___ 7_/_s_j_9_ ~ 

COa-------------- 39.54 25.38 34.00 46.52 27.11 44.85 20.20 45.221 36.51 40.89 S04- ------------- 20. 12 35. 76 15. 79 11. 51 32.25 12.98 38.89 8. 86 31. 40 15.03 CL______________ 2. 33 3. 08 8. 50 2. 94 2. 92 2. 34 3. 88 1. 31 2. 81 3. 67 Ca _______________ 22.55 22.74 21.55 25.46 20.55 24.79 22.62 27.97 20.98 24.14 Mg _______________ 4.84 4.03 3.64 4.90 4.66· 4.72 2.20 3.64 5.04 4.73 

Na(K) ___________ 5.55 5.81 7.59 4.16 6.96 5.01 5.74 .84 6.71 4.08 

(Al,Fe)203------- .07 1.66 .73 3.33 2.19 2.21,2.07 1.49 1.09 .71 Si02-------------- 5. 00 1. 54 8. 20 1.18 3. 36 ~ 4. 40 10.67 5. 46 6. 75 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 001100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

MINOR TRIBUTARIES OF T~E MISSOURI. 

Between Kansas River· and the mouth of the Missouri there are several streams for which analyses 

have been received from the Missouri Pacific Railway. 

For convenience, two analyses of water from Meran1ec 

River have been included with this group, although 

this river flows into the Mississippi south of St. Louis. 

Its waters, however, belong in the san1e general region 

as the others, even though it is not an affluent of the 

Missouri. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 111 

Analyses of waters from trib1.itaries of the Misso'l.tri, etc. 

1. Big Blue River at l\-Instin, Kans. Not to be confused with the tributary of 

Kansas Hivor of tho same name. 

2. Little Blue River at Little Blue, Mo. 

3. Davis Crook at Swoot Springs, Mo. 

4. Stephens Fork at Speed, Mo. 

5. La l.Vlino River at Otterville, Mo. 

6. South Moreau Creek at South Moreau, Mo. 

i. Berger Creek at Etlah, Mo. Imperfectly filtered? 

S. Gasconade River at Gasconade, Mo. 

9. Meramec River at Pacific, Mo. 

10. Meramec River' at Valley Park, Mo. 

I. Parts per million. 

.. -

1 I 2 3 4 5 6 

---- 003 .............. 146. 0 100. 9 37. 1 83.4 49.5 54.7 

S01 ............... 29. 0 28. 1 64. 9 20.1 25.5 137.0 

CL ............... 5. 3 7. 4 24.2 6. 9 4.1 4.0 

Ca ............... 95. 0 62. 5 36. 3 44.8 22.6 45.8 

1\·Ig ............... 7. 7 8. 9 9. 3 10.7 10.6 13. 5 Na(K) ........... 4. 4 6. 7 15. 7 6. 2 6. 7 31.6 (AI, Fe)20a ....... 2.0 2.7 5.5 1.9 7. 0 5.8 

Si02 .............. 17.0 27.4 36.0 19.0 27.0 29.1 

------

306. 4 244. 6 229. 0 193.0 153.0 321.5 

-·-·- ·-----

; . I 8 

56.61~ 8. 91 8. 6 3. 3 1. 8 26.4 25.6 

9. 0113.8 2. 2 1.1 

11.6 1. 5 35.7 9. g 

--,--

153. 71130. ( 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

-------------- COa .............. 47.65 41.21 16.20 43.21 32.35 17.01 36.82 52.08 

so~ ............... 9. 47 11.49 28.34 10.41 16.67 42.61 5. 79 6. 63 

CL ............ ~ .. 1. 73 3.03 10. 57 3. 58 2. 68 1. 24 2. 15 1. 38 

Ca ............... 31.00 25.56 15.85 23.21 14.77 14.25 17. 18 19.69 

1\•Ig ............... 2. 51 3. 65 4.06 5. 54 6. 93 4. 20 5. 85 10.61 

Na(K) ........... 1. 44 2. 74 6. 86 3. 21 4. 38 9.83 1. 43 · .. 85 

(AI,Fe)20a ........ . 65 1.11 2. 40 . 99 4. 57 1..81 7. 55 1. 15 

SiO~ ............ ~- 5. 55 II. 21 15. 72 9. 85 17.65 9. 05 23.23 7. 61 

---------------- .100. 00 100. oc 100.00 100. oo1

1oo. oo 100.00 100. 00 100.00 

9 10 

----

84.7 104.2 18.8 56. 7 3.1 7. 4 33.9 58.9 18.2 20.5 2. 0 4.8 2.0 • 2 13. 3 13.8 ----

176.0 266.5 

I 

9 10 

----

48.12 39.10 10.68 21.27 1. 76 2. 78 19.26 22.10 10.34 7. 69 1.14 1. 80 1.14 . 08 7. 56 5.18 ---- 100.00 100.00 

ARKANSAS RIVER BASIN. 

MAIN STREAM. 

The sources of Arkansas River are rn the nlountains. of Colorado near ~eadville. It emerges frorn 

the deep canyon known as the Royal Gorge at Canon 

City, Colo., traverses parts of Oklahoma nnd Knnsns, 

nnd joins the Mississippi in ens tern Arknnsns. Its 

drninnge aren is nbout 188,000 squnre n1iles. 

For the con1position of its wnters there ar·e abundnnt 

dnta. A few analyses nre. of snn1ples fron1 points in 

Colorado, and rnnny n1ore are given in W nter-Supply 

Paper 273, of water frorn locnlities in Knnsas .. For its 

course in Arkansns ·only a few analyses have been 

found. 37 

First in order are four tnbles of nnnlyses of wnter 

fron1 .the n1nin strenn1, made by or for the waterresources brnnch of the United States Geologicnl 

Survey. They are as follows: 

37 A large number of partial analyses of waters in Oklahoma are given in WaterSupply Paper 148, but they are not complete enough to bo available for present 

purposes. 

Analyses of water from Arkansas River near Deerfield, Kans. 

(Parts pot· million. Dmiuago area, 25,860 square miles (estimated). Analyses made in tho chemical laboratories of the University of Kansns, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

--- ---

Date (1906-i). Sodium Bicarbon- Total Silica Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate Sulphate Nitrate. Chlorine Turbidity. CSi02). Iron (FeJ. (Ca). (Mg). potassium (GOa). ate (S01). (NOa). (Cl). dissolved 

From- 'l'o- (Na+K). (HCOa). solids. 

·-·-·""----- Dec. lL Dec. 2.0 730 16 1.2 239 86 280 0. 0 283 1, 171 2. 2 104 2, 167 21 31 1, 900 19 1.0 223 76 250 . 0 296 781 4. 0 83 1, 9ll Jnn. 2 Jnn. 13 1,020 26 1.2 229 7{) 289 .0 144 1, 201 4. 0 84 • 2,109 14 24 1, 4{i0 42 1.0 233 74 301 . 0 280 1, 174 a,5 94 2,144 25 Feb. 7 422 45 1.2 217 79 282 . 0 215 1, 127 2.0 85 2, 031 Feb. 10 19 3,360 56 . 10 97 12 29 .o 288 65 4. 9 76 410 24 Mnt·. 7 607 68 . 30 256 88 2.98 .o 263 I, 163 1.2 95 2,179 

:Mnr. s 18 20 25 . 80 217 67 243 .o 242 992 • 5 75 1, 808 19 28, 21 22 1.6 194 73 246 .0 236 953 1.2 82 I 1, 764 29 Apr. 9 14 25 3.0 180 62 222 a7, 0 241 855 3. 5 75 1, 640 .Apr. 10 25 12 20 1.4 156 71 198 . 0 245 818 3. 5 78 1, 580 26 May 5 14 22 1.0 I87 70 229 .0 245 876 2. 8 82 1, 647 l'viny 6 15 13 26 1. 0 191 64 242 . 0 247 900 1.9 76 I, 666 lG 25 117 26 1. 5 182 42 228 . 0 220 854 2. 8 76 1, 583 26 June 5 3, 247 24 1.2 147 74 224 . 0 232 841 5. 5 76 1, 612 June 6 15 21,240 27 5 185 51 178 .0 258 746 10 53 1, 421 16 25 320 26 3. 5 179 76 219 . 0 222 842 3 73 1, 572 27 July 11 6,000 34 4 136 49 153 . 0 203 565 5 48 1,116 .July 12 21 4, 425 28 10 I41 51 I 51 .0 178 ~ 541 3. 5 46 1, 114 22 Aug. 1 26,200 27 3. 5 I 57 51 146 . 0 210 568 . 5. 5 42 1, 132 .Aug. 2 12 15,620 32 5 167 47 I44 . 0 190 . 600 6. 5 39 I, 156 13 24 296 23 . 8 178 . 62 194 . 0 220 759 1.2 62 1, 402 25 Oct. 16 21 30 . 04 169 65 195 . 0 200 751 .9 64 1, 371 ·Oct. 17 Nov. 2 46 22 . 24 227 68 209 .0 210 756 dl 66 1, 418 Nov. 3 16 116 16 . 14 155 37 186 . 0 I 190 725 67 1, 346 19 Dec. 2 100 19 • 12 189 55 258 .0 245 840 1. 2 74 1, 552 

Mean ........ 3, 359 29 1.9 186 62 215 . 0.1. 231 826 3. 2 . 72 1, 571 

- c1 Abnonnnl; computed as HC03 in the average. 

Non:.-Analyses from Dec. 11, 1906, to Nov. 16, 1907, byF. W. Bushong; from Nov. 19 to Dec. 2, I907, by Archie J. Weith. 
112 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water f~om Arkansas River near Great Bend, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 34,600 square miles (estimated). Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director] 

Date (1901l-7). Sodium I BicarbonTurbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate 

'fo-

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium . (COa). (HCOa). (S04). From- (Na+K). 

--- --~ ---

Nov. 26 Dec. 5 210 2. 3 0. 8 99 24 124 0. 0 208 377 

Dec. 6 15 58 __ ,.. _________ 1. 2 139 16 158 .0 245 557 . 16 27 28 24 .6 163 40 132 a6. 7 281 508 28 Jan. 7 1, 330 27 1.2 177 49 173 .0 295 612 

Jan. 8 20 494 27 4. 0 173 45 174 3. 6 266 651 

21 31 163 50 2. 0 153 li6 199 .0 187 . 719 

Feb. 1 Feb. 13 770 21 0 40 157 42 157 .0 266 535 14 24 3, 730 76 0 30 192 54 227 

. o I 264 8591 25 Mar. 4 499 83 0 30 187 45 49 a2. 8 259 696 

l'vlar. 8 "I 340 .56 j· 0 52 327 48 195 0 0· 243 652 

19 28 51 18 0 8 148 43 191 .0 228 608 29 .Apr. 8 19 22 

I 0 9 I48 34 191 .0 219 565 Apr. 9 0 18 15 18 3. 3 149 36 196 8. 0 230 .536 

19 30 15 12 1.0 132 41 181 .0 230 506 1'lay 1 May 11 44 17 2. 5 162 7. 2 190 0 0 225 624 

12 21 20 20 .6 155 33 191 .0 210 574 

22 June 8 15 16 1. 2 147 41 186 .0 218 518 

June 10 19 19, 200 49 3:2 164 50 211 .0 245 671 21 30 2, 736 26 2 113 36 135 .0 178 407 

July 1 July 10 9,480 30 1.5 137 47 192 0 0 235 522 

11 20 14,530 ' 31 4 96 32 117 .0 178 347 

21 31 14, 160 26 3 117 46 152 0 0 22.~ 464 

Aug. 1 Aug. 11 18,720 29 2. 0 145 40 120 .0 192 487 

12 22 20,000 32 1.8 147 41 138 .0 193 490 

23 Sept. 3 315 31 .20 142 46 158 as. 0 205 511 

Sept. 4 16 40 29 0 05 135 44 171 .0 210 502 

17 28 16 30 .08 124 44 171 .0 230 461 

30 Oct. 9 168 12 0 06 115 34 180 .0 200 391 

Oct. 10 20 38 21 0 12 135 44 179 .0 223 437 

21 .31 26 20 .11 142 43 137 .0 217 450 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 22 20 0 26 145 42 168 0 0 238 476 

11 21 28 I7 0 20 153 42 170 .0 255 474 

22 Dec. 7 38 20 .11 105 43 1951 .0 242 502 

1'lean ________ 3, 2821 28 1.2 149 40 167 0 0 230 536 

I 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in tl;le average. 

NotE.-Analyses from Nov. 26, 1906, to Nov. 21, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Nov. 22 to Dec. 7, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 

Analyses of water from Arkansas River at Arkansas City, a Kans. 

Nitrate Chlorine 

(NOa). (Cl). 

2. 8 52 

0 9 69 2. 7 98 

4. 6 90 2. 5 92 

1. 1 93 

.6 78 

2. 3 77 

1. 5 85 

.7 88 0 2 104 

.2 I21 

0 7 128 

1. 1 134 

.6 106 

.6 121 

.6 133 

7. 0 125 

3. 5 76 

3 .• 5 127 

6. 0 49 .9 87 7. 5 32 4. 5 40 

1. 5 84 

.7 122 

0 5 125 

.5 108 

0 5 140 

0 6 130 

0 5 124 

0 6 128 

0 6 114 

1;9 99 

------

Tota\ 

dissolved 

solids. 

793 

1, 135 

1, 33 

1, 33 

()o 

6- 1. 355 

1, 38 5-

4- 1. 131 1, 65 

1, 495 

1, 304 

I, ~64 

1, 23 

1. 21 

() 

g. 

1, 179 

1, 265 

t; 239 

1,168 

1, 400 

. 902 

1, 16ft 

756 

972 

96()-

968 

1. 07~ 

1, lOft 

1, 033 

913 

1, 061 

1, 069 1,107 

1, 12() 

1,128 

1, 15S 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 44,500 square miles .. Analyses_made in the chemical laboratories of th~ University of Kansas, E. H .. S. Bailey, director.] 

Da.te (1906-7). Sodium I Carbonate BicarbonTurbidity. ·Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and ate Sulphate 

_From:_! 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOz). (S04). 

'l'o- (Na+K). 

--

Dec. 7 Jan. 8 1, 700 24 0.8 108 32 267 o.o 295 300 

Jim. 12 21 872 41 3. 0 92 7. 2 193 .0 276 201 

22 Feb. 7 415 40 . 20 74 21 162 b 12 238 135 

Feb. 8 17 1, 480 84 0 52 120 28 217 .0 310 270 

18 Mar. 10 480 54 .6 109 26 274 .0 310 57 

Mar. IS ~ 24 132 31 2.8 109 26 . 253 b 5. 5 288 196 

Apr. 8 Apr. 18 14 14 . 1. 2 103 14 252 .0 282 179 

19 27 18 17 1.8 85 24 241 .0 261 169 

28 May 7 70 15 3. 0 88 19 216 .0 255 147 

May 10 19 180 34 2. 5 88 13 233 .0 252 165 

25 June 3 30 19 0 7 86 25 236 .0 254 162 

June 6 1.5 42 35 2 83 29 250 .0 240 159 I 28 July 7 885 42 6 76 21 241 .0 235 126 

July 8 I7 112 43 1.5 86 24 

1----"---~:~- b 12 230 152 

18 27 3, 000 39 12 64 19 .0 223 100 

28 Aug. 6 27,500 36 1.5 123 40 .0 275 363 

Aug. 7 16 18,360 22 1.0 128 34 166 .0 200 415 "\ ~ 3, 320 24 . 18 103 30 170 . 0 200 270 

27 Sept. 5 250 32 0 07 97 30 254 .0 210 230 

Sept. 6 15 95 41 0 05 90 . 30 279 . 0 230 210 

16 25 80 24 0 05 93 28 237 . 0 263 167 

26 Oct. 5 562 ·16 .10 ,86 21 219 .0 172 115 

Oct. 6 15 231! 31 0 20 92 21 270 .0 250 146 

16 2.5 130 18 0 12 97 23 305 .0 225 157 

26 Nov. 4 65 24 . 30 96 18 396 .0 275 152 

Nov. 1 14 68 "I 0 241 97 20 273 .0 280 148 

Dec. 5 Dec. 10 39 17 1.6 93 27 270 .0 255 313 

2, 2271 I 

----

I 2431 Mean ________ 31 1.6 95 1 24 . 0 253 193 

a The sampling station was located on the canal of the Land & Power Co., the head of which is above the mouth of Walnut River. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Total Nitrate. Chlorine dissolYed (NOa). (Cl). solids. 

3. 6 278 1,132 

3. 5 221 882 3. 0 180 707 

2. 3 229 1,300 1. 2' 330 I, Ii7 

1.2 317 1, 06() 

0 7 330 1, 024 

1.0 328 1, 011 2. 0 264 857 

1.8 292 938 1.1 -3I2 960' 

1.5 292 987 

2. 5 

~~~I 862 1.0 995-

2.8 192 662 1. 9 164 1, 028 

6. 0 125 976 

2. 8 170 837 

1.1 314 1, 067 

.5 364 . 1, 105-

2. 3 310 956 

1.5 306 813-

1.8 349 994-

.6 440 1,141 

.5 430 I, 155-

.8 386 1, 078 

.8 368 .1, 02~ 

1.8 292 990 

NotE.-Analyses from Dec. 7, 1906, to Jan. 21, 1907, and from Mar. 15 to Dec. 10, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Jan. 22 to Mar. 10, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 113· 

Analyses of water from Arkansas River near Little Rock, Ark.a 

[Parts.per million.] 

-

Date (1906-7). Magne- Sodium Carbon- Blear- Sulphate Nitrate Total · Mean 

'l'urbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- ate . bonate radicle radicle Chlorine dissolved gage (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (S04). (NOs). (Cl). solids. height From- 'l'o- (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (feet). 

----

NO\'. 1 Nov. 10 270 31 0. 30 84 18 351 0. 0 230 136 1.8 535 1, 285 3. 5 11 20 140 20 . 30 86 22 381 . 0 221 149 Tr. 568 1,339 3. 6 21 Dec. 2 140 24 .9 39 11 123 .0 115 72 . 5 186 519 5. 2 Dec. 3 19 1, 000 47 2. 4 53 14 180 .0 142 95 .4 276 752 8. 0 20 Jan. 11 320 31 1.2 25 8. 9 60 . 0 76 57 1.5 80 304 10.4 14 31 1,320 ------------ --.-----~4()" 40 13 62 .0 106 ----------- 2.4 87 451 15.2 ·Feb. 2 Feb. 20 275 20 57 12 83 .0 155 fl3 3. 8 107 433 8. 6 21 Mar. 7 220 16 . 25 54 13 ----------- .0 144 74 3.4 ----------- 460 8. 1 l\Jnr. 8 28 450 25 1.8 42 9. 5 67 .0 . 131 61 1.2 82 366 9. 5 29 Apr: 12 235 19 .8 45 11 80 .. .0 140 67 1.5 103 412 6.8 Apr. 13 22 290 20 .9 32 8. 7 49 .0 106 42 1.2 65 287 7. 3 23 May 2 285 22 1. 2 42 11 74 .0 102 

~~I 2. 0 . 102 377 7. 0 ~.roy 3 13 1, 500 54 1.8 27 6. 9 33 .0 86 3. 6 37 279 18.0 14 23 860 56 2. 2 32 5.6 41 .0 92 43 6. 3 40 305 17.4 24 June 2 450 40 1.0 31 2. 7 31 0 100 34 1.8 34 271 11. 4. 

.June 20 July 18 2,800 20 . 30 49 13 . 80 .0 181 72 2.8 87 414 10.6 July 19 Aug. 5 270 18 . 10 66 17 157 . 0 196 103 1.1 213 695 5. 3 Aug. 8 17 1, 000 29 .15 96 20 415 .0 181 211 1.5 610 1, 500 5. 3 18 29 600 13 .06 95 23 261 .0 195 212 4. 4 347 1, 093 4. 0 

30 Sept. 8 3, 000 36 . 12 71 20 155 . 0 189 153 1.3 181 736 5. 0 Sept. 9 Oct. 6 280 26 . 33 72 17 179 b 8. 4 184 117 .3 265 806 2. s 

Oct. 7 24 900 26 .8 72 16 155 b 'l'r. 157 98· . 2 262 774 3. 3 

.l\Icnn ________ 755 28 .82 55 13 144 . 0 148 931 2. 0 2031 630 -----------

· a Analyses Nov. 1J.1906, to Jan. 31, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 2 to 20, 1907, by HenryS. Spaulding; Feb. 21 to Sept. 8, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 9 to Oct. 24, 

1907, by R B. Dole, chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in ~he average. · 

The averages of the foregoing tables, reduced to 

percentage fo,·m, are as follows: 

Red·uced analyses of water from Arkansas River. 

1. At Deerfield, Kans. 26 composite analyses. 

2. Ncnr Groat Dontl, Kans. 33 composites. 

3. At Arkansns City, Kans. 27 composites. Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are from \VatorSupply Paper 273. 

•1. At Little Hock, Ark. 22 composites. From Water-Supply Paper 236. 

4 

--------------1-------------

COs ... !.-------------~------------------

CL 804------------------------------------- _____________________________________ ~ 

NOs-------------------------------------

Ca .• ~----------------------------------­ Mg·-------------------------------------

W~b~~:: ::: :·::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::: 

8102-------------------------------------

Salinity, parts per million .•••• ----.------

7. 55 54.70 

4. 77 

. 21 

12.31 

4.11 

14.24 

.19 

1. 92 

100.00 

1, 510 

9. 95 

47.19 

8. 72 

.17 

13.13 

3. 52 

14.71 

.15 

2.46 

100.00 

1, 136 

12.33 

19.18 

. 29.03 

.18 

9.44 

2.39 

24.15 . 22 

3.08 

100.00 

1, 006 

11.89· 

15.19 

33. 17 

. 33 8. 99 2. 13 

23.53 

. 20 

4. 57 

100.00 

630 

These analyses, which are arranged in order going 

downstream, show noteworthy regularities. The salinity di;mini!?hes from. point to point, and the sulphates 

also decrease in a.mount, while the chlorides increase. 

1'he alkalies also increase, .. but the calcium and l!lagnesiunl decrease.· Carbonates are low in all the analyses but. are highest in the more eastern parts of the 

Arkansas basin. 

Additional analyses of water froni the main stem 

of Arkansas River appear in the following table. The 

stations are arranged in order downstream. 

Analyses of water from Arkansas River. 

1. At Canon City, Colo. Analysis by W. P. Hoadden. Colorado Agr. Exper. 

Sta. Bull. 82, 1903. 

2. At Pueblo, Colo. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. · 

3. '!'he same. From Denver & Rio Grande Western R. R. · 

4. At Ordway, Colo. City water, piped from the river. From Missouri Pacific 

H.y. 

5. At H.ocky Ford, Colo. Analysis by Headden, Joe. cit. 

0. At Sterling, Kans. Analysis by A. J. Weith. U. S. Goo!. Survey WsterSupply Pnpor 273, p. 281, 1911. 

Analyses of water from Arkansas River-Continued. 

7. At Wichita, Kans. From Kennicott Water Softener Co. 

8. At Arkansas City, Kans. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe H.y. 

9. At Little Rock, Ark. High water, Dec. 20, 1888. 

10. The same. Low water, Aug. 22, 1888. Analyses 9 and 10 by H.. N. Brackett .. 

Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1891, vol. 2, pp. 159, 160, 1892. Aocording 

to J. C. Branner (idem, p. 164), the river carries in solution past Little H.ock 

6,828,350 tons of solids annually. 

I. Parts per million. 

~:::_-_::~::~- -~.- 2 92 

3 

48 

4 

.. -:. 1:1~ ] -,1: :. ::.7 

S04-------------- 21.6 201 60 3491295.0 481.0 60 58 8.9 100.2 CL______________ 5.6 . 21 12 15 104.3 422.0 36 13 24.2 306.2 Ca _______________ 29.9 81 32 108 272.7 141.0 68 75 7.8 60.1 

Mg·------------~- 7.6 21 8 34 80.8 45.0 12 11 1.9 13.3 

~~========~====== lt n 47l 25} 62 30~: 6 ?82. 0} 40} 10 2!: g 20~: g 

Ah03-------------} a. 5 } 17 2 } 5 ------ ------} 4 ------ 13.1 1. 9 Fe20s------------ ------ .1 . 7 . 5 SI02-------------- 12.1 15 17 19 9.6 26.0 19 15 4.0 14.3 

148. 0 ~ --;Q4 ~12134. 4 1628. 9 --a56 ~ 109. 0 794. 0 

a Includes a little manganic oxide. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-. I 1 I 2 . 3 4 5 6 7 I 8 9. 10 

~~~~ 37. 55 18. 58 23. 53 13. 87 ~ 8. 09 32. 87,38. 10 20. 92 10. so 

804--------------- 14.62 40.61 29.41 50.80 60.69 29.53 16.851 !9.73 8.15 12.61 CL ______________ 3.77 4.24 5.88 2.13 4.89125.91 10.11 4.42 22.21 38.55 Ca _______________ 20.24 16.37 15.69 15.72 12.78 8.66 19.10 25.51 7.20 7.60 Mg _______________ 5.13 4.24 3.92 4.95 3.76 2.76 3.37 3.74 1.75 1.67 

Na _______ ._" ______ 9.57)9.49}12.26} 9.03 14.50}23.45~11.24.} 3.40 19.83 25.92 K________________ . 60 .. 28 I ~: 66~ . 74 

Ah03--·---- ------ } a, 33 3. 43} . 98} . 73 ------ ------ 1. 121---·-- ' 24 

Fe20s------------ . ------ .01 1 •••••• 3.65 .06 8102-------------- 8.19 3.04 8.33 2.77 .45 1.59 5.341 5.10 12.00 1.81 

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo11oo. oo 100. oo; 100. ool10o. oo 100. oo 

a Includes a little manganic oxide. 

These analyses, notwithstanding their irregularities, 

are instructive, especially the two pairs· made by 

Headden and by Brackett. ~eadden's analyses, 

Nos. 1 and 5, are like those of water from Cache la 

Poudre River, a tributary of the Platte. At Canon 

City the Arkansas. has just issued, from a mountain 

region,i~ w~1ich its dissolved solid~ have been dei·ived 

• 
• 

114 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

mainly, from igneous rocks. It has then the character 

of a mountain water; but at Rocky Ford, a hundred 

miles below, saline matter has been received from a 

semiarid soil and partly through the return to the 

river of water from irrigation ditches. Brackett's 

analyses show the differences. between high and low 

water, bo~h as to salinity or concentration and as to 

composition. When a large amount of flood water, 

in great part surface run-off, enters a stream, the. 

composition of the stream is necessarily altered. 

The lack of agreen1ent between the two analyses of 

water taken at Pueblo may be due to differences in 

the stage of the river when the sample was collected. 

WALNUT RIVER. 

Walnut River, which enters the Arkansas at 

Arkansas City, K~ns., drains an area of about 2,020 

miles, entirely within the State of Kansas. For the 

composition of its water there is, first, the following 

table, from Water-Supply Paper 273: 

Analyses of water from Walnut River at Winfield, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area 1,870 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date (1906·7). I Sodium Bicarbon- Total 

Turbidity. Silica . j Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HC03). (S04). (N03). (Cl). solids. From- To- (Na+K). 

---

Dec. 2 Dec. 11 165 22 1.4 76 10 29 0. 0 222 52 4:2 12 28G 12 21 20 21 .8 92 16 31 .0 323 55 3. 0 12 368 22 31 12 26 .4 101 22 33 .0 360 58 3. 7 15 388 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 11 19 . 7 107 18 24 .0 372 70 4. 2 18 544 11 20 613 39 4'. 0 58 7. 9 33 a 9. 6 230 47 7. 0 14 316 21 30 270 ------------ -----·-·:s-· ------------ ------------ ----··---28- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ 31 Feb. 11 11 21. 98 7. 6 .0 366 68 6. 2 12 387 Feb. 12 22 8 72 . 24 121 21 46 .0 410 89 4. 8 17 547 23 Mar. 4 54 57 . 18 82 17 33 . 0 330 86 4.4 16 415 Mar. 5 14 49 27 . 40 86 15 33 .0 256 71 2. 5 8.4 367 15 24 44 15 2. 4 92 19 25 as. 2 276 73 3. 3 9. 6 367 26 Apr. 4 61 16 1.2 98 13 . 30 .0 323 77 4. 9 • 7. 3 406 Apr. 5 15 40 14 1.0 105 15 30 .0 374 96 . 7 13 437 16 26 47 7. 2 .8 101 18 27 .0 317 106 1.5 15 530 27 May 7 297 13 3. 0 88 8. 2 33 .0 275 86 4. 2 15 371 May 8 18 201 21 3. 0 78 3. 7 23 .0 247 59 4. 5 9 306 19 30 63 20 . 1. 2 . 99 14 31 .0 345 73 6.0 14 400 June 1 June 10 58 17 1.2 111 23 31 .0 367 97 6. 7 15 452 11 22 130 20 1.4 77 19 33 .0 295 87 5. 3 16 375 23 July 5 142 29 3. 0 68 19 28 .0 235 60 6. 5 10 316 July 7 17 56 30 1.2 76 16 36 .0 282 50 7. 5 11 331 18 29 28 28 2.0 74 21 34 a 5. O. 277 73 4. 5 14 344 30 Aug. 8 20 20 1.0 77 28 33 .0 216 93 2. 8 15 357 Aug. 9 22 29 19 3. 2. 97 24 43 .0 270 73 2. 7 12 361 24 Sept. 2 42 19 . 18 .80 20 31 .0 243 91 4. 0 17 340 Sept. 3 15 20 22 .06 97 25 35 .0 240 144 2. 5 18 445 16 28 25 13 .14 78 29 38 .0 178 137 [fr. 20 382 29 Oct. 10 28 16 .04 87 . 23 35 .0 260 115 2.0 17 408 Oct. 14 23 18 8. 6 .10 77 20 34 . 0 225 114 Tr . 0 16 364 

Nov. ~ Nov. 1~ I 26 21 .16 106 26 33 .0 288 141 1.8 21 478 28 16 . 20 112 23 38 .0 300 175 1. 8 29 539 

:,.. ____ ~-1 24 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ .0 315 --·--------- 2. 2 23 ------------

82 23 1.2 90 18 32 .0 292 87 3. 7 15 398 

a Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

NOTE.-Analyses from Dec. 2, 1906, to Feb. 11, 1907, and from Mar. 15, to Nov. 25, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 22 to Mar. 14, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 

The following analyses relate to tributaries of the 

Arkansas above Walnut River. 

Analyses of waters tributary to the Arkansa:s. 

1. Purgatory River at Trinidad, Colo. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

2. Walnut Creek at Great Bend, Kans. Analysis by F. ,V. Bushong, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 281, 1911. 

3. Cow Creek at Hutchinson, Kans. From Kennicott Water Softener Co. 

4. Little Arkansas River at Little River, Kans. 

5. Ninnescah River at Pratt, Kans. Nos. 4 and 5 from Atchison, Topeka & 

Santa Fe Ry. 

6. Ninnescah River at Belle Plaine, Kans. Analysis by Bushong, op. cit. 

7. Slate Creek at-Wellington, Kans. From At.cbison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry._ 

I. Parts per million. 

2 

--------1------------------

C03. ------------------ 121.6 184.2 114 209.0 84 .. 0 140.1 122.0 so.____________________ 22.9 101.0 88 25.0 41.0 59.0 24.0 

CL.--------~--------- 41.5 90.0 240 21.0 76.0 202.0 24.0 Ca ............ _________ 76.0 108.0 80 109.0 63.0 79.0 57.0 Mg____________________ 8.8 20.0 16 25.0 7.8 17.0 19.0 Na(K) .. _______________ 26.9 97.0 114 14.0 45.0 160.0 20.0 

~~~~~:::===============· ======== -----~i- ========} 2.4 } 1. 7 -----:i-} 1. 7 

Si02------------------- ~~--11-~~~-~~ 

337. 0 630. 3 663 428. 4 338. 5 696. 2 272. 7 

Analyses of waters tributary to the Arkansas-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 6 

--------------------------

C03--------------·-·-- 36.09 29.22 17.20 48.79 24.81 20.12 44.73 so. ____________________ 6. 80 16.02 13.27 5. 83 12. 11 8. 47 8. 80 CL ____________________ 12.31 14.28 36.20 4. 90 22.45 29.02 8. 80 Ca .. ___________________ 22.55 17.13 12.06 25.45 18.62 11.35 20.90 Mg •................. ~- 2. 61 3.17 2. 41 5. 83 2. 31 2.44 6. 96 Na(K) .. _______________ 7.98 15.39 17.20 3. 27 13 .. 29 22.98 7. 37 

AhOa·--------·-·-·---- -------- ----~03- ========} . 56 } . 50 ----:o2·} . 61 Fe203------··-·-·-·----

Si02----------------·--- 11.66 4. 76 1. 66 5. 37 5. 91 5. 60 1. 83 --------------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Six of the analyses in the next table are of waters 

·in the Walnut ~iver basin, and two relate to Grouse 

Creek, which joins ·the Arkansas below the Walnut. 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 115 

Analyses of waters from Walnut River and Grouse Creek, Kans. 1 Analyses of waters frorn Walnut River and Grouse Creek, 

Kans.-Continued. 1. West lJrnnch of of Walnut H.iver at De Graff. 

2. Walnut llivcr at Winfield. 

3. Walnut Hiver at South Winfield. 

4. Walnut H.ivcr at Arkansas City. Analyses 1, 2, 3, and 4 received from" 

Atchison, 'J'opeka & Santo. Fo Ry. 

5. West Whitewater River at Whitewater. 

0. Creek at Whitewater. Analyses 5 and 0 received from Chicago, Rock Island 

& :Pacific Ry. · 

i. Grouse Creek at Cambridge. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

8. Grouse Crook at Dexter. From 1~issouri Pacific Ry. 

I. Parts per million. 

. 1'1' 3 4 5 6 7 8 

~03--------=~~~~~ 160.0·~~~- 108.0 so.___________ 5.1 12.0 76 82.5 1,011 613 14.o s.5 CL___________ 12.0 12.0 6 14.5 54 281 12.0 5. 5 Ca____________ 52.0 30.0 30 107.0 41~ 292 69.0 54.0 :r.~rg____________ 5.4 5.3 10 18.5 83 40 13.0 12.0 Na(K)________ 29.0 8.9 30 14.0 51 172 9.8 6.6 

(AI, Fc)20a.:.. l. 1 2. 6 1 18 } 5 . 9 4. 8 sio2----------- 13.o 28.o 28 ---i3:o· 52 18.o 13.o 

233. 0 151. 8 258 409. 5 . 1, 895 1, 573 264. 7 213.0 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

--1-1 2 3 4 _5 1_6 1_7 8 

COa----------- 49.60 34.92 27.52 39.07 10.92 10.81 48.36 50.70 so. ___________ 2.18 7.9o 29.46 20.14 53.67 38.97 5.29 4.oo CL ___________ 5.14 7.90 2.33 3.55 2.85 17.86 4.53 2.58 Ca ____________ 22.26 19.76 11.63 26.13 21.70 18.56 26.06 25.36 

Mg____________ 2_.31 3.49 6.20 4.52 4.38 2.55" 4.91 5.63 Na(K) ________ 12.41 5.87 ·11.63 3.42 2.69 10.93 3.70 3.10 

(AI, Fe)20a.... . 47 1. 71 . 38 -------- . 95 } 32 . 35 2. 25 Si02----------- 5. 57 18.45 10.85 3.17 2. 75 · · 6. 80 6. 38 

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 1 100. oo 

MEDICINE LODGE AND CHlKASKL\ RIVERS 

Medicine Lodge and Chikaskia rivers are tributaries of the Salt Fork o.f the Arkansas. For these 

two ri~ers there are the following tables of analyses 

fron1 Water-Supply Papm: 273. 

Analyses of water from Medicine Lodge River at Kiowa, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 940 square miles. Analyses made by F. W. Dushong in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director .l 

I O'u•·bldlty. 

' I 1 Datl' 

(HJ00-7). Sodium Bicarbon- Total Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and • Carbonate ate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved 

>'mm-1 'ro-

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium i (COa). (HCOa). (S01). (NOa). (Cl). solids. (Na+K). 

--- ~~I -

Jon. 2l I Fob. 1 152 39 1.8 218 90 ! 0.0 280 512 3. 5 ' 84 1, 266 Fob. 2 12 162 26 . 20 102 105 I . 0 288 495 .6 92 1, 081 13 23 134 87 . 40 177 36 94 : .0 266 443 . 7 69 1, 048 24 Mar. 26 115 24 2. 0 164 36 89 I . 0. 230 438 1.2 74 953 Mar. 27 Apr. 5 40 18 .6 152 44 1041 .0 203 457 . 3 100 1, 014 Apr. 6 15 41 27 3. 0 148 30 86 . 0 222 376 .6 75 880 16 20 24 20 1.8 151 40 115 .0 309 343 28.0 08 1,072 27 May 7 75 22 1.2 158 35 85 I .0 265 401 1.0 73 907 J\<[ay 8 17 54 13 . 8 . 103 59 134 . 0 222 633 1.6 141 1, 346 18 26 41 22 1.2 167 37 122 .0 187 522 1.6 116 1, 146 28 Juno (i 46 18 .6 202 47 132 . 0 243 602 1.5 127 1, 371 Jnno 7 16 20 5. 4 .7 218 76 168 .0 268 730 1.5 178 1, 654 17 26 20 15 1.2 218 109 212 . 0 212 867 1.7 206 1, 825 27 July 6 140 28 4. 0 99 45 93 .0 ·167 330 2.1 82 773 July 7 17 130 • 31 1.5 122 32 57 .0 238 252 2.4 43 645 18 27 766 35 8.0 126 19 61 . 0 215 248 5.0 42 638 28 Aug. 0 206 30 2. 2 08 19 46 . 0 150 215 3.0 30 506 Aug. 10 Hl 67 32 .8 152 . 43 103 . 0 213 423 3. 5 94 058 20 30 40 27 . 50 168 62 133 .0 225 510 6. 0 132 1,176 31 Sept. 11 62 16 .O!l 132 34 92 .0 185 316 3. 5 111 815 Sept.' 12 14 36 .............................. ------------ ........................... ............................ ------------ .0 170 ------------ .4 91 -------·---- Mean ________ 118 27 1.6 163 44 1 106 . 0 2261 455 3. 4 08 1, 054 

Analyses of water from Chikaskia River at Argonia, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 520 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date Sodium (1006-7). Silica Calcium Magnesium and . Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total ~L'urbidity. Iron (Fe). ate dissolved (Si02): (Ca). (Mg). potassium (~Oa). (HCOa). (SO,). (NOa). (Cl). solids. (Na+K). From- To141 --- -

Nov. 30 Dec. 10 60 31 0. 30 51 11 36 0. 0 278 26 0. 2 200 Dec. 11 23 12 21 .0 71 16 40 a 5. 0 304 37 . 8 191 325 24 Jan. 3 12 20. .40 69 15 43 0 4. 8 302 35 . 9 19 315 Jnn. 4 13 13 25 .8 68 22 39 .0 300 34 4. 0 20 307 14 24 417 43 2. 0 56 6. 2 46 0 9. 6 260 25 3. 3 11 310 25 Feb. 5 35 46 1.6 72 \ 6. 5 41 0 15 284 45 1.9 15 354 Feb. 7 16 30 35 .18 71 16 35 . 0 6 262 41 .4 13 350 18 27 17 48 . 20 74 16 47 o4 280 62 1.2 15 3!i3 '28 Mar. 10 25 32 . 32 65 16 43 a 4. 8 275 34 1.2 15 323 M'ar. 11 21 14 17 . 25 64 12 27 .0 281 38 .5 14 306 22 31 16 19 1.8 60 10• 39 0 8. 9 262 29 .3 13 297 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 15 20 1.0 68 4. 3 36 0 6. 2 263 40 .2 12 305 11 21 12 14 .8 63 3. 5 33 a 4. 0 264 34 ,4 15 282 22 Mny 1 14 16 2. 0 64 15 36 .0 522 32 . 5 13 281 May 2 12 31 26 3. 2 63 1.7 30 . 0 275 27 .8 15 291 13 22 17 24 1.0 63 9 38 .0 275 35 .9 23 298 24 Juno 2 10 22 .40 62 15 38 .0 260 30 . 3 15 279 Juno 3 13 30 18 . 6 61 13 40 0 7. 0 245 30 .8 14 282 14 24 60 30 3. 0 54 18 40 0 9. 6 223 31 1.0 13 272 25 July 5 220 44 6. 0 51 15 34 .. 0 235 24 1. 9 12 285 

Moan ________ 53 28 1.3 I 64 12 38 . o I 278 34 1.1 15 307 

a Abnormnl; computed as HCOa in tho average. 

NOTE.-Analyscs from NO\'. 30, 1906, to Feb. 5, 1907, and from Mar. 22 to July 5, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 7 to Mar. 21, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 
116 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Additional analyses of waters in the basins of I . Medicine Lodge and Chikaskia rivers are as follows. 

All the localities cited are in Kansas 

Analyses of waters from the Medicine Lodge and Chikaskia 

basins-Continued. 

Analyses of waters from the Medicine Lodge and C hikaskia basins. 

1. Elm Creek at Medicine L·odge. A tributary of Me<Iicine Lodge River. 

2. Chikaskia River at Argonia. 

3. Bluff Creek at Anthony. A tributary of Chikaskia River. Analyses 1, 2, 

:and 3 received from Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

.4. Bluff Creek at Anthony. · 

5. Bluff Creek at Caldwell. Analyses 4 and 5 received from Chicago, Rock 

Island & Pacific Ry. · 

I. Parts per million. 

. 1 2 4 

-------'-------1--------------------

CO a.------------------------- SO•---------------------------

CL ....... _____ .. --------. ~ .. - Ca _________ . _ •. _. _ .. __ .. ___ •. _ Mg __________________________ _ 

Na(K) -------.-----.---------- (AI, Fe)20a------------------- ·siOz_ .. ____ .. ________________ _ 

68.0 

37.0 

20.0 

32.0 

8. 3 27.0 

4. 0. 26.0 

102 

57 

32 

55 

13 

44 

18 

98 

95 

24 

58 

18 

35 

2 

12 

152.0 

83.0 

44.0 

71.0 

2ii. 0 61.0 

3. 4 } 21.0 

157 

131 

76 

79 

34 

76 

13 

---------------

222.3 321 342 460.4 566 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved· solids. 

2 3. 5 

CO a.---------------.. -------- 30. 59 31. 77 28. 66 33. 01 27. 74 so.___________________________ 16.65 17.76 27.78 1s~ o2 23.15 

CL -------------------------- 9. 00 9. 99 7. 00 9. 57 13.42 ca___________ _ _____ ___________ 14.40 17. 13 16. 96 15. 42 13. 96 

· Mg -------------------------- 3. 73 4. 05 5. 27 5. 43 6. 01 Na(K)________________________ 12.14 13.70 10.23 13.25 13.42 

. ~fs/~>_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~~~~~~= 1f: ~g 5. 60 a:~~ i ~~ } 2· 30 

i---------------

: 100. oo 1 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo · 100. co 

CIMARRON RIVER. 

Cimarron River rises in the Raton Mountains, 

N. Mex., and joins the Arkansas at Keystone, Okla. 

Its length is about 450 miles, and the area of its basin 

is approximately 6,800 square miles. For this rivei· 

we have only the single table of analyses published in 

Water-Supply Paper 273, as follows: 

Analyses of water from Ci.marron River at Englewood, Kans. • 0 

[Drainage area, 6,800 square miles. Parts per million. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.) 

Date Sodium (1906-7). Silica Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total 

Turbidity. Iron (Fe). ate dissolved (SiOz). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids 

From- To- I 

(Na+K). 

------

Nov. 30 Dec. 9 21i8 38 1.4 89 30 320 a 14 297 150 1.1 500 1, 336 Dec. 11 20 90 33 .6 88 30 289 a 13 327 135 1.4 368 1, 08(J 21 30 78 41 1.2 80 28 123 a 14 296 118 .9 307 928 31 Jan, 9 83 58 2. 4 67 30 292 a 4. 8 309 137 3. 5 382 1, 120 Jan. 14 23 . 93 57 2. 2 83 33 319 a 6. 2 3:!0 149 .8 453 1, 230 24 Feb. 4 85 35 .24 105 46 510 .0 428 187 2. 3 744 1, 827 Feb. 5 14 40 42 . 24 98 36 305 . 0 422 122 1.6 388 1,380 15 24 142 45 .40 86 29 266 a 2. 6 357 125 1.8 320 1, 031 . 25 Mar. 6 95 52 . 28 87· 31 331 a 5. 2 308 165 . 7 448 1, 246 Mar. 7 16 293 38 . 20 '72 26 212 . 0 . 334 128 .8 256 858 17 27 40 26 1.5 77 22 183 a 5. 0 351 124 . 2 185 783 28 Apr: 6 111 32 1.4 87 32 327 . 0 351 160 . 3 435 1, 217 Apr. 7 li 131 29 2. 5 90 . 28 441 . 0 295 179 1.6 640 1, 766 18 30 99 26 2. 0 90 39 451 • 0 285 178 .3 651 1, 560 May 1 May 10 247 30 2. o. 87 32 403 . 0 292 179 1.9 560 1, 423 11 31 103 28 1.5 84 35 446 .0 275 181 1.4 632 1, 545 June 11 June 20 250 40 1.2 81 43 520 ""5. 0 238 196 1.6 744 1, 723 21 30 462 41 5 75 37 378 a 7. 0 257 155 . 7 526 1·, 333 July 1 July 12 1, 170 48 3. 5 84 38 383 "10 225 183 1.3 528 1, 392 13 22 1, 390 43 3 73 31 369 a 12 220 158 .5 528 1, 308 23 Aug. 1 785 29 1.5 79 35 332 .0 263 149 7. 0 472 1, 208 Aug. 2 12 3, 680 40 3 75 28 235 .0 . 270 115 4. 7 314 942 13 24 1, 350 40 1.5 90 38 359 . 0 315 151 I 3. 0 500 1, 317 25 Sept. 9 240 34 .. 09 84 40 438 .0 280 182 L4 622 1, 537 Sept. 10 20 9, 700 24 . 20 91 46 411 .0 285 189 1.1 568 1, 425 21 Oct. 8 1, 920 39 .36 85 40 424 a 7. 0 255 177 2. 7 618 1, 498 Oct. 13 22 . 316 28 . 30 94 38 389 .0 290 160 1.0 550 1, 389 23 Nov. 1 470 39 . 25 89 33 379 .0 289 155 1.3 520 1, 373 Nov. 4' 13 283 37 . 30 95 38 400 a 3. 0 295 147 1.5 582 1, 452 21 30 328 33 . 16 90 37 440 . 0 292 '171 2. 5 616 1, 503 

Mean ________ - 811 38 1.4 85 341 356 .0 308 157 t7 498 1, 324 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

NOTE.-Analyses from Nov. 30, 1906, to Jan. 23, 1907, and from l\'lar. 17 to Nov. 13, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Jan. 24 to Mar. 16, and from Nov. 2i to 30, 1907, 

by Archie J. Weith. . . . 
M:ISSISS.IPPI BASIN. 117 

VERDIGRIS RIVER. 

For Verdigris River there are first, two tables of analys.es from vVater-Supply Paper 273-one of the river 

itself and one of its tributary Fall River. These tables are as follows: 

Analyses of water f1·om Verdigris River at Coffeyville, Kans. 

[Drainage area 3,250 square miles. Parts per million. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of tho University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.) 

Date I Sodium (.1906-7). Silica Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate Bioarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total 

::~~-1- 'J';- Turbidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium - (C03). ate (SO.). (N03). (Cl). dissolved 

(Na+R). (HC03). solids. 

Doc. 11 Dec. 20 40 17 2. 0 78 12 31 0. 0 287 32 2. 7 22 329 21 Jan. 2 7 23 . 40 95 10.5 31 .0 367 40 3. 5 32 384 Jan. 3 12 107 24 1.4 71 4. 3 33 a 9. 6 290 44 4. 2 38 364 13 22 874 34 1. 0 - 46 1.3 32 .0 164 25 7. 9 10 224 23 Fob. 1 327 22 3. 0 79 4. 1 29 a 9. 6 284 33 5. 8 15 321 Fob. 2 11 18 23 .10 62 16 37. .0 359 41 2. 5 23 291 12 21 13 76 .10 106 16 41 .0 370 46 4.1 23 481 22 Mar. 3 65 67 . 20 88 16 44 .0 "294 39 3. 0 24 444 JVfar. 4 1:{ 380 33 . 36 73 12 35 .0 248 40 3. 2 . 14 324 14 23 211 16 5. 0 79 11 33 a 3.'1 265 30 3. 0 13 317 24 Apr. 1 1,877 13 2. 0 80 7. 2 31 .0 288 30 4. 0 19 323 Apr. 2 14 188 16 4. 0 69 2. 0 . 25 .0 237 30 2:9 18 278 15 26 103 16 1.8 78 11 31 .0 315 35 2.8 28 326 

28 May 7 1, 805 13 3. 0 64 1.2 28 .0 210 36 5. 0 25 266 May 8 19 1, 307 18 3. 0 70 5. 5 28 

01 

222 40 6. 5 14 282 20 31 203 17 1.2 

I 

81 16 27 .0 318 39 3. 8 22 325 

Juno 1 Juno 16 900 22 9 57 11 18. .0 252 24 3. 5 '20 398 17 26 2, 700 21 1.4 68 12 27 .0 220 27 7 16 259 Jnly 8 July 17 165 30 1.5 65 16 44 a 7. 0 273 33 4 19 304 18 29 58 27 1.5 68 13 34 .0 290 33 3. 0 19 246 30 Aug. 10 60 29 1.3 72 14 34 . 0 268 31 2. 0 21 267 Aug. 11 23 95 18 ~ 7 73 18 37 .0 273 32 . 5 28 309 24 Sept. 5 266 20 . 05 57 14 37 .0 210 21 3. 5 - 18 233 Sept. 6 15 50 20 . 03 57 13 34 .0 210 16 3. 1 20 235 16 25 42 23 . 12 62 16 33 . 0 208 23 .9 25 250 26 Oct. 9 35 16 .12 66 14 33 .0 210 20 1.2 36 262 Oct. 10 20 23 23 .13 67 14 36 .0 242 27 .6 35 293 21 :n 14 19 . 14 65 16 38 .0 238 22 .8 40 291 Nov. ] Nov. 10 22 17 . 20 63 12 32 .0 215 21 1. 1 31 255 11 20 22 15 . 30 51 12 33 . 0 200 19 .9 21 226 21 Doc. 10 56 17 . 20 83 11 34 .0 213 24 1.0 24 253 

J\1onn ________ 388 24 1.4 71 11 33 .0 261 31 3. 2 23 302 

a Abnonnnl; computed as HC03 in the average. 

Analyses of wate1· from Fall River at Neodesha, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Dminago area, 848 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratory of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.) 

Date (1907-8). 

I Tmbidlty. Silica Iron (Fe). (Si02). 

From- 'l'o-

---·-- -· .. July l July 12 93 33 6 13 27 15 28 1.6 

28 Aug. 8 13 22 . 7 

Aug. 9 18 10 34 . 30 

20 31 684 16 . 24 

Sept. 1 Sept. 11 85 23 . 22 12 23. 45 17 . 04 24 Oct. 26 20 19 . 12 

Oct. 27 Nov. 8 16 23 • OS 

Nov. 9 Doc. 13 11 18 .12 

Doc. 14 24 95 23 .30 

Jan. 16 Jan. 28 . 50 35 .16 29 Fob. 14 36 33 .12 Fob. 15 17 18 ------------ ------------ Mur. JIJ Mar. 20 50 20 .18 21 31 16 21 .12 Apr. 5 Apr. 14 180 28 .14 15 24 291i 39 . 20 25 Mny '5 70 28 .06 May 5 14 50 41 . 20 15 24 824 48 1. 40 

25 Juno JOb 2,100 31 .14 

Moan ••..•••• 217 281 . 59 

a Abnormnl; computed as HC03 in the average. b About June 10; 13 samples .. 

Sodium Bicarbon- Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate (Ca). (Mg). potassium (003). (HC03). (SO.). (Na+R). 

71 19 240 251 0. 0 25 62 18 28 .0 300 30 64 22 28 I .0 292 27 59 17 271 .0 285 24 51 12 24 .o 180 18 48 8.'8 24 .0 165 14 

60 9. 9 24 .0 182 15 64 11 25 .0 215D 16 61 17 29 .0 265 17 74 17 32 .0 290 21 75 14 331 .0 270 29 81 15 34 . 0 290 41 85 16 3~ .. 0 312 41 

-------·---- ------------ ------------ .0 276 ---------62" 79 13 33 .0 270 73 113 40 .0 300 42 68 11 31 a 8. 9 211 32 63 11 32 al(l 177 34 79 14 36 .0 200 34 55 14 35 .0 228 34 55 12 34 .0 241 27 69 1 11 28 1 as. 8 69 26 

66. 14 30 1 .0 242 29 

NOTJ~.-Analysos from July 1, 1907, to Feb.- 17, 1908, by F. W. Bushong;_ from :Mar. 10 to June 10, 1908; by Archie J. Weith. 

Total Nitrate Chlorine dissolved (N03). (Cl). solids. 

3. 8 9 244 

3. 0 15 269 1.1 14 286 1.2 17 271 2.0 10 195 2. 5 8. 5 194 

. 5 10 190 .9 12 424 

.8 17 253 .6 25 304 1.5 14 283 2. 2 14 340 2.0 14 357 

------··a:.s· 14 ---------322 11 2. 5 13 303 3.1 10 279 3. 7 13 282 

1.0 10 344 

.5 9. 9 283 2. 8 7. 6 282 

. 5 9.3 283 

1. 9 13 I 285 
118 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Additional analyses of water from Verdigris River 

.are as follows: All the looalities cited are in Kansas. 

·Analyses of water from Verdigris River. 

1. At Madison. 

2. At Toronto. 

3. At Benedict. 

4. At Guilford. 

5. ·At Independ,ence. · 

6. At Independence. J. C. Gordon, analyst. Received from Kansas State Board 

oQf Health. 

7. At Coffeyville. 

· Analyses 4 and 7 received from Missouri Pacific Ry.; Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5 from 

.Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. · 

I. Parts per million. 

2 5 

--------1---------------------

C03------------------- 241 94.0 79.0 126.0 56.0 90.0 81.0 ;804-------------------- 70 32.0 26.0 43.0 10.0 35.4 27.0 ·CL -------------------- 18 6. 0 9.1 16.0 15.0 34.0 13.0 ·Ca_____________________ . 135 53.0 50.0 77.0 32.0 57.6 . 50.0 Mg ____________________ 32 6.2 10.0 13.0 6.4 10.1 8.8 

Na(K)_________________ 16 19.0 1. 5 14.0 8. 7 22.5 8. 8 

·(Al,Fe)203-------------------- 3.1 2.1 2.1 .2 14.2 2.0 . .Si02- ------------------ 10 14.0 18.0 8. 7 29.0 15.0 11.6 

522 227:3j195.7/299.8157.3 2'78.8' 202.2 --------~--~----

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-------I---__ 2_. -l-3-· _4 __ 5_1_6 _ _ 1_ 

·C03. __ --------···------ 46.17 41.35 40.37 42.03 35.60 I 32.28 40.06 :80~-------------------- 13.41 14.08 13.28 14.34 6. 36 12.70 13.35 CL ---------·-----·----- 3. 45 2. 64 4. 65 5. 34 9. 54 12.20 6. 43 ·Ca.____________________ 25.86 23.32 25.54 25.68 20.34 20.66 24.73 Mg____________________ 6.13 2. 73 5.11 4. 34 4. 07 3. 62 4. 35 Na(K).________________ 3. 06 8. 36 . 76 4. 67 5. 53 8. 07 4. 35 

{AI, Fe)203.- ------·---- -------- 1. 36 1.10 . 70 .13 5. 09 . 99 .Si02----·-------------- 1.92 6.16 9.19 2.90 18.43· 5.38 5.74 

100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 

The next group of analyses represents waters from 

Fall. and Elk rivers, both trib~utaries of the Arkansas. 

Rock Creek is a tributary of Elk River. All the 

localities cited are in Kansas. 

Analyses of waters from Fall and Elk rivers. 

1. Fall River at Fredonia. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

2. The same. W. A. Burton, analyst. 

3. Fall River at Neodesha. Burton, analyst. Analyses 2 and 3 received from 

Xansas State Board of Health. 

4. The same. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

5. Elk River at Elk. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

. 6. Elk River at Independence. F. W. Bushong, analyst. F:rom U.S. Geol· 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 316, 1911. 

7. Rock Creek at Howard. From Kennicott Water Softener Co. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 6 

--------------·--------------

C03------·------------ 169 108.2 113.0 137.0 77.0 133.8 92.0 804----··-· ------------ 44 58.0 64.6 22.0 15.0 42.0 34.0 CL____________________ 19 17.0 21.0 16.0 11.0 13.0 12.0 

N03------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 3. 0 Ca_____________________ 91 83.6 91.2 76.0 44.0 86.0 54. o Mg ____ "--------------~ 23 13.9 12.7 12.0 8. 2 14.0 11.0 Na(K) _________________ - 13 2.8 8.5 15.0 7.6 27.0 11.0 

(AI, Fe)203_____________ Tr. 4. 5 4. 6 . 3 8. 5 . 1 

Fe20a------------------ -------- -------- -------- ----~--- -------- ·. 2 --------

SiQ, ______ ------------~~~a.i+-.ii+~~~ 

Analyses of waters from Fall and Elk rivers-Continued . 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solfds. 

--------I-----2-l--3- __ 4 ___ 5_ __ B___ 1_ 

C03. _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ 45. 80 35. 59 35. 29 47. 07 39. 23 39. 47 39. 13 

S04-------------------- 11.92 19.08 20:17 7. 55 7. 64 12.36 ·14. 46 Cl_____________________ 5.15 5. 59 . 6. 56 5. 49 5. 60 3. 84 5. 10 

NOa ___________________ -------------------------------- ________ .59 ca_____________________ 24.66 21.50 28.48 26.17 22.42 25.37 22.97 Mg____________________ 6. 24 4. 57 3. 97 4.12 4.18 4.15 4. 68 Na(K)_________________ 3. 52 . 92 2. 65 5. 14 3. 88 7. 97 4. 68 

~~!ls~!~?_ ~~=·========== --~-~~~- ---~·-~~- ---~·-~~- ----~~~- ---~~~~- ··-·:o6- -----·-~~ Si02 ........ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ 2. 71 5. 27 1. 44 4. 36 12. 72 5. 91 8. 93 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

For Caney River, a tributary of the Verdigris, and 

its affluent, Caney Creek, the following analyses are 

available. 

Analyses of waters from Caney River and Caney Creek. 

1. Caney River at Cedarvale, Kans. From Kennicott Water Softener Co. 

2. The same. Analysis by W. A. Burton.' From Kansas State Board of Health . 

3. The same. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

4. Caney River at Elgin, Kans. 

5. Caney River at Bartlesville, Okla. Analyses 4 and 5 from Atchison, Topeka & 

Santa Fe Ry. 

6. Caney Creek at Caney, Kans. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

7. The same. Analysis by A. J. Weith. From U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 273, p. 316, 1911. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

-------.. ------------------------

C03------------------- 169.0 117.2 168.01109.0 73.0 119.0 78.7 so. ____________________ 16.0 58.4 48.0 40.0 17.0 21.0 38.0 CL.___________________ 15.0 15. 0 7. 7 I 9. 0 19. 0 J8. 0 24. 0 

N03------------------- -------- -------· -------- -------- -------- -------- 3. 0 Ca.____________________ 96. 0 86.0 88.0 62.0 42.0 68. 0 50.0 Mg____________________ 17. 0 15. 1 24.0 9. 9 6. 5 9. 9 9. 6 Na(K)_________________ 5. 6 ·. 7 8. 2 18.0 15.0 16.0 36.0 

(Al,Fe)203------------- -------- 7. 8 2. 7 2. 0 1. 5 ·2. 0 

Fe203------------------ -------- -~------ -------- -------- -------- -------- . 5 Si02------------------- 11.0 18.0 7.0 17.0 29.0 12.0 13.0 

329. 6 318.2 353.6 266.9 203. o 1 265. 9 252. 8 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4 6. 

--------1----------------------

C03------------------- 51.27 36.83 47.51 40.84 35.96 44.75 31.13 S04-------------------- 4. 85 18.35 13. 58 14. 99 8. 38 7. 90 15.03 CL.___________________ 4. 56 4. 71 2.18 3. 37 9. 36 6. 77 9. 49 

N03------------.------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- l. 20 Ca.~------------------ 29.12 27.02 24.89 23.23 20.69 25.57 19.78 Mg .... ~--------------- 5. 16 4. 73 6. 78 3. 71 3. 20 3. 72 3. 80. Na(K) ________________ 1.70 .23 2.32 6.74 7.39 6.02 14.24 

(Al,Fe)203------------- -------- 2. 45 . 76 . 75 . 74 . 75 

Fez03----"------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 19 SiOz-----------"------- 2. 34 5. 66 -1.98 6. 37 14.28 4. 52 · 5.14 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1QO. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

NEOSHO RIVER. 

Neosho River rises in Morris County, Kans., and 

joins the Arkansas below the mouth of Verdigris 

River and west of Fort Gibson, Okla. It drains an 

area of 12,660 square miles. In Water-Supply Paper 

273 two tables are given for the Neosho, and one each 

for :its principal tributaries, Cottonwood River and 

Spring River. They are reproduced as follows: 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 119 

Analyses of water from Neosho River at Emporia, Kans. 

(Parts per million. Drainage area, 740 square miles (estimated). Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date 

I Toub;dlly. 

. (1006-7) .. Sodium Bicarbon- Total Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate· Nitrate Chlorine dissolved (Si02) (Ca). (Mg). potassium (C03). (HC03). (S01). (N03). (Cl). solids. 

From- 'J'o- (Na+K). 

---

Doc. 5 Dec. 14 40 21 1.4 79 13 25 0. 0 324 27 0. 3 12 315 

15 24 14 17 . 30 86 13 35 . 0 344 23 . 2 12 317 

25 Jan. 4 14 28 1.4 88 12 22 au 326 31 4. 0 10 332 

.Jan. 5 14 9. 5 18 1.6 67 11 32 .0 356 27 2. 6 14 262 

Hi 24 700 43 3. 6 62 4. 8 21) .0 259 31 4.4 6. 8 278 

25 Fob. 4 20 39 1.2 82 8. 5 33 a(l. 7 304 36 5.3 6. 3 346 

Feb. 5 14 273 21 . 40 64 12 25 . 0 245 ~?I 5. 9. 6. 1 284 

15 24 65 41 . 24 70 8. 4 Ill . 0 244 4. 6 5. 5 300 

25 Mar. (l 907 57 . 68 64 9. 0 28 . 0 226 25 4. 9 4. 5 319 

1vJar. 7 16 870 16 . 20 64 11 38 • 0 213 44 4. 8 4. 2 238 

17 26 37 19 1.2 99 16 24 . 0 347 30 4. 8 5. 4 350 

27 Apr. 5 47 6. o· . 50 76 11 24 .0 287 33 1.4 4. 8 283 

.Apr. 6 15 52 3. 6 2. 5 72 7. 5 24 . 0 290 34 1.5 8. 2 270 

16 26 31 3. 8 3. 5 69 17 22 . 0 289 35 2. 3 9 285 

27 May 6 40 7. 6 1.4 78 20 26 .0 297 36 1.5 11 291 

·May 7 1(} 35 16 1.2 75 ------------ 22 .0 310 37 1.7 9 295 

17 26 45 16 1.4 74 16 28 .0 295 32 3.1 9 296 

27 June 6 50 20 1.2 84 14 25 . 0 300 32 4. 5 9 322 

.June 7 16 1,075 32 10 55 12 22 .0 220 23 10 7 259 

17 26 660 24 5 56 15 23 a1. 0 230 24 8. 0 6. 5 266 

27 July 7 010 29 (l 46 13 28 .0 187 16 7. 5 5.0 246 

.July 8 17 63 30 2. 5 74 14 27 . 0 268 25 6. 5 7. 0 272 

IS 27 23 32 2 70 16 23 • 0 263 24 3. 8 7. 0 287 

28 Aug. 6 340 42 10 49 13 24 . 0 175 21 3. 5 6. 0 240 

.Aug. 7 Hi 53 19 1.0 56 9. 2 23 .0 169 18 4. 8 5. 0 184 

17 26 46 24 • 7 49 12 26 as. 0 212 19 2.0 4. 0 228 

27 Sept. 6 40 26 .14 61 14 23 . 0 220 24 1.8 5. 0 230 

:Sept. 7 18 21 24 • 03 58 13 25 .0 220 24 1.0 7. 2 235 

20 30 27 18 .08 58 15 25 .0 225 .21 . 4 5. 7 222 

Dct. 1 Oct. 11 74 HI . 40 50 14 21 . 0 185 22 1.9 6. 5 199 

12 21 38 11 . 10 62 14 

I 

27 . 0 250 26 1.8 6. 5 232 

28 Nov. 6 48 16 . 24 51 14 18 

.0 I 182 20 6.0 6. 0 196 

Nov. 7 16 32 18 .10 66 12 17 .0 193 21 1. 8 8. 5 198 

17 2.5 1.5 18 . 14 .54 14 0 23 . 0 195 24 1.2 6. 5 213 

26 Dec. 5 ll 17 .18 60 14 32 . 0 

:~: I 

28 1.3 8. 5 241 

l\{ean ________ 184 I 44 I 1. 791 661 13 I 25 . o I 34 3. 51 7. 2 267 

a Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

NOTI~.-Analyses from Dec. 5, 1906, to Feb. 4, 1907, and from Mar. 17 to Nov. 25, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 5 to Mar. 16, 1907, and from Nov. 26 to Dec. 5, 

1907, by Archie J. Weith. · 

Analyses of water from Neosho River at Oswego, Kans. 

[Parts por million. Drainage area, 5,230 square miles. Analyses made in tho chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailt:~y, director.] 

Date (1906-7). Magno- Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Total I Mean 

Silica Iron Calcium and po- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine gage ------- Turbidity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium ate bonate (SOl) .. (N03). (Cl). dissolved I height 

From- ~l'o- (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). solids. (feet). 

---- ---.. 

Doc. 1L Dec. 20 75 19 2. 4 59 11 27 0.0 190 65 3. 1 11 282 o. 8 21 :n 13 17 . 40 103 21 24 .0 324 129 3. 8 14 453 . 6 Jan. I Jan. 16 108 17 2. 4 86 16 24 .0 235 98 4. 6 16 372 1.3 1 i 26 730 38 4.0 30 1.5 29 .0 so 27 7. 9 3.8 165 18. 1 27 Fob. 5 373 39 3.0 67 3. 9 22 .0 202 45 5. 3 7. 2 280 2. 7 l?ob. 6 15 31 16 .12 83 15 30 .0 326 62 3. 1 10 333 1.5 16 25 84 50 .10 97 12 29 .0 332 65 3. 5 8. 8 410 1.3 26 Mar. 7 618 28 . 32 82 13 28 a3. 3 227 74 3. 2 8. 2 348 2. 7 :Mar. 8 19 1, 073 18 . 08 56 12 45 .0 180 46 3. 7 4. 0 245 4 .. 0 22 Apr. 2 368 16 4. 0 70 12 24 .0 253 47 ' 2. 2 7. 6 303 1.7 Apr. 3 13 170 I 17 5.0 70 13 24 .0 238 52 2.1 8. 5 293 1.1 14 23 36 2. o 1 . 7 81 14 23 . 0 275 77 .6 12 328 . 7 25 M'ay 4 315 7. 2 2. 4 65 18 23 . 0 209 67 3. 0 11 281 2. 8 May 5 Juno I 404 21 5 61 3. 2 26 .0 172 56 5. 5 8 2.')7 ----------· Juno 2 12 289 10 . 2.0 89 15 25 .0 29ii 67 2. 6 10 359 1.3 13 22 140 21 3 71 20 27 a 12 230 57 4 9 303 1.1 24 July 5 835 22 3. 5 43 9. 2 25 .0 145 32 6. 0 6. 0 205 7. 3 July 8 17 73 28 1.8 67 18 25 .0 242 42 5. 5 8 273 1.1 IS 31 33 20 1.5 72 18 26 a 14 115 52 .6 8 281 .6 Aug. I Sept. 2 20 20 . 04 80 19 26 .0 263 55 1.7 9 310 ----------- Sept. 3 IS 27 ------------ . 05 68 18 . 26 .0 232 .52 1.4 10 287 • 3 18 Oct. 2 29 13 .10 68 27 42 .0 185 117 Tr. 13 334 • 0 Dct. 3 19 15 15 . 03 83 24 29 .0 255 88 .6 11 346 . 5 20 Nov. 5 45 14 .14 78 21 28 .0 220 106 . 5 13 360 . 6 Nov .. 7 18 37 15 • 02 57 13 23 . 0 192 50 1.5 11 240 . 7 19 28 66 10 . 20 58 15 27 .0 198 62 1.1 9. 5 247 . 9 Doc. 2 Dec. 9 70 ........................... ..... ......... ................ ----------- ----------- ----------- .0 160 ----------- .9 13 ......................... . 3 -· 

2251 711 

-

I 2231 9. 71 Mean ________ 20 1. 63 15 27 .0 651 2. 9 304 ............................ 

a Abnormal; computed as HC03 in the average. 

NO'l'E.-Analyscs from Dec. 11, 1906, to Feb . .5, 1907, and from Mar. 22 to Dec. 9, 1907, by F. W. Bos~ong; from Feb. 15 to Mar. 19, 1907, by Archie J. Weitb. 
.120 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Cottonwood River at Emporia, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area 1,880 square miles (estimated). Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date . (1906-7). Sodium Bicarbon- Total 

Turbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate ate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine dissolved (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COJ). (HCOJ). (SOl). (NOJ). (CI). solids. 

From- To- (Na+K). 

- ·-

D ec. 4 Dec. 13 35 18 0. 40 144 28 31 0. 0 387 203 1.1 14 625 14 23 16 13 . 50 133 30 29 .0 395 199 1.8 15 602 24 Jan. 4 8 27 .8 123 31 27 . 0 353 157 4. 0 16 540 Jan.· 5 17 17 36 1.0 100 28 32 .0 263 162 2. 1 16 503 18 30 864 40 2. 4 70 6.1 28 a 7. 4 236 61 4.4 6. 9 328 Feb. 1 Feb. 13 58 55 . 12 104 21 28 .0 370 93 2.1 7. 6 446 14 23 

~I 34 . 20 120 22 28 4.0 365 139 3. 7 11 528 24 Mar. 5 405 31 .. 18 103 22 35 . 0 296 101 4. 0 8. 4 441 Mar. 6 15 644 19 . 18 75 15 21 .0 ml 73 4. 6 6.1 321 

16 25 68 19 2. 4 100 19 27 . 0 327 65 I. 1 6.S 386 28 Apr. 6 50 14 1.0 112 25 25 .0 364 111 3. s 7. 2 462 Apr. 7 16 45 9. 2 3. 2 99 21 24 .0 29S 128 1.1 11 457 17 26 37 5. s .s 102 29 28 .. 0 317 148 1.3 11 482 27 May 6 92 12 l.S 98 15 28 . 0 315 133 1. 3 10 446 May 7 17 117 13 1.4 93 5. 5 22 . 0 302 100 3. 8 9 384 IS 28 34 19 .8 93 11 28 .0 365 123 3.0 11 433 29 June 7 69 14 1.0 100 27 27 .0 355 120 I. 9 10 444 

J une 8 18 54 12 .6 112 28 28 . 0. 345 133 10 12 285 19 28 930 21 1. 5 85 21 26 .0 252 95 5. 5 8 368 "29 July 8 120 25 I 3 9(1 25 . 29 a 9. 5 278 93 6. 5 9 391 uly 9 20 63 24 I 1. 0 109 27 29 a 7. 0 320 lll 4. 5 9. 5 421 

22 31 43 24 I. 0 102 31 29 .0 337 122 2. 5 

tt I 448 Aug. 1 Aug. 11 30 23 .8 119 30 37 .0 322 160 3. 0 506 12 21 87 23 . 50 91 27 29 .0 310 122 2. 0 10 411 

22 Sept. 2 100 14 . 16 87 23 23 . 0 250 98 3. 0 9. 0 364 Sept. 3 . 14 39 18 . 12 108 36 35 .0 318 178 2.4 10 

I 

508 

16 27 43 17 1.4 96 36 33 .0 285 189 1.1 13 471 

28 Oct. 8 64 20 .28 110 32 29 . 0 260 190 . 2. 7 11 504 Oct. 9 18 861 18 . 35 81 22 29 .0 222 95 3. 2 15 352 

19 28 66 19 . 13 94 26 26 .0 250 126 2. 0 10 

I 

416 

30 Nov. 8 70 20 . 16 91 24 24 .0 I 256 106 . 2. 3 12 389 Nov. 9 20 41 I 19 . 26 118 34 28 .0 350 222 1.1 14 563 21 Dec. 3 32 20 . 12 100 30 33 .0 360 167 1.0 13 452 

J 

Mean ........ 1351 21 . 90 1 102 24 I 281· . 0 I 3121 131 1 3. o 1 11 I 445 I 

a 4-bnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. 

NOTE.-Analyses from Dec. 4, 1906, to Jan. 30, 1907, and from Mar. 16 to Nov. 20, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; fr.om Feb. 1 to Mar. 15, 1907, and from Nov. 21 to Dec. 3, 

1907, by Archie J. Weith. 

Analyses of water from Spring River at Baxter Springs, Kans. 

[Parts per million. Drainage area, 1,890 square miles. Analyses made in the chemical laboratories of the University of Kansas, E. H. S. Bailey, director.] 

Date 

(1906-7). 

----;-----/Turbidity. 

From- ToSilica· 

(Si02). Iron (Fe). 

Sodium 

Calcium Magnesium and Carbonate 

(Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). 

(Na+K). 

I 

Bicarbon-1 Sulphate 

(H~ga). (SOl). 

Nitrate 

(NOs). 

Chlorine 

·(Cl). 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

·------------ ---------l-------l--------1-------i-------j--------j---------j--------j·------J------il--------j--------

Dec. 1 

11 

21 Jan. 1 

11 

21 

31 Feb. 10 

20 Mar. 4 

14 

25 Apr. 5 

16 

27 May 7 

17 

27 June 7 

'19 July 1 

11 

21 Aug. 2 

12 

·23 Sept. 4 

16 

26 Oct. 10 

·22 

Nov. I 

11 

21 I 

Dec. 10 

20 

31 Jan. 10 

20 

30 Bcb. 9 

19 Mar. 3 

13 

24 Apr. 4 

15 

26 May 6 

16 

26 June 6 

18 

30 July 10 

20 Aug. I 

11 

22 

Sept. 3 

15 

25 Oct. 9 

21 

31 Nov. 10 

20 

30 

Mean ..•..... 

20 

11 

10 

15 

187 

. 72 

16 

9 

11 

26 

31 

43 

19 

18 

130 

274 

88 

27 

63 

178 

110 

66 

59 

23 

24 

36 

26 

27 

32 

28 

15 

21 

17 

19 

6. 4 0. 40 81 5. 3 32 0. 0 157 130 3. 5 11 319 8. 0 . 50 69 5. 7 24 a 2. 4 171 80 2. 9 7. 6 268 8.0 .6 64 12 20 .0 170 88 3.9 7.2 282 18 1.2 77 16 20 .0 149 132 4.6 12 330 13 2. 0 48 4. 8 32 . 0 103 88 6. 0 s. 0 234 

------·ia··- -------i:o·-~---------57- --------i:5- ---------i5- --------·:a· --------i3o- ·--------54- -------iii ___ --------4:9- ---------2oo 

29 . 10 . 66 8. 1 19 . 0 188 60 4. 9 6. 9 276 51 . 24 65 5. 2 29 . 0 147 74 4. 8 4. 2 301 65 . 30 . 63 3. 5 30 . 0 147 74 4. 0 6. 6 325 7 . 8 I 55 9. 7 22 . 0 149 61 4. S 6. 2 235 7 . 8 65 1. 6 25 . 0 154 77 4. 6 5. 8 260 3. 2 3. 0 I 68 2. 1 18 ·, 0 157 72 4. 5 7. 5 250 0. 0 1. 5 I 63 3. 2 18 . 0 156 72 5. 0 6. 5 246 

7. 6 4. 0 ! 56 9. s 21 . 0 97 S9 6. 0 7. 0 229 

~~ r: ~ , ~~ ~: s ~~ : g 1~g :~ ~: g ~: g ~~~ 6. 2 . 9 64 9. 5 19 . 0 142 I 70 I 7. 5 8. 0 241 

5. 6 . 6 t' 66 6. 6 21 . 0 1331 S6 7. 2 9. 0 251 12 1. 5 52 7. 7 20 . 0 98 80 . 7 5. 5 210 16 I. 5 50 15 17 . 0 110 54 6 6. 0 181 16 1. 0 I 66 7, 1 25 , 0 138 61 6, 5 6, 0 215 15 1. o 1

• 63 9. 3 22 . o 145 62 6. o 6. 5 196 6. s 1. 0 74 12 18 . 0 163 69 5 5 240 

~: 6 2

' g 1 ~! ~~- 6 ~~ : g f~g ~r :: ~ ~: g ~~~ 6. 6 : 0~ i 72 7. 9 IS . 0 142 71 6. 0 6. 0 241 9. 4 , 02 I 85 7. 5 22 , 0 J60 S3 5. 0 6. 3 269 9. 4 . o8 1 63 11 21 . o 125 92 4. o 6. 8 246 

6. 0 . 061 69 8. 4 20 . 0 132 90 5. 0 6. 5 250 12 . 18 92 11 29 . 0 140 I 116 5. 0 7. 0 303 4.0 .10 70 12 21 .0 117 150 5.0 8.5 317 8. 4 . 10 77 16 43 . 0 145 160 3. 2 20 377 11 . 14 ' 6S 11 22 . 0 133 133 4. 0 7. 5 302 

13 l."lr 66 . o 1 1391 7. 3 255 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. 

No·rE.-Analyses from Dec. 1, 1906, to Feb. 9, 1907, and from Mar. 14 to Nov. 30, 1907, by F. W. Bushong; from Feb. 10 to M"Sr. 13, 1907, by Archie J. Weith. 
MISSISSIPPI BASlN. 121 

Additional analyses of water from the main stem of 

N cosho River are as follows: 

Analyses of water front Neosho River, Kans. 

1. At Council Grove. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

2. At Emporia. From Konnicott Water Softener Co. 

3. ~rho some. Analysis by W. A. Burton, Kansas State Board of Health. 

4. At Neosho Rapids. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

5. At Burlington. l<'rom Kansas State Board o~ Health. 

6. Tho same. From Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 

7. At Leroy. From Missouri Pacific Ry. 

8. At Neosho Falls. Konnicott. 

9. At lola. Konnicott. 

10. At Chanute. Analysis by C. Pratt, Kansas State Board of Health. 

I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 4 5 .6 _7_1_s_ 9 1 10 

-------- ---- C03 ............. .138. 0 184.0 129.9 152.0 125.0 105.0 126.0 01.0 98.0 121. 2 

801-------------- 40.0 34.0 49.8 54.0 56.0 20.0 40.0 19.0 28.0 71.2 C\. _______________ 9. 0 12.0 7.0 15.0 10.0 9. 1 8. 3 15.0 12.0 9. 0 

CH-------~------- 80.0 113.0 80.0 93.0 08.4 02.0 68.0 27.0 03.0 84.0 l\1g _______________ 14.0 15.0 14.0 18.0 14.9 12.0 15.0 6. 6 11.0 14. 1 Na(K) ___________ 18.0 0. 1 10. 1 11. 0. 25.3 4. 6 14.0 11. 0 3. 9 12. 7 

(AI, l!'o)203 ...• ---- 1.9 .2 2. 4 1.7 4. 0 1.3 5. 5 1.4 2. 7 8. 0 

Si02-------------- 13.4 21.0 6. 2 24.0 7. 8 24.0 17. 6 20.0 18.0 14. 4 

-------------------- 314.3 385.3 299.4 368.7 311.4 244.0 294.4 161.0 236.61 334.6 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 I 3 I 4 5 0 7' 8 . 9 10 

------ -- COa-------------- 43.91 -47. 70~ 43.3~141. 23 40.15 43.03 42.79 37.89 41.42 36.22 

801-------------- 12.72 8. 82 16. 03i 14. 05 17.98 10.66 13.59 ll. 80 11.83 21.28 CL _______________ 2. 87 3. 12 2. 34 4. 07 3. 21 3. 73 2. 82 9. 32 5. 07 2. 69 ca _______________ 25.45 29. 33 20. 72 25. 22 21.97 25.41 . 23.10 10.77 2fi. 03 25.09 l\{g _______________ 4. 4(i '" 4.681 us 4. 78 4. 91 5.10 4.10 4. 65 4. 22 No(K) ___________ 5. 73 1. 58 3. 37 2. 98 8.12 1. 89 4. 75 6. 83 1. 05 3. 80 (AI,Fo)20a ........ . (iO . 05 . so . 40 1.28 . 53 1. 87 . 87 1.14 2. 39 

8i0z-------------- 4. 2(i 5. 45 2. 08 0. 51 2. 51 9. 84 5. 98 12.42 7. 61 4. 31 

-- 100. 00 100. oo;wo. 001100. 00 

---------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

.. 

Four additional analyses of water in the Neosho 

basi1i in ICansas are given in the next table. 

Analyses of water from t1·ibutaries· of Neosho River, Kans. 

I. Cottonwood River at Marion. From Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. 

2. Cottonwood .River at Clements. 

3. Cottonwood .River at Strong City. Analyses 2 an:l 3 from Atchison, Topeka 

& Snnta Fe Hy. 

4. Coal Crook tlt Humboldt. From Konuicott Water Softener Co. 

Parts per. million. Percentage composition. 

2 1 3 

003----------- 1.57 77 ; 128.0 111 35.20 27.70 34.71 38.54 801----------- 107 77 87.0 53 23.99 27.70 23.58 18.40 CL___________ 22 12 I 12.0 12 4. 93 4. 31 3. 25 4.17 ca____________ 101 ()21 100.0 79 22.75 22.30 27.11 27.43 Mg____________ 20 11 12.0 13 4.48 3.96 3.25 4.52 Na(K)________ 14 13 7.9 3 3.14 4.68 2.14 1.04 

(AI,Fc)303.... 9 21 2.0 3 2.01 .72 .fi4 1.04 8i0z___________ Hl 24 20.0 14 3. 50 8. 03 5. 42 4. 8ti 

446 -z781368.9 288 100.00 100.00 1100.00 100.00 

Spring River below Baxter Springs is contaminated 

by the drainage from zinc mines and smelters and 

contains very notable quanti.ties of zinc. This is 

shown in a series of analyses by E. H. S. Bailey 38 of 

waters fron1 the river and some of its tributaries. 

The extrmne case is that of Short Creek, in which the 

water contained 732 parts per million of zinc, or 19.10 

per cent of the total i1npurity. This sort of conas t;. S. Oeol. 8Ul'vey Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 351, 1911. 

tan1ination, however, is not always due to human 

agency. The water of a spring near Shoal Creek, 

another tributary of Spring River, analyzed by W. F. 

Hillebrancl, 39 with a salinity of 540 parts per n1illion, 

contained 22.31 per cent of zinc, 0.10 per cent of 

cadmium, and 0.04 per cent of copper in its dissolved 

solids. These impurities were doubtless derived fron1 

the oxidation of underground ore bodies and are 

therefore to be regarded as natural. 

SUMMARY FOR ARKANSAS RIVER BASIN. 

In the foregoing pages fourteen tables of analyses 

of water frmn the Arkansas and its tributaries have 

been reproduced from Water-Supply Papers 236 and 

273. Four of these tables, relating to the Arkansas 

itself, have already been compared and discussed. 

The ten others of waters from tributaries of the. 

Arkansas now follow, the averages being reduced to 

standa.rd form and stated in percentages. 

Red·uced analyses of waters in Arkansas River basin, Kans. 

1. Walnut River at Winfield. 32 composite analyses. 

2. Medicine Lodge River at Kiowa. 21 composites. 

3. Chikaskia River at Argonia. 20 composites. 

4. Cimarron River at Englewood. 30 composites. 

5. Verdigris River at Coffeyville. 31 composites. 

6. Fall River at Neode~ha. 22 composites. 

7. Neosho River at Emporia. 35 composites . 

8. Neosho Hiver at Oswego. 27 composites. 

9. Cottonwood River at Emporia. 33 composites. 

10. Spring Hiver at Baxter Springs. 34 composites. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

--------------

COa-------------·-- 34.56 11.01 41.40 11.42 39.30 39.44 39.02 so, _______________ 21.05 45.05 10.28 11.87 9. 49 9. 611 10. 01 

CL.--------------- 3. 63 9. 70 4. 53 37.65 7.04 4. 311 2. 25 

N03--------------- .90 . 34 . 33 .13 . 98 .li3 1.09 ca ________________ Mg 21.78 16.14 19.30 6.43 21.75 21. 88. 20.60 ________________ 4.36 4.36 3. 63 2. 57 3. 37 4.64 4.05 Na(K) _____________ 7. 74 10.49 11.48 26.91 10.11 9. 941 7.80 

Fe20a------------- .41 . 24 .58 .15 . 61 . 271 . 81 

Si02--------------- 5. 57 2.47 8.47 2.87 7. 35 9. 28 13. 77 

-------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinity a _________ 398 1, 054 307 1, 323 302 285' 320 I 

n Parts per million. 

--

8 _9_1~ 33.98 32.33 24.69 20.08 27.59 30.36 3.00 2.32 2. 64 .90 . 63 1.92 22.05 21.48 2.3. 85 4. 64 5.05 2. 96 8.36 5.89 8. 31 .80 .28 . 58 6.19 4. 43 4. 09 ------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 305 445 255 

These tributaries of the Arkansas show no such 

·gradation in con1position as appears in the water of 

the 1nain stream. They are affected by local conditions, which the waters plainly re~ect. Medicine 

Lodge River, for example, flows through a region rich 

in gypsu1n, and Cottonwood and Spring rivers show 

the same influence in less degree. Cilnarron River in 

n1uch of its course traverses saline plains, its water is 

rich in· con1mon salt, and its salinity is extremely 

high. In general, the eastern strean1s of the Arkansas 

basin flow in a humid region, have n1oderate salinity, 

and show all the characteristics of waters derived fron1 

areas of sedimentary rocks, with abundant li1nestones. 

It will be noticed that nearly· all the analytical 

data concerning the Arkansas relate to localities in 

Kansas. With very few exceptions analyses of 

. waters in Arkansas and Oklahoma are lacking. Its 

tributaries· in those States, expecially the. larger 

s9 U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 113, p. 49, 1893. 
122 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

streams such as Cimarron and Canadian rivers, need 

to he studied before the chemistry ·of the Arkansas 

basin can be properly discussed. 

RED RIVER. 

Red River, the southernmost of the large tribut~ries 

of the Mississippi, joins that stream in about latitude 

31 °. It rises in the Staked Plain · of northwestern 

Texas, and its drainage basin has an area of about 

90,000 square miles. For Red River we have only 

the . table of a;,nalyses by Dole and his colleagues,. 

.published in Water-Supply Paper 236. 

A naly_ses of water from Red River near Shreveport, La. a · 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1907-8). 

Tur- Sus- Coeffi- Total Silica Iron Calcium pended cient of iron bidity. matter. fineness. (Fe). (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). 

From- To-

---------------------------

Mar. 19 Mar. 28 820 780 0. 95 --------- 40 3. 6 57 

29 Apr. 7 1, 050 910 . 87 --------- 34 3. 2 38 

Apr. 8 17 600 ' 555 . 92 --------- 31 1.2 45 

18 28 750 --------- --------- --------- 28 3. 4 38 

29 May 8 900 784 .87 --·------ 25 3. 0 39 

May 9 18 1,100 1, 284 1. 16 40 55 1.9. 35 

23 June 3 880 960 1. 09 27 '36 .88 36 

June 4 13 1, 160 1, 589 1. 37 38 57 . 82 I 45 

14 23 800 582 .73 22 28 . 19 47 

24 July 4 1, 400 1, 314 . 94 35 25 . 14 '73 

July 5 16 1, 500 1, 800 1. 20 42 38 . 56 78 

17 27 1, 600 1, 850 1. 15 40 38 1.8 57 

28 Aug. 7 1, 100 1, 750 1. 59 25 47 . 52 91 

Aug. 8 17 290 300 .}. 04 5. 3 30 . 22 120 

19 28 300 420 1. 40 13 26 . 58 122 

29 Sept. 8 170 184 1. 08 2. 9 39 . 24 152 

Sept. 9 18 125 134 1. 07 2. 7 40 . 14 140 

19 28 40 80 2. 00 1. 3 33 Tr. 221 

30 Oct. 10 350 438 1. 25 13 24 .10 154 

Oct. 11 22 2, 800 3,925 1. 40 160 9. 2 . 5 97 

23 Nov. 2 1, 600 1, 200 . 75 49 20 . 14 135 

Nov. 3 12 300 254 . 85 12 20 Tr. 125 

13 23 1, 600 1, 550 0 97 100 23 . 15 126 

25 Dec. 4 425 508 1. 19 27 13 . 52 42 

Dec. 5 15 325 263 . 81 15 18 . 52 50 

16 25 400 447 1. 12 13 20 . 52 49 

26 Jan. 4 1, 3(10 1, 400 1. 08 50 35 3. 5 38 

Jan. 5 15 425 616 1. 45 21 25 1.2 42 

16 25 300 377 1. 26 8. 4 35 1.3 31 

26 Feb. 4 200 194 0 97 8. 9 20 . 47 46 

Feb. 5 15 240 279 J: 16 8. 2 15 .6 3~ 

16 29 960 1, 065 1.11 12 38 2. 8 34 

Mar. 1 Mar. 10 240 260 1. 08 7. 7 28 1.5 34 

11 19 800 660 0 82 16 33 2. 4 37 

--------------------- Mean ________ 790 870 1.11 --------- 30 1.1 74 

I 

Sodium 

Mag- and Carbon Bicar-. 

potas- ate bonate nesium 

(Mg). sium radicle radicle 

(Na+ (COa). (HCOa). 

K). 

------------

u· --------- 0. 0 98 19 --------- . 0 122 

--------- 48 .0 134 

--------- --------- . 0 117 

--------- 27 .0 119 6. 7 21 7. 2 117 

5. 8 30 2. 4 110 6; 4 38 14 122 

7. 7 38 Tr. 130 13 74 0 0 150 15 0 74 9. 6 74 

10 42 4. 8 102 19 90 8. 4 165 28 101 14 176 30 125 6. 0 190 

39 172 8. 4 278 39 148 . 0 305 55 4361 .0 232 47 230 Tr. 288 22 134 4. 8 so 32 194 Tr. 156 26 131 12 212 

30 197 7. 2 152 8. 3 40 12 85 12 52 19 51 

13 58 Tr. 111 4. 4 25 Tr. 112 6. 3 47 .0 93 4. 3 36 4. 8 83 5. 6 53 Tr. 88 6. 5 43 14 61 4. 9 25 7. 2 93 

5. 6 31 .0 95 

5. 9 32 Tr. 98 

------------ 17 90 4. 6 135 

Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine radicle radicle 

(SO.). (NO a). (Cl). 

---------

99 1. 0 42 

67 . 1 45 

62 • 5 58 

76 . 4 42 

71 . 5 40 

24 1. 2 13 

39 1.0 26 

44 1. 2 34 

52 . 5 41 

128 .4 103 

165 Tr. 117 

88 .5 76 

162 .3 110 

240 . 2 132 

247 .3 188 

300 'l'r. 252 

271 . 2 216 

561 Tr. 700 

320 .3 339 

217 Tr. 205 

320 .5 292 

228 . 2 188 

282 . 5 292 

62 Tr. 55 

86 Tr. 71 

86 . 2 78 

38 • 8 24 

71 . 5 65 

41 . 0 42 

82 . 4 82 

64 Tr. 55 

39 .5 24 

52 .3 35 

59 . 2 38 

------ 140 . 4 121 

Total 

dissolved 

solids. 

---

350 

324 

348 

318 

298' 

257 

236 

311 

286 

491 

584 

377 

636 

797 

877 

1, 131 

1, 035 

2,198 

1, 311 

761 

1, 087 

851 

I, 057 

276 

346 

357 

240 

315 

248 

350 

273 

234 

237 

277 

---

561 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

--

10.8 

6. 

6. 

0 

() 

3. 9 

10.6 

17. 

18. 

0 

0 23.8 

24.7 

14. 8 11. 1 

10.8 

4. 0 2. 6 

1. 2 

. 2 

-.5 

-1.2 

-.4 

6. 3 

1. 0 

. 2 

1. 3 

6.8 

4. 9 

6. 8 

12.6 

10.8 

9. 6 

6. 0 

7. 6 

13.0 

9. 9 

8. 9 

--

--------

a Analyses Mar. 19 to May 8, 1907, by James R. Evans; May 9 to Mar. 19, 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. 

Reduced to percentages, and with the alkalies corrected by Palmer's later determinations of potassium, 

the average of 34 composite analyses for Red River 

is as follows: 

COa-- _. _________ ---- -----------------

804------------------------~-------- Cl __________________________ ~-------

1\rOa--------------------------------- Ca _________________________________ _ 

~g-----------------------------~---

Na ___________ ~----------------------

!( __________________________________ _ 

Fe20a--------------------------------

Si02---------------------------------

13. 01 

25. 65 

22. 16 

. 07 

13. 56 

3. 12 

15. 74 

. 91 

.. 29 

5. 49 

100. 00. 

Salinity, parts per m~llion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 561 

The~e figures show clearly the influence of the semiarid plains on the upper waters of the river. The 

low calcium and carbonates and the high sodium, 

chlorides, and sulphates are characteristic of such 

regions .. 

GENERAL SUMMARY FOR MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 

From ·the great mass of data relative to the composition of the river that enter the Mississippi, it is easy 

to select those which are most significant-namely, 

those which represent streams that drain into it 

directly-and to omit the data on tributaries of tributaries. For thirteen of the streams that may be 

called primary affluents of the Mississippi the following tables have been constructed in order to compare 

the eastern accessions with those coming from the 

west. The first. table gives the drainage area of the 

several river basins, and also the annual 1'run-off" in 

terms of dissolved solids. These data are taken fr01n 

Water-Supply Paper 234, as given by R. B. Dole and 

I-I. Stabler . 

Drainage areas a_nd ·run-off of 13 rivers in Mississippi basin. 

'River. 

~~~~g~~~:::: ==::: =::: =::: = = == = ==: = = =: = = = =:: = =: = := = == =======: 

Rock--------------------------------------------------------- Illinois. _______________________ -.-- ___________________________ _ Kaskaskia ___________________________________________________ _ 

MuddY------------------------------------------------------

Ohio---------------------------------------------------------

Minnesota. __ ----------------------_------------------------- Iowa._-- ___________ --- __ ------_-_----------------------------

Arkansas ~~~s~~i~~~~=:::::::=================:::::::::::::::::::::::: ________________ . ____________________________________ _ 

Red. _______________ ~ _____________ -----~------ ___ -------------

Annual 

Drain- run-off 

age area (tons of 

(square solids per miles). square 

mile). 

9, 750 116 

12, 280 140 

10,970 200 

27,900 218 

5, 880 180 

2, 370 1i0 

214, 000 190 

16, 100 88 

12, 400 145 

14, 700 169 

526,000 50 

189,000 120 

90,000 160 
MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 123: 

The smn of the drainage areas given in this table is 

1,131,350 square n1iles. The total area of the Mississippi basin is 1,265,000 square miles. The thirteen 

tributaries, therefore, represent about nine-tenths of 

the total, and it is fair to assun1e that, at least in 

genernl character, the waters of the remaining tenth 

will average much like those cited in the tables. 

A co:mparison between the e.astern and western 

groups of waters reveals· an apparent anomaly. The 

seven eastern tributaries occupy a drainage area of 

283,150 square 1niles. That of the six western rivers 

aggrega.tes 848,200 square n1iles. The western rivers, n1oreover, as will appear in subsequent tables, 

are higher in salinity than the others. The run-off.. 

however, in the che1nical sense of the term, shows 

reverse conditions. The aggregate run-off of the 

eastern strea:ms is 1,214 tons of dissolved solids per 

square n1ile per annu1n; that of the western group is 

only 732 tons. The Missouri, for instance, drains 

526,000 square 1niles of territory, and its average 

snJinity is 346 parts per 1nillion. The Ohio drains 

·only 214,000 square miles, and its salinity is 175 parts. 

'.L'he run-off of the Ohio is 190 tons per square mile, 

while that of the Missouri is only 50 tons. This 

extraordinary inversion of conditions is climatic in 

origin. The Ohio basin occupies a huinid region, 

with abundant rainfall, whereas 111uch of the Missouri 

basin is in semiarid territory. The discharge or flow of 

the Ohio is 270,000 second-feet; that of the Missouri 

is only 94,000. In other words, the Ohio carries. 

nearly three ti1nes as 1nuch water as the Missouri and. 

so contributes more saline matter to the Mississippi .. 

Because of these differences in hun1idity the eastern 

waters carry 62 per cent of the dissolved solids, and 

the western group only 38 per cent. 

In the detailed discussion below of the river basins. 

tributary to the Mississippi, a table of analyses. 

giving the average composition of the water of each 

stream has been reproduced from previous p'Ublicatioris of the United States Geological Survey. 40 Theseaverages reflect the clin1atic conditions of each basin 

very clearly. To some extent, obviously, the two· 

groups of waters overlap, for the two rivers of Iowa 

are like those of the eastern streams. The lower 

courses of Missouri, Arkansas, and Red· rivers are also· 

in humid regions. These three rivers, however, derive· 

a great part of their dissolved solids from the saline· 

or alkaline plains east of the Rocky l\1ountains, and 

their compositon is correspondingly Inoclifiecl. The· 

two following tables give the average con1position of 

the waters of the two groups of rive1~s, and a weighted. 

average for the whole group ends each table. That. 

. average is obtained, as in the case of the Ohio (p. 91) ,. 

by multiplying each preceding column by its correspondi~g run-off in tons of dissolved solids per squaremile per annum, adding the products together, and. 

dividing the sum by the aggregate run-off. 

40 Water-Supply Paper 236, 239, and 273. 

Average composition of trib1Uaries of the Mississippi. 

I. Eastern tributaries. 

1. ChipJ)ewa Hiver at Eau Claire, Wis. 4. Illinois River at Kampsville, Ill. 7. Ohio Hiver. Computed average. (Seep. 91.) 

2. Wisconsin Hiver at Portage, Wis. 

3. Hock River at Sterling, .Ill. . 

5. Kaskaska River at Carlyle, Ill. 

6. Muddy Hiver at Murphysboro, Ill. 

8. Weighted moan of columns 1 to~· 

1 2 3 4 5 6 I 7 8 

~g4 3 _-_-~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 

30. 49 31. 43 48. 56 38. 42 42. 13 17. 15 

I 

30. 29 34. 83 

Cl ______________________________ 18. 09 18. 74 9. 34 16. 30 13. 64 34. 88 16. 97 17. 91 

N 1. 42 2. 31 2. 06 5. 82 2. 77 6. 30 7. 17 4. 21 03 ___________________________ Ca .·78 . 99 1. 42 1. 67 1. 92 . 97 1. 64 1. 40· ______ , ______________________ 16. 80 15. 44 18. 30 18. 24 18. 86 12. 11 18. 25 17. 0 4- ~1g ____________________________ 6. 07 7. 50 10.09 7. 76 8. 02 5. 82 4. 70 6. 97 

N a+ I< _____ - __ ----------------- 10. 46 8. 93 4. 48 6. 98 5. 62 9. 69 8. 10 7. 47 

§~()~3:-~~~===========~========== . 39 . 33 . 15 . 16 . 20 1. 45 . 43 . 44 

15. 50 14. 33 5. 60 4. 65 6. 84 11. 63 12. 45 9. 73 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

I 

100. 00 100. 00 '100. 00 100. 0 Salinity a ____ , _________________ .. 90 98 267 267 248 206 175 193 

0 

II. Western tributaries. 

I. :Minnesota Hivor at Shakopee, Minn. 4. Missouri River at Ruegg, Mo. 7. Weighted moan of columns 1 to 6. 

2. Iowa !liver at Iowa City, Iowa. 5. Arkansas River at Little Rock, Ark. 

3. Des Moines Hivor at Keosauqua, Iowa. 6. Hod Hiver at Shreveport, La. 

2 3 4 5 

003-------------------------------------~ 31. 59 42. 17 34. 96 25. 63 11. 89 13. 01 26. 02: 

so4--------------------------------------- Cl 31. 26 14. 70 23. 37 30. 44 15. 19 25. 65 22. 65 ________________________________________ 1. 02 1. 47 1. 58 3. 52 33. 17 22. 16 12. 16· 

~~}====================================== . 43 1. 15 1. 09 . 85 . 33 . 07 . 64 

17. 81 20. 00 19. 09 15. 22 8. 99 13. 56 15. 70· ~1g _______________________________________ 7. 61 6. 94 6. 91 4. 68 2. 13 3. 12 5. 08 

N a+ J( ____________ ----:..------------------- 5. 27 5. 67 5. 59 10. 97 23. 53 16. 65 11. 50· 

§~()?}~=====~=======~====================== 02 14 17 . 20 . 20 . 29 17 

4. 99 7. 76 7. 24 8. 49 4. 87 5. 49 6. 08 

100. 00 100. 00 

I 

100. 00 I 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00· Salinity n _________________________________ 460 247 312 346 630 561 436 ···------- -· - --· 

a Parts per million. 
124 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE \VATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

A comparison of the two averages that end the foregoing tables shows very clearly the difference between 

the eastern and western drainage of the Mississippi 

basin. In the eastern waters carbonates predominate 

over sulphates and chlorides, and the alkalies are 

relatively low. In_ the western group this condition 

is reversed. The two groups, however, can not be so 

combined as to show the composition of the. Mississippi 

as a whole. The reason for this statement is obvious. 

Many minor tributaries are as yet unstudied, and thei · 

tendency is ·all in one _direction. On the east side 

of the Mississippi, for example, there are St. Croix, 

Big Black, and Yazoo rivers, with many sn1aller 

streams for which no analyses have been found. On 

the west side, in Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and 

Louisiana, there are also many Iriinor streams and the 

same lack of data. All these waters flow through 

fertile r.egions, mainly agricultural, and are unaffected 

by the peculiarities of the western plains. They are 

of the eastern type, and the analyses of the Mississippi 

itself (pp. 50-54) show that their influence can not be 

left out .of account. 

RED RIVER. 

Red River, formerly known as Red River of the 

North, is formed by ·the union of two branches, 

Ottertail River, which flows from a small lake in Minnesota, and Bois des Sioux River, the outlet of Lake. 

Traverse, on the boundary line betwe.en Minnesota and 

North Dakota. The two streams unite at Breckenridge, Minn., and from that pointRedRiverflowsnorthward and enters Lake Winnipeg in Canada. 41 Its 

drainage area in the United States is about 50,000 

square n1iles. Lake Winnipeg belongs to the Saskatchewan River system, which drains into Hudson 

Bay. The analyses given in the following pages 

are, with 'three exception~, taken from Water-Supply 

Paper 193, by R. B. Dole and F. F. Wesbrook. 

They are arranged here in order going downstrean1 

from the headwaters of Red River. 

41 For some analyses of Canadian waters belonging to this river system see U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 695, p. 88, 1920. 

Analyses· of water from Red River basin. 

1. Lake at Graceville, Minn. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

2. Ottertail River atFergus Falls, Minn. From Kennicott Water Softener Co 

3. The same. Analysis. by W. A. Noyes, Minnesota Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, 

Eleventh Ann. Rept., p. 173, 1882. 

4. Ottertail River at Wahpeton, N. Dak. Kennicott. 

5. Red River at Fargo, N. Dak. From Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. 

6. The same. Kennicott. 

7. Red· River at Drayton, N. Dak. Kennicott. · 

8. Red River at St. Vincent, Minn. Analysis by Noyes, op. cit., p. 172. 

I .. Parts per million. 

2 6 1 8 

003----------- 185.8 -------,---~- 118.1 116.2 ll3 171i. 0 158.0 108 117.0 804----------- 185.6 5.0 3.1 14 29.1 26.0 26 44.6 CL___________ 9. 0 6. 0 1. 4 6 2. 8 6. 1 . 18 13.8 

~gj3~========== Ca____________ ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== .8 58.0 35.0 40.0 34 82.0 67. o 5fl so: & 

Mg _____ :______ 59.0 23.0 20.0 25 18.0 37.0 20 23.3 

f.i~:::::::::=:: !--~~~~- ! ___ :~~- ----~~~- !----~~- !--~~~~- !---~~~- !----~~- 1g: ~ (~1, Fe)203----} .

49 2 Tr. 1. 2 Tr. } ,

1 1 2. 5 1 1. 0 

S102----------- __ ._ __2~~~-'-·--~--1_4,~ 

605. 2 198. 9 202. 5 223 340. 0 307. 4 264 284. 0 

. II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

8 

----1--------------------

C03---------·-- 30.70 59.38 57.38 50.fl8 51.48 51.40 44.70 41.20 SOJ ____ . _______ 30.67 2.51 1.53 6.28 8.53 8.46 9.85 15.71 

CL--- ______ .. 1. 49 3. 02 . 69 2. 69 . 83 1. 98 6. S2 4. 8!1 

. N03----------- -------- -------- -------. -------- -------- -------- -------- . 28 P04----------- -------------------------------- ________ ---------------- .19 ca ____________ 9.58 17.60 19.76 15.22 24.12 21.80 21.21 17.55 Mg ____________ 9.75 11.5fl 9.88 11.21 5.29 12.04 7.58 8.23 

Na. ___________ } 9. 68 } . 95 1. 98 } 4. 94 } 6._48 } . 62 } 4.16 5. 64 

K------------- 1.18 1.37 LL ____________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 02 (~1, Fe)203----} 8 13 Tr. . 59 Tr. } 3 27 . 81 . 38 . 35 8102----------- . 4.98 7.01 8.98 . 2.89 5.30 4.57 

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo·jwo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

In the foregoing table the analysis of water from the 

lake at Graceville is anomalous and doubtless owes its 

peculiarities to local condition. The other analyses, 

from the Ottertail at ·Fergus Falls to St. Vincent, 

near the Canadian boundary, show a certain amount 

of regularity. In going downstream the proportion of 

carbonates steadily diminishes, while the sulphates 

increase. The alkalies are comparatively low, and 

from that fact we infer that the sulphates mainly 

represent the solution of gypsum. The high proportion. of magnesium in some of the analyses is unusual. 

The following analyses relate to tributaries of Red 

:River. Ottertail River is to be regarded as part of 

the main stream. 
RIVERS OF TEXAS. 125 

Analyses of waters tributary to Red River. 

I. Wild Rico River at Wild Rice, N.Dak. From Chi<'ago, Milwaukee & St. 

Paul Ry. Another river or tho same name enters Red River from the east. 

2. Sheyenne River at Valley City, N.Dak. 

3. Shoyonno·River at JJisbon, N. Dak. 

4. Sheyenne River at Enstedge, N. Dnk. 

5. Maple River at Mapleton, N.Dak. 

0. Jllll Crook at Hannaford, N.Dak. Maple,River and Hill Creek are tributaries 

of tho Sheyenne •. 

7. Buffalo Uivor at Stockwood, Minn. 

8. Buffalo River at Winnepeg Junction, Minn. 

9. Red Lake Uivor at Crookston, Minn. 

10. H.od Lake H.lvor at East Grand Forks, Minn 

11. 'l'urtle Uiver at Mekinock, N.Dak. 

12. Forest River at Forest H.lvor. N. Dak. 

13. Pembina Hlver at Pembina, N.Dak. 

14. 'l'ongue Ulver at Bathgate, N.Dak. A tributary of the Pembina. Analyses 

2 to 14 from Konnicott Water Softener Co. 

I. Parts per milllol\ •. 

4 6 

--·--------

COs------------------- 203 259.0 237.0 130 390 203 192 

0\ SOl-------------------- _____________________ 219 IRS. 0 295.0 141 547. 188 68 41 30.0 36.0 18 73 18 12 

Ca .. ---------·--·------- 78 91.0 103.0 70 233 128 88 

~1'.:::::::::::::::::::: l 42 52.3 56.0 29 114 38 36 ]]7 105.0 124.0 43 124 37 17 

t\i,-ii.i);o;::=::::::::: 10 7. 5 3. 4 Tr. 6 Tr. 2 

Si02 ...• -~------------- 15.0 14.0 18 27 5 24 

-------------- 710 747.8 868.4 449 1, 514 617 439 

8 10 11 12 13 14 

-------1·--------------

COs------------------- 157.0 110.9 102.9 186 208 130.0 212.0 soj ____________________ Cl 51.0 15.0 12.0 158 llS 36.0 31.0 _____________________ 6. 0 5. 9 4. 2 42 12 18.0 12.0 

Oa •.. ------------------ 71.0 56.0 50.0 120 116 60.0 100.0 

ff~:::::::::::::::::=.::} 33.0 17.0 14.0 34 35 20.0 25.0 5.4 2. 3 1.3 46 25 21.0 23.0 

(AI, FoliOs ...........• } Tr. 2.5 3. 9 2 16 1.5 3.4 

SiOt---·--------------- 12. 0 4.4 3. 7 28 ll 7. 0 29.0 

335. 4 214. 0 192. 0. 616 541 293. 5 435. 4 

II. Pcrcentoge composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 

------------ COs------------------- 28.59 34.63 27.29 28.95 25.76 32.91 43.74 so. ____________________ 30.84 25. 14 33.97 31.40 36.13 30.46 15.49 Oi ____________________ : Oa 5. 78 4. 00 4.14 4.01 4.82 2. 92 2. 74 _____________________ 10.98 12. 17 11.86 15.59 15.39 20.75 20.04 

Mg .•.• ---------------- 5. 91 6. 99 6. 45 6. 46 7. 53 6. 16 8. 20 

~~::::::::::::::::::::: } 16.48 14.04 14.28 9. 58 8.19 5. 99 3. 87 

¥~1, Fe)20s.------------} 1. 42 1. 03 .39 Tr. .40 Tr. .45 

102------------------- 2. 00 1. 62 4. 01 1. 78 . 81 5.47 

--------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 

8 9 10 11 1 12 13 14 

COs------------------- 46.80 51.82 53.59 30.19 38.45 44.29 48.70 

so4-------------------- 15. 21 7. 01 6. 25 25.65 21.27 12.27 7.12 0\ ______________ ~------ 1. 79 2. 76 2.19 6. 82 2. 22 6.13 2. 76 

Ca ..•.• ---~---------.--- 21.17 26.17 26.04 19.48 21.44 20.44 22.97 

J.V[g_ -------------,----- 9. 84 7. 95 7. 29 5. 52 6. 47 6. 81 5. 75 

F,i::~~j;b;~::::~~:~::~ l 1. 61 1. 07 . 68 7.47 4. 62 7.16 5. 28 

.'].'r. 1. 16 2. 03 . 33 2. 96 . 51 . 75 3. 58 2. 06 1. 93 4. 54 2. 03 2. 39 6. 67 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

sm 35-24 t--9 

Red Lake River and Buffalo River e·nter Red River 

from th_e east, arid their saline matter is like that of 

the main stream. The other rivers belong to the 

western drainage and with· the exqeption of the 

Pembina are ve.ry different from the eastern group. 

They are n1uch higher in sulphates, which is reflected 

in the a:nalyses of Re~ River below Fargo. The 

alkalies of Wild Rice and Sheyenne rivers show a 

similar increase in their proportion in Red River. 

Sodium sulphate has evidently been dissolved by the 

waters of the western streams. 

DEVILS LAKE. 

Devils Lake is an isolated, highly saline body of . 

water in North Dakota, north of Sheyenne River. 

It belongs in the general area of the drainage basin 

of Red River. For the water of this lake, the largest 

·in the State, ·there· is the following analysis by H. W. 

Daudt. It is here reduced to standard form and percan tages of total dissolved solids. · 

Analysis of water from Devils Lake. 

C03 ________________________________ . 4. 24 

so4--------------------------------- 5~ 07 

Cl-------------------------~-----~-- lQ 45 Ca _________________________________ _ 

~:_-_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ (Al, Fe) ~0

3 __________________________ _ 

Si02 --------------------------------

aTr. 

5. 36 

25. 88 

a.Tr. 

aTr. 

100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million _______________ ll, 278 

RIVERS OF TEXAS. 

The largest rivers of Texas 'are the Brazos, the 

Colorado, and the Rio Grande, and their drainage 

areas are respectively 48~800, 39,000, and 248,000 

square miles. The basins of the Brazos and Colorado 

are wholly in Texas; the Rio Grande forms ~he 

boundary between Texas and Mexico. . All three 

rivers drain into the Gulf of Mexico. For each of 

these streams a table of analyses giving the average 

composition of its waters during almost an entire 

year appears in Water-Supply Paper 236. 

BRAZOS AND COLORADO RIVERS: 

First to be considered are the Brazos and Colorado, 

_together with some individual analyses relative to the 

Colorado and the . streams between it and the Rio 

Grande. 

a Ca, 0.4 part per million; Si02, 12.2 parts; (AI, Fe)203, 4 parts. 
126 

Date (1906-7). 

Turbidity. 

;From- To-

---

Dec. 14 Dec. 25 675 26 Jan. 5 110 Jan. 6 15 30 16 25 30 27 Feb. 6 10 Feb. 7 16 10 17 26 20 27 Mar. 10 20 Mar. 11 20 45 21 30 40 31 Apr. 9 30 Apr. 11 21 75 22 May 1 20 May 2 11 3,100 13 22 6,100 23 June 1 4,000 June 2 11 6,800 12 21 2,100 22 July 1 6,400 

July 2 11 2,000 12 22 5,400 24 Aug. 2 1, 650 Aug. 3 12 262 13 22 300 23 Sept. 1 10 Sept. 2 10 5 11 20 8 21 30 18 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 2,200 Nov. 11 Nov. 19 2,400 

Mean ....... 1, 462 

COMPOSITION ·oF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

23 

15 

12 

12 

14 

16 

11 

12 

12 

14 

11 

15 t 

12 

65 

60 

11 

19 

9.6 

31 

26 

20 

16 

27 

26 

23 

18 

59 

31 

21 

29 

22 

Analyses of water from Brazos River near Waco, Tex.a 

[Part:: per million.] 

Magne· Sodium Carbon- I Bicar- Sulphate Iron Calcium and po- ate bonate (Fe). (Ca). sium tassium radicle radicle radicle (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa) •. (S04) 

Tr. 113 14 247 0.0 159 222 0. 5 126 20 313 .0 198 241 .5 102 18 190 .0 197 181 Tr. 107 20 ' 258 .0 182 231 Tr. 129 27 373 .0 195 266 Tr. 103 24 265 .0 204 197 .05 131 30 376 .0 190 276 .03 77 19 257 .0 242 222 .05 86 21 193 .0 190 175 .05 93 20 267 .0 196 242 .10 81 19 182 .0 166 188 . 20 88 22 184 .0 171 216 .02 70 22 163 .0 163 202 .9 71 19 94 .0 149 139 1.1 70 7.8 82 .o 140 90 .02 60 6.3 69 .0 118 84 .15 104 13 ----------- .0 127 193 .02 131 16 182 .0 110 320 . 5 218 26 346 .0 119 555 . 6 105 13 155 .0 136 260 .07 136 23 201 .0 123 390 .16 99 16 108 .0 127 212 . 01 149 21 215 .0 133 324 . 09 194 26 344 .0 134 494 

.09 178 27 308 .0 147 450 .10 182 28 326 .0 164 451 . 7 150 20 300 b 6. 2 129 377 .26 162 15 306 b 3. 6 140 402 .8 118 13 181 b 3. 6 146 247 .9 206 7.8 314 b 6.0 98 523 

.26 121 19 234 .0 158 279 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

1.7 

1.8 

3. 5 

1.7 

.8 

1.1 

4.4 

1.7 

. 7 

Tr. 

Tr. 

4. 2 

1.1 

3. 2 

4.2 

5. 6 4.1 

5.1 

1.5 

2. 2 6.0 

2. 6 

. 5 

.4 

.4 

Tr. 

------·----

-----------

-----------

-·---------

2. 2 

Total Mean Chlorine gage (Cl). dissolved height solids. (feet). 

382 1,113 4. 9 533 1, 430 3. 9 315 952 3.8 392 1,128 3. 6 575 1, 513 3. 6 354 1,114 3. 5 564 1, 532 3.4 293 1,004 3.3 283 890 3. 0 328 1, 068 3. 7 253 808 3. 3 253 892 2. 8 228 826 2. 6 124 648 4. 7 121 547 6. 0 119 420 7.0 

....... 297" 908 6. 6 1,077 4. 8 533 1,848 6. 4 201 848 4. 4 270 1, 161 7. 9 133 696 4. 4 295 1, 186 4. 0 470 1, 677 3. 9 451 1, 618 3. 5 468 :t,638 3. 0 418 1,442 2. 9 427 1, 458 3. 0 253 937 5. 6 482 1, 695 5. 0 

338 '1.136 -----------

a Analyses Dec.14, 1906, to Feb. 6, 1907, by W. M. Barr; Feb. 7 to Feb. 26, 1907, by H. S. Spaulding; Feb. 27, to Sept. 10, 1907, by Walton Van Winkle; Sept. 11 to N:ov. 190 1907, by R. B. Dole, Chase Palmer, and W. D. Collins. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Date (1905-6.) 

Anq,lyses of water from Colorado River at Austin, Tex.a 

[Parts per million.] . 

Oxides of I Carbon- Bicar- Mean iron and Sulphate Total Silica aluminum Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium I ate bonate r'adicle Chlorine dissolved ~age . 

I 

(Si02). (Fe20a+ (Ca). (Mg). (Na). (K). radicle radicle (S04). (Cl). solids. height 

'From- _T_o---1-----t-A-h_O_a>_·~~----1-----1-----1------ _<_c_o_a>_· - ,_<_H_c_o_a_)_. -1-----1 -----1-----1--<~_ee_t_>_ 

Aug. 1 

11 

21 

31 Sept. 10 

22 

30 Oct. 10 

20 

31 Nov. 10 

20 

30 Dec. 10 

20 

30 Jan. 9 

19 

29 

Feb. 8 

18 

28 Mar. 10 

20 

30 Apr. 9 

19 

29 

May 9 

19 

29 June 8 

18 

28 July· 8 

18 

Aug. 10 

20 

30 Sept. 9 

18 

29 Oct. 9 

19 

29 Nov. 8 

19 

29 Dec. 9 ·19 

29 Jan. 8 

18 

28 Feb. 7 

17 

27 Mar. 9 

19 

29 

Apr. 8 

18 

28 May 8 

18 

28 June 7 

17 

27 July 7 

17 

27 

Mean.· ______ _ 

19 

23 

28 

26 

27 

25 

30 

20 

27 

21 

22 

19 

17 

14 

15 

10 

8.8 

9.0 

10 

14 

12 

9. 0 

3.6 53 7.9 30 1.8 0.0 177 41 34 300 2.5 4. 0 58 12 42 3. 6 . 0 199 52 37 322 1. 4 1.4 53 15 45 5.3 .0 171 38 47 316 .9 2. 8 69 16 58 3. 6 . 0 220 39 44 296 . 9 1. 4 56 14 48 7. 5 . 0 212 45 53 326 1. 3 2. 6 57 15 103 7. 0 . 0 156 110 137 498 1. 7 1. 0 73 15 52 4. 3 . 0 187 60 98 432 1. 4 1.8 49 10 72 11 .0 175 34 32 244 1. 7 2. 0 52 10 49 8. 3 . 0 161 37 40 248 1. 8 

2. 4 47 9.1 ------------ ------------ . 0 174 29 32 226 1. 0 1. 8 54 13 ------------ ------------ . 0 173 33 38 252 1. 9 2.4 47 12 ------------------------ .0 173 34 41 246 1.1 3. 2 46 15 30 3. 6 . 0 197 24 49 268 1. 0 1. 8 47 17 31 4 .. 4 . 0 201 21 44 280 1. 1 1. 2 47 19 27 1. 2 . 0 223 18 48 294 1. 1 2. 0 53 20 32 4. 3 . 0 238 26 56 366 1. 1 4. 6 54 21 34 3. 8 . 0 238 28 53 330 . 9 '2. 8 49 21 34 4. 0 ' 0 228 29 60 324 1. 0 3. 2 48 21 38 3. 5 . 0 220 24 55 298 . !J 

3. 4 51 22 35 3. 4 . 0 219 29 48 290 1. 1 3.6 47 22 34 3.6 .0 214 25 51 306 1.1 1. 2 48 24 35 4. 0 . 0 218 42 66 324 . 9 1. 6 48 23 19 4. 0 . 0 221 39 59 320 . 9 li. H !! fl ~-- ------ll- ~~~~~~~~~~:: J m H H m U 14 6.4 56 24 1 53 3.5 .0 205 89 75 426 1.4 18 6. 8 68 24 I 77 4. 9 . 0 180 112 113 536 1. 2 

~~ ~: ~ ~~ 2~- 71 ~ . :: ~ : g I ~~: 1g~ 1~j ~~~ .~: ~ 35 7.0 62 17 36 4.2 b 18 151 30 55 270 3. 7 

21 2. 8 4l 13 I 51 9. 9 . 0 166 43 57 3081 ). 8 11 1 4.4 40 6.81 25 8.9 .o 160 18 26 220 2.5 13 1-' 4. 6 45 10 31 6. 9 . 0 177 28 52 268 4. 9 21 4. 4 40 6. 5 11 9. 2 . 0 133 14 24 178 5. 3 l----------l------l-----:-----·l-----l-----l·----·l-----l-----l---- 18 I 3.1 52 17 I 44 5.1 . 0 195 42 59 321 1----·------" --------~----~ 

a Analyses by W. H. Heileman. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 
RIVERS OF .TEXAS. 127 

Reduced to percentages and with the carbonates 

normal, the two average analyses of water from the 

Brazos and the Colorado assume the form given·below,. 

The alkalies in the Brazos water are corrected by the 

later determinations ·of potassium by Palmer. 

Red'uced analyses of Brazos and Colorado waters. 

Salinity, part~; per million ________________________________ ~--- 100.00 

1, 136 100.00 321 

The analysis of the water· of the Brazos shows 

clearly the influence of the semiarid plains in the 

northern part of Texas. 

The fqllowing analyses are all reduced to standard 

form fron1 da.ta published by the Southern Pacific 

Co., II. Stillman, analyst. 

Analyses of waters fTom Texas rivers. 

1. Colorado River at La Grange. 

2. Colorado River at Glidden. 

3. Eagle Lake r.t Eagle Lnke station, near Colorado Rive1·. 

4. San Marcos River at Luling. A tributary of tho Guadalupe .. 

5. Guadalupe River at Seguin. 

13. Guadalupe River at Gonzales. 

7. Medina River at Idlewild. Basin of San Antonio River. 

8. Sabinal H.ivor at Sabinal. Drains through Rio Frio into the Nueces. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 8 

-'-------1--- ·---------------

C03----------- 93.3 115.8 71.9 108.3 108.0 99.4 94.5 111.6 

804------------ 29.5 34.4 56.3 30.0 25.6 27.9 58.3 7. 9 CL ____________ 47. 1 34.0 225.5 32.5 19. 1 24.4 11. 5 i. 2 NOa .••....•.•• ................ •••••a•• 25.4 --··----- -------- -------- -------- -------- Cn ••.•••.••••• 48. 6 56.8 109.7 57.0 57.5 50.7 133.0 52.6 lV[g ____________ 14.0 1!).] 12.13 17.6 15.8 16.8. 14.6 9. 0 N:1(K) •••••••• 33.4 28.0 87. 1 19.9 10.!) 15.4 7. 5 4. 7 (A I, Fn)20a •••• 1.1 2. \) 6. 0 2. 1 1.2 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 

Si02----------- 12.0 14.0 27.9 12. 0 9. 9 11.9 10.9 14.0 

---------------- 27U. 0 305.0 622.4 279.4 248.0 248.5 262.3 219.0 

---- -- ·- --- -

Analyses of waters from Texas rivers-Continued. 

U. Percentage composition. of dissolved solids •. 

2 4 8 

-----1------------------------

COa----------- 33.44 37.97 11. 55 38. 76 43. 55 40. 00 36. 03 50. 96 so,___________ 10.57 11.28 9. 05 10. 74 10. 32 11. 23 22. 23 3. 61 36. 23 11. 63 7,. 70 9. 82 4. 38 3. 28 

1i: g~ --2o:4o· ··23:iii- -·2o:4o· ··24:o2· ---28:58 

CL........... 16.88 11.15 

NOa----------- -------~ -------- Ca............ 17.42 18.62 2. 03 6. 30 6. 37 6. 76 5. 56 4. 11 13. 99 7. 12 4. 39 6. 20 2. 86 2. 15 . 97 . 75 . . 48 . 80 . 77 . 92 4. 48 4. 30 4. 00 4. 79 4. 15 6. 39 

Mg____________ 5. 02 6. 28 

Nn(K) •..•.... 11.97 9.18. (AI, FehOa ... _ . 40 . 95 

Si02----------- 4. 30 4. 59 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

These analyses are too few for any elaborate discussion. Colorado River, which must not be confused 

with the larger river of the same name in Colorado, . 

Utah, and Arizona, shows in its high proportion of 

chlorine and alkalies the influence of saline plains at 

its headwaters. The water of Eagle Lake is quite, 

different from the others, and owes its peculiarities to 

local conditions. The other waters are such as characterize agricultural regions and draw their salinity 

from allu vi urn. I 

RIO GRANDE BASIN. 

The Rio Grande rises in the San Juan Mountains in 

southwestern Colorado,· traverses New l\1exico, and 

enter the Gulf ·of Mexico near Brownsville, Tex.,· 

after a course of about 1;800 miles. For the composition of its water we have, first, the table given in 

Water-Supply Paper 236. 
128 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

AnalyiSes of water from Rio Grande cit Laredo, Tex. a 

Date (1905-6). Oxides of 

Silica iron and Calcium Magne- Sodium 

(Si02). aluminum (Ca). sium (Mg). (Na). (Fe20a+ From- To- AhOa). 

------

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 a5 5. 0 1a7 18 104 11 20 40 a.4 204 25 102 21 ao a a a.o 117 14 118 al Sept. 9 a2 a.8 98 20 96 Sept. 10 20 al 2. 4 104 19 65 21 ao a a 2. 2 87 14 64 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 a a 2. 6 67 10 51 11 20 a9 a.o 97 17 --------io4- 21 ao a6 4. 6 98 20 al Nov. 9 ............................ ------------ ------------ ------------ ......................... Nov. 10 19 22 2. 4 110 25 ------------ 20 29 27 a. 2 76 15 --------i22' ao Dec. 9 27 2. 6 108 26 

Dec. 11 19 28 2.0 107 2a 98 20 29 2a 2. 6 87 18 72 ao Jan. 8 24 a. 2 92 20 97 Jan. 9 18 26 4.4 112 a1 122 19 28 ao a.6 149 a5 15a 29 Feb. 7 29 4. 0 142 a5 142 

Feb. 8 17 171 4. 6 1aO a4 118 18 27 2a 2. 6 82 19 141 28 Mar. 9 25 1.0 8a 22 10a Mar. 10 19 a4 1. 8 104 29 14a 20 29 a a 4.0 112 a4 147 30 Apr. 8 25 4.0 105 28 145 Apr. 9 18 a5 4. 0 107 38 190 19 28 27 3. 4 10a 36 162 29 May 8. 26 10.2 131 38 205 May 9 18 31 6. 2 151 31 131 19 28 22 5.8 83 27 "81 

29 June 7 35 3. 2 85 20 89 

June 8 17 29 7. 0 89 25 86 18 22 26 3.4 97 20 137 

28 July 7 19 1.6 64 18 .78 July 8 17 21. 2.4 68 12 65 18 27 35 2.4 72 11 82 

28 Aug. 2 32 .2 2 69 10 72 

Mean ________ 29 3. 6 104 23 112 

a Analyses by W. H. Heileman. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. 

Additionfl,l analyses of water from the Rio Grande 

are as follows. The averages from the preceding table 

are included in this. 

Analyses of water from the Rio Grande. 

i. Near Creede, Colo. 

2. At Del Norte, Colo. 

3. At Monte Vista, .Colo. 

4. At Alamosa, Colo. 

5. At Stewart's Place, Colo. 

6. At State Bridge, Colo. Analyses 1 to 6, by W. P. Head den, Colorado Agr. 

Exper. Sta. Bull. 230, 1917. 

7. At Mesilla, N.Mex. Mean of 12 samples taken monthly between June, 1893, 

and June, 1894. The average composition for a year. Analyses by :Arthur Goss 

and assistants, New Mexico Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull. 34, 1900. 

8. At Laredo, Tex. The Survey table; 37 composite analyses. 

I. Parts per million. 

-----l---~--2- __ a__ . _4_. ___ 5 __ 6_ -~1· _ _ . _s_ 

.003 ___________ 14.5 17.4 20.4 28.2 29.5 a2. 0 68.9 87.5 

S04 ____ ~------ 6.3 8.1 8.4 13.4 16.3 19.1 125.0 228.0 CL ___________ ·.7 1.3 1.4 2.6 3.1 4.4 54.0 164.0 

P04----------- .3 Tr. Tr. '.rr. ---------------- Ca____________ 11.4 12.1 13.8 19.7 23.4 21.4 59.0 104.0 Mg____________ 1. 8 1. 8 1. 9 2. 9 1. 5 3. 6 8, 2 23.0 

Na .. ~--------- 4. 0 5. 4 6. 1 9. 1 10.0 10.8 57. 6 112.0 K _____________ 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.9 2.8 3.2 7.8 6.6 

Mn20a-------- .5 1.0 .1 .1 .8 .1 ----------------

AbOa.c-------- ---~---- . 4 . 2 . 7 . 8 . 8 l 18 5 3 6 Fc20a---------~ .5 .6 .5 .7 .9 .8 J · · Si02 ___________ 34.7 27.9 29.1 35.8 31.0 ao.8 29.0 

76.6 78.184.1 U6.112o:1127.oT399~ol 757. 1 

BicarPotas- Carbonate bonate Sulphate Chlorine Total Mean gage· 

sium (K). radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved height (COa). (HCOa). (S04). solids. (feet). 

9. 5 0. 0 164 446 128 772 6. 7 9. 9 .0 159 267 14a 1,090 7.1 7. 2 .0 166 202 111 664 5. 7 5. 2 .0 178 185 144 676 4. 8 4. 9 .0 185 202 152 746 6. 5 a. 6 .0 ml 164 77 540 6. 6 5. 2 .0 88 71 4a6 6. 9 6. 5 .0 178 1a8 1a4 600 5. a 9. 6 .0 195 192 1a4 684 4. 2 

------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 8a6 a.8 

------------ .0 190 23a 20a 864 4. 6 .......................... .0 15a 155 1a9 612 5. 2 4. 9 .0 176 252 182 904 4. 9 12 .0 165 24a 144 812 4. 7 4. 7 .0 ---------·-- 191 11a 612 5. 4 4. 5 .0 ------------ 192 149 720 4. 6 5. 9 .0 212 268 201 956 4. 0 6.0 .0 245 298 240 1, 080 a. 6 a. 7 .0 185 aao 241 1,112 3. 5 a.1 .0 188 a22 241 1, 072 4. 2 11 .0 126 192 82 668 5. 1 5. 4 .0 160 19a 120 690 4.4 a. 9 .0 ------------ 254 --------227- 916 a. 6 

------------ li6. a 175 294 1,004 a.1 

---------·-- .0 169 297 265 1, 054 2. 9 

---·-------- .0 166 319 ao4 1,040 3. 2 

------------ .0 159 310 292 1, 072 3. 0 8. 9 . 0 255 309 346 1, 304 4. 3 5. 9 .0 225 a68 275 1, 094 4. 9 5.1 .0 204 1.68 121 580 5. 0 4. 4 .0 170 210 154 752 5. 4 5. 7 .0 172 193 115 654 . 4. 6 10 .0 172 2a6 166 782 4. 2 8.8 .0 157 146 105 524 4. 8 6.8 .0 171 112 103 480 7. 3 7.4 b 13 150 116 74 466 8. 4 6. 3 b 6. 3 147 118 50 410 9. 5 

6. 6 .0 178 228 164 791 ------------ I ----

A.nalyses of water from 'the Rio Grande-Continued. 

ll. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-----I---_2 ___ a ___ 4_' __ 5 ___ a _ __ 1 _ _ 8_ 

COa___________ 19.00 22.32 24. 24 · 24. a1 24. 53 25. 26 17.28 11. 55 

S04----------- 8.19 10.37 10.00 11.52 13.57 15.06 31.33 30.10 CL___________ .95 1.68 1.70 2.23 2.67 3.47 1a.55 21.65 

P04----------· . a2 Tr. Tr. 'l'r. -------- -------- Ca _________ ~-- 14.78 15.a7 16.31 16.94 19.48 16.85 14.78 13.73 Mg____________ 2.38 2.29 2.30 2.55 1.30 2.87 2.05 a.o:3 

Na·-------"--· 5. 23 6. 99 7. 25 7. 8a 8. 40 8. 52 14. 4a 14.78 K _____________ ,2.55 2.67 2.64 2.48 2.a5 2.48 1.95 .85 

Mn20a-------- .69 1.34 .10 .10 .52 .06 ----------------

AlzOa---------· -------- . 45 . 28 . 63 . 52 ·. 5

5

9

6 } 4. aa 48 Fe20a--------- .64 .80 .62 .61 .76 · Si02----------- 45.27 a5.72 a4.56 a0.80 25.90 24.28 a.83 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00, 100. 00 

The foregoing table shows some remarkable regularities. The first si..~ analyses, by Headden, cover a 

reach of about 100 miles and show progressive changes. 

At Creede the water is low in salinity and is of what 

might be called the mountain type. Its saline matter 

is derived from igneous rocks. Passing from Creede 

to State Bridge. the river enters a broad valley and 

its salinity ·steadily increases. The proportion of 

silica, very high at first, diminishes regularly, while 

carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, and bases as regularly increase. At Mesilla, in southern New Mexico, 
COLORADO RIVER BASIN. 129 

the character of the water is completely changed, and 

at Laredo, Tex., the change is even greater.' The 

effect of saline and alkaline soils and of tributaries 

like the Pecos is clearly apparent·. 

I-Ieadden's analyses as recalculated here differ fron1 

the original statements. In three of them small 

amounts of carbon are reported, and in five of thein 

figures are given for loss on ignition. These unessential details have been rejected in the reduction of the 

analyses. I-Ieadden also regards a part of the silica 

as combined in the form of silicates, but that policy 

has not been: followed in this work. The change possibly introduces a small error into the recalcuiation, 

but one so small as to be negligible. Retention of the 

original usage would complicate the comparison of the 

data. 

Analyses of waters tributary to the Rio Grande. 

1. Santa Fo llivcr at Santa Fo, N. Mcx. · 

2. Hlo Bonito at Fort Stanton, N.Mex. 

3. Pecos H.lvor at Carlsbad, N. ~1ox. Mean of five analyses. 

•1. Pecos Hivor at 'l'oyahvalo, '!'ox. Nos. 1 to 4 by Goss and his assistants, op. cit. 

5. Devils H.ivor at Devils Hivcr Station, 'rex. 

G. Las Moms Crook ncar Spofford, Tex. Analyses 5 and 6 from Southern Pacific 

Co. 

I. Parts per million. 

COs---------------------------- 19.4 89.8 31.1 84. o 89.6 so. ____________________________ 2.1 198.61,206.31,400.9 4.9 

01.. .... ~----------------------- 3.1 29.4 578.4 944.1 15.5 NOs·------------------------------------------------------------------- On_____________________________ 9. 6 100.2 469.9 437.6 47.6 

l\•lg_____________________________ 2.1 2. 8 89.6 166.9 9. 8 Na_____________________________ 4. 0 59.2 459.3 571.0 } 7. 6 } 

K __ ---- --~ ____ ---------------- 2. 8 6. 2 19. 3 35. 5 

<Al,Fo)20s---------------------} 9. 3 } 2. 8 } 8. 7 } 12.0 1· 0 

8102------------------------c--- 14.0 

52. 4 I 489. o 2, 862. 6 3, 652. o 190.0 

II. Percentage com·position or dissolved solids. 

4 

107.2 

6. 2 10.2 

i. 9 

65.5 

6. (i 

6. 8 

1.0 

12.0 

223.4 

----------1------------

COs.--------------------------- 37.02 18. 36· 1. 09 2. 30 47.16 47.98 so.____________________________ 4. 01 40. 61 42. 14 38. 36 2. 58 · 2. 77 

CL ..... ----------------------- 5. 92 6. 02 20.22 25.85 8. 16 4. 57 

NOs-------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 54 Ca _____________________________ 18 .. 32 20.49 1G.41 11.98. 25.05 29.32 

Mg·---------------------------- 4. 01 . 57 3.13 4. 57 5.16 2. 95 Nl\----------------------------- 7. G4 12.11 16.04 15.65 } 4. 00 } 3. 04 K------------------------------ 5.35 1.27 .67 .97 

(~l,FchOs.--------------------} 17.73 } . 57 } . 30 } . 32 . 52 . 45 Sl02---------------------------- 7. 37 5. 38 

"li)i).'() 100. 00 lOo.O 100:00- 100.' 00 100. 00 

The great salinity of the Pecos, its deficiency in 

carbonates, and its high proportions of chlorides, sulphates, and alkalies show that its course is largely 

in an arid region, with the characteristic saline soils. 

It is the largest tributary of the Rio Grande, and its 

in:fluence upon that strean1 appears in the composition 

of the water at Laredo, which is below the mouth· 

of the Pecos. Rio Bonito is a moi1ntain stream, which 

joins the Pecos. Its water is of an intermediate 

character, being derived partly from igneous rocks, 

partly from saline plains lower in its course. · 

COLORADO RIVER BASIN. 

Colorado River, sometimes called Colorado River of 

the West, to distinguish it from the Texan river of the 

same name, rises in the mountains of western Colorado. 

Its main tributary is .the Green, which has its source 

in southern Wyoming. The drainage basin of the 

Colorado is estimated at about 230,000 square miles. 

For nearly 300 miles of its course it flows through the 

deep gorge ·known as tl).e Grand Canyon. After 

traversing Arizona it enters Mexican territory and 

empties into the Qulf of California. 

Analyses of waters in the Colorado River basin. 

1. Colorado River at Yuma, Ariz., 1893. 

2. The same, 1898. Analyses i and 2 received froin Southern Pacific Co. 

3. The same, average of seven composite samples covering collections mado 

between January 10, 1900, and January 24, 1901. R. H. Forbes and W. W: Skinner, 

analysts. Arizona Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull. 44, 1902. The mean composition 

of the water for a year. 

4. Animas River at Aztec, N.Mex. Enters San Juan River, an upper tributary 

of the Colorado. Analysis by Arthur Goss, New Mexico Agr. Expor. Sta. Bull. 

34, 1900. 

5. Gila River at head of Florence canal, below The Buttes, Ariz. Average of four 

· analyses by Forbes and Skinner representing 21 weekly composite samples taken 

between November 28, l899, and November 5, 1900. 

6. Salt River at Mesa, Ariz. A verago of 40 weekly composites' of water taken 

between August 1, 1899, and August 4, 1900. Forbes and Skinner, analY.sts. Salt 

River and the Gila are tributaries of the Colorado. In the original statement of the 

analyses silica is reported as tho silicate radicle SiOs. This is reduced to Si02 in the 

table. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 

----------1-----------------

COs---------------------------- 86.9 91.8 91.4 66.8 123.7 118.5 

so, ___ ------------------------- 230.9 242. o 200.8 175.9 164.3 102.3 

CL .. -------------------------- 183.3 197.3 139.8 49.0 305.0 513.0 

Ca._--------------------------- 66. 1 89.4 72. 7 76.0 82.1 88.2 16.3 25.8 33.2 35.5 250.9 325.5 ·6. 8 23.5 17.0 

. 0 -------- -------- -------- -------- 47.7 36.3 

~~==~~~~~~==~===~=~~~~~~=~~~=~} 1~~: ~ )1~~:! ~HJ AbOa----------------~----------} 39.8 7. 0 --------} 

§i~~s-~~======================== 18.9 -------- ---2i~4-

833. 0 813. 0 702. 0 426. 3 1, 023. 0 1, 234. 0 

ll. Percentage composition or dissolved solids. 

----------!--_2_j_3 __ 4_1_5 ___ 6_· _ 

COs .. ------------~------------- 10. 43 11. 27 13.02 15. 67 12. 10 9. 61 so.____________________________ 21. 66 29. n 28. 61 41. 26 16. o7 8. 29 

CL .. -------------------------- 22.00 24.27 19.92 11.49 29.78 41.56 Ca .•. ----------------------~-- 7.94 10.99 10.35 17.83 8.03 7.15 Mg ... -------------------------- 1. 58 3. 46 3.14 3. 82 2. 52 2. 69 Na _____________________________ } 23.35 } 19.36 19.75 8. 33 24.53 26.38 

K. --------0-------------------- 2. 17 1. GO 2. 31 1. 38 

~;~~::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~~~~~~~ 

The Colorado is a typical water of the· kind which 

draws its dissolved solids· from an arid region. It is 

therefore worth while to compare it with waters of the 

other two types, and 'these for present purposes are 

well represented by the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. In the following table the three waters are 

compared. Each column gives in percentage form the 

average composition of the eorresponding water for a.n' 
130 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED· STATES. 

entire year. The figures for the St. Lawrence and 

Mississippi have been discussed· i:p. previOus sections 

of this memoir. 

vegetation, and the water, therefore, is a carbonate 

water. The Colorado, on the other hand, drains an 

arid region, with scanty rainfall and vegetation, and 

Comparative table for three typical waters. 

·such soluble decomposition products as there are 

accumulate in the soil. As for the Mississippi, it is an 

intermediate water, fed by waters from humid regions 

on the east and by tributaries from the semiarid plains 

of western· Kansas and Arkansas on. the west. It 

represents a ble~ding of all types of river water. The 

transition from one extren1e type to the other is very 

striking. 

1. St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg, N. Y. 

2. Mississippi River at New OrleaBs, La. 

3. Colorado River of Arizona at Yuma, Ariz. 

2 

---------------------------------11------------------

CO a............................................... 45. 70 so................................................. 9. 15 CL. •. . .. ..... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 87 

~~~~==·:==== === == = = = = = = == = = = = = = = = == == == = = = = = = = = = === 23: ~~ 

34.98 

15.37 

6. 21 1. 60 

13.02 

28.61 

19.92 

10.35 

. ~~::============================================== .} ' ~Ji } 

20.50 

5. 38 

8. 33 

3.14 

19.75 

2. 17 3.04 

INTERIOR BASIN OF CALIFORNIA. 

The interior basin of California comprises that portion of the State which lies east of the Sierra Nevada. 

The southern part of it is arid and includes the great 

Mohave Desert. North of this area there are two 

large.alkaline lakes, which deserve first attention. 

SiOa.. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 03 AhOa .............................................. ---------- Fe20a.............................................. . 06 

7. 05 

.45 

. 13 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million .............. ~---------· 134 166 702 

The St. Lawrence is a typical river of the Temperate Zone, in which, in __ winter and early spring, 

alternations of freezing and thawing disintegrate the 

rocks and .render them more attackable by percolating . 

water$. There is also abundant rainfall and rich 

OWENS AND MONO LAKES. 

First, there are two tables of analyses from Owens 

.River, the principal feeder of Owens Lake, as given by 

Van Winkle and Eaton in Water-Supply Paper 237. 

Analyses of water from Owens River near Round Valley, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

I 

I 

Mean discharge. 

. Mag- So:~m Carbon- Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate . Calcmm nesium potas- I a~e a~e radicle radicle Chlorme T~tal . (Ca). (Mg). sium radicle radicle (S04

). NOa). (Cl). solids. Acre-feet Cubic_ 

(Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). per day. ~~~~E~~ 

17 ----4-.5---.---53- __ o ___ o~~ 35 1. 2 23 210 494. 1 249. 2 

~~ ~: ~ ~~ 3

: g I ~~~ ~i t ~ ~~ ~~~ !~~J ~~~: ~ 18 4. 5 68 . 0 155 30 . 66 . 28 268 445. 5 224. 6 11 2. 6 21 . 0 . 63 21 . 43 4. 4 107 418. 5 211 16 5.2 56 .0 134 45 2.1 23 240 459;0 231.4 13 3.8 47 .0 131 41 1.8 21 240 530.0 267.2 

16 3. 0 471 . 0 124 30 1. 9 22 216 560. 7 282. 7 17 2. 1 44 . 0 131 31 23 216 516. 7 260. 5 16 3. 1 46 . 0 126 38 2. 3 20 224 553. 7 279. 2 14 4. 0 41 . 0 115 30 1. 8 18 202 581. 9 293. 4 15 4. 4 35 . 0 94 29 2. 0 14 170 619. 7 312. 5 14 7. 3 20 . 0 68 38 . 34 8. 5 135 593. 2 299. 1 14 4. 2 29 . 0 85 19 2. 8 15 152 608. 3 306. 7 15 4.5 24 .0 79 23 1.6 9.5 137 526.6 265.5 16 3. 1 31 . 0 . 93 19 . 4 12 151 604. 3 304. 7 13 3. 1 15 . 0 75 14 1. 7 9. 0 117 554. 7 279. 7 

~~ ~: ~ ~i i : g ~~ ~~ ----··:2-- ~: ~ 1~~ :~~: ~ ~~~· 5 

13 2. 3 11 1 . o 78 18 __________ 6. 8 123 469. 1 236. 5 

12 4. 0 31 . 0 95 29 1. 1 9. 9 125 393. 9 198. 6 12 3. 3 38 . . 0 92 38 . 96 . 16 158 379. 0 191. 1 12 3: 0 20 . 0 62 23 . 50 6. 0 99 373. 5 188. 3 8. 8 5. 1 19 . 0 73 12 1. 0 2. 0 116 . 362. 8 182. 9 

15 5. 7 64 . 01' 161 33 . 88 29 271 362. 8 182. 9 14 8. 7 66 . 0 154 . 41 . 40 28 264 368. 2 185. 7 15 10 54 . 0 139 . 42 .. 42 22 236 353. 0 178. 0 18 5. 9 77 . 0 164 40 . 48 29 278 361. 0 182. 0 

J-------J-------·J------:-----15--·J----4.--3 40 -----. 0-~----1-1-1 30 1. 2 ----17--,----;:sg 476 240 
INTERIOR BASIN OF CALIFORNIA. 131 

Analyses of water from, Owens River at Charlies Butte, near Tinemaha, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.) 

Date (1 907-8). Sodium BicarbonMean discharge·. 

Carbon- --------- ·sulphate Tur- Silica Calcium Mag- and ate ate Nitrate Chlorine '.rotal 

bidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). nesium potas-. radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Cubic 

From- To- (Mg).· slum (COa). (HCOa). (SOt). NOa). Acre-feet feet per (Na+K). per day. second. 

--- -------------·--------------

Doc. 31 Jan. 9 10 44 0.15 28 7. 4 66 0. 0 171 46 1.0 27 290 1, 017. 5 513 

Jan. 0 19 20 44 . 15 32 5. 8 63 .0 167 49 1.4 29 288 1, 035. 5 522.1 

:0 29 20 45 .15 33 8. 6 67 .0 199 63 1. 7 36 362 1, 127. 2 568.3 

30 Fob. 8 30 43 . 21 33 8. 3 102 . 0 233 73 1. 4 49 407 1, 288.4 649.6 

Fob. 9 18 20 42 .12 26 8. 6 95 . 0 212 65 1. 5 43 366 1, 106. 2 557.7 

19 28 30 42 . 17 31 8. 5 87 . 0 216 63 5. 7 41 374 1, 095. 8 552.5 

29 Mar. 9 18 43 . 17 26 7. 2 84 .o 211 50 2. 5 39 344 989.2 498. 7 

l'>'far."IIO . 19 25 47 . 33 25 5. 6 84 • 0 205 51 3. 2 39 353 1, 108.9 559. 1 

20 29 35 43 .15 28 6. 2 77 ,o 218 45 3.0 34 338 878. 3· 442.8 

30 Apr. 8 10 48 . 13 28 12 62 a4. 8 193 55 2. 0 30 . 329 464.7 234.3 

Apr. 19 28 Tr. 45 .04 37 18 64 . 0 272 63 . 75 40 412 180.7 91. 1 

29 May 8 5 42 1. 0 41 22 79 .0 290 68 2. 5 45 432 120.0 60.5 

:May 9 18 Tr. 43 . 18 41 21 74 a31 · 203 73 1. 4 35 431 114.0 57.5 

19 28 'l'r. 41 .45 39 19 72 . 0 266 67 2.1 40 296 115.0 58.0 

29 Juno 7 Tr. 40 . 15 38 19 70 .0 254 61 2. 2 38 374 119.0 60.0 

Juno 8 17 8 42 . 13 39 20 72 .0 261 56 3. 0 42 391 90.2 45.5 

18 27 10 31 . 18 37 14 68 .0 240 60 1.4 31 364 122.2 61.6 

28 July 7 20 47 32 20 79 a2. 4 249 53 . 92 40 380 222.7 112.3 . 33 July 8 17 1'r. 41 . 40 27 11 59 . . 0 188 41 .44 27 295 521.8 263.1 

18 27 12 47 . 13 32 16 55 a6. 0 212 45 1. 1 30 331 323.8 163.3 28. Aug. ( 40 "I . 08 26 11 51 . 0 181 46 1. 8 23 293 564.3 284.5 

Aug. 7 16 40 39 . 30 28 8. 5 49 . 0 161 44 1. 6 19 252 808.3 407.5 

17 26 ....................... 47 . 55 32 11 51 aTr. 195 43 1. 0 14 302 320.5 161.6 

27 Sept. 5 .8 39 . 20 44 12 55 .0 210 48 2. 0 27 317 213.2 107.5 

Sept. 6 15 50 40 . 25 33 12 73 .0 222 49 1. 8 37 351 272.3 137.3 

Hl 25 20 41 . 20 30 10 56 . 0 196 45 ---------- 29 379 398.4 209 

26 Oct. 5 10 30 .04 30 10 58 .0 202 43 .54 27 307 494.1 249. 1 

Oct. 6 15 20 40 . 05 27 7. 7 62 . 0 195 39 . 78 25 284 507.0 . 255.6 

16 25 25 49 . 13 25 9. 0 64 . 0 188 52 . 74 25 303 632.9 319.1 

26 Nov. 4 15 41 . 26 26 7. 9 57 . 0 171 42 . 70 24 273 768.6 387.5 

Nov. 5 14 20 43 . 07 27 8. 4 60 . 0 173 41 . 20 24 278 788.8 397.7 

15 24 8 55 . 34 28 8. 8 70 . 0 188 56 1.1 26 314 786.6 396.6 

25 Doc. 4 14 42 . OS 29 9. 1 76 . 0 188 69 3. 3 35 334 808.3 407.5 

Doc. 5 14 14 46 . 36 30 11 81 . 0 185 67 1. 6 3P 344 865.2 436.2 

15 24 Tr. 45 . 34 28 9. 9 64 . 0 189 48 3. 8 30 310 748.7 377.5 

25 31 10 46 . OS 27 9. 8 86 . 0 190 79 . 70 34 312 799.2 402. g 

--- Moan ........ 16 431 • 22 31 12 69,. .0 211 54 1. 7 33 339 606 306 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in thoiavcrago. 

The averages· of th~ foregoing tables, reduced to ' 

percentage form, appear in the next table together 

with analyses of the lake waters. 

Analyses of water from Qwens and Mono lakes, Calif. 

1. Owens River at Round Valley; 28 composite analyses. 

2. Owens River at Charlies Butte;l36 composites. 

3. Owens Lake. Analysis by T.~M. Chatard, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 60, p. 58, 

1890. . 

4. 'l'he same. Analysis by C. H. Stone, cited by W. T. Lee in Water Supply 

Paper 181, p. 22, 1906. Sample taken in August,,1905. 

5 .. 1'he same. Analysis by W. B. Hicks in chemical laboratory of U .. S. Geol. 

Survey. 

6. 'L'hc same. Analysis by J. G. Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 61, p. SO, 1914. 

7. :Mono Lake. Analysis by Chatard, op. cit., p. 53. 

2 4 

----------1---

C03------------------- 26.97 29.84 23.51 24.55 SOt-------------------- 14.83 15.52 9. 95 9. 93 

CL -------------------- 8. 40 9. 49 25. 67 24.82 ·NOs------------------- . 60 . 49 -------- . 45 POt------------------------------------------- .11 Dt07------------------- -------- -------- . 48 . 14 AS203------------------ -------- -------- -------- . 05 ca _______________ .______ 7. 40 8. 92 . 02 . 02 

Mg·--------·-·-------- 2. 13 3. 45 . 01 . 01 J.,j_ ____________________ ------------------------ .03 

Nn·-·-··---·----------} 19.76} 19.84 37.83 38.09 

K ..... -----·---------- 2. 18 1. 62 Rb, Cs •...•••...•.•••• ------------------------ Tr. 

AhOs------------------ -------- -------- . 04 } . 04 Fc20a__________________ .15 .09 .02 

Si03--------·---------- 19.76 12.36 .29 .14 

6 

22.70 26.06 23.42 9. 89 7. 62 12.86 25.40 25.39 23.34 Tr. 

---i.-89" . 27 

Tr. . 32 

-------- ---i.-47" -----.-04 . 03 .10 

""37."83" ""37."42~ """37."93 

2.09 1.7.4 1.85 

Tr. 

Tr. 

. 14 

100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

lion •.•••••••••••••••• 202.4 347.8 72,700 213,700 118,830 15,900. 51,170 Salinity, parts per mil- I 

Specific gravity ________ ---------------- 1. 062 --~----· --------~-------~ 1. 04!.i 

Early analyses of Owens Lake and Black Lake .by 

Oscar Loew are too incomplete to be available for use 

here. The salinity assigned to Owens Lake in column 

6 is evidently too low. The apparent-error is probably 

due to a misprint, either a misplaced· comma _or a 

-transposal of the· figures 1 and 5. The variations in 

the salinity of the lake may be partly the result of 

differences between high and low water in Owens 

River. 

The saline residue from Owens Lake is very uniform 

in composition, as shown jn the four ·analyses given 

in the table. On evaporation the water deposits trona, 

N a2C03.N aHC03.2H20. At ordinary temperatures 

the water contains the bicarbonate radicle, but upon 

ignition at a red heat the sodium bicarbonate would 

be reduced to the normal salt, and the anhydrous 

residue from the water would then have the composition shown in the analyses as stated here. 

The water of Owens Lake is used coinmercially for 

the recovery of the soda, a subject which was thoroughly studie·d by Chatard in his classical paper upon 

"natural soda." 42 

For three waters south of Owens Lake the following 

analyses are available: 

t2 U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 60, 1890. 
132. COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of waters south of Owens Lake, Calif. 

1. Haiwee Creek at Haiwee. 

2. Snow Creek at Whitewater. Analyses 1 and 2·received from Southern :Pacific 

Co. 

3. Mohave River at Victorville. Analysis by Walton Van Winkle. U.S. Gaol. 

Survey. Water-Supply Paper 237, p. 125, 1910. Reduced to normal carbonates. 

Parts per million. Percentage _composition. 

2 3 2 3 

----------1------------------

COs---------------------------- 150 57.7 40.9 38.66 37.65 36.08 so, ____________________________ 46 24.3 7.9 11.85 15.85 6.98 

CL---------------------------- 42 5. 3 6. 0 10.83 3. 46 5. 29 03 ·------------------------- -- -----73" ---28-i" ::.:;: 6 ""i8:81" ""i8:33~ 13: ~g 1\! a-------------------~--------- 18 6. 2 2. 9 4. 64 4 04 2. 51 

N~-K--~=================~====== . 45 15:2 15.0 ·11. 60 o: 91 13.21 

§t6~ -~~============·============ ======== ======== 25: ~ ======== ======== 22: 5~ Oxides a·------------------"----~~~~~~~~ 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

SALTON SEA. 

Salton Sea is a body of water of variable area, 

which occupies a depression at the head of Imperial 

Valley in California. It was originally formed by 

ove~flows ~from Colorado River, but these- have been 

checked, and now Salton Sea receives additions of 

water only from seepage and from several small 

streams. Two analyses of the water are cited by 

Van Winkle and Eaton. 43 Reduced to percentages 

and with all the carbonates normal they are as follows: 

. Analyses of water from Salton Sea. 

1. .Sample taken Nov. 12, 1907. Analysis by W. Van Winkle. 

2. Sample taken Feb. 28, 1908. Analysis by J. A. Bailey and A. M. McAfee. 

COs---------------------------------------------------------- 2. 06 

so, CL ________ --------------------------------------------------- 14. 21 •... __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .46. 44 

NOs---_-~ ________________________ -------------- __ ----________ . 01 

Ca.__________________________________________________________ 2. 72 

Mg. Na. ____ ----------_------- _____ ------------------------------ 1. 72 ________________ -"- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28. 54 

K ___________________ . __________________________________ • __ _ _ _ _ 3. 81 

Fe20a------ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ . 01 

~lb~- ----== === == === = = === === = = = == == == = == ==~ = = == ==== = = === = == == == = = -----·: 48-

2 

2. 15 

13.54 

46.33 

3. 42 

1.85 

28.65 

3. 73 

. 01 

. 23 

. 09 

100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million____________________________________ 3, 934 4, 154 

43 U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 237, p. 125, 1910. 

SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

The rivers of the south Pacific ~lope are those which 

drain into the Pacific Ocean south of San Francisco 

Bay. For convenience they may be divided into 

three. groups-first, the drainage of Monterey Bay; 

second, those which reach the Pacific between Monterey Bay and the Santa Monica Mountains; and 

third, those of the valley of southern California 

between Los Angeles and the Mexican boundary. 

MONTEREY BAY SYSTEM. 

The three principal a:ffluents of Monterey B·ay are 

San Lorenzo, Pajaro, and Salinas rivers. For these 

streams Van Winkle and Eaton44 furnish tables giving 

their average composition, the Pajaro, however, 

being represented by its chief tributary, San Benito 

River. They also give similar tables for four of the 

principal tributaries of the Salinas and data r~lative 

to other less noteworthy streams. A few other 

analyses have been received from ·'the Southern 

Pacific Co., and all these minor data are jnterpolated 

in their proper places between the larger and more 

significant tables. Beginning with the northernmost 

of the rivers the analyses are as follows. 

HAll the tables of analysis by Van Winkle at Eaton are from Water-Supply Paper 

237, 1910. 
Date (1906). 

Silica 'l'urbidity. (Si02). 

From- To-

---

Jan. 6 Jan. 10 ................................ 33 11 20 ................................ 29 21 30 .............................. 2S 31 Feb. 9 ................................. 24 Feb. 10 19 ................................. 21 20 Mar. 1 .............................. 23 Mar. 2 11 .............................. .23 12 21 ................................. . 20 

22 31 ................................ 20 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 .............................. 23 11 20 ............................... 21 21 30 ............................. 20 May 1 May 10 ............................... 25 11 20 ................................ 23 21 31 ............................. 26 June 1 June 11 ................................ 19 11 20 ............................. 22 21 30 .............................. 21 

July 1 July 10 ................................. 27 

11 20 .................................. 27 

21 31 .............................. 25 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 ............................... 31 

11 19 .............................. 2S 

21 31 ............................. 21 

Sept. 1 Sept. 10 .................................. 25 

11 20 .............................. 26 

21 30 ............................ 24 

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 ------------- 21 

11 20 ------------- 17 21 31 ............................. 20 

Nov. 1 Nov. 10 -----------5- 20 

11 20 23 

21 30 5 25 

Doc. 1 Dec. 10 10 19 

11 19 60 16 

21 31 40. 15 

Mean .••••••• ------------- 23 

SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of 'Water from San Lorenzo River at Big Trees, Calif. 

[Parts per million.] 

I Magno· Potas· Carbon· Bicarbon· 

Fe20a+ Calcium Sodium ate ate AbO a. (Ca). sium (Na). sium radicle radicle (Mg). (K). (COs). (HCOa). 

1. 0 41 11.0 61 0.5 0.0 144 l.S 31 6 .. 3 16 3.S . 0 79 . s 31 7.1 26 1.7 ."0 100 

.8 36 --------8~0- 19 1. 7 .0 11S 1.4 27 13 .3 .o 109 2. 2 32 7.5 15 3. 0 • 0 99 

3. 6 33 s. 4 18 5.4 .0 102 

3. 6 19 s. 2 18 1. 5 . 0 S7 

5.S 26 6.9 13 l.S .0 S2 2. 4 ·34 s. 3 11 1.8 . 0 99 4.4 41 10 19 3. 6 .0 121 

5.0 49 11 17 2. 4 .0 156 3. 2 54 12 22 3. 6 . 0 169 

3. 2 51 12 35 3. 2 .0 170 

3.S 42 12 21 2. 2 .0 141 4.0 . 43 12 23 2. 6 .0 142 4.4 47 12 29 1.9 .0 157 

5.4 39 12 27 2. 0 .0 162 

Fe. .10 4S 11 16 .0 164 .10 56 14 27 a 5.5 162 .07 46 10 34 .0 167 

. 05 54 11 27 a 7. 0 154 .10 59 11 42 .0 176 . 10 52 9. 9 30 .0 166 

. 15 '47 11 38 .o ;167 

. 20 51 11 37 . 0 164 

. 20 54 0.3 43 .0 163 .10 68 10 24 .0 1S9 

. 05 4S 9. 5 44 . 0 184 

.10 44 9. 7 32 .0 182 

. 30 46 9. 8 37 .0 174 

. 70 56 11 41 .0 182 

• 50 51 12 43 .0 1S6 

.07 48 11 46 . 0 182 . 10 40 8. 9 32 .0 12S . 20 37 9.8 32 .0 128 

.18 44 10 31 .0 147 

Sulphate Chlorine radicle (Cl). (S04). 

37 26 30 17 41 18 34 22 39 24 39 17 39 16 39 30 34 12 36 14 40 IS 4S 22 50 26 47 29 44 26 45 25 46 24 47 32 

52 28 58 31 53 34 43· 35 43 35 40 36 39 36 3S 38 37 40 39 41 44 41 37 40 44 40 44 41 50 41 52 39 42 2S 46 31 

43 29 

a Abnormal.; computed as HCOs in the average. 

Date (1906). 

From- ToAnalyses of 'Water from San Benito River at Hollister, Calif. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

[Parts per million.] 

Fe20s Calclutn. ~f~e- I Sodium 

+AI20s. (Ca). (Mg). (Na). 

Potassium 

(K). 

Ca~~~n- BiC:~~on- Sulphate Chlorine 

radicle radicle radicle (OJ). 

(COa). (HCO~). (S04). 

133 . 

Total 

solids. 

230 

19S 

152 

238 

20S 

170 

1S6 

216 

204 

202 

20S 

276 

27S 

28S 

250 

254 

264 

260 

280 

280 

2S6 

296 

310 

274 

28S 

284 

288 

260 

288 

284 

306 

2S6 

280 

310 

234 

262 

255 

Total 

solids. 

---------1---·-------l-------------------------------------------

Jan. !. .................. ·Jan. 10------------------- 25 1. 4 65 92 234 2.0 27 356 3S3 184 1,136 

11..-------•• ------.- 20 .• ----------------- 26 1. 4 58 35 so 4. 7 0.0 229 140 68 516 

21. •• -.-------------- 30 •• --••• --.--------- 31. •••• -------------- Fob. 9 __________________ _ 25 3. 2 92 -----·-59" 126 5.4 .0 375 246 llS S56 15 3.4 62 165 5.4 6. 5 384 270 147 950 Feb. 10 .•••• -------------- 19 __________________ _ 16 1.6 52 60 119 2.4 16 363 208 99 72S 

20 •.••• -------------- Mar. L------------------ 27 3.0 38 36 44 3.0 .0 109 502 

~1:ar. 2.... .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . 11. •• __ -·-- __ • ----••. 25 3.4 54 40 58 2.4 . 0 273 144 60 522 

12.-- -~.- ------------ 21. •• ----------· ----- 24 4.0 35 27 36 4. 9 191 so 32 356 

Apr. 1. ••• ~-----------··· Apr. 9 •••••• -------------

11 •••••• -------·--·-. 17----.---------·----

26 2.0 49 39 42 5.4 .0 271 S8 40 508 23 3. 8 47 53 67 3.3 5. 0 322 130 59 .576 

May 13 •••. --------------- May 20·------------------ 21................... 30 __________________ _ 26 4.0 64 58 110 5. 3 2. 7 331 197 96 718 28 3. 0 57 62 105 3. 8 8. s 31S 217 9S 776 

31. •••• -------------- June 10 •....••..•••••••..• Juno 11................... 20 .................. . 

21. _._. ----.---------- 30 •. -----------------

Dec. 1 ..... ----------···· Dec. 10 ..••• -------------- 11................... 20 __________________ : 

21. •• ------•• ----•• -- 30 ..• -------------- ~. 

24 3. s 53 70 91 l.S 11 362 1S7 "I 740 

26 5.S 53 67 90 3.6 .0 359 235 106 S24 24 6. 6 62 72 123 5. 1 3.0 362 272 130 936 

Fe. 32 .10 68 so 1SO 8.0 456 310 141 I "1,000 21 .10 S4 56 122 6.0 375 212 74 706 

20 • 07 57 . 66 144 12 372- 254 93 S36 ------ ------- Menu ••.•••••••••.••.• ------------------------- 24 .09 58 57 110 6. 2 335 204 951 732 

S9135-24t----10 
134 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Two other analyses of water in the San Benito basin 

are reported by Van Winkle. With them w.e t~bulate 

one analysis representing a creek that enters. the 

Pacific at Davenport, a short distance north of Monterey Bay. 

Analyses of water from San Benito River and two creeks. 

1. San Benito River near Hollister. 

2. Pescadero Creek, the water supply of Hollister. A-nalyses 1 and 2 by W. Van 

Winkle. 

3. San Vicente Creek at Davenport. Analysis received from Southern Pacific Co. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

-----------1---___ ! ______ __ z _ __ a_ 

C03---------------------------- 216.2 52.6 31. 1 28.78 30.71 26.40 so. ____________________________ 214.0 13.0 10.8 28.48 7. 59 9.17 

CL----------------------------- 69.0 19.0 15.8 9.18 11. 10 13.42 ca _____________________________ Mg 50.0 30.0 17.2 6. 66 17.52 14.60 _____________________________ 78.0 7. 6 3. 6 10.38 4.44 3. 06 Na(K) _________________________ 107.0 21.0 15.4 14.21 12.26 13.07 

Fe203-----"-------------------- .2 0 1 23.9 0 05 0 06 } 20.28 Si02---------------------------- 17.0 28.0 2. 26 16.32 

Analyses of water from Salinas River at Paso Robles, Calif. 

fParts oer million.] 

Date (1907-8.) 

Turbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). 

From- To-

---

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 Tr. 27 0. 53 83 27 Jan. 10 19 Tr. 24 .02 65 27 

20 . 29 175 25 0 50 55 20 

30 Feb. 8 50 34 . 25 45 19 

Feb. 9 18 65 29 . 35 44 21 19 28 50 28 . 07 53 24 29 Mar. 9 60 26 .20 45 22 Mar. 10 19 10 30 • 0 30 55 25 

20 29 Tr. 26 . 30 57 24 30 Apr. 8 Tr. 27 .16 61 28 

Apr. 9 18 5 25 0 08 60 26 

19 28 5 25 .18 61 27 

29 May 8 Tr. 30 0 05 60 28 

May 9 18 Tr. 32 . 03 61 33 

19 28 Tr. 30 .15 65 30 

29 June 7 5 27 .05 64 28 June 8 17 Tr. 24 .20 54 23 

18 27 Tr. 28 .05 63 30 

28 July 7 Tr. 30 .19 61 29 

July 8 17 3 37 :10 65 30 

Oct. al Oct. 5 Tr. 36 .02 57 31 6 15 Tr. 42 .07 62 36 

16 25 Tr. 46 0 04 60 32 

26 Nov. 4 Tr. 35 0 05 63 32 Nov. 5 14 5 35 .05 64 32 

15 24 6 33 0 04 65 32 

25 Dec. 4 5 29 .08 64 34 Dec. 5 14 Tr. 33 .12 66 32 

15 24 Tr. 35 .06 65 31 24 31 35 36 .08 

631 

36 

Mean ________ 16 31 .151 60 28 

a River dry July 18 to Oct. 1. 

Two additional analyses of water from Salinas 

River are reported by Van Winkle, and two more have 

been received from the Southern Pacific Co. The 

figu~es, reduced to standard form, are as follows. 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate 

I and radicle ate radicle· radicle, radicle Chlorine Total 

potassium (C03). (HC03). (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. 

(Na+K) 

37 2.4 246 99 0. 5 25 415 

33 1.2 249 103 1.8 25 423 

16 .0 183 80 1. 2 17 307 26 .0 168 72 .6 15 292 

30 2. 4 173 74 1.3 14 296 29 9. 6 188 87 0 81 18 334 

25 .0 185 83 0 94 16 315 

28 7. 2 215 96 .88 21 352 

33 1.2 222 97 1.5 22 380 

34 11 221 101 1.2 22 387 

33 .0 246 106 1.0 23 388 

32 12 229 98 .80 23 391 

32 12 . 229 99 1.0 24 391 

35 17 222 98 . 60 25 408 41 31 198 103 1.5 29 428 

51 9.1 255 100 . 80 33 426 

53 19 245 87 .62 37 427 66 2.6 305 97 0 1.2 51 466 . 83 4.3 312 95 .48 56 475 

79 1. 2 339 116 . 34 65 537 

88 2. 4 326 103 . 5 65 530 

103 4. 8 349 106 .4 63 544 

99 6. 0 344 99 .48 64 545 

108 3. 6 353 95 . 30 63 540 

84 2.4 351 94 . 24 62 544 

90 .0 354 98 .18 60 537 

93 .0 354 111 .18 60 555 

89 4. 8 332 106 .40 56 615 

92 .0 354 104 . 40 57 540 

126 .0 400 110 .18 64 648 

!i9 5. 61 2721 97 .741 39 448 

Analyses of water from SaUnas River, Calif. 

1. At Templeton. 

2. At Kings City. Analyses 1 and 2from Southern Pacific Co. 

3. Above Salinas City, Aug. 28, 1908. 

4. The same, Apr. 6, 1908. Analyses 3 and 4 by Van Winkle. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

-----I--~- __ 2 ___ a ___ 4_ --~- __ z_l __ a ___ 4_ 

C03---------- 112.6 76.0 131.0 110.0 31.02 30.53 19.20 22.61 so4----------- 97.5 55.9 253.0 150.0 26.86 22.45 37.08 .30.83 

CL___________ 19.9 1~.9 80.0 49.0 5.48 8.00 11.73 10.08 

N03---------- -------- -------- 1. 0 1. 3 -------- -------- .15 . 27 Ca____________ 63.5 39.9 72.0 66.0 17.49 16.03 10. 55 13.57 

Mg___________ 25.0 15.5 50.0 31.0 6.89 6.22 7.32 6.37 

Na, K________ 24.5 21.9 70.0 51.0 6. 75 8. 80 10.26 10.48 

Fe20a--------- -------- -------- . 3 . 2 -------- -------- . 04 . 03 

(AI, Fe2

) 0 3 ___ .2. 0 2. 0 -------- --------, . 551 . 80 -------- -------- Si02__________ 18.0 17.9 25.0 28.0 4.96 7.17 3.67 5.76 --------------------·----

363. 0 249. 0 682. 3 486. 5 1100. 00 . 100. 00 ·100. 00 100. 00 
SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 135 

The four following tables relate to tributaries of Salinas River:· 

Analyses of water from Estrella River near San Miguel, Calif. 

[Parts per million.] 

])ate (1907-8). Sodium Carbonate Bicarbonate Sulphate Nitrate 

Turbidity. Silica Calcium Magnesium and Chlorine Total (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S01). (NOa). 

-

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 30 ) "I 0.08 86 49 221 4. 8 278 336 0. 4 185 1,094 JQn. 10 19 50 20 .30 80 47 202 4. 8 273 345 .44 180 1,084 20 29 1,800 38 • 30 94 47 155 0 232 299 2. 0 145 926 30 Feb. 8 950 28 . 12 95 35 173 0 212 350 . 26 146 955 Feb. 9 18 1, 200 24 .28 90 36 147 0 206 304 1.3 112 925 19 28 550 28 .08 90 48 189 0 240 394 1.0 160 ~. 039 29 Mar. 9 750 26 . 22 90 40 150 0 292 341 4. 0· 121 889 1\:lnr. 10 10 85 31 .32 86 47 195 5. 0 266 391 .80 157 1, 060 20 20 5. 33 . 05 86 49 208 14.0 264 403 . 02 171 1, 117 30 Apr. 8 5 37 .15 86 54 212 19 257 408 . 95 185 1, 140 Apr. 0 18 5 31 .05 80 55 216 17 254 408 . 65 193 1, 167 10 28 20 33 . 33 80 55 219 17 261 408 . 90 195 1, 162 29 May 8 Tr. 29 . 08 79 56 223 17 261 393 .65 199 1, 176 .May 0 18 'l'r. 36 . 15 77 58 229 8. 4 276 422 1.4 214 1, 229 19 28 'l'r. 40 . 35 . 71 60 247 16 ° 254 444 1.5 223 1, 281 20 June 7 15 26 0 08 83 62 259 0 408 383 .34 216 1, 233 June 8 17 10 38 . 29 98 75 276 0 394 480 1.6 252 1, 433 18 27 Tr. 32 .14 68 54 230 18 230 387 .80 174 1, 099 28 July 7 5 52 . 18 69 56 243 19 229 406 • 36 206 1,149 July 8 17 'l'r. 42 . 15 71 54 250 20 232 418 . 34 217 1,182 18 27 5 37 • 45 70 60 266 22 245 427 1.4 228 1, 254 28 Aug. 6 Tr. 38 .08 74 59 254 19 259 404 .44 224 1, 210 Aug. 7 Hi 6 38 :ill 64 60 298 19 243 425 1.6 252. 1, 345 17 26 5 34 66 62 I 266 17 246 426 . 50 234 1, 243 27 Sept. 5 15 38 . 28 64 59 275 19 236 417 1.1 241 1, 211 Sept. 6 15 'l'r. 36 . 08 65 57 250 11 246 418 1.3 223 1, 189 16 25 30 37 . 15 73 55 235 0 289 455 0 18 206 1, 198 26 Oct. 5 60 30 . 08 80 55 235 8. 4 304 307 . 02 195 1, 200 Oct. 6 15 50 40 . 18 76 57 218 9. 6 310 371 . 60 197 1, 156 16 25 45 38 .11 80 54 244 7. 2 327 381 . 70 200 1,180 26 Nov. 4 30 34 . 45 79 56 239 11 315 359 . 70 192 1,119 Nov. 5 14 70 43 • 12 81 53 223 9. 6 310 356 . 40 188 1,131 15 24 30 45 . 08 75 51 218 11 292 334 0 60 181 1, 079 25 Dec. 4 40 31 . 14 69 52 210 2.4 298 348 . 92 177 1, 039 Dec. 5 14 70 32 .36 78 46 211 4.8 283 336 . 88 177 1,009 15 24 25 29 .13 77 44 . 195 0 0 293 324 . 60 167 961 25 31 0 32 .10 80 52 216 4. 8 276 334 . 60 167 978 

l\1can .....•.. ') 161 35 .191 79 531 224 9. 6 273 385 .88 192 1, 131 

Analyses of water from Nacimiento River near San Miguel, Calif. 

[Parts per million.] 

Dato (1907-8). Sodium Carbonate Bicarbonate Sulphate Nitrate 

I 

Silica Calcium Magnesium and Chlorine Total 

From- I 

Turbidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle radicle 'radicle radicle (CI). solids. 'l'o- (Na+K). (C<?a). (HCO.q); (S04). (NOa). 

I 

Jan. 10 Jnn. 19 5 25 0.10 38 19 16 0. 0 157 55 0. 56 10 I 238 20 29 45 22 . 25 30 16 18 .0 131 49 0 52 7. 5 194 ao Feb. 8 50 I 23 .18 30 13 12 .0 127 42 1.4 18· 5 I 178 Feb. 0 18 10 24 .18 36 '17 16 .0 159 63 2. 0 235 19 28 5 22 . 15 .35 18 16 .0 159 53 . 44 . 8. 5 220 29 Mnr. 0 4 27 . 23 36 19 16 6. 0 153 66 0 56 9.1 249 Mnr. 20 20 Tr. 20 .14 45 21 23 .o 173 73 1.6 12 26(} ao Apr. 8 5 25 .18 39 19 20 .0 174 (}8 2. 2 10 257 Apr. 10 19 5 24 . 35 42 22 26 2. 4 173 75 2. 2 11 278 20 May 8 'l'r. 19 .28 45 22 19 9. 6 151 79 1.7 13 274 :May 9 18 Tr. 14 . 26 42 22 20 11 149 70 1.4 12 268 19 28 'l'r. 17 . 18 36 21 20 2. 4 144 75 1.5 13 258 29 Juno 7 'l'r. 20 . 12 34 21 21 9.8 122 70 1.8 15 244 June 8 17 'l'r. 26 .18 34 21 24 8.4 122 72 . 20 14 251 IS 27 'l'r. 28 . 21 40 21 22 3. 6 148 73 2. 0 15 278 28 July 7 5 30 .15 42 20 20 . 0 168 74 2. 0 16 300 July 8 17 0 50 29 • 15 52 26 28 .0 222 66 4. 0 19 340 18 27 'l'r. 33 .11 45 24 33 .0 290 54 2. 5 23 376 28 Aug. 6 0 325 34 • 25 46 25 46 .0 244 69 2. 0 20 380 Aug. 7 16 o450 35 . 15 58 29 27 .0 218 95 40 18 383 17 26 ---------,i,-r~- 43 . 38 •60 26 33 .0 199 102 8. 0 17 403 27 Sept. 5 16 .39 53 25 29 .0 195 97 20 16 361 Sept. 6 15 9 28 . 21 44 22 23 .0 185 72 3. 2 13 295 16 25 0 60 27 . 02 42 20 21 .0 171 77 2. 5 14 285 26 Oct. 5 ---------,1,~~- 27 .09 42 23 21 .0 162 80 14 15 304 Oct. 6 15 20 . 03 35 17 22 . 0 159 64 7. 7 10 227 16 25 20 25 . 53 41 21 21 .0 156 81 6. 5 14 301 26 Nov. 4 8 25 . 24 39 21 30 .0 154 73 2.1 15 278 Nov. 5 14 25 30 . 12 37 21 28 .0 156 68 1.2 15 265 15 24 55 26 . 12 39 21 25 .0 151 72 3. 6 13 274 25 Dec. 4 8 27 . 18 44 24 28 .0 176 81 4. 0 18 313 Dec. 5 14 12 24 0 06 44 25 33 .0 193 79 4. 0 18 314 15 24 'L'r. 20 .16 46 26 32 .0 198 82 1.2 20 327 25 31 'l'r. 21 .12 43 27 34 4. 8 173 83 0 32 22 310 

lVt:onu ----------- 36 25 0 19 42 22 2·1 1.7 111 1 72 4. 4 14 I 286 
1S6 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF . UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from San Antonio River near Bradley, Calif. 

[Parts per million.] 

·--

Date Sodium I Car-bonate (1907-8). Silica· Calcium Magnesium Bicarbonate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total Turbidity. Iron (Fe). and d' 1 radicle radicle radicle (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium ra IC e · (Cl). solids. 

From- To- (Na+K). . (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). 

---

Dec. 21 Jan. 9 5 32 0. 9 56 15 21 0. 0 171 85 1.5 14 . 314 

Jan. 10 19 5 32 . 04 64 16 25 .0 181 81 1.4 15 316 

20 29 122 31 .03 50 13 20 . 0 149 52 1.2 11 260 

30 Feb. 8 50 .32 .08 45 11 27 . 0 146 60 0 . 34 9. 2 242 

feb. 9 18 120 31 . 25 46 13 25 .0 153 61 1.7 9. 8 245 

19 28 8 37 .14 52 17 24 6. 0 157 70 . 70 12 280 

29 Mar. 9 10 28 .05 42 12 19 6.0 154 62 . 74 11 253 

Mar. 10 19 5 32 .18 47 15 25 .0 173 .69 1.2 11 278 

20 29 Tr. 34 . 03 48 16 22 12.0 156 77 . 78 11 291 

30 Apr. 8 5 30 . 48 51 17 23 7. 2 168 . 80 1.1 13 295 

Apr. 9 18 5 35 .06 54 16 26 .0 189 86 2. 0 17 321 

19 28 Tr. 53 .09 53 '17 24 7. 2 166 82 1.2 14 327 

29 May 8 Tr. 30 .19 53 20 23 8. 4 162 82 1.9 14 310 

May 9 18 5 34 .05 53 18 24 .0 185 85 2. 0 15 318 

19 28 Tr. ·36 .12 57 18 24 3. 6 184 88 1.6 17 336 

29 June 7 Tr. 36 .18 67 21 21 2.4 214 108 .7 24 401 

June 8 17 Tr. 41 .19 75 24 44 - 2.4 249 131 1.1 32 476 

18 27 Tr. 41 .13 88 30 58 Tr. 298 161 . 80 43 562 

28 July 7 10 41 . 15 120 39 87 .0 368 226 . 68 63 746 

July 8 17 Tr. 39 . 21 108 35 78 17 320 195 1.6 56 691 

18 27 5 55 .03 103 36 70 1.2 356 180 1.0 54 683 

28 Aug. 6 Tr. 47 .18 55 19 32 .0 246 58 1.2 19 352 

Aug. 7 16 T'.l 40 .18 55 18 38 .0 238 58 2. 0 19 335 

17 26 Tr. 43 . 29 54 18 33 .0 "242 60 1.4 19 334 

27 Sept. 5 Tr. 43 .15 54 17 33 3. 6 232 59 1.0 29 336 

Sept. 6 15 9 43 .42 55 18 35 7. 2 231 55 1.3 20 339 

16 25 8 24 .05 53 17 37 .0 242 54 1.3 21 338 

26 Oct. 5 Tr. 36 .13 55 19 29 8. 4 231 56 . 1 20 344 

Oct. 6 15 5 37 .06 54 20 43 .0 257 52 1.3 21 

I 333 

16 25 Tr; 38 .18 53 19 41 .0 267 55 . 62 21 349 

26 Nov. 4 Tr. 35 . 03 81 32 76 .0 261 154 1.1 48 575 

No.v. 5 14 Tr. 35 .05 82 30 60 . 0 311 142 .8 41 550 15 24 Tr. . 35 .05 77 35 63 . 0 297 137 0 37 502 25 Dec. 4 Tr. 41 .08 74 28 52 . 0. 288 117 .24 31 477 

Dec. 5 14 Tr. 33 . 06 66 23 43 .0 220 107 . 50 26 394 15 24 Tr. 52 .. 08 62 22 42 .0 222 103 ; 34 25 392 25 31 Tr. 33 .28 '66 20 43 .0 222 106 . 30 27 406 

Mean----------- 10 37 . ,16 63 21 38 2. 5 224 94 1.0 24 387 

Analyses of waterfrom Arroyo S.eco at Soledad, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1906). Mean discharge. 

Magne- Potas- Car- Bicar- SuiTurbid· Silica Fe20a+ Calcium Sodium bonate bonate ph ate Chlorine Total 

ity. (Si02). AbO a. (Ca). sium (Na). sium radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Acre- Cubic 

From- To- (Mg). (K). (COs). (HCOa). (S04). feet per feet per day. second. 

--- ·---------------------------

Jan. 1 Jan. 9 ----------- 29 4.0· 53 14 29 3.1 0.0 176 70 ,11 304 254 128 11 20 ----------- 23 1.0 29 7.4 18 2. 7 .0 95 40 8.8 140 2,367 1, 194 21 30 ----------- 26 1.6 32 7. 6 29 3. 6 .0 111 37 7. 4 158 764 385 31 Feb. 9 ----------- 26 1.4 25 5.4 14 1.6 .0 134 21 14' 226 281 142 

Feb. 10 18 ----------- 21 1.6 35 8. 5 7.1 1.7 .0 118 40 11 156 625 315 25 Mar. 1 ----------- 23 2. 0 35 10 7. 2 2. 7 .0 114 37 9. 5 132 807 407 

Mar. 2 10 ----------- 26 2.8 33 9. 1 12 1.7 .0 111 38 14 176 1,186 598 12 21 ----------- 18 2. 8 28 7. 5 8. 0 1.3 .0 93 32 15 178 3, 764 1,898 

Apr. 1. Apr. 10 ----------- 19 4. 2 35 8.4 16 3. 1 .0 107 17 11 180 1,850 933 11 20 -----------1 251 4. 6 40 11 13 2.4 .0 126 43 7.8 200 823 415 

21 27 ----------- 30 2.0 42 11 15 1.7 .0 134 51 9:8 234 676 341 May 4 May 1.0 ----------- 27 4.-0 48 12 16 2.4 .0 154 62 12 238 419 211 11 20 ----------- 28 2. 0 51 13 21 2. 2 .0 155 59 11 254 355 179 21 31 ----------- 20 3. 2 40 13 12 1.9 .0 131 52 12 230 1,024 516 

June 1 June 10 ----------- 26 5.0 41 11 20 2. 2 .0 137 46 9. 0 246 510 257 

11 20 ----------- 32 3. 6 53 14 18 1.8 .0 154 60 12 262 319 161 

21 30 ----------- 27 5.6 51 I 19 26 4. 6 .0 161 65 14 264 230 116 

Fo. I July · 1 July 10 ----------- 22 . 7 45 16 25 .0 158 68 13 276 380 192 

11 20 

==========-=! 

25 . 10 72 15 26 .0 184 75 13 320 910 459 

21 31 24 .10 59 16 31 ·.0 193 87 16 320 649 327 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 34 . 13 65 -17 48 .0 207 102 14 270 48 24 

11 . 20 

===========! 

33 . 10 75 18 49 .0 214 104 15 384 32 16 21 31 29 . 15 61 18 40 .0 211 105 11 370 24.6 12.3 

Sept. 1 Sept. 10 ----·--·---1 29 . 20 63 19 24 .0 217 110 17 402 2. 58 1.3 

11 20 ----------- 29 . 10 71 19 50 a5.0 210 114 19 414 8. 93 4. 5 

21 30 ----------- 28 .10 74 19 48 .0 255 120 11 408 40.7 20.5 

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 ----------- 30 .10 66 20 54 . 0 244 127 19 . 440 21.2 10.7 11 20 ----.-----g-1 27 .05 68 19 48 .0 258 117 20 424 24.8 12.5 21 31 23 . 15 68 20 52 .0 258 119 18 420 36.7 18.5 Nov. 11 Nov. 20 28 . 7 61 17 42 .0 238 107 16 386 47.6 24.0 

21 30 Jj 26 .15 68 18 40 .0 238 107 18 362 63.5 32.0 

Dec. 1 Dec. 10 24 .10 66 18 43 . 0 225 103 18 366 77.5 39.0 

11 20 18 . 30 40 9. 1 32 . 0 128 47 io 214 2, 050 1, 034 21. 30 30 20 .07 32 9. 4 22 . 0 113 54 10 196 8,184 4,126 

-----------1 51 1 I .,--.0 ----rro,---72-,--13_1_----;84 Mean ____________ ------- 26 . 20 14 29 849 . 428 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the-average. 
SOUTH . PACIFIC SLOPE. 137 

For six other tributaries of Salinas River there are 

analyses by Van Winkle. (See Water-Supply Paper 

237, p. 71.) His figures, reduced to standard form, 

are as follows: 

Analyses of water from tributaries of Salinas River, Calif. 

1. fluor Huoro Crook ncar Paso Robles, Apr. 9, 1908. 

2. Srm Juan Crook at Shandon, Aug. 24, 1908. 

3. 'l'ho samo, Apr. 9, 1908. 

4. Cholamo Crook at Shandon, Aug. 24, 1908. . 

5. ~L'ho samo, Apr. 9, 1908. Cholamc and San Juan creeks unite to form Estrella 

River. 

0. Indian Valley Crook at Douglas ranch, Aug. 25, 1908. 

7. '!'ho samo, Apr. 8, 1908. . 

8. San Lorenzo River at Matthews dam, Aug. 25, 1903. 

9. 'l'ho same, Apr. 7, 1908. 

10. Gaviota Crock 1mile above San Ardo, Apr. 7, 1903. 

I. Parts per nullion. 

I 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

--------------------

COs ..•. 152.2 01.0 106.2 98.2 159.0 215.0 139.4 145.0 165.4 92.6 

804 •••. 55.0 272.0 403.0 891.0 836.0 611.0 644.0 1, 728.0 1, 793.0 1, 848. 0 

CL.~-- 71.0 131.0 236.0 533:0 508.0 74.0 63.0 506.0 432.0 161.0 

NOs ••.• 1.0 1.0 . 3 . 7 .4 2. 0 ------- . 8 39.0 1.0 

Ca •• • ••. 59.0 59.0 94.0 73.0 110.0 145.0 120.0 159.0 167.0 286.0 

Mg ..... 21.0 24.0 35.0 101.0 100.0 86.0 81.0 174.0 181.0 152.0 

Nn .••.. } 82.0 112.0 163.0 486.0 487.0 } 164.0 106.0 725.0 617.0 402.0 

K ...... 31.0 45.0 55.0 56.0 72.0 46.0 .39. 0 17.0 

Fe20s .• . 3 . 2 1.5 .3 . 2 .2 . 3 .2 . 4 .5 

Si02 ••.. 35.0 41.0 31.0 27.0 14.0 43.0 28.0 24.0 23.0 102.0 

---------------------- 470.5 732.2 1,115. 0 2, 265.2 2, 270. 6 1, 340. 2 1, 259. 7 2, 508.0 3, 456.8 3, 062. 1 

- II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .9 10 

------------------- C03-------------- 31.94 8. 33 9. 53 4. 34 7. 02 16.05 11.07 4.13 4. 78 3. 02 

S04-------------- ] 1. 54 37. 15 36. 14 39.33 36.82 45.59 51.12 49.26 51.87 60.35 

CL .•....•••.....• 14.90 17.89 21. 17 23.53 22.37 5. 52 5. 00 14.42 12.50 5. 25 

NOs ..•.•.......•• . 21 .13 .03 . 03 . 02 . 15 ------ . 03 1. 12 . 03 

Ct< ••••••••••••••• 12.38 8. 06 8. 43 3. 22 4. 84 10.82 10.00 4. 53 4. 83 9. 34 

:Mg .•••...•.....•. 4. 41 3. 28 3. 14 4. 46 4. 40 0. 42 6. 43 4. 96 5. 24 4. 95 Na ••••••••.•..••• }17. 21 15.30 14.61 21.45 21.44 }12. 23 8.42 20.67. 17.85 13.13 _!( ________________ 4. 23 4.04 2. 43 2. 47 5. 72 1. 31 ·1. 12 .56 

Fe20s.- ---------- . 06 .03 . 13 . 02 . 01 . 01 . 02 . 01 . 02 . 02 

Si02 •••.•••••••••• 7. 35 5. 60 2. 78 1.19 . 61 3. 21 2. 22 . 68 . 67 3. 35 

-------------------- LOO. 00 LOO. 00 LOO. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 

---

In the foregoing pages there are seven tables of 

analyses by Van Winkle and Eaton, giving the 

itverage composition of the waters of as many streams 

that empty into Monterey Bay. These averages, 

reduced to percentages with all the carbonates 

normal, appen.r in the next table. They are arranged 

in order fro.m the south going northward. 

Reduced analyses of waters entering Monterey Bay, Calif. 

1. Salinas River at Paso Robles. 30 composite analyses. 

2. Estrella River near San Miguel. 36 composites. 

3. Nacimiento River near San Miguel. 34 composites. 

4. San Antonio River near Bradley. 37 composites. 

5. Arroyo Seco at Soledad. 34 composites. 

6. San Benito River at Hollister. 18 composites. 

7. San Lorenzo River at Big Trees. 36 composites. 

--------l----l--2- __ -_a -1--4- _5 __ · o _ __ 1_ 

C03 __ ----~------------ 30.69 12.93 29.74 28.79 28.92 23.77 28. 74 

S04------------------- 21.34 34.58 24.87 24.06 24.90 28.36 17.14 

CL.___________________ 8. 58 17. 25 4. 83 6. 15 4. 50 13. 20 11.56 

~~~=================== 1a: ~~ 1: ~g 1!: ~~ 16: i~ --i7:64- ··-s:aii· ---i7:55 

Mg____________________ 6. 16 4. 76 7. 60 5. 38 4. 85 7. 92 4. 00 

~~===================:} 12.97 } 20.12 } 8. 29 } 9. 73 t ~~ 1~: ~~ 1~: g~ Fe20s------------------ . 04 . 03 . 01 . 05 . 11 . 01 . 12 Si02. ------------------ 6. 82 3. 14 8. 65 9. 47 8. 97 3. 36 9. 17 . ---------------------

100. 00 100. 00 1()0. 00 100. 00 . 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Salinity, parts per mil- lion _________________ _ 448 1, 131 281 387 284 732 255 

MIDDLE DIVISION. 

. In the middle division of the south Pacific slope 

there are several streams for which analytical data 

are available. They are Carmel River, Santa Maria 

River, Santa ·Ynez River, Ventura River, Santa 

Clara River, Malibu Creek, and five other creeks 

of minor importance. The analyses are arranged in 

order from north to south. 

Carmel River is a relatively small stream which 

enters Carmel Bay, south of Monterey Bay. Its 

total drainage area is 275 square miles. Th~ee 

analyses of its waters are available, as follows: 

Analyses of water of Carmel River, Calif. 

1. Two miles above its mouth, Aug. 29, 1908. 

2. The same, Apr. 10, 1908. Analyses 1 and 2 by Van Winkle. See WaterSupply Paper 237, p. 89. 

3. Near Pacifie Grove. Analysis received from Southern Pacific Co., 1899. 

Parts per million. · I Percentage composition 

2 

-----------1----------------

COs------------·---------------- 81.5 66.0 50.4 23.53 25.87 30.09 

S04.----- ~----- ---------------- 79.0 56.0 33.7 22.80 21.95 20.12 CL _____________________________ 47.0 25.0 14.5 13.57 9.80 8. 65 

NOa---------------------------- .8 .4 . 23 . 16 Ca _____________________________ Mg 50.0 38.0 26.3 14.43 14.90 15.70 ____________________________ 18.0 12.0 10.1 5. 20 4. 71 6. 03 

Na,K .. ------------------ ______ 43.0 33.0 14.6 12.40 12.93 8. 72 

Fe20a-------------------------- .2 . 7 .05 • 27 -----:6o (Al,Fe)20a. _. ------------------ -------- -------- 1.0 ---9:4i" Si02---------------------------- 27.0 24.0 16.9 7. 79 10.09 ------------------ 346.5 255.1 167.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 
138 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

For Santa Maria and Santa Ynez rivers Van Winkle and Eaton give the following tables: 

Analyses of water from Santa Maria River at Santa Maria, Calif. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1906). 

-----,------1 Turbidity. Silica 

(Sj02). 

Calcium 

(Ca). Magnesium (Mg). 

Sodium 

(Na). 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

Total 

solids. 

From- ToJan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

2 Jan. 10 ------------- 11 20- ------------- 21 30 ------------- 31 Feb. 9 -------------

10 19 ------------- 20 25 ------------- 1 Mar. 8 ------------- 18 21 ------------- 22 31 ------------- 1 Apr. 10 -------------

11 20 ------------- 21 28 ------------- 4 May 9 -------------

22 

24 

68 : 20 

18 

30 

20 

19 

18 

20 

22 

20 

17 

5.6 

1.8 

5. 0 8.6 

6. 6 . 7. 2 

10 20 ------------- ------------

2.8 

8.4 

4.6 

3. 2 

2. 8 

3.0 

5.0 

5. 6 

21 30 ------------- 1 June 10 ------------- 11 20 ------------- 21 30 -------------

22 6. 6 26 7.0 27 7.4 30 6. 8 I==== I 

Fe 

342 

287 

314 

462 

406 

322 

346 

253 

190 

206 

279 

264 

258 

273 

270 

272 

274 

348 

164 

149 

164 

162 

152 

142 

162 

69 

60 

82 

113 

124 

123 

134 

121 

131 

145 

145 

247 6.1 278 8. 3 

351 12 170 6. 7 230 6. 3 181 7. 2 86 (5 

78 4. 5 83 3. 5 159 ·s. 5 186 7. 2 197 11.0 181 5. 6 116 4. 7 163 5. 4 134 8. 2 136 4. 6 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.o 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 a9.8 .0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

228 

200 

243 

429 

244 

248 

228j 

190 

224 

276 

269 

264 

253 

257 

254 

243 

232 

222 

1, 617 1, 492 

912 

1, 684 1, 614 

1,458 

1, 561 

768 

556 

699 

977 

1,122 

1,110 

1, 215 1,080 

1,175 

1, 335 

1, 287 

127 

127 

122 

137 

116 

115 

124 

54 

48 

67 

87 

103 

100 

118 

87 

100 

110 

110 

2, 776 2,992 

3, 252 

2,948 

2, 540 3,004 

1, 516 1, 200 1, 512 

1, 926 2, 274 

2,152 

2,372 

2,126 

2,330 

2, 507 2,480 

July 1 July 10 ------------- 27 .10 233 125 226 a4. 0 212 1,123 94 2, 218 11 19 ------------- 20 .10 169 93 154 . 0 301 734 84 1, 564 20 31 ------------- 24 . 20 312 158 207 . 0 291 1, 557 127 .2, 910 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 ------------- 30 . 30 324 143 223 a4. 0 242 1, 370 103 2, 624 11 20 _____________ 22 .10 321 146 192 .o· 224 1,427 105 2,654 

21 31 ------------- 20 .20 359 143 225 .0 227 1,357 101 2,526 

Sept. 1 Sept. 10 ------------- 17 .10 288 136 223 .. 0 219 1, 261 00 2, 386 n· 20·------------- 19 ;20 258 122 159 .a5.0 226 1,068 91 2,084 21 30 ------------- 20 .20 231 106 197 .0 290 957 81 1,878 

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 ------------- 26 . 05 203 93 191 . 0 320 769 75 1, 631< 11 20 ------------- 24 .10 274 122 244 .0 293 1,083 97 2,178 21 31 ------------- 22 .10 299 . 141 282 . 0 264 1,381 121 2, 592 Nov. 1 Nov·. 10 5 26 , . 30 334 158 102 a 7. 0 224 1, 503 127 2, 824 11 20 5 35 . 15 330 160 290 . 0 247 1, 560 130 2, 832 21 30 400 26 . 10 374 169 300 . 0 282 1, 700 140 3, 014 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 400 20 . 02 335 

1

1

4

54

9 

___________ 

2

_

64

____________ . 0 243 1, 461 130 2, 974 

11 20 4, 000 18 . 10 456 . 0 278 1, 648 131 2, 946 

21 31 1 ____ 7,_o_o~o_ 1 ____ 2I_1 ____ .o_2_1 ____ 4_o_6_ 1 ____ 1_2s_1 ______ 22~9 ____ 1 ____ .o_1 ___ ~~-1o_ 1 _____ 1_,4_7_a_1 ____ 1_o_5_1 ____ 2~,_e5_6 

Mean ________ ------------- 24 b.14 302 133 200 . 0 254 1, 253 105 2, 412 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in the average. b Mean of Fe values after July 1. 

Analyses of water from Santa Ynez River near.Santa Barbam, Cal1:j. 

[Parts per million unless otheswise stated.] 

Date. :Mean discharge. 

Magne- Potas- Carbo- Bicarbo- Sulphate Silica Fe20a+ Calcium SodJum nate nate Chlorine Total Turbidity. (Si02). AhOa. (Ca). sium (Na). sium radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Cubic feet 

From- To- (Mg). (K) .. (COa). (IICOa). (S02). Acre feet per per day. second. 

--- ---------· ------------------

1906. 1906. Jan. 1 Jan. 8 ----------- 27 1.0 80 39 45 2.6 0.0 309 224 26 686 7. 58 3. 8 

12 20 ----------- 23 2. 0 90 40 21 ::o .0 244 283 22 680 56.2 28.1 

21 30 ----------- 25 2. 6 82 47 59 2.1 .0 289 334 27 806 30.8 15.4 

31 Feb. 9 ----------- 29 2. 6 87 48 63 2. 3 .0 286 312 43 776 17.4 8. 7 

Feb. 10 19 ----------- 20 4. 2 113 44 36 2.4 . 0 255 317 33 758 HI 56.1 

20 28 ----------- 21 3. 6 116 49 37 3. 9 . 0 272 339 27 792 47.6 23.8 Mar. 2 Mar. 10 ----------- 19 2.6 106 48 56 1.2 .0 233 309 26 754 69.2 35. 1 13 20 ----------- 18 3. 6 104 40 32 3. 1 . 0 241 264 18 664 2, 572 1, 297 

31 Apr. 10 ----------- 18 2.6 121 51 53 2. 9 . 0 270 326 18 800 597 301 

Apr. 11 20 ----------- 24 3. 2 111 53 36 . 2. 2 . 0 264 341 17 818 238 120 

21 25 ----------- 23 4.4 121 55 ---------- 5. 8 6. 6 254 364 22 776 161 81.2 

May 8 May 10 ·---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- .0 273 ---------- 22 ---------- 83 42 

11 20 ----------- 27 5. 0 122 55 69 3. 5 .0 276 360 22 838 64.8 32.9 

21 31 ----------- 26 6. 0 109 45 45 2. 2 . 0 251 302 19 736 234 ll8 

June 1 June 10 ----------- 24 ----------- 111 51 73 --· ------- .0 256 331 22 782 73.2 37.1 

11 20 ----------- 23 2.8 107 50 65 6.4 14 217 352 20 782 40 20.0 

21 30 ----------- 33 9. 2 127 48 56 ---------- .0 217 330 24 730 28.8 14.5 

F• I 5. o I July 1 July 10 ----------- 22 . 10 102 45 57 259 275 21 690 17.4 8. 7 

11 20 ----------- 22 . 05 95 44 59 12 235 275 28 690 10. 2. ·5. 8 

21 30 ----------- 30 . 07 112 43 73 .0 264 263 21 654 6.40 3. 2 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 ----------- 29 . 15 98 43 69 8. 0 249 254 24 664 4. 16 2. 1 

11 16 ----------- 26' . 20 103 43 70 8. 5 232 258 24 696 2. 78 1.4 

Sept 2 Sept. 10 ----------- 28 . 05 100 40 61 11 270 238 26 662 1. 98 1 

11 20 ----------- 21 . 05 88 44 72 5. 5 273 254 24 646 1. 98 1 

21 30 ----------- 23 . 20 93 44 58 .0 290 251 27 670 1. 98 1 

O!!t. 1 Oct. 10 5 29 . 27 105 45 64 5. 0 282 254 31 656 1. 98 1 

11 20 2 32 . 10 86 51 67 .o 308 259 28 664 1. 98 1 

21 31 ----------- 29 . 10 92 41 74 5. 5 304 290 28 664 1. 98 1 

Nov. 13 Nov. 20 2 25 . 10 105 43 74 5. 0 324 214 26 648 2. 98 1..) 

21 30 ----------- 21 . 07 74 43 51 .0 203 227 24 664 3. 17 1.6 

Dec.· 3 Dec. 10 ----------- 14 .15 61 40 51 . 0 324 244 2.) 610 5.16 2. 6 

11 20 60 19 . 02 114 42 62 . 0 272 313 24 764 152 76.8 

21 31 40 18 . 05 105 35 58 .0 258 220 20 636 149 75.2 

Mean ________ ··-----------1 24 a.11 i 101 1 451 58 I 2. 6 I 265 I· 287 251 714 145 73 I 
SOUTH PACIFIC .SLOPE. 139 

Analyses of-water from Santa Ynez River near Santa· Barbara, Calij.-Continued. 

Datl'. 

'l'urbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). 

From- To-

-

1907. 1908. 

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 5 20 0.10 138 51 

1908. 

Jan. 10 19 5 24 .08 64 57 

20 29 50 17 . 15 136 45 

30 Feb. 8 70 23 .18 99 47 

:Feb. 9 18 60 . 29 . 25 114 45 

29 Mar. 9 'l'race. 19 . 12 103 53 

Mean .. ~----- 32 22 . 15 1 109 49 

a :Menu of Fe values after July 1. 

'rwo additional analyses of water from Santa Ynez 

River have been collected, with figures for Mono 

Creek, its chief tributary, and five other creeks which 

enter the Pacific south of the river itself. They are 

given in standard form in the next table. 

A.nalyses of water from Santa Ynez River and adjacent creeks. 

1. Souta Yncz H.ivcr at Gibraltar, north of Santa Barbars. Analysis by J. A. 

Dodge. Water-Supply Paper 116, 1904. 

2. Bonta Yncz H.ivcr ncar mouth of river. H.eccivcd from Southern Pacific Co. 

3. Mono Creek. Mean of three analyses by Dodge. 

4. Jalmna Creek at Jalama. Mean of two analyses. 

5. Mission Creek ncar Santa Barbara. Analyses 4 and 5 from Southern Pacific Co. 

6. The same. Analysis by Dodge. 

7. Cold Spring Creek ncar Santa Barbara. Analysis by Dodge. 

R. Crock nt Gaviota. Not to be confused with Gaviota Creek, in the Salinas 

basin. 

9. Dos Pueblos Creek at Naples. i\1can of two analyses. Nos. 8 and 9 from 

Southern Pacific Co. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 8 

------1---------------------------

COa----------- 214.5 170 188.8 230 226 113.5 144.2 142 216 804-------·---~ a21.0 324 458.7 253 159 110.1 197.3 338 339 

CL ............ 22.0 1 279 36.1 134 89 13.3 11.0 224 133 

N03----·-·---- 'l'r. 1--------------------- (?) ------- --·----- -------------- Cn _____________ t~t

1 .. 8(l 1 104

73 

14

5

8

4

_.8

3 

1

7

3

5

6 102 78.9 96.4 146 161 

1\fg____________ v ' 74 20.5 33.0 47 53 

~~~--~:~~-~~~:::~: 5~;,~ } 20s Y~/ } 86. 48 4{~,~ 4~;/ } 158 } 127 

Fc203---------- 'l'r. }-----2- ---3:4- }------- }-----2- ---Tr·.- --·T·r·:~\--:-2- ,-----i 

AbOa---------- 'l'r. 2. 6 33 'l'r. Tr. J f 

8102----------- 'l'r. 24 2. 4 39 Tr. 'l'r. 13 15 

--~· 822. 6 I, 184 1,004._0 j947 "739 444. 0 522. 0 jt, 070 1, 045 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate I 

and radicle ate radicle radicle radicle Chlorine Total 

potassium (COs). (HCOa). (804). (NOa). (Cl). solids. 

(Na+K). 

60· 4.8 253 421 0.12 17 864 

132 4. 8 268 419 .28 15 805 

49 4.8 244 336 Trace. 11 715 54 0 264 357 1.1 15 794 

55 0 271 353 .33 12 769 

47 0 250 350 .90 11 764 

66 2.4 258 373 .46 14 785 

Analyses of water from Banta Ynez River and adjacent . creeks-Continued. . 

II. Percen~age composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 8 9 

--------------------------------- COa ___________ l 26.13 14.36 18.80 24.28 30.58 25.55 27.67 13.27 2.67 

804--------·---139.10 27.37 45.68 26.72 21.52 38.45 37.89 31.59 32.44 

~1 ;~~~~~~~:::.~ 1 2ir~ 23. 62 3. 60 14. 15· 1Z?~ 3. 01 2 .. 10 20.94 12.73 

ca _____________ 1s. 49 --8:79- -i4:s3- -i4:36- 13. so -i7:76- -is: 5o- -13:65- --i5:4i. 

Mg ____________ 6.29 6.18 5.41 7.92 10.01 4.62 6.15 4.39 5.07 

Na ____________ 6.57 }17.58 10.85 }9.08 6.50 10.61 7.69 }14.76 12.15 

K______________ . 73 · Tr. Tr. ·Tr. 

LL____________ Tr. 

Fe20a.---------1 Tr. }---_-i7- ---_-34- }------- }---:27- -··-r·;: --Tr·:- }---_-20- }----:iii 

AhOa .. ----·--- 'l'r. . 25 3. 49 Tr. Tr. 

Si02-----------· Tr. 2. 03 . 24 5. 28 'l'r. Tr. 1. 20 1. 43 

'too. oo 100:00100. oo 1100. oo 100~ 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo I • I 

For Ventura River there is the following table of 

analyses by Van W,inkle and· Eaton. 
140 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Ventura River near Ventura, Calif. 

[Parts per million; drainage area, 210 square miles.] 

Date 

(1907-8). Silica Calcium Magnesium Turbidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). 

From- ToDec. 31 Jan. 9 5 23 0.09 132 29 

Jan. 10 19 5 25 .10 118 32 20 29 40 21 .16 101 27 30 Feb. 8 35 20 .10 101 26 

Feb~ 9 18 20 24 .08 107 27 19 28 7 24 . 35 93 27 29 Mar. 9 Tr. 22 . 03 95 28 Mar.10 19 Tr. 21 . 03 98 29 20 29 Tr. . 22 .OS 98 29 30 Apr. 8 Tr. 29 .04 100 30 Apr. 9 18 Tr. 25 .07 99 28 19 28 Tr. 23 .05 101 28 29 May 8 Tr. 14 .05 100 .29 

May 9 18 Tr. 18 .43 99 29 19 28 Tr. 21 .15 101 29 29 June 7 Tr. 23 .05 103 30 June 8 17 Tr. 27 .30 109 28 18 27 Tr. 11 .13 108 27 28 July 7 Tr. 23 .12 103 32 July· 8 17 Tr. 24 .08 101 30 18 27 Tr. 26 .08 103 30 28 Aug. 6 Tr. 23 .18 106 31 Aug. 7 16 Tr. 24 . 23 108 30 17 26 Tr. 28 .17 108 32 27 Sept. 5 Tr. 23 .17 104 29 Sept, 6 15 Tr. 24 . 05 114 30 16 25 5 23 . 15 107 28 26 Oct. 5 5 22 .12 107 30 Oct 6 15 5 23 .. 12 105 31 16 25 Tr. 25 . 04 105 30 26 Nov. 4 'l'r. 23 .07 109 31 Nov. 5 14 Tr. 25 .15 108 I 31 15 24 Tr. 281 .34 107 32 25 Dec. 4 Tr. 23 .05 111 32 Dec. 5 14 Tr. 24 .07 111 30 15 24 Tr. 

~~ I .28 111 31 25 31 ·Tr. . 35 112 35 

Mean ________ 3 231 .141 106 i 30 

One other analysis of water from Ventura River is 

included in the next table with data relative to Santa 

Clara River. The Sant~ Clara enters the Pacific a 

short distance south of the Ventura. The three other 

streams cited in the tl:l.ble are tributaries. of the Santa 

Clara. All these analyses were received from the 

Southern Pacific Co. 

Analyses of water from Ventura and Santa Clara rivers, Calif. 

1. Ventura River at San Buenaventura. 

2. Santa Clara River at Lang. Mean of two analyses. 

3. Santa Clara Creek at Lang. 

4. Piru River at Piru. 

5. Santa Paula Creek at Santa Paula. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 

----------1--------· ----------· 

CO a.------------------------- 137 163 161 182 104 

804--------------------------- 246 70 205 1, 101 181 C) ____________________________ 30 38 31 65 21 

Ca •.. -------•. ,----_._-------- 117 75 97 212 82 

m 'f{_-: ~ =~== == ==~========== == 30 23 24 108 21 50 48 83 258 45 

(AI, Fe)20s-------------------- 3 29 2 3 3 

8i02-------------------------- 23 23 41 19 

. 636 446 626 1, 970 0 4i6 

Sodium 

and Carbonate Bicarbon-1 Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total potassium radicle ate radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). 

49 2.4 222 268 0. 56 22 620 43 1.2 226 252 .46 23 619 48 . 0 199 225 1.1 17 546 52 3. 6 194 225 . 32 9.9 522 

38 4.8 195 249 1. 2 12 557 40 7. 2 191 242 • 50 13 563 42 6.0 187 249 .64 14 568 36 5.0 195 250 .84 16 563 38 9. 6 198 250 6. 0 16 574 40 12 193 252 1.8 16 596 46 .0 211 254 . 90 17 582 43 9. 6 198 259 . 68 16 581 40 3.6 212 251 . 75 19 600 44 7.2 198 266 . 46 18 600 45 4.8 212 253 . 34 21 598 43 .0 223 252 .10 20 606 44 Tr. 239 261 .68 19 628 46 9. 6 226 248 . 70 20 595 43 16 200 250 1.2 21 513 42 4.8 221 252 .66 20 591 47 4 .. 8 223 247 1.2 20 606 44 7. 2 230 251 . 65 21 598 40 . 0 246 262 . 50 22 610 45 2.4 237 256 Tr. 22 632 48 7. 2 220 251 .10 20 611 42 .0 255 255 .18 21 688 41 6. 0 244 252 . 20 21 622 45 . 0 262 253 . 50 22 639 45 2.4 254 249 .. 76 22 623 65 .0 266 250 . 24 23 637 58 . 0 262 253 .26 23 655 61 .0 244 246 -------·:ao· 23 631 55 .0 249 252 22 640 56 .0 259 249 .. 20 25 637 51 2.4 257 256 .64 24 635 56 .0 257 249 .40 27 651 74 4. 8 259 263 . 74 26 650 

47 3. 9 226 251 . 72 20 605 

~ 

Analyses of water from Ventura and Santa Clara rivers, 

Calif.-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

2 4 

---.,----------1----------~- ---

·coa _________________________ _ 

804---------------------------

CL---------------------------

ca ___ ---------- ~- ------.------- .Mg __________________________ _ Na,K _______________________ _ 

(AI, Fe)20s-------------------- 8i02--------------------------

21,54 

38.68 

4. 72 

18.40 

4. 72 7. 86 

. 47 } 3. 61 

36.54 

15. 70 8. 52 16.81 

5. 16 10.77 

6. 50 

25.71 

32.75 

4. 95 15.49 

3. 84 13.26 

.32 

3. 68 

9. 24 55.89 

3. 30 10.76 

5. 48 13.10 

. 15 2. 08 

21.83 

38.03 

4. 41 17.22 

4. 41 9. 47 

. 63 4. 00 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 ( 100. 00 100. 00 

One more table of analys-es by Van Winkle and 

Eaton, that for Malibu Creek, belongs in this division 

of the south Pacific slope. · 
SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE~ 141 

Analyses of water from Malibu Creek .near Calabasas, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1906). 

,. I cruolum Mag- Silica Fe90s+ Sodium Turbidity. (Si02). AhOa. (Ca). nesium (Na). 

From- To- (Mg). 

' Jan. 1 Jan. 10 ........................... 33 3.0 160 78 104 

11 20 ......................... 42 2. 0 143 70 98 

21 30 ----------- 37 3. 8 110 61' 69 

31 Fob. 9 ........................... 31 1.6 126 56 79 

Fob. 10 18 ----------- 31 2.0 66 31 34 

19 Mar. 1 ----------- 35 4. 0 102 50 50 

Mar. 2 11 .............................. 33 5. 2 105 57 60 

22 31 ........................... 25 4. 4 ~I 26 35 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 ----------- 34 3;8 38 38 ·11 .20 ..................... --- 30 ····-5:a··· 79 46 55 21 30 .......................... 36 82 48 53 

May 1 May 10 .......................... 34 4. 2 78 45 54 

11 20 ............................ 32 3. 8 83 46 61 

21 31 ,.,. .. ,.,.,.,..,,.a., 31 5. 4 94 46 58 

Juno 1 Juno 9 ........................... 39 4. 4 91 43 58 

10 19 -- . ............ 35 5. 2 85 40 44 

24 30 ........................ 31 3. 6 73 43 59 

Fe. 

July 1 July 10 ......................... 44 . 30 78 42 53 

11 20 ........................... 34 .10 72 40 44 

21 30 ......................... 40 . 08 198 100 195 

Aug. 1 Aug. 9 ............................ 48 . 07 95 42 65 

11 20 .............................. 42 . 20 86 41 48 

Potas- Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate bonate sium ate radi- radicle radicle 

(K). . cle (COs). (HCOa). (SO.). 

------------

4. 1 0. 0 344 566 

---------- . 0 327 499 

2. 0 .0 304 367 2. 8 .0 289 331 

1.7 8.1 218 138 3. 1 .0 287 256 

1.3 3. 3 277 359 2. 7 . 0 199 90 1.6 . 0 251 159 

3. 6 . 0 256 172 

4. 7 . 0 312 204 2. 8 .0 272 200 

5.4 :o 287 236 

4.4 2. 9 267 .. 312 2.1 7.0 258 198 

2.0 6.0 253 186 

3. 8 11 247 187 

8. 0 257 I 217 

. 0 273 181 

.0 378 830 

. 0 283 188 

5. 0 275 191 

Chlorine Total 

(Cl). solids. 

------

66 1, 266 

58 1, 140 

53 930 

69 842 

33 448 

42 680 

58 966 

27 400 

28 536 27 576 

31 636 35 604 

36 670 

36 624 

31 570 29 582 

30 592 

30 578 

30 594 

81 1, 766 31 . 598 32 584 

Mean discharge. 

-

Cubic Acre-feet feet per per day. second. 

---

.1. 59 0. 8 

1. 86 . 9 

4. 64 2. 3 

1.82 .9 

5.10 2. 5 

4. 50 2. 2 

5. 99 3.0 11. 17 5. 6 

73.4 37 

37.3 18.8 

12.75 6.4 

19.8 10.0 

15.8 7. 9 

18.6 9. 3 

14. 1 7. 1 

14. 1 7. 1 

14. 1 7.1 

10.9 5.4 

8. 73 4.4 

8. 73 4.4 

8. 73 4. 4 

8. 73 4.4 

4 

4 

2 

7 

7 

2 

3 

6 

6 

21 31 ......................... 34 .10 85 32 ............................................ -- .0 278 184 31 592 8. 73 4. 4 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

4 

Sept. 1 Sept. 8 ............................... 39 . 20 89 42 

22 30 .......................... 41 .10 123 60 

Oct. 1 Oct. 10 .......................... 39 . 05 104 45 

11 20 ----------- 37 .10 94 43 

Nov. 11 Nov. 20 5 43 . 15 117 62 

21 30 ............................. 40 . 15 138 70 

Doc. 1 Dec. 10 .......................... 30 . 06 149 70 

11 20 15 30 . 05 124 62 

21 29 400 31 . 01 104 42 

Moan ••.•.... ............................ 36 a.11 101 50 

a Moan of Fe values after July 1. 

Reduced to standard form and expressed in percentages, the four tables given by Van Winkle and 

Eaton yield the following averages: 

Red'ltced analyses of water in middle division of south Pacific 

slope. · 

1. Malibu Creek at. Calabasas, 32 composite analyses. 

2. Ventura H.ivor at Ventura. 37 composites. 

3. Santa Ynoz Hivor near Santa Barbara, 39 composite~. 

4. Snntn Maria Hivor at Santa Marla, 36 composites: 

----· ·----.-------l--1---__ 2 ____ 3 __ 

1 

__ 4 __ 

COs ••• ~---·······-------------·--------- 19.66 19.39 19.30 5. 85 

so •. -------········-------·------·---·-·- 38. 99 42. 34 43.81 58.67 CL...................................... 5. 74 3. 37 3. 41 4. 91 

NOs---·-···--------·-·····---------------·------·· .12 . 07 Ca.·······-·-·-···-···-·-··------------- 13.81 17.88 14.90 

~~::::::::::::::::::::::=============::: g: !1 } ~: ~ ~: H 

Fo20a. -------------·-------------------- . 01 . 03 . 03 Si02------------·-------·--·------------- 4. 92 3. 88 3. 36 

100. 00. 100. 00 

Salinity, pnrts per million .••...•.•.•..•. 731 593 

100.00 

685 

14. 14 

6. 23 

8. i 

. 34 

. 01 

1.11 

100.00 

2.136 

34 

106 

69 

70 

131 

111 

112 

94 

76 

73 

·9. 0 261 186 30 596 8. 73 4.4 

. 0 324 399 50 976 5. 02 2. 5 

. 0 322 238 41 708 8. 73 4. 4 . 0 319 198 36 614 8. 73 4. 4 

6. 0 340 400 54 960 8. 73 4. 4 

. 0 374 462 59 1, 070 8. 73 4. 4 5. 2 305 443 56 ... ........................ ·g, 26 4. 6 

.0 345 410 61 932 11 5. 5 

. 0 245 233 40 656 7. 62 38.4 

--- 2. 2 288 285 421 751 47 24 

SOUTHERN DIVISION. 

In ·the southern division of tJ;te south Pacific slope, 

between Los Angeles and the Mexican boundary, the 

waters of six streams have been studied by Van Winkle 

and Eaton. Th~ data, nearly all in the form of long 

series of analyses, ·are as follows:· 
142 

Date (1907-8). 

Turbidity. 

' 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

Analyses of water jiom San Gabriel River near Azusa, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Iron 

(Fe). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

Sodium Carbonand po- ate Bicarbonate 

radicle 

Total 

solids. 

Mean discharge. 

Acre- Cubic 

From- To.:.... 

Magnesium 

(Mg). tassium radicle 

(Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). 

Sulphate Nitrate 

radicle radicle 

(S04). (NOa). 

Chlo- · rine 

(Cl.) feet feet 

per per day. second. 

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 Tr. 24 0. 20 60 12 19 2. 4 190 40 0. 40 3. 7 240 103. 5 52. 2 Jan. 10 19 Tr: 21 .10 57 12 21 .0 196 41 .76 5.2 238 117.6 59.3 

2

3

0

0 Fob. 2

8

91 10 21 . 15 52 11 17 • o · 161 33 1. 2 5. 1 204 493. 3 248. 7 5 22 . 05 40 8. 7 21 . 0 160 27 • 28 4. 4 190 686. 6 346. 2 Feb. 9 18 Tr. 25 .10 41 12 25 2. 4 159 34 . 48 3. 5 196 487 .. 9 246.0 19 28 Tr. 22 .12 44 12 14 6.0 164 29 .85 4.0 198 379.8 191.5 29 Mar. 9 Tr. 22 . 08 44 11 16 . 0 171 27 . 38 4. 0 195 377.6 190.4 Mar. 10 19 5 20 • O.'i 42 11 19 3. 6 167 27 . 34 4. 0 193 393.5 198.4 20 29 Tr. 18 . 03 41 11 11 2. 4 161 29 . 78 3.1 184 463.9 233.9 30 Apr. 8 Tr. 19 .29 43 11 13 7.2 159 32 2.0 3.1 195 278.2 190.7 Apr. 9 18 Tr. 22 .04 44 10 13 .0 175 32 1.8 3.0 200 291.9 147.2 19 28 5 19 . 20 43 11 11 . 4. 8 161 29 . 40 4. 0 191 279. 6 141. 0 29 May 8 Tr. 19 . 05 42 12 9. 9 13 143 29 1. 0 2. 6 187 314. 7 158. 7 May 9 18 Tr. 20 • 21 44 13 16 7. 2 160 38 1. 2 3. 0 198 249. 3 125. 7 19 28 Tr. 20 . 08 46 12 12 7. 2 163 36 I. 0 2. 5 192 182. 9 92. 2 

29 June 7 Tr. 18 .17 41 11 17 4.8 167 28 .75 4.0 201 161.1 81.2 June 8 17 Tr. 18 .15. 45 11 13 3. 6 172 27 2. 0 3. 5 195 154.3 77.8 18 27 Tr. 18 . 08 44 11 13 4. 8 172 29 • 15 · 3. 5 196 133. 1 67. 1 28 July 7 5 21 .13 46 11 14 .0 171 42 1.1 3.7 211 92.2 46.5 July 8 17 5 21 . 23 46 13 14 7. 2 171 31 . 30 14.0 206 81.5 41. 1 18 27 Tr. 25 . 15 43 13 18 I. 2 178 29 1. 3 6. 0 212 73. 4 37. 0 28 Aug. 6 a260 25 .50 44 14 15 1.2 179 32 --------- 4.0 218 91.4 46.1 Aug. 7 16 90 20 . 32 43 11 25 3. 6 171 32 . 70 3. 4 202 76. 6 38. 6 

g I Sept. ~ ~ i~ : ~~ !~ ~~ ~~ 1: ~ ~~~ ·~~ 1 1:66 ~: ~ ~~ ~~: ~ M: ~ Sept. ll 15 300 27 . 50 40 13 13 . 0 163 35 17. 0 3. 3 222 55. 1 27.8 16 25 90 21 . 18 42 13 · 17 6. 0 168 32 ~ Tr. 4. 2 204 65. 8 33. 2 26 Oct. 5 40 18 .10 39 13 23 11 · 166 30 --------- 3.7 208 67.6 31.0 Oct. 6 15 10 21 .05 40 14 20 .0 196 35 Tr. 4.0 211 61.5 34.1 16 25 5 17 . 04 48 12 18 2. 4 200 30 Tr. 3. 0 213 73. 0 36. 8 26 Nov. 4 Tr. 19 .28 50 13 22 2.4 198 33 .28 5.0 228 63.7 32.1 Nov. 5 14 Tr. 18 .05 50 16 15 4.8 196 22 .12 4.5 221 64.1 32.3 15 24 Tr. 19 .14 50 16 24 .0 201 24 .10 5.0 223 65.4 33.0 25 Dec. 4 ·18 20 .08 47 14 27 .0 204 30 .20 3.7 223 92.4 46.6 Dec. 5 14 4 18 • 08 49 14 20 • 0 195 37 • 50 5. 5 220 102. 1 51. 5 15 24 Tr. 21 .11 49 13 16 .0 205 34 .44 4.2 226 80.3 40.5 25 ~1 Tr. 20 . 08 50 14 29 • 0 209 29 1 • 28 4. 7 239 78. 1 39.4 

Mean ________ ---23----2-1 --.-16- ---45---12--1-8-~--3-. 3- ---rnl---3-2~--1-.-1- -u---;os ----wo.5 __ 9_6_1 

Run-oft 

per 

square 

mile 

(cubic 

feet 

per second). 

0. 2351 

. 2671 1.1203 

I. 5595 1.1080 

.8626 

.8552 

·.8937 

1.0536 

.8590 

. 6630 

• 6351 

• 7149 

• 5662 

. 4153 

. 3658 

.3505 

.3022 

.2095 

.1851 

.1666 

. 2077 

.1739 

.1387 

.1279 

.1252 

.1495 

.15~6 

.13!16 

.1657 

.1446 

.1455 

.1495 

. 2099 

. 2319 

.1824 

.1775 

.43 . 

a Cloudburst July 31. Turbidities as follows: July 31, 775; Aug. 1, 72A; Aug. 2, 380; Aug. 3, 400; Aug. 4, 340; Aug. 5, 335. "River rose 4 to 6 feet July 31, 1908" (J. W. Moon). 

Analyses of water from Sr;tn Gabriel River near Rivera, Calif. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1907-8). Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate 

Turbidity. Silica Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium and radicle ate radicle radicle radicle Chlorine Total 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). (HCOs). (S04)· (NOa). (Cl). solids. 

From- To- (Na+K). 

---

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 8 25 0.15 68 11 17 0.0 218 40 15 6. 9 262 Jan. 10 19 ~ 5 24 . 01 76. 9.8 19 .0 217 34 .16 7.0 266 20 29 100 22 .11 63 8. 5 19 .0 185 37 1.4 7. 9 231 30 Feb. 8 20 20 .07 50 9. 8 19 .0 185 31 1.2 7. 2 223 Feb. 9 18 5 22 .07 58 11 24 .0 200 38 1.·1 5.0 236 19 28 . 5 22 .08 60 11 24 .0 214 34 1.9 9.0 244 29 Mar. 9 Tr. 22 .05 58 13 21 2.4 207 33 1.8 7.4 241 Mar. 10 19 5 25 .05. 52 10 23 7.2 203 28 2.1 7. 5 249 20 29 Tr. 30 .05 40 13 19 .0 213 26 3.0 7. 9 237 30 Apr. 8 5 24 .05 52 12 20 .o 211 36 4.0 8. 5 248 Apr. 9 18 5 25 .10 53 12 191 16 186 36 1.5 6. 5 253 19 28 5 24 .18 52 9.8 22 .0 215 35 2.0 6. 5 247 29 May 8 Tr. 26 .03 54 13 18 .0 214 30 4.0 7.0 248 May 9 18 'fr. 26 .10 54 12 19 4.8 209 29 .84 6. 5 251 19 28 Tr. 26 .18 57 12 22 .0 220 37 2.0 12 258 29 June 7 6 22 . 04 55 11 23 6.0 203 33 1.8 7. 7 244 June 8 17 Tr. 21 .08 54 12 18 .0 210 30 . 56 8. 9 238 18 27 Tr. 21 .15 54 11 18 .0 221 36 . 82 15 251 28 July 7 Tr. 24 .08 53 11 18 9. 6 193 29 1.6 8 240 July 8 17 Tr. 23 .00 55 10 20 7.2 200 28 .86 7. 7 237 18 27 Tr. 19 . 29 52 12 25 .0 212 30 1.2 7. 5 243 28 Aug. 6 Tr. 23 .16 53 12 19 .0 212 30· ------------ 8. 5 240 Aug. 7 16 3 20 .04 54 12 23 6.0 207 30 ------------ 9.0 239 17 26 Tr. 22 .19 55 12 20 7.2 203 29 1.4 8.0 245 27 Sept. 5 3 26 .12 62 13 26 9. 6 201 32 1.6 17 268 Sept. 1~ I 15 Tr. 33 . 22 55 11 20 Tr. 222 29 1.2 7. 5 255 ·25 Tr. 20 . 07 54 12 19 .0 224 29 1.3 8. 5 246 26 Oct. 5 Tr. 23 .08 52 12 18 2.4 217 30 ------------ 7. 5 230 Oct. 6 15 5 26 .07 55 12 23 .0 237 34 1.8 8. 3 258 16 25 Tr. 25 .13 53 11 38 .0 226 40 1.5 7. 5 250 26 Nov. 4 Tr. 21 .12 54 11 20 2.4 221 30 1.2 9. 5 248 Nov. 5 14 6 21 .08 52 11 20 .0 222 27 . 98 8. 0 246 15 24 Tr. 21 .08 52 12 32 .0 217 30 . 96 7. 5 250 25 Dec .. 4 Tr. 20 . 15 50 13 24 .0 220 30 1.1 9.0 247 Dec. 5 14 Tr. 22 . 341 42 12 37 . 0 212 46 '1.0 9.0 246 15 24 6 25 . 24 54 13 27 .0 220 38 . 94 8. 5 253 25 31 Tr. 23 . 04 53 16 35 . 0 222 38 1.6 8. 5 249 

Mean-------- 51 23 .11 I 551 12 221 2. 21 211 1 3:1 I 1.!1 8. 41 246 
SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 143 

Vn.n Winkle's analysis of water from Rio Hondo, reduced to standard form, 1s as follows: 

Data (1900). 

Analysis of water: from Rio Hondo, Calif. 

Parts per Permillion. centages. 

115.0 

21.0 

16.0 

1.2 

50.0 

13.0 

26.0 

.1 

26.0 

42.86 

7. 83 5. 96 

. 45 11.64 

4. 84 9. 69 

. 04 9. 69 

268. 3 100. 00 

Analyses 'of water from Santa Ana River above 11fentone, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Car- Bicar- SulMean discharge including canal. 

Mean discharge without canal. 

.I

".I"OI11_ 'l'o- bidity. (Si02). Ab03. (Ca). (~~- (Na). (K). radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Acre- Cubic Acre- Cubic 

Tur- Silica Fe203+ c9~ Magno- Sodium ~P~:- bonate bonate phate ~r~~- Total I 

(C02).. (HC03). (SO.). feet per feet per feet per feet per 

day. second. day. second. 

~~.10 ______ " ___ 1_._2 ____ 2_;~--2-7-~~~--1-4 ___ 6_.1_~~~~~~ 

11 20 24 .8 31 4.4 16 2.4 .0 111 13 5.9 176 124 62.3 43.2 21.8 21 30 --------- 26 1.2 25 4.8 29 3.1 .0 119 16 6.9 132 88.3 44.5 11.5 5.8 31 Feb. 9 --------- 26 1.8 37 10 14 1.8 .o 116 51 6.9 136 69.8 35.2 1.98 1.0 l"cb. 11 18 --------- 11 2.2 29 s.o 14 1.3 .o 112 9.9 11 1o6 113 57.0 1.98 1.0 20 28 --------- 21 2.8 25 4.8 18 1.2 .0 111 12 7.5 160 198 100 93.4 47.1 M!ll'. 2 Mm·.11 --------- 16 4.2 30 7.1 15 2.4 .0 117 15 8.8 156 124 '62.4 25.8 13.0 12 19 --------- 13 2. 4 19 4. 1 9:1 1. 5 . 0 78 10 11 150 1, 551 782 1, 489 75. 1 23 31 _________ 19 2.8 21 4.6 13 2.0 ·.o 82 7.4 6.9 160 1,926 971 1,846 93.1 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 --------- 18 4. 0 33 7. 2 16 3. 8 . 0 92 13 6. 9 144 502 253 392 198 11 20 --------- 16 3. 6 27 7. 0 15 2. 8 . 0 96 15 5. 9 124 384 194 246 124 21 30 --------- 14 4.4 24 6.8 13 2.4 .o 88 10 5.9 114 746 376 605 305 May 2 May 10 --------- 16 3. 2 26 7. 7 21 3. 0 . 0 94 10 6. 2 138 530 267 388 196 11 20--------- 16 1.8 20 5.2 12 1.1 .0 94 8.6 7.8 122 390 197 258 130 21 31 --------- 10 3. 6 23 5. 3 10 1. 3 . 0 90 11 5. 9 128 544 274 423. 113 Juno 1 Juno 10 --------- 16 3. 4 23 5. 7 12 2. 0 . 0 88 16 7. 6 104 394 199 256 129 11 20 --------- 15 5.8 24 6.8 8.4 1.3 .0 89 12 5.9 142 329 166 190 95.8 

21 30 ---------~--------- ---~-~----~--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- 297 150 159 80.2 

July 1 July 10 ---------1 13 .10 21 6. 7 14 . 0 88 16 6. 3 142 263 133 123 62.3 11 20 --------- 22 .05 19 4.7 15 a3.0 89 12 8.2 132 242 122 101 50.9 21 30--------- 11 .08 28 5.0 14 .0 98 12 5.8 120 210 106 68.6 34.6 Aug. 5 Aug. 10 .•.....•. 1 1\) .07 32 5.8 22 .0 112 12 7.5 150 150 75.4 9.92 5.0 

12 20---------1 13 .17 33 5.3 18 .0 102 13 5.8 148 181 91.7 52.0 26.2 21 :-11--------- 22 .40 23 5.8 18 .0 112 15 4.9 146 143 72.3 5.77 2.91 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 10 . 20 18 4. 5 22 . 0 70 11 22 128 127 64.2 3."77 1. 9 11 20 --------- 18 . 30 29 6. 3 12 . 0 98 12 5.1 122 122 61.5 3. 37 1. 7 

Oct. ~i Oct. r8 :::::::j·-----~r -----:ir ~~ ---·Tr --------~~-------- ----··:g· --·-·nr ----~r-- -----~T !~~ H~ ~~J ~gJ ~&:r 21 31 ••.•••••. 1 11 .10 25 5. 6 18 . 0 116 12 6.1 138 136 69.3 4. 96 2. 5 Nov. 1 Nov.lO 0 13 .5 26 5.1 18 .0 ·118 12 6.1 136 128 64.6 4.96 2.5 11 20--------- 16 .15 26 5.9 17 .0 117 22 7.1 144 117 58.8 4.96 2.5 22 30 2 14 . 10 25 4. 8 19 . 0 104 17 7. 1 134 114 57.7 4. 96 2. 5 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 2 10 . 10 28 6. 2 18 . 0 118 14 6. 1 130 146 73. 6 14. 7 7. 4 11 20 20 15 . 05 28 5. 0 16 . 0 120 12 7. 1 156 323 163 192 96. 8 

21 31 30 13 . 05 --------- 4. 6 15 . 0 86 15 5. 6 120 212 107 79.3 40.0 

Mean •••••..• ---------\ 16 b. 15 26 5. 7 18 . 0 ---w2 --1-4-.----7-.3-~ ---al3160i=== ---

a Abnormal; computed as JIC03 in the average. b Moan of Fe values after July 1. 
144 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Santa Ana River above Mentone, Calif.-Continued. 

Date. I Mean discharge. 

(1907-8) Sodium Carbon- Bicar~ 

Turbid- Silica Calcium Mag- and ate bonate Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Total 

ity. (Si02). Iron(Fe). (Ca). nesium potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Acre-· Cubic (Mg). (Na+K). (COa).c (HCOs). (S04). (NOs). feet feet per From- To- per day. second. 

------------------·--------- ---------.--------'- ------ ~--

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 Tr. 27 0.02 33 4. 9 13 2.4 110 28 --------- 3. 6 150 106.9 53. g. 

Jan. 10 19 Tr. 22 .11 29 4. 5 19 .0 111 19 1.2 3. 7 148 115.8 58.4 

20 29 25 25 . 05 27 4. 5 20 .0 99 21 . 66 3. 4 143 245.1 123.6 

30 Feb. 8 10 23 . 13 29 6:0 18 .0 106 21 .44 3. 9 141 252.8 127.5 

Feb. 9 18 5 20 . 05 26 5. 7 21 .0 109 20 . 32 3. 2 138 230.6 116.3 

19 28 5 22 .18 29 6. 4 15 Tr. 120 20 1.1 3. 7 141 290.3 146.4 

29 Mar. 9 Tr. 20 .15 31 6. 5 16 .0 118 16 .10 3.0 141 332.6 167.7 

Mar. 10 19 Tr. 24 • 15 24 5. 4 22 .0 118 20 ·.54 4.9 141 189.0 95.3 

20 29 Tr. 26 .02 23 5. 2 14 .0 117 18 . 80 3.0 139 233.4 117.7 

30 Apr. 8 5 25 .11 26 5. 5 15 .0 116 24 1.0 3. 5 142 234.0 118.0 

Apr. 9 18 5 23 .05 25 5. 3 14 .0 109 23 6.0 3.0 134 175.6 88.5 

19 28 5 22 .08 25 3.9 14 .0 107 23 2.0 3. 5 162 201.9 101.8 

29 May 8 Tr. 25 . 08 24 6. 7 15 .0 104 18 1.0 3.0 130 186.6 94.1 

May 9 18 5 28 .10 24· 7. 1 15 .0 112 16 • 80 3. 5 142 150.3 75.8 

19 28 5 29 . 12 21 4. 8 14 . 0 100 20 1.3 3. 5 137 129.7 65.4 

29 June 7 Tr. 27 . 18 25 5.3 16 .0 112 23 . 70 2. 6 149 129.7 65.4 

June 8 17 Tr. 19 . 18 31 7. 4 ' 14 .0 109 30 .20 4. 0 128 121.8 61.4 

18 27 Tr. 22 . 08 24 5. 5 16 .. 0 110 20 1.9 3.0 135 117.0 59.1) 

28 July 7 5 23 . 20 25 4. 6 18 .p 115 17 .MI 4.0 136 121;4 61.2 

July 8 17 Tr. 28 . 25 25 7. 8 13 .. 0 116 16 • 38 4.0 140 132.3 66.7 

18 27 Tr. 23 . 23 24 7. 4 17 .0 110 13 

-----~~~- ' 

4.0 138 125.1 63.1 

28 Aug. 6 5 20 .14 25 9.1 15 . 0 117 28 4. 5 139 129.7 65.4 

Aug. 7 16 130 23 • 35 21 . 7. 9 17 .0 120 15 2. 8 146 130.9 66.0 

17 26 Tr. 17 . 37 . 23 8.1 15 .0 106 14 . 70 I 3. 5 122 125.0 63.0 

27 Sepr. 5 5 .23 . 20 28 10 15 1.2 118 29 . 70 3. 5 178 122.8 61.9 

Sept. 6 15 8 17 .15 27 7. 2 13 .0 121 14 .. 80 3. 0 134 121.0 61.0 

16 25 70 23 . 33 24 7. 1 14 .0 122 14 . 20 3. 5 142 122.0 61.5 

26 Oct. 5. Tr. 23 . 20 21 6. 6 11 .0 121 17 Tr. 3.1 145 106.7 53.8 

Oct; 6 15 Tr. 24 . 44 23 7. 6 14 . 0 127 19 Tr . 3. 2 146 117.2 59.1 

16 25 Tr. 27 .10 24 6. 2 17 .0 121. 14 . 34 3. 0 146 109.5 55.2 

26 Nov. 4 Tr. 20 .15 24 1.8 17 . 0 115 16 Tr . 4. 0 137 109.1 55.0 

Nov. 5 14 4 78 . 24 23 5. 7 39 45 80 25 Tr. 6. 0 256 82.1 41.4 

15 24 15 36 .08 24 6. 4 32 .0 121 22 Tr. 4. 5 162 81.9 41.3 

25 Dec. 4 Tr. 29 . 12 24 6. 9 23 .0 115 22 1.8 4.1 144 88.9 44.8 

Dec. 5 '14 Tr. 22 . 18 25 6. 7 31 .0 115 20 0 70 7. 0 142 89.3 45.0 

15 24 Tr. 24 .08 25 6.1 17 .0 117 18 . 36 4. 9 141 81.7 41.2 

25 31 4 21 .10 25 8. 9 29 .0 120 22 . 26 5.0 144 80.7 40.7 

---------------------------· --------------- Mean ________ 8 25 .16 25 6. 3 18 . 0 116 20 . 75 3. 8 145 149.2 75.22 

c The values given for COs are abnormal and are computed as HCOs in the average. 

Date 

(1906-7). 

Turbidity. Silica 

(Si02). 

From- ToAnalyses of water from Santa Ana River near Corona, Calif. 

[Parts per million.) 

Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Calcium Magnesium and Iron (Fe). radicle ate radicle radicle (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COs). (HCOs). (SO.). (Na+K). 

Nitrate 

radicle Chlorine 

(N03). (Cl). 

Run-off 

per 

square 

mile 

(cubic 

feet per second). 

---

2, 960 3, 208 

6, 791 7, 005 

6, 390 

8,044 

9, 214 

5, 236 

6,466 

6,483 

4,862 

5, 593 ·5, 170 

4,109 

3, 593 

3, 593 3, 373 

3, 242 

3,362 

3, 664 3,466 

3, 563 

3, 626 3, 461 3, 401 

3, 351 

3, 379 

2, 956 3, 247 

3,033 

3, 022 

2, 274 

2, 269 2, 461 

2, 472 2, 263 

2,236 

---

4,.131 

Total 

solids. 

--- ·-- ----~ 

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 15 30 0. 08 79 12 39 0.0 244 51 2. 0 41 1 362 

Jan. 10 19 135 27 . 12 75 12 52 .0 249 55 2.1 41 I 366 20 29 680 28 • 21 60 12 46 .0 212 53 2. 7 34 329 

30 Feb. 8 675 30 .38 66 12 45 .0 206 54 .9 30 317 

Feb. 9 18 450' 27 . 37 55 12 50 ;0 201. 52 1.6 29 313 

19 28 50 25 .15 66 12 I 36 . 0 210 49 2. 9 25 292 

29 Mar. 9 55 23 . 15 61 11 36 .0 205 45 2. 1 24 285 

Mar. 10 19 20 28 . 45 53 7.8 40 .0 227 46 3. 5 28 312 

20 29 10 39 . 24 60 12 41 4. 8 239 17 3.0 38 344 

30 Apr. 8 20 29 .17 61 13 49 1.2 232 48 Tr. 38 342 Apr. 9 18 Tr. 31 .05 62 12 47 9. 4 230 56 3. 0 45 363 19 28 10 31 . 05 63 12 51 ·. 0 251 39 3.0 46 362 29 May 8 Tr. 26 . 20 62 18 47 .0 246 35 4. 0 45 347 May 9 18 Tr. 28 .14 59 12 46 .0 240 40 2. 0 41 342 

19 28 4 32 ·. 17 64 •13 50 11 222 42 3. 8 43 359 

29 June 7 Tr. 29 .18 62 9. 3 50 4. 8 237 43 2. 0 47 352 

June 8 17 Tr. 35 • 23 60 13 48 18 210 47 2. 5 35 361 

18 27 Tr. 29 . 07 60 12 52 7. 2 229 35 1.6 45 336 

28 July 7 5 30 .18 59 13 44 9. 6 218 36 1. 6. 43 336 July 8 17 Tr. 33 . 70 59 13 49 9. 6 218 41 1.6 43 356 

18 27 6 32 . 18 57 13 52. 7. 2 223 35 2. 2 44 341 

28 Aug. 6 5 38 .12 57 12 47 . 4. 8 232 33 1.5 41 341 

Aug. 7 16 7 39 . 08 58 12 59 .0 243 32 1.3 43 342 

17 26 Tr. 41 . 29 57 15 51 4. 8 222 40 3. 0 41 349 27 Sept. 5 Tr. 34 .18 56 12 48 20 195 36 2. 0 34 317 Sept. 6 15 Tr. 38 . 15 . 59 13 48 12 226 38 1. 9 45 350 

16 25 a 150 .· 30 . . 15 

601 

14 47 1.2 245 43 2.0 49 364 26 Oct. 5 60 33 . 20 61 13 48 4. 8 250 42 ------------ 50 368 Oct. 6 15 8 33 .11 61 14 49 2. 4 246 38 2. 2 44 344 

16 25 10 35 . 05 71 17 58 .0 256 55 .1.9 47 418 

26 Nov. 4 Tr. 30 . 22 60 11 48 . 0 249 50 2. 4 44 348 

Nov. 5 14 6 30 .08 61 I 13 49 . 0 256 36 1.9 48 356 

15 24 7 31 . 08 61 14 52 .0 249 35 2. 2 44 352 

25 Dec. 4 4 31 . 25 . 62 14 55 2. 4 248 38 2. 5 49 370 

Dec. 5 14 12 29 .15 61 14 48 .0 254 44 3. 6 49 362 

15 24 4 32 .08 63 14 64 .0 2591 37 3. 8 47 361 

25 31 Tr. 27 .04 63 15 66 2.4 246 50 4.0 48 366 

Mean ________ 65 31 1 . 181 61 I 13 I . 49•1 3. 71 233 I 42 2. 31 41 347 

I 

. a September 25, turbidity 1,500, suspended matter, 3,200. 
Dnto (1906). 

-. ---------

From- 'l'o.-

- - Jnn. 1 Jan. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Fob. \) 

Fob. 10 ]\) 

20 Mar. 1 

Mnr. 3 10 22 31 Apr. 1 Apr. \) 

11 20 21 30 Mny 1 May 10 11 20 21 31 June 1 Juno 10 11 20 . 21 30 July 2 July .9 

11 20 21· 30 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 11 20 21 31 Sept. 1 Sopt. 10 11 20 21 30 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 11 20 21 31 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 11 20 21 30 Don. 1 Doc. 10 11 12 26 31 

Mean ••....•• 

---

Dntc (1907-8). 

From- ~l'o-

------- ])('C. :31 Jan. 9 Jan. 10 19 20 29 

.30 Feb. 8 :l~cb. \) 18 Hl 28 29 Mar. 0 1Vfm·. 10 19 20 29 

30 Apr. 8 .Apr. 9 18 19 28 2\J May 8 lVlny I) 18 11) 28 29 Juno 7 

Juno 8 17 18 27 28 July 7 July 8 10 Sept. 26 Oct. 5 Oct. (I 15 10 25 20 Nov.' 4 Nov. 5 14 

15 '24 

25 Dec. 4 Dec. 5 14 15 2·1 25 31 

Mean _______ 

SOUTH P ACI:VIC SLOPE. 145 

A.na~yses of wat_er from San Luis Rey River at Pala, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.) 

I Mean discharg~. 

Silica AhOa+ Calcium Magne· Sodium Potas- Carbon- Bicarbon- Sulphate Chlorine Total .Turbidity. (Si02). Fe20a. (Ca). sium (Na). sium(K). ate radicle ate radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Cubic (Mg). (COa). (HCOa). (804). Acre-feet feet per per day. second. 

---------------------------

........................... 41 1.2 44 14 92 0.1 0. 0 178 63 47 336 23.4 

----------- 35 1.8 40 12 86 . 6.8 .0 56 . 54 7. 7 346 69.8 

----------- 35 .8 41 14 48 4. 5 .0 166 64 47 294 36.1 

............................ ,37 1.8 46 14 41 3.8 .0 176, 69 48 354 21.8 

----------- 33 3.4 37 13 30 4. 5 ···--··:a· ----·-i68" .11 ......................... 346 . 86.9 

----------- 29 3. 2 39 14 34 3. 5 63 46 320 57.5 

............................ 37 2. 2 41 14 37 3.1 .0 168 60 47 340 61.3 

............................. 27 3.8 20 6.3 18 3. 2 .0 89 20 17 224 5, 284 

... ....................... 28 8.4 28 12 20 1.6 .0 111 34 27 260 952 

......................... 23 5. 2 30 9. 5 20 3. 3 .0 127 36 26 -···--262" 538 

............................. 29 2. 4 35 9.8 33 3.8 . 0 131 34 28 315 

........................... 29 3.8 29 9. 6 17 4. 5 .0 132 35 29 252 317 

........................... 29 3. 4 31 11 25 3. 7 .0 138 41 30 266 315 

.......................... 27 4.0 33 11 24 3. 1 .0 136 37 30 276 309 

......................... 29 3. 4 44 13 34 4.1 .0 144 48 32 276 224 

......................... 34 5. 0 44 12 27 2. 2 a13 132 47 35 312 104 

.......................... 40 . 4.4 44 12 42 3. 3 .0 160 46 34 292 62.1 

----------- ........................... .......................... ......................... ---------- ......................... ---------- a2. 5 166 ---------- 41 242 37.7 

Fe. ; 

............................... 31 .06 39 12 42 .0 169 52 39 314 37.7 

......................... 27 .08 45 14 44 .0 175 54 39 342 37.7 

......................... 33 .10 58 14 50 .0 167 59 38 338 27.6 

.......................... 29 .05 43 13 45 .0 171 56 40 338 25.2 

........................ 36 . 13 48 14 51 .0 182 58 44 348 10.6 

......................... 42 . 20 46 14 26 .0 176 60 42 348 5. 95 

....................... 36 .10 46 14 50 .0 174 63 41 342 10.1 

....................... 33 . 20 48 13 60 .0 196 54 41 338 5. 95 

........................ 23 .20 56 18 58 .0 197 61 46 346 5.95 

-----·--2ii" 28 .15 48 14 . 36 .0 197 68 44 346 5.95 

27 . 25 48 14 50 .0 200 60 46 354 5. 95 

5 30 . 15 46 15 49 .0 198 84 46 354· 5. 95 

2 31 .05 48 14 62 .0 203 67 48 358 5. 95 

10 31 . 10 50 16 53 .0 201 65 52 . 352 37.5 

10 31 .04 46 24 50 .a 206 64 54 368 32.1 

....................... ----------- ......................... --------,. -~- ---·;· --- == -_._._._._._ = = = == = == === = a24 114 -------·-- 50 ------4iiii" 556 . 60 22 . 01 .0 . :: 1,- ----~- 60 .. 335 

----------- 31 b.l2 a u · « .0 39 

Tur· 

bidity. 

---5 

5 

90 

30 

40 

8 

19 

5 

15 

5 

10 

10 

10 

'l'r 

'l'r. 5 'l'r. 

'rr. 

'l'r. 

10 

60 

'l'r. 

45 

Tr. 6 

4 

40 

10 

Tr. 6 

---·14 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOs in the average. b Mean of Fe values after July 1. 

Analyses of water fr~m Sa:nta Ysabel Creek at San Pasqual, near Escondido, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.) 

Sodium Carbon- Bicar- Sulphate Nitrate Silica Iron Calcium Ma~esi- and ate bonate Chlorine Total 

(SiO?). (Fe). (Ca). urn Mg). potassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. 

(Na+K). (COa). (HCOs). (S01). (NOa). 

---------------------------------

40 0.11 37 16 43 0 158 33 2.0 40 277 

37 . 17 35 14 42 0 156 36 . 76 39 270 39 . 25 29 12 37 0 137 31 .48 33 236 

40 . 35 28 11 40 0 122 33 .16 29 232 

38 . 21 27 10 .35 0 116 26 .48 28 209 44 .18 25 8. 2 33 2. 4 134 32 .68 31 237 

41 .18 22 12 ' 33 0 133 28 1.1 28 214 47 . 08 26 11 32 0 138 32 4.0 32 243 47 . 04 26 13 34 4.3 135 27 1.9 31 234 

23 .49 26 12 32 0 144 31 1.9 31 241 

32 . 30 27 10 37 7.4 136 35 .40 33 261 

38 . 20 26 12 33 0 144 28 . 50 31 244 45 . 13 26 12 35 0 148 24 2.1 32 241 

43 . 18 27 9. 6 33 7. 2 132 25 1.2 32 238 47 . 09 26 12 35 4. 8 138 27 .96 33 247 51 . 21 27 12 36 0 1M 26 1.2 34 250 47 .06 28 13 37 0 159 24 Tr. 37 254 

50 .06 28 14 42 7. 2 154 29 .48 40 273 49 .13 32 13 48 0 179 25 .72 48 293 

-------54" ........................... ......................... ---------- ....................... ---------- ...................... ........................ --------- --------- --------- . 02 33 18 54 1.2 206 43 . 02 58 349 54 . 24 33 18 46 0 206 31 • .86 60 348 '49 .05 30 16 54 ·o .185 30 . 68 44 302 49 .10 30 13 48 0 190 29 . 08 45 317 48 .28 30 15 61 2.4 181 32 Tr. 48 299 42 .16 32 17 55 0 181 30 Tr. 46 289 

40 .18 30 14 52 0 167 33 . 30 42 282 47 . 05 30 15 52 0 176 29 . 72 43 289 49 .18 30 15 58 0 172 28 .44 43 286 

4~ . 28 34 16 54 0 173 30 . 24 44 292 

--------------- ----·----------- 44 • 17 29 13 42 1.3 160 30 .84 38 '260 

321 285 

Mean discharge. 

Acre- Cubic 

feet per feet per day. second. 

------

21.8 11 21.6 10.9 99.0 49.9 . 117.4 59.2 

120.6 60.8 

81.3 41 

112.3 56.6 

67.2 33.9 51.4 25.9 46.8 23.6 ,30. 3 15.3 

51.2 25.8 35: 1 17.7 

32.5 16.4 

19.0 9. 6 ln. o 7. 54 

10.0 5. 07 

7. 54 3. 8 

2.10 1.06 

--------- --------- • 56 . 28 .46 . 23 

2. 08 1. 05 1. 69 .85 3. 29 1. 66 

6.64 3.35 

12.9 6. 5 

10.3 5. 2 9. 60 4. 84 10.7 5. 4 ------ 34 17 

11.8 

35.2 

18.2 

11.0 

43.8 

29.0 

30.9 2, 664 

480 

271 

159 

160 

159 

156 

113 

52.7 

31.3 

19.0 

19.0 

19.0 

13.9 

12.7 

5.36 

3.0 

5.10 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0. 

3.0 

3.0 

18.9 

16 2 

280 

169 

143 

Run-off 

persqcare mile 

(cubic 

feet per second). 

---

0.0859 

. 0851 

. 3898 

.4624 

. 4750 

. 3203 

. 4422 

. 2648 

. 202:3 

.1843 

. 1117 

. 2015 

. 1383 

.1281 

.0750 

.0589 

.0396 

.0297 

.0083 

--------- . 0018 

. 0018 

. 0082 

. 0066 

. 0129 

. 0261 

.0508 

.0406 

.0378 

. 042!: 

---

. 135 
146 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses ofwater from Cottonwood Creek at Barrett darf!, San Diego County, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1907-8). 

Magne- Sodium 

Turbid- Silica Iron (Fe) .. Calcium ·sium and po- ity. (Si02). (Ca). (Mg). tassium 

From- To- (Na+K). 

--- ---

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 5 42 0.05 77 20 75 Jan. 10 19 15 ~9 .18 56 20 . 66 20 29 105 38 . 12 61 14 42 

ieb. 30 Feb. 8 160 39 . 28 47 18 59 . 9 18 45 40 . 48' 42 18 60 19 28 30 . 43 . 09 31 15 64 29 Mar. 9 50 39 .38 37 11 50 Mar. 10 19 15 43 . 30 44 16 54 20 29 12 43 . 27 48 18 63 30 Apr. 8 10 53 . 05 45 17 61 Apr. 19 28 15 59 .04 47 19 62 29 May. 8 Tr. 42 . 15 50 24 60 May 9 18 5 42 . 02 50 23 68 19 June 28 Tr. . 46 . 35 52 21 68 29 7 Tr. 43 . 18 49 19 70 June 8 17 Tr. 48 . 08 53 22 64 18 27 Tr. 49 .. 18 54 22 75 28 July 7 5 51 . 13 56 24 82 July 8 9 Tr. --------46" ----------- ----------- -------23" ---------- Nov. 6a Nov. 15 Tr. . 12' 55 91 16 25 Tr. 46 .16 54 23 85 26 Dec. 4 Tr. 42 .14 54 26 84 Dec. 5 14 Tr. 44 . 14 55 23 91 15 24 10 51 . 26 56 24 91 25 31 Tr. 42 . 32 57 27 78 --- Mean ________ 19.. 44 I .18 51 20 

In the . following table the averages of the seven 

foregoing tables are c;ompared in percentage form. 

Reduced analyses of waters in southern division of south Pacific 

slope. · 

1. Cottonwood Creek at Barrett dam, about 35 miles east of San· Diego. 2.5 

composite analyses. 

2 .. Santa Ysabel Creek at San Pasqual. 30 composites. 

3. San Luis Rey River at Pala. 35 composites. 

4. Santa Ana River above Mentone; Average for two years. 73 composites. 

5. Santa Ana River at Corona. 37 composites. 

6. San Gabriel River at Azuza. 37 composites. 

7. San Gabriel River at Rivera. 37 composites. 

2 3 4 1 7 

-------1---------------------

COa-------------------- 29.41 28.87 26.23 36.56 33.06 40.23 40. 54 so.____________________ 12.26 10.83 12.34 11.60 11. 74 14. 32. 12.62 

CL .. ------~----------- 14.62 13.72 12.79 3.75 11.46 1.92 3.22 NOs.------------------ . 24 . 29 . 54 . 64 . 49 . 72 Ca_____________________ 12.03 10.46 13. 74 17.40 17.04 20. 13 21.02 Mg____________________ 4. 72 4. 69 4. 25 4.10 . 3. 63 5. 37 4. 59 

~;;6;=================) 16::: } 15: :: li: ~~ 1~: ~i } 13::: } 8::: } 8::: 

Si02.- ----------------- 10. 38 15.88 10.14 13.64 8. 66 9. 40 8. 79 

Salinity, parts per mil- 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 

lion __________________ 424 27.7 306 147 .I 358 234 . 262 

SUMMARY FOR THE SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

A careful study of the analyses of waters in the 

south Paci:(ic area shows more similarities than differences. Nearly ·an these waters areeabnorma1ly high 

in sulphates, and in some of them, as in the Salinas 

basin, chlorides are in excess of carbonates. In some 

of the tributaries of the Salinas the proportion of 

carbonates is extremely low. In San Lorenzo· Creek 

the proportion of magnesium exceeds that of calcium, 

a relation which is doubtless due to the fact that the 

69 

Nitrate I . Mean discharge. Carbon- Bicarbon- Sulphate ate ate radicle Chlorme Total 

radicle radicle radicle (NOa). (Cl). solids. Cubicfect 

(COa). (HCOa). (S04). Acre-feet per sec- per day. on d. 

---------------- ------· 0. 0 164 55 0. 5 59 423 20.19 10.18 

2. 4 261 62 1.0 61 431 25.98 13. 10 

.0 237 57 .8 53 402 93.28 47.03 .0 205 55 . 26 ~ 48 361 127.73 64.4 .0 199 55 1.2 42 341 140. 18 70.7 4.8 200 53 . 69 49 356 788.94 39.8 14 168 47 1.3 45 328 104.13 52.5 3. 6 217 52 1.4 53 380 55.34 27.9 

. 0 242 53 2. 0 54 384 49.12 24.n 9. 6 220 38 2.1 54 341 35.20 17. 75· . 0 215 50 2. 0 63' 353 24.93 12.57 . 0 253 55 .9 56 410 25.03 12. 62' 2. 4 251 52 1.0 60 416 19.22 9. 69 

8.4 245 55 1.5 64 431 14.53 7. 33- 7. 2 242 50 . 56 66 417 12.81 (i, 46 

6. 0 268 43 . 82 66 423 7. 44 3. 75· 9. 6 278 54 Tr. 70 455 3. 93 1. 98- .0 317 41 3. 5 78 482 . 1. 21 . 61 

------4."8" ------298" -------39" -----·r:r-r~- -------86" ------467" -----8.-4i- ,------4.-24 2. 4 286 43 Tr. 73 465 8. 52 4. 30 2. 4 273 61 1.3 73 455 10.95 5. 52 4. 8 264 61 . 80 74 454 10.33 5. 21 2. 4 295 58 . 74 73 479 13.47 6. 79 

6. 0 300 65 . 32 73 474 13. 15 6. 63· ------------------------ 3. 7 246 52 .1. 0 62 413 37.66 19 

stream rises where magnesian rocks, especially serpentine, are abundant. These waters of the Salinas basin 

are in several instances very high in salinity, and are· 

in that respect characteristic of the arid or semiarid 

·region through which they flow. Santa Maria River, 

in the middle division of this area, resembles the· 

Salinas waters, ?oth in composition and in salinity. 

It is probaqle that in some of the rivers these peculiarities have been intensified by return drainage from 

irrigation ditches, as has been shown by Headden in 

his admirable study of the upper waters of the Platte 

in Colorado. (See pp. 99-100.) 

In the middle and southern divisions of the region 

the peculiarities mentioned above are less marked. 

The salinity, except in Santa Maria River, is moderate, 

and the streams show more tendency toward the 

normal carbonate type. Alkalies, however, are as a 

rule high in all three divisions and in many streams 

are even in excess of lime~ Here again the effect of 

irrigation seems to be clearly shown. 

MIDDLE PACIFIC SLOPE. 

The rivers of the middle Pacific slope are those 

which drain into the ocean from San Francisco Bay 

northward to but not including the basin of Columbia 

River. They are divided for present convenience into 

two groups-the drainage into San Francisco Bay and 

western streams. In the first group data are available 

for Alameda Creek and San Joaquin and Sacramento 

Rivers, with their tributaries. Except when otherwise stated, the analyses are by Van Winkle and 

Eaton, taken fr~m Water-Supply Paper 237. 
• 

Date (1906). 

From- ToMIDDLE PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of water from Alameda Creek at Niles,· Calif. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

[Parts per mlllion.] 

Fe 0 + 'I Calcium M_agne- Sodium I P~tas- 2 3 · ) smm ( ) smm AhOa. (Oa. (Mg). Na. (K). 

Oarbonate 

radicle 

(OOa). 

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HOOa). 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

147 

Chlorine I Total 

(01). solids. 

---------1----------· ---· ---· -----------------------------

Jan. L ___ ! _____________ _ 

11 __________________ _ 21 __________________ _ 31_ ___________ . ______ _ 

Fob. 10-------------------

M:~ 12 2g:::::::~:.:::::.::::: __________________ _ 

22 __________________ _ 

Apr. 1.1 1------------------- __________________ _ 

21 __________________ _ 

:rvray 2-------------------

21 lL------------------ __________________ _ 

3L------------------ Juno 1 !_ _________________ _ 21_ _________________ _ 

Jmi. 10----------~-------- 23 2.0 102 40 72 2.0 0.0 19___________________ 18 . 6 35 12 10 2. 3 . 0 30.__________________ 21 2. 0 51 19 28 3. 8 . 0 

Fob. 9------------------- 20 2. 0 64 26 38 2. 7 . 0 19 ___________________ 21 1.8 71 25 44 2.8 .0 

:Mar. L__________________ 17 3.4 31 13 21 3.0 .0 n___________________ 14 3. 2 37 . 16 22 1. 3 . o 2L __________________ 12 2.6 32 14 17 3.1 .0 

3L __________________ 15 2.4 391 14 22 4.8 .0 

Apr. ~g~~~:~::::~~:::::::: -------~~- -----~3_:_-~8 ___ -------::- -------~~- ------- 3~~6-- ------~~_: __ ;_ :_go lVlay 10------------------- 17 , 24 20___________________ 18 3. 0 621 24 41 1. 6 3. 3 30 ___________________ 17 3.8 57 25 32 3.4 3.8 

Jtfno 10___________________ 20 4. 2 56 25 37 2. 5 10 

20___________________ 17 4. 8 58 ' 27 50 2. 7 . 0 30___________________ 21 2. 4 62 32 56 5. 0 5.1 I= 

Fe. 

July 1.------~--"--------- july 10------------------- 19 . 06 58 30 66 14 

10' 1 I___________________ 18___________________ 20 . 05 57 29 48 

21.------------------ 3L__________________ 20 . 05 64 32 56 

Aug. L------------------ Aug. 10-------~-----------. 21 . 05 96 30 55 JL__________________ 20 ________________ ;__ 25. . 20 62 30 50 

2L------------------ 30------------------- 20 .10 79 34 82 Sept. L __________________ Sept. 10___________________ 20 .13 90 36 55 

11------------------- 20___________________ 23 .10 70 34 73 2L------------------ 30___________________ 17 . 05 87 34 61 Oct. L------------------ Oct. 10___________________ 16 .10 92 40 65 ll___________________ 20___________________ 19 .15 90 40 50 

2L------------------ . 30------------------- 17 . 40 89 42 70 Nov. 8------------------- Nov. 10 ___________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------·---

2!___________________ 30 ___________________ , 23 . 15 98 42 71 

. 0 8.0 

. 0 

7. 0 10 

12 

10 

9. 0 

10 

16 

.0 

10 

4. 0 

356 

ll9 

188 

243 

247 

142 

168 

139 

151 

182 

232 

240 

255 

256 

251 

242 

270 

273 

257 

268 

296 

264 

287 

286 

290 

249 

327 

339 

329 

342 

358 

396 

420 

170 

42 

56 

86 

80 

30 

38 

32 

29 

36 

67 

-------58-

60 

63 

62 

63 

68 

80 

68 

100 

82 

113 

126 

122 

124 

123 

149 

152 

174 

202 

160 

36 

18 

26 

38 

43 

27 

20 

24 

23 

22 

29 I 29 

33 

35 

39 

39 

36 

41 

42 

40 

37 

36 

'33 

36 

35 

38 

41 

39 

40 

42 

35 

42 

37 

·600 

234 

332 

400 

406 

228 

250 

216 

240 

322 

324 

374 

362 

382 

404 

398 

420 

412 

428 

466 

422 

410 

480 

510 

502 

504 

562 

584 

610 

654 

606 

11___________________ 20___________________ 191 . 20 94 44 72 

l\:t:onn ___________________________________________ ---19-~~ 66 28~---,---4-9--:---·l----4-.-4 --2-62 ____ 91 ____ 3_4 ____ 421 

a lH'cnn of Fo values nftor July 1. 
• 

148 COMPOSITION QF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

·sAN JOAQUIN BASIN. 

North of Alameda Creek the San Joaquin joins the Sacramento,and the united rivers drain into Suis~n 

Bay. For the San Joaquin Van Winkle and Eaton give two tables, as follows: 

Analyses of water from San Joaquin River at Lathrop, Calif. 

[Parts per million.) 

Date (1906). 

Calcium Magnesium. Sodium Potassium C~~~?~:te Bi:rd~~~ate s~g~r;e Chlorine ----:-1 ---1 Turbidity. Silica 

(Si02). (Ca). (Mg). (Na). (K). (COa). (HCOa). (S~c). (Cl). · 

Total 

solids 

From- To- f --------l-----l----l----l-----1-----l-----l-----l-----l----l----l----l----"'--

Jan. 1 

11 

21 

31 Feb. 10 

20 Mar. 2 

12 

22 Apr. 1 

11 

21 May 3 

11 

21 

31 June 11 

21 

July 1 

11 

21 Aug. 1 

11 

21 

31 'Sept. 10 

21 Oct. 1 

11 

21 Nov. 1 

11 

21 Dec. 1 

11 

21 

Jan. 10 ------------- 20 ------------- 30 ------------- Feb. 9 -------------

19 ------------- Mar. 1 -------------

21 11 ------------- -------------1 31 ------------- Apr. 10 -------------

. ~~ =============I May 10 -------------

20 ------------- 30 ------------- June 10 -------------

20 ------------- 30 -------------

July 7 

20 

30 Aug. 10 

20 

30 Sept. 9 

19 

30 Oct. 10 

20 

31 No:v. 10 

20 

30 Dec. 10 

20 

31 

----------40-

20 

30 

200 

20 

27 

22 

21 

22 

17 

21 

20 

16 

22 

20 

16 

11 

10 

10• 

10 

10 

8.0 

14 

3.0 

2.4 

1.2 

2.4 

1.6 

3.8 

6.0 

5. 2 4.0 

4.0 

2. 0 

4.8 

2.4 

3.8 

2.0 

3.0 

3. 2 

4.8 

Fe. 

32 

20 

10 

9.1 

15. 

14 

13 

16 

15 

36 

11 

9. 7 

8. 6 9.1 

8.9 

8.3 

8.8 

11 

12 

7.9 

5.0 

8. 7 5.9 

5.9 

6.4 

7.4 

6.5 

7. 8 

5.2 

5.3 

2. 9 3.5 

3.6 

5. 7 4. 6 6.4 

55 

.30 

22 

38 

17 

16 

11 

5. 2 8. 7 15 

13 

9.6 

8. 7 

5. 5 6.9 

8.2 

10 

6.2 

0.6 

2.9 

4.2 

2. 7 

1.3 

1.9 

1.3 

1.2 

2.0 

4.4 

2.0 

1.3 

2.1 

2. 2 3. 7 

1.0 

.9 

.8 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.o 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

118 

76 

50 

85 

61 

57 

63 

64 

51 

71 

51 

as· 

36 

26 

30 

38 

29 

30 

59 

46 

17 

36 

18 

15 

16 

22 

15 

15 

9.1 

11 

6.6 

9.1 

8. 7 9. 7 12 

14 

72 

39 

13 

20 

24 

. 12 

14 

15 

13 

15 

9.3 

6.9 

7.8 

7.9 

8.8 

9. 6 

7.8 

7.8 

260 

186 

88 

204 

140 

122 

126 

138 

108 

186 

84 

84 

76 

60 

60 

68 

72 

70 

9. 4 • 20 8. 0 6. 7 9. 5 . 0 33 9. 2 6. 8 70 25 .20 8.6 2.9 6.4 .0 42 11 7.8 74 . 11 • 10 8. 0 3. 2 12 . 0 40 6. 8 7. 8 80 11 • 15 16 4. 6 15 • 0 38 8. 9 7. 8 82 9. 8 . 27 11 3. 9 12 • 0 38 11 8. 7 . 72 9. 8 . 30 11 4. 5 15 • 0 44 16 11 94 

~~ :~ ~~ g:g ~ :~ ~~ ~ ~ --------·is2 17 .20 29 12 37 .0 88 42 63 252 18' . 15 36 13 64 • 0 102 59 83 328 19 . 10 41 16 68 . 0 123 60 92 358 17 .10 33 16 56 .0 122 60 86 324 17 . 7 32 14 52 . 0 117 51 78 332 17 .30 28 12 52 .0 110 47 69 282 19 • 20 30 14 48 . 0 109 62 74 320 18 . 25 31 13 68 . 0 111 55 78 310 15 • 40 22 8. 8 25 . 0 73' 38 29 182 15 . 15 21 6. 4 26 . 0 73 23 24 158 I-----I-----I-----I-----·I-------I---------------I------I---------I·------;1------I--------

Mean ..•..•.• ------------- 16 a. 23 18 8.0 27 .0 66 26 30 161 

Date (1907-8). Sodium 

and 

potassium 

(Na+K). · 

Carbonate Bicarbonate. Sulphate Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

---.,.-----1 Turbidity. Silica 

Si02). Iron (Fe). Calcium Magnesium (Ca). (Mg). radicle radicle radicle Chlorine (Cl). 

Total 

solids. 

From- To- (COs). (HCOa). (SOc). 

-------· ------l------l-------l---~-·l-~-----l------l-------1-----l-----l-------l--------l-----

Dec. 31 Jan. 10 

20. 

30 Feb. 9 

19 

29 

Mar. 10 

20 

30 Apr. 9 

19 

29 

May 9 

19 

29 

June 8 

18 

28 July 8 

18 

28 Aug. 7 

17 

27 Sept. 6 

16 

26 Oct. 6 

16 

26 Nov. 5 

15 

25 Dec. 5 

15 

25 

Jan. 9 45 24 0.40 19 5.8 14 0.0 61 31 0.84 13 147 19 60 20 . 38 16 8. 7 25 • 0 57 36 2. 4 22 155 29 80 22 .17 16 7.9 25 .o 59 29 1.4 22 146 Feb. 8 50 23 .52 17 5.5 26 .o 59 29 1.2 22 149 18 70 21 .48 15 6.7 26 .0 61 27 .so 31 145 28 '40 23 .15 16 8.8 33 .0 73 34 .88 31 172 Mar. 9 65 21 .25 14 9.8 21 .0 66 28 .50 23 138 19 60 25 . 39 14 6. 3 24 . 0 63 26 . 34 17 124 29 40 23 .55 8.4 3.1 14 .0 42 17 1.4 9 .. 0 94 

Apr. 8 50 20 .38 14 6.4 17 .0 37 27 1.1 19 112 18 30 13 . 18 10 3. 3 15 . 0 37 25 1. 2 13 84 28 65 14 . 35 6. 8 2. 3 8. 2 • 0 29 16 1. 2 6. 0 62 May 8 100 12 • 45 6. 6 3. 1 6. 1 . 0 22 19 Tr. 4. 0 52 18 35 14 . 30 5. 5 2. 0 6. 5 • 0 26 14 1. 7 5. 0 58 28 40 17 . 30. 8. 6 3 1 5. 5 . 0 32 14 . 78 6. 0 63 June 7 . 35 13 . 25 , 6. 0 2:4

1 

8. 0 • 0 27 15 1. 3 4. 5 58 17 30 12 • 32 6. 8 2. 8 6. 2 • 0 29 13 . 92 6. 1 56 27 25 11 • 21 7. 8 2. 9 12 . 0 32 15 . 52 11 66 July 7 30 16 .20 20 7.2 17 .0 55 24 1.4 16 131 

~~ a8 M : ~g Ji 1i· 4 ! ~l : 8 ~~ ~~ : ~~ ~g ~5~ Aug. 6 15 15 . 15 29 15 52 . 0 98 51 2. 0 77 286 16 7 16 .08 25 16 68 .0 107 58 ------------ 103 357 26 . 12 16 . 28 33 18 70 . 0 116 59 2. 0 98 347 Sept. 5 22 · 19 . 20 39 20 72 . 0 128 70 1. 0 108 396 15 6 25 . 20 40 21 77 . 0 139 73 . 64 116 416 25 30 20 . 29 37 20 70 . 0 126 72 . 36 119 391 

Oct. 5 25 19 .10 34 18 58 .0 123 67 Tr. 87 364 15 10 24 • 15 37 19 68 . 0 124 67 . 94 103 373 25 40 19 • 12 25 14 43 . 0 98 61 . 86 73 297 

Nov. 4 35 18 .10 25 14 49 .0 95 52 .68 69 268 14 9 ,17 .18 29 15 56 .0 104 53 .70 80 102 

Dec, ~ Tr5 ~ : ~ ~ ~~ , ~g · I : 8 i8~ ~~ ~: 6 ~~ ~~~ 

H l-----~-l~----~o-~_1 _____ :~-g-:----~-!_1 ____ ~~-ll ___ !_g_l _____ :&_~,-___ L_g_:------r_:_1 ____ r_:_~-~-----~---~-·-----~-:_; Mean........ 34 19 . 30 j 20 10 36 1 . 0 I 741 39 1._0 47 205 

a Mean of Fe values after July, 1906. 
SOUTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Additional analyses of water f~om the San Joaquin are as follows: 

Analyses of water of San Joaquin River, Calif. 

l. At Sycamore Station, Fresno County. Analysis by H. G. Kelsey, California Univ. Coli. Agr. Rept., 1882. 

2. At Mendota, Firebaugh, and Los Banos, three identica.l analyses. Received from the Southern Pacific Co. 

Parts per million. Percentage com· position. 

2 

1--------------1----------------

C03--- ---------- ----~- ---- ---------"- Hl. 2 2.5. 7 24.07 18.44 soj_ __ _ _________ __ _ _ _ __ _ ____ _____ ____ 4. 3 33. R 6. 39 24. 2s 

CL---------------------------------- 9. 4 7. 9 13.97 5. 66 Ca___________________________________ 6. 7 12.0 9. 95 8. 60 

~~~================================== (Fe, Mn)203------------------------- 1gj .1 } } 21: & · 1~Ji .15 l & ~ AhOs--------------------------------~---------- 35.9 ---------- 25.75 8i02---------------------------------- 17.6 26.15 ------------ ' ()7. 3 139. 4 100. 00 100. 00 

149 

For important tributaries of the San Joaquin Van Winkle and Eaton g1ve the following tables. They 

are arranged in order following the course of the river downstream. 

- Dato (1906). 

Silica Fc20s+ 

(SI02). AhOs. 

From- 'l'o-

---

Jan. 1 Jl\11. 10 44 2. 2 11 19 29 .8 21 30 24 2. 4 31 Feb. 9 22 .8 Feb. 10 19 26 1.6 20 Mar. 1 22 1.8 Mar. 2 11 18 3.4 12 21 25 5.4 23 31 23 6. 0 Apr. 1 Apr. 9 23 5. 2 11 20 21 4. 6 21 30 11 ------------ MRy 2 May 9 19 3. 2 11 20 18 3. 2 21 31 12 4. 2 Juno 1 Juno 10 16 3. 6 12 2(} 11 4. 6 21 .30 12 5. 0 

Fe. 

July 1 July 10 12 . 23 11 20 7. 4 .10 21 31 9. 4 . 10 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 12 . 10 11 19 12 . 13 23 30 20 . 18 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 11 . 13 

11 20 23 . 25 21 30 15 .10 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 14 . 10 11 20 15 . 10 21 31 14 .10 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 14 . 50 11 17 20 .10 22 30 17 . 15 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 16 . 10 11 12 ------------ ------------ 1\:fcan ________ 18 B.15 

- a Mcnn of Fe values nftcr.Jnly l. 

Analyses of water from Kern River at Bakersfield, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Bicar· 

Calcium Magno- Sodium Pot as- Carbonate bonate Sulphate 

(Ca). sium (Na). sium radicle radicle radicle 

(Mg). (K). (COs). (SO.). (HC03). 

23 5. 3 40 0.4 0. 0 107 24 23 5."4 25 2.1 . 0 92 41 

19 . 3. 2 24 2. 4 .0 89 25 

39 6.1 105 2. 6 . 0 110 71 

26 3. 9 19 1.3 . 0 96 37 

22 3. 3 59 2. 2 . 0 97 24 21 5.4 25 2. 9 .0 90 33 19 3.8 14 3.8 . 0 71 18 17 4. 6 12 2.8 .0 74 16 

16 4. 0 16 3. 1 .0 69 18 21 9.4 15 2. 7 .0 90 22 

19 8. 9 13 1.8 . 0 54 15 18 5. 3 9.8. 1.2 .0 53 11 9. 4 3. 2 11 .6 .0 46 6.8 13 4.3 10 1.3 . 0 40 14 12 3. 6 9.3 1.0 .0 43 16 8. 3 3. 5 10 .9 .0 33 ' 9.1 

10 2. 6 12 . 0 30 9.4 

7. 4 2. 8 16 .0 36 12 4. 9 1.4. 9. 5· . 0 32 10 8. 6 "1. 6 9 . 0 30 5. 8 15 2. 5 12 .0 38 13 9. 4 3.1 14 .0 44 10 13 3. 3 18 • 0 57 14 17 3. 8 19 .0 60 18 16 3. 5 13 .0 63 17 18 3. 9 26 . 0 72 16 

15 3. 0 20 . 0 80 18 25 5. 5 23 .0 89 23 22 3. 5 22 . 0 97 27 21 4. 2 22 . 0 95 26 24 5. 0 26 .0 100 30 26 5. 5 25 .0 105 27 22 4. 3 26 .0 89 26 ........................ --------...... .... .. ------------------- .0 107 ........................ 

18 4. 2 22 .0 71 21 

Mean discharge. 

Chlorine Total 

(Cl). solids. Acre-feet Cubic feet 

per day. per second. 

13 170 492 248 

12 210 1,874 945 

13 158 1,467 740 

14 270 1, 083 546 

15 200 1, 220 615 12 162 2, 669 1, 346 14 134 1, 597 805 12· 152 5, 185 2,614 17 142 5, 963 3,006 

7. 6 128 4, 258 2, 298 9. 8 ':g I 

5,405 2, 725 

6. 9 7, 351 3. 706 6. 9 112 8, 263 4,166 6.4 84 12,429 6, 266 5.4 94 13,706 6, 910 

6. 9 82 11,602 5,"849 4. 5 70 17, 742 8, 945 

4.4 56 32,811 16,542 

4. 6 68 15,623 7,876 

5. 3 60 28,779 14,509 

5. 8 56 10, 189 5,137 5.8 78 5, 991 3,020 

5. 3 80 4, 616 2,327 

6.4 118 3,011 1, 518 

6. 8 102 2,471 1, 246 7. 6 114 1, 803 909 

8.1 118 1, 517 765 7.1 114 1, 319 665 9.1 148 1, 202 606 10 146 1, 113 661 

10 146 1, 091 550 11 148 1,004 506 10. 150 930 569 

14 162 1, 101 456 

1:.1 ,-------~~;- 1, 319 555 

6, 234 3,147 
150 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED . STATES. 

Analyses of water from Merced River at Merced Falls, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1906). I Bicar- Mean discharge. 

Silica Fe203+ Calcium Magne- I Sodium Potas- Carbonate bonate Sulphate Chlorine Total sium sium radicle radicle 

I (Si02). Ah03. (Ca). (Mg). (Na). (K). (C03). radicle (S01). (Cl). solids .. Acre-feet Cubic feet From- To- (HC03). . i --- -- Jan. 1 Jan. 10 24 1.2; 21 5. 6! 15 0. 3 0. 0 77 19 11 20 27 1.4 8. 3 

:: ~ i 11 2. 9 . 0 41 13 21 30 17 1.6 9.1 16 2. 0 .0 40 42 31 Feb. 9 18 3. 0 9.4 3. 9 6. 9 1.9 .0 43 15 Feb. 10 19 20 1.2 7.4 3.1 7. 2 1.3 .0 43 11 

20 Mar. 1 18 3. 2 13 ~I I 

6. 5 1.4 . 0 51 7. 9 Mar. 2 11 13 1.2 15 5. 3 5. 5 . 5 .0 49 11 12 21 15 4. 6 7. 7 4.8 8.0 1. 3 .0 62 7. 6 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 '13 3. 0 10 4. 9 7. 7 2.1 .0 47 10 11 20 12 2. 6 9. 7 5. o I 6. 6 2. 5 . 0 31 12 21 27 16 3.0 8.3 6. 3 5. 5 1.3 .0 28 5. 4 May 2 May 10 I 9.4 2.8 10 2.4 4.9 1.7 .0 30 7.4 11 20 10 2.0 7. 7 2. 6 8. 0 2. 0 .0 20 4. 3 21 30 6. 8 2. 6 5. 7 3.1 4. 7 1.3 .0 21 9. 2 31 June 10 15 3.4 9.1 2.0 7. 9 ----------- .0 25 8. 6 June 11 20 6.4 3. 6 4.8 3. 9 6.8 . 6 .0 16 8. 6 21 30 6.4 . 4. 6 6. 9 1.7 8. 2 . 0 17 7. 6 July 1 July 10 15 1. 0 8.0 4. 2 13 .0 17 7.3 

Fe . 11 20 6. 2 . 10 4. 0 1.5 6. 5 .0 '17 5. 6 

21 31 16 . 10 I 6. 9 1.3 6.3 .0 18 3.3 

Mean ________ 14 b.lO 9.1 3.8 9. 3 .0 35] 11 

a For data regarding gage heights and stream flow see U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Papers 134, 177, and 213. 

b Mean of Fe values after July 1. 

Date (1906). 

Silica l<'e203+ 

(Si02). Ah03. 

From- To-

------

Jan: 1 Jan. 10 26 1.4 

11 20 20 3. 4 21 30 18 2. 2 31 Feb. 9 14 2. 2 

Feb. 10 19 15 1.8 20 Mar. 1 15 2. 8 Mar. 2 11 15 2. 6 12 21 12 4.0 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 16 4. 8 

11 20 8. 6 2. 4 

21 30 7. 2 3. 0 May 1 May 9 8. 6 2. 4 

11 20 10 2. 8 121' 30 11 2. 4 

31 June 10 7. 6 4. 0 

June 11 20 6. 6 3. 4 21 30 6 3. 0 

---

Fe. 

July 1 July 10 5. 4 .10 

11 20 8.4 . 05 

21 31 5. 2 .10 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 11 . 07 11 20 4. 8 .18 22 29 6. 6 .23 Sept. 1 Sept. 9 6. 6 .18 11 20 9. 8 . 20 

21 30 16 .10 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 8. 8 .10 11 20 11 . 20 21 31 11 .10 Nov. 1 Nov. 9 14 . 7 11 20 8. 8 . 25 

Dec. 22 30 9. 8 .10 

1 Dec. 10 16 .10 

11 20 8. 4 . 5 

21 31 7.4 . 20 

Mean ________ 11 a, 19 

a Mean of Fe values after Julyl. 

Analyses of water from Tuolumne River at Lagrange, Calif. 

[Parts per millon unless otherwise s~ated.] 

Car- BicarCalcium M!lg- Sodium Potas- bonate bonate Sulphate Chlorine Total 

(Ca). nes1um (Na). sium radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids (Mg). (K). cso.). (003). (HC03). 

------------ -------

15 4. 4 24 0. 3 0. 0 81 10 14 100 5. 7 3. 9 13 1.5 . 0 41 14 5. 9 --------- 11 4.4 19 2. 2 . 0 43 14 6. 0 52 5. 4 2. 9 ---------- 1.3 .0 38 . 19 5. 4 72 9.1 4. 7 8.4 1.2 . 0 41 7. 6 19 82 10 5.3 7. 9 2.1 .0 51 9. 8 6.1 100 9.4 5.1 8. 0 1.5 .0 47 13 6. 7 76 9.4 5. 6 4.1 1.3 . 0 46 9. 2 5. 9 70 

11 , 5.1 14 3. 8 .0 36 16 5. 9 76 6. 3 5.4 8. 8 1. 3 . 0 26 4. 8 3. 9 48 7. 7 4. 6 5. 8 1.2 .0 27 7. 9 4. 9 56 6. 6 1. 9 3. 8 1.4 .0 25 4. 8 4. 5 58 5.1 1.7 6. 9 1.9 . 0 19 4. 4 4. 9 62 6. 5 3. 0 7. 7 1.3 .0 20 9. 2 4.1 42 

9. 7 3. 9 6. 6 2. 6 . 0 21 21 4. 7 60 5. 7 3. 2 6. 9 . 6 . 0 16 6. 9 3. 9 42 

3. 7 2. 0 8. 5 .8 . 0 15 7. 7 4. 9 40 

5.1 4. 0 5. 4 .0 13 6. 3 3. !l 42 5. 1 1.9 7. 9 ; 0 17 7. 1 4. 7 54 

4. 9 1.4 9. 0 .0 15 3. 8 4. 9 42' 

7. 9 2. 1 11 ·. 0 21 11 4. 8 42 7.4 3. 0 8.0 4. 0 14 5. 8 5. 8 46 11 3. 6 6. 3 . 0 30 7. 9 4. 9 46 8. 0 5. 0 17 . 0 52 8.1 10 74 7.2 4. 7 18 . 0 52 9.1 8.1 82 12 5. 4 24 . 0 59 15 8.1 112 16 5. 4 12 . 0 73 13 6. 1 92 16 7. 5 13 ·. 0 65 18 7. 6 104 18 6.4 13 . 0 72 17 7. 1 134 21 6. 7 19 .o 77 15 8.1 116 i2 5.1 14 . 0 53 28 7. 6 100 17 5.1 15 . 0 64 10 7,. 1 88 18 

• , I 

12 . 0 65 15 

I 

7. 1 122 17 6. 8 14 .0 72 21 7. 1 94 10 4. 8 13 .0 39 13 5. 6 74 

,--6-. 6---74- 10 4. 3 12 .0 41 12 

per day . per second. 

9. 4 116 206 104 4. 4 68 9, 211 4,644 4. 9 ----------- 1,837 926 

5. 9 68 928 468 8. 3 86 1, 475 744 

6. 9 86 3,897 1, 96.5 8. 0 88 3, 290 1, 659 6. 9 82 11,584 5,840 

5. 5 74 6, 794 3,425 4. 9 68 6,024 3,037 

3. 9 42 8,136 4,102 

4. 9 54 11,465 5, 780 4. 9 68 13,350 6, 731 5. 9 40 14,785 7, 454 4. 9 62 11,858 5, 978 

3. 4 54 20,262 10,215 4. 9 50 18,913 9, 535 

3. 9 40 18,718 9,437 

4. 7 46 12,665 6,::185 

4. 5 48 .6, 467 3, 260 

1\.6 651 9, 093 4, 584 

Mean discharge, 

I 

Mean discharge, including canals. without canals. 

Cubio I A 1 Cubic Acre-feet feet per ere- eet feet per per day. second. per day. second. 

------

248 125 171 86.2 13,456 6, 784 13, 135 6,622 

3, 673 1, 852 3, 233 1, 630 2, 298 1, 159 1,180 595 3,649 1, 845 2, 885 1,455 

6, 875 3,466 6, 292 3,172 

5, 543 2, 795 5, 345 2, 695 15, 547 7, 838 15,257 7, 692 11,572 5,834 11,312 5, 703 12,522 6, 313 11,608 5,852 

14,611 7,366 13,442 6, 777 

19,776 9,970 18,054 9,102 

23,516 11,856 20,672 10,422 

22,215 11,200 20,896 10,535 

20,533 10,352 18,995 9, 576 33,525 16,902 31,618 15,941 

28,727 14,483 26,727 13,475 

31,893 16, 0'79 29,891 15,070 

22,795 11,493 20,829 10,501 

15,346 7, 737 13,372 6, 742 

6, 635 3,345 4,689 2, 364 4,300 2,168 3, 040 1, 533 

2, r~·g 1, 291 1, 418 715 66.4 48.4 24.4 

86.7 43.7 0 0 629 317 0 0 550 277 69.4 35.0 457 230 181 91.5 289 146 289 146 536· 270 536 270 577 291 577 291 321 162 321 162 457 230 457 230 3,456 1, 743 3,456 1, 743 4, 647 2,343 4, 647 2,343 

9.542i4:8lt ------
MIDDLE PACIFIC SLOPE. 151 

Analyses of water from Stanislaus River at K?~ights Ferry, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Dntc (t!lOO). 

' Carbon- Bicar-

- Silica Fe20a+ Calcium Magne- Sodium Potas- ate bonate Sulphate Chlo-

(Si02) .. Al:iOa. (Ca). sium (Na). sium radicle radicle radicle rine 

(Mg). (K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (Cl). 

]?rom- 'l'o-

------------------· ---------------- -~-

Jnn. 1 Jan . .10 9. (j 0. (j 23 8. 4 15 0.1 0. 0 lOG 22 16 ll 20 25 1.2 l(j 4. 7 12 ------2:7- .0 63 14 5. 4 21 30 20 1.4 14 4. 7 37 .0 61 8. 6 4.4 :31 Feb. 9 22 1.4 11 14 14 1.9 .0 61 15 5. 9 J?cb. 10 19 18 2. 2 17 5. 7 6.8 .4 .0 61 14 6. 2 20 M:ar. 1 19 1. 8. 16 5.8 4.3 1.3 -----·-:a· ......................... 8.4 --------- lVt'nr. 2 11 1G 3. 6 -----i3""" 5. 7 6. 5 1.3 64 11 5.3 12 20 17 3.8 5. 3 4.8 3.4 .0 60 11 9. 8 22 31 20 3.4 12 5. 5 9.0 1.4 .0 55 8.1 5.4 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 13 3. 2 11 5. 2 10 1.9 .0 55 6.4 3. 9 ll 20 10 2. 4 8. 6 5.0 3. 6 1.1 .o· 38 6.4 4. 2 21 28 7.0 3. 8 ......................... 4. 9' 11 2. 6 .0 34 6.4 3. 7 1\'l:ny 2 May 10 11 3. 2 7.1 3. 1 5. 8 1.0 .0 30 17 3. 9 ll 20 13 2. 0 5. 7 3.3 8.8 1.3 .0 30 23.4 4. 5 21 30 11 2. 4 6. 0 3. 6 8.8 1.2 .0 34 9. 6 5.4 31 June 10 7. 6 3. 0 8. 0 4. 6 7.3 -------.-8- .0 28 8. 2 4.4 June 11 20 8. 8 2.8 7. 1 . 3. 5 7.4 .0 25 9. 2 4. 9 21 30 8.8 3. 8 8.·1 3. 1 9. 0 .6 .0 28 8. 2 4. 9 

---

Fe. 

July 1 July 10 7. 0 . 20 8. 3 4. 6 9. 4 .0 26 9.4 3. 9 11 20 11 . 10 7.1 3. 0 7.4 .0 33 6. 8 4.1 21 31 13 . 30 9. 7 3. 2 9.1 .0 38 6.8 4. 9 

!\•lean ••.•.•• 14 a. 20 11 5. 0 11 . 0 46 11 5.6 

a Mean of Fo values after July 1. 

Date (1906). 

Silica Fe20s+ 

(Si02). AbOs. 

From- 'l'o-

-----

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 25 .}. 6 

11 20 22 5. 0 21 30 19 2. 6 31 Fob. 9 22 2. 2 

:Fob. .10 19 17 2.0 20 Mar. 1 16 2.4 1-dar. 2 11 16 2. 2 12 21 ·17 3.0 22 31 l1 6.0 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 15 3.0 ll 20 7. (j 3.8 21 30 13 8.4 May 1 May 10 11 2.6 11 20 11. 2. 4 21 30 7. 2 2.0 :31 Juno 10 8.8 2. 6 Juno 11 19 9.0 4.6 21 30 11 4. 0 

- Fe. 

July 2 July 10 17 .10 11 20 20 . 10 21 ao 8.4 .10 Aug. .L Aug. 10 11 .10 11 20 13 .10 22 30 12 . 15 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 9. 4 .10 13 20 19 . 23 21 30 11 . 20 Oct. 1 Oct. 8 12 . 10 11 20 9. 2 . 10 21 31 9. 6 . 13 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 13 . 30 11 20 16 1.00 21 ao 9. 6 . 07 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 11.2 . 20 11 20 l(j . 15 21 31 12 .051 

Moan ________ l 14 a. IS 

a Mean of l!'e values after July I. 

Analyses of water from Mokelumne River at Clements, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

I 

Magne- I Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Calcium Sodium 

(Ca). IPot""ium sium (Na). (K). radicle ate radicle radicle 

(Mg). (COa). (HCOa). (804). 

I 25 6. 7 

------~~-__1. 0.0 0.0 84 24 23 3.4 2.3 .0 45 19 12 3.1 2.3 . 0 40 10 13 4. 0 7.6 1.0 .0 40 17 10 3. 0 13 2.0 .0 47 11 9.1 3. 2 9. 9 .9 .0 41 11 9.1 2. 7 5. 2 2.4 .0 40 8. 7 9.4 3.8 6. 9 2.6 .0 43 14 11 3.8 7. 9 2. 5 .0 36 8. 7 7. 1 3. 2 9.6 1.5 .0 35 6.4 7. 7 4. 4 5. 7 1.7 .0 28 4. 6 17 7. 2 6. 9 1.2 .0 24 11 6. 6 1.8 6.0 1.7 .0 24 7.9 7. 2 2. 7 5.8 2.0 .0 24 5. 3 6.0 2. 7 5. 5 .9 .0 22 8. 4 7. 4 4.0. 6.8 1.3 .0 25 12 6.0 5.3 5.4 1.0 .0 17 8.1 6. 3 1.8 9.0 ........................... .0 17 5.8 

I 

s.·o 4. 2 14 .0 22 4. 9 9. 7 3. 7 18 .0 39 8. 6 6. 9 2.0 8.0 - .0 25 4.8 22 4.4 19 .0 43 14 14 4. 0 14 .0 40 12 13 3. 8 10 .0 44, 14 15 3. 9 9.8 .0 47 13 19 5. 9 13 .0 62 18 13 4. 1 39 .0 46 13 17 3. 9 18 .0 63 10 16 2. 0 10 .0 49 11 15 3. 6 14 .0 49 16 11 3. 2 14 .0 65 12 1'4 5. 2 13 .0 63 13 17 4. 9 14 .0 62 17 21 4.1 13 .0 58 15 15 4. 5 14 .0 481 13 11 4.0 15 .0 38 14 

12 I 3. 8 13 .0 421 12 

Mean discharge Mean d~charge 

including canal. without canal. 

Total 

solids. Acre- Cubic Acre- Cubic 

feet per feet per feet per feet per day. second. day. second. 

---------------

138 831 419 754 380 116 10,872 5, 481 10,774 5, 432 7G 3, 278 1, 653 3,254 1, 641 126 2, 294 1, 157 2, 1(i9 1, 094 118 3, 526 1, 778 3,383 1, 706 

~I 6,409 3, 231 6,328 3,190 114 5,138 2,590 4,048 2, 545 114 9,387 4, 733 10,317 5, 201 120 17, 106 8,624 17,058 8, 600 76 . 9, 814 4, 948 9, 755 4, 918 68 10,420 5. 253 10,215 5,165 54 12, 164 6, 133 11,949 6,024 58 18,602 9,378 18,376 9, 264 58 16,884 8, 512 16,649 8,394 68 14,026 7,071 13,779 6, 947 G6 15, 178 7, 652 14,909 7, 516 44 23,405 11,800 23, 147 11,670 48 16,560 8,349 16,376 8, 256 

46 15,989 8, 061 15,716 7, 923 68 9,506 4, 793 .9,304 4, 691 74 5, 955 3,002 5, 721 2,884 

83 10,826 5,453 .......................... ---------

Mean discharge. 

Chlorine Total 

(Cl). solids. Cubic feet Acre-feet 

per day. per 

second. 

19 126 122 61.5 7. 6 70 4, 580 2, 309 7.4 .......................... 1, 345 678 8.8 86 742 374 9.8 84 1, 333 672 7. 5 86 2, 713. 1, 368 8. 7 ----------- 2,050 1, 034 8.8 86 4, 562 2,300 7. 8 74 8,678 4, 375 4. 9 70 5, 725 2,886 3. 9 52 5, 500 2, 773 5. 9 46 6,276 3,164 3. 9 54 10,747 5, 418 5. 9 42 9, 320 4, 699 5.1 46 8,192 4,130 4. 1 52 9,892 4, 987 4.4 46 14,457 7, 288 3. 9 30 11, 275 5, 684 

4.8 56 12,081 6, 091 6. 7 56 6,835 3,446 . 5.8 44 2, 923 1, 474 5. 8 78 1,111 562 5. 8 78 653 329 7. 7 76 392 198 6. 3 74 378 191 12 118 . 394 199 8.1 90 384 194 9.1 97 351 177 7. 6 70 382 193 6. 6 78 384 194 6. 6 84 603 304 8. 6 112 447 225 8. 6 98 429 216 7. 6 96 425 214 9. 7 118 2, 256 1, 138 8. 2 86 2,457 1, 239 

7. 3 75 3,900 1,883 
152 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND . LAKE \VATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Reduced to percentages and with all carbonates 

normal the averages of the eight tables of analyses by 

Van Winkle and Eaton assume the following form. 

The figures for Alameda Creek ·are included with those 

for the San, Joaquin. 

Reduced analyses of waters from the San Joaquin basin and 

Alameda Creek, Calif. 

1. Alameda Creek at Niles. 33 composite analyses. 

2. Kern River at Bakersfield. · 35 composites. 

3. Merced River at Merced Falls. 20 composites. 

4. Tuolumne River at Lagrange. 35 composites. 

5. ·stanislaus River at Knights Ferry. 21 composites. 

6. Mokelumne River at Clements. 36 composites. 

7. San Joaquin River at Lathrop, 1906. 36 composites. 

8. The same, 1908. 37 composites. 

-·----I---_2 __ . _3 __ 4 __ 5_·j_6-l-7- _._s_ 

C02----------- 31.42 27.21 24.57 26.52 28.02 24.97 20.73 17.44 S04----------- 21.76 16.33 15.71 15.75 13.67 14.47 16.58 18.68 CL----------- 8. 13 7. 08 8. 00 8. 66 6. 97 8. 81 19. 14 22. 52 

NOs----------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --·----- . 48 Ca ____________ 15.79 14.00 13.00 13.12 13.67 14.47 11.48 9.58 

Mg____________ 6. 69 3. 27 5. 43 5. 64 6. 22 4. 58 5.10 4.'79 

Na____________ 10.93 16.48 11.00 13. 5~ 11.80 13. 52 15. 30 } 17. 25 K_____________ . 69 1. 48 2.14 1. 97 1. 87 1. 93 1. 27 

Fe20s--------- .05 .. 15 .15 .39 .38 .36 .19 .l4 

Si02-----------~~~~ F.90 ~~___:_:.: 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinitya ______ 418.2 128.6 70 76.2 80.5 82.9 156.8 208.7 

a Parts per million . 

The following table gives three additional analyses 

of waters in the San Joaquin basin. 

Analyses of waters in San J oaquir,t basin, C~lif. 

1. Kern River at Oil City. Analysis received from Southern Pacific Co. 

2. Merced River at Snellings. 

3. Mokelumne River at Woodbridge. Analysis by H. G. Kelsey, Joe. cit. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

2 2 3 

--------.,,----!-------------

003------------------------~--- 60.2 32.4 32.0 38.98 32.40 28.32 so. ___ ------------------------- 13. 5 10. s 14. o s. 75 10. 75 12. 39 

CL.----------------------------1 10.3 4. 9 9. 5 6. 67 4. 87 8.41 Ca_____________________________ 22.7 11.5 16.7 14.71 11.51 14.78 

Mg_·--------------------------- 2. 5 6. 9 4. 6 1. 62 6. 93 4. 07 Na .• ---------------------------} 28.3 5. 0 7. 4 } 18.33 5. 00 6. 55 

~e:-Mn);os--~~=================1 . 6 

2

: ~ 2

: ~ 2

: ~~ 2: ~~ (AI, Fe)20s---------------------~} 16.9 -------- --------} 10 94 ------'-- -------- Sio2____________________________ 25.6 25.6 · 25.64 22. 65 

------------ 154. 4 100 113 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 

--------------~-~-

The waters of the San Joaquin basin are easily 

interpreted. The Merced~ Tuolumne, Stanislaus, .and 

Mokelumne flow first through granitic canyons, which 

give to the waters their low salinity and high proportion of silica. In their . lower courses they become 

mingled. with valley waters, which contribute notable· 

amounts of sulphates and chlorides. I{ern River is 

essentially a valley water and quite unlike the others. 

The San Joaquin at Lathrop is clearly a blend of both 

hydrochemical types. 

In relation to the San Joaquin, one lake near its 

upper waters needs to be ·considered. · Tulare Lake is 

a shallow body of water, which is sometimes of small 

area and nearly dry and sometimes covers a relatively 

large surface. Ordinarily it has no outlet, but in 

times of flood it drains into.Kings River, a tributary 

of the San Joaquin. For the water of this lake there 

are three avaifable analyses, as follows: 

Analyses of water from Tulare Lake, Calif. 

1. In 1880. Analysis reported by E. W. Hilgard, California Univ. Exper. Sta. 

Rept., 1890, Appendix, p. '42. 

2. In 1882. Analysis by H. G. Kelsey, California Univ. Coli. Agr. Rept., 1882. 

3. In 1890. Reported by Hilgard, Ioc. cit. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

------'-------1----2---__ .1_2_ -- COs---------------------------- 345 372 958 26.55 32.98 

S04---------------------------- 220 84 1,018 16~91 7.45 ,CL---------------------------- 226 210 992 17.38 18.62 Ca _____________________________ 20 17 14 1.50 1.51 

Mg ____ ------------------------- 23 21 12 1. 78 1. 86 

K ... ---------------------·------- 24 120 1. 82 -------- AhOs-------------------·------- -------- 5 -------- -------- . 44 

19. 55 20.77 

20.26 

.28 

. 26 35.79 

2. 44 Na_____________________________ 435 407 1, 754 33.51 ! 36.08 

Si02---------------------------- 7 12 32 . 55 . 1, 06 . 65 

~ 1,128 4, 900 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 

These analyses evidently represent different stages 

of water. No. 2 is evidently of water taken in time 

of flood, when large contributions, possibly from an 

overflow of Kings River, modified, its composition. 

No. 3 shows much greater salinity, and the sample 

analyzed must have been taken when the water was 

low. In the analysis as originally published small 

quantities of organic matter are reported, which are 

left out of consideration here. 

SACRAMENTO BASIN. 

Sacramento River, the largest stream in California, 

rises south of Mount Shasta and joins the San Joaquin 

at Suisun Bay, an arm of San Francisco Bay. Its 

drainage basin occupies the area between the Sierra 

Nevada on the east and the Coast Range on the west .. 

For the Sacramento itself Van Winkle and Eaton 

give the following analyses: 
MIDDLE PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of water from Sacramento River above Sacramento, Calif. 

[Parts per million.) 

153 

--------------:--------~--------~---------------~--------~------~------~-------.---------.-------~-------.--------

Date (190G). 

From- 'L'o-

'l'urbidity. Silica 

(Si02). 

Calcium Magnesium (Ca). (Mg). 

Sodium 

(Na). 

·chlorine 

(Cl). 

Total 

solids. 

--------------l---------l--------l---------l--------l·--------l---------l----~--·l--------l---------l--------·1--------l---------

.Jan. 

Fob. 

.Mar. 

Apt·: 

May 

.Juno 

July 

Aug. 

f:lopt. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

I ·Jan. 10 11 20 21 30 4 Fob. 9 10 17 22 Mar. 1 2 11 12 21 1 Apr. 4 12 20 21 . 30 1 May 9 

10 :tO 21 30 31 Juno 10 11 20 21 30 

1 July 10 11 20 21 31 1 Aug. 10 11 20 21 31 1 Sept. 10 11 20 21 30 1 O'ct. 10 11 20 21 31 1 Nov. 10 11 20 21 30 1 Dec. 10 11 20 21 31 

-------·-ioo· 20 

20 

15 

100 

100 

l\1onn •••••••• -------------

31 

27 

20 

28 

24 

1G 

18 

1G 

10 

16 

13 

9. 2 

15 

10 

20 

15 

12 

16 

32 

19 

3G 

23 

15 

22 

21 

24 

18 

26 

25. 

17 

21 

18 

22 

18 ' 6.0 

19 

2. 4 

2. 8 

.8 

5. 4 

2. 4 

4. 2 

5. 8 

G. 0 

4.0 

G. 8 

4. 4 4. 8 

3. G 

2. 4. 81 2 4.0 

4. 8 

Fe. 1 

. 20 

. 50 

.10 

. 08 

.15 

.13 

. 25 

. 30 

. 20 

. 25 

. 35 

. 17 

. 75 

. 25 

. 35 

. 20 

. 20 

.8 

b. 29 

14 

11 

15 

11 

13 

11 

15 

12 

13 

14 

12 

13 

14 

11 

13 

12 

13 

14 

16 

16 

21 

17 

17' 

15 

19 

17 

19 

18 

14 

15 

16 

14 

17 

15 

14 

15 

G. 5 

5. 1 

G. 2 

6. 1 

5. 9 

6. 0 9. 5 4. 8 

8. 4 

6. 2 6.0 

6. 1 5. 9 

5. 5 5. 2 10 

4. 9 

6. 8 

5. 9 

5.9 

9. 3 9. 0 

8.1 

8. 1 

9. 5 

8. 5 7. 8 

9. 3 

7. 7 

6. 3 7. 1 

6. 9 

7. 9 

5.0 

5. 9 

7.0 

18 

21 

18 

. 12 

9. 5 

8. 5 11 

7. 1 

12 

11 

8. 7 

G. 3 7.4 

6.0 

9. 6 10 

12 

16 

10 

15 

21 

19 

18 

19 

16 

19 

19 

19 

13 

18. 

14 

27 

15 

13 

26 

15 

3. 0 

2. 8 

.8 

.9 

2. 5 

1. 1 

2. 3 4. 2 

1. 8 

2. 3 

1.9 

1.3 

1.2 

.9 

2.1 

1.7 

0. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 a 2.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 0 .0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

89 

121 

46 

73 

73 

59 

58 

60 

49 

57 

58 

58 

53 

54 

50 

51 

53 

66 

'73 

81 

102 

102 

98' 

100 

96 

97 

90 

104 

98 

88 

102 

90 

93 

55 

55 

76 

Date (l!l07-8). 

Silica 

(Si02). 

Calcium 

(Ca). 

Carbonate Bicarbonate Sulphate Sodium 

Magnesium and ------...,-----1 Turbidity. Iron (Fe). (Mg). potassium radicle radicle radicle 

From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO•). 

Dec. 31 Jan. 10 

20 

30 Fob. 9 

19 

29 Mar. 10 

20 

30 Apr. 9 

19 

29 May 9 

19 

29 Juno 8 

18 

28 July 8 

18 

28 Aug. 7 

17 

27 Sept. 6 

l(j 

26 Oct. 6 

16 

26 Nov. 11 

15 

25 Doc. 5 

15 

25 

Jan. 9 

19 

29 Feb. 8 

18 

28 Mar. 9 

19 

29 Apr. 8 

18 

28 Muy 8 

18 

28 Juno 7 

17 

27 July 7 

17 

27 Aug. 6 

16 

2G 

Sept. 5 

15 

25 Oct. 5 

15 

25 Nov. 4 

14 

24 Dec. · 4 

14 

24 

31 

Moun ..•••.•. 

230 26 1. 0 13 5. 1 10 0. 0 54 115 24 . 51 16 7. 0 5. 2 . 0 56 85 24 . 40 13 2. 0 11 . 0 49 75 27 . 51 12 3. 1 15 . 0 50 100 36 . 80 11 5. 9 11 . 0 51 85 28 . 30 13 6. 4 10 . . 0 68 50 27 .48 15 4.8 17: .0 71 

85 30 . 75 13 6. 1 13 . 0 71 

95 27 . 50 13 4. 0 9. 5 . 0 61 20 27 . 50 13 5. 7 15 . . 0 63 110 21 . 85 10 5. 2 10 . 0 59 135 26 . 55 11 4. 4 8. 8 . 0 55 108' 22 . 28 9. 7 4. 4 8. 8 . 0 52 

40 19 . !!3 10 8. 1 7. 1 . 0 561 95 18 . 30 9. 7 3. 8 5. ·8 . 0 54 50 19 • 38 12 4. 7 8. 5 . 0 56 50 22 . 2!i 12 3. 7 9. 0 . 0 59 

451 26 . 38 12 6. 7 12 . . 0 71 55 33 1. 0 12 7. 3 13 . 0. 73 50 28 . 38 15 9. 4 11 . 0 84 60 24 . 18 14 7. 9 13 . 0 87 50 27 . 31 16 10 14 . 0 89 40 29 . 25 16 8. 7 16 Ol, 2 99 45 32 . 20 15 9. 3 17 . 0 95 30 29 . 60 16 9. 4 16 . 0 95 30 34 . 38 17 7. 9 15 . 0 96 25 24 . 21 15 8. 0 14 . 0 92 45 29 .04 14 ·8.9 11 .0 96 

50 33 . 13 14 8. 31 14 . 0 93 85 31 . 55 13 7. 8 15 . 0 82 65 31 .18 12 7.9 17 .0 85 40 28 . 18 12 7. 1 19 . 0 87 

45 34 . 40 12 8. 71 16 . 0 85 45 28 . 40 15 7. 9 15 . 0 77 50 43 . 50 14· 7. 3 13 . 0 81 50 31 . 45 14 7. 2 19 . 0 83 30 40 . 60 15 9. 8 23 . 0 87 ______ o_o_, _______ 28_, ________ 4_3_, ______ 13-------o-.7-~-----1-3--+l------_-o_, _______ 7_4_, ___ 

a Abnormul; computed as HCOa in the average. b Mean of Fe values after July 1. 

21 

25 

16 

24 

23 

18 

25 

13 

26 

21 

20 

16 

17 

13 

9. 9 13 

11 

18 

13 

18 

12 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

13 

21 

18 

13 

12 

14 

17 

15 

13 .16 

17 

8. 4 

18 

19 

10 

10 

14 

25 

8. 4 14 

9. 7 8. 2 

8. 2 8. 7 13 

16 

16 

7. 1 

13 

16 

12' 

17 . 

16 

15 

15 

14 

16 

12 

14 

8. 2 

13 

13 

16 

8. 7 16 

14 

13 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

1. 0. 1.4 

1.1 

;80 

1.6 

. 37 

. 34 

1:~8~~ Tr. 

. 70 1.0 

. 68 

. 74 

. 48 

1.0 

• 22 

. 70 

. 92 

1.2 

.·40 

. 56 

. 78 

.10 

. 30 

. 54 

.40 

. 50 

.32' 

. 20 

. 30 

. 44 

. 70 

. 48 

.54 

. 64 

6. 9 18 

5. 9 

8. 2 

7. 6 9.0 

7.4 

8. 3 

5.1 

4. 9 

4. 9 

5. 9 

6. 4 6. 2 

6. 2 6. 7 6. 8 

5. 8 

7. 8 7. 2 

13 

14 

16 

13 

13 

12 

12 

9.1 

8.1 

8.1 

8. 6 8. 6 

8.1 

7. 7 

9. 2 

8. 7 

Chlorine 

(CI). 

4. 3 

4. 9 

4.1 

4. 0 4.4 

6. 0 5.1 

5.1 

3. 0 4.1 

4.0 

3. 4 

4. 0 

2. 5 2. 5 3.4 

4. 2 

7.0 

7.0 

0. 5 

0. 0 '7. 5 

7. 2 

8.0 

8. 0 

7. 2 6. 5 5. 5 

6. 5 

0. 6 5. 9 4. 0 

5. 6 6. 0 6. 2 6. 2 7. 0 

5. 4 

144 

118 

56 

176 

106 

66 

130 

212 

104 

102 

112 

98 

80 

88 

100 

94 

80 

Total 

solids. 

106 

126 

130 

176 

162 

142 

136 

148 

154 

138 

150 

134 

120 

146 

156 

118 

118 

100 

124 

104 

114 

. 104 

105 

105 

107 

111 

113 

107 

102 

85 

94 

. 88 

86 

' 80 

81 

89 

112 

132 

124 

118 

122 

131 

131 

134 

132 

120 

120 

120 

123 

114 

117 

128 

114 

'138 

128 

140 

113 
154 COMPOSITION OF RIVER. AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

One more analysis of water from Sacramento River 

at Sacramento was received from the Southern Pacific 

Co. The figures, reduced to standard form, are as 

follows: 

Analysis of water from Sacramento River. 

. C03.------------------------------------------------------ so. ____________ ~ ____________________________________________ _ CL-----------------------------------------------------------

Mg Ca--------------------------------·-------~------------------- ____________________________________ : _____________________ _ 

Na, K-----------C---------------------------------------------

Si02----------------------------------------------------------

(Al, Fe)203---- _-- __ ------------------------------------------

Parts per Percentmillion. ~~~i~?~~ 

24.4 28.95 6. 0 7.12 4. 9 5. 81 10.0 11.86 4.1 4.86 5. 5 6. 52 25.5 30.25 3. 9 4. 63 

----s4.3 ioo. oo 

This analysis differs materially from the averages 

given in the preceding tables. The sample analyzed 

was, however, taken in April, 1899, when it may have 

been diluted by flood waters from the mountains 

9.round the sources of the river. The high proportion 

of silica is what might be expected in a mountain 

water. . 0 

In its upper' reaches the Sacramento receives many 

minor tributaries, and ·for seven of them analyses are 

available. These analyses were received from the · 

Southern Pacific Co. and are here arranged in order 

following the course of the river downward. 

Analyses of water from seven creeks in ~tpper Sacramento basin, 

Calif. . 

1. Creek at Cantara. 5. Little Dog Creek at Delta. 

2. Bear Creek at Dunsmuir. 6. Adler Creek at Morley. 

3. Castle Creek at Castella. 7. Motion Creek at Motion. 

4. Mears Creek at Sims. 

I. Parts per million. 

----'-----l--1- _2_· ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5 --1--6- __ 1_ 

C03------------------- 40.5 10.2 16.6 32. 1 12 .. 3 14.7 24.0 . so.____________________________ ________ 2. 5 8. 4 11. 1 16. 6 

CL____________________ 13.9 4. 6 7. 9 4. 8 9. 0 7. 9 4. 9 Ca_____________________ 7. 2 5. 0 4. 0 7. 2 7. 9 8. 9 8. 4 Mg____________________ 5. 1 2. 2 4. 2 8. 5 2. 3 2. 3 6. 3 Na,K _________________ 22.0 .8 6.5 3.1 5.8 7.4 7.7 Oxidesa _______________ 52.8 10.9 13.0 14.0 10.1 16.9 16.9 

141. 5 33. 7 54. 7 69. 7 55. 8 69. 8 84.8 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4 

C03---------"---------- 28.63 30.27 30.35 46.06 22.05 21.06 28. 3(} so.____________________________________ 4. 57 15. oo 16.76 19. ss 

CL____________________ 9. 83 13.65 14.44 6. 89 16. 13 11.32 5. 78 Ca_____________________ 5. 09 14.84 7. 32 10.33 14.16 12.75 9. 9() 

Mg____________________ 3. 61 6. 52 7. 68 12.19 4. 13 3. 29 7. 42 Na, K_________________ 15.52 2. 37 11.88 4. 45 10.36 10.60 9. 08 Oxidesa _______________ 37.32 32.35 23.76 20.08 18.11 24.22 19.94 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

For Pit River, the largest tributary of the Sacramento, no analyses have been found; but for Feather 

River, its chief affluent, Yuba River, and American 

River, Van Winkle and Eaton give the following 

tables of analyses: · 

Analyses of water from Feather River at Oroville, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

I I 

Date (1906). Mean discharge. 

Magrie- Potas- Carbo- Bicarbo- Sulphate Total Silica Fe203+ Calcium Sodium nate nate Chlorine Turbidity. (Si02). Ah03. (Ca). sium (Na). sium radicle radicle radicle (Cl). dissolved I Cubio From- To- (Mg). (K). (C03). (HC03). (SO.). solids. Acre-feet feet per 

per day. second. 

--- --------- ------

Jan~ 1 Jan. 9 ----------- ----------- ----------- 17 7. 0 0. 0 87 12 5. 9 138 2. 560 1, 291 12 20 ----------- 16 2. 6 7. 4 4.1 14 2. 1 . 0 45 12 4. 4 96 72,463 36,534 22 29 ----------- 21 1.2 12 4. 1 26 1.0 .0 63 13 5. 9 104 17,645 8, 896 31 Feb. 9 ----------- 27 1.4 8. 6 ---------- ---------- .. 9 . 0 61 10 6. 9 88 10, 505 5, 296 Feb. 10 17 ----------- 16 2. 2 12 3. 9 13 . 4 . 0 56 8. 1 8. 8 100 17,383 8, 764 20 Mar. 1 ----------- 17 3. 8 9. 7 3. 9 5. 5 2. 3 .0 48 . 5. 9 5. 7 92 34, 534 17,411 

Mar. 2 11 ----------- 18 1.8 9. 7 5. 1 4. 1 1.8 .0 62 5. 6 4. 9 94 22,076 11, 130 13 29 ----------- 20 7. 6 12 6. 0 7. 6 1.2 .0 51 15 6. 9 92 51,315 25,871 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 ----------- 15 4. 2 13 7. 2 11 2. 8 .0 64 6. 4 6. 4 98 43,848 22, 107 11 17 ----------- 12 4. 6 . 13 7. 9 i. 6 2. 8 .0 68 8. 6 5. 9 84 45,399 17,847 18 May 10 ----------- 10 2. 8 8. 6 4. 4 13 2. 0 . 0 48 6. 9 7. 8 78 37,430 18,871 

May 11 20 ----------- 10 5. 0 9. 7 4. 9 6.0 2. 0 . 0 37 5. 8 4. 5 72 31, 215 15, 738 21 31 ----------- 19 4. 4 13 7. 4 8. 2 3. 7 . o I 42 17 4. 9 84 32,502 16, 386 June 1 June 10 ----------- 12 3. 6 11 5. 4 5. 8 .7 .0 39 7. 4 5. 7 66 34,506 17, 397 11 20 ----------- 9. 8 3. 6 11 4. 9 8. 7 .7 .0 41 7. 4 4. 9 70 29,050 14, 646 21 30 ----------- 10 4. 0 14 3. 8 16 1.9 .0 40 6. 8 5. 1 72 18,606 9, 380 

Fe . July 1 July 10 ----------- 13 . 30 9. 4 7. 2 6. 5 . 0 48 14 5. 6 90 13,432 6, 772 11 20 ----------- 14 . 05 12 4. 6 9. 6 .0 59 7. 1 4. 8 84 10,680 5, 384 21 25 ----------- 16 .10 . 19 3. 5 8.8 .0 69 4. 8 4. 8 84 8, 037 4, 556 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 ----------- 34 . 30 11 2. 6 21 .0 84 22 6. 1 108 3, 923 1, 978 11 20 ----------- 23 . 15 11 6. 9 7. 5 . 0 76 63 6. 9 116 3, 919 1, 976 21 29 ----------- 16 . 23 18 7. 3 18 .0 81 10 5. 1 122 3, 816 1, 924 Oct. 1 Oct. ·10 ----------- 15 . 15 15 7. 0 1i .0 86 7. 1 5. 1 132 3,808 1, 920 11 20 ______ ,. ____ 20 .10 17 6. 3 19 . 0 105 12 5. 0 138 3,808 1, 920 21 31 ----------.. 15 . 10 20 9. 0 14 . 0 96 16 6. 6 120 3,808 1. 920 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 ----------- 19 . 15 15 5. 8 13 .0 78 16 5. 6 112 6, 224 3; 138 11 20 20 12 . 30 16 6. 2 15 .0 86 23 7. 0 116 4,086 2, oeo 21 29 10 17 .10 16 5. 9 16 .0 84 15 6. 1 108 4, 078 2, 01:0 Dec. 2 Dec. 10 30 22 . 20 22 7. 7 29 . 0 81 ---------- 6.1 122 5, 963 3,006 11 20 10 19 . 20 20 6. 8 17 . 0 67 8. 3 5. 1 94 10,482 5, 284 21 31 20 8.0 . 12 14 4. 4 12 . 0 48 8. 3 5. 6 96 24,726 12,466 

---- M~an _______ ._ ----------- 16 . a.17 . 13 5. 7 14 o. o I 64 11 5. 8 99 19, 736 9, 804 I 

a Mean of Fe values after July 1. 
MIDDLE PACIFIC SLOPE. 155 

Analyses of water from· Yuba River at Smartsville, Calif. 

• · [Parts per·million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1900). Bicar· Mean discharge. 

Silica Fe20a+ Calcium Mag· Sodium Potassium Carbonate bonate Sulphate Chlorine Total 

(Si02). AbOa. (Ca). nesium (Na). (K). radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. Acre-feet J Cubic feet From- 'l'o- (Mg). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). 

per day. persecond. 

---

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 18 2.4 11 4. 6 26 3. 2 0. 0 63 18 6.4 110 1, 111 560 11 

3~ 27 1.8 25 4. 7 13 2:7 . 0 69 23 8. 6 106 35,958 18, 129 21 17 .8 9. 4 3. 3 11 2. 9 . 0 46 20 3. 9 62 8,946 4, 510 31 :Feb. 9 18 3. 0 14 4.8 6. 6 . 7 .0 44 23 4. 9 106 4,471 2, 254 

Fob. 10 19 13 2. 6 10 3. 4 5. 2 1.9 . 0 41 9. 7 5. 9 94 8, 923 4,499 20 28 15 2. 4 5. 7 3. 3 3. 5 2. 7 . 0 36 7.1 6. 3 56 . 16,287 8, 211 Mar. 2 Mar. 11 13 3. 0 8. 3 4. 4 5. 2 1. 0 .0 41 13 5. 9 90 10,899 5,495 12 21 15 5. 2 7. 7 4. 0 3. 3 .4 . 0 43 9. 9 6.4 74 19, 127 9, 643 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 12 3. 4 8. 9 3. 9 6. 8 1.7 . 0 33 8. 7 3. 9 64 20,559 10,365 11 20 7. 2 4. 0 7. 7 4. 5 8. 7 2. 2 .0 21 7.1 3. 9 56 16,354 8, 245 21 29 11 2.4 8. 0 2. 8 6. 1 1.5 .0 33 7. 9 4. 9 70 15,273 7, 700 May 3 May 10 15 3. 0 8. 9 3. 4 6.6 1.3 .0 27 11 5. 4 50 25, 117 12,663 11 20 14 1.8 5. 7 2.9 7.4 . 7 .0 26 6. 8 4. 9 50 17,415 8, 785 21 31 12 2. 0 7. 7 4. 2 6. 6 . 6 . 0 28 3.1 4. 9 62 22,504 11,346 

Juno 1 Juno 9 12 3.6 7. 7 4. 7 7.4 .......... ------ .0 28 9. 7 4. 9 62 24,850 12,528 11 19 12 4. 8 8. 9 6. 3 6. 6 1.7 . 0 23 7. 1 5.1 54 22,494 11,341 20 30 11 4. 6 . 10 5. 7 11 . 5 . 0 31 12 5. 8 68 12,556 6, 330 

Fe. 

July 2 July 10 12 . 30 7. 7 3. 8 8. 4 . 0 35 11 4. 9 74 10, 605 5,397 11 20 16 . 15 6. 9 2.8 7. 3 . 0 36 8. 4 4. 9 70 6, 413 3,233 21 31 14 .10 11 3.1 9. 1 ·.0 45 8. 6 5. 4 80 3, 221 1, 624 Aug. 1 Aug. 10 13 . 15 18 5. 0 11 .0 59 12 4. 9 88 1, 730 872 11 20 20 . 20 23 5.1 10 .0 72 12 4. 9 114 3,161 1, 594 21 30 15 . 20 18 4. 5 12 . 0 60 13 4. 4 88 1, 283 647 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 13 .13 23 4. 7 13 .0 63 10 4. 4 98 1, 099 554 11 20 14 . 30 20 5. 4 14 . 0 64 13 5.1 104 1,'016 512 21 30 11 . 15 17 4. 9 12 . 0 62 .17 4. 6 100 979 494 Oct. 1 . Oct. 10 10 . 05 23 3.8 9. 6 .0 80 12 6.1 94 813 410 11 20 8. 4 .10 21 5. 2 10 . 0 76 15 5. 6 100 801 404 21 31 9. 6 . 25 18 4. 6 12 . o· 73 13 5.0 118 785 396 Nov. 1 Nov. 10 13 . 75 12 4. 9 16 . 0 58 19 6.6 110 2, 284 1,152 11 20 14 . 25 15 4. 9 10 . 0 63 23 7. 1 106 1,103 556 21 30 13 .10 20 5. 4 14 .0 67 22 7. 1 112 1, 099 554 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 12 . 07 18 4. 5 8. 0 . 0 59 15 6.1 100 1, 756 885 11 20 10 

... I 11 3. 9 .s. 7 . 0 46 19 6.1 84 8,966 4, 520 21 31 11 . 25 8. 6 3. 5 10 . 0 33 10 6.1 70 13,542 6,827 

Mean ________ 14 a, 21 13 4. 3 10 .o 48. 13 5. 5 84 9, 814 4,950 

a Mean of Fo valu.es after July. 1. 

Analyses of water from American River at Fairoaks, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1906). I Mag- Biear· Mean discharge. · 

-- Silica Fe20a+ Calcium Sodium Potassium Carbonate bonate Sulphate Chlorine Total 

(Si02). AhOa. (Ca). nesium (Na) .. (K). radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. (Mg). (COa). (S04). Acre-feet 'Cubic feet From- 'l'o- (HCOa). per day. per second. 

---

Jan. 1 Jan. 10 25 1.4 17 6. 3 17 1.0 o. 0 86 9. 4 11 102 714 360 11 20 29 . 2 8. 6 3. 7 12 . 0 . 0 45 12 4. 4 64 33,361 16,819 21 29 21 .4 9. 7 6. 0 11 2. 8 . 0 38 23 6. 4 136 9, 041 4, 558 31 Feb. 9 20 1.2 8. 3 2. 5 8. 2 . 6 . 0 40 12 8. 8 108 4, 539 2, 288 Fob. 10 19 17 2. 6 8. 0 3. 3 4. 2 .4 . 0 35 6.8 6. 9 ----------- 10, 102 5,093 20 Mar. 1 17 2.4 6. 3 3. 2 8. 5 1.8 .0 42 7. 7 6. 7 '82 19,881 10,023 

:Mar. 2 11 14 3. 4 11 5.1- 5. 7 1.0 .0 64 14 8. 6 86 15, 547 7,838 12 21 17 3. 8 8. 6 3. 4 5. 5 ----------- .0 34 11 7. 8 74 28,864 14,552 22 31 17 3. 0 8.0 4. 6 11 2. 7 . 0 33 6.8 7. 8 92 39,467 19,898 

Apr. 1 Apr. 10 16 4. 0 8. 3 4. 2 8. 8 1.8 .0 31 7. 1 3. 9 62 25, 16.5 12,687 

16 17 .............................. ............................. -------6:9- -------4:o· ----------- -----·-rn .0 29 -------8:6- 4. 4 ----------- 24,000 12, 100 

May 1 May 10 11 3. 0 9. 3 .0 25 3. 9 48 33,452 16,865 11 18 9.4 3. 0 6. 0 2. 8 6. 2 .0 20 8. 4 3. 9 56 27, 161 13,694 

21 28 19 3. 6 5. 9 6. 1 8. 5 1.4, . 0 21 3. 3 4. 4 58 28,088 . 14, 161 

29 Juno 10 10 4. 8 ·s. 3 2. 8 8. 2 .6 . 0 24 7. 4 4. 2 62 33,551 16,915 uno 11 20 12 5. 0 9.1 6. 0 4. 7 1.3 '0 25 7. 3 4. 9 66 34,886 17,588 

21 30 14 4. 0 6. 9 2. 1 11 ........................... . 0 19 6. 8 3. 7 56 26,850 13,537 

uly 1 July 10 .............................. ------------ ----------- --..................... ----------- ----------- ................ ---- 26 .......................... 3. 4 54 21, 110 10,643 

Fe. 

s 

23 30 15 '30 7. 4 2. 7 7. 4 .0 30 9. 2 5. 6 72 . 5,558 2,802 

Aug. 1 Aug. 9 21 .10 12 4. 4 9. 9 .0 40 13 4.8 74 3,165 1, 596 12 20 19 .40 8. 5 3. 7 11 .0 37 11 4.8 74 1, 823 919 21 30 14 . 40 14 4. 5 10 . 0 43 15 4. 9 80 1, 285 648 opt. 2 Sept. 10 13 . 30 . 13 4. 7 9. 4 . 0 44 13 5. 8 80 998 503 11 20 15 . 40 16 4. 6 15 . 0 53 12 7.1 104 864 436 21 30 14 . 30 12 4.1 13 . 0 48 12 7.1 92 702 354 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 14 . 30 15 4. 6 20 .·0 61 13 8.1 96 686 346 11 20 17 . 30 14 5. 4 21 ' . 0 59 13 7. 6 98 627 316 21 31 18 . 35 13 5.4 13. .0 58 13 7.1 114 696 351 ov. 1 Nov. 10 19 . 70 16 5. 3 -----------·-----·----- . 0 5o 14 9.1 96 1, 515 764 1l 20 24 . 80 11 4. 8 14 .0 48 22 8.1 100 966 487 

N 

21 30 16 . 40 17 5. 3 9. 7 .0 55 24 7. 1 98 892 450 cc. 1 Dec. 10 18 .7 11 4. 9 10 .0 47 13 6. 6 100 1, 202 606 11 20 11 . 30 12 5. 1 10 . 0 46 22 10 98 8, 569 4, 320 D 

21 31 .15 . 20 10 4. 6 17 . 0 37 12 5. 6 80 12,921 6, 514 

1Vfmm ________ 17 a, 39 11 4. 4 11 . 0 I 41 12 6. 3 83 13,478 6, 795 

a :Mean of Fe values after July 1. 
156 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS .OF UNITED STATES. 

A few other analyses of waters froiil: the basins of 

Feather and American rivers have been collected and 

:are given in the next table. All except the first were 

received from the Southern Pacific Co. Three of the 

analyses are from waters around the sources of the 

south branch of Yuba River. 

Analyses of waters in the Sacramento basin, Calif. 

1. Feather River at Gridley. Analysis reported by E. W. Hilgard, California 

Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Rept. for 1898 to 1901. 

2. Lower Cascade Creek at Troy. 

3. Crystal Lake at Crystal Lake Station. 

4. Canyon Creek at Towle. 

5. American River at Folsom. 

I. Parts per million. 

4 

--------....,--1---- -~-- ------------

COs. c.----------------------- 21.3 5. 37 804-----·---------------------- 15.4 ---------- CL ... -------------~--C-----~- 8. 4 1. 74 Ca___________________________ 4. 7 3. 97 

Mg ----------------- ---~-- ---- ---------- ----------

~~:·==:====:::::::::::======== -----~~~-} .. 89 } (Al,Fe)20s .... ________________ ----------} 3 93 } 

Si02-----------~------------- 47.5 · 

5. 67 

. 69 . 1. 25 2. 39 

.83 

1.14 } 

7. 01 } 

8. 5 

.7 

5.4 

5. 2 

.3 

3. 8 } 

10.9 } 

20.5 

10.6 

4. 4 12. 1 . 

4. 2 

2. 8 

11.1 

121.0115.90 18.981~ ----e5.7 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

---------1----1--__ 2 __ --3----4---5--

COa. __ ----------------------- 17. 62 33. 78 29. 88 24. 43 31. 21 804--------------------------- 12.72 . 3. 63 2. 01 16.13 CL .. ----------·--C----------- 6. 93 10.95 6. 59· 15. 52 6. 69 ca ___________________________ 3.89 24.96 12.59 14.94 18.42 

Mg --------------------------- ---------- ---------- 4. 37 . 86 6. 39 Na___________________________ 19.58~ 5.59~ 6.01 ~10.92~ .4.26 

0i;:Fe);o;::================== ========== ;4. 12 36.93 31. 32 16. go 8102-------------------------- 39. 26 

WO.OOWO.OOiloo.OOi!oo.OOlOo.Oo 

In analyses Nos. 2 and 3, on account of their very 

low salinity, the parts per million are ·carried to two 

dec~als in order to secure a closer relation to the 

true percentages. In No. 2, for example, an error of 

1 part per million is equivalent to nearly 7 per cent. 

In four of the analyses the very high· proportion of 

silica reflects the derivation of the waters from the 

igneous rocks, mainly granites, of the Sierra Nevada. 

The abnormally high percentage of chlorine may be 

due to cyclic ·salt, brought from the ocean iri rain. 

As for the sulphates, they may be derived from several 

sources-from pyrite in the rocks from which the 

waters issue, from the debris and drainage of mines, 

or from smelter fumes. Conta1pinations of this sort 

are much less common in the Eastern States. 

Feather and American rivers enter the Sacramento 

from the east. On the west, apart from the minor 

streams .at the headwaters of the river, the most 

noteworthy· tributary is Cache Creek, for which 

Van Winkle and Eaton give the following table of 

analyses. 

Analyses of water from Cache Creek at Yolo, Calif. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.} 

--

Date (1907-8). 

Magnesi- Sodium Carbon- BicarTur- Silica Calcium and ate bonate Sulphate 

bidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). um potassium radicle radicle radicle 

(Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (S04). 

From- To-

---------------------------------

Dec. 31 Jan. 9 145 19 0.19 35 23 44 2.4 173 35 Jan. 10 . 19 85 26 ; 20 31 23 56 . 0 198 34 20 29 155 22 .42 33 23 33 . 0 170 29 

30 Feb. 8 500 20 . 25 24 18 30 .0 151 24 

F.eb. 9 16 230 .16 . 41 28 19 25 .0 160 25 19 28 20 15 . 18 31 22 28 .0 185 30 29 Mar. 9 150 17 . 31 29 21 25 .0 181 31 Mar. 10 19 18 14 . 30 24 19 25 4. 8 174 28 20 29 10 11 . 05 26 22 27 7. 2 172 23 30 Apr. 8 10 14 . 15 28 23 25' . 0 180 35 Apr. 9 18 15 12 .28 28 21 30 . 0 188 38 19 28 20 15 .13 28 20 27 . 0 193 25 29 May 8 Tr. 9.4 .11 28 22 29 . 0 195 26 May 9 18 5 11 . 05 30 25 29 2. 2 191 20 20 28 10 16 . 35 31 25 35 .0 200 31 29 June 7 10 17 .. 09 31 24 35 9. 6 194 27 

June 8 17 10 13 .19 33 26 37 . 0 220 27 

18 27 Tr. 12 . 13 32 27 35 Tr. 224 22 28 July 7 10 15 . 13 33 27 41 4. 7 220 28 JUly 8 17 Tr. 24 . 18 35 27 36 12' ·209 27 

18 27 10 18 .08 30 26 41 3. 6 229 26 28 Aug. 2a 5 18 .06 37 29 41 Tr. 243 28 

--6-41--1-6 -l--.1-9 Mean _______ ---------33_1 __ 2.1 ------- 30 23 193 28 

a Creek dry during the rest of. the year. 

Mean discharge. 

Nitrate Chlorine Total radicle (Cl). solids. (NOa). Acre- Cubic 

feet per feet per day. second. 

--------- ---

1.5 47 290 1, 448.0 730.2 1. 08 47 298 1, 102.8 556 1.6 32 241 2, 155. 2 1, 086.8 . 66 26 210 4, 711.3 2,'375. 3 .40 20 198 4, 385.5 2, 211 .20 24 233 2, 164. 1 1, 091.3 1.3 24 224 3, 453.7 1, 741.7 1.2 21 212 2, 381.7 1, 201 .80 22 216 1, 895.7 955.8 1.5 23 225 1, 575.8 794.7 1.1 24 229 1, 351.9 681.6 2.0 26 235 1, 155. 0 582.3 1.0 27 238 859.0 433. 1 1.6 29 242 628.7 317 2. Q 29 261 489.2 251.7 

--------- 34 261 284.2 143.3 1.8 36 277 147. 5 74.4 1.5 35 272 69.6 35.1 .65 37 283 19.0 9. 6 2.0 36 287 8.13 4. 1 2.0 37 291 5. 36 2. 7 1.8 37 282 1. 98 1.0 ----.--31-1---uo 1.377 --- 1.3 649 . I 

-

Run-off 

per 

square 

mile 

(cubic 

feet per second)~ 

---

0. 5936 

. 4520 

.8826 

1. 9311 

1. 7975 

. 8872 

1. 4161 

. 9764 

. 7771 

. 6461 

. 5542 

. 4734 

. 3521 

. 2577 

. 2046 

.1165 

.0605 

' . 0285 

. 0078 

.. 0033 

.0021 

0 

3 

9 . 00081 

. 57 
l\fTDDLE .PACJFTC SL-OPE. 157 

Cache Creek rises in Clear La.ke, for which one ana.ly~ 

sis has been published. There is a.lso · one of Cache 

Creek, received fr01n the Southern Pacific Co. These 

· appear in the next table. 

Analyses of water from Clear Lake and Cache Creek, Calif. 

1. Clear Lako. Analysis by 'r. Price, citerl in U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Pnpor 45, p. 33, 190J. . . 

2. Cacho Creek at Rumsey. 

- - ·•. ·--···· ----~---~------,--------

Parts per million. Percentage com- position. 

1---,...--'--1·-·-· ---- -

2 

--------------·1------------

COs------------------------------------- 55.9 179.4 54.80 31. 18 

so~------------------------------------- 3. 5 1s. 3 3. 42 3. 18 CL •• ------- ------------------------···· 1. 8 163. 0 1. 79 2~. 33 Ca •• ------------------------------------ 16. 2 65. 0 15. 93 11. 29 lVlg ______________________ ··------------·- 11.1 .52. 0 10.89 9. 04 

:it:====================~================ t g l 77. 7 i: ~~ } 13. 50 (/~ I,Fe)203

______________________________ • 2 20.

0 .17 } 3

. 

48 St02-------------------------------------~~~~IOOOO 

This analysis of water from Cache Creek is very 

different fr01n any.of those given by Van Winkle and 

:B~aton. Was the sample taken at very low water 

and consequent concentration~ 

Borax Lake, which is near Clear Lake and was 

fonnerly connected with it, is a very s1nall body of 

water of high salinity and noted for its content of 

borax. It wn.s analyzed by W. H. Melville. 45 In 

addition to the constituents named below the original 

residue contained 4.5 per cent of organic matter. 

:Reduced to percentage form the analysis· appears as 

follows: 

Analysis of water from Borax Lake, Calif. 

COa---------------------------------

804--------------------------------- Cl __________________________________ _ 

. Br----------------~-----------------

P04 ______ ~--------------------------

Ca B407-------~--------------------~--- _________________________________ _ 

l\1g-- ------------------------- _.-----

~a----------------------------------

1(_,_----------_·---------------------- . 

Si0 .-----------------~~---------~---.· (Al,Fe, Mn) 20 3 - - - --------------------

22. 47. 

'. 13 

32. 27 

. 04 

. 02 

·5. 05 

. 03 

. 35 

38. 10 

1. 52 

0 01 

. 01 

100. 00 

Salinity, parts per million _______________ 76,560 

One other lake is assignable to the Sacramento basin. 

Goose Lake, which is partly in California and partly" 

.in Oregon, for:n:terly drained into Pit Hiver. Even 

in recent )rears it has been known to overflow into 

the river, and it is possible that some of the lake water 

reaches the Pit by underground seepage. The following analysis by W. Van Winkle 46 is here reduced to 

standard form. 

~~ U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 13, p. 265, 1888.' 40 U.S. Oeol. Smvey Water-Supply Paper 363, p. 39, 1914. 

89135--24t----11 

A.nalysis of water from Goose Lake, Calif. 

COa---------------------------------~------------------------

804.- -------------------------------------------------------- CL .. ____ . _____ ---- _. _____ . ____ -----. _____ ---------. __ • ----... N Oa. _ .. ___ . ____________________ . __ • _____ •.... _. _. _ ..... _. ___ . 

Ca. P04-----------------------------------~---------------------- _________________________________________________________ _ JV[g __________________________________________________________ _ 

Na·------------------------------------------------------·----

K ____________ ·------------------------------------------------ Fe20a .. _____________________________________________________ _ 

Si02----------------------------------------------------------

Parts 

per 

million. 

411.8 

45.0 

100.0 

1.5 

1.1 

18.0 

. 2. 0 

350.0 

34.0 

. 03 50.0 

1, 013. 43 

Percentage com- position. 

40.62 

4. 44 9. 86 

.15 

.11. 

1. 77 

.19 

34. fi3 

3. 38 

. 01 

~.94 

100.00 

The six tables of analyses by Van Winkle and 

Eaton, reduced to percentages, '\vith all carbonates 

nonnal, give the following averages: 

Red~tced analyses of Sacramento waters. 

1. Feather River at Orovi1Ie. 31 composite annlys~s. 

2. Yuba !liver at Smartsville. 35 composites. 

· 3. American River at Fairoaks. 34 composites. 

4. Cache Creek at Yolo. 22 composites. 

5. Sacramento River above Sacramento, 1906. 35 composites. 

_6. 'J'he same, 1908. 37 composites. 

----------~--- --~-. ___ 3_1_4 ___ 5_1_6_ 

COa-----------~---------------- 31.84 28. 10 24. 73 37.38 32. 22 30. 16 S04---------------------------- 11.07 15.48 14.69 10.79 11.20 14.08 CL.___________________________ 5. 84 6. 55 7. 71 11.95 7. 49 4. 47 

NOa---------------------------- -------- -------- -------- . 50 . 50 Ca_____________________________ 13.08 15.48 13.46 11.56 12.92 10.77 Mg_____________________________ 5. 74 5. 12 5. 39 8. 86 6. 03 5. 55 Na_____________________________ 14. 59 10. 35 11.01 } 12.72 11.80 } 10. 77 

K------------------------------ 1. 72 1. 90 1. 47 1. 64 Fe20a. ------------------------- . 02 . 36 . 73 . 08 . 34 . 50 Si02---------------------------- 16. 10 16. 66 20.81 6. 16 16. 36 23. 20 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 10~. 00 Salinity, parts per million______ 99.4. 84 81. 7 259. 5 116. 1 . 120.2 _ 

The first three of these analyses, with their high 

alkalies and silica and their low salinity, i:eflect the 

effect on the rivers of- the granitic rocks in the Sierra 

Nevada. Cache Creek is distinctly different from the 

other streams, and Sacnunento Hiver appears as a 

blend of dissimilar waters but with the mountain 

influence predominating. 

WESTERN DIVISION. 

•r 

The western division of the n1iddle Pacific slope coY:-. 

ers the area west of Sacramento and Willamette' 

rivers and lies partly in California and partly in Oregon. It~ stre~ms drain directly into the Pacific 

Ocean, and for eight of them analytical data are 

availa:ble for present purposes.-17 · 

First, 'for Russian River, ·which enters the Pacific 

in the southern part of Sonoma County, Calif., 

Van Winkle and Eaton give the following table of 

analyses': 

41 Sec Van Winkle, Walton, and l<~aton, F. 1:r., U.S. Oeol. Survey Wate~·-Sup[)ly 

Pape !237, 1910, and Van Winkle, Walton, "\Vatcr-Sup[)ly Paper 363, Hl14. 
158 

Date (1907-8). I 

---.,-----1 'l:urbidity. 

From- ToDec. 31 Jan. 10 

20 

30 Feb. 9 

19 

29 Mar. 10 

20 

30 Apr. 9 

19 

29 

May 9 

19 

29 June 8 

18 

28 

July ~ 

28 Aug. 7 

17 

27 Sept. 6 

16 

26 Oct. 6 

16 

26 Nov. 5 

15 

25 Dec. 5 

15 

25 

Jan. 9 

19 

29 

Feb. 8 

18• 

28 Mar. 9 

19 

29 

Apr. 8 I 

18 

28 May 8 

18 

28 June 7 

17. 

27 July 7 

17 

27 Aug. 6 

16 

26 Sept. 5 

15 

25 Oct. 5 

15 

25 Nov. 4 

14 

24 Dec. 4 

14 

24 

31 

Mean _______ _ 

3.'i 

Hi 

60 

50 

30 

5 

20 

5 'l'r. 5 

10 

'J'r. 

.'L'r. 

Tr. 

'l'r. 

'l'r. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

5 Tr. 

'l'r. 5 Tr. 

Tr. 4 

5 

Tr. 

'J'r. 

10 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 5 

20 

15 

18 

5 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE .WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica 

(Si02). 

Analyses of water from R1issian River near Ukiah, Cahf. 

! 

\Iron (Fe). 

I 

[Parts per million.] 

Sodium I Calcit1m Magnesium and C~~~?~~te Bi~~~~~E)ate S~{S~~!e (Ca). (Mg). potassium (COa). (HCOa). (S04). 

(Na+K). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOa). 

Chlorine 

(Cl). Total solids. 

~~-~·- o:~s-·- ~~ -- ~:~ ,--gJ --~ -- ~! --·-- ~~ -L~ !:~ }~~ 

11.~9, i . 4.') 18 7. 9 10 . 0 71 13 1. 4 4. 0 101 1 . 38 16 6. 3 12 . 0 67 15 . 80 3. 2 !)!) 

22 ' . 32 14 8. 2 15 . 0 76 22 . 77 3. 0 107 201 .20 21 ll 12 .0 102 17 2.1 4.3 126 19 ' . 43 16 8. 0 14 . 0 82 24 2. 1 5. 7 112 19 J • 18 I 18 7. 8 13 . o 101 17 1. 1 5. 1 131 201 .07 191 9.3 10 .o 1091 1:3 2.0 4.2 128 18 i .os 20 11 9.6 .o 111;: 2a 2.0 4 . .'i 1 131 17 . 07 21 12 12 . 0 115 . li 3. 0 4. 5 ' 131 16 . 03 20 11 10 . 0 118 14 1. 1 4. 5 127 16 . 03 21 11 12 . 0 122 16 1. 9 5. 4 132 18 . 06 21 12 12 . 0 120 12 2. 0 4. 6 130 19 .1.5 24 12 15 a3.6 112 16 .86 5.2 141 16 . 15 22 12 14 . 0 124 16 ! • 96 4. 6 131 16 . 08 22 12 11 . 0 125 16 1. 0 5. 9 137 15 . 04 21 13 12 . 0 128 12 2. 0 5. 5 131 19 .18 24 13 '20 .0 138 17 .66 7.0 145 24 . 40 28 12 14 a 9. 6 120 16 . 92 6. 0 155 20 .05 '28 ·14 15 .0 140 15 .92 7.0 149 16 . 01 23 15 I 11 . o 144 12 . 10 1. 4 148 20 . 37 25 15 16 . 0 151 18 1. 4 7. 5 160 

27 . 13 26 14 16 a4. 8 146 18 ------------ 8. 0 I 172 28 .43 26 15 15 .0 1{)3 17 .56 8.0 173 30 .20 23 14 14 .0 I 150 17 . .JO 8.0 179 21 .05 23 15 13 .0 149 17 .80 9.0 151 17 .04 26 14 14 .0 158 15 .52 8.0 150 20 . 04 30 17 23 . 0 155 20 . 40 11 192 16 . 02 29 15 23 . 0 166 16 . 18 14 189 15 . 04 29 16 26 . 0 166 16 ' . 28 18 187 15 . 10 31 16· 28 . 0 167 Hi ' . 66 20 192 17- • 14 29 16 26 . 0 169 19 . 36 16 183 15 . 28 2.5 14 31 . 0 120 22 1. 5 11 158 18 . 38 26 13 '15 . 0 117 20 1. 8 8. 2 156 17 .40 24 13 15 .0 117 18 1.0 8.5 150 

14 . 30 23 . 11 27 . 0 115 I---· _19_1 ____ 1._1_1 ____ 8._5_1 ____ 14_4 

191 . 19 23 12 16 I • 0 125 I 17 1. 2 7. 4 145 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in' the average. 

For Noyo, Eel and Mad rivers, all in California, 

Van Winkle 48 gives the following analyses: 

Analyses of water from Noyo, Eel, and Mad rivers, Calif. 

1. Noyo River at Alpine Station. 

2. Eel River at Fortuna. 

3. Mad River ncar Blue Lake, June, 1908. 

4. The same, ·october, 1908. 

1

1 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

-1- 2 3 \ __ 1 ___ 1 ___ 2 __ 3 ____ 1_ 

COa-----------1

1 

53. 6 49.6 38.0 62.4 38. 59 40.03 39. 54 42.05 S04----------- 18.0 21.0 13.0 21.0 12.96 16.95 .13.53 14.16 

C)-----------"- 7:~ 4:~ 3:~ 6j 5:!~ 3:~~ I 4:g~· 4:;! 

~~ :~~~~~~=~~~1 20.0 23.0 21.0 34.0 14.!!0 18.561' 21.85 22.91 

Mg____________ 7. 2 7. 0 4. 3 .5. 7 5. 18 5. 65 4. 47 3. 84 Na; K_________ 15. 0 8.1i 6. 3 10. 0 10.80 6. 86 6. 56 6. 74 

Fe20a--------- .3 .3 .1 .2 .21 .24 .10 .13 Si02 ___________ 17.0 9.4 9.2 8.0 12.25 7.59 9.58 5.39 

--------------------- 138.9 123.9 96. 1 1 .148. 4 ·1oo. oo 100. oo 1100. oo 100. oo 

These waters f:?how a general family resemblance. 

The difference in salinity between Nos. 3 and 4 is 

doubtless due t<? differences between high and low 

water. 

Klamath River nses in Upper K.la1nath Lake, in 

southern Oregon, and enters the Pacific Ocean a 

short distance south of the California-Oregon ·boundary. For the main trunk of the river no analyses 

have been received, but for several of its tributaries 

there are satisfactory data. Two analyse!;) are 111-

1s U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 237, pp. 19, 21, 22, 1910. 

chided in this schedule which are possibly misplacednamely, of. Lost River and Crater Lake. Lost River 

flows into. 'rule Lake, which is in the same depression 

as the Klamath lakes, but 'rule Lake is suppo13ed to 

discharge underground into Pit River. It may therefore belong in the Sacramento basin. Crater Lake 

occupies a closed basin, but its waters probably percolate underground to reappear as springs in the 

Klamath Valley. · 

· Analyses of wate1·s in or nea1· the Klamath basin. 

I. Williamson River at Chiloquin, Oreg. Received from Southern Pacific Co. 

Drains into Upper Klamath Lake. 

2. Wood River neai· Fort Klamath, Oreg. Analysis by W. Van Winkle, U. 8. 

Geol. Survey Watet:~Supply Paper 363, p. 41, 1914. Drains through Anna River into 

. Upper Klamath Lake. 

3. Lost .River, Oreg.· Analysis by A. L. Kniselcy, cited by Van Winkle, op. 

cit., p. 41. • 

4. Creek at Edgewood, Calif. A tributary of Shasta River. 

5. Cottonwood Creek-at Cole, Calif. A direct tributary of the Klamath. Analyses 4 and 5 ~eceived from Southern Pacific Co. 

6. Cratei' Lake, Oreg. Analysis by N. M. Finkbiner, cited by Vau Winkle, op. 

cit., p. 43. 

I. Parts per million. 

--!-1-·-2 _1_3 _·_4_. -1-~--i-6- COa ____________________________ 21.3 13.8 115.8 36.4 17:6 16.7 

804-C-------------------------- ••••---- 7.0 7,4 2, 7 4, 7 11.0 Cl______________________________ 6. 1 . 5 3. 2 3. 0 3. 6 11. 0 

NOa---------------------------- ------·-- . 1 -------- -------- __ "_____ . 4 P04---------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 1 Ca_____________________________ 3.6 5. 7 31.1 7.9 6.4 7.1 Mg_____________________________ 3. 4 2. 0 26.6 3. 7 1. 4 2. 8 

~a-----------.--------------.----} 9. 5 } 7. 2 61.1 }. 14.9 } 8.1 1

2

1.. o

K------------------------------ 2 . 7 . Fe203-------------------------- ----~--- .,. 3,-------- -------- -------- .1 (~1, Fe)203---------------------} 32.8 ---.----- 252.2 }-·--0--9--} 22.9 ____ 1_8 __ _ 8102---------------------------- 37.0 . 9 5 . . 0 --------- --~ ------ 76. 7 74. 2 220. 0 119. 5 64. 7 80. 4 
MIDDLE PACIFIC SLO:PE. 

Analyses of waters in o1· near the Klamath basin-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

-----. --------------~~--~----~----~----~--~------

2 3 4 . . ·--- ----·-- __.____ ---------- COs .• -------------------------- 27. 77 18. 59 52. 64 30.46 27. 20 20.62 so. ____________________________________ 10.24 3.37 2.26 7.27 13.75 

CL.---·-----·----------------- 7.116 . 67 1. 46 2. 51 5. 56 13.75 

N03 ••• ----------------------·-- -------- .13 -------- -------- -------- . 47 PO~----------------:---------~----------------------------------------- . 01 Ca .• ·--------------C----------- 4. 69 7. 67 · 14. 12 6. 61 9. 89 8. 88 1\:[g_____________________________ 4. 43 2. ~9 12.06 3.IO 2. I6 3. 50 

Na .... ---------------------·----} 12.39.} ll: 16 2. 78 } 12.47 } 12.53 13.75 K--------------------•--------- . 78 2. 75 Pe203----------------•--------- -------- . 39 -------- -------- -------- . 02 ~~\I, l!'ehOs _____________________ } 42. 76 -------- 2· 3

2

7 } 42.59 } 35. 39 ---22·- 0

-

s1o2 ... ------------------------- 49. 86 10.4 . . 5 . ------------.------.--

IOO. 00 100. 00 100. oo IOO. 00 100. 00 I 100. 00 

t.l.· 

In this group of analyses Lost River· stands by 

itself. The water evidently derived its solid contents frmn calcareous sediments rich in )llagne::;ia. 

The. other waters, with their low salinity and high 

'~lkalies and silica, reflect the decomposition of the 

feldspars of igneous rocks. j 

A numb~r of partial. ·analyses c;>f waters 1n the 

Klamath Basin are cited by Van Winkle ·but are too 

incomplete for use here; 

For three otherr~vers in Oreg.on south of the Columbia 

Van Winkle 49 gives the following tables 9f ana~yses, 

with details of much value: 

4Q U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Suppl~ Paper 363, pp. 43-50, 1914. 

. . Analyses of water from Rogue River near Tolo, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

. Date (191H2). ,Sodium I 

Cal- Mag- Car" Bicar- Sui- Nitrate Ohio- 'l'urbid· Silica Iron and po- bonate bonate . pbate ity. (Si02). (Fe). cium nesium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle rine· 

}'rom- 'l'o- .. (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (SO.). (NOs). (01). 

.. 

·---------------------------------- ------

Sopt. 10 So.pt. Ill 3 31 0. 02 7. 5 4. 0 6. 6 0. 0 42 5. 3 o. 48 2. 3 

20 211 3 30 . 08 8. 6 3. 6 6.11 . 0 43 6. 6 . I2 2. 5 

30 Oct. ll 4 24 'l'r. 5. s 5. I 11 .0 44 s. 7 . 36 1.9 

Oct. IO 19 1 26 . 03 7. 2 3. 4. . 7. 5 ..0 .. 44 . 5. 4 .44 I.S 

20 211 1 32 .17 7. 4 3. 4 6. 6 .0 4S 5. 9 . 50 2. 5 

30 Nov. s 3 25 . 05 9.0 2. 7 7. 9 .0 44 7. 4 . 40 l.S 

Nov. \} 1S 1 22 .09 9. 6 2. 0 5. 7 . 0 36 6. 0 .40 2. 3 

Ill 28 'l'r. 21 .07 9.11 1.5 7.9 .0 37 . 4. 9 . 40 1.5 

211 Dec:· s 'l'r. 26 .02 . 7.4 2. 2 7. 6 .0 44 5. 3 Tr. 1. 9 

Deb. ll ·Is 1 27 .05 6. 7 2. 3 6. ~ ·. 0 41 . 3. I .42 2. 4 

19 28 Tr. 24 .15 . 7. 8 .2.3 6. 9 .0 4I 6. 7 .14 1. 6 

29 Jail. 7 2 26 .08 7. 0 1.2 7. 9 .0 41 3.1 Tr. 2. 3 

Jan. ' 8 17 40 21 . 25 5. 2 1.2 6. 6 .0 34 2.1 .30 .40 

1S 27 10 21 .12 6. 4 1.0 6. 9 .0 33 3. 6 . 20 .85 

2S Fob. 6 7 19 .01 7.S 1.6 7.6 . 0 38 2. 5 .08 1.3 

Fob. 7 16 9 •; 23 .12 .5. 7 1.8 4. 3 .0 34 3.2 ; .06 . 75 

17 26 35 21 . 01 6.0 1.6 6. 9 .0 34 1.8 .30 1. 0 

. 27 Mar. 71 3 23 .11 6.1 . 7 6. s . 0 38 1. 2 .15 1.0 

1\!l:nr. s 17 15 22 .OS 5. s .6 6. 3 .0 40 1. 6 .. 15 . 1. 0 

18 27 ' 10 21 .15 8.4 .9 6. 9 .0 40 2. 0 . 24 1. 5 

28 Apr. 0 2 19 .04 . 7. 2 .6 7. 9 0 4. 3 29 3.1 . 2I 1.3 

Apr. 7 16 30 21 .08 6.4 1.0 7. 2 . 0 35 3.S • 20 1.3 

17 2() 10 21 . 22 7. 6 .s s. 2 .0 40 l.S .12 1. 3 

27 'M1lY (i 20 22 . 09 7. 6 .9 9. 8 . 0 42 ·s. 6 . 24 1.3 

1\~.ay 7 Hl 5 19 .04 9. 0 .9 7. 9 . 0 3S 6. 6 . 20 . 75 

17 20 li 20 • OJ .5. 4 1. 0 6. 6 .0 32 1.6 . 2S 1.0 

27 Juno 5 10 17 .02 7. 0 .9 7. 4 .0 33 5.S .34 . 75 

Juuo 0 1.5 13 14 . 04 5. 6 1.0 5. 7 . 0 29 3.1 . 30 .40 

16 25 5 25 .06 6. 6 .s 7. 2 .0 32 3. 0 • 56 1. 0 

26 July 5 •3 30 . 04 s. 6 1.2 4. 4 . 0 33 3.1 . 30 . 75 

J•~ly 0 :15 .5 33 .05 7.S 1.6 5. 7 . 0 38 2.1 .40 1.4 

10 25 .. 350 33 . 04 7. s . 5 6. 9 . 0 42 2.S . 46 1.2 

26 Aug. 4 s 28 Tr. 5. 7 2. 4 7. 1 . 0 3S 4. 4 .12 ' 

2. 0 

A.ug. 5 14. ' 12 26 .01 5. 7 2. 6 7. 2 .0 40 ·' 3.S .10 1.5 

~~--7-.2- Mean ________ --------- -·-- . 18 24 1.7 ~6. 1 b1.3 .0 . 3S . . 4.1 . . 26 . 1. 4 

a A bnonnul; computed as HC03 in average. ' b Sodium and potassium, determined on ·combineq alkali residues 

•:. 

l • 1' : ~ • • 

Mean SusDis- Mean dis- ponded 

gage matter solved height char go (tons soilds. (feet). (second- per feet). day) . 

------------ 78 0. 90 1,250 11.5 

76 .S5 1,215 s. 0 

77 .so 1, ISO 14.6 

75 .so 1, 180 10.2 

S6 .77 1,162 -----7~8- so . 73 1, 141 

73 2. 32 3,071 . 49.7 

70 1. 77 2,144 10. 4' 

75 1. 42 1, 722 5. 6 

70 1. 36 1. 660 3. 6 

73 1. 28 1, 588 ·20. 6 

73 1. 52 1, 987 7. 5 

. so 5. 29 9.493 1,360 

66 4.40 7,462 177 

65 3. 35 4,739 S4 

61 3. 7 5,525 12 61 6. 4 14,134 S77 

69 3. 0 4,085 35 

70 3. 2 4,529 120 

76 2. 9 3, 926 106 

68 2. 5 .3;254 53 69 3. 2 4, 3SS 343 74 2. 7 3, 584 6S. 79 4.1 6,459 331 

66 3. 9 5,S49 379 

.59 3. 5 5,036 203 

04 3. 7 5, 362 217 I 

54 3. 4 4, 782 271 

65 2. 7 3, 559 ~g I 71 2. 2 2, 762 

76 l.S 2, 212 15.5. 

80 1.7 2, 059 ~g~ I 73 1.5 1,Sl0 

71 1. 35 '1,650 98 

---72 ---.. ----:- • 65; a·so 

• Total annual denudation. · ' 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons 

per 

day). 

---

'· 

263 

24 

245 9 

9 

6 

23 

269 

24 

.611 

405 

348 

3I3 

31 

39 0 2 

0 

2 

0 

2,05 

1,32 

S3 

910 

2,32 

76 

S5 

so 

59 

s·I 

71 

1,3~ 

I, 04 

so· 

92 

6!i 

02 

.53 

45 

44 

3,5. 

31 

8 

3 

6 

6 

7 

s 

6 

7 

L 

3 

4 

8 

4 

0 

4 

4 

6 

6 

c 251, ~Q 0 
160 

D~~te (1911-12). 

From- To-

-------

Aug. 1. .. Aug. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Sept. 9 Sept. 10 19 20 29 

30 Oct. 9 

Oct. 10 19 

20 29 30 Nov. 81 Nov. 9 v 18 19 28 29 Dec. 8 

Dec. 9 31 

Jan. 1 Jan. 31 

Feb. 1 Feb. 29 Mar.· 1 Mar. 31 Apr. 1 Apr. 30 May 1 May 31 

June 1 June 30 July 1 July 31 Aug. 1 Aug. 15 

Mean ........ 

Date (1911-12). 

From- To-

-------

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 21 30 31 Sept. 9 

Sept. 10 19 20 29 

30 Oct. 9 

Oct. 10 19 

20 29 

30 Nov. 8 

Nov. 9 18 19" 28 29 pee. 8 

Dec. 9 18 19 28 

29 Jan. 7 

Jan. 8 17 

18 27 

28 Feb. 6 

Feb. 7 16 17 26 27. Mar. 7 

Mar. 8 17 

18; 27 28· Apr .. 6 Apr. 7 16 .17 26 ·;27 May 6 May 7 16 

17 26 27 June 5 Juno 6 15 

16 25 

26 July 5 July 6 15 

16 25 26 Aug. 4 Aug. 5. 14 

Turbidity. 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAK.E: WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica Iron 

(Si02). (Fe). 

Analyses of water fro·m Umpqua R·ive1· near Elkton, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Cal- Mag- I Sodium I Nitrate Car- Bicar- Sui- Chlonesium r~~ig~ bonate bonate ph ate cium radicle radicle radicle radicle rine 

(Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04), (NOJ). (Cl). 

Dissolved 

soilds. 

Mean SusMean dis- pended 

gage matter height charge (tons 

(feet). (second- ·per feet). day). 

l ---·---· ---------------- --------------- ---~--,-- ---

. 1 30 0. 06 7. 0 1.6 12 o.o 43 7. 2 0. 48 3. 2 86 0.371 1, 123 7. 3 

4 21 .08 10 3. 3 --------- .0 35 7. 0 --------- --------- 68 .28 1, 047 7. 9 

1 22 .05 8. 9 2.8 9.1 .0 32 7. 6 1.1 3. 1 70 • 20 980 0 

:-! 20 . 05 8. 3 3. 5 7. {i .0 3ii 4. 3 . 28 3. 3 65 . 51 1, 273 10.4 

3 20 .081 9.4 2. 8 5. 0 .0 I 38 4. 9 . 44 5. 3 67 

. "I 1, 303 5. 6 

2 20 . 05 9. 2 3. 6 6. G .0 42 7. 2 . 40 4. 3 71 . 64 1, 397 16.6 

1 20 Tr. 7. 3 3.6 7. 9 .0 41 5. 9 . 24 4. 8 74 . 78 1, 525 18.1 

1 18 . 04 11 2.8 6.1 . 0 39 9. 0 . 41 4.1 n .86 1, 613 10.5 

2 18 . 02 7. 5 2. 6 6. 8 .0 40 7. 8 . 68 4. 7 71 . 41 1,160 . 10.0 

Tr. 18 .03 10 2. 2 6. (j . 0 39 8. 5 . 32 4. 0 71 . 52 1, 311 8. 5 

15 18 . 23 11 2.8 6. 1 .0 39 6. 7 . 54 3. 3 75 6. 4 12,798 1, 560 

5 14 .15 7.8 2. 0 6. 1 .0 31 .5. 6 . 38 2. 5 .59 4. 7 8, 392 63.5 

5 14 . 04 8.4 1.0 6. 9 .0 31 3. 5 .28 3. 3 57 2. 7 4, 133 40 

20 16 . 30 8. 4 1.4 6. 4 .0 35 5. 3 . 18 3. 8 64 3.4 5, 681 245 

60 16 . 25 6. 3 1.3 4. 9 .0 29 5. 0 . 24 2. 3 59 9. 6 22, 614 4, ~75 

15 16 . 09' 8. 7 1.4 4. 9 .0 33 3. 0 . 3:3 2. 3 70 8. 3 18,478 8,47 

10 17 . i2 7. 3 1.7 G. 1 a Tr. 35 3. 9 .12 2. 8 06 5. 6 10,518 31\9 

10 25 .05 9. 0 1.9 7.1 a 4. 8 28 4. 8 . 30 2. 8 76 3. 7 5, 928 272 

10 23 .15 6. 3 2. 0 4. 4 .0 32 2. 9 . 22 2. 3 02 5. 9 11,752 . 282 

8 14 .01 5.9 2.0 6.5 a7.4

1 

19/ 8.2 . 34 1. 8 58 4. 0 6 661 234 

4 18 . o1 6. 7 2. 3 7. 3 . o 4o I 4. o ·. 40 4. 0 63 1. 6 2:495 40 

4 17 . 15 8. 0 3. 6 8. 5 . 0 39 I 4. 3 __ ._06 ____ 2_.8_1 ___ 67_1~ 1, 487 24 

--12-,--18-,--.-10-,--7-.9-,--2-. 2-,b5. 7 bl. 6 --. 0-1----w\--5-. 2- . 30 _1 3. o 1 67 _________ ··:···-··\C217, 4oo 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. . b Sodium and potassiuii1, determined on the combined alkali residues. c Total annual denudation. d Fe20a. 

Analyses of water from Siletz River ncar Siletz, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

I Mean SusCal- :Mag- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Nitrate Chlo- Dis- Mean dis- perided 

Turbid- Silica Iron cium nesium and po- bonate bonate phate radicle rine solved gage charge matter ity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle radicle (NOa). (Cl). soilds. height (second- (tons 

(Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (feet). feet). per 

day). 

---------------------------------------------- 2 15 0. 01 1.6 1.6 6. 8 0. 0 24 5. 7 ---------

3 'I 49 0. 83 125 0. 3 

1 12 .03 5. 5 1.8 5. 6 .0 22 5. 3 0. 40 3. 5 46 . 85 130 .6 

2 13 . 04" 6. 2 2. 0 5. 8 .0 22 2. 9 . 60 2. 8 46 . 85 128 .9 

3 8. 0 . 12 4. 7 1.3 6. 0 .0 20 6. 0 . 28 3. 6 42 1. 22 331 3. 6 

2 8. 8 .10' 4. 3 1.4 5. 2 . 0 20 4. 2 . 20 3. 5 41 1. 14 286 --------- 2 10 .02· 4. 9 .8 5. 9 .0 23 5. o- . 40 3. 4 43 . 93 159 1.1 

3 13 . 0~~ 8.1 3. 2 12 .0 '50 6.6 .42 5. 5 65 1. 13 264 2. 2 

1 12 . 0.5 4. 7 1. 3 5. 4 . 0 23 4. 4 . 32 5. 3 47 1.10 240 .9 

1 9. 7 . 02· 5. 5 1. 4 5. 3 .0 18 7. 6 . 76 4. 0 45 1. .'iO 660 8. 3 

5 8. 4 . 05" 3. 7 1.1 3. 9 .0 13 5. 8 . 88 4. 2 35 6 4 7, 056 343 

3 9. 1 . 02 5. 7 1. 1 .'i. 1 .0 15 9. 7 2. 0 4. 5 46 3. 3 2, 657 50 

1 9. 6 . 02 4. 4 1.3 .'i. 1 .0 13 6. 5 1.8 4. 3 45 --------- 0 1, 200 13 

1 9. 1 Tr. 4. 5 1.0 5. 8 .0 13 4. 4 2. 0 4. 3 40 __ ._ ______ a 1, 400 5 

1 9. 2 . 02 5. 9 .8 6. 4 . 0 12 4. 8 1.9 5. 3 43 --------- a 3, 000 43 

20 8. 8 . 06 .. 3. 6 . 8 6. 3 .0 13 6. 3 1.8 4. 5 46 --------- a 4, 500 3D-4 

15 7. 0 . 08. 2. 8 . 1 4. 4 .0 11 2. 4 . 42 3. 3 32 8. 4 9, 968 851 

2 13 . 03 .. 3. 9 .4 4. 8 .0 12 4. 9 . 52 3. 0 34 4. 0 3, 679 !09 

5 9. 5 . 09 '. 4. 6 .8 . 5. 6 .0 12 3. 1 2. 1 4. 0 41 4. 7 4, 594 248 

7 8. 2 . 06:. 3. 7 1. 0 .'i. 0 .o 12 4. 1 1.9 4. 3 36 4. 9 4, 957 201 

'J'r. 9. 2 . 01 5. G 1. 2 5. 2 .0 12 5. 7 4. 2 5. 0 42 4. 1 3, 749 ·'l'r. 3 6. 5 . 02 3. 5 . 4 5. 5 bJ.2 8. 5 2. 4 5. 4 5. 8 40 2. 3 1, 426 15.8 

1 8. 8 . 03 3. 3 . 4 5. 4 .0 9. 5 2. 4 6. 0 5. 0 42 2. 1 1,129 9 .. 5 

Tr. 9. 0 . 02 3. 7' .4 8. 5 .0 9. 3 2. 9 5. 3 5. 0 43 2. 4 1, 572 'l'r. 3 7. 5 • 02 3. 7- . 6 5. 2 .0 11 5. 3 4. 2 4. 8 4.6 1.8 867 16.8 'l'r. 8. 3 . 01 a.:~ 1.3 4. 7 .0 14 3. 9 . 45 3. 5 36 1.6 549 T.r. 

'l'r. 8. 0 . 01 a. 4 .2 5. 5 .0 13 2. 8 . 60 4. 0 38 1.4 445 'l'r. 1 6. 6 . 02 4. 5 . 3 6. 5 . 0 I 13 3 . .5 4. 0. 4. 8 36 a1.5 a 625 16~ 9 Tr. 9. 0 . 02 3. 9 . 3 6. 8 .0 15 3. 6 . 52 3. ,) 36 a1.6 a 525 Tr. 

'.rr. 7. 6 . 02 5. 0 .. 5 6. 0 . 0 17 3. 9 2. 0 4. 5 38 a}.5 a (i25 Tr. 

Tr. 6. 2 . 08 4. 5 . 1 6. 0 . 0 17 3. 3 . 60 4. 0 43 a}.2 a 300 'l'r. 

Tr. 11 .D-4 4. 8 .6 6. 0 .0 16 3. 3 2. 8 4. 8 41 a1.2 a 300 Tr. 

Tr. 9. 9 . 04 4. 2 . 7 4. 8 . 0 17 4. 6 . 92 4. 0 40 a}.4 a 425 Tr . 2 9. 2 Tr. 3. 8 .6 8. 2 .0 18 2. 1 1.1 4. 8 42 a}.2 a 300 3:2 

·3 11 . 00 3. 6 .8 7. 9 .0 19 4. 1 . 90 4. 0 45 a}.2 a 300 &.5 Tr. 7. 6 Tr. 3. 8 .8 6. 0 .0 19 4. 4 . 34 3. 5 40 aJ.6 a 525 'l'r. 4 9. 0 Tr. 4. 2 . 0 20 5. 6 . 12 4. 5 42 aJ.5 a 625 9. 4 

5 8. 4 .01 3 .. 5 1. 1 7. 1 . 0 20 6. 3 . 66 4. 3 40 aJ.5 a 625 11. 1 

Mean........ 3 9. 4 . 03 4. 5 

131 6.3 

. 9 c 5.5 c.7 --.0,-17---4-. 6-~--1.-6-,--4-. 2-~--42- d 22,400 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons 

per 

day). 

---

. 26l 

192 

1.85 

223 

236 

2G8 

30.5 

317 

223 

251 

2, 585 1, 336 

637 

983 3, 5\15 

3, .')01 

1, 870 

1, 216 1, 9fi:3 1, 041 

425 

269 

C488, 5()(] 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons 

per 

day). 

---

17 

16 

16 

38 

32 

19 

46 

30 

81 

667 

330 

149 

170 

348 

559 

860 

338 

506 

482 

364 

154 

128 

183 

108 

5:3 

46 

61 

.51 

64 

35 

33 

46 

34 

36 

57 

77 

67 

d 62, 100 

a Estimated. b Abnormal; computed as IICOa in average. c Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkfili residues. d Total annual denudation. • Fe203. 
MIDDLE PACIFIC SLOPE . 161 

Four other analyses of waters in southwestern 

Oregon have been received. frmn the Southern Pacific 

Co. The creek· at Pollard is in the Rogue River 

Basin, the other tlll'ee are tributaries of Un1pqua 

River. 

Analy:::cs of waters 'in Rogue mul Um1Jqna basins, O·reg. 

1. Creek at; Pollnrd. 3. Salt; Creek at Salt Creek Station. 

:l. Creek nt West Fork. 4. Calapooya Creek ut Oakland. 

---------------------------------------------- Parts per million. Percentage com positim1. 

-~----, -.2 . 3 4 1 2 I 3 I 4 

--------------· _________ . ____ _ coa---------~- :n. u 58. o n 5 22.2 •.12. n 45. s2 33.50 30.87 

804----------- 2.7 (i.5 4.4 4.7 3.04 5.13 .6.5 ().54 C!_____________ f>.5 li. 0 .58. 4 7. 9 7. 32 4. 74 2C.. 99 10. \JS 

Cn____________ l[>.(i 29.7 13.7 10.0 17.fi9 23.4(i 6.33 13.90 Mg ____________ 8.:~ li.3 27.4 2.8 9.3{i 4.97 12.M 3.89 

Nn,K_________ .8 5.2 2C..O 7.4 .90 4.1J 12.02 10.32 Oxidesn _______ W.\J 14.9 .17.0 Hi.9 19.06 11.77 7.87 23.50 : ~,~'2i'ii:"4~ JOO.OO ~00.00 100.00 I 100.00 

" Siliea plus sesquioxidcs. 

The proportion of n11~gnesium in Snit Creek is very 

rmnarka.hle. 

Four tn,hlcs of a.nalyses of waters 1n the western 

division of the middle Pacific slope 11re here reduced 

tio st11.nclard percentfi.ge form. 

Rcd1.WCd analys-is of waters in m'iddle Pac'ific slope. 

l. Hussinn Hivcr ncar Ukiah, Calif. Van Winkle and Eaton, Water-Supply 

Pnpcr 237; 37 composite analyses. . 

2. H.oguc :rtivcr at 'L'olo, Oreg. Van Winkle, Water-Supply Paper 363; 34 com· 

positcs.. · . 

. 3. Umpt(Uil River ncar l~lkton, Oreg. Van Winkle, idem; 22 composites. 

4. Siletz H.iver ncar Silotz, Orog. Van Winkle, iucm; 37 composites. 

-------- ---------~------,------,-------...,...----

2 4 

--------------1----------------------- ( 1 Oa _______ ------------------------------

HU4-------------------------------------- (\I_ __ ------------------------------------

~~~3--=== ::: ==== ====:: ::::::::::::: ======= 

~~~:::::::::::::::::::: =:::::::::: =::: =:: } 1<'1'203------------------------------------ Si02-------------------------------------

Salinity, parts per miliion ______________ _ 

:m. 01 

lO.l:iO 

4. 70 

. 76 14. {il 

7. (i3 

10. 17 

.19 

12.07 

100.00 

157.4 

27. !!2 n.:!!J 

2. IS 

.46 

11.28 

2. 65 9.51 2.m 

. 15 

37.43 

100.00 

64.1 

28. \J2 s. 40 

4. 8.5 

. 4S 12. 7() 

3.55 

9. 21. 2. 5\l 

.Hi· 29.08 

100.00 

61.9 I 

:.!1. 2!i ll.liO 

10.50 

4. 00 

11.25. 

2. 25 

13.75 

). 75 

. 25 

23.50 

100.00 

40 

. These waters are remarkably similar to those of the 

south Atlantic slope. 

NORTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

·The waters of the north Pacific slope, with .. a few 

trifling exceptions, fall into two divisions-those of the 

Colun1bia River basin, and those which drain into 

Puget Sound. 

COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN. 

The basin of C'ohunbia River. drains an aren, of 

~"Lbout · 250,000 square n1iles, of which 38,700 squai·e 

miles is in Canada. Its northern tributaries a1'e in 

vVashington, its southern and m"Lstern b1:~u1ches are 

partly in Oregon, partly in Idaho and Mont~"tna, and 

in small degree Nevada and vVyoming. vV~th a few 

exceptions, the analytical data relative to this great 

river systmn are clue to Walton Van Winkle and 

·originally appeare.cl in V\T ater-Supply Papers . 339 

(Washington) and 363 (Oregon). 

COLFMBIA RIVER. 

For the n1a.in or trunk strca.1n Van Winkle gives 

four ta.bles 'of ann1yscs, a.s follows: 
162 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LA_KI)1 WATERS. OF UNITED STATES. 

An<;tlyses of water from Co,lumbia River at l'{orthport, Wash. 

[Parts per million] 

Date 

(1910-11). Magne- Sodium Bicar- Oar bonate Sulphate· Nitrate 

Turbidity. Silica Iron Calcium sium and po- radicle bonate radicle radicle (Si02). ·(Fe). (Ca). (Mg); tassium (C03). radicle (804). (NOa). From- To--: (Na+K). (HC03). 

Feb. 1 Feb. 10 4 16 0.10 21 5. 5 7. 9 0. 0 86 14 o:45 11 20 5 18 . 05 20 4. 9 7. 2 aTr. 86 14 . 25 21 Mar. 2 3 11 . 08 19 5. 6 6. 0 a 7. 2 66 13 Tr. 

1\lar. 3 12 6 15 . 01 20 5. 5 5. 0 . 0 83 14 . 10 13 22 5 12 . 05 20 5. 5 4. 7 .0 83 11 . 00 23 Apr. 1 7 12 . 02 17 5. 2 4. 3 . 0 76 15 Tr. 

Apr. 2 11 10 16 . 04 20 5. 0 4. 2 . 0 82 9.8 Tr.• . 12· 21 35 7. 6 .01 15 4 .. 9 4. 7 . 0 66 11· . 00 22 May 1 5 16 . 05 15 4. 8 4. 6 .0 74 10 . 00 May 2 11 5 8. 4 Tr. 14 5. 2 !:~I . 0 62 14 . 00 12 21 4 8. 0 . 07 19 5. 4 .o 72 13 . 00 22 .. .31 3 ... 9. 6 . 05 19 5. 8 5. 2 . 0 72 11 . 80 June 1 June 10 4 8. 4 . 06 19 5. 6 5. 2 . 0 73 14 . 20 11 20 7 .. 9. 3 . 01 18 4. 2 3. 3 .0 68 8. 5 . 00 21 30 2 13 .01 17 4.4 3. 2 . 0 74 9.1 .00 July 1 ,July 10 4 9. 4 .• 04 14 5. 4 5. 0 ; 0 76 11 .30 11 20 5 7.8 • 01 20 4.1 5. 8 . 0 72 11 . 00 21 30 a 9. 4 . 01 20 . 5. 1 5. 8 . 0 74 9. 5 1.0 31 Aug. 9 l.'i 7. 4 '.rr. 17 3. 6 4. 7 . 0 72 12 . 30 Aug. 10 19 1 4. 2 .01 18 4. 2 4. 7 . 0 67 8.1 . 00 20 29 1 3.4 '.rr. 17 4. 3 3. 3 . 0 65 6. 7 . 35 30 SepL 8- 3 6. 4 . 01 19 .. 3. 9 3. 3' . 0 68 ··7.4 . 00 Sept. 9 18 3 1\.4 Tr. 19 a. 8 3. 5 . 0 68 7. 2 . 21 1\) 

281 1 2. 2. . 01 16 . -3.3 3. 8 . 0 68 9. 4 . 67 29 Oct. 8 1 3. 4 . 02 18 3. 6 3. 8 . 0 68 8. 7 . 38 Oct. 9 0 

18 1 4. 0 . 01 20 3. 5 6~ 1 . 0 67 12 .46 19 281 1 5. 8 . 01 19 4. 6 5. 5 . 0 70 .. 11 _.,55 29 Nov. 7 5 5. 2 . 01 20 3. 8 3. 6 . 0 67 13 . 05 Nov. 8 2~ I 2 7. 2 . 0~ 19 4. 2 3. 2 . 0 71 15 . 90 18 3 5. 4 .10 20 4.3 4.1 .o 71 15 • 20 28 Dec. 7

1 

2 17 .02 16 4. 8 5. 5 . 0 74 12 .10 

Dec. 8 , 17 2 6. 8 . 01 19 4. 3 4.4 . 0 73 11 .30 18 27 2 1.4 Tr. 21 5. 2 4. 6 .0 79 13 . 30 28 Jan. 1~ I 1 7. 0 'l'r. 20 5. 6 4. 3 .0 77 15 Tr. 

Jan. 7 1 7.'0 Tr: 20 !L 2 [i, 0 . u 76 14 . 40 17 261 2 8. 2 Tr. 20 5. 2 4. a .u 79 15 '.rr. 27 31 5 9.~ Tr. 15 4. 4 4.4 .0 57 9. 7 .30 

Mean ________ , 5 8. 7 . 02 18 4. 7 4. 7 ·• o I 73 12 ,'23 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOs in average. 

Date {191Q-ll). 

Tur- Silica Iron 

-------lbidity. (Si02). (Fe). 

From- To-

--------------

Feb. 1 Feb. 10 40 11 0.17 11 20 5 11 .08 21 Mar. 2 8 11 .10 Mar. 3 12 70 13 .32 13 22 18 8.0 .09 23 Apr. 1 50 18 .08 Apr. 2 11 5 14 .07. 12 21 20 11 .50 22 May 1 May -----iii- -----7."8" -----Tr~- 2 11 12 21 15 6.6 Tr. 22 31 6 7.0 Tr. 

June 1 June 10 10 8. 6 Tr. 11 20 1 11 Tr. 21 30 1 4. 6 Tr. 

July 1 July 10 3 7.2 Tr. 11 20 2 6.0 Tr. 21 30 2 ll . 01 31 Aug. 9 I 3.0 .01· 19 1 4.0 .01 

Analyses of water from Columbia River at Pasco, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.]. 

Sodium Car" Bicar- Cal- Magne- and po- bonate bonate Sulphate Nitrate Cblocium sium radicle radicle rine 

(Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle (SO.). (N03). .(Cl). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). 

Dissolved 

solids. 

------------ ---------,--- 17 4.2 10 0.0 82 13 0.40 1.5 95 19 4. 9 8.4 .0 82 14 .22 .4 97 19 5. 7 7.1 a 6. 7 67 15 Tr. .6 93 18 5.0 7. 6 .0 71 21 .00 .1 93 16 ·5.4 6.3 a26 18 1 9. 5 .00 .3 81 15 4.0 8. 8 .0 62 16 .15 1.3 100 16 5. 7 9. 0 .0 73 12 .40 ·.8 95 12 7.0 ·····ii-[-······i . 65 13. .00 .. 8 85 

----i2--- 16 4. 6 66 . .00 .3 so· 

15 3.9 67 7.4 .00 . 7 73 15 4. 9 7.0 .0 66 7. 5 .5 74 17 3.8 5.3 .0 fi8 8. 7 .10 .8 79 19 5.9· 8. 5 .0 71 9. 9 .2 88 17 4.9 7.2 .0 71 8.6 ......................... .3 75 17 4. 5 7.0 .0 73 7. 9 .30 .3 77 17 4.8 5. 5 .0 I 721 7. 5 --------- .2 76 19 4.0 5.8 .o 70 7. 5 . 50 . 2 84 18 4.6 5. 7 :8 I 73 7.2 .32 :a 74 19 4.4 6.8 74 8. 6 .4 78 

Mean •Dis- Chlorine solved gage (Cl). solids. height 

(feet). 

0. 6 99 . 8 

. 2 111 ~=========== 

.4 

. 2 ·-J~ r···-·:r~~ .5 

'8 "I 98 +., ]. 00 

. 8 77 3. 55 . 4 77 9. 45 

.•J 74 16. 23 

.:1 81 20.86 

. 6 85 21.76 

• 2 85 21.17 

.3 80 20.49 

• 2 88 18.22 

. 2 87 15.06 .2 85 13.26 

.8 87 12.50 

.4 81 7. 64 

. 3 73 5. 77 

. 6 71 3.66 .1 74 -.25 

.1 73 -2.74 

. 1 81 . -3.66 1. 0. 74 -1.97 

1.0 75 -.97 

.. 3 77 -.12 

1.4 80 -1.08 

1.2 80 . •. -1.58 

. 5 80 -1.38 

. 8 .99 ............................. . 8 85 ----------- . 3 86 ----------- . 8 87 ----------- . 5 ss. -·-.. --... --... -- .0 89 ......... -------- 2. 5 72 ----------- • 6 I . 84 -·---------

-

Mean 

discharge 

(secondfeet). 

64,440 

56,850 

57,890 

73,790 

92,400 

145,900 

138, 100 154,500 

--2ii7;4oo· 

--325,700 

347, 100 333,300 

306; 800 288,200 

260,200 

23.9, 300 226,500 

179,300 

I 

Suspended 

matter 

(tons per day). 

4,340 521 

874 

9,360 

3, 760 13,800. 373 

6,670 b 12, 100 17,600 

25,800 

11,200 

5, 760 

164 

312 1, 410 

904. 1,100 

290 

238 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons per day). 

16, .~oo 

14,900 

14,500 

18,500 

20,100 

39,400 

35,400 

35,400 

b 49,800 

64,200 

69,500 

69,400 

71,000 

72,800 

5!3.400 

54,100 

49,000 

51,500 

35,800 Aug. 10 .00 147, 100 31,000 20 29 3 12 Tr. 18 4.1 6.6 .0 7n ( 9.4 .00 . 4 91 I 123,200 1, 260 30,:.100 30 Sept. 8 4 4. 6 .01 18 3.4 3.8 a 4.8 59 11 .10 .3 74 90,600 49 18,100 Sept. 9 18 2 3. 2 .01 18 4.1 4.3 .0 71 11 '.rr. . 3 74 74,560 40 14,900 19 28 3 5.2 .01 20 4.2 3. 9 .0 74 10 . 30 .4 82 66,880 288 14,800 

2~ I Oct. 8 2 3.6 . 03 19 ·3. 2 5. 7 .0 72 11 .15 .6 77 69,810 'l'r . 14,500 Oct. 18 1 ·3.8 .05 .20 3.1 6.3 .0 71 11 .13 .9 79 77,810 42 16,600 19 28 4 5.0 .02 .19 3.2 4.3 .0 71 14 .40 .3 78 86,730 140 18,300 29 Nov. 7 2 6.0 .02 19 3. 6 5.3 .0 67 11 . 30 4.0 77 82,660 312 17,200 

Nov. 8 17 2 6.4 .03 18 4.0 3.8 . 0 71 11 Tr . 1. 0 83 78,400 84 17,600 18 27 1 5. 6 .01 18 3.8 3.5 .0 71 13 Tr. I 1. 5 80 85,830 Tr. 15,500 28 Dec. 7 .2 5.4 Tr. 18 4.4 3.8 .0 68 13 .15 •• 9 81 83,720 405 18,300 

Dec. 8 17 3 7.2 Tr. 19 4.4 3.3 .0 71 12 '.rr. . 7 81 74,390 523 16,200 18 27 3 5. 4 Tr. 1'9 4.6 3. 6 .0 80 11 Tr. .5 83 66,650 360 14,900 

28 Jan. 6 2 7. 2 Tr. 20 5.0 4.6 .0 78 10 Tr. . 5 85 61,900 267 14,200 

Jan. 7 16 10 7.8 'fr. 20 4.6 5.4 .0 79 12 .30 1.3 86 58, 150 313 13,500 17 26 2 8.0 • 01 20 5.0 5.2 .0 81 11 .20 .8 88 54,680 88 13,000 27 31 1 7.4 .01 19 5.4 .5. 0 .0 78 11 Tr. 1.2 87 53,780 145 12,,600 

Mean________ ---9 --------- 7. 7 .04 18 ---4. 5 ~ --_ -. 0----73---1-1-,------:14 ~,-. 7 ' 83 ---------- c 1, 208,200 cu, 454, 000 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. b Estimated. 

c Annual denudation. 
Date (Hl10). 'l'ur- Silica 

Fcom=l~ bldity. (Si011).' 

Jan. 1 Mar. 12 -----7.()" ----27 ___ Mur. 13 22 23 Apr. 1 1~g 23 Apr. 2 11 19 12 21 60 17 22 May 1 50 14 May 2 11 30 10 12 21 30 14 22 31 20 12 June 1 Juno 10 15 14 11 20 9 14 21 30 5 4. 3 July 1 July 10 13 9. 4 

11 20 10 8.8 21 30 18 11 :n Aug. 9 10 8. 8 Aug. 10 19 5 7.8 20 29 20 9. 2 30 So pt. 8 28 6. 2 So pt. 9 18 8 12 19 28 !) 13 29 Oct. 8 21 11 Out. I) 18 12 8.8 ]II 28 22 10 20 Nov. 7 15 10 Nov. 8 17. 12 12 18 27 30 14 28 Doc. 7 12 11 Dur.. 8 17 20 17 18 27 40 17 28 :JI •25 17 

Munn _______ 26 13 

NOHTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of ;water from Columbia River at Cascade Locks, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Sodium Car- Bicar- ·I Cal- Magno- bonate S~ppate Nitrate Cillo- Iron cium sium and po- bonate radicle I adJCle radicle rine (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tnssium rndicle (HC03). (SO.). (N03). (01). (Nt>+K). (COa). 

------ -------

----0~25" ----:rl-----u ------5~3- ----b-is ___ -------32" ----i2 ___ ----o~i2-

:-:_ _______ 

2.4 

.18 7. 9 .0 55 16 . 22 1.8 

.09 7. 9 .. o . 59 15 .65 2.0 

. 05 9. 4 4.1 8. 7 .0 57 6. 6 . 45 1.5 

.05 12 3.1 . 3.1 .o 48 13 . 32 2.0 

.04 14 1. g. 6. 5 .o 60 9. 9 . 27 1.2 

.04 15 2. 4 7. 9 . 0 57 10 • 60 .8 

.04 15 4. 7 6. 6 .0 57 9. 9 . 20 1.0 

.05 16 4. 8 6.0 .o 60 11 . 50 .8 

. 01 14 4. 4 6. 0 .o 66 9. 4 .00 .6 

. 01 16 4. 2. 4. 1 b 17 32 11 . 20 1.3 

.02 17 5. 6 6.1 .0 70 8. 7 . 20 .8 

. 01 17 5. 2 5. 7 .0 70 12 . 20 1.0 

.02 16 4. 5 4. 7 .0 70 9. 7 . 25 1.3 

. 02 18 4. 4 5. 2 .0 68 13 . 20 2. 5 

. 01' 18 4. 9 6. 6 .0 71 11 . 20 1. 3 

. 01 17 4. 3 5.0 .0 71 9. 1 . .20 2. 3 

Tr. 19 4.0 5. 0 .o 73 8. 2 1.10 1.4 

.13 19 3.4 7. 1 .o 73 12 .40 2. 3 

.03 19 4. 2 11 .0 78 17 1. 80 3;0 

.12 19 4.6 11 .o 79 18 1.0 3. 5 

. 01 18 4. 3 10 .0 70 14 .00 4. 3 

.04 17 5. 2 7. 6 .o 68 14 . 98 4.0 

. 01 18 4. 8 7. 6 . 0 76 19 . 60 2. 0 

Tr. 17 4. 4 7. 7 .0 71 20 45 2. 2 

Tr. 16 4. 7 8. 0 .0 70 15 65 2.0 

Tr. 16 4.0 7. 2 .0" 67 13 . 30 2.0 

. 01 16 3. 9 !5. 7 . 0 I 68 9.4 . 20 3.0 

Tr. 19 4. 0 7. 7 . 0 72 19 .64 3. 0 

'.l'r. 17 4.8 13.!) . 0 76 14 Tr. 3.0 

.04 16 4. 2 --7-. 1----.0-,.---67- --~-3- .43 2. 0 

Dissol\•ed 

solids. 

--

l:OS 

103 

93 

85 

80 

77 c 82 

80 

84 

82 

71 

81 

99 I 83 

88 

82 

85 

83 

94 

106 

104 

92 

94 

94 

97 

94 

90 

97 

102 

80 

89 

a Estlnmtort denudation dming period Jan. 1 to "Mar 12, 1910, inclusive. II Abnormal; computed ns 11003 in nvcrng4~. 

c Estimated. 

d Annual dunudnt.ion. 

Date (HHH2). Tur- Silica ·-- bldlty. (Si02). 

From- To-

------------ Aug. 11 Aug. 20 12 23 21 30 5 9. 4 31 Sept. 9 12 10 Sept. 10 19 10 10 

20 29 5 10 

30 Oct. 9 !5 12 Oct. 10 19 12 16 20 29 10 14 

30 Nov. 8 25 9. 2 Nov. I) 18 40 13 19 28 20 14 29 Dec. 8 10 13" 

Doc. 0 18 4 15 19 28 4 16 

21l Jan. a 5 15 Jan. 4 17 ----·sa· ----is ___ 18 27 28 . Fob. 6 100 19 Fob. 7 16 45 20 17 26 60 21 

27 

M ... 'I 30 20 I\•Iar. 8 17 20 20 

18 27 20 19 . 28 Apr. 6 50 22 Apr. 7 16 80 18 17 26 . 40 ].~ 

27 May 6 '45 15 May 7 16 50 9. 2 117 26 25 12 27 Juno 5 20 14 Juno 6 1.5 B2 10 16 25 2G 11 

26 July 5 11 7.8 July 6 15 10 8. 0 16 25 10 13 26 Aug. 4 25 4.8 Aug. 5 14 50 7. 2 

Moan ________ ------ 27 14 

Annlyse.~ ojwate1· from Columbia River at Cascade Locks, Wash. 

· [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] . 

Sodium Car- Dicar- Cal- Magne- and po- Sulphate Nitrate Ohio- Dis- Iron cium slum tassium bonate bonate radicle radicle ·rine solved (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). (Na+ radicle radicle (S04). (NOs). (01). solids. 

i-K). (003). (HCOa) .. 

------------------------------- 0. 06 19 4. 5 9. 3 0. 0 76 10 1.4 1. 0 1~ . 03 18 3. 3 9. 5 .0 73 13 . 56 1. 7 

1. 1 ~0 5. 0 6, 0 .0 70 13 . 56 1. 8 91 

• 01 17 5. 8 6. 3 . 0 71 9. 5 .36 2. 0 89 

• 05 20 . 4. 9 8. 2 .0 74 15 .44 2.3 95 

'l'r. 20 6. 4 9. 5 . 0 79 17 . 52 3. 0 113 

• 01 16 5. 0 9. 6 . 0 67 13 . 44 2. 8 87 

Tr. 21 5. 6 11 . 0 88 7. 3 . 56 5. 0 . 114 

• 02 21 6. 4 . 7. 9 . 0 84 13 . 60 4. 8 115 

Tr. 19 5. 3 11 . 0 81 15 . 66 4. 4 111 

. 02 1'9 5. 0 10 . 0 77 14 1. 2 . 4. 9 108 

'l'r. 19 6. 7 8.4 . 0 71 17 • 78 4. 0' 109 

. 01 18 4. 6" 10 . 0 79 13 .60 4. 0 10'7 

.02 19 4. 4 11 .0 84 16 .32 4.3 116 

.03 22 4. 4 12 . 0 82 16 .14 5. 2 119 

-----:ii6" 17 ----"4:4- -----io ___ . 0 -------7i" 11 • 56 --,--4:o· -----iii2" 

.11 14 3. 6 11 . 0 61 9. 4 . 52 3. 3 129 

. 01 15 6. 2 6.1 . 0 64 10 .48 3. 8 99 

'l'r. 13 4. 0 9. 8 .0 60 9.1 . 69 3. 8 104 

. 06 15 3. 6 11 . 0 70 13 . 90 3. 5 107 

. 03 18 3. 9 13 .0 79 14 . 45 4. 5 117 

. 05 19 4. 0 12 b 2. 4 74 11 . 30 9. 8 115 

.35 17 3. 8 11 b Tr. 74 11 .94 5. 0 116 

.18 14 2. 6 8. 5 b7.2 44 . 8. 2 . 30 3. 0 90 

. Hi 14. 2.4 8. 2 .0 57 8. 9 . 24 2. 3 . 89 

. 12 14 2. 4 6. 3 . 0 51 5. 4 . 27 2. 3 80 

.10 16 3. 0 9.1 b 6. 5 42 11 . 24 2. 4 79 

.12 15 2. 4 6. 9 . 0 50 8. 6 . 26 1. 9 75 

.07 15 2. 5 7. 9 . 0 . 53 9. 9 . 27 2. 0 76 

. 10 14 1.8 4. 7 . 0 50 7. 6 .28 1. 0 68 

. 13 17 1. 3 4..4 b 'J.'r. 57 8. 6 . 32 1. 4 74 

.05 17 2.8 6. 5 b 2. 9 54 7. 9 . 30 1. 2 72 

. 06 18 2. 3 6.,9 • 0 65 12 . 20 1. 6 83 

. 05 19 2. 2 6. 3 . 0 65 9. 4 .28 1. 6 82 

.03 18 2. 0 6. 9 • 0 65 10 .24 2. 5 80 

.04 19 2. 6 13 .0 72 17 .16 2. 3 93 

---------------------·--------- .06 17 3. 9 • 8. 9 . 0 69 12 • 48 3. 2 97 

163 

Mean Dis- ·.Sus-· 

solved ponded discharge matter matter (second- (tons per (tons per feet). day). day). 

--274;7oo- n 4, 2.'34. 000 2, 740,000 

80,200 129,500 

373,200 103,900 185, 500 .. 279.200 70,100 56,600 

348,700 80,000 69,800 

477,900 103, 100" 99,400 

521,700 108,000 114,000 

613,300 135,800 125,800 

559,500 120,900 42,300 

523,800 118; 500 50,800 

445, 100 98,500 15,600 . 372,600 71,300 8,460 

302,200 66,.100 13.900 238.100 63,600 7,080 

216,000 48,400 12,200 

191,800 45,500 10,-400 

161,500 35,700 4,.800 

140,700 32,300 42.200 113,800 25,500. ~.i50 92,850 23,600 5,020 

85,430 24,400 1rlW 89,390 25,100 19,300 

102,000 . 25,300 8;540 

109,700 27,600 . 11,300 

110,900 28,100 15,0()0 

121,700 31,800 11,2.00 

132,500 -~~: ~gg 21, 100 134, 700 9,100 

124,800 32,600 14,500 

97,670 26,900 14,000 

98,930 21,300 12,300 

__________ d21,510,000 ld 14,022,000 

Mean Sus-· . Disponded solved discharge matter matter (second- (tons per (tons per feet) •. . day). day) • 

187,419 9, 614 52, 12() 

147,235 4,380 35,050 

129, 529 6,300 30,780 

125, 161 9,82.0 30,100 

108,720 9, 380 27,800 

93, 170 2, 760 28,400 

85,571 7, 850 20,100 

81,808 8,400 25,200 

74,710 7, 860 23,200 

78,765 25,500 ~3, 600 86,640 9, 360 25,200 

75,587 13, 100 22,300 

71,902 ll,OSI) I 20,750 

70,255 5;300 21,900 

60,603 1,800 19,450 

72,633 •1,9501 G 21,500 

93,329 1,960 25,610 

1Q6, 789 82,500 68,600 

110,293 19,050 29,620 

133,810 20,900 37,550 

91, 251 . 16,250 26,300 

78, 761 8, 060 24,800 

80,570 4, 790 25,000 

118, 150 16,600 37,100 

190,495 33,400 46,200 

200,755 22,200 48,100 

246, 561 29,300 53,300 

324,073 29,800 69,200 

517,870 43,400 104,900 

610,266 36,200 125,000 

624,854 53,900 114,000 

573,314 38,600 114,200 

519,810 28,000 103,500 

374,009 26,200 83,800 

275,672 14,300 58,600 

223,503 175,000 48,200 

196,649 30,300 49,400 

---------- d7, 000,000 d 17,000,000 

o E~tlmatcd. b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. . • Alkallcsseparated·in composite residue, giving Na=7.5and K=l.S, which in percentage of anhydrous residue gives Na=8.0 and K=l.9 per cent, ~Animal denudation. · . 
164 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

A single analysis of water from the Columbin,, taken 

at Mayger, Oreg., about 30 miles above the mouth 

of the river, is cited by Van ·Winkle,50 but is of doubtful value and may be neglected here. The average 

of the four tables just given, reduced to percentage 

fonn are as follows: 

Rechtced analyses of water from Colnmbia River. 

1. At Northport, WasiL, ncar the Canada liuc. 37 composite analyses. 

2~ At :Pusco, 'Vash., above the mouth of Snake River. 37 composites. 

3. At Cascade Locks, WasiL, 1910. 30 composites. 

'4. 'l'hc same, 1911-12. 37 composites. 

2 4 

----·-~-------·1--- ---------

The progressive change from the upper to th~ lower 

waters of the Columbia is very marked, although the 

waters are all of the same general type. The changes 

are due to the influx of tributaries. 

NORTHERN TRIBUTARIES OF THE COLUMBIA. 

Numerous tributaries enter the Columbia frmn the 

north, and five of these have been ,studied by Van 

"Tinkle. 51 Spokane, Okanogan, Wenatchee, and Yakima r1vers join the Columbia above Snake River; 

Klickitat River is lower and far west of the others. 

·There are seven tables of analyses of these ,:v-atcrs by 

Van Winkle, as follows:. · 

C.03------------------------------------- 42.01 42. 75 37. 09 36. 10. s.o._____________________________________ 14.00 "13.10 14.66 12.78 u U.S .. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 339, 1914. OJ _______________________ :_______________ . 70 . . 83 2. 25 3. 41 

NOa ... -------------------·--------------- .. 23 .. 16 . 45 . 53 Ga.------------------------------------- 21.00 :21.44 18.04 18.10 Mg______________________________________ 5. 49 , 5. as 4. 74 4.15 Nn ______________________________________ } · 5. 49 } 7.14 } 8. 01 7. 99 

~e-20;_-~~~=========~==~================== .12! . 06 . 10 . 

1

: ii ~~ -~---- ·----------.--.------------------ 1~:: ~~ I · 10~: ~:- 1~;: ~~ - 1~;.: ~~ 

~~ltmty, part~ per nnllton __________ ~----1 85 I 84 . 89 94 . 

'• 

·5o·u. S. Gcol..Survcy Water-Supply Paper 339, p. 91, 1914. 

Analyses of water from Spokane River at Spokane, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (191o-ll). 

Silica l Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Mean Mean 

Tur· Iron Cal- Mag- and po- bonate boriate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- gage disbidity. (Si02). (Fe). cium nesium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle rine solved height charge (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. (feet). (secondFrom- To- feet). 

---·------------------------------------------

l!'eb. 1 Feb. 10 4 12 0.12 9. 6 3.3 6. 3 0.0 38 --------- 0.15 o. 8 60 19.45 4, 744 

11 20 8 -------- -------- -------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- .10 .6 76 19.45 4, 748 

21 Mar. 2 8 14 .02 9. 4 --------- i. 9 a 17 6.1 18 --------- . 4 64 18.85 a, 988 1\:t:ar .. 3 12 3 8. 8 .02 7. 6. 4.1 a 9. 6 15 9. 9 .00 .10 48 23.30 12,512 

Apr. 2 Apr. 11 15 9. 0 .04 8. 0 2. 6 8. 3 .0 38 19 --------- I. 2 54 26.70 20,980 

12 21 25 18 . 05 8.0 3.1 9. 4 .0 44 22 --------- --------- 70 27.85 24,180 

22 May 1 10 12 .04 -------- 2.4 ---------- .0 31 --------- --------- .2 59 28.15 25,090 

l't'lay 2 11 5 15 .03 6. 2 1. 7 4. 6 .0 28 5. 4. --------- . 5 51 26.85 21,500 

12 21 6 15 . 03 5. 5 1.9 4. 9 .0 33 6. 6 . 6 51 26.10 19,380 22 :n 5 13 .02 9. 6 1.8 5. 2 . 0 42 6. 2 .00 .2 59 24.35 14,910 

June 1 Juno 10 -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- ------72- --------- --------- 11 20 5 17 . 01 12 2. 6 5. 3 .o 52 6. 2 . 00 .4 19.50 4, 799 

21 30 3 17 . 01 11 1. 9 3. 7 .0 48 6. 9 .00 .3 60 18.75 3, 691 July 1 July 10 5 13 . 01 12 4. 2 5.0 . 0 57 8.6 .00 .1 71 18.40 3,165 

11 20 3 13 'l'r. 11 3. 8 4. 7 . 0 50 4. 0 .00 . 2 65 18.45 3,273 

21 30 10 10 Tr. 10 4. 0 5. 7 . 0 50 5. 1 .00 .3 61 18.30 3,083 

31 Aug. 9 10 9. 6 'l'r. 14 5. 2 5. 0 .0 66 6. 9 .00 . 1 69 17.85 2,485 

Aug. 10 19 10 11 . 01 13 5.0 5. 7 .0 67 5.1 .00 .1 75 17.55 2,160 

20 29 15 6. 2 . 01 13 5. 2 5. 4 .0 66 5. 8 .00 . 7 73 17.55 2, ll81 30 Sept. 8 2 6. 8 . 01 12 5. 0 5. 4 . 0 63 11 .10 .3 72 17. 55 2,146 

Sept. 9 18 2 3. 8 .01 14 4. 4 5. 2 . 0 72 9. 5 .44 .3 82 17.35 1, 928 

19 28 3 5. 2 . 01 14 5. 2 7. 9 . 0 6:3 11 .05 . 9 69 17.40 1, 953 

29 Oct. 8 4 11 .03 14 5. 2 5. 2 .0 62 10 1.2 . 5 75. 17.55 2,163 

Oct. 9 18 1 8. 0 . 01 15 5. 2 6. 9 . 0 68 9. 2 . 40 .. 8 76 17.55 2,136 

19 28 4 11 . 02 15 4. 6 5.1 .01 57 13 . 50 . 5 74 17.60 2,170 

29 No~. 7 3 11 . 01 14 4. 0 6. 0 .o 5.'i 8. 9 . 50 1. 5 71' 17.60 2, 220 

Nov. 8 . 17 2 9. 0 . 01 11 4. 0 .4. 6 .o 52 4. 6 . 65 1.5 64 17.75 2,402 

18 27 5 8.0 . 06 7. 8 24 3. 6 . 0 33 9. 7 .. 00 .5 48 19.80 5,327 

28 Dec. 7 1 9. 2 . 01 6. 8 2.0 3. 2 .0 28 7. 9 2. 0 . 5 45 20.60 6,634 

Doc. 8 17 1 11 . 01 7. 7 2. 6 2. 8 .o 30 8. 3 . 20 .3 '47 20.30 6,115 

18 27 2 11 'l'r. 8. 4 3. 5 3. 0 .0 39 6. 4 . 25 • 1 53 19.40 4,683 

28 Jan. 6 5 9. 3 'l'r. 9. 0 3. 2 4. 9 . 0 41 9. 4 Tr. .4 56 18.80 3, 760 

Jan. 7 16 3 10 Tr. 9. 5 3. 2 4. 5 .0 43 8. 9 Tr. .4 58 18.50 3,345 

17 26 2 22 'l'r. 9. 6 3. 6 6. 5 . 0 43 11 Tr. 4. 5 66 18.50 3, 302 

27 31 1 10 Tr. 9. 1 3. 2 3. 2 .0 45 11 'l'r. . 3 59 18.25 2, 996 

------------ --------------_-6_1 __ 63-==i==== Mean ________ . 5 11 .02 11 3. 6 5.3 . 0 48 9. 2 . 23 

a Abnormal;· computed as IICOa in average. b Annual denudation. 

Dissolved 

solids 

(tons per day). 

---

76/i 

970 

690 

1, f\20 

3,060 

4,1i60 

:3,!!30 

2, 960 

2, 760 

2,380 

---------- mo 

600 

606 

574 

510 

464 

437 

416 

417 

426 

364 

43!) 

438 

434 

425 

411) 

690 

80.5 

742 

670 

569 

524 

589 

426 

---

b404, 900 

Suspended 

matter 

(tons per day), 

---

15 

82 

88 

81 

907 

1,630 4:i4 

273 

:i36 

129 

----------

---------- 16 

29 

18 

71 

23 

7 

40 

7 

8 

7 

1. 

0 

15 

6. 

5. 

0 

34 

35 

15 

59 

23 

1!J 

13 

2 

0 

2 

b 45,900 

---
NORTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 165 

Analyses· of water from Okanogan River at Okanogan, Wash. 

[Parts per million.l 

Date (11)10-11). Sodium Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Silica Calcium Magnesium and Chlorine Dissolved - -· .. --- 'l'urbidity. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). potassium radicle ate radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. 

From- 'l'o- (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (SO!). (NOa). 

Mm·. 3 Mar. 12 20 18 13 22 20 20 23 Apr. 1 50 16 Apr. 2 11 18 23 12 21 45 4. 9 22 May 1 250 14 1\'l:ay 2 111 40 15 12 21. 50 12 22 31 60 9. 8 Juue 1 Juno 10 13 10 11 20 30 6.4 21 30 30 6. 8 July 1 July 10 20 87 11 20 55 15 21 30 12 9. 0 31 Aug. \) 3 12 Aug. 10 19 5 16 20 29 10 12 

30 Sept. 8 15 6. 4 Sept. 9 18 8 11 1\J 28 5 7.4 29 Oct. 8 7 12 Oct. I) 18 5 8. 6 1\) 28 1 12 29 Nov. 7 7 11 Nov. 8 17 6 14 

18 27 5 6. 4 28 Dec. 7 5 l1 

Dec. 8 •17 3 5.4 18 27 5 10 28 Jan. 6 4 13 Jan. 7 16 5 14 

Moan •••••••• 25 14 I 

0.02 27 7. 8 10 o. 0 92 

. 03 28 7. 5 7. 9 .0 115 

.05 20 5. 5 11 .0 96 

.03 17 5. 7 9.6 .0 73 

. 03 15 5.0 8. 0 .0 68 

.04 16 1.9 7. 9 .0 60 

.04 16 3. 6 7. 9 .0 66 

"05 13 2. 9 7. 7 .0 58 . 01 12 2. 4 6.1 .0 54 

. 01 13 3. 5 6.1 . 0 57 . 01 12 2. 9 5. 0 .0 . 51 

.01 17 2. 5 8. 4 .0 72 .02 13 2. 7 9. 8 .0 60 . 02 16 2. 7 9. 5 . 0 70 . 02 17 4. 0 12 . 0 78 .01 24 4. 7 9. 0 . 0 92 . 01 24 4. 5 12 . 0 98 'l'r. 26 5. 8 9. 6 .0 95 .04 16 5. 8 11 .0 67 'l'r. 29 5. 8 7. 2 . 0 109 .02 28 5. 2 8. 5 .0 98· .02 27 5.4. 11 .0 101 .02 21 3. 8 9. 1 .0 74 . 01 23 4. 0 9. 6 .0 77 .02 18 4. 0 G. 9 . 0 70 . 01 20 4. 5 7.4 .0 77 . 01 21 4. 6 6. 6 . 0 78 'l'r. 22 5. 0 6.0 .0 78 .01 24 5. 2 8. 7 .0 90 . 01 31 6.4 6.1 . 0 102 

'l'r. 27 6. 2 5. 3 .0 95 

'l'r. 30 6.8 10 .0 113 

. 02 21 4. 6 8. 5 . 0 81 

Analyses of water from Wenatchee River at Cashmere, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

25 0. 20 0. 7 145 22 . 00 . 3 148 

16 . 40 .(i 1Hi 17 . 25 . 8 11fi 

17 . 50 .3 8fi 

8. 5 . 8 8\l 

t:: r:::::::~: .8 90 .3 i(i 

'l'r. 72 

5.1 ------------ .1 67 

~:5 I :88 .J (;5 'J'r. \)0 

8. 6 . 00 1.6 182 

8.4 . 00 1.3 9:3 

12 'l'r. . 8 !)(i 

13 ------------ .5 .117 14 . 20 ]. .5 124 

18 'l'r. . 5 128 

18 . 50 . 8 \)(j 

18 . 00 . 4 1:i0 21 . 80 .. 5 130 24 . 39 1.0 12\J 19 . 42 1.2 \)\) 

15 2. 5 2. 8 101 13 . 50 1.8 95 20 . 60 .5 104 20 'l'r. .5 100 23 . 00 2. a 109 20 'l'r. .5 115 24 'l'r . .u 130 20 'l'r. .8 12(i 

22 'l'r. 1.3 143 

16 ! .28 . 8 110 

Date (191G-ll). Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Moan 

I Mean Sus- Dissolved Cal- Mag- Nitrate Ohio- Dis- dis- ponded 'em- Silica Iron cium nesium and po-. bonate bonate phate radicle rine solved gage charge matter lnattor 

bidity. (Si02.) (Fe). (On). (Mg). tassium · radicle radicle radicle (NOa). (01). solids. height (second- (tons per (tons per (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO!). (feet). feet). clay). day). 

-~---.----1 

From- 'l'oFob. 1 Feb. 10 3 20 o. 20 7. 3 4. 3 7. 6 0. o 45 8. 1 o. 34 1. 2 70 1. 50 1, 476 64 279 11 20 2 22 . 15 8. 0 4. 1 8. 2 . 0 50 8. 4 ·. 33 . 5 75 1. 40 1, 382 60 282 21 Mar. 2 2 25 . 16 9. 5 5. 2 7. 2 . 0 59 13 • 20 1. 0 85 1. 40 1, 421 15 327 

Mar. 1~ ~~ 35 15 ----:o7· ----7:6· 4. 2 ------5:o· ---b-ig--- 11 -----4:i· .15 ------:5· ------58- 5: ~g ~: ~~~- a~gb a~~~ 23 Apr. 1 10 19 . 01 7. 4 2. 9 4. 6 . 0 37 6. 4 . 41 1. 2 63 3. 80 5, 957 160 1, 010 .t\pr. 2 11 20 37 . 14 10 4. 5 10 . 0 54 15 Tr. . 5 111 2. 90 3, 869 115 1, 160 12 21 8 15 .04 6.0 4.2 6.3 .0 32 7.5 Tr .. 8 51 3.45 5,489 162 755 22 May 1 40 8. 3 . 02 5. 2 1. 9 3. 5 b 9. 7 4. 9 4. 5 . 30 1. 5 40 5. 80 13, 197 1, 350 1, 420 May 2 11 18 16 . 01 4. 6 1. 9 3. 9 b 8. 4 9. 8 4. l . 15 1. 0 46 5. 65 12, 808 467 1, 350 12 21 10 8.7 'l'r. 4.2 1.4 4.4 .0 22 7.2 Tr. 1.1 41 5.65 12,440 404 1,380 22 31 25 18 .01 4.2 1.5 4.4 .0 20 13 'J'r. 1.2 51 6.05 14,280 579 1,960 

Juno 1 June 10 8 10 Tr. 4.7 1.4 3.4 .0 20 6.5 .00 1.0 38 4.75 8,896 89 912 lL 20 18 9.2 'l'r. 4.4 1.6 2:8 b6.0 7.3 5.0 Tr. 1.3 34 4.65 8,624 256 71Jl 

21 30 8 1!i Tr. 4.3 1.7 3.1 b2.4 12 10 .00 1.0 45 3.70 5,571 89 676 July 1 July 10 s __ .01 3.9 1.7 5.0 .o 23 7.6 ·•rr. .5 --------- 3.85 6,018 195 a5f\8 11 20 10 ----6:s .03 3.4 1.1 3.4 .o 13 11 'l'r. .s 33 3.50 5,154 22 460 21 30 12 6.4 .01 4.2 1.6 3.8 .0 22 7.2 .00 .7 35 2.55 3,176 21 300 31 Aug. 9 8 5. 2 . 02 5. 0 2. 0 4. 0 . 0 23 8. 0 . 00 1. 3 37 2. 05 2, 247 21 224 <\.ug. 10 19 17 7.9 'l'r. 4.8 1.8 2.7 .0 23 5.4 Tr. 1.0 37 1.75 1,839 32 184 20 29 1 12 .01 6.8 2.4 3.0 .0 :u 6.2 Tr. 1.0 47 1.20 1,191 2 129 30 Sept. 8 7 5. 6 . 01 6. 0 2. 8 4. 3 . 0 32 6. 7 Tr. 1. 2 43 . 95 960 4 1'11 Sept. 9 18 3 9. 5 . 01 6. 4 3. o 4. 9 • o 34 5. 7 . 70 1. 3 47 • 70 795 .5 101 19 28 1 8.5 'l'r. 5.8 2.4 3.6 .0 29 5.2 1.00 1.0 42 .90 892 2 101 29 Oct·. 8 5 6. 7 . 02 5. 0 2. 0 3. 9 . 0 26 8. 3 . 20 1. 0 38 2. 05 2, 539 25 260 Oct. 1

9

9 

18 4 66 .. 6

6 .01 4.2 1.5 3.5 .0 ·20 4.7 .05 1.0 3

33

1 2.50 3,053 31 255 28 5 . 02 5. 3 1. 6 2. 8 . 0 20 7. 7 . 32 1. 8 2. 35 2, 830 2 252 29 Nov. 7 2 7.5 .06 4.3 1.3 3.1 .0 19 5.8 .00 1.3 35 2.00 ·2,176 8 206 Nov. 8 17 5 6.2 .01 4.2 1.4 2.7 .0 17 5.8 .90 1.1 31 2.00 3,833 18 320 18 27 4 6. 1 . 01 5. 3 1. 8 3. 4 . 0 18 11 4. 0 . 8 36 3. 60 5, 958 105 580 28 Doc. 7 2 8. 2 . 01 4. 9 1. 8 3. 4 . 0 18 :i2 2. 0 1. 5 40 2. 25 2, 651 8 286 Dec. s 17 2 9.0 .01 5.0 2.2 3.0 .o 26 6.3 .05 .3 39 1.70 1,750 3 184 18 ~ 5 9.4 'l'r. 5.4 2.4 3.1 .0 31 6.1 'l'r .. 8 41 1.45 1,437 .4 159 28 Jan. 2 9.6 'l'r. 5.8 2.0 3.8 .0 28 4.1 'l'r. .8 44 1.35 1,343 3.6 159 Jan. 1 16 1 10 .01 5.4 2.5 3.9 .0 28 5.2 'l'r. .8 44 1.35 1,367 5.2 162 17 26 1 11 .02 5.4 2.2 3.2 .0 31 5.7 Tr .. 5 43 1.30 1,259 6.1 146 21 31 1 11 .01 5.6 1.4 ,3.5 .0 29 6.5 Tr .. 7 44 1.10 1,070 2.9 127 

_-~can.~--~--~--- __ 9 ____ 12 __ --~~- 5.~-- 2. 3 ~ 4. 2 _ . o ~------7·~ _ ----~~--~~ o I 4~ -~---------------- e~5, 400 :_189, s3o 

a Estimated. 

b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. c Annual denudation. 

89135--24t----12 
166 

Date (191Q-ll). 

From- 'l'o-

~-- ---

Feb. 1 Feb. 10 11 20 21 Mar. 2 Mar. 3 12 1:l 22 23 Apr. 1 Apr. ·2 11 12 21 22 May 1 Ma~· 2 11 12 21 22 31 June 1 June 10 11 20 

Juiy 21 30 1 July 10 11 20 21 30 31 Aug. 9 Aug. 10 19 20 29 30 Sept. s Sopt. 9 18 l9 28 29 Oct. 8 Oct. 9 18 19 28 29 Nov. 7 Nov. s 17 18 27 28 Dec. 7 Dec. s 17 18 27 28 Jan. 6 Jan. 7 16 17 26 27 31 

Mean ________ 

Date (191G-ll). 

FromFeb. 1 

11 

21 Mar. 3 

13 

23 Apr. 2. 

12 

22 May 2 

12 

22 

June 1 

11 

21 ·July 1 

11 

21 

31 Aug. 10 

20 . 30 Sept. !l 

19 

29 

Oct. 9 

19 

29 

Nov. S 

18 

28 Dec. 8 

18 

2S Jan. 7 

17 

27 

ToFeb. 10 

20 Mar. ·2 

12 

22 Apr. 1 

11 

21 May 1 

11 

21 

31 June 10 

20 

30 July 10 

20 

30 Aug. a 9 

19 

29 

Sept. 8 

18 

28 Oct. . 8 

18 

2S Nov. 7 

17 

27 Dec. 7 

17 

27 Jan. 6 

16 

26 

31 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Yakima River at Cle Elum, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

--------------

Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Mean 

'l'ur- Silica Iron Cal· M!lg~ and po· bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- gage bidity. (Si02). (Fe). cium nesmm tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle rine solved height (Ca). (Mg). (Na+ (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOa). (Cl). solids. (feet). iK). 

---------------------------------------- 3 ij'f 10 0.12 6.4 2.5 ---------- 0.0 32 7. 2 0.06 0. 5 52 2.90 3 "'117 .18 -------- 2.4 ---------- . 0 44 9. 9 Tr . . 5 60 2. 70 -----io- ----~o6- ----............. --------- --------- --------- 2.S5 12 6.3 3.1 2.2 .0 ----28 ___ 9.1 ----·:oo· ------~8 .. 45 2.85 19 11 .01 ----5:6- 3.S 4.1 b 9. 6 9.8 7.4 .35 1.5 55 5. 35 12 12 .03 2.7 3. 7 b9. 6 13 8.4 . 50 .s 56 5.10 6 16 • 01 5.5 2. 7 3.3 b9.8 12 6. 7 .00 ' . 5 53 4. 30 15 15 • 01 6.0 2. 7 3. 5 b1.2 31 -9.1 . 20 1. 5 54 5.00 10 3.2 .01 7.6 2.0 5.0 Tr. 28 3.6 Tr. 2. 5 39 6.55 20 7.3 Tr. 6.3 2.0 .4. 5 .0 31 6.0 Tr. 1.7 43 5.SO 10 11 . 01 5.8 1. 6 4.6 .0 28 5. 6 Tr. 1.4 47 5.80 3 15 .01 5.S. 2.2 4. 2 .0 33 5. 2 Tr. 1.7 52 5.40 15 22 Tr. 7.4 1.6 5. 7 .0 41 5.4 Tr. 2.2 71 4. 55 Tr. 9.9 Tr. 5.6 1. 7 3.8 .0 31 5. 5 Tr. 1.1 44 4.15 15 9.2 .01 6.0 1.S 3.5 .0 24 5.2 Tr. 3.8 44 3. 20 2 15 • 01 ·6.0 1.7 4.1 .0 28 2.S .Tr. 3.6 54 2.95 10 9. 9 • 01 5. 3 2. 2 5.4 • 0 35 3. 6 Tr . 2. 0 50 2.80 6 6. 2 • 01 6. 7 2.1 5.4 .0 33 7.2 Tr. 2. 3 43 2.50 10 5.8 • 01 7.8 2.1 4.7 .o 37 4.4 Tr. .9 42 2. 55 4 9. 7 • 01 ·7.6 2. 5 5.2 . 0 40 4. 2 Tr . 1.2 48 2.85 5 8.0 Tr. 7.S 2.8 4.0 .0 39 4.4 Tr. 1.9 49 2.SO 2 14 Tr. 12 3.9 3.3 .0 60 6.9 Tr. 1.7 68 2. 25 5 9. 0 Tr. 6. 7 --------- 2. 7 .0 31 6.9 Tr. 1. 7 39 2. 00 1 s.o • 01 6.4 2.1 3.2 .0 31 6.9 . 20 1.1 42 1.60 1 7.8 . 01 6. 2 2.0 4.1 .0 29 8. 6 . 36 2. 3 40 2.60 5 7.4 . 01 5.8 2. 2 5.0 .0 31 5.0 1.5 3.1 43 3. 50 3 7. 9 . 01 6. 2 2.1 2. 7 .0 28 4. 7 .05 2. 2 4D 3.45 4 7. 7 . 01 5.6 2.0 2. 7 .0 24 3.S .40 1.1 38 3.20 2 7. 6 . 01 5.6 2.1 2.4 .0 24 4. 3 • 75 1. 3 37 4.05 5 7.8 .04 5. 9 1.8 2. 8 .0 25 4.0 3. 5 1.7 41 5.05 2 6. 7 Tr. 5.8 2. 3 3. 2 . 0 23 10 Tr. 1.2 37 3. 90 1 8. 7 . 01 6. 2 2.1 2.5 .0 29 11 Tr. .8 43 3. 30 1 6.8 Tr. 7.1 1.9 2.4 . 0 32 4. 6 Tr. 1.0 39 2.85 2 10 . 01 S.4 2.3 3.3 .0 31 8.1 • 50 1. 4 47 2. 75 1 8. 5 Tr. 8. 9 2.1 3.4 .0 32 S.l. . 60 1.7 46 2. 75 1 7.4 . 01 7.3 2.1 2.8 .0 28 5. 3 Tr. 1.4 40 2.45 3 7.5 Tr. 7.1 2. 2 3. 8 . 0 32 5.1 Tr . 1.4 43 2. 20 --- ---~--- ------------------------------ 6 _9. 91 . 02 6. 7 2.3 3. 7 .0 32 6. 2 . 25 1.6 47 ---------

- --

Mean 

discharge 

(secondfeet). 

---

1, 199 

1, 005 

1, 170 2, 249 

5,102 

4. 434 2,919 

4,189 

7,923' 

6,056 

5, 918 

4,918 

3,370 

2,693 

1, 501 1, 266 1,136 

S71 

907 

1,144 

1,134 

690 

508 

336 1,123 

1,856 

1, 777 1, 501 2, 564 4,595 

2,320 

1, 604 1, 153 1, 087 

1,050 

844 

659 ---

---------

a Estimated. b Abnormal; computed as HCOs in average. c Annual denudation. 

Analyses of water from Yakima River at Prosser, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.l 

Mag- Sodium Car- Bicar- Mean 

Tur- iron Cal- and Sulphate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- discharge bid- Silica cium ne- potas- bonate bonate radicle radicle rine solved (cubic (Si02). (Fe). sium radicle radicle ity. (Ca). (Mg). sium (COs). (HCOa). (SO.). (NOs). (Cl). solids. feet per (Na+K). second). 

----- --- -- - ----

Dissolved Sussolids penned 

(tons per matter 

day). (tons per ·day). 

------

168 a7. 3 163 6. 5 a 218 a 21 

273 36 758 304 \ 668 143 416 118 610 147 833 278 704 212 750 131 690 17 646 7. 2 320 ---------- 17S 36 1S5 6.3 153 24 101 12 103 43 14S 23 150 10 127 3.0 54 a13 38 . 5 121 7. 2 216 12 192 6. 3 154 9.3 256 a 50 516 92 232 24 186 6. 9 121 2. 2 138 4.9 130 12 91 3. 9 77 8. 2 

-------- c 108,460 c 1S, 336 

Sus- Dispended solved matter matter (tons per (tons per day). day). 

30 25 O. 24 17 6. S 13 0. 0 78 20 0. 95 4. 5 121 4, 401 237 I, 437 10 50 . 25 16 5. 8 22 a 5. S 78 23 , 46 6. 7 169 3, 271 203 1, 495 125 27 .40 15 6.5 17· .0 94 18 .15 4.3 130 4,313 455 I,514 35 31 . 42 13 4. 5 13 . 0 73 16 Tr. 1. 9 115 12, 158 525 3, 776 20 24 .29 11 6.0 9.5 .0 67 12 Tr. 1.6 98 17,010 1,195 4,510 25 23 . 08 11 5. 0 9. 1 . 0 65 6. 9 . 20 1. 5 88 17,610 667 4, ISO 1S 15 . 15 13 6. 5 9. 9 • 0 72 10 . 40 1. 9 so 9, 369 656 2, 250 50 20 . 02 12 4. s 8. 5 . 0 63 7. 6 . 00 2. 0 90 10, 486 2, 520 2, 548 15 14 .09 10 3.4 6.1 .0 50 7.9 .00 1.4 69 17,120 924 3,1S9 15 10 . 20 13 3. 5 6. 3 . 0 57 6. 6 . 20 1. 5 73 11, 620 376 2, 289 25 13 . 15 11 3. 4 6. 6 . 0 49 13 • 35 1. 2 71 12, 880 904 2, 470 25 13 . 12 12 3. 1 9. 0 . 0 54 10 • 10 1. 3 so 9, 85S 878 2, 160 10 16 .15 10 3.4 7.4 .0 56 S.7 .00 l.S' 7S 6,999 227 1,473 20 9. 6 . 20 12 3. 4 7. 2 . 0 55 16 . 10 1. 9 75 5, 136 '153 1, 040 

----.----- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- b 96 2, 71S b 81 b 700 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- b 118 1, 5S9 b 47 b 506 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- b 139 1,174 b32 b440 

::::::;&: ----~--- :::::~t;: ::::::~: ::::ii::: :::::~::: ::::::::;: ------;~- :::::¥.::: :::::::~: ::::;~:::1 :m m t :m 15 27 . 02 37 . 14 35 . 0 174 62 • 00 16 284 373 8. 1 286 12 23 . 02 30 11 28 . 0 140 . 50 . 50 13 232 421 13. 6 264 4 25 . 02 30 11 2S • 0 138 49 1. 9 13 230 970 15. 7 602 5 16 . 01 24 7. 4 15 . 0 106 22 3. 0 6. 0 144 2, 57S 39 1, 036 4 17 Tr. 16 5. 4 13 • 0 73 21 '. 10 6. 0 119 1, 941 31. 4 624 5 11 . 05 15 4. 4 12 . 0 73 20 . 85 4. s 129 2, 204 6. 0 76S 13 6. 4 Tr. 16 4. S 5. 4 • 0 49 14 4. 5 S5 4, 937 240 1, 133 3s 16 .10 11 4. 2 1. 6 . o 52 13 ----·-'i'-r~- 4. 3 so 1, 729 1, 231 1, 669 

10 17 • 01 13 4. 4 11 • 0 59 19 . 50 3. 1 87 5, 561 225 I, 306 4 161 .03 13 4.2 11 .0 65 18 Tr. 4.5 99 3,947 29.9 1,055 3 17 Tr. 15 5.2 12 .0 73 18 Tr. 5.5 111 2,S67 9.3 R58 

~ ~~ T~~ ~~ g: ~ g J :8 ~: g ~~: !: ~ ~5g ~: ~~g . 

2

gj ~~~ 3 16 I Tr. 15 5.2 10 .0 73 14 Tr. 4.3 107 2,288 9.9 661 3 17 Tr. 18 7. 2 11 . 0 79 23 Tr. 4. 8 125 2, 046 9. 9 758 

Mean ________ ---1S----. -19-,--.-10----16----6.-1----14----.-0 ---80----21---.-34----5-. 2---m===:~~ 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. b Estimated. • Annual denudation. 
Date (1910). 

From- 'J'oFeb. 1 Fob. 10 11 20 21 Mar. 2 Mar. 3 12 1:-1 22 2:.l Apr. 1 AIW. 2 11 12 21 22 May 1 MllY 2 11 12 21 22' 31 June 1 Juno 10 II 20 21 30 

Moan ________ 

Date (1910-11). 

-- --~-- ~~---

From- 'J'o-

------

Fob. 1 Fob. 10 11 20 21 Mar. 2 Mar. 3· 12 13 22 23 Apr. 1 Apr. 2 11 12 21 22 May 1 May 2 11 12 21 22 31 June 1 Juno 10 11 20 21 30 July 1 July 10 

11 20 21 30 31 Aug. "9 

Aug. 10 19 20 29 30 Sept. 8 Sept. 9 18 19 28 29 Oct. 8 Oct. 9 18 19 28 29 Nov. 7 Nov. 8 17 18 27 28 Doc. 7 Doc. 8 17 18 27 28 Jan. 6 Jau. 7 16 17 26 27 31 

Moan ________ 

NORTH PACIFIC' SLOPE. 

Analyses of water from N~ches River at Naches, Wash .. 

[Parts per million] 

167 

'l'urbidity.l 

I 

Silica 

(Si02). Iron (Fe). Calcium 

(Ca). 

Magnesium~S~diull! and Carbonate Bicat'bon-

(Mg) potassmm radicle ate radicle 

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S04). 

Nitrate 

radicle 

(NOs). 

Chlorine 

(01). 

Dissolved 

solids. . . (Na+iK). (COa). (HCOs). 

5 26 0.10 8. 8 2. 4 7.4 0. 0 45 8. 6 0. 22 0.4 80 5 31 . 13 10 2. 4 7. 2 . 0 52 8. 9 . 50 . 6 89 100 25 . 20 9. 4 a 2. 5 8. 5 . 0 47 12 'l'r. . 7 82 20 24 . 15 8.8 ~ 3. 1 1 5. 7 b 4. 3 37 8. 9 Tr. . 4 ·74 30 20 . 25 8.1 r 2.1 , 6. 8 bll 22 8.1 Tr. . 4 74 40 20 . 02 9. 5 r 3. 1 1 7. 7 .0 48 3. 5 . 20 . 2 67 25 26 . 08 9. 6 r 3. 2 6. 9 •• 0 48 5. 8 . 00 . 4 76 60 17 . 05 8. 4 I 3. 1 7. 0 .0 52 3. 1 'l'r. . 5 66 28 30 . 01 7. 5 .. 2. 2 5. 5 . 0 44 6. 3 Tr. • 5 79 

----------25- ---------32- --------: o2- --------6.-7- --------2x --------6: a- ---------:o- ---------39- --------2:6- --------.-oo- ---------.-3- ----------76 

.I 

Turbidlty. 

---

251 20 

25 

25 

15 

15 

15 

50 

20 

40 

7 

10 

10 

25 

8 

18 

22 

9 

15 

10 

20 

10 

5 

15 

30 

4 

3 

3 

10 

4 

10 

10 

3 

5 

3 

8 

12 

15 18 . 01 6. 5 2. 0 4. 5 . 0 34 2. 5 . 00 . 3 52 

10 16 .01 6.7 1.9 2.4 .0 31 3.9 ------------ .3 59 

10 16 . 01 ------------ ------------ 5. 8 . 0 29 ------------ ------------ • 3 . 61 21 22 . 01 6. 8 2. 2 4. 3 . 0 37 2. 8 . 00 . 3 G.'i 

Silica 

(Si02). 

---

33 

38 

32 

28 

32 

30 

27 

37 

20 

11 

28 

26 

30 

22 

38 

24 

29 

25 

21 

26 

25 

30 

30 

24 

25 

27 

27 

21 

------·- 21 

26 

27 

28 

28 

-------- 28 

29 

23 . 08 8. 2 2. 5 6. 1 . 0 '43 . 5. 9 . 

a Estimated. b Abnormal; computed as HCOs·in avcrngo. 

Iron 

(Fe). 

---

0. 65 

.40 

.15 

. 19 

. 17 

. 07 

. 07 

.06 

.02 

.02 

.04 

.04 

.01 

.04 

. 05 

.03 

. 23 

.13 

. 07 

.05 

.16 

. 06 

. 02 

. 24 

. 07 

. 02 

.15 

. 04 

. 03 

.02 

.30 

. 50 

.12 

,051 .07 

.25 

.35 

A naly.ses of water from Klickitat River at Klickitat, Wash. 

(Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Sodium Car- Bicar- Cal- Mag- and bonate bonate Sulphate Nitrate Ohio-. 

cium nesium potas- radicle radicle radicle radicle rine 

(Ca). (Mg). sium (COs). (HCOs). (SO.). (NOs) .. (01). 

(Na+K). 

Dissolved 

solids. 

--------------- ---------

7.4 3. 8 9. 3 o. 0 45 7. 7 0. 71 4. 7 103 7. 0 3. 4 11 .0 '51 8. 6 ,43 1.5 97 7. 6 4. 5 8. 8 .0 50 9. 5 Tr. 1.2 92 .................... 4. 0 6. 3 .0 48 5. 8 Tr . 1.5 87 7. 6 3. 5 7.1 .0 52 7.1 Tr . 1.1 90 6. 3 2. 6 6.8 .0 44 7. 6 --------- . 5 78 8. 4 2. 7 6. 3 . 0 45 11 --------- .1 80 6. 3 2. 9 7. 6 .0 43 5. 7 .10 .9 86 5. 6 3. 9 8.0 .0 37 14 .10 .8 68 5.3 3. 2 7. 1 .0 35 11 .10 .1 54 5. 2 2. 4 5. 3 .0 37 3. 5 Tr. 1.2 70 5.5 2.1 5. 4 . 0 37 3. 5 . 00 1.2 67 6.8 2. 9 5. 6 . 0 43 7. 3 Tr. 1.1 75 5. 6 3. 2 5. 4 .0 44 5. 5 --------- .5 63 7. 9 3.0 6. 0 . 0 48 7. 2 .00 1.2 93 7.4 3.0 8.4 . 0 49 9.1 .00 1.2 76 6. 0 3. 4 5. 2 .0 44 --------- --------- 1.0 75 7. 6 2.8 6.1 .0 40 7. 7 --------- 1.2 72 '6. 3 2. 8 6. 2 . 0 40 5. 1 --------- 1.1 69 5.8 3.1 5.4 .0 41 4. 8 . 05 .8 71 6.1 3. 4 6.4 .0 40 7. 0 . 45 1.2 75 6.4 3. 3 5. 2 .0 48 5. 3 .00 . 1 73 9. 2 4. 6 6.3 .0 64 6. 0 . 13 .8 85 6. 9 3. 2 5. 2 ;0 41 8. 9 . 05 1.1 77 6. 2 3. 0 6. 9 . 0 42 9. 3 . 70 1.7 76 7. 6 3. 4 7. 3 .0 49 --------- . 35 2. 0 83 7. 3 3. 0 6.1 . 0 46 5. 5 . 05 1.5 76 7. 6 3. 5 6. 5 .0 48 --------- . 36 2. 0 84 5. 9 2. 7 5. 3 .0 39 4. 4 . 80 1.0 68 8. 2 3. 0 5. 7 .0 38 5. 6 . 20 1.1 72 9. 2 3. 2 5.4 .0 43 11 Tr. 1.0 81 6. 2 2. 2 6. 1 .0 41 3. 6 '1'r. . 7 83 8.1 3. 0 5. 2 . 0 44 3. 8 'l'r. 1.0 81 9.1 3. 2 6. 9 .0 45 8. 5 Tr. 1.1 80 8. 0 3. 0 6. 9 ·. 0 47 5.1 'l'r .9 80 9. 0 3. 6 7. 2 . 0 45 11 Tr. 1.2 86 8.1 3. 6 7.4 ·, .0 46 6. 7 'l'r. 1.4 85 

Mean 

gage · height 

(feet). 

---

3. 50 3. 00 4.55 

6. 00 5.90 

4. 55 3. 80 4. 00 

4. 20 3.95 

3. 65 3.40 

3.00 

2.80 

2.50 

2. 40' 2. 30 

2.15 

2. 05 2. 00 

1. 90 1. 85 

1. 80 

1. 85 2.05 

1 95 

1 95 

1. 85 

2. 30 

2. 50 2. 60 2. 50 

2. 25 2.15 

2. 00 

2.40 

2. 20 

. 08 71 

Mean Dis- Susdis- solved ponded charge solids matter (second (tons per (tons per , feet). day). day). 

---------

2, 859 795 68 .2, 193 574 71 4, 509 1,120 231 6, 591 1, 540 373 6. 428 1, 560 312 4,424 931 248 3, 330 718 108 3, 578 830 2.51 3, 961 728 321 3, 542 515 564 3,094 585 68 2, 771 502 61 2,230 451 49 1, 943 330 126 1, 586 398 64 1,454 298 71 1, 368 277 8!} 

1, 167 227 38 1,090 203 :3/i 

1,025 .197 36 945 192 !i!J 

887 '175 a9 849 195 lL 892 185 38 1, 097 225 89 980 220 11 980 201 9 868 197 4 1, 368 251 32 1, 628 316 57 1, 711 375 55 1, 585 354 2L 1, 301 284 8 

1,185 256 15 1, 045 226 10 1, 463 340 25 1, 218 279 49 

------ --.-13-~--7-. 1- ---------------------- ---==i== --- . 15 27 3. 2 .6. 6 . 0 44 7. 2 .15 1.2 . 79 a169, 100 a36, 920 

a Annuul denudation. 
168 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Reduced to percentage form, the averages of the ' 

seven tables al·e as follows: 

Reduced analyses of water from upper tributaries of the Columbia 

in Washington. 

1. Spokane River at Spokane. 35 composite analyses. 

2. Okanogan River at Okanogan. 32 composites. 

3. Wenatchee River at Cashmere. 37 composites. 

4. Yakima River at Cle Elum .. 36 composites. 

5. Yakima River, at Prosser. 37 composites. 

6. Naches River at Naches. A tributary of the Yakima. 15 composites. 

7. Klickitat River at Klickitat. 37 composites. 

2 

----------------------------

so, COa------------------- ___________________ _ 

CL _ ------------------- NOa .. ----------------- Ca .... _----- ____ -------

Mg.------------------- Na,K _______________ ~--. 

Fe20a .. -----.. --------- Si02-------------------

36. 57 37. 95 29. 79 34. 24 32. 52 31. 31 29. 09 14. 25 15. 22 15.85 13. 27 17.34 8. 95 9. 70 . 93 . 76 2. 14 3: 42 4. 29 . 59 l. 62 . 31 . 28 . 70 . 64 . 25 . 15 . 20 17.05 19.97 11. 79 1-l. 34 13. 21 12. 17 9. 56 5. 58 4. 38 4. 92 4. 93 5. 04 3. 71 4. 31 8. 21 8. 09 9. 00 7. 92 11. 55. 9. 05 8. 89 . 05 . 03 • 10 . 06 . 12 . 15 . 27 

17. 05 13. 32 25. 71 21. 18 15. 68 34. 12 36. 36 

Salinity, parts per mil- . 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 10~. 00 1100.00 100. 00 100.00 

lion__________________ 64.5 105 46.6 46.7 1121. 67.4 74 

SNAKE RIVER. 

Snake River, which drains an area of 109,000 square 

miles, is the largest tributary or branch of the Columbia. Its headwaters are near the Continental Divide 

in the Yellowstone National Park, western Wyoming, 

and northeastern Idaho. Much of its course is 

through the Columbia River basalt. In addition to 

the analyses given he1·e, Van Winkle cites other 

partial analyses of water from Malheur and Powder 

rivers, 52 but they are too incmnplete for present use. 

62 U. S. Geol. Survay Water-Supply Paper 363, pp. 57, 58, 59, 1914. 

Analyses of water from Snake River near Weiser, Idaho. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.) 

Date <1911- 12). I Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Mean Mean Suspended Dissolved Tur- Cal- Mag- Nitrate Chlo- Dis- dis- bid- Silica Iron I cium nesium and po- bonate bonate phat1

e radicle rine solved gage charge matter matter ity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle radic e (NOa). (Cl). solids. height (second- (tons per (tons per 

From- ~ ___ !___ (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO,). (feet). _fe_e_t)---l--d-ay_)_._:--d-a-y)_ .. _ 

Aug. 11 

21 

31 Sept. 10 

20 

30 Oct. 10 

20 

30 Nov. 9 

19 

29 Dec. 9 

19 

29 Jan. 8 

18 

28 Feb. 7 

17 

27 Mar. 8 

18 

28 Apr. 7 

17 

27 May 7 

17 

27 June 6 

16 

26 July 6 

16 

26 Aug. 5 

Aug. 20 

30 Sept.· 9 

19 

29 Oct. 9 

19 

29 Noy. 8 

18 

28 Dec. 8 

18 

28 Jan. 7 

17 

27 Feb. 6 

16 

26 Mar. 7 . 17 

27 Apr. 6 

16 

26 May 6 

16 

26 June 5 

15 

25 July 5 

15 

25 Aug. 4 

14 

Mean ________ _ 

6 

9 

18 

12 

5 

~g I 30 

8 

25 

7 

10 

3 

5 

5 

10 

80 

80 

100 

120 

20 

90 

60 

110 

155 

225 

100 

85 

70 

90 

110 

80 

50 

85 

100 

280 

600 

80 1 

34 

29 

31 

28 

31 

31 

26 

28 

26 

18 

21 

22 

29 

28 

29 

29 

27 

29 

26 

34 

32 

24 

23 

28 

20 

22 

18 

19 

22 

20 

20 

16 

18 

26 

33 

42 

39 

26 

0.08 

.02 

.08 

.10 

. 04 

Tr. 

. 01 

. 01 

. 01 

. 01 

.04 

.02 

.11 

.02 

. 01 

. 02 

. 01 

Tr. 

. 01 

.06 

. 05 

0 05 

. 02 

.04 

. 05 

.09 

.12 

.03 

.06 

. 05 

.08 

. 02 

. 01 

. 02. 

. 01 

Tr. 

Tr. 

.04 

33 

37 

35 

3S 

36 

35 

37 

38 

38 

~~ 35 

4"1 

42 

4'2 

39 

3~ 

36 

31 

29 

31 

34 

32 

26 

21 

25 

20 

22 

28 

26 

25 

25 

31 

30 

32 

26 

34 

33 

14 31 15 30 15 29 15 30 14 33 15 30 13 31 13 27 13 25 12 30 12 27 12 27 11 30 12 28 12 28 11 27 8. 6 27 4.8 30 12 29 5.2 26 9. 0 27 6. 4 30 7. 6 28 7. 2 21 3. 2 15 6. 4 19 5. 4 17 7.4 17 7. 6 16 7. 3 15 3.8 9.8 5.0 8.8 6. 2 13 6.0 22 

8. 2 27 10 28 10 30 

9. 6 a22 a3. 5 

0.0 

.0 

Tr. 

Tr. 

.0 

Tr. 

Tr. 

.0 

.0 

Tr . Tr. 

.0 

2. 4 

Tr. 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

4. 6 4. 3 

9. 6 14 

Tr. 

.0 

11 

9. 6 Tr. 

.0 

.0 

17 

Tr. 

.0 

.0 

2.6 

Tr. 

2. 0 

142 

149 

153 

150 

150 

156 

154 

155 

155 

160 

156 

156 

155 

163 

159 

154 

154 

146 

138 

125 

136 

129 

114 

101 

83 

96 

63 

73 

94 

94 

93 

72 

117 

123 

131 

135 

139 

130 

a Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. 

43 

48 

45 

1.2 

1.4 

1.05 

49 -------- 46 

47 

47 

45 

44 

43 

44 

39 

44 

42 

43 

43 

40 

38 

37 

33 

36 

39 

37 

25 

21 

24 

19 

21 

23 

17 

17 

17 

24 

27 

38 

25 

39 

.80 

.80 

.82 

.44 

. 70 

.80 

.60 

.54 

. 50 

.60 

1.1 

. 76 

. 60 

.40 

. 63 

. 72 

.66 

. 30 

. 21 

.30 

.27 

1:4 

Tr. 

Tr. 

.13 

.. 24 

. 36 

. 28 

.66 

.48 

.16 

1.2 

35 .6 

20 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

21 

21 

21 

21 

24 

22 

22 

21 

20 

21 

20 

19 

17 

20 

18 

18 

12 

9.0 

11 

8. 5 

10 

9.& 

7.0 

. 7. 5 6. 9 

10 

11 

15 

19 

22 

17 

247 5. 1 6, 830 159 253 5. 0 6, 620 232 253 4. 9 6, 164 216 

254 5. 0 6, 620 ------------ 258 5. 2 7, 510 324 259 5. 5 8, 686 351 I 

256 6. 7 14, 968 4, 640 253 6. 7 15, 050 1, 032 257 6. 4 13, 310 467 258 6. 8 15, 370 787 253 6. 5 14, 160 283 241 6. 1 11, 950 238 256 6. 6 14, 300 116 260 6. 6 14, 210 422 259 6. 2 12,000 104 2.50 6. 8 15, 540 277 242 7. 2 17,600 5, 126 238 7. 1 17, 260 2, 605 263 7. 5 19, 600 6, 665 212 7. 8 21, 320 8, 220 245 6. 9 15, 840 1, 495 223 7. 3 18, 080 4, 435 217 7. 2 17,840 2, 455 175 8. 6 26, 100 14,930 138 9. 9 35, 450 21, 450 161 9. 4 31, 660 23, 250 132 10. 4 39, 240 24, 120 143 10. 6 40, 790 1~, 010 154 12. 3 54, 760 26, 590 144 12. 6 57, 810 19, 630 152 13. 7 67, 360 48, 300 134 12. 7 58, 450 22, 690 174 10.4 38,900 6, 026 186 8. 5 25, 810 6, 540 226 6. 7 14, 660 4; 154 238 6. 0 11,260 8, 810 268 6. 3 12,907 16,875 

220 1--------- --------- b 3, 042,000 

b Total annual denudation. 

4, 555 4, 520 4,205 

4,535 

5,245 

6,070 

10,340 

10,400 

9,230 

11,150 

9,665 

7, 765 9,878 

9,970 

8,380 

10,480 

11,500 

11,085 

13,910 

12,200 

10,465 

10,875 

10,447 

12,315 

13,202 

13,770 

13,970 

15,735 

22,760 

22,470 

27,640 

21,135 

18,270 

12,950 

8,930 

7,225 

9,340 

b 4, 208,000 
NORTH PACIFIC SJ .... OPl<J. 169 

Analyses of wate1· from Snake River at Burbank, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (1910-11). ! Mean 

Tur- 9a1- I MagSodium Car- Bicar- Sul- Nitrate Chlo Dis- Mean dis- Dissolved Suspended 

bid· Silica Iron mum nosium and po- bonate bonate phate radicle rine solved gage charge matter matter 

ity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). I (Mg). tassium radicle radicle radicle (NOs). (Cl). solids. height (second- (tons fer (tons per 

.From- To- (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (SOc). (feet). feet). day. day) . 

---------------_,_ ------------------------ Mar. 13 Mar. 22 240 24 0. 20 141 5.1 12 a 4.8 56 15 Tr. 3. 5 124 344.70 163,700 54,800 88,800 23 Apr. 1 185 26 .10 13 2. 3 10 . 0 59 14 0. 28 3. 8 102 45.66 185,000 50,900 104,900 Apr. 2 11 60 32 .05 17 3. 7 9. 4 .0 74 15 .25 4. 5 120 43.10 127,900 41,400 33,200 12 21 60 14 . 20 12 2. 7 8. 0 . 0 52 15 .23 3. 2 79 45.38 178,000 38; 000 43,700 22 May ·1 40 6. 6 . 01 10 3. 5 8. 5 .0 50 12 -------- 3.3 69 46.93 214,500 39,900 52,100 lVIHy 2 11 10 15 .01 13 4.3 9.1 .0 57 21 .00 3. 5 90 45.28 175,400 42,600 14,700 12 21 15 20 .02 13 3. 2 9. 3 .0 55 18 .00 2. 2 93 45.49 180,600 45,300 23,500 22 31 12 Hi .02 12 3. 2 9.0 .0 54 14 . 00 2.2 84 43.66 139,400 31,600 15,810 

Juno 1 June 10 20 19 .02 13 3.9 9. 0 .0 60 12 .10 3.1 88 42.75 120,800 28,700 16,310 11 20 12 13 .01 14 3. 9 8.4 .0 57 15 .10 4~ 1 80 40.45 77,840 16,600 11,000 21 30 25 13 . 01 14 3. 3 8. 2 .0 59 15 1. 3 4. 7 89 38.47 47,640 11,400 3, 340 July 1 July 10 20 18 .02 16 4. 7 10 .0 71 17 Tr. li~ 6 105 37.21 32,330 9,170 6, 020 11 20 15 20 . 01 19· 5. 4 15 .0 82 17 Tr. 5.8 121 36.35 24,350 7,960 1, 310 21 30 15 21 . 01 22 5.4 15 .0 93 20 . 95 7. 3 138 35.79 20,600 7, 680 723 31 Aug. 9 15 19 .02 22 6. 5 16 .0 96 19 2. 5 7.8 137 35.17 17,390 6,430 338 Aug. 10 19 65 13 .09 18 6. 5 17 .0 99 20 Tr. 8. 5 141 34.79 15,760 6,030 4, 700 20 29 19 20 . 05 22 7.1 18 .0 100 22 1.7 10 154 34.44 14,450 6,010 780 30 So pt. 8 20 17 . 01 23 7.4 15 .0 101 22 . 00 10 149 34.78 15,720 6,330 ' 

1, 060 Sept. 9 18 18 19 .05 24 7. 7 19 .0 104 25 1.0 11 158 34.69 15, 3CO 6,180 580 19 28 135 19 .28 25 7.0 20 .0 104 31 1.7 11 171 35.51 19,050 7,090 4, 310 29 Oct. s 100 24 .20 24 7. 7 21 .0 109 28 . 50 13 177 35.80 21,290 10,200 4,430 

Oct. 9 18 20 21 . 02 22 7. 2 18 .0 95 24 2. 5 13 159 36.17 22,990 9,870 1, 240 19 28 15 19 .03 24 7. 6 17 .0 101 24 1.1 13 160 36.29 23,950 10,300 1, 034 29 Nov. 7 20 19 .03 23 7. 6 17 .0 101 26 . 75 13 160 36.26 23,660 10,200 1, 400 Nov. 8 17 10 17 Tr. 21 7. 0 15 .0 89 32 Tr. 8. 6 143 37.79 39, 630· 15,200 3,080 18 27 18 19 . 01 20 5.8 13 .0 83 23 Tr. 8.0 135 37.99 41,660 15,300 6,100 28 Doc. 7 35 19 .10 I 21 6. 4 15 .0 90 27 Tr. 8.8 146 38.14 43,340 17,000 4,680 

Dec. 8 17 90 24 .05 20 5. 6 14 .0 92 19 .40 10 146 37.85 39,650 15,600 7,170 18 27 60 23 .02 23 5. 6 15 .0 85 23 Tr. 10 160 36.93 29,410 12,700 3, 580 28 Jnn. 6 11 22 Tr. 25 6.4 16 .0 102 24 .50 13 162 36.56 26,110 10,900 \ 1, 620 Jnn. 7 10 2 21 . 01 24 6. 3 15 .0 98 23 . 50 13 155 36.55 26,010 10,500 337 17 26 3 20 Tr .. 26 6.4 14 .0 100 22 Tr. 14 161 36.93 29,530 12,800 621 27 31 6 22 Tr. 28 7.8 18 .0 109 35 . 50 14 168 36.44 25,100 11,400 39:i 

--------------- Moan •••..••• 42 19 .05 19 5. 6 14 .0 83 21 .53 8.1 131 --·------ ·-------- b6,824, 000 b 5, 049,000 

o Abnormal; computed as HCOs in average. b Annual denudation. 

Analyses of water from Owyhee River near Owyhee, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Fro 

Date Sodium Oar- Dicar- Sul- Mean Mean Sus- Dis- (1911-12): 'fur- Cal- M~g- Nitrate O!;llo- Dis- dis- pended solved 

bid- Silica Iron cium nosmm and po- bonate bonate ph ate radicle rine solved gage ---·---- charge matter matter ity. (Si02). (Fe). (Oa). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle radicle (NOs). (01). solids. height (second- (tons per (tons per m- To- (Nfl+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO.). (feet). feet). day). day). 

--·--------------------------------------------------- Aug. 11 Aug. 20 40 38 0.08 58 20 76 a Tr. 262 95 2. 0 32 445 2. 03 4.4 o. 38 5. 3 21 30 30 40 .01 58 19 79 · a Tr. 289 97 1. 3 32 472 2. 05 5. 0 • 38 6. 4 31 So pt. 9 50 40 .01 55 14 6fl 0. 0 290 96 . 60 34 472 2. 05 5. 0 . 38 6. 4 Sopt . 10 19 50 36 .11 47 17 78 .0 258 87 . 64 33 438 2.09 7. 0 . 79 8. 3 20 29 30 35 .11 52 18 78 a Tr. 266 90 . 88 33 451 2.15 10.0 . 57 12.2 30 Oct. 9 25 31 .10 37 12 61 . 0 204 65 . 72 24 334 2. 24 . 21.4 1.1 19.4 Oct. 10 19 60 35 . 12 29 11 61 • 0 186 51 1. 0 21 334 2. 43 59 11.9 53 20 29 65 35 .11 24 6.4 52 • 0 158 39 .60 16 264 2. 38 46 3.1 33 30 Nov. 8 25 38 • 22 26 6. 2 51 .0 160 43 . 56 16 275 2. 35 38 1. 9 28 Nov 9 18 35 33 .42 26 6. 4 49 • 0 148 43 .54 15 261 2. 42 I 56 .7 39 19 28 20 33 . 22 21 4. 8 49 . 0 146 34 . 36 16 I 243 2. 54 95 2. 6 62 29 Dec. 8 11 28 • 05 22 5. 2 45 . 0 139 36 . 58 15 230 2. 57 105 5. 4 65 Dec. 9 18 5 36. .10 21 5. 0 46 . 0 134 34 . 26 12 224 2. 67 147 .0 89 1\J 28 20 35 .11 22 4. 2 47 . 0 142 33 .40 15 237 2.80 206 8. 3 131 20 Jan. 7 20 34 • 12 24 6. 4 51 . 0 155 46 . 44 16 260 3. 20 210 16.5 147 Jan. 8 17 140 33 .01 23 4. 8 47 • 0 144 32 .66 13 231 3. 8 410 118 255 18 27 400 24 . 01 22 4. 6 38 .0 122 26 .56 12 197 4. 0 695 710 370 28 Fob. 6 100 29 . 02 18 3.8 32 .0 109 23 . 40 9. 0 172 3. 6 . 611 119 283 Feb. 7 16 100 27 . 02 16 4. 0 29 . 0 104 24 . 52 8. 5 164 3. 9 932 211 412 17 26 175 22 .11 12 3. 1 19 . 0 68 12 1.1 5. 3 120 4.8 1, 928 988 625 27 Mar. 7· 75 25 . 08 16 1.0 20 . 0 76 14 1.5 2. 0 123 3. 6 742 88 245 8 17 170 14 .05 15 2. 0 20 a 14 53 13 .12 4. 2 121 4.4 1,478 574 483 18 27 100 31 . 35 16 4. 0 21 a Tr. 88 17 . 66 6. 0 152 3. 9 949 167 389 

Mar. 

28 Apr. 6 125 24 . 45 12 2t8 13 .0 54 13 1.2 2.8 104 6.4 4,188 3,020 1, 175 7 16 100 Zl . 23 10 2. 8 9.1 • 0 43 12 . 22 2. 0 88 7. 3 6, 466 3,070 1, 533 17 26 340 27 . 35 11 2. 9 14 .0 59 12 • . 36 3. 0 110 7.4 7,120 6,935 2,110 27 May 6 120 22 .07 14 2. 0 12 0 26 1.2 7. 2 .44 2. 5 98 7.8 7,892 4,620 2,080 7 16 90 27 . 06 18 1.8 12 .0 67 11 . 36 2. 8 117 7. 3 6,387 1, 657 2, 015 17 26 90 27 .10 18 2. 4 12 . 0 74 8. 7 3. 0 125 7. 2 6,152 1, 643 2,073 27 Juno 5 60 70 . 15 22 2.8 19 .0 110 10 ····-:32" 5. 5 210 6. 3 4,202 1,179 2,380 6 15 750 21 . 01 23 2. 9 16 . 0 98 13 .42 3. 5 142 5. 6 2,959 14,099 1, 135 16 25 40 18 .10 22 4. 1 20 .0 104 11 . 30 5. 5 139 4. 7 1, 792 377 670 26 July 5 30 32 . 08 28 5. 9 25 . 0 128 18 .30 s. 8 198 3. 6 754 77 403 6 15 25 30 .10 23 3. 8 24 . 0 128 18 1.0 8. 0 181 3. 1 396 26 193 16 25 1, 200 38 . 08 28 6. 8 42 o Tr. 156 38 1.2 12 249 ·2. 8 243 426 164 

Apr. 

May 

Juno 

July 

26 Aug. 4 675 31 . 02 29 7. 2 42 o4.8 156 35 . 36 14 250 2. 4 62 52 42 Aug. 5 14 800 39 . 20 28 7. 4 50 .0 170 40 . 20 14 276 2. 5 89 110 66 --------------6-. 4-, b 35 b 4. 6 ------------------------------- Moan ..••..•. 167 31 .12 26 . 0 139 35 I . 64 13 230 ---------1 •397, 800 • 195,400 

.. _ -- " A bnormnl, computed as HC03 in Rvcrago. b Sodium and potassium, determined on the combined alkali residues. c Total annual denudation. 
170 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of water from Powder River near North Powder, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Date Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Mean Mean Sus- Dis- (1911-12). Tur- Silica Iron Cal- M~g- and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- dis- ponded solved bid- eium nesmm radicle rine solved gage charge matter matter (Si02). (Fe). tassium radicle radicle radicle height .ity. (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K)·. (COa). (HCOa). (SO!). (NOa). (Cl) . solids. (feet). (second- (tons per (tons per From- To- feet). ctay). day). 

------------------------------------------------------

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 3 32 0.06 20 s.s 4S 0. 0 157 36 1. 70 12 231 o. 71 3. 4 0. 05 2.1 21 30 10 25 .05 21 s.s. 39 . 0 151 30 1. 50 11 213 . 69 3.1 . 04 l.S 31 Sept. 9 5 26 .11 22 s. 9 39 . 0 160 27 . 56 9. s 216 . 67 2. s . 05 1.6 Sept. 10 19 5 25 . 05 24 9. 2 36 a Tr. 162 35 . 16 13 231 . 79 5. 2 . 06 3. 2 29 '29 1 21 . 04 27 9.0 42 .0 160 36 . 40 12 230 . S9 7. 7 . 12 4. s 30 tO ct. 9 2 23 Tr. 29 9. s 43 .0 177 40 . 32 13 247 1.00 I 11.3 . 13 7. 5 Oct. 10 19 4 27 .05 30 10 39 .0 166 36 . 50 11 234 1.14 16.5 .321 10.4 ,20 29 5 26 . 22 2S 9. 6 37 .0 155 32 . 44 9. 5 222 1. 17 1S . 31 10. s 30 Nov. 8 1 25 .02 25 6. 2 29 . 0 140 25 . 50 7. 2 196 t~ I 31 . 22 16. 4 Nov. 9 IS so 25 .11 27 6. 4 45 .0 166 3S . so 11 249 so 52 54 19 .s 30 26 .02 23 5.S 32 . 0 137 28 . ss 6. s 197 1.6 45 1.6 24 29 Dec. H 3 22 .02 24 5. 2 24 .0 126 1S . 50 5. s l73 1.7 b 35 . 4 16 Dec. 9 I•: 1 27 . 02 22 5. 2 27 .0 132 1S . 20 5.S 17S 1.6 b 30 .4 14 19 :l:> 1 26 .10 22 5. 2 27 .0 131 22 . 22 6. 2 177 l.S h 30 . 0 14 29 Jan. 7 1 23 . 01 25 5. 2 24- .0 132 1S .40 6. 0 171 1.9 b45 . 15 21 Jan.· s 17 3 22 . 06 22 4. 4 24 .0 118 15 . 4S 5. s 154 2. 4 b 50 . 15 21 1S 27 2 24 .10 23 3.S 2S . 0 137 19 . 40 1.0 176 2. 3 b 50 . 5 24 2S Feb. 6 90 21 . 05 21 3. 2 29 . 0 137 17 . 44 5. s 214 2. 1 b 50 21. 5 29 

Feb. 7 16 210 27 . 06 20 6. 3 38 .0 148 27 1. 00 6.S 205 2.S 212 153 117 17 26 55 33 . 07 26 6.6 41 .0 178 33 . 96 6.S 244 2.9 352 56 232 27 Mar. 7 50 28 .OS 26 7. s 33 . 0 151 31 1. 30 6. 3 220 2. 3 192 32 114 Mar. 8 17 90 31 I .12 30 7. 4 42 .0 177 28 . 99 7. 3 296 2. 7 281 

I 79 164 18 271 100 30 .10 23 7.8 32 .0 139 23 1. 5 4. s 190 2. 9 354 127 182 28 Apr. 6 80 25 .11 18 4.8 21 a 7. 2 92 19 . 42 2. 8 150 3. 5 634 53 256 Apr. 7 . 16 100 31 . 12 19 5. 4 1S .0 92 15 . 75 2. 0 146 4. 3 779 330 307 17 26 30' 22 I . 16 20 5.S 15 a 9. 6 S4 16 . 34 2. 0 144 3. 5 520 122 202 27 May 6 20 29 . 25 19 5. 3 15 a 4. S 95 14 . 40 3. 9 147 3. 4 487 42 I 193 

:1\-Iay 7 16 35 33 . 26 17 4.9 15 . 0 90 16 .44 1.3 . 141 3. 4 477 71 : 181 17 26 so 32 .04 18 5. 5 22 .0 109 11 . 60 3. 3 160 5. 0 1, 001 748 432 27 June 5 10 22 . 03 18 5. 6 18 .0 93 15 . 30 2. 8 142 6. 0 1,344 83 

I 

511 Juno 6 15 15 23 . 07 16 5. 5 17 .0 94 12 . 40 2. 3 143 6. 7 1, 587 77 612 16 25 11• 23 .Uti 16 4. 6 14 a 'l'r. 83 9. 7 . 22 2. 5 128 5. 6 1, 225 66 423 26 July 5 10 24 . 05 18 5. 5 19 .0 104 14 . 10 4. 6 151 --------- b1, 023 44 I 417 July 6. 15 15 19 .. 04 19 6.1 27 .o 126 19 . 32 6. 0 160 --------· b 821 31 I 355 16 25 ·25 20 . 03 24 6. 4 39 a 10 132 30 . 30 7. 5 206 b 619 20 344 26 Aug. 4 50 32- - . 04 26 6. 9 43 a 'l'r. 179 26 . 20 7. 3 243 --------- b 417 13 274 Aug. 5 14 80 - 30 .02· 2S 7.8 30 .0 148 23 . 40 7. 8 220 --------- b 215 16 128 --- ------ --- ------------ Mean ________ 35 --26-,~ 23 6. 5 c 27 c4.1 ~---. 0- 136 __ 2_4_j~ 

6. 5 193 d 22, 100 1 d 56, 400 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa for average. b Estimated. c Sodium and potassium, determine-d on combined alkali residues. d Total annual denudation. 

Analyses of water from Grande Ronde River at Elgin, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

---------~~--~----~--~-~~-----------~----~---~----~---~ 

Date (1911-12). "'ur- I Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- ~ Silica . Iron Cal- Mag- and po- bonate bonate phate Nitrate Chlo- D 

?f~- (Si02). (Fe). (bu~f · (~~~)~ tassium radicle radicle radicle (~d6~\~ (~~). ~g From- 'l'o- . i (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (S94). I 

Mean Mean Sus- is- dis- pended 

lved gage charge matter height lids. (feet). (second- (tons per feet). day). 

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 -~ --41-- 0~2~ ·:-1_3_ --3-_-7- ---1-1 - ·-~ ---; ~ --1. ~-~--1.-5-

21 30 19. 39 . 421 14 . 4. 7 6. 8 - . 0 . 66 5. 6 . 52 . 50 

Sept. ~6 Sept. 1~ ~8 . ~~ : ig I l~ ~: 6 1~- 2 : 8 g~ ~: ~ 1

: gg 2: h

5 

20 29 20 39 . 25 i 15 3. 2 14 . 0 92 10 . 52 3. 0 

-------- -

114 1. 2 24 0. 71 114 1.1 19 1.18 110 1.2 24 1.17 125 1.3 33 1.42 135 1.4 35 2.08 30 Oct. 9 10 31 . 05 ; 12 5. 2 13 . 0 76 5. 6 . 48 2. 3 Oct. 10 19 10 38 . 10 ' 11 4. 4 11 . 0 67 5. 4 1. 0 2. 0 20 29 3 31 . 11 ! 13 3. 8 13 . 0 71 5. 9 . 48 2. 3 

30 Nov .. S -------- -------- --------~-------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- __ 

Nov. 1~ 18 1g ~2~51 :g~! ii ~:~ g :8 ~~ ~J :~8 ~:S 29 Dec. ~ ·! 4 . 24 16 3. 2 11 • 0 67 14 . 36 1. 6 

106 1.5 4S 1. 68 97 1.6 72 1. 59 108 1.6 63 . 68 

------ .. ------- --------- a 1. 60 100 1.7 97 2. 62 104 1.8 115 2. 73 109 1.7 99 2.03 Dec. 9 18 'i 3 26 . 20 12 3. 5 9. 0 . 0 60 8. 1 Tr. 1. 9 19 28 4 32 .15 11 2.8 11 .0 59 4 .. 6 1.4 5.3 94 1.7 96 1.19 106 1.7 90 . 78 29 Jan. 7 I 7 28 . 15 9. 7 3. 0 12 . 0 56 6. 6 --------- 3. 0 104 1.8 73 1.18 Jan. 8 17 20 25 . 15 9. 0 1. 4 8. 2 . 0 43 5. 8 1. 3 . 85 85 2. 6 549 47:26 18 27 60 20 . 35 8. 8 2. 0 8. 8 . 0 39 5. 4 2. 4 1. s 78 3. 2 980 193 28 Feb. 6 22 33 . 16 8. 6 3. 8 6. 3 . 0 46 3. 6 1. S 1. 8 105 3. 1 866 75 Feb. 7 Hi 60 29 . 14 7. 8 3. 0 · 5. 2 . 0 40 3. 1 1. 2 1. 8 S4 3. 8 1, 716 380 17 26 50 34 . 35 ' 7. 3 .. 80 9. 5 . 0 45 6. 3 2. 2 . 25 

Mar. ~ Mar. 1~ ~8 ~g :~g I i8 !:5 if. :~ ~~ ~:~ :~~ ~:~ 

~~ Apr. ~ I g~ ~~ : ~~ ?: ~ i: g 1g. 0 : g ~~ !: ~ I : ~~ 1

: ~0 

Apr.~~ May~g~ ~~ ~~~ J~ g:~ ======~~= 1~:: :8 ~~ ~:~! J~ :~~ May 7 16 25 22 . 25 6. 2 . 96 7. 9 . 0 33 4. 6 1

• • 42 . 40 17 26 1 15 26 • 20 6. 6 • 56 4, 7 • 0 30 3. 1 • 32 • 45 

June :g June ~~ 1=====ii= =====~;= ====~ii= ====;~i= =====~;6= ------6~0- ------~~- ======~6= =====i~i=l=====~i~= ====i~i== :: 26 July 5 10 26 .28 8.2 · .20 . 7.2 .0 44 3.5 I .30 .85 July 6 15 50 24 . 01 8. 4 3. 0 . 6. 3 . 0 48 4 .. 0 • 22 1. 5 16 25 50 25 . 01 10 3. 4 7. 2 b 11 30 8. 9 • 40 1. 5 26 Aug. 4 40 32 . 01 12 4. 2 5. 4 . 0 58 5. 9 . 24 1. S Aug. 5 14 40 30 .01 12 4.0 7.7 .o 64 . 4.1 .34 2.0 

--~Iean_~------~-27--30-~~~~--2.-S-~---.o-f--·-54----5-.3----.-75 ___ 1 ___ 6_ 

100 4. 1 2, 236 307 110 3. 0 636 20.6 110 3. 1 S22 53 107 3. 21. 9Sl 100 95 4. 9 1 3, 545 727 88 6. 4 . 6, 088 1,165 96 5.1 I 3,S56 364 93 6.·0 1 5,430 498 78 6. 5 i 6,430 503 .76 6. 3 6,070 491 

------ 6. 31 5,S90 a 399 

------ 5.4 4, 2S8 a 307 84 Hj 3,171 214 81 1, 512 122 77 4, 874 421 88 2. 2 2, 656 229 103 2. 0 1, 853 150 101 

----'~'-1-- _:~:'_ 110 

99 d68, 000 

a Estimated. 

b Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. c Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. d Total annual denudation. 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons per day). 

7.4 

5.S 

7.1 

11. 1 12.6 

14 

19 

18 

a 22 

26 

32 

29 

24 

26 

21 

126 

230 

245 

3S9 

604 

1S9 

242 

281 

. 957 

1, 446 

998 

1, 363 1, 353 1, 245 a 1, 070 

a 894 

718 

331 1, 013 

631 

515 

503 

d154, 100 
NORTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 171 

Analyses of water from Wallow a River near Joseph, 01·eg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.) 

Dnto (1911-12). Sodium 'l'ur- Silica Iron Cal- M!\g- ... _______ and po- bid- (Si02).. (Fe). cium nesmm tassium ity. (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). From- 'l'o-

- ·--------· -------------- Aug. 18 Aug. 31 1 14 0. 01 16 1.3 0.8 Sept. 1 Sopt. 30 1 4.1 .11 15 1.3 3. 8 Oct. 1 Oct. 31 3 12 Tr. 14 . 90 4. 5 Nov. 1 Nov. 30 1 8.6 Tr. 15 .88 3. 5 Doc. 1 Dec. 31 2 7. 7 . 01 16 1.2 4. 6 Jtm. 1 Jan. 31 1 18 . 10 16 . 70 4. 2 Fob. 1 Feb. 29 'l'r. 9. 6 'l'r. 17 . 70 3. 5 Mar. 1 Mar. 31 'l'r. . 7. 3 . 01 14 . 50 5. 5 Apr. 1 Apr. 30 'rr. 9. 6 . 03 15 .04 4. 3 M:ay 1 May 31 'l'r. 8. 9 'l'r. 16 .04 4. 9 Juno 1 June 30 'l'r. 9. 0 'l'r. 14 . 06. 6. 3 July 1 July 31 'l'r. 11 'l'r. 14 .10 • 6. 8 Aug. 1 Aug. 15 Tr. 11 Tr. 13 .10 6.1 

Mean ________ ------------------ 1 10 .02 15 .6 b3. 8 bl. 0 

---- a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. b Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. c 'l'otal annual denudation. 

Carbonate 

radicle 

(COa). 

---

0. 0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.o 

. 0 

.0 

. 0 aTr . 

.o a 6. 7 

.o 

. 0 

·---.0 

These si..x tnbles of analyses, reduced to standard 

for1n and expressed in percentages, compare as follows: 

Reduced analyses of waters in Snake River basin. 

1. Sm>ko River at Weiser, Idaho. 37 composite analyses. 

2. Suako Rivor at Burbank, Wash: 33 composites. 

:l. Owyhee Rivor ncar Owyhee, Oreg. 37 composites. 

4. Powder Rivor near North Powder, Oreg. 37 composites. 

!i. Oranclo Ronde River at Elgin, Oreg. 37 composites. 

u. Wallowa Hivcr noar Joseph, Oreg. A tributary of tho Grande Houde. 13 

composites. 

2 4 5 

COa------------------------~--- 30.99 31.85 31.06 36.22 30.50 36.81 

Bicar- Sul- Mean Mean Sus- Disbonate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- gage dis- pended solved 

radicle radicle radicle rino solved height charge matter matter 

(HCOa). (S04). (NOa). (Cl). solids. (feet). (second- (tons per (tons per feet). day). day). 

---------------------------

45 7. 9 Tr. 0. 25 68 2.35 148 0. 48 .27 53 8. 7 0.32 .• 50 72 2.14 90 . 49 17 48 7.1 .42 . 60 64 2.09 78 . 23 13 44 7. 6 .46 • 65 60 2. 02 63 . 05 10 50 8. 7 .12 .20 65 2. 0 65 .00 11 46 7. 2 . 16 .65 62 2. 0 57 .09 9. 5 49 8.4 . 30 • 75 66 2. 0 60 Tr. 10.7 46 9. 5 .12 • 25 63 1.9 51 Tr. 8. 7 46 7. 2 . 22 . 50 63 2.1 70 Tr. 12 

48 9. 8 . 20 • 50 66 2. 4 180 Tr. 32 31 11 .06 • 75 63 3. 2 549 Tr. 93 46 9. 4 .10 • 75 63 2.9 385 Tr. 65 44 7. 4 . 20 1. 0 62 2. 8 316 'l'r. 53 --------------------------- 47 8. 5 . 21 . 55 64 _____ .,. ___ --------- c 33.5 c 9, 790 

The first four of these analyses are m.uch nlike and 

show the influence upon the Waters of volcanic 'l'Ocks, 

and especially of the Columbia River basalt. Grande 

Ronde River is quite different, and so too'is Wallowa 

River, which· -drains an area of sedimenta.ry rocks. 

Its low proportion of magnesium is very unusual. 

SOUTHERN TRIBUTARIES OF THE COLUMBIA: 

804---------------------------- 16.46 16.40 15.90 12.99 6. OS 13.54. 

In Water-Supply Paper 363 Van Winkle gives tables 

of analyses of the following southern tributaries of the 

Columbia: Umatilla River, John Day River,· Deschutes River and its tributary Crooked River, Sandy 

River and its tributary Bull Run River, Willamette 

River and• its tributaries McKenzie, Santiam, and 

Clackamas rivers. The courses of these streams are 

all in Oregon. 

C!_ ___ -------------------------- 7. 99 6.32 5. 91 3. 52 1.84 .87 

NOa.--------------------------- . 28 . 39 . 27 . 32 .92 . 33 Ca _____________________________ 15.52 14.83 "11. 80 12.46 11.47 23.89 l\1g ___ ------ J _______ ------------ 4. 51 4. 37 2. 91 3. 52 3. 21 .96 

N!~---------~------------------- 10.34 10.93 15.90 14.62 8. 95 6. 05 

}{_--- "------------------------- 1. 65 --·-:os· 2. 09 2. 22 2. 29 1. 59 

Fo20a.- ______ -·---·· ------------- . 04 . 09 . 05 . 34 . 03 Si02 ____________________________ 12.22 14.83 14.07 14.08 34.40 15.93 

------------------ 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 S1tliuity, pnrts por million ______ 213 128 220 185 87 63 

·----·-·--------------· 
172. 

Date. 

Turbidity. 

From- To-

----------

1911. 1911. 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 1 

11 20 2 

21 30 5 

lV[can ________ ,--3-

1911. 1911. 

Aug. 31 Sept. 9 5 

Sept. 10 19 5 

20 29 2 

30 9ct. 9 12 

Oct. 10 19 10 

20 29 3 

30 Nov. 8 2 

Nov. 9 18 1 

19 28 5 

29 Dec. 8 5 

Dec. 9 18 1. 

19 28 5 

1912. . 29 Jan. 7 7. 

1912. 

.Jnu. 8 17 40 

18 27 30 

28 Feb. 6 10 

Feb. 7 16 15 

17 26 50 

27 Mar. 7 7 

Mar. 8' 17 3 

18 27 10 

28 Apr. 6 35 

Apr. 7 16 40 

17 26 20 

27 May 6 60 

:May 7 16 35 

17 26 30 

27 June 5 60 

June 6 15 80 

16 25 50 

26 July 5 30 

July 6 15 15 

16 25 90 

2~ I Aug. 4 200 

Aug. 14 60 

--- Mean ________ 30 

1911. 1911. 

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 4 

21 30 10 

31 Sept. 9 4 

Sept. 10 19 5 

20 29 1 

30 Oct. 9 2 

Oct. 20 29 1 

30 Nov. 8 'l'r. 

Nov. 9 18 Tr. 19 28 3 

29 Dec. 8 8 

Dec. 9. 18 1 

19 28 3 

29 1912 

1912 Jan. 7 10 

Jan. 8 17 90 

18 27 40 

28 Feb. 6 10 

Feb. 7 16 30 

8 26 60 

27 Mar. 7 10 

Mar. .8 17 10 

18 27 15 

28 Apr. 6 20 

Apr. 7 

~~ l 90 

17 20 

27 May 6 80 May 7 16 40 

17 26 20 

27 June 5 30 

June 6 15 95 

16 25 35 

26 July 5 5 July 6 15 7 

16 25 1, 800 

2~ I Aug. 1! 290 Aug. 5 

--- Mean ________ 79 

COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND _LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Silica Iron Cal-

(Si02). (Fe). cium 

(Oa). 

---------

41 0. 04 10 

41 .02 7.4 

40 .10 9. 2 

--------- 41 . 05 8. 9 

I 

40 o. osl 25 

38 .04 15 

32 . 12 15 

30 . 02 12 

31 • 01 11 

30 .10 18 

32 Tr. 21 

32 . 01 10 

16 Tr. 5. 9 

31 . 02 10 

28 . 03 9. 8 

27 . 05 8. 8 

28 • 01 11 

30 • 12 8. 6 

23 .10 8. 5 

28 .05 6. 2 

28 . 03 6. 4 

29 . 01 0. 6 

33 ; 25 7.4 

27 .16 9.0 

27 . 21 8.4 

25 : i~ I 6. 6 

26 6. 0 

26 . 02 5. 4 

34 .01 6. 8 

16 • 24 5. 2 

21 . 20 5. 6 

33 . 03 8. 0 29 .11 9. 6 

31 . 02 10 

36 . 02 10 

30 . 01 12 

29 .01 12 

29 . 01 14 

33 . 25 15 

--------- 29 . 08 10 

39 0.04 33 

42 . 02 30 

40 .02 36 

36 . 01 35 

43 .07 34 

39 'l'r. 33 

35 . 01 32 

32 . 03 42 

33 .02 34 

39 . 01 30 

32 . 02 29 

36 . 01 31 

37 . 02 30 

35 . 01 32 

32 . 02 17 

30 .18 12 

33 .10 8. 6 

32 .09 8. 6 

28 . 06 7. 2 

39 .15 15 

33 . 20 11 34 . 15 12 

26 .24 7. 6 

29 .15 7. 2 

29 . 01 8. 6 

23 .16 9. 4 

35 .14 12 

30 .09 11 

35 . 09 11 

38 . 06 18 

32 .04 24 

29 . 06 27 

36 .04 32 

43 .03 33 

41 .10 35 

34 . 08 34 

--------- 34 . 07 23 

Analyses of water from Umatilla River, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Near Gibbon. 

Mag- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sul-. 

and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlonesium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle rine 

(Mg). (Na+K) (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (NOs). (Cl). 

---------------------

1.0 13 0. 0 48 7. 2 Tr. 4. 0 

3. 0 12 .0 41 4.1 0. 56 4. 0 

2. 9 10 .0 45 6. 7 . 52 4.1 

--------. -0 1-.--4-5 --------- 2. 3 12 6. 0 . 36 4. 0 

Near Yoakum6. 4 18 o. o 1 1M I 11 1.1 7. 8 

5. 6 16 .0 82 12 . 52 6.8 5. 0 13 . 0 I 71 7. 6 .40 6.0 4.8 9. 9 .0 63 9. 5 . 52 5. 3 4. 8 12 . 0 65 7. 9 . 52 5. 0 

4. 8 17 . o I 100 14 . 90 8.1 6. 7 21 .0 110 15 . 76 9. 3 

3. 4 12 . 0 59 7. 0 . 60 4. 2 

2. 3 7. 6 .0 45 2. 8 . 60 3. 5 2. 5 11 . 0 54 6. 9 . 40 4. 0 2. 0 9. 9 . 0 54 5. 9 Tr. 3. 5 

2. 6 11 . 0 50 6. 1 . 36 3. 3 

2. 8 9.3 .0 50 7. 6 . 20 2. 5 

2.8 9. 5 . 0 44 3. 8 .40 2. 3 2. 2· 8. 8 . 0 39 4. 0 . 52 2. 3 

3. 6 6. 6 .0 36 4.4 1.5 1. 8 

3. 6 6. 3 .0 40 5. 4 • 90 1.8 

. 4 8.4 .0 35 4. 4 . 36 . 50 1.2 8. 7 . 0 46 7. 1 . 51 ; 50 

2.8 9. 5 .0 42 5. 9 . 69 1.5 

1. 8 7. 7 .0 42 5.1 • 78 1.0 1.8 8. 6 .0 37 4.1 1.0 . 50 2. 0 8. 5 . 0 35 4. 3 . 69 I. 8 

.6 10 . 0 35 5. 3 . 60 • 95 . 3 7. 9 . 0 35 3. 0 .54 • 85 1.2 7. 7 . 0 31 3.0 . 45 • 25 1.4 7. 4 .0 33 3. 0 . 27 . 75 

2. 0 6. 2 . 0 42 2. 8 . 40 . 25 

1.4 7. 6 .0 48 3. 8 . 32 . 90 2. 6 11 .0 53 10 .32 .80 2. 8 9. 8 . 0 I 57 4. 6 . 60 2.0 

1.8 9. 8 a4. 3 53 2. 5 .40 1.3 4. 0 • 13 a6. 2 63 4.1 . 22 3. 5 5. 2 15 a3.1 , 77 7. 6 . 24 3.8 6. 0 14 .0 I 86 7. 2 .18 3. 9 

--- I --------- . 3. 0 b 9. 7 b 1. 7 ---. 0-~---55- 6. 2 .54 2. 9 

Near Umatilla. 

I 11 45 a 2.4 170 41 1.8 15 9. 8 43 .0 163 43 2. 0 17 14 42 .0 189 42 --------- .......................... 14 43 .0 195 35 1.7 16 12 36 .0 174 33 1.4 15 12 35 .0 176 36 1.1 15 

11 33 .0 164 32 1.2 14 9. 6 33 aTr. 168 70 1.6 14 7. 2 27 .0 165 30 1.6 13 7. 5 31 a1.2 149 26 1.0 11 7. 8 27 .0 145 27 1.2 12 10 30 .0 154 29 . 70 12 8.4 31 .0 161 27 .90 13 

7. 2 27 .0 142 27 1.1 13 

1.6 21 .0 72 11 12 9. 5 

2. 9 13 . 0 54 8. 9 . 60 2. 5 

1.0 10 . 0 48 5. 8 . 63 . 75 

3. 6 10 .0 51 6. 7 . 60 1.0 2. 4 9. 0 .0 43 8.4 • 54 1.5 

1.4 15 .0 67 11 . 60 1.5 2. 7 14 .0 62 10 . 69 3. 0 2. 2 12 .0 57 8. 6 . 30 3. 5 

1.4 s. 7 .o 38 6. 6 . 45 1.8 

1.6 9. 6 .0 46 7.6· . 51 2.3 

1.5 9. 8 .0 46 6.3 . 56 3. 3 

2. 6 7. 7 a7. 7 30 2. 8 . 22 2.1 

2. 6 13 .0 59 4.9 . 30 3. 4 

3.4 12 .0 50 4.9 --------- 3.4 

3. 6 16 .0 58 6.3 --------- 2. 5 2.0 19 .0 84 10 . 30 7. 8 

5.8 28 .0 116 20 • 32 11 

10 44 .0 163 38 .40 18 

9. 0 44 .0 167 38 .60 18 

9. 6 44 a 8.4 153 34 . 60 17 12 39 a Tr. 181 38 1.2 18 13 38 a Tr. 182 39 . 36 17 

--------------------- 6. 6 b 22 b.4.8 .0 116 23 1.2 9. 4 

Mean Dis- gage solved height solids. (feet). 

------

I 

108 0.10 

90 .06 

100 . 05 

---· ---

99 

161 .3. 1 

134 3.3 

116 3. 2 

103 3. 3 

101 3.4 

161 3. 4 

166 3.4 

101 3. 7 

92 4.1 

98 3. 8 

87 3. 8 

93 4.0 

90 3. 9 

95 5. 6 

85 6. 1 

81 6.4 

85 0.4 

81 6.8 

93 5.3 

92 5. 6 

91 5. 7 

85 7. 2 

82 7. 9 

78 7.0 

82 8.1 

72 7.8 

76 6. 6 

83 6. 6 

90 5.3 

105 4. 7 

102 3. 9 

99 3. 6 

104 3. 6 

124 3. 3 

126 3.4 

----wol== 

266 2. 5 

273 2. 5 

294 2. 5 

281 2. 5 

267 2. 5 

260 2. 5 

2. 5 

243 2. 5 

261 2. 5 240 2. 6 225 2. 7 218 2. 6 

229 2. 6 231 2. 5 

217 2. 6 

138 3. 6 

101 4. 0 

98 4.1 

99 4.1 

88 4 .. 4 

123 3. 3 

117 3. 5 

110 3. 5 

87 4. 5 

86 5. 2 

95 4. 4 

89 5.1 

116 5. 2 

101 4.3 

114 4.3 

143 3. 4 

188 3. 0 

250 2. 6 

268 2. 6 

273 2. 7 

287 2. 6 

274 2. 6 

------

18~ ---------

a Abnormal; computed as l:ICOa in average. c Total annual denudation. b Sodium and potassium, determined on combmed alkali residues. a Estimated. 

Mean Susdis- ponded charge matter. (second- (tons per feet). day). 

------

50 0. 57 

44 .29 

42 .18 

---- ---------

36 1.0 

61 .9 

53 1.1 

56 1.5 

71 2. 1 

81 1.3 75 1.6 128 2. 5 

267 6.1 162 1. 1 

165 1. 8 208 .8 

197 1.9 

1, 644 266 1, 600 168 

1, 782 101 1, 912 211 

2,240 350 872 23.5 1,045 11.3 

1, 168 23.3 2, 669 180 

3, 729 634 2,438 263 3,964 900 3,457 438 1, 935 193 

1, 955 274 

852 133 

530 54 197 5.8 116 5. 0 115 26.7 

65 15. 1 

81 9. 9 

------

C44,S)OO 

I 90 1.3 90 2. 2 97 2.1 102 1. 7 83 1. 0 82 1. 2 92 d 1. 4 

95 1. 6 95 1.3 131 1.8 173 4. 7 115 2. 7 Ill 3.6 

90 1.3 

112 3. 9 1, 255 393 1, 450 215 1, 597 129 

1, 637 274 

2, 021 420 594 18 

737 30 

786 49 2,195 403 

3,344 535 2,023 322 

3, 261 995 

3, 264 581 1, 871 81 1,882 76 

700 327 418 79 130 6. 7 

119 7. 1 

159 331 122 61 

117 3. 2 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons per day). 

---

14.6 

10.7 

11.3 

----------

16 

22 

17 

16 

19 

35 

34 

35 

06 

43 

39 

52 

48 

422 

317 

389 

516 

490 

219 

259 

288 

612 

825 

513 

878 

672 

393 

438 

207 

152 

54. 2 

31. 0 32.3 

21. 

27. 

c 85,500 

--· 

65 

66 

77 

77 

60 

57 

d 60 

62 

67 

85 

105 

68 

69 

56 

66 

468 

395 

422 

437 

476 

197 

231 

232 

514 

776 

520 

784 

1, 024 

510 

579 

270 

212 

8 8 

86 

117 

9 

8 

------ --------- c 53,000 c 94,300 
Dat.c 

( 1!)11-12). 

--------

From- ToAug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

A.p r. May 

.Juno 

July 

Aug. 

1 Aug. 31 1 Sept. 30 1 Oct. 31 1 Nov. ao 1 Dee. a1 1 Jan. 31 1 Feb. 29 1 Mar. a1 1 Apr. 30 1 May 31 1 Juno 30 1 July 31 I Aug. 15 

Tur- Silica Iron Calbid- cium 

ity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). 

NORTH PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of water from John Day River, Oreg . . '! 

Near Dayville. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Sodium Car- -Bicar- Sui- M_ag- and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Ohio- nestum radicle rine 

(Mg). tassium radicle radicle radicle (NOs). (01). (Na+K). (COs). (HC03). (S04). 

Mean Mean SusDis- gage dis- ponded solved charge matter solids. height (second- (tons per (feet). feet). day). 

4 38 0.05 40 17 31 0.0 229 17 1.8 3.5 250 -0.36 19 19 100 40 .14 30 18 26 .0 220 14 .84 3.0 235 -.17 50 19 

60 38 . 04 22 13 17 . 0 156 12 --------- 1. 8 182 +. 03 62 12 70 32 .02 19 9.4 15 .o 142 7.9 .48 2.3 163 --------- ago 20.9 20' 33 .05 19 10 16 .o 137 7.6 .20 2.3 155 --------- ago 4.1 240 24 . 01 21 6. 6 15 . 0 125 8. 7 1. 4 1. 8 148 1. 44 398 351 100 35 . 15 19 10 13 . 0 121 8. 7 1. 6 . 75 145 2. 5 683 402 SO 34 .03 19 9.4 8.2 bTr. 121 6.3 .56 6.0 144 2.03 517 198 200 25 . 05 18 7. 6 8. 0 b 8. 6 84 3. 8 . 24 1. 3 121 3. 75 1, 184 1, 260 300 32 . 05 18 ' 8. 8 6. 6 . 0 100 6.1 80 . 25 130 4. 8 1, 824 2, 730 300 30 .O!l 16 5.3 8.5 bTr. 93 4.0 .52 .25 121 3.4 1,067 1,533 120 39 . 05 24 15 14 . 0 163 9. 9 . 50 3. 0 191 . !)5 242 78 500 33 . 10 22 14 14 . 0 155 10 . 22 2. 3 169 . 84 214 311 

17.3 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons per ·day). 

13 

31. 

30. 

39. 

37. 

159 

267 

201 

387 

639 

349 

125 

98 

d6S, 000 :Mean ________ -u;---33-~~~--22 ___ 1_1-~---.o---m---s.9--.-76---2-.-2----w<l~~ d1gs,ooo 

------------~----·~-------~---~----~-----~---~--~------~----~---~----~-----~----~----~-----

At McDonald. 

~- -· .. 

ug. il Aug. 20 4 31 0. 08 24 14 

I 

14 0. 0 134 12 1.4 2.8 153 1. 14 101 1. 3 42 21 30 10 20 . 01 22 11 14 . 0 135 14 . g2 2. 7 153 1.10 87 .8 36 :n Sept. g 4 1g . 05 27 12 20 . 0 144 12 --------- 2. 8 162 1. 22 133 3. 9 58 opt. 10 19 1, 400 25 . 14 30 11 35 .o 176 37 4. 4 6. 0 239 1. 47 238 551 154 20 2g 500 27 . 25 31 tl 25 . 0 167 20 2. 0 4. 8 210 1. 38 1g1 152 108 

A 

s 

30 Oct. g 430 30 . 22 26 13 25 .0 170 21 1.9 3. 8 204 1. 60 314 241 173 0 ct. 10 10 220 28 .10 29 12 21 .o 161 15 1.6 3. 3 187 1. 64 336 148 170 20 29 90 24 . 04 25 10 17 . 0 140 13 1.2 3. 0 170 1. 64 336 54 154 30 Nov. 8 50 27 . 02 22 10 18 . 0 145 12 . go 3. 5 167 1. 60 310 33 140 Nov. !) 18 80 27 . 22 26 10 17 . 0 138 20 1.4 3. 3 170 1.77 427 65 1g6 19 28 380 25 . 03 21 . 7 14 . 0 113 11 . 8~ 2. 6 146 1. 99 609 402 240 29 Dec. 8 85 28 . 20 23 8. 4 15 . 0 126 14 . 90 3. 1 162 1. 78 433 65 189 Dec. 9 18 65 27 . 03 23 5. 8 16 . 0 127 14 . 26 2. 5 '151 1. 80 447 13 182 19 28 20 30 . 04 23 8. 4 17 . 0 129 14 . 26 2. 7 153 1. 78 431 44 178 29 Jan. 7 75 ' 27 . 05 24 9. 4 18 . 0 147 15 .56 2.8 170 1. 91 539 74 247 Jan. 8 17 900 20 . 01 21 7. 2 1g .0 124 13 --------- 3. 3 153 3. 4 2,852 3,130 1, 178 18 27 700 22 . 02 20 5. 6 14 . 0 106 11 3. 8 2. 1 136 3. 9 3,494 3, 985 1, 280 28 Feb. 6 225 29 . 03 19 4. 4 12 . 0 99 7. 7 1. 7 ....................... 127 4. 0 3, 586 1, 587 1, 132 Feb. 7 16 300 2g . 02. 16 4.8 11 .o 94 5. 6 . 80 1.8 122 4. 4 4, 336 3,135 1, 427 17 2(l 200 34 .18 17 6. 0 11 .o 99 6. 6 1.4 . 5 130 . 4. 6 4,898 1, go3 1, 7Jg 27 Mar. 7 95 30 .05 19 7. 6 13 .0 118 8. 1 2. 0 2. 3 149 3. 3 2. 264 '544 911 :Mar. s 17 100 32 . 03 21 8. 0 13 .o 123 8. 2 1.3 .5 144 3. 4 2, 332 578 go6 18 27 100 29 . 05 22 8. 2 13 . 0 116 9. 4 . 27 2. 0 145 3. 4 2, 397 1, 100 939 28 Apr. 6 2/iO 24 .05 15 5. 6 9.8 . 0 77 8. 7 1.1 2. 0 112 5. 7 7,630 5,470 2, 306 Apt·. 7 16 110 20 . 08 13 4. g 8.8 .o 63 8. 4 1.7 1. 5 g9 6. 7 10, 512 3,660 2,810 17 26 100 24 . 07 16 5. g 9. 5 .o 81 7. 7 . 30 1.5 113 5. 7 7, 587 1, 967 2, 315 27 May 6 170 27 . 09 16 5. 8 6. 1 .0 78 5. 9 .32 2. 5 116 lf.5 10,057 5, 720 3,133 l\'lay 7 16 210 22 . 08 16 5. 2 13 .0 65 4. 0 ·--------- 1. 5 100 7. 3 12, 564 9,890 3,38!J 17 26 175 18 . 06 17 5. 2 10 .o 57 3. 0 .13 • 50 100 6. 9 11,201 8, 465 3, 027 27 Juno 5 240 21 'l'r. 11 3. 0 15 . 0 66 13 . 54 3. 0 93 6. 7 10,572 5,170 2, 652 Juno 6 15 800 24 . 01 13 3.6 6. 5 . 0 65 8. 2 • 60 . 50 98 5.8 7, 810 3,135 2, 066 16 25 176 23 . 03 14 4.8 5. 7 .o 68 10 . 30 3. 8 101 4. 7 5, 056 4, 260 1, 378 2{\ July 5 90 23 . 04 13 2. 8 15 b 8. 2 61 9. 7 .40 1. 1 109 3. 7 2. 838 674 835 July 6 15 35 22 . 01 20 5. 6 18 b 3. 6 104 12 . 30 3. 3 12g 2. 9 1; 593 103 554 16 25 390 30 . 02 22 7. 2 19 .o 123 ·u . 40 3. 1 151 2. 2 777 310 317 26 Aug. 4 90 20 . 01 15 8. 6 _}g b 12 84 11 . 16 5. q 126 l.g 564 134 192 Aug. 5 14 200 32 . 02 23 9. 6 18 L 6. 7 121 13 .20 4. 0 163 2. 0 660 223 291 

Moan ________ ------------------------------------------------------- 245 26 .07 20 7. 6 Cl3 c 2. 4 . 0 114 12 1.1 2. 7 144 ..... ------- ------·-- d 759, 500 d365, 000 

a l~stimatod.· b Abnonnal; computed as HC03 in average. c Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. d Total annual denudation. 
174 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Date (19ll-12). Tur- Silica Iron Cal- bid- (Si02). (Fe). cium ity. (Ca). 

Analyses of water from Deschutes River, Oreg. 

[Part~ per million except as otherwise designated.] 

At Bend. 

Mag- Sodium Car- Bicar- Sul- and po- ·bonate honate ph ate Nitrate nesium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle (Mg). (NOa)o 

I 

Mean Mean Sus- Dis- Chlo- Dis- gage dis- pended solved rine solved height charge matter matter (Cl)o solids. (second- (tons per (tons per From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa)o (804) (feet). feet). day). day). 

--.-~ -------- ~-- ------------------------------------0 ---- Aug. 1 Aug. 31 3 29 0. 06 6.2 3.4 8. 7 0.0 39 2. 5 0.32 1.3 75 1.1 918 5. 5 186 Sept. 1 Sept. 30 1 27 .05 5.6 2.8 6.5 .0 33 5.4 . 24 I.O 66 1.2 1, 050 60 0 187 Oct. 1 Oct. 31 2 21 .01 6.0 2. 3 . 70 9 . ;0 37 4. 9 .40 1. 4 67 I. 3 1,130 9. 0 205 Nov. 1 Nov. 30 2 24 .01 4. 2 1. 2 8.8 .0 34 2. 5 . 36 1.3 65 1.5 1, 310 8. 5 230 Dec. 1 Dec. 31 ·2 26 .09 5. 9 1.4 8.1 .0 38 1.7 .10 • 90 64 1.5 1, 260 3. 6 218 Jan. 1 Jan. 31 1 18 .06 4. 4 1.4 7. 6 .0 33 3.3 .12 "Io 2 64 1.2 I, 380 3. 7 238 Feb. I Feb. 29 Tr. 25 . 05 5. 2 I. 8 7.I .0 35 3. 2 . 27 1.3 63 I. 5 I, 510 Tr . 258 Mar. 1 Mar. 3I Tr. 24 .02 3. 9 I. 2 7.4 . 0 32 3. 7 .09 1.0 64 1.2 I,360 Tr. 235 Apr. I Apr. 30 3 23 .07 3.8 I. I 8.4 .o 32 4. 2 .20 1.2 64 1.3 1, 430 20.5 247 May I May 3I Tr. 24 .02 5. 0. . 7 8. 2 0 2.4 24 4.6 .25 1.0 64 1.5 1, 580 Tr. 273 June 1 June 30 3 ·ao . 02 5.I .6 6. 9 0 I. 4 33 2. 5 . 24 .40 72 1.6 I, 690 24.7 328 July I July 31 Tr. 22 Tr. 3. 6 1. 5 7.4 0 Tr. 33 2. 5 .10 1.5 58 1.2 1, 310 Tr. 205 Aug. 1 Aug. 15 5 21 .!Q 7. 2 -- _\ ______ 12 .0 34 6. 6 .10 1. 5 76 1.1 1, 194 37.2 245 ---------57J--l-.6------------------------------------ Mean _______ 2 24 . 04 b 6. 7 bJ. 6. . 0 . 34 3. 6 . 22 1.2 66 c 2,850 c 85,600 

At Moody. 

Aug. 21 Aug. 30 25 36 0. 01 14 4. 0 12 0. 0 60 8. 4 0. 241 'I. 8 100 2. 2 4, 898 542 1, 32 31 Sept. 9 60 37 . 10 9. 3 3. 6 12 . 0 55 6. 9 .40 1. 0 92 2. 2 4, 924 1, 236 1, 223 Sept. 10 19 5 33 . 05 9. 4 4. 0 12 . 0 55 6. 6 . 44 2. 0 92 2. 2 4, 9.50 495 1, 228 20 29 3 27 Tr. 6. 9 · 4. 2 6. 9 . 0 56 6. 4 . 64 2. 3 88 2. 2 4, 898 161 1, 044 30 Oct. 9 6 27 • 02 6. 8 4. 0 12 . 0 55 4. 8 . 74 1. 8 85 2. 3 5, 080 206 1, 166 Oct. 10 19 1 30 . 01 7. 1 4. 6 13 . 0 58 4. 6 . 54 2. 1 91 2. 3 5, 080 96 1, 249 20 29 4 28 . 01 10 3. 6 6. 8 . 0 59 3. 3 . 40 1. 9 88 2. 2 4, 846 73 1, 151 30 Nov. 8 4 23 Tr. 7.0 2.8 12 .o 57 2.3 .30 1.8 88 2.2 4,872 58 1,158 Nov. . 9 18 10 24 • 07 6. 2 2. 6 12 . 0 54 0 4. 6 . 50 2. 0 90 2. 5 5, 552 420 1, 349 

19 28 20 25 • 01 6. 6 3. 0 11 . 0 53 5. 6 . 60 2. 0 87 2. 5 5, 782 469 1, 359 

29 Dec. 8 Tr. 28 .08 7.6 3.1 10 .0 57 5.8 Tr. 1.3 87 2.5 5,540 117 1,28fl Dec. 9 18 1 26 . 08 7. 8 3. 6 13 • o 55 6. 6 . 30 1. 8 90 . 2. 4 5; 280 108 1, 283 19 28 1 29 . 06 7. 4 3. 2 12 . 0 56 6. 7 . 36 2. 3 89 2. 4 5, 250 79 1, 261 29 Jan. 7 1 31 • 04 6. 7 3. 0 12 . o. 56 3. 8 . 30 2. 0 86 2. 2 4, 732 102 1, 100 Jan. 8 2

1

7

7 j 45 24 • 06 6. 8 2. 6 11 . 0 50 2. 0 1. 1 1. 9 78 3. 4 9, 494 691 1, 996 18 280 31 • 02 11 5. 4 9. 5 . 0 69 5. 9 1. 5 3. 0 105 3. 2 8, 034 3, .166 2, 278 28 _Feb. 6 60 26 • 02 8. 1 4. 8 8. 7 . o 55 3. 6 . 90 2. 3 87 3. 3 8, 704 ° 2, 289 2, 040 Feb. 7° 16 80 29 • 01 9. 4 4. 5 9. 6 . o 60 · 2. o 1. 3 3. 3 92 3. 5 9, 400. 2, 565 2, 332 17 26 60 29 • 01 9. 8 2. 6 12 . 0 56 5. 3 1. 3 2. 5 96 3. 9 11, 568 3, 438 2, 999 27 · Mar. 7 8 31 .12 11 . 6 11 . 0 57 5.1 . 39 2. 3 '95 3. 0 7, 576 532 1, 943 Mar. 8 17 15 33 .15 802 .6 15 .o 56 6.4 .28 1.8 98 208 6,862 222 1,816 18 27 5 32 .05 8.2 1o0 14 .0 54 5.8 .64 1.3 95 2.8 6,608 219 1,693 28 Apr. 6 40 30 . 04 8o 5 • 6 15 . 0 61 7. 6 1. 0 1. 3 96 3. 21 8, 194 1,-592 2, 121 Apr. 7 16 80 28 . 03 8. 4 . 4 14 . 0 57 5. 6 0 84 2. 0 92 3. 8 10,916 4, 271 2, 710 17 26 15• 28 • 14 9. 2 . 8 12 . 0 59 2. 8 . 16 1. 5 97 3. 4 8, 852 694 2, 319 27 May 6 80 23 • 04 9. 6 1. 2 14 o 11 45 5. 1 0 10 1. 8 96 3. 4 9, 046 2, 123 2, 344 May 7 16 45 3Q • 16 10 2. 6 7. 6 . 0 59 4. 9 20 9 2. 3 117 3. 6 9, 800 2, 301 3, 097 17 26 15 26 .10 8. 0 1. 8 12 . 0 53 4. 4 1. 6 1. 8 92 3. 6 9, 910 1, 204 2, 461 · 27 June 5 15 14 • 02 8. 8 . 8 11 . 0 56 6o 1 . 34 2. 3 79 3. 6 9, 948 1, 101 2, 121 June 6 15 ao 26 • 04 s. 6 1. 9 11 • o 51 4. 6 . ao 2. a 93 3. 3 8, 566 1, 526 2, 151 16 25 20 22 . 10 8. 6 1. 4 10 . 0 52 4. 8 . 58 2. 1 91 3. 0 7, 500 870 1, 842 26 July 5 I 5 27 • 02 7. 2 1. 4 10 . 0 49 4. 8 1. 10 20 4 85 2. 6 6, 086 99 1, 397 

July 6 151 ·Tr. 311 .01 7.4 1.7 14 .0 61 4o3 .36 2.5 96 2.6 5,982 ---------- 1,551 16 25 50 34 • 20 7. 8 4. 2 13 . 0 54 3. 6 . 16 20 9 93 2. 6 5, 856 1, 436 1, 494 

Mean ________ o ____ a2----28-~ 8.5 2.7 bn 2.o .o .'i7 5.o .66 2.1 92 °~-~-:-·~-::-=-~-~-~r=-~~~~ 

o Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. 

~ ~oo~!3~n~udaf~~~~~~~og_etermined on combined alkali residues. 
Date 

(l!Hl-12). 

.. ---- -------

fi'rom-· 'l'o-

------ Aug. 1 Aug. 31 Ropt. 1 Sept. 30 Oct;. 1' Oct. 31 Nov. 1 Nov. 30 Dec. 1 Dec. 8 9 18 19 28 29 Jan. 7 Jan. 8 17 18 27 28 Feb. 6 Feb. 7 16 17 26 27 Mar. 7 !\Jar. 8 17 18 27 28 Apr. 6 Apr .. 7 16 17 26 27 May 6 May 7 16 17 26 27 Juno 5 Juno {I 15 16 25 26 July 5 July 6 15 16 25 Aug. 5 Aug. 14 

Moan ________ 

Tur- Silica Iron bid- (Si02). (Fe). ity. 

--- ---

4 35 o. 05 30 28 . 30 20 33 .05 30 36 . 15 18 36 .11 10 41 .11 25. 45 . 12 3 48 . 04 200 38 . 05 550 18 . 01 100 32 . 03 463 28 . 5 190 29 'l'r. 90 36 Tr. 100 34 . 13 100 35 . 04 330 :n . 15 172 28 . 02 190 31 . 12 125 30 .10 130 29 . 02 50 31 . 15 35 39 . 04 600 40 .. . 01 40 42 'l'r. 15 30 .05 6 36 . 08 120 30 . 04 150 36 .18 ------ 110 ; 34 . 09 

. NORTH PACIFIC S~OPE. 

Analyses of water from Crooked River. near Prineville, Oreg. 

[Pa~ts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Cal- Mag- and po- bonatP, · bonate ph ate Nitrate Ohio- Discium nesium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle rine solved 

(Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). -(COaL (HCOa). (804). (NOa). (01). solids. 

---------------------------

29 16 73 9. 6 287 29 0. 56 18 358 29 17 65 7. 2 261 25 . 56 18 324 31 16 63 'l'r. 280 23 . 74 20 331 29 12 52 .0 243 20 .40 15 297 28 13 48 .0 234 19 . 20 14 279 30 13 47 .0 222 16 .18 13 268 31 12 48 .0 240 17 .30 14 287 32 13 49 1.2 235 20 . 20 14 288 27 10 37 .0 193 15 --------- 23 228 23 7. 1 26 .0 131 8. 2 . 60 6. 0 172 22 10 34 .0 159 16 .40 9. 8 202 20 7. 6 27 . 0 133 9. 2 . 44 5.8 169 16 4. 8 23 4. 8 110 12 . 12 5. 3 158 22 9.1 26 .0 160 13 . 27 7. 0 198 21 7. 8 27 . 0 150 11 . 15 5. 8 182 22 7. 4 27 .0 149 9. 2 . 20 5. 5 179 16 5.4 14 .. 0 92 6. 7 . 40 1.0 122 13 3. 6 8. 5 .0 73 4. 3 . 24 • 75 103 17 5. 3 15 . 0 100 8. 7 .32 1.5 130 20 4. 8 14 .0 93 4. 9 .32 . 85 124 13 3. 2 10 . 0 73 6. 6 .62 1.0 107 18 . 4. 7 14 Tr. 92 11 . 29 1.1 127 22 6. 8 17 . 0 127 8. 7 .36 3. 0 170 28 7. 6 25 . 0 169 15 .34 4.3 218 27 12 31 14 177 19 .28 6:5 241 34 14 44 12 221 24 . 50 10 282 34 14 57 4. 3 257 22 .80 12 308 26 13 49 'l'r. 240 26 . 74 12 287 35 15 62 Tr. 282 21 . 24 15 338 ------ a 38 ~ 5: 2~--1-. 1- ~~---1-7- --------- 26 11 .42 11 246 

Mean Mean 

gage disheight charge 

(feet). (secondfeet). 

------

o. 26 9. 3 .40 18. 1 . 72 50.8 . 82 66.7 . 79 62 1.04 116 . 76 58 . 89 80 1. 47 244 2.14 514 2.17 475 2. 94 819 2. 97 787 1. 88 750 1. 91 285 1. 95 305 3. 94 1, 236 4. 57 1, 612 3.87 1,184 4. 53 1, 578 4. 71 ·1, 686 3. 33 893 2. 99 730 1. 95 297 1. 28 124 . 90 51 .89 45 .66 20 . 61 16 

------

a Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. b Total annual denudation. 

175 

Sus- Disponded soh·ed matter matter (tons per (tons per day). clay). 

------

0. 27 9. 0 . 98 15. 7 3. 72 46 

2. 70 .'i3 1. 35 50 8.14 84 

2. 66 41) 

1. 82 62 

83.0 150 829 239 101 259 1,148 374 408 3;{6 92 ·!01 46.2 140 92.3 147 1, 594 407 1, 264 448 646 4lli 1, 274 528 1, 256 487 147 306 116 331) 425 175 14.7 81 3.06 39 . 78 37 ........................... l.'i 

5.1 15 ------- b 96,600 b 58,400 

Another analysis of water from Crooked· River is repor-ted by Van Winkle, together with one from White 

River, also a tributary of the Deschutes. Both are reduced t~ standard form. 

Analyses of water from Deschutes basin, Oreg. 

1. Crooked River near Paulina. · 

2. 'Vhite River at ·'J'ygh Valley dam site. 

Parts per million. Percentage compo- sition. 

1---~----1------------

2' 2 

--------------· -------------

003---------------------------------- 95.0 15.3 41.01 28.70 S04---------------------------------- 16. 5.9 6.90 11.07 CJ____________________________________ 4. 5 1. 0 1. 94 1. 88 

N03---------------------------------- .l Tr. . 04 Tr. Ca ___________________________________ 32.0 5.8 13.82 10.88 Mg _________________________________ ._ 11.0 l. 8 4. 75 3. 38 

Na, K-------------------------------- 28.0 5. 4 12.09 10.13 Fe20a. ------------------------------- . 04 . 1 . 02 . 19 

s•o, ______ -~---------- ___________ ~~ :: ~ ,:·: ,: ~ _ 
176 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Date. Tur- Silica Iron bidity. (Si02). (Fe). 

From- ToAnalyses of water from Sandy River near Brightwood, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Below mouth of Salmon River. 

Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Cal- M!lg- and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlocium nesmm radicle rine 

(Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle radicle (NOs). (Cl). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (SO,). 

Dissolved 

solids. 

--------------------------------- ------

1911. 1911. 

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 85 22 0.10 5.1 2.1 6.0 o. 0 25 12 Tr. 2.3 

21 30 90 23 .10 4. 7 2. 7 6.8 .0 23 13 Tr. 2.0 

31 Sept. 9 140 17 .11 8~ 4 3.1 6.9 .0 23 9.4 --------- 1.8 

Sept. 10 19 35 21 .12 8. 6 2.3 6. 9 .0 23 12 0.12 .2.8 

20 29 1 20 .13 5.8 2.0 5.4 .0 27 8.6 Tr. . 2. 5 

30 Oct. 9 5 18 .0~ 5.2 3. 5 5.8 .0 24 8.6 . 48 2. 0 

OcL.10 19 3 20 .04 5. 0 2.8 6. 5 .0 24 9. 5 .22 1.8 

20 29 4 20 . 06 6.0 2.8 8. 2 .0 28 10 .54 2. 3 

30 Nov. 8 15 19 .10 5.9 1.7 5.0 .0 23 8. 0 . 50 2.0 

Nov. 9 18 5 12 .05 3.1 1.2 .2.8 .0 13 5. 3 . 48 1.0 

19 28 10 12 . 01 5.8 .6 3.9 .0 12 3. 5 --------- .5 

Above mouth of Salmon River. 

Dec. 11 Dec. 18 1 16 0.12 3. 8 --------- 5. 4 0. 0 17 5. 4 0.12 1. 3 J 

19 

1912

.28 1 15 . 13 5. 6 0. 7 6. 6 . 0 18 5. 8 Tr. . 75

1

. 

29 Jan. 7 3 17 . 02 4. 6 • 3 4. 9 • 0 17 8. 0 . 40 1. 0 

62 

67 

65 

62 

64 

57 

61 

66 

60 

38 

37 

45 

49 

53 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

---

3.19 

• 3. 07 

3. 49 3.83 

3. 67 4. 61 4. 21 3. 60 3. 90 5. 30 4. 98 

2. 37 2.18 

1. 74 

Mean 

discharge 

(secondfeet) 

---

362 

322 

402 

504 

389 

720 

502 

376 

660 1, 720 1, 816 

816 

680 

439 

Suspended 

matter 

(tons per day). 

---

133 

150 

57.9 

107 

13 

93 

11 

5. 9" 

--·------- 279 

176 

0.0 

4. 0 

• 7 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons per day). 

6 

5 

7 

8 

6 

11 

0 

6 

1 

4 

7 

1 

3 

3 

7 

t 

6 

8 

6 

10 

17 

18 

99 

90 

w~ 1 

Jan. 1~ g f ~~ : 8~ ~: ~ : ~ ~: ~ :8 ~~ I ~J : i~ t ~ 1: ~b ~J~ i; ~~~ I~. 7 i~~ 28 Feb. 6 2 13 .17 3.2 .2 3.8 .o 13 4.4 .08 .95 37 3.10 1,465 22.5 147 Feb. 7 16 3 11 . 05 · 3. 2 . 6 3. 3 . 0 13 4. 3 . 12

1 

1. 50 33 3. 37 1, 739 · 27. 7 1.55 17 26 Tr. 13 .05 4.7 1.1 3.6 .0 15 5.7 .15 1.50

1 

38 3.17 1,672 7.7 172 27 Mar. 7 'l'r. 17 .05 5.1 1.2 5.1 .0 18 6.1 .21 1.8 47 2.05 747 Tr. 95 

Mar· 1g g Tr: ~~ : g~, ~: ~ : g !: ~ : 8 ~~ ~: ~ : ~g t ~ I ~~ t ~~ ~~ ir~ ~~ 28 Apr. 6 1 13 . 05. 3. 3 . 5 3. 7 . 0 16 5.-4 • 18 1. 6 44 2. 10 775 4. 6 92 

Apr. 7 16 Tr. 11 .05 3.1 .7 3.8 1.7 11 5.5 .12 1.4 40 2.29 897 Tr. 97 17 26 Tr. 14 .0$_ 3.9 . 

1 

.. 0

7 5.0 .0 18 6.3 .27 1.5 50 2.01 721 'l'r. 10

9

4

8 27 May 6 Tr. 15 . 02 3. 8 3. 9 . 0 . 16 3. 8 . 16 1. 5 , 39 2. 43 986 'l'r. 

May 1~ ~~ ~~: ~~ :8~ ~:i J ~J :8 g ~:: :~ t~ I ~g ~:~~ ~:M~ ~~: n~ 27 June 5 4 14 .04 4.0 .8 5.9 .0 15 3.5 .25 1.5 40 2.55 1,076 Tr. 116 June 6 15 3 13 . 04 4. 1 . 8 \. 0 • 0 16 5. 3 • 26 1. 5 44 2. 23 856 32 I 101 16 25 25 14 .06 3.9 1.4 5.5 .0 18 9.5 .18 1.6 47 2.15 805 82 101 26 July 5 18 18 . 05 4. 2 1. 5 5. 0 . 0 '19 5. 8 . 20 3. 3 49 1. 90 658 75 87 July 6 15 6 17 .03 4.5 1.4 4.1 .0 18 8.3 .26 2.4 53 1.74 570 18 · 8 16 25 8 21 . O!l 4. 7 1. 4 3. 5 . 0 19 7. 0 . 44 3. 1 57 1. 59 497 62 71 26 Aug. 4 23 17 .15 5.7 1.5 3.8 .0 20 8.4 .20 1.3; 58 1.43 425 54 67 

Aug. 5 14 25 19 . 25 5. 7 1. 7 5. 4 . o 20 13 . 16 2. 0 i 61 1 1. :io 372 35 61 

Mean ________ --1-5 --1-6/--:o1/---z6--1-. 3-~-. -.-0 --18---7-.2- --.-23-,--1.-7-,--49-~====1==1~~ 

---- a Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. 

Date 

(1911-12). 

From- To-

--------· 

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 11 20 21 30 31 Sept. 9 Sept. 10 19 20 29 30 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 19 20 29 30 Nov. 8 Nov. 9 18 19 28 29 Dec. 8 Dec. 9 18 19 28 29 Jan. 7 Jan. 8 17 18 27 28 Feb. 6 Feb. 7 16 17 26 27 Mar. 7 Mar. 8 17 18 27 28 Apr. 6 Apr. 7 17 17 26 27 May 6 May 7 16 17 26 27 June 5 June 6 15 16 25 26 July 5 July 6 15 16 25 

Mean ________ 

'l'ur- Silica Iron bid- (Si02). (Fe). ity. 

---·------ 2 15 0.02 1 13 .05 Tr. 15 . 02 1 14 .10 3 9. 8 .10 Tr. 12 .05 Tr. 7. 7 . 01 Tr. 10 Tr. Tr. 12 . 03 2 9. 4 'l'r. 3 8. 5 . 02 1 11 . 02 Tr. 8.4 . 01 Tr. 7. 6 . 01 Tr. 5. 8 Tr. Tr. 8. 7 .01 

'l'r. 6.2 . 01 Tr. 6. 3 . 06 Tr. . 5. 9 .13 'l'r. 6. 4 .02 Tr. 4. 1 .01 Tr. 5. 8 . 01 Tr. 7. 6 . 01 Tr. 5. 1 Tr. 1 8. 0 . 01 1 6. 6 .01 

'l'r. 5. 2 . 01 'rr. 5. 8 Tr. Tr. 5. 6 .01 Tr. 16 . 06 'l'r. 7. 7 .02 Tr. 8.3 .02 1 8. 6 Tr. 5 12 .06 6 12 .11 7 13 .09 --------- 'l'r. 9.0 .03 

Analyses of water f1·om Bull Run River near B·ull Run, Oreg. 

[Parts per million, except as otherwise designated.] 

I 

Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Cal- Mag- and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nit.atel Chlo- Disciuth nesium radicle rine solved tassium radicle radicle radicle (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). (COs). (HCOs). (S04). (NOs). (Cl). solids. 

----------

--·--o:g-j----~8--- ---------

6. 1 1.7 4.1 --------- 0.40 45 

4. 7 1.7 6. 4 4. 6 Tr. 1.3 41 

3. 7 1.6 3. 9 3.9 Tr. . 75 40 

4.4 1.6 4. 2 . 0 ! 19 3. 5 Tr. • 75 40 

3. 5 1.0 3. 3 . 0 16 4.8 0. 04 1.30 33 

3. 2 1.3 3. 0 .0 I 16 3.1 . 20 1. 30 38 

2. 9 . 76 2. 7 .0 11 2. 6 .40 1. so 27 2. 9 . 80 3. 5 . o I 13 3. 4 3.8 1. 30 29 

2.8 1. I 

2.4 .o ' 12 2.5 1.1 1.4 32 

3. 0 . 70 4.3 . 0 I 13 3. 6 .42 1. 30 32 

2.1 .42 2.3 .0 9.0 3. 5 .94 1.0 26 

2. 5 . 60 2.0 .o 11 4.3 .40 .65 29 

2.3 .34 3.1 .0· 11 2.0 .34 .85 25 

2. 2 . 20 2.4 . 0 8.8 4. 0 . 20 1.0 24 

2. 3 . 16 2. 6 .0 8. 5 3.1 .10 . 85 22' 

2. 2 . 20 3. 7 .0 12 2. 6 . 32 1.8 27 

2.0 .10 3. 5 . 0 9.8 3. 9 . 08 1.3 24 

1.7 . 04 2. 9 . 0 9. 8 1.7 .08 . 75 21 

1.7 . 04 2. 3 .0 8. 5 2. 7 .16 . 50 22 

2.1 .08 2. 7 .0 8.1 1.1 .08 2.0· 22 

1.9 . 20 3. 3 . 0 8. 5 2.1 .15 . 25 23 

2. 2 .16 3. e . 0 10 3. 3 .09 1.0 25 

2.1 .16 3. 9 .0 11 I 3. 8 . 06 1.3 27 

2.1 .14 4. 3 .0 11 3.4 . 09 1.7 28 

2. 9 .40 6. 3 . 0 13 2. 3 . 90 3. 9 560 

2. 7 .12 3.8 .0 11 2. 1 . 26 1.8 25 

2. 8 . 40 3. 8 .o 11 1.9 . 20 1.0 22 

2. 4 .10 4.1 . 0 10 1.8 . 60 2. 0 23 

2. 5 .10 li. 0 . 0 11 2. 5 . 26 2. 5 26 

2. 7 .16 3.0 .o 11 5. 6 . 42 . 75 39 

2.6 .10 2.6 .0 11 2. 3 . 28 1.3 27 

2. 7 .18 5.3 .0 14 2.1 . 72 3. 5 31 

2. 5 . 70 3. 2 . .o 12 5. 8 . 60 1.8 34 

2. 7 .60 1.8 .o 16 1.6 . 28 . 25 33 

3.8 .40 3. 2 .0 18 3. 8 . 68 1. 8 42 

2.9 .96 3.6 .0 20 2.8 Tr. 1.3 40 

-----------.-0 ,-1-2------------- 2. 7 . 53 0 3. 1 °.5 3.1 . 31 1.3 30. 

a Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. b. Total annual denudation. 

Mean Mean 

dis- gage charge height 

(feet). (secondfeet). 

-------

2. 9 134 2.8 122 2. 7 97 3. 0 184 3. 6 377 3. ~ 211 3. 7 423 3. 7 402 3.1 198 4.0 867 5. 9 2, 417 5.1 1,450 4.1 616 5. 1 1,137 4. 5 845 3.8 422 

--------- 3, 743 4. 8 1,183 5. 3 1, 848 5.8 2,212 5. 3 1, 799 3. 7 479 3.4 335 3. 6 439 8. 2 560 3. 9 563 3. 8 502 4.4 906 4. 4 900 4.0 613 3. 9 884 3.6 434 3. 8 501 3.6 408 3. 2 273 2.9 178 

==!== 

Suspended 

matter 

(tons per day). 

---o. 5 

.03 

. 03 1.34 

.6 

.3 

1.3 

.o 

.0 

2.3 

35.2 

.0 

• 0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.o 

.0 

.o 

.o 

. 0 8. 2 

7. 6 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2. 0 

----------

----------

----------

----

b650 

Dissolved 

matter 

(tons pe day) 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

6 

3 

1 

0 

4 

2 

1 

1 

7 

5 

9 

4 

1 

7 

0 

1 

3 

7 

0 

1 

2 

2 

4 

3 

0 

8 

0 

3 

3 

1 

7 

16 

14 

4 

7 

5 

3 

24 

6 

11 

13 

11 

3 

2 

3 

5 

3 

3 

5 

6 

6 

6 

3 

4 

3 

3 

1 

6 . 

3 

5 

4 

6 

6 

6 

l 

9 

---

b 21,00 
NORTI-I PACIFIC SLOPE. 

Analyses of water from Willamefte River at Salem, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

177 

--~----,--------·--------,-----,--·----'-:----------,------,-·----· ----

~~--1 '!'t!r- S!lica Iron c?:~ n~~~ ~~~~~~ b~~te :;~:~~ P~~t-e ~1d~~f: Chlorine I s3~~-d ~~;~: ~~~~~ ;~r:!. · , , I btchty. (S102). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassiUm radiCle radiCle radiCle (NOs). (Cl). solids. (second- (tons per (tons 11cr 

Ft~~m- -~=-~--- (Na+K). (COs). (HCOa). (S04). ------ feet). day). day). 

1910. 

Aug. 10 

20 

30 Sept. 9 

]I) 

29 

Oct. 9 

1\) 

29 

Nov. 8 

18 

28 Doc. 8 

18 

28 

1910. 

Aug. 19 2 13 0.01 5.9 2.3 8.3 0.0 37 4.3 0.00 4.8 63 ···------- -------------------- 21} 3 8. 9 . 02 6. 2 2. 4 8. 8 . 0 37 4. 0 1. 20 5. 3 53 ---------- ---------- ---------- Sept. 8 18 12 . 02 6. 9 2. 3 6. 2 .'0 36 3. 0 . 30 3. 2 54 ---------- ---------- 18 15 17 .02 5.6 2.1 6.5 .0 38 2.4 .90 2.8 58------------------------------ 28 4 17 .02 6.3 1.9 6.3 .0 31 7.8 .30 4.4 62------------------------------ Oct. 8 4 18 .02 7.2 2.0 5.4 .o 32 9.3 .45 3.1 62 ------------------------------ 18 s 16 .02 5.7 2.1 6.2 .0 33 5.6 .20 4.0 58------------------------------ 28 6 16. .01 5.8 2.1 8.4 .0 32 6.8 6.5 6.3 64 ------------------------------ Nov. 7 2 18 .02 6.6 1.8 7.2 .0 36 4.8 3.5 4.8 64 ------------------------------ 17 13 4. 1 . 01 5. 6 2. 0 6. 0 . 0 25 9. 8 4. 0 3. 8 57 ---------- ---------- ---------- 27 20 16 . 23 6. 9 1. 9 5. 21 .. 0 28 4. 6 3. 6 3. 5 59 ---------- ---------- ---------- Dec. 7 45 18 . 50 6. 3 2. 3 6.1 . 0 33 8. 2 . 75 3. 2 71 ---------- ---------- ......... . 

17 10 19 .14 7. 8 2. 6 6.1 . 0 38 7. 0 2. 00 3. 5 72 ---------- ---------- ----------

31 1 10 Tr. 7. 2 2. 2 4. 9 . 0 31 3. 3 . 80 2. 4 51 

------------

27 10 16 .07 6.9 2.4 5.1 .0 331 4.1 Tr. 4.5 63 .......... --------------------

Mean _______ 11 15 .07 6.5 2.2 6.4 .0 33 5.7 1.6 4.0 61 

1911. 

Aug. 11 

21 

31 Sept. 10 

20 

30 Oct. 10 

20 

30 Nov. 9 

19 

29 

Doc. 9 

19 

1911. 

Aug. 20 

30 Sept. 9 

19 

29 

Oct. 9 

19 

29 

Nov. 8 

18 

28 Dec. 8 

18 

28 

1912. 

29 J·an. 7 

1912. 1912. 

=== :::============ 3 18 3 17 3 16 

~ ----is--- 5 38 2 17 4 19 2 16 30 15 7 14 6 15 10 15 5 17 

35 16 

.03 

.08 

. 02 

.10 

.11 

.04 

.04 

.02 

.01 

.28 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.13 

.30 

6.5 

7.3 

6. 2 6. 7 

6. 2 

4. 7 5.9 

6.4 

5. 9 

4. 5 4.1 

5.1 

5.0 

5. 5 

4. 5 

1. 9 

2. 5 2.8 

2.3 

2.4 

2. 2 

1.8 

1. 8 

2. 0 

1.5 

1.4 

1. 6 

1.5 

1.1 

1.2 

7.9 

6. 5 

5. 5 5. 4 4. 4 

6.4 

5. 5 . 5. 7 

5.1 

3.6 

3. 2 3.6 

4.3 

5.3 

4.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.o 

33 

34 

33 

37 

35 

31 

33 

31 

32 

19 

18 

21 

24 

23 

24 

4. 0 6. 5 

4. 9 5. 6 

6. 3 

7. 1 

5. 3 4. 8 

5. 1 

5. 7 4. 9 

5. 3 

4. 0 

2. 8 

1. 7 

1.1 

1.5 

.16 

.12 

Tr. 

. 32 

.32 

.40 

.40 

. 56 

. 48 

. 32 

. 26 

. 20 

.34 

3.0 

3. 3 

1.3 

1. 8 

2.0 

2.3 

2. 3 2.5 

2.1 

1.4 

1.7 

1.5 

2.0 

1.3 

2.3 

58 

60 

56 

64 

60 

83 

55 

56 

56 

48 

46 

50 

47 

53 

51 

4, 350 3, 580 

5, 550 6,338 

5,863 

7,626 

6,932 

5, 286 5, 704 42,330 

34,420 

15,420 

16,670 

23,500 

29,830 

22.3 

23.2 

150 

136 

120 

162 

90 

47 

62 7, 760 1, 489 

275 

256 

889 

1,692 

681 

580 

840 

1,090 

950 

1, 705 1,029 

799 

864 

5,480 

4,280 

2,080 

2,115 

3,362 

4,110 

Jan. 8 Jan. 17 50 9. 8 . 23 3. 8 . 8 3. 9 . 0 18 3. I . 20 1. 6 48 122,060 29,000 15,820 18 27 15 16 . 16 4. 7 1. 1 4. 1 . 0 24 2. 0 . 04 1. 8 56 54, 630 4, 865 8, 260 28 ~'ob. 6 12 14 . 50 4. 4 1. 1 4. 1 . 0 21 3. 0 . OS 1. 8 44 52, 300 3, 100 6, 200 Fob. 7 10 12 12 . 05 3. 9 1. 4 j 3. 7 . 0 22 4. o . 28 1. 5 50 47, 380 2, 680 6, 380 17 26 30 14 .09 3.7 1.0 3.6 .0 21 2.4 .12 1.5 41 73,190 10,650 8,100 27 Mar. 7 5 17 .25 4.1 .9 4.7 .0 23 2.1 .30 .50 51 33,630 895 3,260 

Mar. 8 17 5 16 .12 5.5 1.5 2.7 a3.6 20 2.8 .30 1.5 49 23,31U 1,450 3,080 18 27 5 14 . 17 5. 1 1. 6 2. 9 . 0 24 1. 6 . 30 1. 8 45 26, 590 1, 080 3, 230 28 Apr. 6 3 14 . 05 5. 0 1. 6 3. 4 a 6. 7 13 2. 6 . 50 1. 8 45 18, 670 756 2, 260 Apr. 7 16 5 15 . 02 4. 8 1. 5 3. 3 . 0 24 1. 6 . 37 1. 5 44 18, 090 487 2, 140 17 26 2 12 .01 5.3 1.6 2.3 .0 27 1.7 .25 1.8 45 15,610 465 1,890 27 May 6 · 10 12 . 11 4. 8 1. 2 2. 0 . 0 23 2. 0 . 35 1. 5 46 28, 530 1, 694 3, 540 May 7 16 2 11 . 02 4. 6 1. 2 3. 2 a 3. 6 17 1. 7 . 37 1. 5 44 25, 690 973 3, 060 17 26 1 12 . 01 4. 4 1. 2 2. 5 . 0 22 1. 3 . 36 l. 3 41 19, 250 354 . 2, 138 27 June 5 3 11 . 04 4. 6 . 2 5. 2 . 0 20 3. 4 . 36 1. 0 44 26, 520 1, 070 3, 150 June 6 15 1 16 . 02 4. 0 . 5 4. 5 . 0 21 3. 4 . 36 1. 4 45 18, 790 660 2, 280 16 25 2 13 . 03 4. 9 . . 8 4. 4 . 0 21 4. 4 . 30 1. 4 46 20, 840 790 2, 600 26 July 5 3 16 . 02 5. 0 . 3 5. 7 . 0 24 4. 8 . 56 1. 3 48 15, 510 420 2, 050 July 0 15 3 16 • 02 8. 0 . 1 6. 3 • 0 31 5. 3 . 30 4. 5 55 11, 286 146 1, 670 16 25 'l'r. 10 . 02 5. 7 1. 2 4. 6 . 0 29 3. 3 . 28 4. 5 52 8, 526 0 1, 195 26 Aug. 4 'l'r. 14 . 08 7. 2 1. 9 4. 9 . 0 32 5. 8 . 40 2. Q 53 7, 184 0 1, 025 Aug. 5 14 'J~r. 14 .06 6.5 1.9 4.2 .0 32 2.4 .30 2.3 51 6,142 0 845 

Menu .... --- --8-__ 1_5_ --.-10----5-. 3-,--1-. 4-b3.8b.8 ---. 0-· ---26-~--3-. 7-~--.-36- ---1.-9----51----- c 737,000 c1, 126,000 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOs in average. b Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. c Total annual denudation. 
<) 

178 COMPOSITION Ol!"' RIVER AND LAKE W A'I'lj]RS 01!"' UNI'I'ED STA'I'ES .. 

Analyses -of water from McKenzie River near Springfield, fJreg. 

Date i 

(J91L-J2). Tur- Silica I Iron Calbid- (Si02). (Fe). cium 

ity. (Ca). 

!''rom- 'l'o-

------------------

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 5 22 0. Oli 6. 0 21 30 2 23 0 02 6. 8 at Sept. 9 4 22 .10 6. 6 Sept. 10 19 2 22 . 07 9. 6 20 29 2 19 0 03 5. 2 30 Oct. 9 3 20 . 02 5. 1 Oct. 10 19 1 IS I 'l'r. 5. 5 20 29 1 21 1 . 02 4. 3 30 Nov. s 'l'r. 20 I 0 05 4. 1 Nov. 9 1S 1 16l 0 07 3. 7 19 2S 4 16 I . 20 5. 6 29 Dec. s 1 17 . 05 4.1 

Dec. 9 1S 1 17 . 40 5. 9 19 2S 'l'r. 15 . 05 .5. 0 29 Jan. 7 4 16 • 06 3. 9 Jan. s 17 5 12 0 09 2. 9 

18 27 1 14 Tr. 3.9 2S Feb. 6 Tr. 14 . 17 3. 5 Feb. 7 16 3 13 .11 3.4 17 26 1 14 . 06 4. 6 27 Mar. 7 1 16 . 06 3. 2 Mar. s 17 1 17 . 04 3.4 1S 27 'l'r. 15 • 02 3. 5 2S Apr. 6 1 15 • 02 3. 7 Apr. 7 16 1 12 .02 3. 5 17 26 Tr. 15 • 01 3.S 27 May 6 Tr. 14 • 03 4. 4 May 7 16 1 17 .01 3. 3 17 26 Tr. 13 .02 3.1 27 June 5 Tr. 13 • 02 3. 3 June 6 15 1 . 15 .02 3.S 16 25 Tr. l6 .04 4.1 26 July 5 Tr. 17 Tr. 3.3 July 6 15 ----Tr~- 16 25 20 .01 3. 4 26 Aug. 4 Tr. 19 .08 5.1 Aug. 5 14 Tr. 19 • 04 5. 1 

------------ Mean ___ ---- Tr. 17 . 06 4. 4 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. b Estimated. · 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Mag- Sodium tCar- Bicar- Suiand po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate 

nesium tassium radicle radicle radicle radicle 

(Mg). (NOa). (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO~). 

---------------· ---

2. 0 s. 0 0. 0 28 s. 7 0. 2S 2. 3 6. 9 . 0 32 4. s Tr. 2. 5 6. 0 • 0 32 4. 2 Tr. 1.0 7. 2 . 0 30 7. 7 . 12 2. 3 5. 9 • 0 35 6. 7 Tr. 2.1 6.1 . 0 33 2. 6 Tr. 1.5 5. 7 • 0 I 29 3. s • 40 1.3 5. s • 0 31 . 4. 9 • 40 2. 4 5.1 . o I 29 5. 2 . 40 1.3 .3.8 • 0 20 2. 9 . 46 • 6 4.4 . o I 21 4. 3 . 20 1.2 4.4 • 0 I 23 4. 3 'l'r. 1.2 4. 6 : g : 23 3. 3 'l'r. 1.2 4. 7 23 4. 6 • 08 1.2 4. 7 .. 0 23 4. 3 . 10 .9 3. 9 • 0 18 3. 3 • 20 • 7 4. 4 .o 20 4.1 .28 .4 3. 7 • 0 . 20 2. s .12 . 8 3.4 .0 20 3. 7 . 16 1.0 3. 6 .0 21 2. 1 . 21 1.6 4. 2 . 0 21 2. 6 .16 

.s 3. 9 • 0 24 2. 6 . 24 • 7 4. 7 . 0 21 1.9 .. 1S . 5 4.4 . 0 20 3. 5 0 09 • 6 4. 2 • 0 IS 2. 3 • 15 .7 4.3 • 0 22 3. 3 • 12 • 2 4. 6 ai.9 16 1.6 . 20 • 2 5. 5 • 0 20 3. 2 . 22 .1 6. 3 • 0 19 4. 1 . 26 .3 4. 9 • 0 19 2. s . 30 . 5 3. 5 .0 20 1.3 0 32 1.0 4. 6 • 0 23 . 3. s . 20 1.2 5.4 • 0 24 1.4 . 20 

1.3 ------5:6- ------_-(). ------28" 3. 6 -----:28" 1.4 5. 2 a2. 6 22 3. s . 12 1.0 6. 9 .0 2S 5. s • 16 ------------------- 1.1 c4.1 c 1.2 • 0 24 3. s .1S 

~ ~o~~~n~~~p~~~~~~~~~termined on combined alkali residues. 

Chlorine 

(Cl). 

---

1.2 

1.8 

1.5 

2. 3 

2. 3 

1.8 

1. 8 

1.5 

l.S 

1.1 

1.0 

1.3 

. S5 

• 75 1.0 

• 75 1.0 

. 75 

1.3 

1.5 

. 50 

• 75 3.S 

1.3 

. 25 1.0 

1.2 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3 

2. 0 

2. 0 ---

1.3 

Analyses oj'water from Santiam River at Mehama, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

Date Sodium Car- Bicar- Sul- (1911). Tur- Silica Iron Cal- Mag- and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlobid- cium nesium radicle rine 

ity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radicle radicle (NOa). (Cl). 

From- To- (Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (SO,). 

------------ -~- ----------------------- ---

Aug. 1 Aug. 10 1 21 0.10 5. 7 0. s 7. 6 0. 0 28 4. 3 0. 4S 1.5 11 20 3 23 • 07 6. 0 2. 0 5. 5 .0 24 5. 6 0 32 0 75 

21 30 3 21 • 02 5. 3 1.7 4. 7 .0 26 4.4 Tr. 1.0 21 Sept. 9 3 21 • 05 6. 7 . s 5. s • 0 26 5. 6 --------- . so Sept. ·10 19 2 --------- . 01 7. 2 1.0 5. 3 • 0 29 5. 4 0 2S l.S 20 29 1 23 .OS 7. 5 2.4 5. 2 . 0 31 5. 9 'l'r. 1.3 

30 Oct. 9 1 16 .02 6. 3 1.6 5. 1 . 0 31 6. 1 Tr. 1.0 

Oct. 10 19 Tr. 15 • 02 4. 6 1.0 4. 5 . 0 22 3. 0 . 26 1.5 20 29 1 21 • 02 4. 3 1.2 5.0 . 0 26 2. 1 . 34 l.S 30 Nov. 8 5 16 • 05 5. 6 1.3 3. 6 . 0 22 3. 0 . 36 • 90 

Nov. 9 IS 1 s. 9 0 03 3. 4 .s 2. 4 • 0 10 2. 3 0 42 • 65 19 2S 2 8. 2 .02 3. 4 • 9 2.4 • 0 15 4. 4 0 40 • 15 29 Dec. s 2 11 • 02 3.4 1.2 3. 0 • 0 17 5. 1 0 36 . 40 

Dec. 9 18 3 10 • 02 3.3 • 9 3. 5 • 0 17 5. 3 Tr. • 85 

Mean ________ ------·--------------------------- 2 17 .04 5. 2 1.3 a3. 7 0 1. 1 . 0 23 4. 5 0 25 1.0 

n Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali residues. 

Dissolved 

solids. 

---

59 

64 

60 

56 

60 

55 

53 

59 

55 

.43 

46 

47 

4S 

46 

46 

40 

39 

40 

39 

39 

45 

46 

44 

45 

43 

47 

42 

46 

41 

43 

43 

45 

49 

b, 51 

53 

53 

54 ---50 

Dissolved 

solids. 

---

55 

54 

54 

49 

59 

62 

52 

43 

52 

46 

28 

33 

37 

33 

---47 

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

1. 21 1.11 

1. 53 

1. 38 

1. 59 

1. 57 1.42 

1. 21 1. 71 4. 60 

3. 66 2. 67 2. 76 3. 05 3. 04 6. 64 4. 53 4.1S 

.4. 54 

5. 36 3. 55 2. 96 

2. 77 2. 52 

2. 76 2. 41 3. 50 3. 71 3. 28 4. 02 3.46 

3. 09 

2. 6S 2.07 

1. 74 1. 54 

1. 35 

---

---------

Mean 

gage 

height 

(feet). 

---

2.4 

2. 3 2. 2 

2. 4 2. 7 2. 5 2. s 

2. 7 2.4. 

3. 4 5. 9 4. 9 . 3. 8 4. 3 

---

---------

Mean Susdis- pended charge matter (second- (tons per feet). day). 

------

1, 690 12. s 1, 592 6. 9 I 2,079 32.5 1, S73 16.2 2,121 40.6 2,095 35.0 1,920 7.S 1, 691 Tr. 

2, 46SI 20.0 

~; gg~ ____ :~--- 3, 5S6 5.S 3, 7S3 6.1 4, 207 14.7 4, 728 74 15,204 1, 641 

7, 767 64.9 6,S66 Tr. 

7, 966 99 10,547 142 5,422 33.6 4, 283 30.1 3,925 Tr. 

3, 537 37.2 3,933 7.4 3, 376 'l'r. 

5, 3S7 Tr. 

5, 735 52.6 4,S27 Tr . 6, 500 Tr. 

5, 228 s. 5 . 4,442 Tr . 3, 773 Tr . 2,925 b 'l'r. 

2, 525 Tr. 

2, 306 Tr. 

2,110 Tr. ------ ----·---- d 26,SOO 

Mean Susdis- pended charge matter (second- (tons per feet). day). 

------

S30 3. 1 749 4. 4 676 4. 9 S99 5. 3 1,136 0 S95 9. 2 1, 213 . s. 2 

1,112 5. 7 S12 2. 6 2, 504 29 S,346 1S6 5,074 16.4 2, 572 4. 9 3,414 9. 2 

------- --------· ----------

Dissolve< I 

n'lattcr 

(tons pet· 

dny). 

---

2()9 

275 

336 

283 

344 

311 

274 

256 

366 

992 

684 

490 

491 

522 

587 

1, 641 

816 

742 

S16 

1,110 

657 

532 

466 

429 

456 

42S 

610 

711 

534 

75 

606 

539 

499 

b 403 

36 2 

0 

s 33 

30 

d 199,60 

Dis- . solved 

matter 

(tons per day). 

---

123 

109 

99 

119 

1S1 

150 

170 

129 

114 

311 

630 

452 

257 

304 

---

----------
NORTH PACIFIC' SLOPE. 179 

Analyses of water from Clackamas River at Cazadero, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated.] 

.Dnto Sodium Car- (l!lll-12). 'l'ur- Silica Iron Cal- Mag- and po- bonate bid- (Si02). (Fe). .cium nesium tassium radicle ity. (Ca). (Mg). (Na+K). (COa). From- 'l.'o-

-------- --------------------

Aug. 11 Aug. 20 2 ' 24 0.02 7. 3 2.1 7. G o.b 21 30 2 19 .06 8. 2 2.0 G. 9 .o I :.H Sept .. !) 1 31 .OG 7. 2 2. 2 5. 4 Sept. 10 .l!l 1 19 .02 6.4 2 . .4 5. G .0 .0 I 20 2\l ] 19 ·.os 6.0 2. 7 6. 8 .0 30 Oct. \) 3 20 .06 5. 8 1. 8 5.1 .0 

Oc~. tO ]\) 1 20 . 01 5. 9 2. 2 6. 5 .0 20 2\l 2 20 .02 6.4 1.8 5. 7 .0 ao N0\7 • 8 'l'r. lG . 01 5. 7 1.9 4. 8 .0 Nov. !) 18 1 16 .06 4. 3 1.3 3. 2 .0 (\). 28 'l'r. lG .07 4.1 1. 4 3. 5 .0 2!l Dec. 8 1 14 .02 4.9 1.4 4. 6 .0 Dec. \) 18 1 15 .05 4. 9 1.4 4.9 .0 19 28 1 16 .06 5. 7 .6 5.0 .0 2\l Jan. 7 G lG .14 5.1 .9 4.9 .0 Jan. 8 17 1,5 13 .12 3.9 1.2 3.8 .0 18 27 3 15 . 06 4.3 . 7 4. 2 .0 

28 Fob. 6 I 3 14 . 06 3. 9 . 7 4.0 .0 

Fob. 7 16 8 13 .07 3.8 1.0 2.4 .0 17 26 Tr. 13 .03 5.2 .9 . 4.3 .0 27 :Mar. 7 'l'r. 16 .04 4. 2 1.6 4. 3 .0 

8 17 2 19 .05 4.8 1.4 3. 9 .0 

18 27 Tr. 15 . 05 5.1 . 9 6.0 .0 28 Apr. G 1 15 .06 4.8 .9 5. 3 Tr. 

Apr. 7 lG 'l'r. 18 .03 4. 3 1.0 5. 5 .0 17 26 1 14 .05 4. 7 .9 6.0 .0 27 May 6 1 14 .04 4. 2 . 8 4.4 .0 lvtay 7 lG 1 14 .04 4.1 . 7 3. 5 .0 17 26 Tr. 15 .04 4.1 . 5 3. 7 .0 

27 Juno 5 'l'r. 15 .06 4.8 .8 4. 7 .0 Juno G 15 'l'r. 14 .02 4.4 1.0 4.3 .0 

1G 25 1 15 . 01 4.3 1.2 4. 7 .0 

26 July 5 1 18 . 01 5.0 1.3 5. 7 :o July G 15 3 16 'l'r. 5. 9 1.6 2.4 .0 

16 25 'l'r. 18 . 01 6. 3 1.6 4.1 .0 

26 Aug. 4 'l'r. 17 .04 6. 9 1.9 5. 2 .0 Aug. 5 14 Tr. 18 . 07 7. 3 1.8 5.0 .0 . 

--------------------- Mean-------- 2 17 .05 5. 3 1.4 a4.2a.8 .0 

Reduced to standard form and percentages the 

foregoing ·tables of analyses of water from southern 

tributa~ies of the Columbia compare as follows: 

Analyses of wate1· front southern tributaries of the Columbia in 

Oregon. 

1. Umatilla River near Gibbon. 3 composite analyses. 

2. Umatilla River near Yoakum. 35 composites. 

3. Umatilla River near Umatilla. 36 composites. 

4. John Day Rive~ ncar Dayville. 13 composites. 

5. John Day River near McDonald. 37 composites. 

0. Deschutes River at Bond. 13 composites. 

7. Deschutes River at Moody. 34 composites: 

8. Crooked River near Prineville. 29 composites. 

9. Sundy River near Brightwood. 36 composites. 

10. Bull Run Hivor near Bull Run. 36 composites. 

11. W.illamette H.ivor·at Salem, 1910. 15 composites. 

12. 'l'ho same, 1911-12. 37 composites. 

13. McKenzie River near Springfield. 37 composites. 

l4. Santlam Hiver at :Mehama. 14 composites. 

15. Clackamas River at Cazadero. 37 composites. 

··---· -· ·- -;---~:--------c----;---~---;----;-----;----

1 ... -~ ---2---~- __ 4_1 __ 5___ 6 ____ 1___ s_ 

COs-----------~' 22.84 30.04 31.48 43.02 39.79 27.71 31.79 40.95 

~?. :.-.:::::::::~ ~:ig ~: ~~ ~: rg r: ~r ~: g~ r: ~~ ~: ~~ ~: g~ NOa ..•.•...•.• 1 • • 41 . 55 . 66 . 49 . 78 . 36 . 79 .17 Ca ___________ ._l 9.18 ll.O!l 12.70 13.47 14.i8 8.36 9.65 10.75 Mg __ • . • . • . . . . 2. 38 3. 32 3. 64. 6. 73 5. 39 2. 62 3. 07 4. 56 No ____________ } 12.41 10.75 12.15 7. 96 9. 22 10. 99 12.49 15.72 ](_____________ 1.89 2.65 1.29 1.70 2.62 2.27 2.15 

Fo~Os-------- .08 .11 .00 .05 .08 .10 .08 .04 

Si02-----------~~~ 20.20 ~~~~~ 

100. 00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 

Sl\liuity "----- 1!7 90 181 163 141 61 88 242 

---- ------ a Pnrts per million. 

Bicar- Sul- Mean Mean Sus- Disbonate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- gage dis- ponded solved 

radicle radicle radicle rine solved height charge matter matter· 

(HCOa). (SO,). (NOa). (Cl). solids. (feet). (second- (tons per (tons per feet). day). day). 

----------·-------- ------

38 4. 0 'l'r. 2. 2 64 26 I 870 0.0 150 

38 4. 9 'l'r. 2. 8 62 26 845 2. 7 141 32 6.3 . 20 2. 2 75 26· 1,023 7. 7 207 34 4. 9 . 20 2. 5 58 26 1, 130 G. 4 177 

35 6. 7 Tr. .2. 8 63 26 950 5. 1 Hi2 

34 5.4 1.5 2.4 61 26 1,113 1.4 tsa 

35 5.4 . 48 2. 5 GO 26 1, 006 4. 3 162 

35 5. 5 .28 2. 7 (it 26 855 4. G 141 31 3. 9 . 38 2.6 57 27 1, 468 17.8 226 21 1.8 .46 1.5 43 29 4,188 39. G 487 22 5.6 .48 1.3 46 28 3, 155 .0 392 '23 4. 4 Tr. 1.3 46 27 1, 925 .0 2:l!J 22 3.8 Tr. 1.1 45 28 2, 444 G. 6 297 26 5.2 .08 1.3 49 28 2,480 9.4 328 24 2. 6 Tr. 1.5 49 27 2,064 30.6 273 24 1.6 .08 . 75 44 31 8,260 602 982 20 2. 5 .08 1.0 40 30 5,159 97.6 557 21 1.6 .07 . 75 39 30 5,333 60.4 561 18 ·4.0 .12 1.5 39 31 6, 615 137 6!l6 21 3. 3 . 30 1.0 41 30 5, 815 Tr. 643 24 3. 2 .15 1.0 47 28 2,660 Tr. 338 28 6.1 .15 . 50 54 27 1, 938 13.1 283 27 ' 2. 5 .14 1.0 52 27 2,020 Tr. 274 24 3.0 .12 1.3 48 28 2,379 24.4 308 22 3.0 ."30 2.0 51 28 2, 783 'l'r. 384 24 3.1' .14 2. 3 49 28 2,309 11.9 307 22 1.2 .24 1.3 43 28 3,162 23.9 367 18 3.0 . 26 1.0 40 29 4,379 50.8 473 18 3. 5 . 26 1.3 39 29 3,816 Tr. 402 18 4.3 .24 1.0 40 29 3,965 Tr. . 428 21 4. 7 .40 1.5 41 28 2,944 Tr. 321J 23 3.4 .34 1.9 44 28 2, 558 15.2 304 26 2.1 . 24 1.7 47 27 1, 849 '2. 5 235 25 3. 9 .30 2.4 54 27 1,493 16.9 218 31 4. 9 .28 2. 3 58 26 1, 272 Tr. 199 33 4. 9 .10 '1. 8 55 26 1,136 Tr. 169 33 4.0 .24 3.0 58 26 1, 042 Tr. 163 

------ ·~-- --------------- 26 '3. 9 . 23 1:7 50 --------- ................... b 11,750 b 120,300 

Analyses of water from southern tributaries of the Columbia in 

Oregon-Continued. 

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 

--------- ------

COs ...... __ ------------ 19.95 22.28 28.08 28.32 26.25 24.88 27.00 

so •. ----~-------------- 15.96 11.71 9.88 8.19 8.45 9. 91 8. 23 Cl ••. ----- ____ ---- _____ 3. 76 4. 91 6. 93 4. 20 2.89 2.20 3.59 

NOs.------------------ . 52 1.17 2. 77 .so .40 .55 .49 

Ca .•.. ·----------------- 10.20 10.20 11.20 11.72 9. 79 11.45 11.18 

Mg ____ --------·-------- 2.88 2.00 3.82 3.09 2.44 2. 86 2. 96 Na _____________________ 9 .. 30 11.71 } 11.09 8.40 9.12 8.15 8.86 

K---------------------- 1. 75 1.89 1. 80 2. 67 2.43 1. 69 

Fe20a------------------ .23 .15 .17 .30 .18 .13 .14 

Si02. ------------------ 35.45 33.98 26.00 33.18 37.81 37.44 '35.86 

------------ ------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Salinity a_.------------ . 45 26.5 58 45.2 45 45.4 47.4 

a Parts per million. 

With a few exceptions these waters much resemble 

those of the south Atlantic slope. Their low salinity 

and high percentage of silica and alkalies indicate the 

derivation of their solid contents from igneous rocks 

in which persilicic varieties are most abundant. 

The three average analyses of waters from. Umatilla 

River show a progressive change of composition from 

Gibbon, near the head of the stream, to ·umatilla, 

nea.r its mouth. The five averages for the Willamette. 

and its tributaries are aimost identical. 53 

Three additional analyses of water from the Willa- · 

mette basin have been received from the Southern 

Pacific Co., as follows: 

63 An analysis of water from the Willamette at Corvallis by B. Pilkinton, 

reported by C. E. Bradley in Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 2, p. 294, 1910, 

is so unlike the others as· to render it of very doubtful value. It iS therefore not 

used here. · 
180 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of wate1· from the Willamette basin, Oreg. 

1. Willamette River at Eugene. 

2. Lacreole Creek at Derry. 

3. 'fualatin River at Gaston. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition. 

1 _2_1_a_ 1 2 3 

-------------------J----

C03---------------------------- 15.0 20.6 17.8 2~. ~9 2~. ~~ ~· ~~ 

~04------------- ---------------- ~:! ~: & ~:? n: 9! w: 56 14: 92 

~t=~========================== ~:~ 1~:? ~:~ li:~ li:~ ~:~! ~:~d~·o::::::::::::::::::::::::414 :::: ~::: ~~~ 

a Silica plus sesquioxides. 

The high proportion ~f chlorine in these analyses is 

suggestive of contamination. 

SALINE AND ALKALINE LAKES OF NORTHEAS'l'ERN 

WASHINGTON. 

In northeastern Washington between Snake River 

and the Columbia there are several saline or alkaline 

lakes~ As these isolated bodies of water lie within the 

·general drainage area of the Columbia it is convenient 

to consider them here. For four of these lakes 

analyses are on record as shown in the following table: 

Analyses of water from four lakes in Washington. 

1. Omak Lake, Colville. Indian Reservation. Analysis by G. Steiger in chemical 

laboratory of U. S. Geological Survey. 

2. Soap Lake, 6 miles north of Ephrata, Grapt County. Analysis by Steiger. 

3. The same. A-nalysis by H. G. Knight, Washington Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., 

vol. 1, p. 295, 1901. 

4. Medical Lake, Spokane County. Analysis by G. A. Mariner, Washington 

Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., vol. 1, p. 292, 1901. 

5. Moses Lake, Grant County. Analysis by Knight, op. cit., p. 294.' 

I. Parts per million. 

2 4 

-------------1----------------

C0 _~ _ ----------------------- 2, 095 8, 522 8, 147 66.5 1, 531 S04 1, 205 4, 636 4, 600 ---------- 85 

CL =========================== 169 3, 745 3, r~~ 25~/ -------~~~ ~~-'-~:========================= -------13- ------TJ~- Tr. 1. 2 252 Mg___________________________ 105 · 10 4~~ 165· 5 2t& Na____________________________ 1, 859

1

} 11,167 , 

335 84

: 

6 

5 

K---------------------------- 258 Tr. 12.0 -------_-32 

(..;\1, Fe)z03-- ----------------- ---------- ------iis- 128 182.5 1. 50 

i'i?ii 4-o;== = == ==== == = ===== === == = === = ===== ___ -___ --- Tr. ----------

~1. 28,200 27,400 ~~ 

Analyses of wate·rs from four lakes in Washington-Continued. 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

_____ __.:.__ _____________ 1 ___ 2 ___ ·_a_ --4--1--5--

co3 __________________________ 36.75 ao.22 29.73 8.76 51.56 

804--------------------------- 21.12 16.44 16.79 2. 87 Ci__ __________________________ 2.96 13.28 12.87 33.08 3.88 

PO . 49 Tr. ---------- Ca_4=:========================= ------~23- ------T·r-: Tr. .16 8. 41 Mg 1 82 04 . 29 . 15 7. 25 

~~=:=~======================== 3~: ~g } 39:60 3t ~~ i~: ~~ } 10. 86 

~~~~~~~~;~~=================~========== ~~~~~~·~~~~ ______ :~~~- 2\,~~- _____ }_~~ 1 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

All these waters, except that of Medical Lake, contain alkaline bicarbonates, but the analyses as reported 

do not show the fact. 

PUGET SOUND DRAINAGE BASIN. 

A number of rivers in Washington empty into Puget 

Sound and several of them h~ve been studied by Van 

Winkle. 54 They are Skagit River, Wood Creek (a 

tributary of Snohomish River), Cedar River, Green 

River (a tributary of White River, which joins Cedar 

River to form Duwamish River), and Chehalis River 

and its tributary Wynoochee River. The tables of 

analyses follow: 

64 U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 339, 1914. 
NORTH PACIFIC SLOPE. f81 

Analyses of water from Skagit River at Sedro Woolley, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

Date (llll0-11). Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- Mean Mean Sus- DisTurbid- Silica Iron Cnl- Mag- and po- bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- ·dis- pended solved 

cium nesium radicle rine solved gage charge matter matter it;y. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (JVI"g). tassium radicle radicle radicle (N03). (Cl). solids. height (second- (tons per (tons per ]~rom- 'l'o- (Na+K). (C03). (HC03). (S04). (feet). feet). day). day). 

··-------------------------------__ ._I ___ ---------------------

Feb. 1 }'eb. 10 4 (;i o. ao 9. 4 2. 7 3. 2 0. 0 39 11 0. ()3 0. 5 fl!i 38. (i4 10, :{8(i ]18 1,820 II 20 :I 1f> . !JO 1l 2. 2 5. i .0 41 12 . 12 1..5 fi8 :n:12 7, !)97 (i!l 1, 470 

:.!I 'Mu1-. 2 lfi t!i .10 12 :!. 0 (j, r. .0 4!l 8. ;~ ('J . 7 (i!J :~s. 48 10, 08!i 4!JO l, sso l'l'htr. :I 12 10 8. 7 . ().') 8. 4 2. (i :l.J .0 2fi l4 . !i() .5 !i\J :w.m 14,430 .'l8r, 2, :~oo 

t:_l 2:.! 1!i 1:1 • 08 7. 4 2. 4 3. () .0 31 7. 2 . :~o .:! M 41.41 19, :!10 1, 560 2, 820 

2:! Apr. I I) 7. 2 . oa 8. 3 2. 0 4. 4 .0 :l8 ·8. !i . 30 .5 4\J 40. 24 15,220 ::!74 2, 010 

Apr. 2 1l 20 14 ~l'r. 10 :l. ,5 8. 2 .0 48 (i.9 --------- 2. 0 79 39.90 14,110 4.'i8 a, oto 

12 21 8 18 . :1o 9. 2 2. 0 ·t? I . 0 34 9. 2 .. :30 . 5 n:~ 40. 4.'\ Iii, 9:<0 275 2. 710 

22

1 

:r-rny 1 !iO 9. 6 . 01 7. 6 3. 0 • 0 :l2 5. 3 ~l'r. . 7 4() 43.27 2G, 7(i0 4, 910 :1, :l20 J\{uy :.! . 11 20 l4 . on 7. () 1.5 ii. 8 .0 31 (i. 7 . 00 . 4 .'i!i 43. 1!) 21\, fliO 2, li20 :!, !)fiO 

12 2l 1.'i 14 . 0.5 7. 6 1.6 3. 9 .0 29 10 .00 .4 54 43. 4() 27,430 1, 930 4, 000 

22 :n 20 15 . 05 6. 8 1:4 4. 1 .0 21 15 . 00 . 1 . 67 43.87 29, OED l 3, 300 !i,2W 

June 1 Juno 10 10 7. 1 . 04 7. 5 1.2 3. 5 .0 26 8. 0 . 00 1 41 42.13 21,940 830 2, 4:l0 

11 20 10 14 .04 7. 4 1. 3 3.1 .0 27 5. 2 . 00 .5 47 42.24 22,560 1, 340 2,8fi0 

2l 30 .5 7. 6 . 03 6.1 1. 5 3. 0 . 0 21 6. 8 . 00 .. 5 38 40.58 16, 2fi0 847 1, 670 

July l July 10 : 5 6 .. 7 . 05 6. 0 1. 3 2. 9 .0 20 4. 9 . 00 .4 33 40. 9.5 17,540 3.55 1, 5fi0 

11 20 18 6. 2 . 04 5. 2 1.3 3. 6 .0 21 5. 2 • 00 .8 32 41.33 19,010 975 1, 640 

2l ~0 10 3. 9 -. 03 6 .. 3 1.3 3. 3 • 0 22 .5. 8 --------- .0 34 39.85 13,860 374 l. 270 

31 Aug. 9 5 (i.li • 04 7. 7 1. 4 2. 9 .0 28 5. 4 --------- 1.4 41 :39.20 1(880 135 1,310 

Aug. 10 10 (\ 3. J . 02 5. 9 1.4 3. 8 . 0 21 8. 2 . i5 1. 1 32 38.89 10, O!iO 20(i 870 

20 I . 20 .5 (i. 0 . oa (i, 8 1. 5 3. 3 . 0 I 24 '6. 5 . 90 J. l. I 39 37.95 8, not 169 00.5 

:!0 Sept.. 8 5 10 . 0.1 7. 8 ]. .5 2. 9 . 0 28 9. 5 . 00 .9 47 37. 4() 7, 37.5 63 93!i 

Sept.. 9 18 () 9." . 02' 8. ;j 2. 0 a. o . 0 ao 12 .:n .9 . 40 :17.04 fi. 401 fi1 841i 

10 28 HI 8. n . .10 8. a l.!i 3 . .I .0 26 '7. 2 . 10 1. 8 47 37.56 7, (;:{(i 47.5 mo 20 Oet 8 40 4.:1 '. 18 5. !) 1.0 8. ;~ .0 18 10 . 70 1. 2 40 41.79 21,720 1, 0.50 2.:Ho 

Oct:. ll 18 .13 fi. 8 .II 7. 0 1.3 3. () .0 2:1 (i. 5 1.0 1.1 41 41. on 18,320 940 2; o:w 10 28 11 7.!) .1:l 7. 1 1.4 3. 2 .0 2(i 6. 8 . S!i 1. 5 41 40.87 18,278 887 2, 020 2\) Nov. 7 7 7. 1 . on 7. 2 . 7 2. n .0 2(i --------- . 70 1.7 41 39.70 13,030 214 1, !i10 

Nov. 8 17 18 n. 9 . O!i 7. 5 . 7 2. 7 .0 2.1 8. 3 . 50 ·1. 0 43 12:81 2.5, 380 253 2,940 

18 27 50 (i. a . Ofi. G. 8 .9 2. 2 .u 22 7. (\ 1'r. .8 42 43.54 29,340 6, 570 3, 330 

28 Dec. 7 .5 7. 2 . 02 7. (\ 1. 4 2. 8 .0 26 8. !i Tr. . 3 44 40. 3fi 1.5, 530 327 1, 8.50 

Dee. 8 17 5 7. !i . 01 8.1 1.8 2. 8 .0 2!) 8. 2 . .10 . 5 4fi 39, .52 -12, !llO 202 1, coo 

18 27 (i 7. 9 . 01 8. 2 1.l 2. 8 .0 28 7. 9 '.l'r. .5 4() 39. 51 1:i,078 190 1. (i20 

28 Jan. (\ a 9. 5 . 01 8. 2 -·------- 3. (\ . 0 20 fi.(i '.l'r. l.O S.l 38.85 10, !l28 118 1, .'ilO 

Jnn. 'T l6 3 9.1 'l'r. 9. 6 1.9 2. 4 .0 31 7. 9 . 10 1.3 47 39. 17 11, 81i0 112 1, .500 

17 26 1 10 • 03 10 1. 8 2. 8 . 0 32 9. 5 ,.,_ '·, '" "'" '· "' I ,. 

1,090 

27 31 1 9. 5 . 03 11 2. 0 2. 9 . 0 35 9. 3 Tr. 1. 8 52 37. 08 6, 486 · 17 910 

Mean _________ 12 9.4 .08 7. 9 1.7 3. 6 .0 -.-29---8-.-2 --_-24 ---. 9-· ----..-r "· ,., . '"·"' a 756,100 

a Annunl donudntion. 

A nay.se.s of water from lV ood Creek near Everett, Wash. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1910-ll). l\fagne- Sodium Carbouat.c I Bicarbon-1 Sulphate Nit.rat..o -- ·-·-- 'J'urhidity. Siliea Iron (Fe). Caleiu111 sinm and rnrliclo at.e radicle j radidc radicle Chlorine Dissolved 

(SiOz). (Ca). (:Mg). pot.a~;sium (U03). j (HC03). (BOl)· (N03). (CI). solids. J<'I'OIII- To- (Na+K). 

---- ----- I. -- l\-flll', 13 Mur. 22 10 26 '.l'r. 7. 2 5. 2 13 a 13 I 34 f\.1 'l'r. 2. 5 86 

2:~ Apr. I. 2.5 ;{7 0.0.1 8. (i 3.8 8. 2 . 0 I 54 14• 'l'r . ------------ 106 

Apr. 2 11 20 20 ~l'r. 8. 5 4.4 7. 6 .0 43 7. 9 Tr. 2. 5 .75 

12 21 25 2(i 'l'r. 9. 4 4. (j 8. 5 .0 5fi 8. \J 0. 40 3. 3 \!4 

22 l\:hi.y 1 5 2U Tr. !). 0 4 . .j 7. (\ .0 51 9. 8 . 20 3. 5 87 

1\·t;ay 2 11 50 ------------ .02 8. 2 :t\J 7. 2 .0 51 11 .. ~0 2. 5 54 

12 21 20 27 Tr. 8. 2 4. 2 7. n .o 52 9. 5 . 00 2. 8 \)[ 

22 ill .5 27 '.l'r. 8. 5 5. 2 8. 0 . 0 51 i. 9 'l'r . 3. 0 90 

June 1 Juue 10 1!i 23 'J'r. 9.0 5. 2 8. 8 • 0 57 8. \) 'l'r . 3 0 91 

lt 20 lfi 35 'J'r. 11 5. 0 9. 8 .0 (i] 7. 2 Tr, '3.3 107 

21 ao 10 Hl '.l'r. \J. 8 5. (i 8. 8 .0 56 7. 7 '!T. ~-1:1 St 

July 1 July 10 50 41 • 01 ll 3. 5 10 .0 55 8. \J .00 3. 3 11\J 

11 20 7 2fi 'J'r. 8. 8 ------------ 8. 7 .0 52 12 --------:oo- ------------ \JO 

21 30 5 2:i 'J'r. \). 2 fi. 2 7. 6 .0 55 6. 9 :l.O 83 

a1 Aug. •!J 7 27 Tr. !J.O (i, 7 8. 0 .0 57 (i.\J . 45 2. fi \!4. 

Aug. 10 19 15 I 21 'rr. 9. 3 5. () 8.4 • 0 49 7. I ~l'r. 3.3 82 

20 2\J 2: 28 Tr. 9. (j 5. 2 7. G • 0 54 7. (j 1.9 3. 2 \JO 

ao f:ie)l(;, .8 15 2.5 . 01 8. 0 4. 6 7. 8 .0 57 5.1 .00 3.1 82 

Sept. ll 18 5 21. .Ol 10 3. 6 8. 2 .0 54 G. 9 'rr. 3. 5 86 11) 28 'l'r. 21 • 01 \J. 2 4.4 10 • 0 fi3 5. 3 .65 2. 8 10l 

20 Oct. 8 5 18 . 0.5 7. 1 4. 8 (j, 7 . 0 50 6. 6 'l'r. 2 .. 5 8.'5 

Oct. 9 18 3 30 .06 7. 2 4. 6 6. 9 . 0 50 .'5.0 . 75 2. 8 8.5 1!) 28 5 28 .06 8. 6 4. 8 7. 2 .0 50 12 • 6;{ 3. 3 89 

29 Nov. 7 2 30 .07 7. 2 4. 4 6.1 . 0 48 6. 5 • 75 3.0 86 

Nov. 8 17 4 29 . 03 7. 7 4. 4 6. 5 .o 50 5. 4 • 70 2. 5 sa 18 27 1 26 .05 8. 8 4. 8 6. 8 .0 48 9. 7 2.0 2. 8 87 

28 Doe. 7 3 26 . 01 7. G 5. 0 5. 7 . 0 49 6. 9 . 50 2. 5 84 

Dec. 8 17 2 27 • 01 7. 6 4. 4 . 4.!) .0 48 6. 9 . 10 2. 8 80 

18 27 3 15 . 03 G. 8 4. 2 5. 7 . 0 48 7. 6 'l.'r . 2.1 83 

28 Jan. 6 2 22 Tr. 7. 7 4. 2 6. 1 .0 45 6. 9 . 05 2. 6 78 

Jnn. 7 16 3 24 . 01 6. 9 3. 6 5. 6 .0 42 5. (i '.rr. 2. 5 73 

17 2{i 3 20 'l'r. 9. 6 3. 5 6. 8 .0 39 8. (j ----------...... --------2:8- 73 27 31 4 1U . 01 8. 2 2. 8 5. 7 .0 37 5. 3 .10 65 

Moan ________ 10 25 . 01 8. 6 4. 5 7. 6 . 0 51 7. 8 . 31 2. 9 86 

a Abnormal; computed as HCOa in average. 
182 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Date (1910-"11). Tur- Silica ------ bidity. (Si02). 

From- To-

------------

Feb. 1 Feb. 10 ----·--- -------- 11 20 21 Mar. 2 2 31 Mar. 3 12 5 16 13 22 8 26 23 Apr. 1 10 12 Apr. 2 1l 8 20 12 21 10 19 22 May 1 30 13 May 2 11 10 17 12 21 5 15 22 31 12 20 June J June 10 5 16 ll 20 5 14 21 30 ] 16 July 1 July 10 3 22 11 20 1 11 21 30 2 12 31 Aug. 9' 2 9. 5 Aug. 10 19 5 12 20 29 ] !l. 5 30 Sept. 8 2 12 Sept. 9 18 7 11 19 28 5 12 2!l Oct. 8 5 14 Oct. 9 18 5 9. 2 19 28 2 9. 8 29 Nov. 7 1 8. 9 Nov. 8 17 3 7.1 18 27 2 8. 8 28 Dec. 7 3 10 Dec. ·s 17 2 8. 0 18 27 3 7. 5 

28 Jan. (j 1 9. 5 Jan. 7 1() 3 12 17 2(1 2 H. 9 

'27 :31 l 0. 0 

Menn ________ --.-5-~-1-3-

o Estimated. 

b Annual denudation. 

Analyses of water from Ceda~ River at Ravensdale, Wash. 

[Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 

-

-Sodium Car- Bicar- Sui- :Mean 

Iron Cal- Mag- and po~ bonate bonate ph ate Nitrate Chlo- Dis- gage. cium nesium radicle rine solved (Fe). (Ca). (Mg). tassium radicle radir.lc radicle (NOa). (Cl). solids. height 

(Na+K). (COa). (HCOa). (S04). (feet). 

---------------------------------

----·--- -------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------·· --------- 1. 25 

---o:o.s· ----6:3- ------4:7'' -----T~~- -- ---7:4· --------- --------·· --------- 1.10 

2.4 34 'rr. 1.3 84 1. 50 .05 5.0 1.8 4. 3 0.0 26 7. 1 Tr. 1. 3 50 2. 25 .05 4. 8 1.8 4.0 .0 28 3. 8 0.00 . 5 66 2. 35 . 01 6. 4 1.5 

I: I .0 24 6. 7 .10 .8 47 l. 70 . 01 6. 1 1.41 .0 28 3. 4 . 20 1.3 58 1. 60 . 01 7.0 1.4 3. 5 .0 31 6. 3 Tr. .8 59 1. 60 .01 5. 2 1. .5 3. 3 .0 24 .'). 1 Tr. . 9 48 1.85 . 01 6. 4 1.8 3. 3 ° .0 29 5. 3 . 10 .8 53 1. 40 .02 6. 4 1. 7· 4 '} . 0 33 5. a --------- 1.0 50 1. 55 .Ol 6. 7 1.5 4. 6 . 0 32 5. 2 .10 .6 58 '1. 25 

. 01 . 6. 7 1.3 3. 0 .0 28 5. 8 . 20 .8 53 l. 00 . 01 8. 4 1.9 4. 1 . 0 44 6. 6 --------- 1.1 .. 57 . 90 . 01 9. 6 2.1 3. 5 .0 '32 9. 0 --------- . 8 59 . so . 01 7. 2 2. 1 3.8 . 0 34 5. 7 --------- .!I 63 . 75 . 01 7. 6 2.1 3. 2 . 0 :H 3. 6 --------- 1.2 47 . 60 . 01 8. 0 2. 0 3. 8 .0 37 5. 2 --------- .9 54 . 50 . 01 5. 8 ]..') 4. 9' .0 27 3. 5 . 50 l. 3· 44 . 50 Tr. 8. 2 1.3 3. 2 .0 29 6. 4 . 00 4. 0 49 . 45 . Oi 7. 2 1.4 4. 1 .0 :n 3. 4 .10 l.S 44 . 45 Tr. 7. 8 ·1. 6 2. 8 :o :~2 f). 0 . 00 _g 46 .. ~o 

. 01 7.0 1.3 3. 1 .0 31 li. 0 0 00 .I} .45 .. 55 

. 01 7. 7 1.2 4. 0 . 0 29 8. 0 . 70 1.3 48 . 55 . 02 6. 4 1.4 4. 8 . 0 29 7. 3 1.0 1. 8 .54 . 80 . OJ 6. 3 1..5 4. 0 . 0 26 9. 4 . 76 1.0 451 . 80 . 08 6. 0 .8 ·3. 3 .0 22 5. 6 . 50 1.3 41 ; .85 Tr. 5. 9 . 8 a. s . 0 21 5. 7 . 80 1.4 41 . 95 . 01 4. 4 .7 .2. 7 .0 17 •!. 6 . 20 1.3 34 2.15 . 02 5 . .') 1.0 2. 7 .0 18 4. 6 'l'r. 1.2 37 2.15 ;02 5. () 1.1 3. 3 . 0 22 6./i 'l'r. l.O . 40 1.40 . 01 6. 2 1.1 2. 9 .0 21 8. 2 . 20 1.0 37 1. 4.0 

. 01 7. 3 1. 0 3. 4 . 0 23 .'i. 3 . 00 1.1 39 1.10 . 02 0. 9 .6 2. 5 . 0 21 4. 6 'l'r. 1.2 40 ]. 25 

. 02 7. 4 .5 3. 2 · · 0 z:~ 

1 

4. !l I Tr. 1. 3 43 1. 50 'l'r. 8. 3 . 9 3. 0 . 0 2:l · 5. 9 'l'r. I. 2 •!2 1 l. 05 

............................................... .0 2(i ---------;--------- l.S l 45 .!15 ------ . 02 6.'7 1. 4 3. 6 --.o-~j-uj~--1-. 2-~---4-9 !=== 

Analyses of water f?'om Green River a.t Hot Springs, Wash. 

[Parts per million.] 

I 

Sodium 

Mean Dis- Susdis- solved pended charge solids matter (second- (tons per (tons per 

feet). day). day). 

------

708 R 108 0 7. 7 ()06 0 161 au 

940 213 15 

1, 644 222 9 

1, 677 298 25 

1,056 213 43 972 149 18 963 152 19 1,186 154 11 815 116 18 935 126 11 674 105 13 514 73 .') 

421 ()5 4 

382 61 .2 

351 60 2. 9 

249 32 .4 

213 31 . ·1 

200 24 1.1 

181 24 1.3 

173 2i • .5 

20-~ 2.') .ti 

236 29 1.3 

222 29 .I) 

390 57 4. 1 

382 46 1.5 

406 45 l.l 

480 .53 0 13 

1, 506 .138 24 

1, 572 157 J4 

807 87 8 . .') 

791 79 3. 6 

578 61 0 2. 5 691 so o}.() 

879 102 7. 3 

[)46 fi2 ------a·4:o 4.56 . 55 

685 b 34,855 . b2,960 

. Date (1910). Magne- Carbonate Bicarb on- Sulphate . Nitrate Silica Calcium· and Chlorine Dissolved Turbidity. Iron (Fe). sium radicle ate radicle radicle radicle (Si02). (Ca). potassium (Cl). solids. 

From- To- (Mg). (Na+K). (GOa). (HCOa). (SO,). (NOa). 

---

Feb. 1 Fob. 10 3 17 0.11 5. 4 2. 0 ------------ o. 0 25 12 0.45 2. 5 58 

11 20 3 18 . .04 6. 5 1.3 6. 9 . 0 29 10 .10 1.0 57 

21 Mar. a2 10 35 . 26 6. 8 2.1 11 . 0 51 8. 6 . 30 1.4 109 

Mar. 3 12 4 6. 6 . 06 .5. 9 1. 5 6. 6 Tr. 24 8.!) . 00 1.3 56 

13 22 10 16 . 05 4. 8 1.9 8. 2 .o 26 10 . 00 1.0 51 

23 Apr. 1 8 9. 2 . 06 4.1 1.0 3. 5 . 0 20 3. 7 Tr. 1.3 39 

Apr. 2 11 !) 14 • 02 5. 4 1. 7 7.1 . 0 24 6.1 .10 1.0 50 

12 21 10 13 .04 4. 3 1.3 6. 6 .o 29 5. 3 . 35 1.3 60 

22 May 1 8 15 .01 ,'), 3 l.O li. 4 .o 27 6. 5 . 50 1.5 44 

May 2 11 10 20 .01 6. 0 1.4 4. 0 .0 25 3. 2 .30 1.0 56 

12 21 .5 25 . 01 5. 4 1.2 3. 3 . 0 27 2. 3 . 50 1.0 56 

22 31 li 20 . 01 li. 3 1.2 4. 5 .0 23 .5. 2 . 00 2. 0 55 

.Ttine ] June 10 15 18 .OJ 5. 6 1.3 .). 6 . 0 30 6.1 . 00 1..0 55 

11 20 10 12 . 01 '7, 3 1.1 5. 0 . 0 29 3. 6 . 00 1.0 43 

21 ao !i 23 • 01 6. 0 1.4 6. 0 .0 27 3. 5 . 00 ;8 58 

July 1 July 10 4 17 • 01 7. 2 1. 3, .u . 0 31 4. 9 . 00 1.3 54 

11 20 .'i· 17 . 01 6.] 1. 0 5. 1 .o 28 6. 4 . 00 1.3 55 

21 30 3 12 Tr. 8. 5 .9 4. 7 .0 34 3.4 . 00 1. 5 51 

31 Aug. 9 1 11 Tr. 6. 8 . 8 3. 5 .0 29 3. 6 .00 1.8 45 

Aug. 10 18 1 12 Tr. . 7.1 . 8 4.1 . 0 28 5. 2 . 00 1.8 48 

Mean ________ 6 17 .04 6. 0 1.3 5. 6 .0 28 5. 9 .13 1.3 55 
NORT'H PACIFIC SLOPE .. 183 

Analyses of water from Chehalis River at Centralia, Wash. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise stated.] 

Date (1910-11). Sodium Car- Diem·-. Sul- Mean Mean I Sus- Dis-

~fc[: Si,lica Iron c9t~~ 11~;~~ · and. po- bon.ato bon.ate .Pa~~~~ ~~jj~[; ~~~g- s~~·~d g~go c~~~o ~:~~dt~~ ;~~~~~r 

I 

ity. (8102). (Fo). (Ca). (Mg). tassmf!l r.aclwle radiCle (S04). (NOa). (Cl). solids. height (second- (tons per (tons per From- 'l'o- . . (Na+ K). (COa). (llCOa). . . (feet). feet). day). day). 

1'~~~:-;-Fob. 10 -~-1-8- ~ ~ ~ ~ --o-.o-1--24- --12- ---;;- --. 3-.3----62- =~ ==~~== 

Mnr. ~~ 1Vt:ur. ~~ ~8 ~~ :8~ ~:~ r:~ ~:~ :8 ~~ ~:~ :88 ~:r ~~ ------------------ ----------~---------- 23 5\pr. 1 20 Hi . 04 4. !J 1. 8 5. S . 0 28 7. 6 . 20 ~-~. 3 58 --------- ---------~---------- ----------

Ap•·· ~~ ~~ ~~ U : g~ ~: ~ {: ~ ~: ;. : g ~: ~: 6 : t~ ~: ~ . ~~ ========= ========= ==========~========== i\~lay 2~ lVltiY lt 1~ ~~ :.g~ g: ~ r: l ~: ~ : g ~~ ~: ~ 1?rr: i: ~ ~~ =======~~ ========: ==========~========== 

~~ ~} ~ ~~ ;g

1

. g: ~ ~: ~ lg· 

2 : g . ~~ ~: r Tr. ~· ~ 18b ========: ========= ==========,========== .Jnno 1 Juno·lO . 10 24 · 'J'r. 11 2. 0 7. 7 . 0 40 6. 8 .15 S. 7 81 --------- --------- ---------- ----------

.luly ~~ 1 July ~8 10 6 ~ 21 f~ Tr :~~ I 9. ~.:~ ,'\· · 2. ~:~ 0 8:7 ~.6 :8 0 :18 ~~ ·~:~ 7. 0 'J'r. '~io S. ~::~ 8 7fi i;~ ====~===·============================== 

~: ~8 1b ~g : g~ . . g: ~ 1 ·r: ~ ~: ~ : g :1~ ~. 8 ~~ ~: ~ ~~ ========= ~======·== ==========i========== :11 Aug. 0 5 14 . 05 9. 2 2. 5 5.0 . 0 35 6. 2 . 00 8. n 67 ::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::::::1:::::::.::: 

:.::. !! """' ~ :l f ~~i J l ~! H J 11 H ;z ~:1 ~ =~~=~~~~~ ~~~~~==~~ ~=~~~~==~r~==~~~=~ 0ct .. 2~ Oct .. 1~ 1g }~ :l~ ~:: ~:~ g:~ :8 ~~ ~:~ ·~::: ~:8 g,~ ---~-.-~.~~05-~ -.--ll-,,-il5-35-:.}}- -------~,:-~-------~)74-.0~ 

.19 28 r, Hi .Oii I 8.1 2.(i 7.8 .o :!il 8.5 .·10 8.:1 71 __________________ ----------1-----------

1 o 28 10 t fi . 05 5. 4 1. •.I 5. 1 . o 26 4. n 'l'r. 4. o 57 " )~ _., _ 

Nov. ~ Nov. 1~ :\~ }~ :~g ~:i ~:~I g:; :8 ~~ ~:f ~R ~:~ ~~ ~:~~~ k~~~ fi~ ~ g~ l·il 27 55 13 .ao 4.6 1.2 .o 17 4.6 'fr. 2.8 50 10.075. 7,145 1,:350 · n6.'l 

28 Doc. 7 25 15 · . 20 4. 8 1. o 4. 8 :o 17 6. 7 'J'r. 3. 8 50 6. 730 3, 947 an . fi34 

Due. 8 17 12 1:~ . 10 6. l 1. 7 4. 9 . 0 21 4. s . 10 5. 5 53 5. 130 2. 758 119 . :394 18 27 18 14 .1:3 5.4 ·1.5 ·!.8 .0 20 6.::j 'l'r. 4.8 51 4.980 2,652 1721 365 

Juu. 1 1(j 10 14 .10 6.1 1.4 4.a .o 22 5.8 'l'r .. '\.0 50 4.300 2,11i:l .. 55 291 28 Jan. o 10 15 .If• 5.6 1.4 4.4 .0 21 :3.0 'I'r. 4.5 511 5.175 2,748 111 378 

17 26 :1r. lf• . 12 5. :1 1. 2 ~1. 8 . o 20 4. il 'L'r. 5. o 5:1 6 .. 54.5 :1. 88:1 •.140 I fi55 

27 :l\ 10 .14 .l!il 4.f• J.2 _4.2 .0 IS 5.5 'l'r. 5.0 48 5.430 2,Hl4 87 1 377 

Mcnn .•••.••• ~-.~17- ----w--~--7-. 1---1.9 --G-. 5-~--. -o --3~--tJ-. -4~·--:ro ~ ---6:-1 j:.-== :.-==1==1=== ----

Analyses of water f1·om Wynoochee R-iver near Montesano, Wash .. 

[Parts per million.] 

Date (1910). I 

Silica Calcium Magno- . --·- --- 'l'nrbi'dlty. (Si02). Iron (Fe). (Ca). sium 

From- To- (Mg). 

---

July 17 July 20 1 11 0. 02 8. 6 2. 4 21 30 1 16 .02 8. :t 2.1 

31 An g. 9 1 11 .01 8. 1 2. 2 Aug. 10 19 5 5. 8 'l'r. 7. 7 2. 2 

1\-lCtlll •••••••• 2 .u . 01 8. 2 2. 2 

Reduced to standn.rc~ form and expressed in percentages, the averages of the following tables are as 

follows: 

l?.etl·u.cet.l analyses uj 'li;a,ters in Pu.get Sunncl bas·in, Wash. 

' .1. Skagit Hivor at Setlro Woolley. 3'6 composite analyst~~. 

2. Wood Creek near Everett. ~3 composites. 

3. Ced1tr Hlver ut Havonsdale. 35 composites. 

4. Green River at Hot Springs. 20 composites. 

5. Chehalis River at Contrn.lia. 35 composites. 

a: Wynoochee Hiver, 20 miles above :Montesano. 4 composites. 

·--·-· -· -----------,·---,....-2--:---...--4---,--- ---~-~- -

COa.----·---------------------- 30. 87 ao. fi7 30. 24 27. 02 25. 98 34. 10 

804---------------------------- 17.70 !J. 5!j 12. 41) 11.52 10.94 10.94 

CL •••••••• ----------·--------- 1. 94 3. 54 2. U3 2. 5fi 8. 89 4. 03 N03---------------------------- . 52 . 38 . 44 . 2.5 . 18 . 56 Cl\.____________________________ 17.06 10.51 14.68 ·n. 75 12.13 15.74 

:Mg ••••••• ----------·----·------ 3. U7 5. 50 3. 07 2. 55 3. 25 4. 22 Na,K. ------------------------- 7. 77 0. 28 7. 90 10. 9G 11. 10 9. 21 Fe~03----·---·-----.·----·------ . 18 . 02 . Of3 .12 . 18 . 02 SI0~----------------------------~20. 29 :10.55 28.49 3:1.28 27. :l.5 21.12 

Salinity, pn.rt.s per million •••••• 100. 00 llOO. oo 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 I 100. 00 · 46. a 81. 8 45. o 51. 1 5s. 5 · I 52. 1 

I Sodium 

and Carbonate Bicarbon- Sulphate Nitrate Chlorine Dissoh•ed 

potassium radicle ate radicle radicle radicle (Cl). solids. 

(Na+K). (COJ). (HCOa). (SOj). (NOJ). 

5. 8 0. 0 37 9. 7 0. 50 2. 0 55 

4. 7 . 0 39 -·---------- 'l'r . 1.9 59 

3. 6 . 0 34 3. 7 'l'r . 2. 0 50 

5. 2 .o 33 3. 6 . 65 2. 4 47 

4. 8 .0 . 36 5. 7 . 291 2.1 53 

These analyses indicate that· the \va.ters derive their 

solid contents mainly from the decomposition of 

igneous rocks in which lime and magnesia u,r~ in excess 

of the alkalies. "!''he influence of sedimentary rocks 

is compn,ratively slight. 

GREAT BASIN. 

The Great Basin is· that area west of the Rocky 

Mountains and east of the drainage ot the Pacific 

slope which in early days wa.s popularly known in part 

as the" Great American Desert." The greater portion 

of its territory is in. Utah, Nevadn,, and ·Oregon and 

has no outlet to the ocean. Much of it is. ariel, containing many saline and alkaline .lakes, each occupying 

a closed basin of greater or smaller extent. Some of 

these basins once coalesced into large lakes, of which 

there are now merely the surviving remnants. For 

two of these ln,kes the original boundaries have· Leen 

determined, and their areas are now known as Lake 
1'84 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Bonneville and Lake Lahontan. 'rhese form the two 

largest divisions of the Gr.eat Basin; ·a third division 

is represented by a group of smaller basins in southern 

Oregon. The interior basin of California is sometimes 

treated as part of the Great Basin, but for present 

purposes its waters have been considered elsewhere 

(pp. 130-1.32). 

LAKE BONNEVILLE. 

Ln.ke Bonneville, which is .now represented by Great 

Salt Lake and se\reral minor areas, occupied territory 

in wh.ieh is now the State of Utah: For :its history the 

exhaustive n1onograph by G. K. Gilbert 55 : should 

be consulted. Analyses of the waters of Great Salt 

Lake. are numerous, and the· best of them, stated :in 

percentage form, appear :in the next table. Two 

analyses, one by L. ·D. Gale H.nd one by H. Bassett, 

nre not worth reproducing. 

Analyses of water from G-rea·l.Salt Lake. 

l. By 0. D. A lien, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. He pt., vol. 2, p. 433, 1877. Water 

collected in 1869. A trace of boric acid is also reported, in addition to the substances 

named in the table. A lien also gives analyses of a saline soil from a mud fiat ncar 

Great Salt Lnke. It contnincd 16.40 per cent of soluble matter much like that of 

the Jake water. 

2. By Charles Smart. Cited in Resources and attractions of the Territory of 

Utah, Omaha, 187H. Analysis made in 187i. 

3. By E. Yon Cochenhuusen, for C. Ochscnius, Deutseh. geol. Gesell. Zeitsehr. 

vol. 34, p. 359, 1882. Sample collected by Ochsenius Aprll16, 1879. Ochsenius also 

gives an analysis of the salt manufactured from the water of Great Salt Lake. 

4 By J. E. 'J'alrnagc, Science, vol. 14, p. 445, 1889. Collected in 1889. An analysis 

of a sample taken in 1885 is also given, 

5. By E. Waller, School of Mi.nes Quart., vol. 14, p. 57, 1892. A trace of boric acid 

is also reported. 

G. By W. Blum. Collected in 190•1. Recalculated to 100 per cent. Reported 

by Talmage in Scottish Geog. l\'lag., vql. 20, p. 424, 1H04. An earlier paper by 

Talmage on the lake is in the same journal, vol. 17, 1901, p. Gli. 

7. By W. C. Ebaugh and K. Williams, Chcm. Zeitung, vol. 32, p. 409, 1908. Colleeted in October, l\)07. 

8. Ry H. K. Bailey, in the chcmicallahoratory of the U.S. Geological Smvcy. 

::iample collccLed by ll. S. Gale, October :.!4, J9l:.t 

3 4 8 

-----1------------------------

C03----------- -------- Q, 07 -------- -------- -------- -------- r------- 0, 09 S01----------- (i • .'i7 8.89 6.8G. 5.H7 G.52 6.73 ti.66 G.68 Cl_____________ 55.\)\) 56. 21 55. 57 5U. 54 55. 69 55. 25 55. 11 55. 48 

Br____________ 'l'r. -------- -------- -------- 'J'r. 'l'r. -------- -------- Ca____________ .17 . 20 . 21 . 42 1. 0.5 .1G .17 .16 Mg ___________ 2.52 3.18 2.60 2.GO 2.10 .. 57 1.96 2.7G Li_____________ 'l'r. -------- -------- ________ . 01 Tr. ________ -------- Na____________ 3:{. 15 33.45 33. 17 33.39 32. H2 34. GS 32.97 33. 17 }( _____________ l.GO (?) 1.59 1.08 1.70 2.64 3 .. 13 1.6G 

Oxides n _______ -------- -------- -------- -------- . 01 -------- -------- --------

100. 00 100. 00 ! 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, per cent_________ 14.994 13. 790 15. 671 19. 5.58 b23. 03G 27. 72 22.99 20.349 

a. Silica plus scsquioxides. b More correctly, 230.355 grams per liter. 

Although the salinity of the lake is ·highly variable 

and from four to seven times as great as that of the 

ocean, its saline matter has nearly the same composition. The absence of carbonates, the higher sodium, 

and the lower nutgnesium are the n1ost definite variations from the oceanic standard; but the general 

similarity, the identity of type, is unmistakable. Gilbert estimates the quantity of sodium chloride contained in the lake at about 400 millions of tons and the 

sulphate at 30 millions. 

~6 U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 1, 1890. 

The next table contains analyses of waters frmn 

tributaries of G1~eat Salt Lake. · 

Analyses of waters tributary to G~eat Salt Lake. 

L ·near River at Evanston, Wyo. Analysis by F. W. Clarke, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 9, 1884. 

2. Bear River at Corinne, Utah, ncar its mouth. Heccived from Southern Pacific 

Co. 

3. Weber Hiver at Ogden, Ut}{h. From Southern Pacific Co. 

'!. City Creek ncar· Salt Lake Cit;y. Analysis by T. M. Chatard, U. S. Geul. 

Survey Bu.Il. 9, 188,.1. 

5. City Creek .. 

6. H.cd Butte Creek. 

7. Emigration Creek. 

8. Parleys Creek. · 

9. Cottonwood Creek. 

.10. Little Cottonwood Creek.· Anal)•ses 5 to 10 by J. 'l'.&ingsbury, cited by 

G. B. Richardson in Water-Supply Paper U.S. Gcol. Surve~57, p. 30, 190U. Analyses made in 1882 and 1884. 'l'hcse creeks arc tribut:tries of Jordan Hivcr, which 

connects Utah Lake with Great Salt Lake. 

I. Parts per million. 

~-------- ----------------, 

10 

C03-------------- 97.4 1:H.l 115.2 127.7 95.1 108.8 102.7 122.1 · G~. 6 32.2 so4, _____________ 10.6 .52.0 s.:~ 1.0 7.:{ 10o.H 12n.2 .5u.s 42.1 12.:~ 

CL______________ .'i.O 200.1 1.5.3 13.1 1\l..'i 22.\) 28.U HI. 7 7.\1 . 2.8 Ca _______________ 43.8 fi4.5 .5.5.5 .58.8 .5.'i.:3 88.8 101.0 85.1 48.1 17.5 !-dg ______________ 12.7 30.:{ 17.:3 17.4 18.\J 31.3 31.!i 22 .. 5 18.\J 8.2 

Na _______________ } 8. 4 }nlO. 8} 5. 7} n. o 24.:3 2!\. G 18. 11 ~I. r. 8. n 5. H }(________________ 2.6 'l'r. !UJ 2.1i 'l'r. 1. 7 

(AU'e)20J _______ ------1} JG 

21

1} 12 0 1.0 2.0 3.:{ 2.!i J.H 1.fi 1.3 

Si02 ------------- ~~--·---·-~ 1\J.\J 35.2 24.4/ 27.2 ~~:_.: 

1

-- 18.5. oj G:~:· o 229.3 243. o 244. H 41G. s 445. 1[3G9. o ~~-~~~ 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

4 8 10 

------1--------------------

COJ ______________ 52.68 21. 53 50. 24 52.57 38.83 26. 12 23.05 33.06 31. 27 26. 43 

so4-------------- 5.76 8.16 3.62 2.87 2.98 24.15 28.3615.32 20.7010.10 CL ______________ 2.68 32.36 6.67 5.38 7.96 5.50 6.42 5.34 3.89 2.30 Ca ______________ : 23.6910.12 24.~_0 24.19 22.58 21.32 22.70 23.07 23.64 14.37 Mg ______ ~------- 6.86 4.76 7.55 7.15 7.72 7.52. 7.10 G.'10 9.29 6.73 Na _______________ } 4. 49 }20. 54} 2. 49} 3. 74 H. \)2 fi . .15 4. 07 8. 54 4. 2:~ 4. 85 

K_ --------------- 1. OG Tr. 2. 20 . 71 Tr. 1. 40 (Al,Jfe)203-------------} 253 }" 23 .41 .82 .7!1 .58 .4\J .78 1.07 SiOz______________ 3. 84

1 

·' . o. 3. 6\J 8. n 8. 45 5. 52 7. 37 G. 20 3:.!. 75 

100. 00 lOU. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00:100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 

Utah Lake, at the head of Jordan River, has furnished n1aterial for a Inost instructive series of analyses. With them, for convenience, an analyses of 

water from Sevier Lake, an outlying rmnnant of Lake 

Bonneville, is tabulated. 

Analyses of water from Utah and Sevier lakes, Utah. 

1. Utah Lake. Analysis by F. W. Clarke, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 20, .1884. 

2. The same. Analysis by F. K. Cameron, 1899. 

3. The same. Analysis by B. E. Brown, 1903. 

4. 'J'hc same. Mean of three analyses by A. Seidell, 1904. Sample taken in 

May. 

5. The same. Analysis by B. E. Brown, 1904. Collected Aug. 21. For analyses 

2 to 5, ~ce Cameron, F. K., Am. Chern. Soc. Jour., vol. 27, p. 113, 1905. 

6. Sevier Lake. Analysis by Oscar Loew, U. S. Geog. Survey W. 100th Mer. 

Bcpt., vol. 3, ·p. 114, 1875, Sample taken in 1872. All these analyses are stated in 

percentages, with the carbonates normal. 

2 ° 4 5 

---·--------1.---'----------------

C03---------------------------- 19.88 2. 66 10.23 so. ____________________________ 0 42.68 26.53 . 28.49 

CL---------------------------- 4. 04 35.48 26.23 Ca __ --------------------------- 18. 24 7. 58 6. 25 Sr. _____________________________ ------------------------ Mg____________________________ 6.08 l. 55 7.18 LL ___________ -- _______ ----- ___________________________ _ 

Na _____________________________ } 5. 81 } 26.20 19.28 

K_ ----------------------------- 2. 34 Si02------~-------------------- 3. 27 ----------------

12.35 

28. 2.5 24.75 

5. 90 

. 15 6.18 

.06 18.19 

2.17 

2.00 

8.48 

30.14 10.88 26.87 52.66 5. 34 0 12 

6. 85 3. 01 

18.34 33.33 

1. 75 -------- 2. 23 ° --------

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Salinity, parts per million ______ 306 892 1, 281 1,165 1, 254 86,400 
C:Ri<JA'e IlASTN. 185 

Although the foregoing analyses are, in one respect 

or another; incomplete, they tell an intelligible story. 

Bettr :River n.t Evans.ton is a nonnal river water, 

which upon evn.porat.ion will yield n1ainly calcium 

carbonate, and so too are Weber River and the several 

creeks. Bear River, near its 1nouth has changed its 

character ahnost con1pletely and has evidently taken 

up largo quantities of sodimn chloride from the s~il. 

Utah Lake, in the 20 years intervening between the 

earlic~t and latest analyses, has undergone a thorough 

t1·ansfonnation, and its salinity has 1nore than quadrupled. From. a fresh ,,;ater of the sulphate type it 

luts bcc01nc distinctly snJine, and this change is prob-. 

ably a result of irrigation. Its natural supplies of 

water have been diverted into irrigating ditches, and 

at Hie smnc t.inlc. salts lutvo \>eon leached out fron1 the 

soil and washed into the lake. To son1c extent these 

snJts hn.vc been brought to the surface as a result of 

cultivation, so n1uch so that considerable areas of 

land bordering upon the lake have ceased to be available for agriculture. It~· outlet, Jordan River, exhibits the sa.1ne peculiarities. As for Sevier Lake, 

which is now reduced to a n1ere pool in consequence ·of 

irr.igtttion along its sources, its water resmnbles that of 

Great Salt Litke, except that at the tin1c the analysis 

was mado it was only about half as saline. 

All the Wttters tributary to Great Salt Lake, so far 

as they lutve been exmhinecl, contain notable quantities of carbonates, which arc absent fron1 tho htko 

itself. These salts hn,vc evidently been precipitated 

frmn solution, ancl evicicnce of this process is found in, 

beds of oolitic sand, con1poscd 1nainly of calciun1 carbonate, which exists at various points along the lake 

shore. The strong brine of the lake scen1s to be 

incnpablc of holding calciu1n carbonate in solution. 56 

LAKE lAHONTAN. 

The Quaternary Lake Lahontan·, which once 

covered an. area of 8,400 square 1niles in northwestern 

Nevada, is now represented by a nu1nber of rehttively 

small, scattered sheets of water and 1nany alkaline or 

Sttline beds. . Instead of one large basin there are 

now several b~sins, and each one is fed by independent sources of fresh water. ·Each lake, therefore, 

has its own individual peculiarities, as the various 

analyses sh,ow. Smne of th~ htkes exist only during 

the humid season, when large areas are covered by a 

thin lttyer of water; others are pcnnanent sheets of 

considerable depth. Our· data relate only to the 

latter, with their sources of supply. 

In the statement of SOlllC analyses precision, in a 

certain sense, has been sacrificed to uniformity. In 

strongly nlkaline waters the radicle Si03 n1ay possibly 

exist instead of the .colloidal Si02• · In no case, how- r 

oa For other Incomplete analyses of Utah waters soc U. S. Dept . .Agr., Div: Soils, 

Field Opomtions, 1900, p. 226, and 1903, p. 1138; U. S. Dept . .Agr. Bur. Soils, Ropt. · 

(14, p. 108, 1900; Clroavcs, J. E., and Hirst, C. '1'., Utah .Agr. Coli. Expor. Stat. Bull. 

16:1, 19.18. 'l'hcso analyses Jack determinations of silica and sosquioxidos. 

ever; is the silica high enough to cause a serious error 

in this respect, and a fraction of 1 per cent will cover 

the uncertainty. ·A graver criticisn1 1night be based 

upon the representation of all the carbonates as 

non;nal, for bicarbonates arc undoi.tbtedly present in 

s01ne of the waters, which on evaporation deposit 

trona in large quantities. If, however we regard the 

analyses as rei)l·esenting the percentage composition 

of ignited residues, the suggested objection no longer 

holds. We. can cmnpn.re our data upon the unifonn 

basis adopted hitherto and leave the question of 

bical·bonates for separate consideration else-;vhere. 

The divergent character of the analyses seems to 

render son1e such procedure necessary. It is only by 

eli1ninating variables that we can obtain cmnparahle 

results. 57 

THUCKEE BASIN. 

Truckee River nses 111 California, its principn.l 

source being Lake T1thoe. Another branch issues 

from Donner L~t}{:e and Lake Angela. It empties into 

Pyramid and Winne1nucca lakes, which have no 

outlets. 

Analyses of waters in the Tr:uclcee River basin. 

1. Lake 'l'ahoo . .Analysis by F. W. Clarke, U. S. Ocol. Survey Bull. 9, 1884. 

2. Lake .Angola at Summit, Calif., drainage through Donner Lake. 

3. Trout Crook at 'l'ruckco, Calif. 

4 . .Alder Creek at Floriston, Calif. 

5. Bolls Creek at Calvada, Calif. 

6. Truckee Jtivor at Hot Springs, Nov. 

7. 'l'ruckoc River at \Vadsworth, Nev. .Analyses 2 to 7 received from Southern 

Pacific Co. 

8 .. Pyramid Lake, Nev. 1\{ean of four concordant analyses. 

9. Winnemucca Lake, Nev. Analyses 8 and 9 by Clarke, op. cit. 

I. Parts per million. 

________ 2_!_3 ___ 4 ________ 8_1_9_ 

C03----------- 28.3 9.25 15.5 17.1 17.6 49.8 51.1 498 286 S04------------ 5. 5 1. 39 1. 4 5. 7 4. 7 22.2 16.9 183 135 CL ____________ 2.3 3.01 1.8 9.7 3.6 13.1 10.9 1,431 1,724 

Ca_____________ 9. 4 5. 20 8. 0 9. 9 G. 4 17. 2 16. 3 9 · 20 Mg____________ 3. o . 60 1. 4 2. 3 1. 4 5. 1 5. 4 79 18 

~~~~~~===~===== ~: j } 2. 61 } 1. 8 } 6. 2l 8. 1 l27. 1 } 25.9 1, 1~~ 1, 3?5 

(1~l,Fe)203 ..... ---.----} 4.96} 15.9 } 21.9· 22.9. 19.0} 25.0 -----~- -----28 St02-----------~ ----·-------3~--

. 73. 0 27. 021 45.8 72. 8 64 . .7 153. 5 151. 5 3, 486 3, 602 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 _8_j_9_ 

C03----------- 38.73 34. 23 33.84 23.49 27.20 , .. ,~ 14. 28 7. 93 so. ____________ 7. 47 5. 15 3. 06 7. 83 7. 27 14. 4(i 11.16 5. 25 3. 76 C!_ ____________ 3.18 11. 14 3. 93 13.32 5. 56 8. 55 7. 20 41.04 47.88 Ca _____________ Mg 12.86 19.24 17. 4i 13.60 9.80 11. 20 10. 76 . 25 . 5.5 ____________ 4. 15 • "I'·"' llil 

2. 16 3. 32 3. 56 2. 28 . 49 Na _____________ 10. 10 } \J. 66 3. 93 }12. 54 r·" }"·"' 33.84 36. 68 K ______________ 4. 56 

}18.36 J .. 71 

2.11 1. 94 (AI, Fc)20a ..... "i8:95" 30.08 }35. 38 12. 38 } 16. 50 ------- ------- Si02----------- . 95 . 77 -- 100. 00 1"100. 00 1100. 00 100. 00 1100. 00 ------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

These analyses show very clearlJ the progressive 

ch~nge in salinitJ ·and con1position fron1 the dilute 

mountain waters to the two alkaline lakes. Ordinary 

fresh waters rich in carbonates and in calciun1 are 

G7 :For details regarding Lake Lahontan sec Husscll, I. C., U. S. Gool. Survey 

1 Mon. 11, 1885. 
186 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND J.1AKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

concentrated, and the lime salts are finally thrown out 

in the form of tufa. The tufa, however, instead of 

being an oolitic or granular deposit, as in the Bonneville basin, is in . the form of crystals·-" thinolite," 

pseudomorphous after some unknown mineral. This 

peculiar variety of tufa is characteristic of the Lahontan basin, but the mode of its formation is uncertain. 

WALKER AND HUMBOLDT BASINS. 

Walker and Humboldt-rivers, like the Truckee, end 

their· courses in alkaline ·lakes that have no outlet. 

For theiil waters the .following analyses have been 

made: 

A'!l'al.y~es of water in Walker and Rumbold~ basins, Nev. 

·I. Walker River just below junction of two branches. 

2. Walker Lake. Mean of two analyses. Analyses 1 and 2 by F. W. Clarke, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 9, 1884. 

3. Creek at Golconda, Humboldt Basin. Received from Southern Pacific Co. 

4. Humboldt River at Stone House. Analysis by T. M. Chatard, U .. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 9, 1884. 

5. Humboldt River at Humbridge, 1901. From Southern Pacific Co. 

6. Humboldt Lal\:e. Analysis by 0. D. Allen, U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. Rept., 

vol. 2, p. i-!3, 1877. 

I. Parts per million. 

----------\---___ /_· _a __ 4_. ___ _ 

COa.~----:·----------- --------- 54. 6 433. 5 71. 6 142. 8 120. 3 200. 7' 

804-----------·------------------ 29. 1 532. 2 21.4 50.2 . 67. 3 30. 4 

CL---------------------------- 13. 5 594.3 10.3 7. 9 205. 7 296. 0 P04-------~-------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 3 

Ca.------------·---------------- 23.3 22.5 40.7 51.6 55.1 12.6 

Mg_____________________________ 4. 0 ·39. 0 8. 0 13.1 15.1 .17. 5 

Na _____________________________ } 132. 5 } 870. 7 } 9. 6 49. 2 } 165. 6 278.8 

~~~~~;o;~~:::::~~~~~~~~=~~::: ~~~L;,~~L;~ 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids.· 

2 3 4 !'i 

----------1------------------

COa.--------------------------- 30.34 17.34 40.56 39.55 18.14 21.57 S04.-----------~-----------~---- 16. 14 21. 29 12.13 13.92 10. 15 3. 27 

CL.--------------------------- 7. 50 23. 77. 5. 84 2.19 31.03 31.82 

P04---------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 07 

Ca .• ·-·------------------------ 12.96 . 90 23 .. 06 14.28 8. 31 L 35 . Mg .. --------------~------------ 2. 21 L 56 4. 53 3. 62 2. 28 1. 88 

~~========·=====================} 18.07 } 34.83 } 5. 44 1~: g~ } 24.98 2~:.~~ 

~~i~-~~~~~=3=========·============ ==i;:;§= ====:ii=} . 8. 44 ---~:-~f} 5.11 ====i=~i 100. oo 100. oo ioo. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 

These analyses show the change from river to lake 

. waters very clearly. With increased salinity there is 

a concentration of chlorides .and a relative loss in 

silica, p.1agnesium, and calciu1n. 

RAGTOWN SODA LAKES. 

At Ragtown, Nev., there are two isolated alkaline 

lakes, and for the larger of them analyses by T. M. 

Chatard 58 are available. There is also an earlier 

analysis by 0. D. Allen, 59 which is less complete tlian 

. Chatard's but otherWise not very different. The 

water. contains bicarbonates, which are here reduced to 

standard form. 

68 U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 9, 1884. 

6D U.S. Geol. Survey 40th Par. Rept., vol. 2, p. 748, 1877. 

Analyses of water from Soda Lake, Ragtown, Nev. 

[Specific gmvity.J_.lOl.] 

1. Large Soda Lake at surface. 

2. The same at a depth of 30.5 meters. 

C Oa. _ ~ ___ .. ______ . ______ . _ :. _____ .• _____ • __ . ~ ___ •.. _____ .. ~ .• 

S04.-- CL -------------------------------------------------.----- •.. _________ • _________________ • _______ • ___________________ _ 

B401 __ ---------------------------------------------·---------- Ca._ .. __________________________________ • _______ • ___________ _ 

Mg ____ -------.------------------------------------------------ N a. ________________________ :. ___________ .. ______ . ___ . ____ ----

K. ------------------------------------------------------·---- SiOz .. ____ ---. -----------------------------------·-------·----

1 . 2 

13.78 

10.36 . 36.51 

. 25 

. 00 

. 22 36.63 

,2. 01 

. 24 

15.89 

10.50 

35.38 . 26 

. 00 

. 21 

35.38 

2.13 

. 25 ----.-~ 

100. 00 100. 00 

·salinity, parts per million .•.... ------------"--.--------------- 113,700 113,700 

These analyses show· that the water· of Soda Lake 

is n1ore than three times as cqnc~ntrated as se~ water 

·and of an entirely different t}rpe·. It has no visibl~ 

supply. of water except from sprjngs near its margin., 

and at .cert,ain t.imes it deposits trona and also g_aylussite in nqtable, qu~ntitjes. Gaylussite. is:·.~ carbonate of calcium and sodium, but no calcium: is 

shown by Chatard's analyses .. It must, therefore, be 

deposited by the lake about as rapidly as it .is rec;eived. 

The tributary springs have n·ot been inve.stigated. 

· The Lahontan . water$ are, distinctly .alkaline, 

· whereas the lakes of the Bonneville basin. are. salt. 

The cause .of the difference must be .. squght in ·the 

sourc.es Jrom which the waters. are derived·, and one 

distinction is clear. Grea.t Salt Lake is fed by streams 

a!ld springs which .flow.; in great part through sedi-· 

mentary fo.rmations. Its saline 1natt~r is a concen:-

tration of old salts which were la~d down Jong agq. 

The ;Lahonta:o. lakes, on the other h~nd, a~e· suppl~e~ 

with water fron1 areas of ign~ou~ rocks, in whi~h 

rhyolites and andesit.es are especially abundant ,and 

from which the alkalies were obtained. They represent, therefore, a primary concentration of leached 

material,. as contrasted with the secondary .origin of 

the Bonneville brin~. 

OREGON LAKES. 

The extension. of the Great Basin into southern 

Oregon contains a number of. isolated depressions .in 

which are saline or alkaline lakes. Of these the largest 

are the Harney,; Warner, and Chewaucan basins . 

. Christmas Lake and· the three Alkali Lakes are of less 

importance. 60 

HARNEY· BASIN. 

Analyses are available for three lakes in .the Harney 

Basin, namely, Harney, Malheur, and Silver lakes, 

with two tributary .rivers. Van Winkle ·gives the 

following table for Silvies River, ·which ·discharges 

in to Malheur Lake:. 

eo For details relative to these waters see Van Winkle, Walton, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 363, pp. 104-123, 1914: 
GREAT BASIN. 187 

A nalyscs of water from Silvies River near Burns, Oreg. 

[Parts per million except as otherwise designated]. 

(Date (1011-12). I · Mean Sus1 Dis- ·-- _____ __ ___ _ 'I' ST 1 Cal- Magno- Soddium bOar- :icar- ~ul- Nitrate Chlo- Dis- dis- ponded solved ur- 1 lea ron eium sium an yo- onate onate P ate radicle rino solved charge matter matter bldity. (Si02). (Fe). (Ca). (Mg).l (tN~s+mKm)_ radicle radicle radicle (NOa). (Cl). solids. (second- (tons I>er (tons per From- 'l'o- ... (COa). (HCOa). (S04). !cot). day). day) . 

o~~- 15-·-o:~--~g- ~~- ~~- --~-~~- ~---~g ~j ~~- o:~ ~~~ ~:~o -:J ~~~ ~g:f ------i.-)1 ~:~ 30 Nov. 8 ~~ 34 .18 18 5.5 1 16 .0 104 8.0 .66 1.8 145 20.7 .. 5 ~:~ 

Nov. 1g ~~~} 34 .15 19 5.6 1 14 .0 103 13 .40 2.0 1461{ ~~:~ 1:8! 11_7 

Dec:. 2~ ~ .. _ellcr .. 11J71 ~g ~~- :~~I. ~~ -----~~-~-~~ j~. :8 g~ 1~.7 ------~~~- t~ ~~~ i~:~ :~ J ~~:~ Mnr. 8 m . as 84 . 16 18 _____ ii_,:s· ~~ _ . o 98 ~. 6 .18 1. 5 138 g~: ~ ~: ~ I 25.4 

~~ Apr. '2~ I ~g ~~ :8~ ~~ '2.8 14 Ira· ~~ 7.2 r:8 ~:g i~~! 341.2 59 I ~~~ Apr. 7 Hi 80 28 . 06 20 2. 8 1:~ , Tr. 93 10 . 72 2. 0 1381 874.4 181 I 325 11 26 ao 31 .0.5 25 4.4 15 2.9 106 9.7 .86 1.3 158 694.1 39 296 27 May 6 30 24 .m 23 4.0 15 .o 112 10 .24 3.0 153 1,434.5 142 465 May 7 16 25 37 .12 25 4.7 17 13 87 14 .38 4.1 166 1,123 89 644 17 26 7 47 .04 20 3.6 19 .0 114 12 1.8 4.8 188 1,187 38. 602 27 Juno 5 8 49 . 03 18 4. 4 21 . 0 114 9. 9 3. o· 5. 3 185 974. 1 12 450 Juno 6 15 1 56 .05 20 6.0 27 .0 126 14 2.2 6.8 212 564.9 12 323 10 25 4 58 ·. 03 20 5. 8 27 . 0 . 128 15 2. 0 7. 5 215 329. 5 8. 1 192 2ll July 6 5 58 .04' 20 6.2 28 .o 127 15 2.6 7.5 213 127.8 2.8 73. July 7 1(1 7 69 . 03 22 4. 2 27 . 0 131 15 1. 4 3. 3 200 55. 1 2. 4 30 17 26 'l'r. 5.5 . 02 20 6. 6 27 1. 9 126 16 2. 5 7. 3 213 27.2 Tr. 15.7- 27 Aug. 4 'l'r. 43 .05 22 5.6 27 6.2 115 18 1.9 8.0 202 20 Tr. 10.9 Aug. 5 14 'l'r. 60 .04 20 5.6 28 .0 130 17 2.6. 7o3 207 15 'l'r. 8.4 

Moan _______ --19 ____ 4_1 -----:og--2-1 ,--5-.1-~---_-1-o 2----1-13--~--12-,--1.-5-~--4-. 7----1-74------------------

a Sodium and potnssium dotorminocl on c~mbined alkali residues. 

Analyses of waters in lla.mey Basin, Oreg. 

The analyses as given in the following table are all 

0 reduced_ to standard fonn, with the carbonates normal. The figures therefore differ slightly from those 

given by Van Winkle. 

1. Silvics River, which discharges into tho swamp bordering Mulhour Lake' 

Average from table of analyses by Vnn Winkle, op. cit.; 23 composite analyses. 

2. Donner ancl Blitzon River, 11 tributary or Malhour Lake. Van Winkle, 

analyst. 

3o Malhour Lake. Van Winkle. Collootod Mar. 8, 1912. 

4. Htwnoy Lake, Aug. 5, 1902. Analysis by G. Steiger, in .the chemical laboratory or thoU. S. Geological Survey. 

5. Harney J_,ako, Mar. 10, 1912. Van Winkle. 

(i. Siivcr Lake, Mtu. 11, 1912. Vtm Winldo. 

I. Parts per million. 

3 6 

COs-----------·---------------- 57.9 · 25.1 215o 9 2,710 4,424 682 S04---------------------------- 12.0 2. 3 37.0 804 1, 929 138 ()!______________________________ 4. 7 . 75 . 22.0 2,881 6, 804 456 

NOs.--------------------------- I. 5 'l'r. 2. 4 3 • 3 

P04----------------------------- -~------ -------- 1. 6 10 1 

!11:.~--~~~l ~I~~ l ~lll~l~-: ~~l1~1::: :~ r } :; r ~!J.! __ ~~ _ .:'~~ :~) ~~ · 1 164. 3 78. 02 484. o 10, 477 23, 394 2, 522 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

__ _j_1 ___ 2 __ 3 ___ 4 ______ I ___ . 

003.--------------------------- 35. 24 32. 17 44.60 25.87 19. 751 27o 04 so4---------------------------- 7. 31 2. 95 7o 64 7:67 8. 60 5o 48 ()!__ ________________ ------------ 2. 86 . 96 4. 54 27. 50 30. 38 18. OS 

NOs---------------------------- · . 91 'l'r. . .50 . OL I .12 

PO•---------------------------- -------- -------- . :-14 . 05 . 04 B.o7-----o·--------------------- --------- -------- . oo . 92 ('() I (?) Ca._--------------------------- 12. 78 10.51 5. liS . 00 . 05 . 40 Mg·---------------------------- 3. 10 5. 12 o 4. 13 . 07 . 01 . 04 ~~~----------------------------- 10.35 } 10.90 24. 18 3. 78 39.40 41. 2!. 1·-- ------------·---------------- 2. 44 . 5. ss 1. m 1. so 1 3. 73 Fc30s-----------~-------------- . 06 . 22 . 01 . 00 . 01 1 • 04 

AbOs--------------------------- -------- -------- 'l'r. . 00 . 10 I . 40 Si02---------------------------- 24.95 37.17 2. 90 . 28 .14 3. 36 ------------------

100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

The difference between the two analyses of l-Iarney 

Lake is very striking. The samples of water were 

taken. 10 years apart, and the later one is twice as 

concentrated as. the other. Was one sample taken 

at low and the other at high water~ 

The two river waters are similar in type, and represent ·the decomposition of feldspars in which calcium 

and the alkaline radicles were present in nearly equal 

proportions. 

WARNER BASIN. 

'!'he Warner Basin occupies an area of 2,100 square 

miles and contains a series of lakes which are re1nnants 

of what was formerly Warner Lake. These small 

1akes are indefinite in area, flooding their low ba~ks 

in the wet season and becoming brackish sinks in the 

dry season. For five of them Van Winkle gives 

analyses, and these, reduc~d to standard form, appear 

in the next table. All tP,e samples were taken in 

September, 1912. 

A n:alyses of waters in TV arner basin, Oreg.·. 

1. Pelican Lake. 

2. Crump Lake. 

3. Hart Lake. 1

4. Flagstaff Lake. 

' 5. Bluejoiut Lake. 

I. Parts per million. 

2 3 4 

------------1--------------------

COs. __ -------------------~--­ S04--------------------------- CL __________________________ _ 

NOa·------------------------- PO. __________________________ _ B107. ________________________ _ Ca ___________________________ _ 11g __________________________ _ Na ___________________________ _ 

K-----------------------------

Fe20s.------------------------

Si02.C------------------------

611.6 46. 7 103.3 177.0 1, 407. 5 438. 0 8. 6 Hl. 0 24. 0 206. 0 1.58. 0- 4. 2 9. 0 37. 0 504. 0 

~: ~ J;r~ ,. : ~ 1

: ~ 2: ~ (?) 0. 0 0. 0 ('t) (?) 

~~: g 1~: ~ I 25: ~ ~~: g ~~: g 580. o } 21. o I} 55. o 102. o 1, 372. o 71. 0 15. 0 82. 0 

.4 .31 .8 .9 .7 24. 0 ' 3. 0 19. 0 28. 0 20. 0 

1, 982. 4 1o4.1--j~ ~- 3, 639. o · 
188 COMPOSITION OP RlV:t<:m AND LAf\J!j \VA.TJjjHS OP UNITED STATBS. 

Analyses of waters in Warner basin, Oreg.-Continued. Analyses 2, 3, and 4 are remarkably alike. Those 

of the n1ore concentrated waters,· 1 and 5, are very 

different. The proportion of calcium in these waters 

varies regularly, from highest in the most dilute to 

lowest in the most concentrated. · 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

----,-----------\----__ 2 __ , __ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 __ 

C03--------------------------

S04--------------------------- CL __________________________ _ 

N03--------------------------

P04--------------------------- B201 a _______________________ _ Ca ___________________________ _ Mg __________________________ _ 

Na ___________________________ _ 

K-----------------------------

l<'e203-------------------------

Si02--------------------------

30.85 

22.10 

7. 97 

. 05 

. 07 (?) 

2. 27 2. 62 

29.25 } 3. 59 

. 02 

1. 21 

100.00 

4.4. 86 

8. 27 4. 03 

l. 63 

'l'r . . 00 12.49 

5. 28 

20. 17 I} . 29 I 2. 88 I 

·43. 86 

6 .. 77 3. 81 

. 34 

. 34 

. 00 9. 30 4.14 

23.25 

. 34 8. 03 

1oo. oo 1 1oo. oo I 

41.77 

5. 67 8. 73 

. 24 

. 19 (?) 

4. 48 

4. 48 24.07 

3. 54 

. 22 

6. 61 

100.00 

38.69 

5. 66 

13.85 

. 02 

. 05 (?) 

.. 57 

. 64 37.71 

2. 25 

.01 

. 55 

100. 00 

a 'l'he interrogation mark placed in the borate line indicates that borates were 

present in ~mall amount, but not quantitatively determined. 

CHEWAUCAN BASIN. 

The Chewaucan ·basin, northeast of the Warner 

basin, contains two lakes which are i1nportant. as 

possible future sources of conunercial soda. For these 

reasons their waters have been repeatedly analyzed. 

For Chewaucan River, a feeder of Abert Lake, Van 

Winkle gives the following table: 

Analyses of water from Chewa1tcan River near Paisley, Oreg. 

Date 

(1911-12). 

[Parts per million as otherwise designated.] 

T~u~ Silica Iron ?al- lV~!lg- and po- bonate bonate ph ate ~ 1

t1. a .e C:hl~- . Dis- gage ~~~- PC~ld~c! so_Ive(l. ~ml (Si02). (Fe). c1,~m ne~IUm tassium radicle radicle radicle Ul~l!Cle line solye? height ?11,a1 ge nMttm . m.1tter 

Sodium Cnr- Bicar- Sui- I r . t :Mean li M~un Sus- Dis-

. 1ty. (C<t). (l\tg)_ (Na+K) (C03). (FICO) (SO). I (N03)- (Cl). sol1ds. (feet) (second- (tons pe1 (tons per 

:~:m: ;:~W 6 40 012 85 20 ' 50 0.0 5: ·~~~~ 0.25 OS~~ root)~ da:)66 dny)~3 21 30 3 :34 . 10 7. tl 2. 9 6. 3 . 0 43 3. 8 . 32 . 60 81 3. 9 35 . 55 7. 6 31 Sept. 9 5 15 .10 8. 0 2~6 9. 0 . o 44 5. 6 • 36 . 75 87 3. 9

1 

39 . 82 9. 2 Sept. 10 19 3 33 . 04 7. 0 2. 8 6. 7 . 0 43 5. 3 . 52 . 50 81 4. 0 40 . 09 8. 8 20 29 3 31 o 11 9. 7 3. 2 7. 2 . 0 46 4. 9 1 o 20 • 25 81 4. 0 41 • 89 9. 0 

30 Oct. 9 1 34 .11 7.2 3.2 9.8 .0 48 5.8 .30 .10 88 4.0 44 ---------- 10.5 Oct. 10 19 4 30 . 04 7. 3 3. 2 8. 3 . 0 49 3. 5 . 60 . 15 81 4. 0 43 . 97 9. 4 20 29 'l'r. 30 .01 7.8 2.4 10 .0 50 3.5 .40 .50 85 4.0 42 .70 9.fi 

30 No.v. 8 5 28 .02 12 .8 11 .0 49 4.3 --------- .30 82 4.0 44 .28 9.7 Nov. 9 18 20 29 .15 7.6 .2.1 8.2 .0 46 5.1 .34 .25 81 4.0 59 2.23 12.9 19 28 25 28 .12 12 .8 9.5 .0 48 4.3 .34 .25 86 4.0 62 5.00 14.4 29 Dec. 8 20 32 . 23 8. 5 2. 6 8. 2 . 0 46 6. 6 . 20 . . 25 86 3. 9 55 7. 40 12. 8 Dec. 9 18 2 31 .11 9.1 1.4 7.6 .0 4.5 6.1 .06 .30 85 4.0 49 1.06 11.2 19 28 6 30 . 10 8. 8 1. 6 12 . 0 51 7. 6 'l'r. . 35 93 4. 6 40 . 30 10. 1 29 Jan. 7 4 30 .. 52 9. 0 . 1. 0 14 . 0 46 5. 3 . 32 . 45 85 4. 4 57 1. 85 13. 1 Jan. 8 17 10 30 .03 8.0 .5 11 .0 48 2.6 .27 1.8 103. 4.5 65 2.98 18.1 18 27 20 24 .62 9.0 .5 9.8 .0 . 45 2.1 ------------------ 83 4.2 86 5.80 19.3 28 Feb. 6 15 34 .10 8.3 .4 11 .0 43 4.1 .33 1.3 106 4.0 66 1.96 19 Feb. 7 16 80 28 . 22 7. 6 l. 2 12 . o 45 7. 2 . 24 1. 3 91 4. 2 92 22.4 23 17 26 145 35 .36 5.1 2.5 8.2 .0 45 4.3 .33 .25 92 4.2 105 51 26 27 Mar. 7 30 29 .22 9.8 .4 8,7 .0 43 5.6 .27 .25 90 4.0 62 5.2 15 Mar. 8 17 30 31· .15 7.0 2.8 8.0 a'I'r. 48 2.8 .18 .25 88 3.9 59 3.8 14 18 27 90 30 .]0 8.2 2.7 8.8 .0 49 2.0 .36 .25 92 4.0 71 17.6 18 

28 Apr. (\ 80 27 . 35 6. 8 2. G 7. 7 . 0 45 2. 1 . 48 . 25 891 4. 4 125 1:3. 5 30 Apr. 7 16 90 27 .50 6.6 2.3 7.2 .0 40 1.3 .36 .50 83 4.9 227 92 51 17 26 30 25 . 30 7. 3 2. 2 8. 5 a 4. 0 36 1. 3 . 30 . 25 84 b 3. 1 133 12. 9 30 27 May 6 85 28 . 55 6. 4 2. 0 8. 5 . 0 42 4. 6 . 45 . 45 88 2. 8 223 84 53 

lVtay 7 16 110 21 . 48 6. 5 1. 9 6. 6 . 0 37 4. 3 . 48 . 40 71 I 2. 2 492 383 94 17 26 70 22 . 35 5. 9 . 5 G. 9 . 0 32 4. 3 . 40 . 45 71 1. 9 630 167 121 

27 June 5 35 22· . 15 6. 0 1. 0 7. 6 . 0 35 3. 8 . 34 1. 0 72 1. 6 784 190 Hi3 June 6 15 20 17 .15 4. 6 1. 5 6. 9 a 'I'r. 28 6. 7 . 30 . 40 64 1. 9 613 94 106 16 2.5 10 34 .38 6.2 1.5 10 .0 37 5.4 .36 .50 90 2.7 263 3.4 1\4 26 July 5 10 15 . 06 5. 2 1. 2 11 . 0 3.5 8. 6 1 • 20 . 75 66· 3. 0 15fi 3. 2 28 July 6 15 8 35 . 04 5. 6 1. 0 10 . o. 39 7. 4 . 26 . 50 78 3. 2 85 1. 7 18 16 2i 50 25 .04 G.2 1.0 11 a5.3 30 4.6 .20 .50 73 3.1 72 5.4 14 26 Aug. 4 50 32 .20 7.6 3.4 5.4 .0 46 3.8 .42 1.1 87 3.3 74 18.4 17 

Aug. ~:can _____ :'_ ~-;;-~--;+--*~~~~----¥,-~~--il~---60_~~ 

n Abnormal; computed as HC03 iii average. b Gage changed Apr. 15, 1912. c Sodium and potassium, determined on combined alkali resiclU!)S. 

d Total annual denudation. 

0 
GREAT BASIN. 189 

Analyses of waters in Chewa~tcan basin, Oreg. 

.1. Chowaucan River, average of 37 composite analyses by Van Winkle, reduced to 

standmd form. · 

2. Ana Hivcr, a feeder of Summer Lake. Analysis by Van Winkle. 

3. Abert Lake. Analysis by 'I'.lVL Chatard, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 60, p. 55, 

1800. 

4. Abert Lake. Analysis by Stillwell and Gladding, 1001. Cited by Van Winkle. 

[i. Abert Lake. Analysis by E. '1'. Dumble, 1002. Cited by Van Winkle. 

G. A l.Jort Lnko, Fcbmary, 1012. Analysis by Van Winkle. 

7. Summer Lake. Analysis by Stillwell and Gladding, 1!J01. Cited by Van 

Winkle. 

8. Summer Lake. Analysis by Dumble, i902. Cited by Van Winkle. 

1}, Summer Lake, 1012. Analysis by Van Winkle. 

10. Summer Lake. Analysis by J. G. Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 61, p. 80, 1914. 

I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 I 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

-----·----------------------

COa.---------- 21.6 50.9 8,098

1

15,74215,966 6,14913,29410,712 5,916 1,667 so. ___________ 4.5 s.1 744 1,281 1,444 565 1,452 1,233 694 1,062 

CL........... . 5 11.0 14, 118 22,359 27,483 10,711 6, 280 5, 559 3, 038 838 

N03••••••••••• • 34 . 2 ------ ------ ------ 1 ------ ------ 3. 6 Tr. 

1'0•----------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---.------ Tr. 

B407---------- ------ ------ ------------ _____ _- ------ ------ ------ --------- Tr. 

Ca .•.••.•.•••. 7.6 4.0 ------------------ Tr. ------------ Tr. 130 'i\'l'g____________ 1. 9 4. 4 ------ ------ ------ 6 ------ ------ . 4 26 

N __ }\_------------ 6. 8 }30. 0 15,406 26,570130,03211,470 14,52912,105 6, 567 2,171 

h ... ------------ 2. 5 563 1, 043 1, 233 502 727 560 265 1. 06 

AhOa ..•..•.•.. ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ 64------ ------ . 45------

1re20a. -------- . 3 . 01 ------ ------ ------ 2 ------ ------ . 25 ------ 810~----------- 20.0 37.0 243 300 165 96 268 288 104 ------ 1. --------~-------------

75. 04 155. 51 39, 172,67,295176, 323 29, 566 36,550 30,457 16,633. 251 6, 000 

·- -- ~-----

n A ualyses 4 to !J arc stated in milligrams per kilogram. 

II. J>ercentage composition of dissolved solids. 

--- ----------------:------,-----,------:-----::--------

--------·- -------~--1 1 _1_8_-1_9 _ _1~- coa .............. 28. 7!l 32.72 20. 67 23. 3!J 20.92 20.80 36.37 35: 17 35.57127.79 

so •. ------------- 5. !)9 5. 20 1. 90 l. 91 1. 86 1. 91 3. 98 4. 05 4. 17 17. 70 CL ................ 67 7.07 36.04. 33.22 3G.02 36.23·17.18 18.2518.27 13.96. 

NOs-------------- . 45 . 12------ ------ ------ 'l'r. ------ ------ . 02 Tr. 

PO•-------------- ------ ·----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Tr. 

H407------------- ------ ------ ------ --·--- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ 'l'r Ca ... ------------- 10. 13 3. 15 ______ ______ ______ 'rr. ------ ______ 'l'r. 2. 16 

M:g............... 2. 53 2. 83------ ------ ------ . 02------ ------ Tr.. . 43 ~!\_______________ 0. 0~ ?5. 07 39.33 39.48 39.32 38.80 39.75 39.74 39.481 36. ~9 

~I;oa::::::::::::: --~~~~ ______ --~~~~ -~~~~~ --~~~~ 1

: ~~~--:~~~ ... :~~~ 1

: ~~~--:~~~ Fo~Oa. __ --------- . 40 . 05 ------ ------ ------ Tr. _____ _ ______ 'I'r. ------

Si02 ..•......•.... 38.65 23.79~~~~~~~~~:.:..:..:..:..: 

~~~-l-00. 00~100. 00 100. OOilOO. 001100. oo1100. 00 100.00,100. 00;100. 00 

'l.'hc :;pociflc gmvit)' was determined as follows: No. :1 (1!!.8° 0.) _________________ 1.03117 j No.7 (15.5° C.) _________________ t.O:ll!l 

-~g: t::·~~ _~~-----=~~::::::~:::~ ~: ~g!r' 1 ~~: ~-(tso·uT~~:::=~=~~~======= t~:;~~ No. U (11\0 0.) ................... 1.02/i? 1 

The analyses of Abert Ln,ke agree very well, except 

as rcgnrd.s concentration. So too do three of those of 

Sun1mcr Lake, but Smith's annJysis is unlike the others. 

Wns his s~unple of water a surface sample taken near 

the point of inAux of Ana River? 

MINOH. BASINS. 

North of the Chewauc~n basin there are severn1 

smnll lakes for which analyses have been n1acle. The 

av-n.ilablc datn arc as follows: 

S!H3G-24 'i'--J 3 

Analyses of water f1·om six small lakes north of Chewa~1.can-basin, 

Oreg . 

1. Silver Lake. Not to be confused with Silver Lake of thP Harney Basin. 

Analysis by Van Winkle .. Sample taken in 1912 .. 

2. Fossil Lake. 

3. Christmas Lake. 

4. North Alkali Lake. 

5. Middle Alkali Lak~. 

6. South Alkali Lake. Annlyses 2 to 6 by J. G. Smith, U. S. Dopt. Agr. Bull. 

61, p. 80, 1914. 

I. Parts per million. 

_-_---_-.:,_ _______________ J ---~-- -- ; -, __ a__ 4 __ · _5 __ 6_. 

COa .. -------------------------- 180.0 3, 766 I, 353 20,437 22,235 5, 005 

so •. --------------------------- 9. 2 1, 130 625 10,090 49,849 1, 006 CL .................... ·---------- 3. 3 7, 003 816 25,534 18,263 1.5, 8~? 

NOa---------------------------- . 24 Tr. Tr. '.rr. Tr. '1. r. 

PO•---------------------------- ________ 81 'I'r. 162 409 103 

B407--------------------------- -------- 'I'r. Tr. Tr. Tr: Tr. Ca .. --------------------------- 42. 0 245 96 105 15 30 . Mg ...... ~---------------------- 25.0 20 63 19 45 41 

it::::::=::=::=::::::=:::==~==:} 62.0 7, ~~f 1, ~~~ 3:: b~~ 4;: ~~~ 14, ~~~ 

§ieo~a_:::=~=:=::::::===~======== s1: 6 :===::== ====~=== ======== ==::==== ======== 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

------------1--- __J_ -----

C03---------------------------- 47.48 18.73 . 28.78 21.49 15.22 13.56 so. _______ --------------------- 2. 42 fi. 62 1a. 29 10. 61 34. 12 2. n CL____________________________ . 87 34.84 17.36 26.85 12.50 42.94 

NOa---------------------------- .06 'l'r. Tr. Tr. 'l'r. Tr. PO•-----------------~---------- -------- . 41 'I'r. .17 . 28 . 28 B407--------------------------- -------- Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 

Ca.---------------------------- 11.08 1. 22 2. 04 . 11 . 01 . 08 Mg_____________________________ 6. 60 .10 1. 35 . 02 . 03 . 11 

~~============================= }16. 35 ar: ~g a;: ~g. 3~: g! 3~: g 3t g~ Fe20a-------------------------- .11 -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Si02 ... --------------------------~.:.:.:.:.:.:.:..:.:.:.:.:.:.:.~.:.:.:.:.:.:.:..:.:.:.:.:.:.:. 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

In five of these analyses the determination of silica 

w~s negiected. In waters of this type, however, the 

omission is not serious and· may be disregarded. 61 

It is probable that at the time when desiccation. 

began the water ·of Lake Lahontan was fairly uniform 

in con1position, but such uniformity is not shown ·in 

its remainders. 'i'hey differ one fron1 another, appar-

: ently for two reasons. As the present lakes became 

. separated, each one was affected by local conditions, 

· whlch were ·not everywhere the same. . In the first 

place the oceanic salts were unevenly distributed 

throughout the basin-that is, abundant at some points 

and relatively scarce at others. Secondly, the streams 

that fed the ptesent.lakes differed in composition, just 

as they do to-day. Hence some of the lakes are richer 

in chlorides than others! and some are more nearly 

61 For additional information concerning the geology of the lake region of southeastern Oregon, see Russell, I. C., U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. ·217, 1903, and Waring, 

G. A., U. S. Geol. Surve~' Water-Supply Paper 231, 1909. 
190 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATERS OF UNITED STATES. 

carbonate waters. Their saline matter is a mixture 

of salts of quite dissimilar qrigins and in varying proportions. 

The present lakes,· however, tell only part of the 

story. They occupy only a small portion of the 

original lake basin. As the process· of desiccation 

went on many small lakes or mere pools of :water were 

left, which have evaporated, leaving their dissolved 

solids either in beds of some thickness or diffused in the 

soil of what was once the lake bottom_ These are the 

desert salts such as in favorable localities find their 

way into flowing streams. Wherever such salts occur 

their origin was· essentially the same. The less soluble 

constituents of the present waters have been deposited first, leaving the very soluble alkaline salts. 

for possible re-solution later. 62 

In previous sections of this memoir attention has 

been called to the significance of desert salts as con-. 

tributions to the salinity of river waters. · The Colorado and the Rio Grande are ·striking examples of their 

importance. All such salts, disseminated in the soil. or 

forming thick beds, orig~nate in one way-namely, by 

the evaporation of isolated bodies of water, which may 

have been either oceanic, fluviatile, or supplied by 

springs. All three sources of salinity ar·e represented 

in the Great Basin, an area that in past geologic time 

was covered by extensions of the ocean, which receded 

as the land was raised above sea level. As the bottom 

of the ancient sea was uncovered, it retained more or 

less saline matter-in beds where pools or lakes of 

water evaporated, as diffused salt in the more nearly 

level areas: The water of Great Salt Lake is distinctly 

of oceanic type, with a mi!limum of change due to the 

influx of fresh water. It represents a concentration of 

the salts left by the receding ocean. 

In the Lahontan basin the conditions were different. 

Oceanic salts were there, but, as w~ have already 

seen, they were not the chief source of the salinity of 

the original Lake Lahontan. They probably supplied 

a large part of the . chlorides no'v pres~nt in the 

Lahontan waters and also some of the sulphates; but a 

great volume of inountain waters forn1ed the original 

lake, of which the present lakes are n1ere remnants. 

The oceanic salts were limited in quantity; the fresh 

waters have been pouring in ever since the oceanic 

water was withdrawn. · 

It is not possible, we believe, to fra;m.e any broad 

generalizations regarding the character of desert salts. 

Too much dep.ends upon local conditions. In some 

localities J:tot springs ;must be taken into account, and 

other underground waters are sometimes brought to 

the surface by capillary attraction. From all such 

sources saline matter is derived and is added to the 

deposits of larger significance. In some regions, for 

02 :For analyses of saline residues, including desert salts, see Clarke, F. \V., 'l'he 

<lata of geochemistry~ 4th eeL: U. S. Gr-ol. Survey Dull. fl951 chapter 7, 1920. 

purposes of irrigation, artesian wells are driven, and 

these help to complicate the general problem. Their 

waters are almost if not quite always distinctly saline. 

Furthermore, the dust from saline incrustations is 

taken up by the wind and scattered far ·and wide. 

Some of it falls into lakes, and so;m.e is deposited on 

other incrustations of possibly quite different character. 

The relative magnitude of these different influences 

can hardly be estimated. The conditions are too 

local and too variable. 

The Lahontan basin has here been taken as a typical 

region in which saline residues occur, and one more 

feature of it is worth considering. When the ocean 

receded from this area the largest bodies of water were 

left in the deepest depressions. Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes are the ·deepest of the· Lahontan remainders, and they contain by far· the highest proportion of. chlorides. The other Lahontan lakes are 

shallmyer and contain much lower percentages of 

chlorine. There is, however, no definite ratio between 

chlorine and depth, for a shallow lake may receive 

chlorides by drainage from the surrounding country. 

The significance of the oceanic remainders is, nevertheless, well illustrated by the two examples just cited. 

Now, to sum up: Desert salts and all other saline 

residues are formed by the evaporation of waters of 

various dissimilar kinds. Some waters deposit carbonates, some sulphates, some chlorides; and between 

these classes of compounds all sorts of mixtures are 

possible. The first stage of deposition is differential, 

in which the dissolved solids of a water are separated 

into two parts-one containing ari insoluble fraction, 

the other the soluble. salts. Calcium carbonate is 

precipitated, because the excess of carbonic acid which 

held it in solution has been driven away; some of the 

slightly soluble calcium sulphate goes down ~rith it, 

and also the silica. The soluble alkaline salts are the 

second product of the differential process. Fron1 

ocean water and its immedia'te derivatives, the saline 

deposit is mainly sodium chloride with a much snutller 

amount of gypstnn. Fro;m. limestone wn.tm:s the soluble portion is almost nil: The deposits from ordinary 

river waters are 1nuch more likely to be n1ix:tures, in 

which, however, carbonates ·will predomi1iate. The 

headwaters of the rivers that feed the Lahontan lakes 

receive carbonates derived fro;m. the decomposition of · 

feldspars; in their lower courses the rivers take up 

other salts from the soil. The original source of the · 

alkaline carbonates is in great part feldspathic, although in some places they may have been forn1ed by 

reactions between sodium sulphate and ca.lcitnn 

carbonate. Such reactions have been shown to be 

possible. 63 

03 For a summary of the ~iterature relative to the origin of sodium carbonate see 

Clarke, F. W., Tho data of geochemistry, 4th eel.: U. S. Geol. Snrvcy Dnll. (i9fi, 

pp. 231-237, 1920. 
ALASKA. 191 

ALASKA. 

The principal river of Alaska is the Yukon, which is 

fo:l'1ned by the union of Lewes and Pelly rivers in 

Yukon Territory, Cann,da. It is orie of the largest 

rivers of North A1ncrica, ,with a length, including .the 

Lewes, of about 2,300 miles, and a drainage basin of 

330,000 square Iniles. Its chief sources arc in a group 

of lakes, and its upper course is in a n1ountainous 

region and through many deep gorges. It enters 

Alaska at Eagle, and a large part of its lower course, . 

:for hundreds of n1ilcs, is over tundra. From October 

to ·June the river is frozen over, and then navigation is 

suspended. It finally enters N m-ton Sound, Bering 

Son,. 

Gcochen1ically the water of the Yukon is of spccin1 

interest. It is practically uncontan1inated by hun1an 

agencies, and it is a typical stream of what we may 

call subarctic character. A great part of its flow is 

mere surface run-off, and its low salinity is derived in 

great measure from the rocky region around its source. · 

From the tundra, which is pern1anently frozen only 

a short distance below its surface, very little sa.line 

matter is received. 

For the composition of the water we have first a 

table, hitherto unpublished, of analyses by R. B. Dole 

and· A. A. Chambers, which is based upon weekly 

composites of samples taken daily during a period of 

41 weeks,. or nearly a year. 'l'he table follows. 

Analyses of water fro?~t Yukon River at A.nvilc, Alaska. 

[Parts per million. Analyzed by R. B. Dolo and A. A. Chambers.] 

Date (1915-Hl). 

Su~ T~~ I ----------1 ponded diss~lved Si02. , Fe. Ca. Mg. Na+K. COa. HCOa. so.. Cl. 

---·~~~Ill- 'l'o- matter. sollds. ----------------------------1---

Aug. 23 __ ·----------------- Aug. 29___________________ 366 151 15 0. 02 36 6. 0 10 3. 6 133 17 I 1. 5 ao ___________________ Sept. 5___________________ 257 136 13 . 01 31 5. 8 6. 5 2. 9 uo 111 1. 1 

Sept:. S::::::::::::::::::: }L::::::::::::::::: g~ fi~ ~. 7 .;lg~ ~~ ~: ~ ~: ~ ~: ~ ~~ i! I l: ~ 20------------------- 26___________________ 25:l 11:~ 8. li . oa 2a 5. o 6. 7 2. 2 s1 12 ! 2. 2 27 ___________________ Oct. 3___________________ 145 ll3 13 . 09 23 5. o 5. 5 2. 4 78 13 l.li 

Oct. 21.------------------- 27___________________ 95 122 11 . 08 25 5. 6 7. 4 3. 8 86 H 2. 7 

28------------------~ Nov. 3------------------- 48 149 14 'L'r. 34 7. 1 7. 0 2. 4 118 16 2. 4 

Nov. 4------------------- 10------------------- 14 149 13 .12 33 7. 4 a 4. 2 . 0 126 16 1. 4 n___________________ 17___________________ 39 158 15 .16 37 8. o 7.1 ,o 137 16 I 1. 2 

18___________________ 24___________________ 13 151 12 .19 36 7. 6 6. 1 . 0 137 16 1. 1 

25-----------~------ Doc. L------------------ 7 160 1!'1 .19 37 8. 2 7. 7 . o 139 18 1. 6 Doc. 2------------------- 8------------------- 13 156 13 .15 37 7. 9 6. 1 . 0 137 16 1. 1 g___________________ 15___________________ 12 158 13 .19 38 7. 8 6. 5 . 0 142 16 1. 2 

]6___________________ 22___________________ 18 163 13 . 07 39 8. 0 7. 6 . 0 149 16 1. 5 

2:!___________________ 29~------------------ 8 165 16 . 08 39 8. 2 7. 2 . 0 146 16 1. 2 30 ___________________ Jan. 5------------------- 8 166 14 . 04 39 8. 5 6. 8 2. 6 141 17 1. 4 

Jnu. 6------------------- 12------------------- 8 165 8. 4 Tr. 40 8. 5 8. 2 1. 2 144 18 2. 7 1:!___________________ 19___________________ 7 162 11 'l'r. 40 8. 5 6. 0 1. 7 145 16 1. 2 

20___________________ 26___________________ 7 169 14 • 01 40 8. 5 6. 6 3. 1 147 17 1. 4 

27------------------- Feb. 2 ________ . _________ .__ 5 165 8.4 .04 41 8.8 6.6 2.6 147 16 1.8 

Fob. :!----------·-------- 9 ___ ---------------- 6 172 13 • 05 41 8. 5 7. 6 1. 2 154 17 2. o 10___________________ 16___________________ 9 171 15 . 02 42 8. 8 7. 0 2. 9 148 17 1. 6 

17------------------- 2:!·------------------ 5 180 16 'l'r. 43 9. 2 6. 7 3. 1 155 16 1. 6 24------------------- M:ar. L__________________ 6 185 20 .02 46 8.8 8.0 'l'r. 176 15 1.4 

Mur. 2------------------- · 8------------------- 6 176 16 . 02 43 8. 7 6. 9 . 0 167 15 1. 6 !) ___________________ 15 ___________________ 11 168 13 .01 42 8.6 7.5 2.6 154 15 1.6 

J6___________________ 22___________________ 5 178 16 . 01 44 9. 0 6. 0 . 0 Hi7 ' 16 1. 4 

2:!___________________ 2!>-------------~----- 4 175 14 'l'r. 43 8. 9 6. 5 . 0 168 16 1. 4 

30------------------- Apr. 5------------------- 12 182 16 'l'r. 44 9.1 8. 0 . 0 171 1.6 1. 7 Apr. 0------------------- 12------------------- 12 181 12 'l'r. 45 9. 4 7. U 3. 1 Hi(i Ill 2. 2 );!___________________ 19___________________ 8 184 1.5 . 02 45 9. 4 8. 0 2. 4 168 16 1. 5 

:June 14 ___________________ Juno 20___________________ 13.'i 92 6. 2 . 25 21 a. 6 4. 4 . 0 72 8. a . 8 

21___________________ 27------------------- . 213 106 6. 1 . 02 24 4. 0 7. (i • 0 84 !lli 5. 8 

28------------------- July 4------------------- 276 115 7. 3 . 04 28 4. 6 .'i. 4 . 0 94 12 1. 4 

,July 5------------------- 11------------------- 418 112 7. 7 . 05 28 4. 6 5. 4 . 0 98 1:l I. 4 12------------------- 18___________________ 429 1:12 8. 7 . 10 34 4. 7 4. 9 'rr. 115 1:1 1. 1 

10___________________ 25------------------- 442 1:1:! 7. 7 . OS 33 5. :l 4. 5 'l'r. · 112 14 l. 4 21i ___________________ Aug. L__________________ 551 147 9.1 . 15 38 5. 5 5. 7 'J'r. 1:!1 Hi 2. o Aug. a___________________ 9___________________ 480 150 9.9 .os 38 5.'1 5.3 .0 129 16 Ui 

]()__ _________________ 10------------------- :!90 134 7.8 .01 33 6.0 5.6 .0 109 11} 1.4 

Average_---------------------------------------- --1-23-----w---12---.-07-. ---36----7-. 2----6-. 6-~--1-. 2- ---1:n--15 ____ 1._7 

Composite (b) (c) _______________________ : _______ ---------- 149 13 . 05 :!6 7. 0 a 7. 0 2. 2 . 130 16 1. 8 

c~ Computed. · . b .100 cubic centimeters of each weekly composite Aug. 23, 1915, to Aug. 16, 1916, except that 70 cubic centimeters was taken of sample Jan. 26, and 1:10 cubic centimeters or sample Fob. 0. Filtered beroro analysis. · r. Nitrate, 1.2 parts per million. cl Nn, 4.4; K, 2.6 parts per million. 

Additional analyses of water frmn the Yukon appear 

in the next table. All but one were made by Dole and 

Chmnbers and, except for the averages of the preceding table, were published in Water-Supply Paper 418, 

page 102, 1917. All are reduced to standard fol'ln, 

with carbonates normal. They are arranged in order, 

going downstrea1n. 
192 COMPOSITION OF RIVER AND LAKE W A.'t'ERS OF UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of wate1:jrom Yukon River. 

1. At Whitehorse, near the headwaters of the river. 

2. 3 miles below mouth of Teslin River. 

3. 1 mile below Fiveflnger Rapids; 

4. Near Selwyn. 

5. Halfmile above mouth of Stewart River. 

6. 10 miles below Stewart River. 

7. l mile below Dawson. 'l'he localities of Nos. 1 to 7are all in Yukon 'l'erritory, 

Canada. · '!'hose which follow represent localitieS in Alaska. 

8. At Eagle. 

9. At :F;agle. Analysis by G. Steiger, reported by F. W. Clarke in Am. Chern. 

Soc. Jour., vol. 27, p. 111, 1905. . 

10. At Circle. Mean of two analyses .. 

11. About 15 miles below Fort Yukon, above mouth of Ohandelar River. 

12. 20 miles above Dall River. 

13. 12 miles above Tanana. 

14. 30 miles below Tanana. 

15. 100 miles above Anvik. 

Hi. At Anvik. 'l'he averages of the preceding table, of 41 composite analyses. 

17. 20 miles below Andreafski. 

I. In parts per million. 

2 3 4 5 8 9 

-----1--------- ------------------

COa ___________ 24.1 27.1 32.0 34.9 55.6 49.2 52.7 48.2 45.3 

804------------ 6.0 6.0 6.5 9.6 17.0 18.0 16.0 16.0 10.5 

8~--============ 1Jro ;fro 1iro ;f.ro 3Lrci ;£ ~ 2I.ro 2iro 21: ~· Mg ____________ 2.0 1.6 3.8 4.5 6.4 6.0 5.8 6.2 4.6 

~~===========J 3.4} 4.2} 3.7} 3.9} 6.8} 4.8} 5.5} 6.·2 ~r~ 

AbOa __________ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 1. 8 

Fe20a---------- Tr. .1 Tr. Tr. . 2 . 2 .1 • 2 ------- Si02----------- 8.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 15.0 9.7 8.6 9.6 . 7.6 

57. 5 . 63. 0 73. 0 81. 9 132. 0 113. 9 116. 7 113. 4 98. 0 

I 

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

--------1-----------------

C03------------------ 49.7 50.2 52.6 50.7 45.7 53.1 

S04------------ ------- 16.0 17.0 14.0 14.0 17.0 16.0 CL ___________________ Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr .. 5 .8 

N03------------------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Ca _____________ ------- 27.0 27.0 29.0 31.0 23.0 29.0 

Mg ___________________ 6.1 6.7 5.6 6.0 5.4 5.4 

~~-----~================} 5. 1 } 6. 7 } 5. 2 } 5. 4 } 6.1 } 7. 1 

Fe203----------------- . 1 . 2 .1 . 3 . 2 • 2 Si02------------------ 8.8 9.7 9.2 8.8 7.1 6.0 

65.6 

15.0 

1. 7 

1.2 

36.0 

7.2 

4.4 

2.6 

.1 

12.0 

51.6 

18.0 . . 8 

··ao:o- 6. 3 

} 6. 6 

• 2 

7. 6 

112.8 117. 5 115. 7 116. 2 105. 0 117. 6 145.8 121. 1 

II. Percentage composition of dissolved solids. 

1 . . 2 4 8 

COJ ___________ 41.91 43.02 43.84 42.62 42.12 43.20 45.16 42.50 46.16 

S<':k----------- 10.43 9. 52 8. 90 11. 72 12.88 15.80 13. 72 14. 10 10.75 

CL ------------ Tr. 'l'r. Tr. 'l'r. 'l'r. Tr. Tr. Tr. . 41" ca _____________ 24.35 22. 23 23. 30 21.98 23.48 22.83 23.99 23.81 22.21 

Mg.----------- 3. 48 2. 54 5. 20 5. 49 4. 85 5. 27 4. 97 5. 47 4. 71 

~~:::::::::::::} 5. 91 } 6. 66 } 5. oB } 4. 76 } 5. 15 } 4. 21 } 4.11 } 5. 47 6T~~-

AI20a __________ ------- -~----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 1. 84 

Fe20J---------- Tr. .16 Tr. Tr. . 15 . 17 . 08 .18 ------- Si02--------~-- 13.92 15.87 13.70 13.43 11.37 8.52 7.37 8.47 7.78 

11~0~ 00 100. 00 100. 0~ 1100. ~0 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

-----1------------· ------------

C03----------- 44.06 42.72 45.46 43.63 32.52 45.15 45.00 42.62 

804----------- 14.18 14.46 12.11 12.05 16.19 13.61 10.29 14.87 

CL____________ Tr. Tr. 'l'r. Tr. . 48 . 68 1. 17 . 66 . 82 . ~~ =========== --23:93" --22~98" --25~66.- ""26~68" --2i~iiii" ""24~66" 24.69 24.75 

4. 94 5. 20 

3. 01 } 5.45 

1. 78 

:Mg____________ s. 41 5. 71 4.84 5.16 5.15 4. 59 

~~============} 4. 52 } 5.11 } 4. 49 } 4. 65 } 5. so_ } 6. o3 

~'e203--------- · .19 · .17 . O!J • 26 .19 .17 . 07 . 16 

Si02----------- 7.71 8.25 7.95 7.57 6.77 5.11 8. 23 6.29 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

From these analyses it appears that the ·water of 

the Yukon is essentially a carbonate water, with a 

moderat.e amount of sulphates and a surprisingly 

small proportion of chlorine. The chlorine shown in · 

analyses Nos. 14 to 16, of water taken in. the lower 

course of the river, is probably of oceanic origin, 

brought down in rain. The salinity of the Yukon is 

fairly uniform, except for variations which m~y be 

due to the influx of tributaries. The proportion of 

silica is highest near the headwaters of the river and 

diminishes as we approach its mouth. The source of 

the silica is found in the igneous rocks aroun~ the 

upper course of the stream. 

Dole and Chambers 64 estimate the annual discharge· 

of the river as equivalent to 98,000,000 tons of sus-. 

pended matter and 24,000,000 tons of dissolved solids. 

The largest tributary of the Yukon is Tanana River, 

for which, including some of its affiuents, the following 

, analyses were made by S. C. Dinsmore. 65 An analysis 

of water from Illinois Creek, an independent tributary 

of the Yukon, is included· in the table. 

Analyses of waters from the Tanana basin, Alaska. 

1. 'l'anana River 15 miles below Chena. 

2. Tanana River beiow mouth of Kantishna River. 

3. Tanana River 5 miles above its mouth. 

4. North Fork of Chena River opposite Monument Creek. 

5. Small affluent of Esther Creek opposite Eva Creek, about 7 miles west of 

Fairbanks. 0 · 6. Ready Bul.l,ion Creek about 8 miles west of Fairbanks. 

7. St. Patricks Creek about 5 miles west of Fairbanks. Nos. 6 and 7 represent 

tributaries of Esther Creek. 

8. Chatanika River above junction with Tolovana River. 

9. Tolovana River 2 miles above junction with the Tanana. 

10. Baker Creek above mouth of Eureka Creek. 

11. Illinois Creek near its junction with the Yukon,_ west of the Tanana. 

I. Parts per million. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

---------------- C03------- 52.6 53.6 52.2 14.26 43.3 21.6 41. 8. 37.4 37.4 

S04-------- 13.0 17.0 "21.0 2.8 .0 31.0 .0 10.0 5. 7 CL ________ 3. 0 4.0 1.6 1. 0 4.0 2.0 8. 0 2.0 2. 5 

N03------- .8 1.0 .2 Tr. . 6 . 5 .5 3.0 2. 0 Ca _________ Mg 31.0 32.0 30.0 6. 5 13.0 12.0 19.0 19.0 17.0 ________ 4. 9 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.0 8.0 8.0 6. 2 4.8 Na,K ______ 4.0 6. 2 7. 7 7.3 12."0 4.0 . 5 2. 3 . 5. 2 

Fe203------ T,l. T,. . 1 .07 .0 .0 .02 . 1 'l'r. 

Si02------- 11.0 28.0 11.0 8. 0 12.0 17.0 12.0 11.0 . 10.0 

120.3146:-7 ---- 128.9 45.33 89.9 96.1 88.02 91.0 84.6 

II. Percentage composition of di!lsolved solids. 

-

COs ------- 804. 

CL 

N03 Ca __ 

-------

-------

-------

------- Mg_ ------- Na,K 

Fe20 

Si02 

------

3------

-------

1 2 

----

43.73 36.54 

10.79 11.59 

2. 49 2. 73 .67 . 69 

25.77 21.81 

4. 07 3. 34 

3. 32 4. 22 Tr. Tr. 9.16 19.08 

----

100.001100. 00 

s. Op. cit., p. 105. 

3 4 I 

----

40.49 31.47 

16.29 6.18 

1. 24 2. 20 

.16 Tr. 23.27 14.34 

·3. 96 11.91 

5. 98. 16.10 

.08 . 15 

8. 53 17.65 ----- 100. 00 100. 00 

5 6 I 7 8 9 

--·-------- 48.16 22.48 46.54 41.11 44.21 

.00 32.26 .00 10.99 6. 74 

4.45 2.08 8. 90 2. 20 2. 96 . 67 . 52 . 55 3. 28 2.36 

14.46 12.49 21.16 20.88 20.09 

5. 56 8. 32 8. 90 6 .. 82 5. 67 3.35 4.16 . 55 2. 53 6.15 . 00 .00 .03 .10 'l'r. 

13.35 17.69 13.37 12.09 11.82 ---------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

66 U.S. Geoi. Survey see Water-Supply Paper 418. p.' 107. 1917. 

10 

--

39.2 

4. 9 

1.5 

1.0 

19.0 

3. 8 

5.1 

'l'r . 21.0 

95.5 

10 

--

41.05 

5.13 

1. 57 

1.05 

19.89 

3. 98 

5. 34 

Tr . 21.99 

--

100.00 

11 

·--

24.1 

5. 3 

1.0 

1.5 

12.0 

3.0 

5. 0 

'l'r . . 5.0 

56.9 

11 

---

42.36 

9.32 

1. 75 

2. 63 

21.09 

5. 27 

8. 79 

'l'r. 

8. 7!1 --

100.00 
ALASKA. 193 

· Jn general the water of Tanana River resembles that 

of the Yukon, except for its higher percentage of 

chlorine, which is unexplained. The second analysis 

differs from the other two in its higher silica, which 

may be derived fron1 Kantishna River, for which no 

data are given. Analyses 4 to 7, of small streams near 

Fairbanks, exhibit peculiarities that are probably due 

to local infiuences. The water of Illinois Creek, 

which enters the Yukon from the north, is like that of 

the Yukon. 

The foregoing analyses are all of waters from the 

Yukon basin. The three following analyses are of 

wat~rs from other Alaskan rivers. They are reduced 

to standard form from the figures given in Water-

. Supply Paper 418. p. 109. 

Analyses of three Alaskan waters. 

1. Stikine River about 15 miles above Wrangell. Analysis by S. C. Dinsmore. 

2 Copper River at Flag Point bridge. Analysis by A. A. Chambers. 

3. Lowe River near Valdez. Dinsmore, analyst. 

Parts per million. Percentage composition .. 

2 2 3 

----------1---1------------· CO a ____ ------~ _____________ ----

804_-- ------------------------- Cl ________ ----- ___ ---- _____ ---- _ NOs-- _________________________ _ 

Ca _____________ ------- ________ _ 

Mg ___________ ------------------ Na,K _________________________ _ 

Fe20s---------------------------

Si02---------------------------: 

30.9 54. 1 29.0 34. 84 40.71 37.91 15. 0 18. 0 9. 8 16. 91 13. 55 12. 81 1. 5 1. 6 3. 0 1. 69 1. 20 3. 92 Tr .. 5 2.0 'l'r .. 38 2.61 21. 0 32. 0 11. 0 23. 67 24. 08 11. 38 3. 6 7. 3 3. 0 4. 06 5. 49 3. 92 1.0 11.0 11.0 1.13 8.27 14.38 . 7 . 4 . 7 . 79 . 30 . 92 15. 0 8. 0 7. 0 16. 91 6. 02 9. 15 

88.7 ~ 76.51100. 00 100. 00 laO. 00 

The water of Copper River resembles that of the 

Yukon. Stikine River, with its high silica, owes its 

c4aracter to igneous· rocks around its source. The 

high proportion of alkalies in Lowe River may have. 

been derived from the decomposition of feldspars. 

INDEX TO ANALYSES. 

A. 

Abert Lake, Orcg ____ . ________ ----------- _ ---------------------------- _ ------

Adler Creek, CaliL---------------------------------------------------------

Pugc. 

188 

154. 

Alnbamo. H.ivcr, Ala ___________ ~----------"·--------------------------------- 45,48 

Alameda Creek, Calif.·--------------------------------------------------- 147,152 

Albion, Ind., crock aL------------------------------------------------------ 14 

Alden, Minn., lake at;·------------------------------------------------------ 56 

Alder Crock, Calif ..• -----------·-------------------------------------------- 185 · 

Alknli Lake, Ncbr·---···-----------------------------"·--------------------- 97 

Alkali l1tkcs, Oreg._----------·----------------------- ___ -------------------- 188 

Allegheny Hivcr, Pn. __ -------------------------------------------------- 76, 77,91 

American Hi\•cr, CaliL----------------------------------------------- 155,156,157 

Ana Hivcr, Oreg._.----------------------------------~---------------------- 188 

Androscoggin Hivor, Me._. ______ ----.---_-- ____ ._-- _________________________ · 24 

Angola (Lake) I c~lliL--- ---------------.---.-------------------------------- 185 Animas Hivcr, N. Mcx______________________________________________________ 129 

Antietam Creek, Md •. ------------------------"----------------------------- 35 Arikarcc River, Kans _____________ ------------------------ _______________ :__ 104 

Arkansas Hivcr. ______________________________________ ~------: ________ 112, n3, 123 

Arroyo Scco, CllliL _______________________________________________________ 136,137 

Ash burger Lake, Ncbr _______ -- _ -- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 97 

Aspinwall, Iowa, CI'Cok aL------------------·-------------------------------- 95 

1\ uglnizc Hivcr, Ohio _________ ---··------ __ -----------------------------_____ 18 

n. Baker Creek, Alaska________________________________________________________ 192 

Bnrnboo Hivcr, Wis --------------------------------------------------------- 63 

· J3nss Lak!), 'Vis ----------c----------------------------------------------- _-- 63 

Bear Creek, Calif----------------------------------------------------------~- 154 

Bear Hivor, Wyo ------------------------------------------------------------ 184 

Bear Hun, Pn ----··---------------------------------------------------------· 78 

Bcnsly (Lake), Wis ·------·------- -----------------------------"·--·----------- 13 

Beaver Creek, N. Dak __ ----------------- -------~-------------- ------------- 95 

Bello Fourche Hiver, S. Dak __ ·--------------------------------------------- 95 

Belleville, Kans., creek at.·------------------------------------------------- 107 

Bells Crock, Calif __ ---------------------- __ --------------------------------· 185 

Borgm· Creek, Mo _________________ ------------------------------------------ 111 

Big Blue Hivcr, Kansas basin •.. :·------------------------------------ 106, 107, 108 

Big Blue H.ivm·, Missomi basin ____________________________ ·.----------------- 111 

Big Cottonwood Creek, Utah·---------------------------------------------- 184 

~~:~ ~;·~c~;.~~:l~~j_-~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~~ Big Grove Crock, W. Va·--------------------------------------------------- 87 

Big Lake, WYO-------------------------------------------------------------- 100 

Big Hun, Pn. _ ------- --------------------------------------------------~ ____ 79 

Big Sioux Hivcr, S. Dak·------------------------·--------------~------------ !16 

:Bigs tone Lake; Minn _________________ : __ -· --------------------- _______ ------ ,'\6 

Big Stranger Creek, Kans--------------------------------------------------- 108 Big ~l'hompson Crock, Colo ____________________________________________ ·_____ 100. 

Big Wnlnut Crock, Ohio·-------------------------------------------·-------- BO 

Hinglllnon Creek,"'· Va.·-------------------------------------------------- iS 

Bixler Lake, lnd _. ---------------------------------------------------------- 18 

Black Hivcr, Ohio .• __ .----------------------------------------------------- 18 

Black H.ivm·, Wis.---------------------------------------------------------- 62 

Black Earth Creek, Wis.--_-_---------------------------------------------- 63 

Blucjoint Lake, Orog ------------------------------------------------------- 187 

Bluff Creek, Kans •• -------------------------------------------------------- 116 .Boardman Hivcr, Mich_____________________________________________________ 16 

Borax Lake, Calif----------------------------------------------------------- 1.57 

Boulder Creek, Colo. __ -------- ___ ---~------- _____ ----------- ____________ .__ 100 

Boyer H.ivor, Iowa. __ ------------- _______ ------- ____ --------------------____ 96 

Brazos Hivcr, 'l'ox. _____ -------------- _ ------------ _______________________ .12{i, 127 

Hudd Lake, :Minn ________ ·.------------------------------------------------- 56 

Buena Vista Creek, Va·----------------------------------------------------- 37 

Jlulfulo Lake, Wis __ -------------------------------------------------------- 13 

Bull'alo Creek, W. Va·------------------------------------------------------ 78 

Bu!Tulo Hivc1·, 1\finu. ---------- __ ---------------- ___________ -------- __ _ _____ 12.5 

Bull Creek, Kans___________________________________________________________ 110 

Bull Hun Uiver, Orcg -------------------~-------------------------------- 176,179 

Burnett; Junction, 'Vis., creek at.·------------------------------------------ 64 

Page. 

Cahaba Hivcr, Ala ____ -----_----------------------------------------------- 45,46 

Calapooya Creek, Oreg ___________ ------------------------------------------· 161 Canoy Creek, Kans ________________________________ -- _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ 118 

Caney River, Kans _______ ---- _____________________ -- _ -- ___ --- __ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ 118 

Cantara, Calif., creek at.---------------------------------------------------- 154 Canyon Creek, Calif _______________________________ ------------ ____ --·---_____ 156 

Cape Fear River, N. C------------------------------------------------------ 39,48 

Carmel River, Calif. __ --------- __________________ ----_-- ____ --______________ 137 

Cuss River, Mich._--------------------------------------------------------- 16 

Castle Creek, CaliL"--------------------'----------------------------------- 154 

Catoctin Creek, Md·-------------------------------------------------- ------ 35 

Cedar Creek, Ind _. _- ___ --------------- _ -- __ -----•. _ ----- __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ 18 

Cedar Creek, Kans.------------------------------------·-------------------- 110 · 

Cedar River, Iowa._ •• ------------------------------------------------------ 57 Cedar River, Wash ___ -- ____________ -- ________ ------------ ___ ._ •• ______ • __ 182, 183 

Center Lake, Ind ____ •• _____________ • ________ ------ __ • ______________ -------- 82 

Champlain (Lake)_.----------:-------------------------:·------------------ 20 Chariton River, Iowa. _____________________________________ .________________ 96 

Chatanika River, Alaska ..• _____________________ ~- _________________ ._._~-___ 192 

Chattahoochee River, Ga .• __ ----------------------------------------------- 44,48 

Cheat River, W. Va·------------------------------------------------------- 78 

Chehalis River, Wash·------------------------------------------------------ 183 Chona River, Alaska. ____ --. ________ "-- ______ --- _______ ------ _______ • ____ ;.. 192 

Chenango River, N. Y ___________________________________________ •• _______ •• 32 

Chewaucan .River, Oreg __________________ • ________________________ • _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 188 

Chikaskia Riyer, Kans.·---------------------------------------------- 115,116,121 

Chippewa River, l\finn __ -------------------------------------------------- 56,123 

Chippewa River, Wis·------------------------------------------------------ 62 Chism Creek, Kans. ____ --------- __ • ________________ • ________ • _____ ; _____ .__ 102 

Cholame Creek, Calif. ______________________________________________________ '137" 

Christmas Lake, Oreg. ____________________ • __________________ .______________ 188 

Cimarron River, Kans._---------------------------------------------------- 116 City Creek, Utah __________________________________ ._.______________________ 184 

Clackamas River, Oreg ____ ------- ---------·------------------ ---------------- 179 

Clear Creek, Colo._--------------------------------------------------------- 100 Clr,ar Fork c,:cck, Ohio. _____________________________________________ .______ 80 

Clear Lake, CaliL---------------------------------------------------------- 157 

Clear Lake, Fla.--------------------------------------------------------____ 49 

Clear Lake, Iowa____________________________________________________________ 57 

Coal Creek, Kan's .• _________ --- ___________________________________________ •• 121 

Cocheco River, N. H-------~------------------------------------------------ 25 Cold Spring Creek, Calif _________________________________________________ ;__ 139 

Cold Strca1n Pond~ l\'lainc___________________________________________________ 23 

Colorado River, Ariz.----------------------------------------------------- 129,130 

Colorado River, Tex. _______ ---------------------------- ____________ ------ 126, 127 

Columbia River. .. ---------------------------------------------------- 162,163,164 

Connecticut River _________ ------ _________ --------------------- ___ ---------- 25 

Conococheague Creek, Md .. --- __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 

Copper Hivcr, Alaska _____ -------- ______________ --------. ______ ·_____________ 11Ja 

Cottonwood Creek, Klamath basin----------------------------------------- 158 

Cottonwood Creek, Calif._.-------- ____ -------------------------____________ 146 

Cottonwood River, Kans-------------------------------------------------- 120,121 

Council Creek, Wis .. ------------------------------------------------------- 63 

Cow Creek, Kans. ______ --------------- ____ ----------------_---------------- 1 14 Crater Lake, Oreg .. _. _________________________ ._____________________________ 1 f>8 

Cravath Lake, Wis .... ---------_-------- __________ -------- _________ --------- 61J 

Crooked Creek, Ohio ____ ----- ____ ----------------------- __ ----------_-------__ 80 

Crooked River, Oreg. _________ ------ __ ---------J---------- ______ ---------- 175, 179 

Croton River, N. Y --------------------------------------------------------- 26,27 

Crump Lake, Oreg .. ------------ _____ ------- ________ . _____ ----------------~- 187 

Crystal Lake, Calif _______________________ . ___ ----------------~--____________ 156 

Cumberland Hivcr, 'l'cnn. --------------------·----------------------------- 89,91 

. D. 

D!ikota River, S. :Oak ... ·---------------------------------------------------- 95 Dan River, V a. ______________________________________________ • ______________ 38, 48 

DaY is Creek, M ich _____ -------- _ __ ___ _____ _ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ 11 

Davis Creek, 1\1o ____________________ . _________________ --------- ___ __ ___ __ ___ 1.11 

Deerfield, Fla., stream at_ __________________________ "________________________ 49 

Delaware Hivcr, eastern. __________________ ·----~-------------------------- 28, 29, :l6 

Delaware Hivcr, Knm;__ ___________________________________________________ 107., lOR 

:qeschutes River, Oreg .. _________ ------ ___________________________________ .174, 17!1 

DeSmet (Lake), Wyo ------------------------------------------------------- ur. 

Des lVloincs Hiver, !own ________ ~------------------------·---·---·------- no, (il, l:!:l 

Dcsplaipes H iY'.lr, W" ~- ---------- "~". n---···-•• - ------- _ -- _______ • ______ • _ Hi 

l915 
196 INDEX TO ANALYSES. 

Page. 

Detroit River, Mich _____________ -------------------------------------------- 17 

Devils Lake, N.Dak .. -----------------~---------------------~-------------- 125 

Devils River, Tex _________ ---·--- _ -------- __ -------- ____ ---- ___ __ ___ _ _ _ _ __ __ 129 

Donner und Blitzrn River, Oreg. _______ ·-------------------------·------------ i87 

Dos Pueblas Creek, Calif •. -------------------------------------------------- 139 

Dragoon Creek, Kans.------ ________ ----- ____________ ----_--~_______________ 110 

E. J<~agle Lake, 'l'ex _______ -----.------------------------------------------------- 127 

East Floyd Creek, Iowa .. --------------------------------------------------- 96 East Soldier Creek, Iowa____________________________________________________ 96 

East Timber Creek, Iowa.----_--------------------------------- __ -·--- ___ --- 57 

. East Wallingford, Conn., creek aL---------------------------------------~-- 25 

Eddy (Lake), Minn ..• ------------------------------------------------------ 54 

Edgewood, Calif, creek at.-------_-------------------------_-------_---_·____ 158 

J!:el .River, Calif..----------------------------------------------------~------ 158 

Eel River, Ind __ --------------- ~ ----------------------------------·---------- 82 

Elk Creek, Kans ---- __ --- _ -------------------------------------- ~ _ ---------- 108 

Elk River, Kans ___ --- __ -- __ --- ___ -- _ ---------------------- _ ---- _____ -- _ --- _ 118 

Elkhart Lake, Wis. ___ -------------------~---.----"--------_---- ______ ------ 14 

Elkhart River, Ind ..... _-------------------------------------~--------------- 14 

Elkhorn Creek, Ky _--------------------------------------- _ ------ _ -- ___ ---- 88 

Elkhorn River,. Nebr --- c ----- _____ ---------------------- ~-- _ -- _ -- ___ -- __ ---- 100 

Ellenton, Fla., small stream at.--------------------------------------------- 49 

Elm Creek, Kansas basin--------------------------------------------------- 102 

Elm Creek, Medicine Lodge basin------------------------------------------ 116 

Elm Creek, Osage basin·-------------------------~-------------------------- 110 

Elm River, S. Dak---------------------------------------------------------- 95 

Embarrass River, IlL- __ -_---- __ -----------------------------_-------- ____ -- 85, 86 

Embarrass River, Wis _________ --- ___ -- ______ -_- _----- __ --- ___ -- ___________ -- 13 

Emigration Crook, Utah---- __________________ - ___ -_-------_________________ 184 

Erie (Lake) _______ ---- __ -----. ___ -. ____ -_-------------------_---- ___ ---_----- 16, 21 

J<::sopus Creek, N. Y --------------------------------------------------------- 26 

Esther Creek, Alaska ____ -----. __ -- __________ ------------------------ ______ -- 192 

Estrella River, Calif.. ___ ---_--- ______ ~ ____ ---_-----_- ___ ---- ______ ---_~- __ 135, 137 

Euclid Creek, Ohio~-------------------------------------------------------- 18 

Evitts Creek, Md ___________ --------- ----~------------ --.------------------- _ 33 

F. 

Fall Creek, M:d. _______ --------------- -----~--- ----------------------------- 84 

Fall River, Kans .. ____ -- __ ---_--_--------------------------_--_-- ___ -- 117, 118, 121 

Feather River, CaliL------------------------------------------------- 154,156,157 

Firchole River, Wyo- -------- _____ - ~---- ------------------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 95 

Firesteel River, S. Dak ... ___ -- _________ -.--- ___ ------------- _____ -- ________ -: 9.5 

Fish Creek, W. Va. _ -- __ ----- __ ---- _ ---- _- --------------------- _____ --- _ _ _ __ 87 

Fishing Creek, W.Va.------------------------------------------------------ . 35 

Fishing River, Mo- -- _-- ----------------------•. ------- c-- ------ _______ ----- 96 

Flagstaff Lake, Oreg ______ -- ______ -- __ ----- ____ --- __ - ___ ------- _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ 187 

Flint River, Ga. __________ -_- ___ -- ______ -_----------------_--_--- ___________ · 44, 48 

Floodwood, Mich., creek at.--- __________ --_------- __ -- __ --- _____ -.--________ 13 

Floyd Creek, Iowa. ___________________ -- __ -- ___ ----_---_____________________ 96 

Floyd Lake, Nebr ________ ~ --- ___________ ------- ___ --- _ ---- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 

Floyd River, Iowa. __ --------------_---------------·------------------------- 96 

Fombell, Pa., creek at.·----------------------------------------------------- 79 Forest River, N. Dak-- ____ -·- _____ -- _____ --- __ ---- __ -_- -- _ -- _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 125 

l!'ossil Lake, Oreg. __ ---------------------------------------------------_____ 188 

Fosterville, Wis., creek at._----- __ -----~----~--------- __ --------------~----- 63 

Fox River, IlL .. "------------------------------------------------~---- 60, 68, 69,73 Fox River, \Vis ______________________ -------------------------- ____ ------____ 13 

0. 

·Gardiner River, WYO-----------~------------------~------------------------ 95 

Garvin Lake, Wis·---------------------------------------------------------- · 64 

Gasconade River, lVlo. _ -----------.----- _____ ----------------- ____ ----------- 111 

.Gaviota Creek, Calif., Salina basin__________________________________________ 137 

Oaviota Creek, Calif., southern_____________________________________________ 139 

Geneseo River, N. Y -------------~----------------------------------------- 19 

Geneva (Lake), Wis.---------------------------·----------------------------- 69 

G'oorge Lake, lVlinn. _- ---------- __ -- __ -------------------------------------- 56 

Gila River, Ariz ___ -------------------------------------~-------------------- 129 

Golconda, Nev., creek at.___________________________________________________ 186 

Goose Creek, S. C---------------------------------------------------------·-- 41 

Goose Lake, Oreg._ ----------------------C---------------------------------- 157 

Graceville, Minn., lake at.·--------.----------------------------------------- . 124 

Grand River, Mich------------------------------------------------------ 15, 16,21 

Grand Hiver, MO-----------------------------------------·-----------------~ '96 Grande Ronde River, Oreg ________________________________________________ 170,171 

Grapevine Creek, Ind _________________ ·-------------------------------------- 14 

Grave Creek, W.Va.------------------------------------------------------- 87' 

Great Salt Lake, Utah ___ -----" _______________ ------------ __ -~------------~- 184 

Green Lake, \Vis. ______________________ ~____________________________________ 13 

Green River, Ky ------------·----------------------------------------------- 91 

Green River, Wash ____________________________________________ ~---------- IS2, J.Sa· 

Cl rouse Creek, Kans .. ______ ------- __________________ ---------_______________ L 1.~ 

llnadalupe Rivet·, ~L'ex. _______________________ ---------------- ______ .__ _ _____ 127 

0 unpowdcr Hiver, 1\Jd ________ -------------- _________________ ----------- ____ 32 

Cl ypsnm Creek, Kans -- ____ : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 102 

H. Page. Haiwee Creek, Calif.. _______ --- _________________ -.- ______________________ ~--- . 132 

Harney Lake, Oreg •. ___ -------- _______________ -- __ -- ____ -_________ . _____ ----- 187 

Hart Lake, Oreg ___________ --- _______________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ 187 

Hathorne Lake, Nebr -'------------------------------------------------------ 97 

Heart River, N. Dak-----------------'-------------------------------------- 95 Hemlock Lake, N. Y _______________ , ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ 19 

Heron Lake, Minn .. ____ ------------ __________________ - _____________________ · 61 

Hill Creek, N. Dak •• - ------------------------ __ --------------- _ ---- ___ ----- 125 

Honey Creek, Wis ___ -- _ ---- _______________ ~ ___________ -- _______________ ---- 64 

Horton, Kans., creek at._--------------------- __ ---------------------_----~- 108 

Hot River, Wyo._-.-.----------------_----- ______ ---- _________ -----_--------- 95 

Housatonic River, Conn. __ ----- ______________ ------------- ______ ----------- 25 

Hudson River, N. Y _ ---------------------------------------------------- 26, 27,36 Huer Huero Creek, Calif.------- _____________________________ ~______________ 137 

Humboldt Lake, Nev.------------------------------------------------------ 186 · 

Humboldt River, Nev _ --------~-------------------------------------------- 186 

Huron (Lake)------------------------------------------ _______ -"- _____ ------ 16, 21 

Huron River, Mich._-------------------~--_---------------- ____________ _.___ 17 Huron River, Ohio __________________________________ ~- __________ -~__________ 18 

I. 

Illinois Creek, Alaska._-----~------ _____________________________ ------______ 192 

Illinois.River, IlL ____________________________________________________ 69, 70, 73,123 

indian Creek, Pa ____________________________________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 78 

Indian Valley Creek, CaliL------------------------------------------------- 137 

Iowa River, IOW!J.-------------------------------------------------------- 57, 58,123 

J. 

Jalama Creek, Calif.-------------------------------------------------·------- 139 James River, S. Dak. --------------- ___ --------------- __ ___ _ ____ ___ ___ _ _ ____ 95 

James River, Va. __ -------------------- _____________________________________ 37,48 

Jesse Lake, Ncbr --------------------------- _________________ ------ __ -------- 97 

John Day River, Oreg·---------------------------------------------------- 173,179 

Jonathans Creek, Ohio.--------------- ______________________________ -------- 80 

Jordan Creek, Pa. ___ --- ____ --------- _______ ------ ____________ · ____________ .__ 29 

K. 

Kalamazoo River., Mich-------------------------------------------~-~--i· ___ 15,21 

Kanawha River, W. Va·---------------------------------------------------- 87,91 Kankakee River, IlL _______________________________________________________ 67, 73 

Kansas River, Kans .. ___________________________________ ~ _______ c _________ 105, 106 

Kaskaskia River, IlL ___________________________________________________ 74, 75,123 

Kaw River, Kans. See Kansas River. 

Kennebec River, Maine_____________________________________________________ 24 

Kentucky River, Ky _____________________________________________ : __________ 88, 91 

Kern River, Calif. _________ ----- __________________________________________ 149, 152 

Kester, W.Va., Lake at __________________________________ ·___________________ 78 

Kewaugesaga Lake, Wis ____________________________ ~ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 63 

Kinbrae, Minn., lake aL.---~----------------------·------------------------- 61 

Kingsley' Creek, Iowa.______________________________________________________ 96 

Kingston, Wis., creek at. _______ -----________________________________________ 13 

Kissimee River, Fla ________________________ ----------------- _________ ------- 49 

Klickitat River, Wash---------------------------------------------------- 167,168 

L. 

Lacreole Creek, Oreg ____________________________________________ -~ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ 180 

La Crosse River, Wis.------------ _____________________________________ ----- 62 

La Mine River, Mo.----------------------------·---------------------------- 111 

Laramie River, Wyo ____ ------------ _________________________________ ------- 100 

Leaf River, IlL .. ____________________________________ -~ ____ -.-_______________ 66 

Leatherwood Creek, Ohio _____________________________________ ~- _____ ------- 80 

Lehigh River, Pa .. ----------------------------------~----------------------- 28,29 Lemon weir River, Wis ____________ ----- ______________________________ ------- 63 

Lewis Creek, Va. _ --------------- _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _____ ____ 34 

Licking River, Ohio _________ --------------------------------------------~---- SO 

Likely, Fla., lake at_ ____________ ·-----------~-------------------------------- 49 

Lime Creek, Kans.---------------------------------------------------------- 102 

Little Antietam Creek, Md ------------------------------c·----------------- 35 

Little Arkansas River, Kans._-~--__________________________________________ 1.14 

Little Blue. River, Mo ______________________________ -·---- _____________ ------- 111 

Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah·-------------------------------------------- 184 

Little Dog Creek, CaliL.-------------·------------------------------------- 154 

Little Goose Creek, WYO---------------------------------------------------- 95 

Little Kanawha River, W. Va ____________ ·----------------------------------- 87 

Little Lehigh River, Pa .. _________________________________________ ._ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 29 

Little Missouri River, N. Dak·------------------;-------------------------- 95 

Little Osage River, Kans .. -------------------------------------------------- 110 

Little Sioux River, Iowa____________________________________________________ 96 

Little Wabash River, IlL _____________________________________________ ~----- 86 

Long Lake, Lake· Superior· basin ____ ---------- ______________ ---·---- __ -------- 13 

Long Lake, Wis .. ------------------------------~---------------------------- 1a Los Moras Creek, ~rex ______ ------___________________________________________ l:l!l 

Lost River, Oreg. ____ ---~----------- _______ --~ __ -· __________ : ___ ~ __ --~------ lfiS 

Lowe River, Alaska __ ------------- ___________________ · ________________ ._______ ·.I \Iii 

Lower Cascade CrMk, Calif.________________________________________________ .150 

Lyons Creek, Kans.-------.-----··-~-·-- _________ .•• _-·-.·--· ____ •• _ •• ;______ 102 
INDEX TO ANALYSES. 197 

M. Page. McKonzio Rivor, Orcg ____________________________________________________ 178,179 

l\1ncl River, Calif _____________________________________________________ .______ 158 

Mahoning River, OhiO------------------------------------------------------ 79 l\1alhcur Lako, Orcg _________________________________________________________ . · 187 

Malibu Crook, Calif. ..... ---------------------------------~---------------- 141 

Manis teo Lake, Mich •. ----------------.---------------------------------~--- 16 l\1anitou (Lako), Incl ...... ------- _______ ------. ___ ._. _______ .•. _."· ____ . __ . 82 

Maple River, N. Dak·------------------------------------------------------ 125 

Murals clos Cygnos, Kans. See Osage River. 

Marmaton Hiver, Kans.·-----------------------·-------------------------- 109,110 

Maumee River, Ohio.--------------------------------------~-----·------- 17, 18,21 . Mears Crook, CaliL •.•.. ------~- ..... _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 154 

Modica! Lake, Wash .. --------.•.•............... __ ................ _ .... _.__ .180 

l\{odicino Creek, Mo.-----...•.... ___ ........... ____ ........................ 96 

Medicine Lodge Hiver, Kans ..•............................. ·."·---------- 115,121 

l\1cdina River, Tox ...••.••. ------........ __ .................. ___ ........ " -~ 127 

Mendota (Lake), Wis .•. ----- _ _._ .•.. __ ...................... _ .. · •. _ ..... _ _._... 64 

Menominee Hivor, Mich·--------------------------------------------------- 13 

Monomoneo.Hivor, Wis ....•..••................ "--------------------------'-· l4 

Mormncc River, Mo .. _------------------------------------------------------ 111 

Merced H.ivor, Calif. .•.•.• ----------------------------------------------- 150, 152 

Merrimack H.ivcr, N. R------------------------------------------·--········ 25 

l\{iami H.ivor, Ohio ....•..•...••.•.......................................... 80,91 

· Michigan (Lake)------....•....•.•.........•........... _ ...... _._ ..... _. __ .. 12, 21 

Milos Creek, Iowa .•.. -----------. ______ .... __ .......... : ....... __ .......... 1)6 

Mill Crook, Big Blue basin .. -----------------------------------~----------- 107 

Mill Crook, Kansas bas_in .••••. "-....•....... ~ .. __ ... __ . ___ .. -~- _. _____ . ___ . _ 108 

l\nll Crook, Va·----------------------------------------------------~------- 37 

Millo Lacs Lake, Minn ......•............................. ~---------------- 54 

Milwaukoo River, Wis .....•................. ·-------·-----------------------~ 14 

Minnesota Hivor, Minn .....•...•...................................... 55, 56, 12:i 

Minnetonka (Lake), Minn .. ·---------···"···-·---------------·--------------- 54 

Minocqua (Lake), Wis .•...•. ____ ......... _. ___ .......... __ ........... ~..... 63 

Mission Crook, Calif. •...••..••••............................•............ ~. 139 

Mississinewa H.ivor, Ind •......................................... ·.......... 82 

Mississippi Hivor. .............•........ · ______________ . __ _. ________ 5Q-54, 73,123, 1ao 

:M issonri Hivor _ ........•..• : ................ ------------------------ 92, 93, 94, 12:3 

Mitchell Lake, N obr... .•. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. 97 

Mohave H.ivor, Calif........................................................ 132 

Mohawk H.ivor, N. Y ----------·--------------------------------------------- 26,27 

Mohicau Hiver, Ohio ..• ----------------------------------------:........... 80 

Mokelumne River, CaliL----------------------------------·---------------- 151,-152 

Monico Junct!ou, Wis., creek at ...........•................... :............ 63 

Mono Creek, ColiC.......................................................... 139 Mono Lake, Calif. ________________________________________________________ 130,131 

Monocacy Creek, Pa .••.•• ----------........ ----........... · ..........•...•. _ 29 

Monocacy River, Md. --------.. ••. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 35 

Monongahela River, Pa--------"··-----·-·----------------------·----- 7(i, 77, 78,91 

Moosohead Lake, l\1aine .•...• ~-------------------------------·---------------- 24 

Morrison Creek, Wis •. -.- ... --------.... -----.···· ... ____ ------- _____ -------- 62 

l\fosos ·Lake, Wash .•.•.•.•...•...•................ _ ....... ~._ ......... ;_.... 180 

l\1osqulto Creek, Iowa ..... --------.............. -... _ .•................... -.- 96 

Motion Crook, Calif. •.•.. -----------------·-----·----------------------.... 158 

Muddy River, Ill. •.••.•.....•..••.....•..........................••....... 75,123 

Mulberry Creek, Kans .•.• :. •.•.••... ---------------------------------------- 102 

Muskegon Lake, Mich .•••••••••.•.. ---------------------------------------- 16 

Musklngum River, OhiO--------------------·---~---------~-------------- 79, 80,91 

N. 

Nachos River, Wash·--------•-------------------------------------------- 167,168 

Nacimiento River, CaUL .••.•.••••....................................... 135,137 

Nashua Hlvor, Mass-----------------------------------------------·--------- 25 

Nelson, Ill., lake at .•.• ------------------------------------------------------ 66 

Neosho Hiver, Kans.·----------------------------------------~------: ..... 119, 121 

Neuso Hivor, N. C ---------------------------------------------------------- 39,48 

Now Crook, W.Va ..• ~:------------------------------~--------------------~-~ 33 

Nlnnoscah H.ivor, Kans .••.....•............................ : ..... __ .... ___ . 114 

Niobrara Rlvor, Nebr ------------------------------------------------------- 97 

Nlppersink Creek, Wis...................................................... 69 

Nlshnabotna Crook, Iowa ...•. -------.•.. ___ ........... _ .........•.•... ___ .. 96 

North Lake, Wis ....•.•.•••••••••••......•........ --------"----------------- 64 North River, James basin .•.•••.•.•.....•..... :.____________________________ 37 

North River, Potomac basin.~---------------------------------------------- 34 

North Platte River, Nebr -----------------------------------~---------------- 98 

North Pottawatomie Creek, Kans.·----------------"------------------------ 110 

Norwalk River, Conn ..••.•.••. : •.•.............. ___ ............ _____ . ____ .. 25 

Noyo River, Calif. .•••.••.••.• -----..... -----..... ---..............•.. _____ . 158 

0. 

Ocmulgco River, Ga •..• -------..•......... " ................................ 43, 48 

Oconoo IUver, Ga ...• ·------------------------------------------------------ 43,48 

Oconomowoc River, '\Vis •..•..•... ----............ ---.. ------......... ---... 64 

Oconto H.ivor, Wls .. ----------•.............................. ---.... -----..• 13 

Ogoeche'e Hivor, Ga ... ---------------------------------~-------------------- 42 

Ohio River ....•.........•.... -------------------------~---~------- ... ------ 92, 123 

89135-24t-14 

Page. 

Okabena Creek, Minn ............ ·-------------------------------------~--- 61 

Okanogan River, Wash·-----------------------~-------------------------- 165, 168 

Okauchee Lake, Wis .. __ .. __ .... _ ....... __ .... _ ..... _ ....... _._. __ ...... _... 64 

Okeechobee (Lake), Fla ....... ·-····························r··············- . 49 

Omak Lake, Wash ................................................. c........ 180 

Ontonagon River, Mich ..... -----------------------------------····"·------- 11 

Oostanaula River, Ga ....................................................... 46,48 

Osage River, Kans. __________ . _____ ........ _ .............................. 109, 110 

Oswegatchie Hiver, N.Y .... ------------------------------------------------ 20,21 

Ottawa Hiver, Canada ................... ~---------------------------------- 21 

Otter River, Iowa ... -------------------------------------------------------- 96 

Ottertail River, Minn....................................................... 124 

0\vens Lake, Calif. ....................................................... 130,131 

Owens River, CaliL ......... "-------------·-··················-~----------· 131 

Owyhee River, Oreg ................................... • ......... · ...... · .... 169,171 

P. 

Paint Creek, Ohio ......................... --------------------------~------- 80 

Parleys Creek, Utah .................................. · .. c................... 184 

Patapsco River, l\1<1........................................................ 32 

Pauls Lake, '\Vis .................. -----------------------··················" 14 

Pearl Hiver, l\1iss ........................................ ".cc ••• "----------- 47,48 

Pecos River, 'l'ex............................................................ 12U· 

Peedce River, N. C------------------------------------------~-------------- 40,48 

Pelican Lake, Oreg .......... _................................................ 187 

Pembina H.iver, N.Dak.................................................... 125 

~emigowasset River, N. 11. ................ "................................ · 25 

Penacook Lake, N.H.~----------------------------------------~------------ '25 

Penobscot Hivcr, :Maine.................................................... ·23 

Perry, Kans., creek at ............... ~---.------------------------------------ 10~ 

Pescadero Creek, Calif. .. __ ..................... _,_ ..... ---" ......•........ "· 1:!4 

Phelan Lake, Nebr ................................... :...................... !J7 

Phillips Lake, Maine .... ---------------------------------"··---------------- 23 

Pigeon River, Minn ...... --------~---------------------------~-------------- 11 

Pimmit Run, Va ...........................•...... : .......... ---------~----- · 34 

Pine Creek, Ind ............ c.---------------------------------~------------ 82 

Pipe Creek, Ind ........ : •............................... ;.................. 82 

Piru River,· Calif. .... ---------------------------------------------------··· 140 

Plant Lake, Nebr........................................................... !J7 

Platte H.iver, Minn.......................................................... 54 

Platte River, Nebr .. ------------------------------~-------"---~----------- 3, 98, 99 

Plum River, Ill. .••................................•.............•.. ~------- 63 

Pogues Run, Ind ... ~-------------------------------~-------------------·----- 84 

Pollard, Oreg., creek at. •••..•.......................... · ..•.•.. -------------- 161 

'Pomme de Torre River, Minn............................................... 56 

Popo Agio River, Wyo...................................................... 95 

Pori, Mich., creek at .............................................. ·.......... 11 

Potomac River ............................................•........... 3:l, 34, 35,36 

Powder River, Oreg .. c~----------------------·-··························· 170,1.71 

Prairie River, Wis .........•.............................. · .. ·.---------------- 6:.! 

Prairie Dog Creek, Kans ............... ------------------~---------------· 104,108 

Presque Isle River, Mich.................................................... 11 

Prior Lake, Minn .................. --------------------------~-------------- 5U 

Purgatory River, Colo ........ ------------~---------------------------------- 114 

Pyramid Lake, Nev......................................................... 185 

R. 

Raccoon River, Iowa .......... -----------------------------~---------------- 61 

Rainbow Lake, Wis......................................................... 1:1 

Raisin H.iver, Mich......................................................... 17 

Random Lake, Wis .................................... ·--------------------- 1-1 

Rangeley Lake, Maine ..................... ~C---·······"···-,--------------- 24 

Rapid Creek, S.Dak ... -------------------------------------------·-------~- 95 

Raritan Hiver, N. J ------------------------------------------------------ 27, 29, 3U 

Ready Bullion Creek, Alaska .•..... -------------~-------------------------- '192 

Red Butte Creek, Wash..................................................... 184 

Red Cedar River, Wis ------------------------------------------------------- 62 

Red Granito Junction, Wis., creek at .......... ------------------------~----- 13 

Hed Lake, Wyo .••............ --------......... -.-........ ---.----.•. --... -. 100 

Red Lake River, Minn .... -------------------------------------------------- 125 

Red River, La ....•.....•......••... -~ .....•.........•.................... 122, 123 

Red River (of the North) ..••..................... .-......................... 124 

Redwood River, Minn...................................................... 56 

Republican H.iver, Kans ...•.............................•.• _ •....•.... 102,_104, 108 

Rio Bonito, N. Mex"···---------------------~------------------------------- 129 

Rio Grande, Tex .•... ------------------------------------------------------- 128 

Rio Hondo, Calif.. ...... ---------------------------------------------------- 143 

River·View Pond, Conn..................................................... 25 

.Roanoke River, N.c.·: .•...•..................... · ................•.......... 38,48 

Roaring Brook, Mass ......... ·---------------------------------------------- 25 

Rock Creek, Arkansas basin ...•....................... ---------------------- 118 

Rock Creek, Io.ya ..•...........................................•.........•. : 56 

Rock River, Minn .. -------------------------------------------------------- 96 

E99h: }live_r, Wis., IlL ........................................ ------: 64, 65, 66, 123 
198 INDEX TO ANALYSES. 

Page. Rocky River, Ohio _________________________________________ c _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 18 

Rogue River, Orcg ________________________________________________________ 159,160 

Root River, Iowa. _____ .

7 

__________________ -.- _____________ -.- ________ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 56 

Root River, Wis ..• ---,-----------------------------------------------_______ 14 

Round Lake, Ind. _________________ ----- ______________ ------ ____ --------____ 82 

Rum River, Minn .•. ------------------------------------------------------- 54 Russian River, Calif. _____________________________________________________ 158,161 

s. Sabinal River, Tex.·-------------------------------------------------------- 127 · Saco River, Maine _______________________________________________ .__________ 25 

Sacramento River, Calif.---------------------------------------------- 153,154,157 

St. Croix River, Maine·----------------------------------------------------- 23 

St. James Lake, Minn ------------------------------------------------------ 56 

St. Joe, Ind., creek at------------------------------------------------------- 18 

St. John River, Maine ----~-----------------c------------------·------------- · 23 

St. Joseph River, Michigan basin------------------------------------------- 14,18 

St. Joseph River, Maumee basin-------------------------------------------- 18 

St. Lawrence River----------------------------------------------------- 19, 21,130 

St. Marys River, Ind -------------------------------------------"----------- 18,82 

St. Patricks Creek, Alaska------------------------------------------------- 192 

St. Vrain Creek, Colo ___________ --- ___________ ------ ____ ------_------------- 100 

Salamonie River, Ind .. ----·----------- ________ -~____________________________ 82 

Salinas River, Calif ____________________________________ ~------------------ 134,137 

Saline River, Kans ••.• ------------------------------------------------ 102,103,108 

~:~~ g~::=: ~:e~~--~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~:: ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~:: ~: ~: ::~ ~: ~~~ Salt River, Ariz.---------------------------------------·--------------------- 129 

Salton Sea, Calif._--~--_---_----------_------- _______ ._.____________________ 132 

Saltonstall (Lake), Conn ------- ___ ·_. ____ -- _- _________ -- ___ _ _ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ 25 

Saluda River, S C.-----------•• ,----_-----_-- _________ • _____ • _____________ ; 40, 48 

San Antonio River, Calif •.•• __________ ---------------------------- ________ 136, 137 

San Benito River, Calif .• ----------- ______________ c __ ----------------- 133, 134, 137 

Sandusky River, Ohio.--••• ------.------------, ____ ----- ___ .----___________ 18 

Sandy River, Oreg.-- 7 -------------------------_---- ---- _ -- ___ - -- _________ 176, 179 

San Gabriel River, Calif. .•••. -------------------------------------------- 142,146 Sangamon River, IlL ___________________________________ . _________________ 71, 72,73 

San Joaquin River, CaliL--------------------------------------------- 148,149,152 San Juan Creek, CaliL. ___ • ______ -- __________________ -- ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 137 

San Lorenzo River, Calif. .•... -------------------------------------------- 133,137 

San Luis Rey River, CaliL ... ~------------------------------------------- 145,146 

San Marcos River, TeX.----------------------------------------------------- 127 

San Vicente Creek, Calif.--_---_---- __ -_---_- ____ --_-_-_____________________ 134 

Santa Ana River, CaliL ..•... ~--------------------------------------- 143,144,146 

Santa Clara River, Calif. .• c •• ------------------------------------------.---- 140 

Santa Clara Creek, Calif.---- _____ -- _______________ -------__________________ 140 

Santa Fe River, N. Mex ____________________________ _._______________________ 129 

Santa Maria Hivcr, CaliL·----------------------~-------~---------------- 138,141 

Santa Paula River, Calif.---------_--- __ ------ ________ -----c---.----------___ 140 

Santa Yncz River, Calif·---------------------------------------------- 138,139,141 

Santa Ysabel Creek, Calif _____ ------ ____ ------ ______ ------ ____ ·_----------- 145, 146 

Santiam River, Oreg.----------------------------------------------------- 178,179 

Sappa Creek, Kans _____ ----..:------ _- -------------------------------------- 104 

Saucon Creek, Pa. _____ " --------------- _------- _----------- _ -- _ ~--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

Sauk River, Minn.~-------------------------------·-------------------------- 54 

Savage River, Md.---------------------------------------------------------- 33 

Savannah River, Ga. __ ----------------------------------------------------- 42,48 

Schuylkill River, Pa.·. ------------------------------------------------------ 29 

Scott Creek, Wis •. ____ ---- _______ ---. ______ --- ________ -~--__________________ 63 

Sevier Lake, Utah _______ ----- ____ --- ___ -- ___ -_--------______________________ 184 

Sheboygan River, Wis. __ -_______ -- ______ -- __ .______________________________ 14 

Shell Creek, Wyo. _________________ -.- ______ "--______________________________ 95 

Shenandoah River, Va. ----- _____ --- _______ --- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 

Shenango River, Pa_ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 79 

Sheyenne River, N. Dak____________________________________________________ 125 

Shiawassee River, Mich •. ___________________ -_______ --______________________ 16 

Shoal Creek, Mo __ ·------------------------------------------------------ ___ _ 96 

Sidnaw, Mich., lake at.·---------------------------------------------------- 11 Siemens, Mich., creek at. _____________________________________ c _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Siletz River, Oreg ______ ---- ______ --- _ -- _- _--- _____ ----- _______ --. _________ 160, 161 

Silver Creek, Iowa._-------------------------------~------------------------ 57 

Silver Lake; Oreg., eastern _______ ~--_-- ___ ---- _____ -_---- _______ --__________ 187 

Silver Lake, Oreg., western _________________ -__________ - _________ .___________ 188 

Silver Lake, 'Vis. ____ • __ -- _____ -_---- ____ ------ __ ------- ___ -- __ ---- ___ --_____ 63 . 

Silvies River, Oreg ---------------------------------------------------------- 187 Simmons Creek, Iowa .. ____________ ._________________________________________ 56 

Skagit River, Wash _______________________________________________________ 181, 183 

Skaneateles Lake, N. Y ----------------------------------------------------- 19 

Slate Creek, Kans ... __ .-- _________ - ______________ --- __ - ____ ---- ____________ • , 114 

Smoky Hill River, Kans _________________________ : ________________________ 101,108 

Snake River, Wash·--------------------------------------------------- HiS, 169,171 Snow Creek, CaliL. _________ -- ________________________________________ -.- _ _ _ 132 

Soap Lake, Wash___________________________________________________________ 180 

Soda. Lake, Wyci .• _ •• --.................... -- ___ ••• -·-•••••.• _ ......... _. __ • 100 

. Page. Soda Lakes, N ev _________ • ____________ • __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 186 

Solomon River, l{ans _________________________________________________ 102,103,108 

South River, Va ..... ~ ---------------------------------------------------- ___ 37 South. Moreau Creek, Mo ______________________________________________ ~ __ _ _ 111 

South Platte River, Nebr ------------------·-------------------------------- 100 Sparta Creek, Wis _________________________________ -.- _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 62 

Spaulding (Lake), Minn _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 61 

Spokane River, Wash _______________________ ----- _________________________ 164, 168 

Spring River, Kans. _____________ . _________________________________________ 120, 121 

Spy Run, Ind ... _____ -------- ______________________________________________ • 18 

Stanislaus River, Calif. ______________ ~~----------------------------------- 151,152 

Stephens Fork, Mo __________________________________ ------------------------ 111 

Stikine River, Alaska. __________ c ______ -"- ___________________ -c __ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 193 

Stoughton Lake·, Nebr __________ : ______ ----------~-------- _______ ___ ________ 97 

Stratford, Wis., creek at.·---------------~----------------------------------- 63 

Sturgeon Creek, Mich·--------------~ ------------------ _____ __ ___________ _ __ 13 

Sturgeon Lake, N ebr _____________________________ .:. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 

Sugar Creek, Kans____ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 110 

Sugar Creek, Ohio _____ .. 7 ____________________________________________ " _ _ _ _ _ _ 80 

Su)phur Creek, Minn _______________ _. ___________________________________ "--- 56 

Summer Lake, Oreg ___________________________________________ " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 188 

Summit Lake, Wis ___ ~----- _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 63 

Superior (Lake)_------- _____________________________________________________ 11, 21 

Susquehanna River, Pa----------------------------------------------- 30, 31, 32,36 · Swan Creek, Ohio .. --- _______________________ .______________________________ 18 

T. 

Tager ton, Wis., po~d at. .. __________________________________________________ 13 

Tahoe (Lake), Calif..._------ _____________________________ -~-_______________ 185 

':\anana River, Alaska ______________ --_______________________________________ 192 

Temperance Lake, Minn .. ____________________________ " ____ :________________ 56 

Tennessee River, Tenn ___________ ---- _____________________________________ .• 90, 91 

Tiffin River, Ohio.------~-------------------- ___ ---------------------_______ 18 

Timber Lake, Minn_______ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ ____ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 61 

Tolovana River, Alaska ___________ ~- ________________________ ~_______________ 192 

Tombigbee River, Ala __________________________________________________ ._: ___ 47, 4tl 

Tongue River, N. Dak _______________________ . _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 125 

Track I.Jake, Wyo .. ___ ---- _______________ .__________________________________ 100 

Tracy, Minn., pond at.·----------------------------------------------------- 56 

Trout Creek, C!l.]iL _____________ ~- ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 185 

Trout Lake, Wis· _____ ----- ______________________ . __________________ " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 

Truckee River, Calif. ___________________ ._· __________ .. ______________________ 18.5 

Tualatin River, Oreg .. ____________ ~_________________________________________ 180 

Tulare Lake, Calif. ___ -------- ______________________________________________ · 152 

Tuolumne River, Calif. __ ----- _______________________________ · _____________ 150, 152 

Turkey Creek, Fla ... _______________________________________________________ 49 

Turkey· Creek, Kans._-----_--______________________________________________ 102 

Turtle River, N. Dak. ____ ----- _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 125 

Tuscarora Creek; Md ..••• ----- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 35 

Two Sisters Lake, Wis ______________________ · ______________________________ .. 63 

Tygarts Valley River, W. Va·------~---------------·------------------------- 78 

u. 

Umatilla River, Oreg _________ -- ___________________________________________ 172, 179 

Umpqua River, Oreg.----------------------------------------------------- 160,161 Unionville, Conn., pond at ______________ c _ ___ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 

Utah Lake, Utah____________________________________________________________ 184 

v. Ventura River, Calif. _____________________________________________________ 140, 141 

Verdigris River, Kans .. _______________________________________________ 117, 118, 121 

Vermilion River, Illinois basin ______ ------ ________________________ !. ________ 71, 73 

Vermilion River, Ohio •• ----------------------------------------------------- 18 Vermilion River, S. Dak. _ ____ __ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ ____ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ 95 

Vermilion River, Wabash basin. _________ ~ ______________ · ________ ~ ___________ 84, 86 

Vernon, Conn., brook at.·---------------------------·----------~----------- 25 

W. 

Wabash River, lnd ____________________________________________________ 81, 82, 86, 91· 

Wabeno, Wis., creek at. .. ______________________________________ "--.. ________ 13 

Wakarusa Creek, Kans___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 108 

Walker Lake, N ev __ --- _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 186 

Walker River, N ev _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ 186 

Walkerton, Ind., creek at ____________________________________________________ · 67 

W 8llowa River, Oreg"-- _____________ ·_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ 171 

Walnut Creek, Kans------ _ c ______ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 114 . 

Walnut River, Kans.------------------------------------------------- 114,115,121 

Wapsipinicon River, Iowa___________________________________________________ 56 

Wateree River, S. C,, ___________________________________ ~------------------- 41,48 

Wausaukee River, Wis .. ____________________________________________________ 13 

Weber River, Utah _______ _. ______ -- ________ -- _______________ c _____ --- __ -- _ _ _ 184' 

Wenatchee River, Wash. ___ ------- ___________________ : ___________________ 165, 168 

West Floyd Creek, Iowa____________________________________________________ 96 

West Fork, Oreg., creek at. ... -------------------------------------------.--- 161 

West Whitewater River, Kans.--------------------------------------------~ llq 
INDEX ~0 ANALYSES. 199 

Page. Page. 

Whito River, lnd ... ---------- -------"- __ ------- __ ----- __ ----------- ___ _ 83, 84,86 Wolf Creek, Mich. _____________________________________ --------------------- 17 

'Vhitc Hivcr, Nebr. ___________ ------------- _____ --------- _______ -------_____ 95 

White Hivcr, Orcg __ --------------------------------------------------- __ ___ 175 ~ ~~~ ~::~: ~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~81, ~~~ Whitewater Crook, M:inn___________________________________________________ 56 Woodruff, Wis., creek at. ___________ . ____ ._._._. ______ . ________ .. ___ .. ___ •.• 63 

Wl1itcwntcr, Kans, creek at. ____ ----------.•• --------------------___________ 115 Worden, Wis., lake at. .. ---------------------------------------------------- 63 

Wild Cnt Creek, Ind ••••• --------------------------------------------------- l\2 Wynoochee River, Wash____________________________________________________ 183 

Wild :Rico H.ivor, N. Dak·-------------------------------------------------- 125 Y. Wlllamctto River, Oreg.; •••.••••...•.. -------------------------------- 177,179,180 Yahara River, Wis .. ___________ .. _________ .. ___ .. ___ ... ____ ..•. ____ . ___ .. ___ 64 

Williamson Hivor, Orog ____ • ___ .•.••.. _. _ •..... ~ .•••... _. __ .. __ .....• __ •. _ _ _ 158 Yakima River, Wash·--------------·--------------------------------~----- 166,168 Willis Creek, Ohio._ •. __ •• _____ .•• ~ __ .•••.•...••••. _____ • __ ._. ___ ... _._.____ 80 Yellow River, Ind .. ___ ------------------------~---------------------------- 67 

Wills Creek, 'MeL •••••••••.•••..•• ----..••. -----..••...... _________ .• _______ 33 Yellow River, Wis·---~----------------------------------------------------- 63 

Wilmington J~tlko, Wyo.---------------------------------------------------'- 100 Yellow Medicine River, Minn ... ----------~--------------------------------- 56 

Winnobngo (Lake), Wis •••.••••...• -----........... ___ ~---------. __________ . 1:-l 

Winnemucca Lake, Nov •... ------------------------------------------------ 185 

Yellowstone Lake, Wyo .... ------------------------------------------------- 9.'} 

Yellowstone River_.-------------------------------·------------------------- 9.5 Winnopcsmtkoc (Lako), N.H ... :___________________________________________ 25 Youghiogeny River, Pa·---------------------------------------------------- 77,78 

Winooski Hivcr, Vt ---------~-----------------------------------------~---- 20 Yuba River, Calif _______________________________________________________ :. 155,157 

Wisconsin River, Wis •..••••..•••••...••...•..... ---------"·--------------- 63,123 Yukon River, Alaska. __ . ___ •... --------------------- ______ ----------- ____ 191, 192 

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