# Patent

## Title
GAS57 mutant antigens and GAS57 antibodies

## Abstract

The invention provides mutants of GAS57 which are unable to cleave IL-8 and similar substrates but which still maintain the ability to induce protection against S. pyogenes. The invention also provides antibodies which specifically bind to GAS57 and which inhibit its ability to cleave IL-8 and similar substrates. The mutants are useful, inter alia, in vaccine compositions to induce protection against S. pyogenes. The antibodies are useful, e.g., as therapeutics for treating S. pyogenes infections.

## Background
This application is a national phase application of PCT/IB2008/003078 filed on Sep. 12, 2008 and published in English as WO 2009/034473 on Mar. 19, 2009. PCT/IB2008/003078 claims the benefit of Ser. No. 60/971,637 filed on Sep. 12, 2007.
This application incorporates by reference the contents of a 756 kb text file created on Mar. 3, 2010 and named “PAT052285_sequencelisting.txt,” which is the sequence listing for this application.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the fields of immunology and vaccinology. In particular, it relates to antigens derived from Streptococcus pyogenes and their use in immunization.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
S. pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) antigen GAS57, expressed as recombinant protein and purified from E. coli, induces protective activity against a lethal challenge with S. pyogenes in mice. However, GAS57 is a protease which cleaves and inactivates human chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) (Edwards et al., J. Infectious Diseases 192, 783-90, 2005; Hidalgo-Grass et al., EMBO J. 25, 4628-37, 2006). This property of GAS57 may hamper its use in a vaccine composition, due to possible side effects. Thus, there is a need in the art for GAS57 antigens which are unable to cleave human chemokines but which still maintain the ability to induce protection against S. pyogenes. There is also a need in the art for antibodies which specifically bind to GAS57 antigens and which impair the ability of GAS57 to cleave IL-8 and other substrates.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1. Photomicrograph of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel demonstrating cleavage of IL-8 by wild-type GAS57.
FIG. 2. BLAST alignment of wild-type GAS57 (query, SEQ ID NO:1) vs a C5a peptidase serine protease (Sbjct, SEQ ID NO:9).
FIG. 3. Photomicrograph of SDS-polyacrylamide gels demonstrating that GAS57 point mutant D151A has lost the ability to cleave IL-8.
FIG. 4. Graph showing the results of an ELISA assay demonstrating that GAS57 point mutant D151A has lost the ability to cleave IL-8.
FIGS. 5A-B. Photomicrographs of SDS-polyacrylamide gels demonstrating that GAS57 single mutants D151A and S617A and the double mutant D151A+S617A have lost GAS57 proteolytic activity.
FIG. 6. Graph showing the results of an ELISA assay demonstrating that single mutants D151A and S617A and GAS57 double mutant D151A+S617A have lost GAS57 proteolytic activity.
FIG. 7. Photomicrograph of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel demonstrating that wild-type GAS57 is post-translationally modified into two polypeptide fragments of 150.5 kDa and 23.4 kDa.
FIG. 8. Photomicrograph of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel demonstrating that GAS57 mutants D151A, S617A, and D151A+S617A are not post-translationally modified into two polypeptide fragments of 150.5 kDa and 23.4 kDa compared to wild-type (black arrows). A major band of 174 kDa corresponding to unprocessed protein is instead present in the lanes corresponding to inactive mutant strains (grey arrow).
FIGS. 9A-B. ELISA assay results demonstrating dose-dependent inhibition of GAS57-mediated IL-8 cleavage by polyclonal antisera against GAS57 in two different experimental conditions. FIG. 9A, 8 hour incubation, 0.1 μg/ml of GAS57. FIG. 9B, 24 hour incubation, 0.05 μg/ml of GAS57.
FIG. 10A-GG. Alignments of GAS57 antigens from different strains/M types. The catalytic triad (D, H, S) is in bold black characters. FIG. 10A, amino acids 1-50 (amino acid numbers at the top of each of FIGS. 10A-GG refers to the amino acid sequence of gas57M1_SF370, SEQ ID NO:1); FIG. 10B, amino acids 51-100; FIG. 10C, amino acids 101-150; FIG. 10D, amino acids 151-200; FIG. 10E, amino acids 201-250; FIG. 10F, amino acids 251-300; FIG. 10G, amino acids 301-350; FIG. 1H, amino acids 351-400, FIG. 10I, amino acids 401-450; FIG. 10J, amino acids 451-500; FIG. 10K, amino acids 501-550; FIG. 10L, amino acids 551-600; FIG. 10M, amino acids 601-650; FIG. 10N, amino acids 651-700; FIG. 10O, amino acids 701-750; FIG. 10P, amino acids 751-800; FIG. 10Q, amino acids 801-850; FIG. 10R, amino acids 851-900; FIG. 10S, amino acids 901-950; FIG. 10T, amino acids 951-1000; FIG. 10U, amino acids 1001-1050; FIG. 10V, amino acids 1051-1100; FIG. 10W, amino acids 1101-1150; FIG. 10X, amino acids 1151-1200; FIG. 10Y, amino acids 1201-1250; FIG. 10Z, amino acids 1251-1300; FIG. 10AA, amino acids 1301-1350; FIG. 10BB, amino acids 1351-1400; FIG. 10CC, amino acids 1401-1450; FIG. 10DD, amino acids 1451-1500; FIG. 10EE, amino acids 1501-1550; FIG. 10FF, amino acids 1551-1600; FIG. 10GG, amino acids 1601-1650. gas57M1_SF370, SEQ ID NO:1; gas57M1—31075, SEQ ID NO:10; gas57M1—31237, SEQ ID NO:11; gas57M1—3348, SEQ ID NO:12; gas57M2—34585, SEQ ID NO:13; gas57M3,1—21398, SEQ ID NO:14; gas57M44-61—20839, SEQ ID NO:15; gas57M6,31—20022, SEQ ID NO:16; gas57M11—20648, SEQ ID NO:17; gas57M23—2071, SEQ ID NO:18; gas57M18,3—40128, SEQ ID NO:19; gas47M4—10092, SEQ ID NO:20; gas57M4—30968, SEQ ID NO:21; gas57M6,31—22692, SEQ ID NO:22; gas57M68,5—22814, SEQ ID NO:23; gas57M68—23623, SEQ ID NO:24; gas57M2—10064, SEQ ID NO:25; gas57M2—10065, SEQ ID NO:26; gas57M77—10251, SEQ ID NO:27; gas57M77—10527, SEQ ID NO:28; gas57M77—20696, SEQ ID NO:29; gas57M89—21915, SEQ ID NO:30; gas57M89—23717, SEQ ID NO:31; gas57M94—10134, SEQ ID NO:32; gas57M28—10164, SEQ ID NO:33; gas57M28—10218, SEQ ID NO:34; gas57M29—10266, SEQ ID NO:35; gas57M28—10299, SEQ ID NO:36; gas57M28—30176, SEQ ID NO:37; gas57M28—30574, SEQ ID NO:38; gas57M6,9—21802, SEQ ID NO:39; gas57M75—20671, SEQ ID NO:40; gas57M75—30603, SEQ ID NO:41; gas57M75—30207, SEQ ID NO:42; gas57M22—20641, SEQ ID NO:43; gas57M22—23465, SEQ ID NO:44; gas57M3,1—30610, SEQ ID NO:45; gas57M3,1—40603, SEQ ID NO:46; gas57M3,28—24214, SEQ ID NO:47; gas57M3,34—10307, SEQ ID NO:48; gas57M4—40427, SEQ ID NO:49; gas57M3—2721, SEQ ID NO:50; gas57M12—10296, SEQ ID NO:51; gas57M12—10035, SEQ ID NO:52; gas57M12—20069, SEQ ID NO:53; gas57M12—22432, SEQ ID NO:54; gas57M4—40499, SEQ ID NO:55; and gas57M6,1—21259, SEQ ID NO:56; gas57M75—20671, SEQ ID NO:80.
FIG. 11. Alignment of human chemokines. GAS57 cleaves CXCL8 (IL-8) (SEQ ID NO:81) between the two bolded and underlined amino acids. CXCL4, SEQ ID NO:57; CXCL7/NAP-2, SEQ ID NO:58; CXCL1/GROα, SEQ ID NO:59; CXCL2/GROβ, SEQ ID NO:60; CXCL3/GROγ, SEQ ID NO:61; CXCL6/GCP-2, SEQ ID NO:62; CXCL12/SDF-1α, SEQ ID NO:63; CXCL12/SDF-1γ, SEQ ID NO:64; CXCL12/SDF-1β, SEQ ID NO:65; CXCL9/MIG, SEQ ID NO:66; CXCL10/IP10, SEQ ID NO:67; and CXCL11, SEQ ID NO:68.
FIG. 12. Photomicrograph of SDS-polyacrylamide gels demonstrating cleavage of CXC chemokines by GAS57.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides mutants of Spy0416 or GAS57 (referred to herein as “GAS57 mutant antigens,” “GAS57 mutants,” “mutant GAS57 antigens”) which are unable to cleave human chemokines like IL-8 but which still maintain the ability to induce protection against S. pyogenes. GAS57 mutants of the invention are useful in vaccine compositions, to induce protection against S. pyogenes. The invention also provides antibodies which specifically bind to wild-type GAS57 and which inhibit the ability of GAS57 to cleave IL-8 and similar substrates. It is envisaged that the antibodies will be useful as therapeutics for the prevention and/or treatment of S. pyogenes infections.
Mutant GAS57 Antigens
“GAS57” is also referred to as ‘Spy0416’ (M1), ‘SpyM3—0298’ (M3), ‘SpyM18—0464’ (M18) and ‘prtS.’ GAS57 has also been identified as a putative cell envelope proteinase. See WO 02/34771 and US 2006/0258849. There are 49 GAS57 sequences from 17 different M types (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 18, 22, 23, 28, 44/61, 68, 75, 77, 89, 94); according to the Centers for Disease Control, the 17 different M types account for over 95% of pharyngitis cases and about 68% of the invasive GAS isolates in the United States. The amino acid sequences of wild-type GAS57 antigens are set forth in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NOS:1, 10-56, and 80. Wild-type GAS57 contains two non-covalently associated peptides (see Example 5 and FIG. 7).
Mutant GAS57 antigens according to the invention have a proteolytic activity against interleukin 8 (IL-8) which is reduced by at least 50% (e.g., 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%) relative to wild-type GAS57 as detected by either SDS-PAGE or ELISA (see Examples 2 and 3), but are immunogenic, e.g., they confer protection against GAS lethal challenge in a mouse model (Example 4). Preferably, a mutant GAS57 of the invention also does not cleave other human cytokines, such as CXCL1/GROα (e.g., SEQ ID NO:59), CXCL2/GROβ (e.g., SEQ ID NO:60), CXCL3/GROγ (e.g., SEQ ID NO:61), CXCL4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:57), CXCL12/SDF-1α (e.g., SEQ ID NO:63), CXCL12/SDF-1β (e.g., SEQ ID NO:65), CXCL12/SDF-1γ (e.g., SEQ ID NO:64), CXCL5/ENA78 (e.g, SEQ ID NO:82), CXCL6/GCP-2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:62), CXCL7/NAP-2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:58), CXCL9/MIG (e.g., SEQ ID NO:66), CXCL10/IP10 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:67), CXCL11 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:68), CXCL13 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:83), CXCL14 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:84), and CXCL16 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:85). Unexpectedly, GAS57 mutants of the invention are single polypeptides, in contrast to wild-type GAS57, which undergoes post-translational processing (maturation) to form two non-covalently associated peptides (Examples 5 and 6). The ability to obtain such antigens in the form of a single peptide facilitates the production of the recombinant protein for vaccine purposes.
GAS57 mutants of the invention include those with at an amino acid alteration (i.e., a substitution, deletion, or insertion) at one or more of amino acids D151, H279, or S617, numbered according to the wild-type GAS57 sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 (see FIG. 10).
GAS57 mutants of the invention include single, double, or triple amino acid alterations (“single mutants,” “double mutants,” “triple mutants”) at positions D151, H279, and/or S617. Thus, GAS57 mutants can comprise the following:

    
    
        i. D151A (SEQ ID NO:2), D151R, 151N, D151C, D151Q, D151E, D151G, D151H, D151I, D151L, D151K, D151M, D151F, D151P, D151S, D151T, D151W, D151Y, or D151V;
        ii. H279A, H279R, H279N, H279D, H279C, H279Q, H279E, H279G, H279I, H279L, H279K, H279M, H279F, H279P, H279S, H279T, H279W, H279Y, or H279V;
        iii. S617A (SEQ ID NO:3), S617R, S617N, S617D, S617C, S617Q, S617E, S617G, S617H, S617I, S617L, S617K, S617M, S617F, S617P, S617T, S617W, S617Y, or S617V;
        iv. ΔD151; or ΔH279; or ΔS617; and
        v. combinations thereof, such as D151A+S617A (SEQ ID NO:4).
    
    


GAS57 mutant antigens of the invention also include fusion polypeptides which comprise a GAS57 mutant antigen as disclosed above and another GAS antigen. GAS antigens are disclosed, e.g., in WO 02/34771 and include, but are not limited to, GAS25 (Spy0167; gi13621460) GAS39 (Spy0266; gi13621542), GAS40 (Spy0269; gi13621545), GAS42 (Spy0287; gi13621559), GAS45 (M5005_Spy0249; gi71910063), GAS58 (Spy0430; gi13621663), GAS84 (SPy1274; 13622398), GAS95 (SPy1733; 13622787), GAS117 (Spy0448; gi13621679), GAS130 (Spy0591; gi13621794), GAS137 (Spy0652; gi13621842), GAS159 (Spy1105; gi13622244), GAS193 (Spy2025; gi3623029), GAS202 (Spy1309; gi13622431), GAS217 (Spy0925, gi1362208), GAS236 (Spy1126; gi13622264), GAS253 (Spy1524; gi13622611), GAS277 (Spy1939; gi13622962), GAS294 (Spy1173; gi13622306), GAS309 (Spy0124; gi13621426), GAS366 (Spy1525; gi13622612), GAS372 (Spy1625; gi13622698), GAS384 (Spy1874; gi13622908), GAS389 (Spy1981; gi13622996), GAS504 (Spy1751; gi13622806), GAS509 (Spy1618; gi13622692), GAS290 (SPy1959; gi13622978), GAS511 (Spy1743; gi13622798), GAS527 (Spy1204; gi3622332), GAS529 (Spy1280; gi3622403), and GAS533 (Spy1877; gi13622912). GAS antigens also include, GAS68 (Spy0163; gi13621456), GAS84 (Spy1274; gi13622398), GAS88 (Spy1361; gi13622470), GAS89 (Spy1390; gi13622493), GAS98 (Spy1882; gi13622916), GAS99 (Spy1979; gi13622993), GAS102 (Spy2016, gi13623025), GAS146 (Spy0763; gi13621942), GAS195 (Spy2043; gi13623043), GAS561 (Spy1134; gi13622269), GAS179 (Spy1718, gi13622773) and GAS681 (spy1152; gi1362228).
The invention also includes equivalents of GAS57 mutants which are single polypeptides, which do not cleave IL-8 as determined by SDS-PAGE or ELISA, which are immunogenic, and which confer protection against GAS lethal challenge in a mouse model. Such equivalents may include mutant GAS57 antigens with amino acid deletions, insertions, and/or substitutions at positions other than D151, H279, or S617, including deletions of up to about 40 amino acids at the N or C terminus (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 amino acids). Such equivalents thus include GAS57 mutants having deletions, insertions, and/or substitutions at positions other than D151, H279, or 5617 in addition to having an amino acid alteration at one or more of amino acids D151, H279 or S617 and S617, as described above.
Nucleic Acid Molecules
The invention includes nucleic acid molecules which encode mutant GAS57 antigens. The invention also includes nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences having at least 50% sequence identity to such molecules. Depending on the particular sequence, the degree of sequence identity is preferably greater than 50% (e.g., 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more). Identity between nucleotide sequences is preferably determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm as implemented in the MPSRCH program (Oxford Molecular), using an affine gap search with parameters gap open penalty=12 and gap extension penalty=1.
The invention also provides nucleic acid molecules which can hybridize to these molecules. Hybridization reactions can be performed under conditions of different “stringency.” Conditions which increase stringency of a hybridization reaction are widely known and published in the art. See, e.g., page 7.52 of Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 1989. Examples of relevant conditions include (in order of increasing stringency): incubation temperatures of 25° C., 37° C., 50° C., 55° C., and 68° C.; buffer concentrations of 10×SSC, 6×SSC, 1×SSC, and 0.1×SSC (where SSC is 0.15 M NaCl and 15 mM citrate buffer) and their equivalents using other buffer systems; formamide concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%; incubation times from 5 minutes to 24 hours; 1, 2, or more washing steps; wash incubation times of 1, 2, or 15 minutes; and wash solutions of 6×SSC, 1×SSC, 0.1×SSC, or de-ionized water. Hybridization techniques and their optimization are well known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook, 1989; Ausubel et al., eds., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 4th ed., 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,829; Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Supplement 30, 1987.
In some embodiments, nucleic acid molecules of the invention hybridize to a target under low stringency conditions; in other embodiments, nucleic acid molecules of the invention hybridize under intermediate stringency conditions; in preferred embodiments, nucleic acid molecules of the invention hybridize under high stringency conditions. An example of a low stringency hybridization condition is 50° C. and 10×SSC. An example of an intermediate stringency hybridization condition is 55° C. and 1×SSC. An example of a high stringency hybridization condition is 68° C. and 0.1×SSC.
Production of Mutant GAS57 Antigens
Recombinant Production
The redundancy of the genetic code is well-known. Thus, any nucleic acid molecule (polynucleotide) which encodes wild-type GAS57 protein or a GAS57 mutant protein of the invention can be used to produce that protein recombinantly. Examples of nucleotide sequences which encode wild-type GAS57, GAS57 mutant D151A, GAS57 mutant S617A, and GAS mutant D151A+S617A are provided in SEQ ID NOS:5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. Nucleic acid molecules encoding wild-type GAS57 also can be isolated from the appropriate S. pyogenes bacterium using standard nucleic acid purification techniques or can be synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer. See Caruthers et al., Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215 223, 1980; Horn et al. Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 225 232, 1980; Hunkapiller et al., Nature 310, 105-11, 1984; Grantham et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 9, r43-r74, 1981.
cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using mRNA as a template. cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques well known in the art. An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either genomic DNA or cDNA as a template.
If desired, polynucleotides can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter antigen-encoding sequences for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, site directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.
Sequence modifications, such as the addition of a purification tag sequence or codon optimization, can be used to facilitate expression. For example, the N-terminal leader sequence may be replaced with a sequence encoding for a tag protein such as polyhistidine (“HIS”) or glutathione S-transferase (“GST”). Such tag proteins may be used to facilitate purification, detection, and stability of the expressed protein. Codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence. These methods are well known in the art and are further described in WO05/032582.
Expression Vectors
A nucleic acid molecule which encodes a mutant GAS57 antigen can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing coding sequences and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination.
Host Cells
Host cells for producing mutant GAS57 antigens can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. E. coli is a preferred host cell, but other suitable hosts include Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria cinerea, Mycobacteria (e.g., M. tuberculosis), yeasts, baculovirus, mammalian cells, etc.
A host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed polypeptide in the desired fashion. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. Post translational processing which cleaves a “prepro” form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function. Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post translational activities are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of a foreign protein. See WO 01/98340.
Expression constructs can be introduced into host cells using well-established techniques which include, but are not limited to, transferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome-mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, electroporation, “gene gun” methods, and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
Host cells transformed with expression vectors can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture. The protein produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the nucleotide sequence and/or the expression vector used. Those of skill in the art understand that expression vectors can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble antigens through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.
Purification
Signal export sequences can be included in a recombinantly produced mutant GAS57 antigen so that the antigen can be purified from cell culture medium using known methods. Alternatively, recombinantly produced mutant GAS57 antigens of the invention can be isolated from engineered host cells and separated from other components in the cell, such as proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis. A preparation of purified mutant GAS57 antigens is at least 80% pure; preferably, the preparations are 90%, 95%, or 99% pure. Purity of the preparations can be assessed by any means known in the art, such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Where appropriate, mutant GAS57 antigens can be solubilized, for example, with urea.
Chemical Synthesis
Mutant GAS57 antigens can be synthesized, for example, using solid phase techniques. See, e.g., Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149 54, 1963; Roberge et al., Science 269, 202 04, 1995. Protein synthesis can be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Optionally, fragments of a mutant GAS57 antigen can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.
GAS57 Antibodies
The invention also provides antibodies which specifically bind to wild-type GAS57 and which substantially reduce or eliminate the ability of GAS57 to cleave IL-8. Some antibodies of the invention also specifically bind to mutant GAS57 as described above. Preferred antibodies also reduce or eliminate the ability of GAS57 to cleave other substrates such as homologs of IL-8 (e.g., CXCL1/GROα, CXCL2/GROβ, CXCL3/GROγ, CXCL4, CXCL12/SDF-1α, CXCL12/SDF-1β, CXCL12/SDF-1γ, CXCL5/ENA 78, CXCL6/GCP-2, CXCL7/NAP-2, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL14, and CXCL16). An antibody “specifically binds” to wild-type or mutant GAS57 if it provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with non-GAS57 proteins when used in an immunochemical assay. Preferably, antibodies that specifically bind to wild-type or mutant GAS57 do not detect non-GAS57 proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate wild-type GAS57 from solution. Antibodies according to the invention may reduce the proteolytic activity of GAS57 against interleukin 8 (IL-8) by at least 50% (e.g., 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%) relative to wild-type GAS57 as detected by either SDS-PAGE or ELISA.
In preferred embodiments, antibodies of the invention block the progression of necrotic lesions in animals immunized with wild-type or mutant GAS57 recombinant antigen and challenged with GAS.
“Antibody” as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof which specifically bind to wild-type GAS57 and, in some cases, to a GAS57 mutant antigen. These include hybrid (chimeric) antibody molecules (e.g., Winter et al., Nature 349, 293-99, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567); F(ab′)2 and F(ab) fragments and Fv molecules; non-covalent heterodimers (e.g., Inbar et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 2659-62, 1972; Ehrlich et al., Biochem 19, 4091-96, 1980); single-chain Fv molecules (sFv) (e.g., Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 5897-83, 1988); dimeric and trimeric antibody fragment constructs; minibodies (e.g., Pack et al., Biochem 31, 1579-84, 1992; Cumber et al., J. Immunology 149B, 120-26, 1992); humanized antibody molecules (e.g., Riechmann et al., Nature 332, 323-27, 1988; Verhoeyan et al., Science 239, 1534-36, 1988; and U.K. Patent Publication No. GB 2,276,169, published 21 Sep. 1994); and any functional fragments obtained from such molecules, as well as antibodies obtained through non-conventional processes such as phage display.
Generation of GAS57 Antibodies
A mutant or wild-type GAS57 antigen can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies. If desired, a GAS57 antigen can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g. lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol). Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially useful.
Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to a wild-type or mutant GAS57 antigen can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV hybridoma technique (Kohler et al., Nature 256, 495-97, 1985; Kozbor et al., J. Immunol. Methods 81, 31 42, 1985; Cote et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80, 2026-30, 1983; Cole et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 62, 109-20, 1984).
In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimeric antibodies,” the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity, can be used (Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 6851-55, 1984; Neuberger et al., Nature 312, 604-08, 1984; Takeda et al., Nature 314, 452-54, 1985). Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be “humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically. Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions.
Alternatively, humanized antibodies can be produced using recombinant methods, as described below. Antibodies which specifically bind to a particular antigen can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332. Human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared in vitro as described in Simmons et al., PLoS Medicine 4(5), 928-36, 2007.
Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to a particular antigen. Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries (Burton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88, 11120-23, 1991).
Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template (Thirion et al., Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 5, 507-11, 1996). Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught, for example, in Coloma & Morrison, Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 159-63, 1997. Construction of bivalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught in Mallender & Voss, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 199-206, 1994.
A nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below. Alternatively, single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology (Verhaar et al., Int. J Cancer 61, 497-501, 1995; Nicholls et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 165, 81-91, 1993).
Antibodies which specifically bind to a GAS57 antigen also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature (Orlandi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 3833 3837, 1989; Winter et al., Nature 349, 293 299, 1991).
Chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151. Binding proteins which are derived from immunoglobulins and which are multivalent and multispecific, such as the “diabodies” described in WO 94/13804, also can be prepared.
Antibodies can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which the relevant antigen is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
The invention also provides compositions for use as medicaments (e.g., as immunogenic compositions or vaccines). Compositions of the invention are useful for preventing and/or treating disease caused as a result of S. pyogenes infection and comprise at least one active agent, which can be a polypeptide, a nucleic acid molecule, or an antibody. Said disease may be, for example, bacteremia, meningitis, puerperal fever, scarlet fever, erysipelas, pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, myositis or toxic shock syndrome.
Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be used either prophylactically or therapeutically, but will typically be prophylactic. Accordingly, the invention includes a method for the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of a Streptococcus pyogenes infection. The animal is preferably a mammal, most preferably a human. The methods involve administering to the animal a therapeutic or prophylactic amount of the immunogenic compositions of the invention. The invention also provides the immunogenic compositions of the invention for the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of a Streptococcus pyogenes infection in an animal.
Compositions containing mutant a GAS57 antigen or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutant GAS57 antigen are preferably immunogenic compositions, and are more preferably vaccine compositions. The pH of such compositions preferably is between 6 and 8, preferably about 7. The pH can be maintained by the use of a buffer. The composition can be sterile and/or pyrogen free. The composition can be isotonic with respect to human tissue (e.g., blood).
Some compositions of the invention comprise one or more mutant GAS57 antigens as described herein. Other compositions of the invention comprise one or more nucleic acid molecules which encodes the mutant GAS57 antigen(s) and, optionally, other antigens which can be included in the composition (see below). See, e.g., Robinson & Torres (1997) Seminars in Immunology 9:271-283; Donnelly et al. (1997) Ann. Rev Immunol 15:617-648; Scott-Taylor & Dalgleish (2000) Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9:471-480; Apostolopoulos & Plebanski (2000) Curr Opin Mol Ther 2:441-447; Ilan (1999) Curr Opin Mol Ther 1:116-120; Dubensky et al. (2000) Mol Med 6:723-732; Robinson & Pertmer (2000) Adv Virus Res 55:1-74; Donnelly et al. (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162(4 Pt 2):S190-193; Davis (1999) Mt. Sinai J. Med. 66:84-90. Typically the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule, e.g., in the form of a plasmid.
Still other compositions of the invention comprise at least one antibody which specifically binds to a wild-type GAS57 antigen as described above or a nucleic acid molecule which encodes such an antibody.
In some embodiments, compositions of the invention can comprise more than one type of active agent (e.g., a polypeptide antigen and a nucleic acid molecule; a polypeptide antigen and an antibody; a nucleic acid molecule and an antibody; a polypeptide antigen, a nucleic acid molecule, and an antibody).
In some embodiments, compositions of the invention can include one or more additional active agents. Such agents include, but are not limited to, (a) another mutant GAS57 antigen of the invention, (b) a polypeptide antigen which is useful in a pediatric vaccine, (c) a polypeptide antigen which is useful in a vaccine for elderly or immunocompromised individuals, (d) a nucleic acid molecule encoding (a)-(c), and an antibody which specifically binds to (a)-(c).
Additional Antigens
Compositions of the invention may be administered in conjunction with one or more antigens for use in therapeutic or prophylactic methods of the present invention. Preferred antigens include those listed below. Additionally, the compositions of the present invention may be used to treat or prevent infections caused by any of the below-listed pathogens. In addition to combination with the antigens described below, the compositions of the invention may also be combined with an adjuvant as described herein.
Antigens for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following antigens set forth below, or antigens derived from one or more of the pathogens set forth below:
A. Bacterial Antigens
Bacterial antigens suitable for use in the invention include proteins, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and outer membrane vesicles which may be isolated, purified or derived from a bacteria. In addition, bacterial antigens may include bacterial lysates and inactivated bacterial formulations. Bacteria antigens may be produced by recombinant expression. Bacterial antigens preferably include epitopes which are exposed on the surface of the bacteria during at least one stage of its life cycle. Bacterial antigens are preferably conserved across multiple serotypes. Bacterial antigens include antigens derived from one or more of the bacteria set forth below as well as the specific antigens examples identified below.
Neisseria meningitidis: Meningitides antigens may include proteins (such as those identified in References 1-7), saccharides (including a polysaccharide, oligosaccharide or lipopolysaccharide), or outer-membrane vesicles (References 8, 9, 10, 11) purified or derived from N. meningitides serogroup such as A, C, W135, Y, and/or B. Meningitides protein antigens may be selected from adhesions, autotransporters, toxins, Fe acquisition proteins, and membrane associated proteins (preferably integral outer membrane protein).
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens may include a saccharide (including a polysaccharide or an oligosaccharide) and/or protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Saccharide antigens may be selected from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F. Protein antigens may be selected from a protein identified in WO 98/18931, WO 98/18930, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,699,703, 6,800,744, WO 97/43303, and WO 97/37026. Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins may be selected from the Poly Histidine Triad family (PhtX), the Choline Binding Protein family (CbpX), CbpX truncates, LytX family, LytX truncates, CbpX truncate-LytX truncate chimeric proteins, pneumolysin (Ply), PspA, PsaA, Sp128, Sp101, Sp130, Sp125 or Sp133.
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus): Group A Streptococcus antigens may include a protein identified in WO 02/34771 or WO 2005/032582 (including GAS 40), fusions of fragments of GAS M proteins (including those described in WO 02/094851, and Dale, Vaccine (1999) 17:193-200, and Dale, Vaccine 14(10): 944-948), fibronectin binding protein (Sfb1), Streptococcal heme-associated protein (Shp), and Streptolysin S (SagA). Other Group A Streptococcus antigens include, but are not limited to, GAS25 (Spy0167; gi13621460) GAS39 (Spy0266; gi13621542), GAS40 (Spy0269; gi13621545), GAS42 (Spy0287; gi13621559), GAS45 (M5005_Spy0249; gi71910063), GAS58 (Spy0430; gi13621663), GAS84 (SPy1274; 13622398), GAS95 (SPy1733; 13622787), GAS117 (Spy0448; gi13621679), GAS130 (Spy0591; gi13621794), GAS137 (Spy0652; gi13621842), GAS159 (Spy1105; gi13622244), GAS193 (Spy2025; gi3623029), GAS202 (Spy1309; gi13622431), GAS217 (Spy0925, gi1362208), GAS236 (Spy1126; gi13622264), GAS253 (Spy1524; gi13622611), GAS277 (Spy1939; gi13622962), GAS294 (Spy1173; gi13622306), GAS309 (Spy0124; gi13621426), GAS366 (Spy1525; gi13622612), GAS372 (Spy1625; gi13622698), GAS384 (Spy1874; gi13622908), GAS389 (Spy1981; gi13622996), GAS504 (Spy1751; gi13622806), GAS509 (Spy1618; gi13622692), GAS290 (SPy1959; gi13622978), GAS511 (Spy1743; gi13622798), GAS527 (Spy1204; gi3622332), GAS529 (Spy1280; gi3622403), and GAS533 (Spy1877; gi13622912), GAS68 (Spy0163; gi13621456), GAS84 (Spy1274; gi13622398), GAS88 (Spy1361; gi13622470), GAS89 (Spy1390; gi13622493), GAS98 (Spy1882; gi13622916), GAS99 (Spy1979; gi13622993), GAS102 (Spy2016, gi13623025), GAS146 (Spy0763; gi13621942), GAS195 (Spy2043; gi13623043), GAS561 (Spy1134; gi13622269), GAS179 (Spy1718, gi13622773) and GAS681 (spy1152; gi1362228).
Moraxella catarrhalis: Moraxella antigens include antigens identified in WO 02/18595 and WO 99/58562, outer membrane protein antigens (HMW-OMP), C-antigen, and/or LPS.
Bordetella pertussis: Pertussis antigens include petussis holotoxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) from B. pertussis, optionally also combination with pertactin and/or agglutinogens 2 and 3 antigen.
Staphylococcus aureus: Staphylococcus aureus antigens include S. aureus type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides optionally conjugated to nontoxic recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, such as StaphVAXTM, or antigens derived from surface proteins, invasins (leukocidin, kinases, hyaluronidase), surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule, Protein A), carotenoids, catalase production, Protein A, coagulase, clotting factor, and/or membrane-damaging toxins (optionally detoxified) that lyse eukaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin).
Staphylococcus epidermis: S. epidermidis antigens include slime-associated antigen (SAA).
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus): Tetanus antigens include tetanus toxoid (TT), preferably used as a carrier protein in conjunction/conjugated with the compositions of the present invention.
Cornynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria): Diphtheria antigens include diphtheria toxin, preferably detoxified, such as CRM197. Additionally antigens capable of modulating, inhibiting or associated with ADP ribosylation are contemplated for combination/co-administration/conjugation with the compositions of the present invention. The diphtheria toxoids may be used as carrier proteins.
Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib): Hib antigens include a Hib saccharide antigen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pseudomonas antigens include endotoxin A, Wzz protein, P. aeruginosa LPS, more particularly LPS isolated from PAO1 (O5 serotype), and/or Outer Membrane Proteins, including Outer Membrane Proteins F (OprF) (Infect Immun. 2001 May; 69(5): 3510-3515).
Legionella pneumophila. Bacterial antigens may be derived from Legionella pneumophila. 
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus): Group B Streptococcus antigens include a protein or saccharide antigen identified in WO 02/34771, WO 03/093306, WO 04/041157, or WO 2005/002619 (including proteins GBS 80, GBS 104, GBS 276 and GBS 322, and including saccharide antigens derived from serotypes Ia, Ib, Ia/c, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII).
Neiserria gonorrhoeae: Gonorrhoeae antigens include Por (or porin) protein, such as PorB (see Zhu et al., Vaccine (2004) 22:660-669), a transferring binding protein, such as TbpA and TbpB (See Price et al., Infection and Immunity (2004) 71(1):277-283), a opacity protein (such as Opa), a reduction-modifiable protein (Rmp), and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) preparations (see Plante et al., J Infectious Disease (2000) 182:848-855), also see e.g. WO99/24578, WO99/36544, WO99/57280, WO02/079243).
Chlamydia trachomatis: Chlamydia trachomatis antigens include antigens derived from serotypes A, B, Ba and C (agents of trachoma, a cause of blindness), serotypes L1, L2 & L3 (associated with Lymphogranuloma venereum), and serotypes, Chlamydia trachomas antigens may also include an antigen identified in WO 00/37494, WO 03/049762, WO 03/068811, or WO 05/002619, including PepA (CT045), LcrE (CT089), ArtJ (CT381), DnaK (CT396), CT398, OmpH-like (CT242), L7/L12 (CT316), OmcA (CT444), AtosS (CT467), CT547, Eno (CT587), HrtA (CT823), and MurG (CT761).
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Syphilis antigens include TmpA antigen.
Haemophilus ducreyi (causing chancroid): Ducreyi antigens include outer membrane protein (DsrA).
Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium: Antigens include a trisaccharide repeat or other Enterococcus derived antigens provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,361.
Helicobacter pylori: H. pylori antigens include Cag, Vac, Nap, HopX, HopY and/or urease antigen.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Antigens include the 160 kDa hemagglutinin of S. saprophyticus antigen.
Yersinia enterocolitica antigens include LPS (Infect Immun. 2002 August; 70(8): 4414).
E. coli: E. coli antigens may be derived from enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC), diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and/or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax): B. anthracis antigens are optionally detoxified and may be selected from A-components (lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF)), both of which can share a common B-component known as protective antigen (PA).
Yersinia pestis (plague): Plague antigens include F1 capsular antigen (Infect Immun. 2003 January; 71(1)): 374-383, LPS (Infect Immun. 1999 October; 67(10): 5395), Yersinia pestis V antigen (Infect Immun. 1997 November; 65(11): 4476-4482).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Tuberculosis antigens include lipoproteins, LPS, BCG antigens, a fusion protein of antigen 85B (Ag85B) and/or ESAT-6 optionally formulated in cationic lipid vesicles (Infect Immun. 2004 October; 72(10): 6148), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isocitrate dehydrogenase associated antigens (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004 Aug. 24; 101(34): 12652), and/or MPT51 antigens (Infect Immun. 2004 July; 72(7): 3829).
Rickettsia: Antigens include outer membrane proteins, including the outer membrane protein A and/or B (OmpB) (Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Nov. 1;1702(2):145), LPS, and surface protein antigen (SPA) (J Autoimmun. 1989 Jun.;2 Supp1:81).
Listeria monocytogenes. Bacterial antigens may be derived from Listeria monocytogenes. 
Chlamydia pneumoniae: Antigens include those identified in WO 02/02606.
Vibrio cholerae: Antigens include proteinase antigens, LPS, particularly lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae II, O1 Inaba O-specific polysaccharides, V. cholera O139, antigens of IEM108 vaccine (Infect Immun. 2003 October;71(10):5498-504), and/or Zonula occludens toxin (Zot).
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever): Antigens include capsular polysaccharides preferably conjugates (Vi, i.e. vax-TyVi).
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease): Antigens include lipoproteins (such as OspA, OspB, OspC and OspD), other surface proteins such as OspE-related proteins (Erps), decorin-binding proteins (such as DbpA), and antigenically variable VI proteins, such as antigens associated with P39 and P13 (an integral membrane protein, Infect Immun. 2001 May; 69(5): 3323-3334), VlsE Antigenic Variation Protein (J Clin Microbiol. 1999 December; 37(12): 3997).
Porphyromonas gingivalis: Antigens include P. gingivalis outer membrane protein (OMP).
Klebsiella: Antigens include an OMP, including OMP A, or a polysaccharide optionally conjugated to tetanus toxoid.
Further bacterial antigens of the invention may be capsular antigens, polysaccharide antigens or protein antigens of any of the above. Further bacterial antigens may also include an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) preparation. Additionally, antigens include live, attenuated, and/or purified versions of any of the aforementioned bacteria. The antigens of the present invention may be derived from gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria. The antigens of the present invention may be derived from aerobic or anaerobic bacteria.
Additionally, any of the above bacterial-derived saccharides (polysaccharides, LPS, LOS or oligosaccharides) can be conjugated to another agent or antigen, such as a carrier protein (for example CRM197). Such conjugation may be direct conjugation effected by reductive amination of carbonyl moieties on the saccharide to amino groups on the protein, as provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,897 and Can J Biochem Cell Biol. 1984 May;62(5):270-5. Alternatively, the saccharides can be conjugated through a linker, such as, with succinamide or other linkages provided in Bioconjugate Techniques, 1996 and CRC, Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross-Linking, 1993.
B. Viral Antigens
Viral antigens suitable for use in the invention include inactivated (or killed) virus, attenuated virus, split virus formulations, purified subunit formulations, viral proteins which may be isolated, purified or derived from a virus, and Virus Like Particles (VLPs). Viral antigens may be derived from viruses propagated on cell culture or other substrate. Alternatively, viral antigens may be expressed recombinantly. Viral antigens preferably include epitopes which are exposed on the surface of the virus during at least one stage of its life cycle. Viral antigens are preferably conserved across multiple serotypes or isolates. Viral antigens include antigens derived from one or more of the viruses set forth below as well as the specific antigens examples identified below.
Orthomyxovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from an Orthomyxovirus, such as Influenza A, B and C. Orthomyxovirus antigens may be selected from one or more of the viral proteins, including hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein (M1), membrane protein (M2), one or more of the transcriptase components (PB1, PB2 and PA). Preferred antigens include HA and NA.
Influenza antigens may be derived from interpandemic (annual) flu strains. Alternatively influenza antigens may be derived from strains with the potential to cause pandemic a pandemic outbreak (i.e., influenza strains with new haemagglutinin compared to the haemagglutinin in currently circulating strains, or influenza strains which are pathogenic in avian subjects and have the potential to be transmitted horizontally in the human population, or influenza strains which are pathogenic to humans).
Paramyxoviridae viruses: Viral antigens may be derived from Paramyxoviridae viruses, such as Pneumoviruses (RSV), Paramyxoviruses (PIV) and Morbilliviruses (Measles).
Pneumovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Pneumovirus, such as Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Pneumonia virus of mice, and Turkey rhinotracheitis virus. Preferably, the Pneumovirus is RSV. Pneumovirus antigens may be selected from one or more of the following proteins, including surface proteins Fusion (F), Glycoprotein (G) and Small Hydrophobic protein (SH), matrix proteins M and M2, nucleocapsid proteins N, P and L and nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2. Preferred Pneumovirus antigens include F, G and M. See e.g., J Gen Virol. 2004 November; 85(Pt 11):3229). Pneumovirus antigens may also be formulated in or derived from chimeric viruses. For example, chimeric RSV/PIV viruses may comprise components of both RSV and PIV.
Paramyxovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Paramyxovirus, such as Parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (NV), Mumps, Sendai viruses, Simian virus 5, Bovine parainfluenza virus and Newcastle disease virus. Preferably, the Paramyxovirus is PIV or Mumps. Paramyxovirus antigens may be selected from one or more of the following proteins: Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN), Fusion proteins F1 and F2, Nucleoprotein (NP), Phosphoprotein (P), Large protein (L), and Matrix protein (M). Preferred Paramyxovirus proteins include HN, F1 and F2. Paramyxovirus antigens may also be formulated in or derived from chimeric viruses. For example, chimeric RSV/PIV viruses may comprise components of both RSV and PIV. Commercially available mumps vaccines include live attenuated mumps virus, in either a monovalent form or in combination with measles and rubella vaccines (MMR).
Morbillivirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Morbillivirus, such as Measles. Morbillivirus antigens may be selected from one or more of the following proteins: hemagglutinin (H), Glycoprotein (G), Fusion factor (F), Large protein (L), Nucleoprotein (NP), Polymerase phosphoprotein (P), and Matrix (M). Commercially available measles vaccines include live attenuated measles virus, typically in combination with mumps and rubella (MMR).
Picornavirus: Viral antigens may be derived from Picornaviruses, such as Enteroviruses, Rhinoviruses, Heparnavirus, Cardioviruses and Aphthoviruses. Antigens derived from Enteroviruses, such as Poliovirus are preferred.
Enterovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from an Enterovirus, such as Poliovirus types 1, 2 or 3, Coxsackie A virus types 1 to 22 and 24, Coxsackie B virus types 1 to 6, Echovirus (ECHO) virus) types 1 to 9, 11 to 27 and 29 to 34 and Enterovirus 68 to 71. Preferably, the Enterovirus is poliovirus. Enterovirus antigens are preferably selected from one or more of the following Capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4. Commercially available polio vaccines include Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
Heparnavirus: Viral antigens may be derived from an Heparnavirus, such as Hepatitis A virus (HAV). Commercially available HAV vaccines include inactivated HAV vaccine.
Togavirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Togavirus, such as a Rubivirus, an Alphavirus, or an Arterivirus. Antigens derived from Rubivirus, such as Rubella virus, are preferred. Togavirus antigens may be selected from E1, E2, E3, C, NSP-1, NSPO-2, NSP-3 or NSP-4. Togavirus antigens are preferably selected from E1, E2 or E3. Commercially available Rubella vaccines include a live cold-adapted virus, typically in combination with mumps and measles vaccines (MMR).
Flavivirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Flavivirus, such as Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Dengue (types 1, 2, 3 or 4), Yellow Fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Powassan encephalitis. Flavivirus antigens may be selected from PrM, M, C, E, NS-1, NS-2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, and NS5. Flavivirus antigens are preferably selected from PrM, M and E. Commercially available TBE vaccine include inactivated virus vaccines.
Pestivirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Pestivirus, such as Bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV), Classical swine fever (CSFV) or Border disease (BDV).
Hepadnavirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Hepadnavirus, such as Hepatitis B virus. Hepadnavirus antigens may be selected from surface antigens (L, M and S), core antigens (HBc, HBe). Commercially available HBV vaccines include subunit vaccines comprising the surface antigen S protein.
Hepatitis C virus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV antigens may be selected from one or more of E1, E2, E1/E2, NS345 polyprotein, NS 345-core polyprotein, core, and/or peptides from the nonstructural regions (Houghton et al., Hepatology (1991) 14:381).
Rhabdovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Rhabdovirus, such as a Lyssavirus (Rabies virus) and Vesiculovirus (VSV). Rhabdovirus antigens may be selected from glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), large protein (L), nonstructural proteins (NS). Commercially available Rabies virus vaccine comprise killed virus grown on human diploid cells or fetal rhesus lung cells.
Caliciviridae; Viral antigens may be derived from Calciviridae, such as Norwalk virus, and Norwalk-like Viruses, such as Hawaii Virus and Snow Mountain Virus.
Coronavirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Coronavirus, SARS, Human respiratory coronavirus, Avian infectious bronchitis (IBV), Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Coronavirus antigens may be selected from spike (S), envelope (E), matrix (M), nucleocapsid (N), and Hemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein (HE). Preferably, the Coronavirus antigen is derived from a SARS virus. SARS viral antigens are described in WO 04/92360;
Retrovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Retrovirus, such as an Oncovirus, a Lentivirus or a Spumavirus. Oncovirus antigens may be derived from HTLV-1, HTLV-2 or HTLV-5. Lentivirus antigens may be derived from HIV-1 or HIV-2. Retrovirus antigens may be selected from gag, pol, env, tax, tat, rex, rev, nef, vif, vpu, and vpr. HIV antigens may be selected from gag (p24gag and p55gag), env (gp160 and gp41), pol, tat, nef, rev vpu, miniproteins, (preferably p55 gag and gp140v delete). HIV antigens may be derived from one or more of the following strains: HIVIIIb, HIVSF2, HIVLAV, HIVLAI, HIVMN, HIV-1CM235, HIV-1US4.
Reovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Reovirus, such as an Orthoreovirus, a Rotavirus, an Orbivirus, or a Coltivirus. Reovirus antigens may be selected from structural proteins λ1, λ2, λ3, μ1, μ2, σ1, σ2, or σ3, or nonstructural proteins σNS, μNS, or σ1s. Preferred Reovirus antigens may be derived from a Rotavirus. Rotavirus antigens may be selected from VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4 (or the cleaved product VP5 and VP8), NSP 1, VP6, NSP3, NSP2, VP7, NSP4, or NSP5. Preferred Rotavirus antigens include VP4 (or the cleaved product VP5 and VP8), and VP7.
Parvovirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Parvovirus, such as Parvovirus B19. Parvovirus antigens may be selected from VP-1, VP-2, VP-3, NS-1 and NS-2. Preferably, the Parvovirus antigen is capsid protein VP-2.
Delta hepatitis virus (HDV): Viral antigens may be derived HDV, particularly δ-antigen from HDV (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,814).
Hepatitis E virus (HEV): Viral antigens may be derived from HEV.
Hepatitis G virus (HGV): Viral antigens may be derived from HGV.
Human Herpesvirus: Viral antigens may be derived from a Human Herpesvirus, such as Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV7), and Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). Human Herpesvirus antigens may be selected from immediate early proteins (α), early proteins (β), and late proteins (γ). HSV antigens may be derived from HSV-1 or HSV-2 strains. HSV antigens may be selected from glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gH, fusion protein (gB), or immune escape proteins (gC, gE, or gI). VZV antigens may be selected from core, nucleocapsid, tegument, or envelope proteins. A live attenuated VZV vaccine is commercially available. EBV antigens may be selected from early antigen (EA) proteins, viral capsid antigen (VCA), and glycoproteins of the membrane antigen (MA). CMV antigens may be selected from capsid proteins, envelope glycoproteins (such as gB and gH), and tegument proteins
Papovaviruses: Antigens may be derived from Papovaviruses, such as Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses. Papillomaviruses include HPV serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 57, 58, 63 and 65. Preferably, HPV antigens are derived from serotypes 6, 11, 16 or 18. HPV antigens may be selected from capsid proteins (L1) and (L2), or E1-E7, or fusions thereof. HPV antigens are preferably formulated into virus-like particles (VLPs). Polyomyavirus viruses include BK virus and JK virus. Polyomavirus antigens may be selected from VP1, VP2 or VP3.
Further provided are antigens, compositions, methods, and microbes included in Vaccines, 4th Edition (Plotkin and Orenstein ed. 2004); Medical Microbiology 4th Edition (Murray et al. ed. 2002); Virology, 3rd Edition (W. K. Joklik ed. 1988); Fundamental Virology, 2nd Edition (B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, eds. 1991), which are contemplated in conjunction with the compositions of the present invention.
C. Fungal Antigens
Fungal antigens for use in the invention may be derived from one or more of the fungi set forth below.
Fungal antigens may be derived from Dermatophytres, including: Epidermophyton floccusum, Microsporum audouini, Microsporum canis, Microsporum distortum, Microsporum equinum, Microsporum gypsum, Microsporum nanum, Trichophyton concentricum, Trichophyton equinum, Trichophyton gallinae, Trichophyton gypseum, Trichophyton megnini, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton quinckeanum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton schoenleini, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton verrucosum, T. verrucosum var. album, var. discoides, var. ochraceum, Trichophyton violaceum, and/or Trichophyton faviforme. 
Fungal pathogens may be derived from Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sydowi, Aspergillus flavatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Blastoschizomyces capitatus, Candida albicans, Candida enolase, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida stellatoidea, Candida kusei, Candida parakwsei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida guilliermondi, Cladosporium carrionii, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Geotrichum clavatum, Histoplasma capsulatum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Pneumocystis carinii, Pythiumn insidiosum, Pityrosporum ovale, Sacharomyces cerevisae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces pombe, Scedosporium apiosperum, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichosporon beigelii, Toxoplasma gondii, Penicillium marneffei, Malassezia spp., Fonsecaea spp., Wangiella spp., Sporothrix spp., Basidiobolus spp., Conidiobolus spp., Rhizopus spp, Mucor spp, Absidia spp, Mortierella spp, Cunninghamella spp, Saksenaea spp., Alternaria spp, Curvularia spp, Helminthosporium spp, Fusarium spp, Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Monolinia spp, Rhizoctonia spp, Paecilomyces spp, Pithomyces spp, and Cladosporium spp.
Processes for producing a fungal antigens are well known in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,164). In a preferred method a solubilized fraction extracted and separated from an insoluble fraction obtainable from fungal cells of which cell wall has been substantially removed or at least partially removed, characterized in that the process comprises the steps of: obtaining living fungal cells; obtaining fungal cells of which cell wall has been substantially removed or at least partially removed; bursting the fungal cells of which cell wall has been substantially removed or at least partially removed; obtaining an insoluble fraction; and extracting and separating a solubilized fraction from the insoluble fraction.
D. STD Antigens
The compositions of the invention may include one or more antigens derived from a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Such antigens may provide for prophylactis or therapy for STDs such as chlamydia, genital herpes, hepatits (such as HCV), genital warts, gonorrhoea, syphilis and/or chancroid (See, WO00/15255). Antigens may be derived from one or more viral or bacterial STDs. Viral STD antigens for use in the invention may be derived from, for example, HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis (HCV). Bacterial STD antigens for use in the invention may be derived from, for example, Neiserria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, E. coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Examples of specific antigens derived from these pathogens are described above.
E. Respiratory Antigens
The compositions of the invention may include one or more antigens derived from a pathogen which causes respiratory disease. For example, respiratory antigens may be derived from a respiratory virus such as Orthomyxoviruses (influenza), Pneumovirus (RSV), Paramyxovirus (Ply), Morbillivirus (measles), Togavirus (Rubella), VZV, and Coronavirus (SARS). Respiratory antigens may be derived from a bacteria which causes respiratory disease, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracia, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Examples of specific antigens derived from these pathogens are described above.
F. Pediatric Vaccine Antigens
The compositions of the invention may include one or more antigens suitable for use in pediatric subjects. Pediatric subjects are typically less than about 3 years old, or less than about 2 years old, or less than about 1 years old. Pediatric antigens may be administered multiple times over the course of 6 months, 1, 2 or 3 years. Pediatric antigens may be derived from a virus which may target pediatric populations and/or a virus from which pediatric populations are susceptible to infection. Pediatric viral antigens include antigens derived from one or more of Orthomyxovirus (influenza), Pneumovirus (RSV), Paramyxovirus (PIV and Mumps), Morbillivirus (measles), Togavirus (Rubella), Enterovirus (polio), HBV, Coronavirus (SARS), and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV). Pediatric bacterial antigens include antigens derived from one or more of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), Moraxella catarrhalis, Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium tetani (Tetanus), Cornynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria), Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), and E. coli. Examples of specific antigens derived from these pathogens are described above.
G. Antigens Suitable for Use in Elderly or Immunocompromised Individuals
The compositions of the invention may include one or more antigens suitable for use in elderly or immunocompromised individuals. Such individuals may need to be vaccinated more frequently, with higher doses or with adjuvanted formulations to improve their immune response to the targeted antigens. Antigens which may be targeted for use in Elderly or Immunocompromised individuals include antigens derived from one or more of the following pathogens: Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), Moraxella catarrhalis, Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Clostridium tetani (Tetanus), Cornynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria), Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Enterococcus faecalis, Helicobacter pylori, Clamydia pneumoniae, Orthomyxovirus (influenza), Pneumovirus (RSV), Paramyxovirus (PIV and Mumps), Morbillivirus (measles), Togavirus (Rubella), Enterovirus (polio), HBV, Coronavirus (SARS), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Examples of specific antigens derived from these pathogens are described above.
H. Antigens Suitable for Use in Adolescent Vaccines
The compositions of the invention may include one or more antigens suitable for use in adolescent subjects. Adolescents may be in need of a boost of a previously administered pediatric antigen. Pediatric antigens which may be suitable for use in adolescents are described above. In addition, adolescents may be targeted to receive antigens derived from an STD pathogen in order to ensure protective or therapeutic immunity before the beginning of sexual activity. STD antigens which may be suitable for use in adolescents are described above.
I. Antigen Formulations
In other aspects of the invention, methods of producing microparticles having adsorbed antigens are provided. The methods comprise: (a) providing an emulsion by dispersing a mixture comprising (i) water, (ii) a detergent, (iii) an organic solvent, and (iv) a biodegradable polymer selected from the group consisting of a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate. The polymer is typically present in the mixture at a concentration of about 1% to about 30% relative to the organic solvent, while the detergent is typically present in the mixture at a weight-to-weight detergent-to-polymer ratio of from about 0.00001:1 to about 0.1:1 (more typically about 0.0001:1 to about 0.1:1, about 0.001:1 to about 0.1:1, or about 0.005:1 to about 0.1:1); (b) removing the organic solvent from the emulsion; and (c) adsorbing an antigen on the surface of the microparticles. In certain embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is present at a concentration of about 3% to about 10% relative to the organic solvent.
Microparticles for use herein will be formed from materials that are sterilizable, non-toxic and biodegradable. Such materials include, without limitation, poly(α-hydroxy acid), polyhydroxybutyric acid, polycaprolactone, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, PACA, and polycyanoacrylate. Preferably, microparticles for use with the present invention are derived from a poly(α-hydroxy acid), in particular, from a poly(lactide) (“PLA”) or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and glycolide or glycolic acid, such as a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (“PLG” or “PLGA”), or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and caprolactone. The microparticles may be derived from any of various polymeric starting materials which have a variety of molecular weights and, in the case of the copolymers such as PLG, a variety of lactide:glycolide ratios, the selection of which will be largely a matter of choice, depending in part on the coadministered macromolecule. These parameters are discussed more fully below.
Further antigens may also include an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) preparation.
Additional formulation methods and antigens (especially tumor antigens) are provided in U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/581,772.
J. Antigen References
The following references include antigens useful in conjunction with the compositions of the present invention:

    1 International patent application WO99/24578
    2 International patent application WO99/36544.
    3 International patent application WO99/57280.
    4 International patent application WO00/22430.
    5 Tettelin et al. (2000) Science 287:1809-1815.
    6 International patent application WO96/29412.
    7 Pizza et al. (2000) Science 287:1816-1820.
    8 PCT WO 01/52885.
    9 Bjune et al. (1991) Lancet 338(8775).
    10 Fuskasawa et al. (1999) Vaccine 17:2951-2958.
    11 Rosenqist et al. (1998) Dev. Biol. Strand 92:323-333.
    12 Constantino et al. (1992) Vaccine 10:691-698.
    13 Constantino et al. (1999) Vaccine 17:1251-1263.
    14 Watson (2000) Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:331-332.
    15 Rubin (2000) Pediatr Clin North Am 47:269-285, v.
    16 Jedrzejas (2001) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65:187-207.
    17 International patent application filed on 3 Jul. 2001 claiming priority from GB-0016363.4; WO 02/02606; PCT IB/01/00166.
    18 Kalman et al. (1999) Nature Genetics 21:385-389.
    19 Read et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res 28:1397-406.
    20 Shirai et al. (2000) J. Infect. Dis 181(Suppl 3):S524-S527.
    21 International patent application WO99/27105.
    22 International patent application WO00/27994.
    23 International patent application WO00/37494.
    24 International patent application WO99/28475.
    25 Bell (2000) Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:1187-1188.
    26 Iwarson (1995) APMIS 103:321-326.
    27 Gerlich et al. (1990) Vaccine 8 Suppl:S63-68 & 79-80.
    28 Hsu et al. (1999) Clin Liver Dis 3:901-915.
    29 Gastofsson et al. (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. 334-:349-355.
    30 Rappuoli et al. (1991) TIBTECH 9:232-238.
    31 Vaccines (1988) eds. Plotkin & Mortimer. ISBN 0-7216-1946-0.
    32 Del Guidice et al. (1998) Molecular Aspects of Medicine 19:1-70.
    33 International patent application WO93/018150.
    34 International patent application WO99/53310.
    35 International patent application WO98/04702.
    36 Ross et al. (2001) Vaccine 19:135-142.
    37 Sutter et al. (2000) Pediatr Clin North Am 47:287-308.
    38 Zimmerman & Spann (1999) Am Fan Physician 59:113-118, 125-126.
    39 Dreensen (1997) Vaccine 15 Suppl′′S2-6.
    40 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly rep 1998 Jan. 16:47(1):12, 9.
    41 McMichael (2000) Vaccine 19 Suppl 1:S101-107.
    42 Schuchat (1999) Lancer 353(9146):51-6.
    43 GB patent applications 0026333.5, 0028727.6 & 0105640.7.
    44 Dale (1999) Infect Disclin North Am 13:227-43, viii.
    45 Ferretti et al. (2001) PNAS USA 98: 4658-4663.
    46 Kuroda et al. (2001) Lancet 357(9264):1225-1240; see also pages 1218-1219.
    47 Ramsay et al. (2001) Lancet 357(9251):195-196.
    48 Lindberg (1999) Vaccine 17 Suppl 2:S28-36.
    49 Buttery & Moxon (2000) J R Coil Physicians Long 34:163-168.
    50 Ahmad & Chapnick (1999) Infect Dis Clin North Am 13:113-133, vii.
    51 Goldblatt (1998) J. Med. Microbiol. 47:663-567.
    52 European patent 0 477 508.
    53 U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,492.
    54 International patent application WO98/42721.
    55 Conjugate Vaccines (eds. Cruse et al.) ISBN 3805549326, particularly vol. 10:48-114.
    56 Hermanson (1996) Bioconjugate Techniques ISBN: 012323368 & 012342335X.
    57 European patent application 0372501.
    58 European patent application 0378881.
    59 European patent application 0427347.
    60 International patent application WO93/17712.
    61 International patent application WO98/58668.
    62 European patent application 0471177.
    63 International patent application WO00/56360.
    64 International patent application WO00/67161.


The contents of all of the above cited patents, patent applications and journal articles are incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein.
Where a saccharide or carbohydrate antigen is used, it is preferably conjugated to a carrier protein in order to enhance immunogenicity. See Ramsay et al. (2001) Lancet 357(9251):195-196; Lindberg (1999) Vaccine 17 Suppl 2:S28-36; Buttery & Moxon (2000) J R Coll Physicians Lond 34:163-168; Ahmad & Chapnick (1999) Infect Dis Clin North Am 13:113-133, vii; Goldblatt (1998) J. Med. Microbiol. 47:563-567; European patent 0 477 508; U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,492; WO98/42721; Conjugate Vaccines (eds. Cruse et al.) ISBN 3805549326, particularly vol. 10:48-114; Hermanson (1996) Bioconjugate Techniques ISBN: 0123423368 or 012342335X. Preferred carrier proteins are bacterial toxins or toxoids, such as diphtheria or tetanus toxoids. The CRM197 diphtheria toxoid is particularly preferred.
Other carrier polypeptides include the N. meningitidis outer membrane protein (EP-A-0372501), synthetic peptides (EP-A-0378881 and EP-A 0427347), heat shock proteins (WO 93/17712 and WO 94/03208), pertussis proteins (WO 98/58668 and EP A 0471177), protein D from H. influenzae (WO 00/56360), cytokines (WO 91/01146), lymphokines, hormones, growth factors, toxin A or B from C. difficile (WO 00/61761), iron-uptake proteins (WO 01/72337), etc. Where a mixture comprises capsular saccharide from both serigraphs A and C, it may be preferred that the ratio (w/w) of MenA saccharide:MenC saccharide is greater than 1 (e.g., 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1 or higher). Different saccharides can be conjugated to the same or different type of carrier protein. Any suitable conjugation reaction can be used, with any suitable linker where necessary.
Toxic protein antigens may be detoxified where necessary e.g., detoxification of pertussis toxin by chemical and/or genetic means.
Pharmaceutically Acceptable Carriers
Compositions of the invention will typically, in addition to the components mentioned above, comprise one or more “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.” These include any carrier which does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Suitable carriers typically are large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets or liposomes). Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A composition may also contain a diluent, such as water, saline, glycerol, etc. Additionally, an auxiliary substance, such as a wetting or emulsifying agent, pH buffering substance, and the like, may be present. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable components is available in Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 20th ed., ISBN: 0683306472.
Immunoregulatory Agents
Adjuvants
Vaccines of the invention may be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents. In particular, compositions will usually include an adjuvant. Adjuvants for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following set forth below:
A. Mineral Containing Compositions
Mineral containing compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include mineral salts, such as aluminum salts and calcium salts. The invention includes mineral salts such as hydroxides (e.g. oxyhydroxides), phosphates (e.g. hydroxyphosphates, orthophosphates), sulfates, etc. (e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of Vaccine Design . . . (1995) eds. Powell & Newman. ISBN: 030644867X. Plenum.), or mixtures of different mineral compounds (e.g. a mixture of a phosphate and a hydroxide adjuvant, optionally with an excess of the phosphate), with the compounds taking any suitable form (e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous, etc.), and with adsorption to the salt(s) being preferred. The mineral containing compositions may also be formulated as a particle of metal salt (WO00/23105).
Aluminum salts may be included in vaccines of the invention such that the dose of Al3+ is between 0.2 and 1.0 mg per dose.
In one embodiment the aluminum based adjuvant for use in the present invention is alum (aluminum potassium sulfate (AlK(SO4)2)), or an alum derivative, such as that formed in-situ by mixing an antigen in phosphate buffer with alum, followed by titration and precipitation with a base such as ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
Another aluminum-based adjuvant for use in vaccine formulations of the present invention is aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Al(OH)3) or crystalline aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH), which is an excellent adsorbant, having a surface area of approximately 500 m2/g. Alternatively, aluminum phosphate adjuvant (AlPO4) or aluminum hydroxyphosphate, which contains phosphate groups in place of some or all of the hydroxyl groups of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is provided. Preferred aluminum phosphate adjuvants provided herein are amorphous and soluble in acidic, basic and neutral media.
In another embodiment the adjuvant of the invention comprises both aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide. In a more particular embodiment thereof, the adjuvant has a greater amount of aluminum phosphate than aluminum hydroxide, such as a ratio of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1 or greater than 9:1, by weight aluminum phosphate to aluminum hydroxide. More particular still, aluminum salts in the vaccine are present at 0.4 to 1.0 mg per vaccine dose, or 0.4 to 0.8 mg per vaccine dose, or 0.5 to 0.7 mg per vaccine dose, or about 0.6 mg per vaccine dose.
Generally, the preferred aluminum-based adjuvant(s), or ratio of multiple aluminum-based adjuvants, such as aluminum phosphate to aluminum hydroxide is selected by optimization of electrostatic attraction between molecules such that the antigen carries an opposite charge as the adjuvant at the desired pH. For example, aluminum phosphate adjuvant (isoelectric point=4) adsorbs lysozyme, but not albumin at pH 7.4. Should albumin be the target, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant would be selected (iep 11.4). Alternatively, pretreatment of aluminum hydroxide with phosphate lowers its isoelectric point, making it a preferred adjuvant for more basic antigens.
B. Oil-Emulsions
Oil-emulsion compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include squalene-water emulsions, such as MF59 (5% Squalene, 0.5% TWEENTM 80, and 0.5% Span 85, formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer). See WO90/14837. See also, Podda, Vaccine (2001) 19: 2673-2680; Frey et al., Vaccine (2003) 21:4234-4237. MF59 is used as the adjuvant in the FLUADTM influenza virus trivalent subunit vaccine.
Particularly preferred adjuvants for use in the compositions are submicron oil-in-water emulsions. Preferred submicron oil-in-water emulsions for use herein are squalene/water emulsions optionally containing varying amounts of MTP-PE, such as a submicron oil-in-water emulsion containing 4-5% w/v squalene, 0.25-1.0% w/v TWEENTM 80□ (polyoxyelthylenesorbitan monooleate), and/or 0.25-1.0% SPAN 85TM (sorbitan trioleate), and, optionally, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isogluatminyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-huydroxyphosphophoryloxy)-ethylamine (MTP-PE), for example, the submicron oil-in-water emulsion known as “MF59” (International Publication No. WO90/14837; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,299,884 and 6,451,325, and Ott et al., in Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach (Powell, M. F. and Newman, M. J. eds.) Plenum Press, New York, 1995, pp. 277-296). MF59 contains 4-5% w/v Squalene (e.g. 4.3%), 0.25-0.5% w/v TWEENTM 80, and 0.5% w/v SPAN 85TM and optionally contains various amounts of MTP-PE, formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer such as Model 110Y microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Newton, Mass.). For example, MTP-PE may be present in an amount of about 0-500 μg/dose, more preferably 0-250 μg/dose and most preferably, 0-100 μg/dose. As used herein, the term “MF59-0” refers to the above submicron oil-in-water emulsion lacking MTP-PE, while the term MF59-MTP denotes a formulation that contains MTP-PE. For instance, “MF59-100” contains 100 μg MTP-PE per dose, and so on. MF69, another submicron oil-in-water emulsion for use herein, contains 4.3% w/v squalene, 0.25% w/v TWEENTM 80, and 0.75% w/v SPAN 85TM and optionally MTP-PE. Yet another submicron oil-in-water emulsion is MF75, also known as SAF, containing 10% squalene, 0.4% TWEENTM 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP, also microfluidized into a submicron emulsion. MF75-MTP denotes an MF75 formulation that includes MTP, such as from 100-400 μg MTP-PE per dose.
Submicron oil-in-water emulsions, methods of making the same and immunostimulating agents, such as muramyl peptides, for use in the compositions, are described in detail in WO90/14837 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,299,884 and 6,451,325.
Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.
C. Saponin Formulations
Saponin formulations, may also be used as adjuvants in the invention. Saponins are a heterologous group of sterol glycosides and triterpenoid glycosides that are found in the bark, leaves, stems, roots and even flowers of a wide range of plant species. Saponins isolated from the bark of the Quillaia saponaria Molina tree have been widely studied as adjuvants. Saponins can also be commercially obtained from Smilax ornata (sarsaprilla), Gypsophilla paniculata (brides veil), and Saponaria officianalis (soap root). Saponin adjuvant formulations include purified formulations, such as QS21, as well as lipid formulations, such as ISCOMs.
Saponin compositions have been purified using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HP-TLC) and Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Specific purified fractions using these techniques have been identified, including QS7, QS17, QS18, QS21, QH-A, QH-B and QH-C. Preferably, the saponin is QS21. A method of production of QS21 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540. Saponin formulations may also comprise a sterol, such as cholesterol (see WO96/33739).
Combinations of saponins and cholesterols can be used to form unique particles called Immunostimulating Complexes (ISCOMs). ISCOMs typically also include a phospholipid such as phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. Any known saponin can be used in ISCOMs. Preferably, the ISCOM includes one or more of Quil A, QHA and QHC. ISCOMs are further described in EP0109942, WO96/11711 and WO96/33739. Optionally, the ISCOMS may be devoid of (an) additional detergent(s). See WO00/07621.
A review of the development of saponin based adjuvants can be found in Barr, et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (1998) 32:247-271. See also Sjolander, et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (1998) 32:321-338.
D. Virosomes and Virus Like Particles (VLPs)
Virosomes and Virus Like Particles (VLPs) can also be used as adjuvants in the invention. These structures generally contain one or more proteins from a virus optionally combined or formulated with a phospholipid. They are generally non-pathogenic, non-replicating and generally do not contain any of the native viral genome. The viral proteins may be recombinantly produced or isolated from whole viruses. These viral proteins suitable for use in virosomes or VLPs include proteins derived from influenza virus (such as HA or NA), Hepatitis B virus (such as core or capsid proteins), Hepatitis E virus, measles virus, Sindbis virus, Rotavirus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, Retrovirus, Norwalk virus, human Papilloma virus, HIV, RNA-phages, Qβ-phage (such as coat proteins), GA-phage, fr-phage, AP205 phage, and Ty (such as retrotransposon Ty protein p1). VLPs are discussed further in WO03/024480, WO03/024481, and Niikura et al., Virology (2002) 293:273-280; Lenz et al., Journal of Immunology (2001) 5246-5355; Pinto, et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases (2003) 188:327-338; and Gerber et al., Journal of Virology (2001) 75(10):4752-4760. Virosomes are discussed further in, for example, Gluck et al., Vaccine (2002) 20:B10-B16. Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) are used as the subunit antigen delivery system in the intranasal trivalent INFLEXALTM product {Mischler & Metcalfe (2002) Vaccine 20 Suppl 5:B17-23} and the INFLUVAC PLUSTM product.
E. Bacterial or Microbial Derivatives
Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include bacterial or microbial derivatives such as:

    
    
        (1) Non-toxic Derivatives of Enterobacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    
    


Such derivatives include Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL). 3dMPL is a mixture of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A with 4, 5 or 6 acylated chains. A preferred “small particle” form of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is disclosed in EP 0 689 454. Such “small particles” of 3dMPL are small enough to be sterile filtered through a 0.22 micron membrane (see EP 0 689 454). Other non-toxic LPS derivatives include monophosphoryl lipid A mimics, such as aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate derivatives e.g. RC 529. See Johnson et al. (1999) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 9:2273-2278.

    
    
        (2) Lipid A Derivatives
    
    


Lipid A derivatives include derivatives of lipid A from Escherichia coli such as OM-174. OM-174 is described for example in Meraldi et al., Vaccine (2003) 21:2485-2491; and Pajak, et al., Vaccine (2003) 21:836-842.

    
    
        (3) Immunostimulatory Oligonucleotides
    
    


Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include nucleotide sequences containing a CpG motif (a sequence containing an unmethylated cytosine followed by guanosine and linked by a phosphate bond). Bacterial double stranded RNA or oligonucleotides containing palindromic or poly(dG) sequences have also been shown to be immunostimulatory.
The CpGs can include nucleotide modifications/analogs such as phosphorothioate modifications and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Optionally, the guanosine may be replaced with an analog such as 2′-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine. See Kandimalla, et al., Nucleic Acids Research (2003) 31(9): 2393-2400; WO02/26757 and WO99/62923 for examples of possible analog substitutions. The adjuvant effect of CpG oligonucleotides is further discussed in Krieg, Nature Medicine (2003) 9(7): 831-835; McCluskie, et al., FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology (2002) 32:179-185; WO98/40100; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,207,646; 6,239,116 and 6,429,199.
The CpG sequence may be directed to TLR9, such as the motif GTCGTT or TTCGTT. See Kandimalla, et al., Biochemical Society Transactions (2003) 31 (part 3): 654-658. The CpG sequence may be specific for inducing a Th1 immune response, such as a CpG-A ODN, or it may be more specific for inducing a B cell response, such a CpG-B ODN. CpG-A and CpG-B ODNs are discussed in Blackwell, et al., J. Immunol. (2003) 170(8):4061-4068; Krieg, TRENDS in Immunology (2002) 23(2): 64-65 and WO01/95935. Preferably, the CpG is a CpG-A ODN.
Preferably, the CpG oligonucleotide is constructed so that the 5′ end is accessible for receptor recognition. Optionally, two CpG oligonucleotide sequences may be attached at their 3′ ends to form “immunomers”. See, for example, Kandimalla, et al., BBRC (2003) 306:948-953; Kandimalla, et al., Biochemical Society Transactions (2003) 31 (part 3):664-658; Bhagat et al., BBRC (2003) 300:853-861 and WO03/035836.
(4) ADP-ribosylating Toxins and Detoxified Derivatives Thereof.
Bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives thereof may be used as adjuvants in the invention. Preferably, the protein is derived from E. coli (i.e., E. coli heat labile enterotoxin “LT), cholera (”CT′′), or pertussis (“PT”). The use of detoxified ADP-ribosylating toxins as mucosal adjuvants is described in WO95/17211 and as parenteral adjuvants in WO98/42375. Preferably, the adjuvant is a detoxified LT mutant such as LT-K63, LT-R72, and LTR192G. The use of ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives thereof, particularly LT-K63 and LT-R72, as adjuvants can be found in the following references: Beignon et al., Infection and Immunity (2002) 70(6):3012-3019; Pizza, et al., Vaccine (2001) 19:2534-2541; Pizza, et al., Int. J. Med. Microbiol (2000) 290(4-5):455-461; Scharton-Kersten et al., Infection and Immunity (2000) 68(9):5306-5313; Ryan et al., Infection and Immunity (1999) 67(12):6270-6280; Partidos et al., Immunol. Lett. (1999) 67(3):209-216; Peppoloni et al., Vaccines (2003) 2(2):285-293; and Pine et al., (2002) J. Control Release (2002) 85(1-3):263-270. Numerical reference for amino acid substitutions is preferably based on the alignments of the A and B subunits of ADP-ribosylating toxins set forth in Domenighini et al., Mol. Microbiol (1995) 15(6):1165-1167.
F. Bioadhesives and Mucoadhesives
Bioadhesives and mucoadhesives may also be used as adjuvants in the invention. Suitable bioadhesives include esterified hyaluronic acid microspheres (Singh et al. (2001) J. Cont. Rele. 70:267-276) or mucoadhesives such as cross-linked derivatives of polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polysaccharides and carboxymethylcellulose. Chitosan and derivatives thereof may also be used as adjuvants in the invention. See WO99/27960.
G. Microparticles
Microparticles may also be used as adjuvants in the invention. Microparticles (i.e. a particle of  ̃100 nm to  ̃150 μm in diameter, more preferably  ̃200 nm to  ̃30 μm in diameter, and most preferably  ̃500 nm to  ̃10 μm in diameter) formed from materials that are biodegradable and non toxic (e.g. a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxybutyric acid, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a polycaprolactone, etc.), with poly(lactide co glycolide) are preferred, optionally treated to have a negatively-charged surface (e.g. with SDS) or a positively-charged surface (e.g. with a cationic detergent, such as CTAB).
H. Liposomes
Examples of liposome formulations suitable for use as adjuvants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,090,406, 5,916,588, and EP 0 626 169.
I. Polyoxyethylene Ether and Polyoxyethylene Ester Formulations
Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include polyoxyethylene ethers and polyoxyethylene esters. WO99/52549. Such formulations further include polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactants in combination with an octoxynol (WO01/21207) as well as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or ester surfactants in combination with at least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol (WO01/21152).
Preferred polyoxyethylene ethers are selected from the following group: polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (laureth 9), polyoxyethylene-9-steoryl ether, polyoxytheylene-8-steoryl ether, polyoxyethylene-4-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-35-lauryl ether, and polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether.
J. Polyphosphazene (PCPP)
PCPP formulations are described, for example, in Andrianov et al., “Preparation of hydrogel microspheres by coacervation of aqueous polyphophazene solutions”, Biomaterials (1998) 19(1-3):109-115 and Payne et al., “Protein Release from Polyphosphazene Matrices”, Adv. Drug. Delivery Review (1998) 31(3):185-196.
K. Muramyl Peptides
Examples of muramyl peptides suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl-normuramyl-1-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (nor-MDP), and N acetylmuramyl-1-alanyl-d-isoglutaminyl-1-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine MTP-PE).
L. Imidazoquinoline Compounds.
Examples of imidazoquinoline compounds suitable for use adjuvants in the invention include Imiquimod and its analogues, described further in Stanley, Clin Exp Dermatol (2002) 27(7):571-577; Jones, Curr Opin Investig Drugs (2003) 4(2):214-218; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,338, 5,389,640, 5,268,376, 4,929,624, 5,266,575, 5,352,784, 5,494,916, 5,482,936, 5,346,905, 5,395,937, 5,238,944, and 5,525,612.
M. Thiosemicarbazone Compounds.
Examples of thiosemicarbazone compounds, as well as methods of formulating, manufacturing, and screening for compounds all suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include those described in WO04/60308. The thiosemicarbazones are particularly effective in the stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the production of cytokines, such as TNF-α.
N. Tryptanthrin Compounds.
Examples of tryptanthrin compounds, as well as methods of formulating, manufacturing, and screening for compounds all suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include those described in WO04/64759. The tryptanthrin compounds are particularly effective in the stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the production of cytokines, such as TNF-α.
The invention may also comprise combinations of aspects of one or more of the adjuvants identified above. For example, the following adjuvant compositions may be used in the invention:

    
    
        (1) a saponin and an oil-in-water emulsion (WO99/11241);
        (2) a saponin (e.g., QS21)+a non-toxic LPS derivative (e.g. 3dMPL) (see WO94/00153);
        (3) a saponin (e.g., QS21)+a non-toxic LPS derivative (e.g. 3dMPL)+a cholesterol;
        (4) a saponin (e.g., QS21)+3dMPL+IL 12 (optionally+a sterol) (WO98/57659);
        (5) combinations of 3dMPL with, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions (See European patent applications 0835318, 0735898 and 0761231);
        (6) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-block polymer L121, and thr-MDP, either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion.
        (7) RIBITM adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (DETOXTM); and
        (8) one or more mineral salts (such as an aluminum salt)+a non-toxic derivative of LPS (such as 3dPML).
        (9) one or more mineral salts (such as an aluminum salt)+an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (such as a nucleotide sequence including a CpG motif).
    
    


O. Human Immunomodulators
Human immunomodulators suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), interferons (e.g. interferon-γ), macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor.
Aluminum salts and MF59 are preferred adjuvants for use with injectable influenza vaccines. Bacterial toxins and bioadhesives are preferred adjuvants for use with mucosally-delivered vaccines, such as nasal vaccines.
The contents of all of the above cited patents, patent applications and journal articles are incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein.
Therapeutic Methods
The invention provides the compositions described above for use in therapy, The invention provides the compositions described above for inducing or increasing an immune response to S. pyogenes. The invention provides methods for inducing or increasing an immune response to S. pyogenes using the compositions described above. The immune response is preferably protective and can include antibodies and/or cell-mediated immunity (including systemic and mucosal immunity). Immune responses include booster responses.
Teenagers and children, including toddles and infants, can receive a vaccine for prophylactic use; therapeutic vaccines typically are administered to teenagers or adults. A vaccine intended for children may also be administered to adults e.g., to assess safety, dosage, immunogenicity, etc.
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes which can be prevented or treated according to the invention include, but are not limited to, pharyngitis (such as streptococcal sore throat), scarlet fever, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, septicemia, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, and sequelae such as rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. The compositions may also be effective against other streptococcal bacteria, e.g., GBS.
Tests to Determine the Efficacy of the Immune Response
One way of assessing efficacy of therapeutic treatment involves monitoring GAS infection after administration of the composition of the invention. One way of assessing efficacy of prophylactic treatment involves monitoring immune responses against the mutant GAS57 antigens in the compositions of the invention after administration of the composition.
Another way of assessing the immunogenicity of the component proteins of the immunogenic compositions of the present invention is to mutant GAS57 antigens recombinantly and to screen patient sera or mucosal secretions by immunoblot. A positive reaction between the protein and the patient serum indicates that the patient has previously mounted an immune response to the protein in question; i.e., the protein is an immunogen. This method may also be used to identify immunodominant proteins and/or epitopes.
Another way of checking efficacy of therapeutic treatment involves monitoring GAS infection after administration of the compositions of the invention. One way of checking efficacy of prophylactic treatment involves monitoring immune responses both systemically (such as monitoring the level of IgG1 and IgG2a production) and mucosally (such as monitoring the level of IgA production) against GAS57 after administration of the composition. Typically, serum specific antibody responses are determined post-immunization but pre-challenge whereas mucosal specific antibody body responses are determined post-immunization and post-challenge.
The vaccine compositions of the present invention can be evaluated in in vitro and in vivo animal models prior to host, e.g., human, administration. Particularly useful mouse models include those in which intraperitoneal immunization is followed by either intraperitoneal challenge or intranasal challenge.
The efficacy of immunogenic compositions of the invention can also be determined in vivo by challenging animal models with GAS, e.g., guinea pigs or mice, with the immunogenic compositions. The immunogenic compositions may or may not be derived from the same serotypes as the challenge serotypes.
In vivo efficacy models include but are not limited to: (i) a murine infection model using human GAS serotypes; (ii) a murine disease model which is a murine model using a mouse-adapted GAS strain, such as the M23 strain which is particularly virulent in mice, and (iii) a primate model using human GAS isolates.
The immune response may be one or both of a Th1 immune response and a Th2 response. The immune response may be an improved or an enhanced or an altered immune response. The immune response may be one or both of a systemic and a mucosal immune response. Preferably the immune response is an enhanced system and/or mucosal response.
An enhanced systemic and/or mucosal immunity is reflected in an enhanced Th1 and/or Th2 immune response. Preferably, the enhanced immune response includes an increase in the production of IgG1 and/or IgG2a and/or IgA.
Preferably the mucosal immune response is a Th2 immune response. Preferably, the mucosal immune response includes an increase in the production of IgA.
Activated Th2 cells enhance antibody production and are therefore of value in responding to extracellular infections. Activated Th2 cells may secrete one or more of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. A Th2 immune response may result in the production of IgG1, IgE, IgA and memory B cells for future protection.
A Th2 immune response may include one or more of an increase in one or more of the cytokines associated with a Th2 immune response (such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10), or an increase in the production of IgG1, IgE, IgA and memory B cells. Preferably, the enhanced Th2 immune response will include an increase in IgG1 production.
A Th1 immune response may include one or more of an increase in CTLs, an increase in one or more of the cytokines associated with a Th1 immune response (such as IL-2, IFNγ, and TNFβ), an increase in activated macrophages, an increase in NK activity, or an increase in the production of IgG2a. Preferably, the enhanced Th1 immune response will include an increase in IgG2a production.
Immunogenic compositions of the invention, in particular, immunogenic composition comprising one or more mutant GAS57 antigens of the present invention may be used either alone or in combination with other GAS antigens optionally with an immunoregulatory agent capable of eliciting a Th1 and/or Th2 response.
The invention also comprises an immunogenic composition comprising one or more immunoregulatory agent, such as a mineral salt, such as an aluminium salt and an oligonucleotide containing a CpG motif. Most preferably, the immunogenic composition includes both an aluminium salt and an oligonucleotide containing a CpG motif. Alternatively, the immunogenic composition includes an ADP ribosylating toxin, such as a detoxified ADP ribosylating toxin and an oligonucleotide containing a CpG motif. Preferably, one or more of the immunoregulatory agents include an adjuvant. The adjuvant may be selected from one or more of the group consisting of a Th1 adjuvant and Th2 adjuvant.
The compositions of the invention will preferably elicit both a cell mediated immune response as well as a humoral immune response in order to effectively address a GAS infection. This immune response will preferably induce long lasting (e.g., neutralizing) antibodies and a cell mediated immunity that can quickly respond upon exposure to one or more GAS antigens.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the immunogenic composition comprises one or more mutant GAS57 antigen(s) which elicit(s) a neutralizing antibody response and one or more mutant GAS57 antigen(s) which elicit(s) a cell mediated immune response. In this way, the neutralizing antibody response prevents or inhibits an initial GAS infection while the cell-mediated immune response capable of eliciting an enhanced Th1 cellular response prevents further spreading of the GAS infection.
Compositions of the invention will generally be administered directly to a patient. The compositions of the present invention may be administered, either alone or as part of a composition, via a variety of different routes. Certain routes may be favored for certain compositions, as resulting in the generation of a more effective immune response, preferably a CMI response, or as being less likely to induce side effects, or as being easier for administration.
Delivery methods include parenteral injection (e.g., subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, or interstitial injection) and rectal, oral (e.g., tablet, spray), vaginal, topical, transdermal (e.g., see WO 99/27961), transcutaneous (e.g., see WO02/074244 and WO02/064162), intranasal (e.g., see WO03/028760), ocular, aural, and pulmonary or other mucosal administration.
By way of example, the compositions of the present invention may be administered via a systemic route or a mucosal route or a transdermal route or it may be administered directly into a specific tissue. As used herein, the term “systemic administration” includes but is not limited to any parenteral routes of administration. In particular, parenteral administration includes but is not limited to subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection, intravenous, intraarterial, or kidney dialytic infusion techniques. Preferably, the systemic, parenteral administration is intramuscular injection. As used herein, the term “mucosal administration” includes but is not limited to oral, intranasal, intravaginal, intrarectal, intratracheal, intestinal and ophthalmic administration.
Dosage treatment can be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunization schedule and/or in a booster immunization schedule. In a multiple dose schedule the various doses may be given by the same or different routes e.g., a parenteral prime and mucosal boost, a mucosal prime and parenteral boost, etc.
The compositions of the invention may be prepared in various forms. For example, a composition can be prepared as an injectable, either as a liquid solution or a suspension. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared (e.g., a lyophilized composition). A composition can be prepared for oral administration, such as a tablet or capsule, as a spray, or as a syrup (optionally flavored). A composition can be prepared for pulmonary administration, e.g., as an inhaler, using a fine powder or a spray. A composition can be prepared as a suppository or pessary. A composition can be prepared for nasal, aural or ocular administration e.g., as drops. A composition can be in kit form, designed such that a combined composition is reconstituted just prior to administration to a patient. Such kits may comprise one or more mutant GAS57 or other antigens in liquid form and one or more lyophilized antigens.
Immunogenic compositions used as vaccines comprise an immunologically effective amount of mutant GAS57 or other antigens (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the antigens), as well as any other components, as needed, such as antibiotics. An “immunologically effective amount” is an amount which, when administered to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, increases a measurable immune response or prevents or reduces a clinical symptom.
The immunogenic compositions of the present invention may be administered in combination with an antibiotic treatment regime. In one embodiment, the antibiotic is administered prior to administration of the antigen of the invention or the composition comprising the one or more mutant GAS57 antigens of the invention.
In another embodiment, the antibiotic is administered subsequent to the administration of a mutant GAS57 antigen of the invention. Examples of antibiotics suitable for use in the treatment of a GAS infection include but are not limited to penicillin or a derivative thereof or clindamycin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin), and cycloserine.
The amount of active agent in a composition varies, however, depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, age, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated (e.g., non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. The amount will fall in a relatively broad range which can be determined through routine trials.
Kits
The invention also provides kits comprising one or more containers of compositions of the invention. Compositions can be in liquid form or can be lyophilized, as can individual antigens. Suitable containers for the compositions include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. Containers can be formed from a variety of materials, including glass or plastic. A container may have a sterile access port (for example, the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
The kit can further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution, or dextrose solution. It can also contain other materials useful to the end-user, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes. The kit can also comprise a second or third container with another active agent, for example an antibiotic.
The kit can also comprise a package insert containing written instructions for methods of inducing immunity against S. pyogenes or for treating S. pyogenes infections. The package insert can be an unapproved draft package insert or can be a package insert approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory body.
All patents, patent applications, and references cited in this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples, which are provided for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Purified Wild-Type Recombinant GAS57 Cleaves IL-8 and Other CXC Cytokines
Wild-type GAS57 was expressed and purified from E. coli either as His-tagged or untagged protein. All variants were expressed without the N-terminal leader sequence and without the C-terminal transmembrane domain (see SEQ ID NOS:78 and 79). In detail, the gas57 gene was PCR amplified from M1_SF370 genome using the following primers:









(SEQ ID NO: 69)










57F,
GTGCGT GCAGATGAGCTAAGCA



 









(SEQ ID NO: 70)










57R,
GCGT GGCTTTTGCTGTTGCTGAGGT



 









(SEQ ID NO: 71)










57stopR,
GCGT TTAGGCTTTTGCTGTTGCTGAGGT.






Primers 57F and 57R were used to obtain the His-tagged form, while primers 57F and 57stopR were used to obtain the untagged form. The PCR products were digested with NdeI-XhoI and ligated respectively with pET21b+ and pet24b+ cut with the same enzymes.
E. coli BL21(DE3) electrocompetent cells were transformed with the ligation reactions. Kanamycin resistant colonies carrying the plasmid with the correct insert (pET21—57his and pET24—57) were identified by colony PCR, and the GAS57 gene was sequenced from one of the positive clones.
The positive clone expressing GAS57 was grown in liquid culture at 25° C. under agitation, and the expression of the recombinant proteins was obtained by adding to the culture 1 mM IPTG. Purification of the His-tagged GAS57 protein was carried out using metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). Purification of the untagged form of GAS57 was accomplished using three chromatographic steps: ion exchange chromatography (Q SEPHAROSE HP), hydroxylapatite chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. FIGS. 7 and 8 show SDS-PAGE analyses of purified wild-type proteins.
In order to test GAS57 proteolytic activity, IL-8 was incubated with two different concentrations of purified GAS57 for increasing times and run on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel to demonstrate the conversion of the original 8 kDa IL-8 protein into the cleaved inactive 6 kDa protein. The results are shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 12 shows the results of similar experiments in which various chemokines (10 μg/ml) were incubated with or without GAS57 (1 μg/ml) at 37° C. for 24 hours. Samples were than run on 18% SDS-polyacrylamide gel.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of GAS57 Mutants
By comparison with C5a protease (FIG. 2), three amino acids in the GAS57 were identified that putatively constitute the catalytic site of the protease: D151, H279 and S617. In order to obtain an inactive form of the enzyme, nucleotide substitutions resulting in amino acid changes D151A and/or S617A were introduced in the GAS57 coding sequence by Splicing by Overlapping Extension PCR (SOE-PCR).
Substitution D151A
Three PCR reactions were carried out:












PCR 




reaction
Template
Primers







PCR1 
genomic
57F, GTGCGT GCAGATGAG


(360
SF370
CTAAGCA; SEQ ID NO: 69


bps)

57mutDR1, CCCTGTGGCAATAACTG




CGAC; SEQ ID NO: 72


 


PCR2
genomic
57mutDF1, cgCAGTTATTGcCACAGGGAT,


(910
SF370
SEQ ID NO: 73


bp)

57mutSalR, CTGACTGA AGACT




CTGAATAGATG, SEQ ID NO: 74


 


PCR3
PCR1,
57F


(1270
PCR2
57mutSalR


bps)









PCR product 3 was then digested with Nde-Sal and introduced in pET21—57his digested with the same enzymes. Clones containing the correct in-frame substitutions (pET21—57his_D151A) were selected by DNA sequencing.
Substitution S617A
Three PCR reactions were carried out:












PCR 




reaction
Template
Primers







PCR4 
genomic
57mutSalF,


(517
SF370
CTGACTGA TTTAAAGACATAAAA


bp)

GATAG; SEQ ID NO: 75




57mutSR1, GAGAGGCCATAGCTGTTCCTG;




SEQ ID NO: 76


 


PCR6
genomic
57mutSF1, GGAACAGCTATGGCCTCTCCT;


(4740
SF370
SEQ ID NO: 77


bp)

57R


 


PCR6
PCR4,
57FmutSalF


(5257
PCR5
57R


bp)









PCR product 6 was then digested with Sal-Xho and introduced in pET21—57his digested with the same enzymes. Clones containing the correct in-frame substitutions (pET21—57his_S617A) were selected by DNA sequencing.
Substitution D151A+S617A
PCR product 6 was digested Sal-Xho and introduced in pET21—57his_D151A digested with the same enzymes. Clones containing the correct in-frame substitutions (pET21—57his_D151A+S617A) were selected by DNA sequencing.
The single and double mutant proteins were expressed and purified as described above for wild-type GAS57 in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 3
Point Mutation D151A Results in Inactivation of GAS57 Proteolytic Activity
GAS57 mutant D151A was expressed as a recombinant His-tagged protein. Two types of assays demonstrated that this mutant has lost the ability to cleave IL-8.
SDS-PAGE
IL-8 was incubated with wild-type GAS57 or the GAS57 mutant D151A. The incubation mixtures were loaded on SDS-PAGE and revealed by silver staining. The results are shown in FIG. 3. Wild-type GAS57 (lanes 2 and 3) released two bands: 8 kDa (active form) and 6 kDa (inactive cleaved IL-8). In contrast, the GAS57 D151A mutant released only one band, which corresponded to uncleaved IL-8, as in the control reaction (without enzyme).
ELISA
IL-8 was incubated with wild-type GAS57 or the GAS57 mutant D151A at three different concentrations, and the incubation mixtures were tested for the presence of uncleaved IL-8 using an antibody which is specific for the cytokine but which is unable to recognize the cleaved inactive form. The results are shown in FIG. 4, expressed as percentage of uncleaved IL-8 after 0, 8 and 24 h reactions, and were calculated as follows:




  
    
      
        [
        
          IL
          ⁢
          
            -
          
          ⁢
          8
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          in
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          the
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          reaction
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          mix
        
        ]
      
      
        [
        
          IL
          ⁢
          
            -
          
          ⁢
          8
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          in
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          the
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          control
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          mix
        
        ]
      
    
    ×
    100
  
  ,




where “control mix” is the reaction mix without the enzyme at time point 0.

As shown in FIG. 4, wild-type GAS57 almost completely inactivated IL-8 after 8 hours, even at the lower concentration, while no inactivation was observed for IL-8 treated with the mutant enzyme.
EXAMPLE 4
GAS57 Mutant S617A and GAS57 Double Mutant D151A+S617A Do Not Cleave IL-8
GAS57 mutant S617A and GAS57 double mutant D151A+S617A were expressed as His-tagged proteins and were tested in IL-8 inactivation experiments as described in Example 2.
SDS-PAGE
IL-8 was incubated with either wild-type GAS57 (His-tagged or tag-less), or each of the GAS57 mutants D151A, S617A and D151AS+S617A for 24 hours. The incubation mixtures were loaded on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel and revealed by silver staining. The results of two experiments are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. Both the GAS57 S617A mutant and the GAS D151+S617A mutant are unable to cleave IL-8, even at a 100-fold higher concentration than wild-type GAS57.
ELISA
The same samples were used to perform an ELISA assay which confirmed that the single and double amino acid substitutions eliminate the ability of GAS57 to cleave IL-8. The results, which are shown in FIG. 6, demonstrate that the mutants release 100% of uncleaved IL-8 after 24 h incubation, compared to 20-40% released by wild-type GAS57.
EXAMPLE 5
The Protective Capacity of GAS57 Mutants is Similar to that Obtained With Wild-Type GAS57
The GAS57 mutants D151A and D151A+S617A were used to immunize mice to test their capacity to confer protection against GAS lethal challenge in comparison to wild-type GAS57. The results of two experiments (20 mice each) are summarized below and expressed as average % survival.















NO.
NO.
%



MICE
DEAD
SURVIVAL



















PBS + Freund
40
26
35


192 M1 + Freund
20
0
100


57 WT + Freund
40
12
70


57 D151A + Freund
40
6
85


57 D151A-S617A + Freund
40
9
78









EXAMPLE 6
Purified Inactive Mutants Appear as a Single Peptide Compared to Wild-Type GAS57, Which Exists Only in the Form of Two Non Covalently Associated Protein Fragments
Wild-type GAS57 is obtained mainly in the form of two fragments, one of about 23 kDa and a one of 150 kDa. The two fragments are not separated in Ni-chelating affinity purification or by gel filtration, but appear as two different bands on SDS-PAGE (FIG. 7). N-terminal sequencing confirmed that the 23 kDa fragment is the N-terminal portion of GAS57 (amino acids 34-244 of SEQ ID NO:1) while the 150 kDa fragment is the C-terminal region (amino acids 245-1603 of SEQ ID NO:1).
In contrast to wild-type GAS57, GAS57 mutants of the invention are obtained as proteins of higher molecular weight (174 kDa), and the 23 kDa band is absent (see FIG. 8, which shows the results of an experiment in which partially purified wild-type GAS57 and GAS57 mutants were loaded on SDS-polyacrylamide gels).
EXAMPLE 7
Dose-Dependent Inhibition of GAS57-Mediated IL-8 Cleavage by Polyclonal Antisera
Mouse antisera specific for GAS57, wild type and inactive mutants, were produced by immunizing CD1 mice with the purified recombinant proteins.
IL-8 (10 μg/ml) was incubated with wild-type GAS57 with or without GAS57 antiserum (1:50 and 1:5000) in two different conditions: (1) 8 hour incubation, 0.1 μg/ml of GAS57 and (2) 24 hour incubation, 0.05 μg/ml of GAS57. The incubation mixtures were then tested for the presence of uncleaved IL-8 by ELISA. The results shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of GAS57-mediated IL-8 cleavage by the mouse antiserum.

## Claims

1. A purified mutant Spy0416 antigen comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

2. A composition comprising an isolated mutant Spy0416 antigen comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

3. The composition of claim 2, further comprising an adjuvant.

4. A method of making a composition for immunization of a mammal against Streptococcus pyogenes comprising combining
(A) an isolated mutant Spy0416 antigen comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and
(B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

5. A method of immunizing a mammal against Streptococcus pyogenes comprising administering to said mammal a dose of a composition comprising an isolated mutant Spy0416 antigen comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.