If 70a no lonaer need thU pablleadon write to the Geoloaieal SarYQ' In Waahlngtoa for an 

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN SPECIES 

OF MARIOPTERIS, EREMOPTERIS 

DIPLOTHMEMA, AND ANEIMITES 

FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197-C 

'\ 

~ 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

Professional Paper 197-C 

LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS 

EREMOPTERIS, DIPLOTIIMEMA, AND ANEIMITES 

FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION 

BY 

DAVID WHITE 

A POSTHUMOUS WORK 

ASSEMBLED AND EDITED BY 

CHARLES B. READ 

Shorter contributions to general geology, 1941-42 

(Pages 85-140) 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1943 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. s.:._Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. - - - • • • • • Price 20 cents 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Foreword, by Charles B. Read________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ III 

Abstract______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 85 

Descriptions of the fossil plants __________________________________________________________ ------------------------ 85 

kf ariopteris Zeiller _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 85 

Eremopteris Schimper _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 90 

Diplothmema Stur _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 92 

Ane£mites Dawson_________________________________________________________________________________________ 101 

Index________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 139 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

PLA'rEs 8-39. Species of kfar£opteris, Eremopteris, D1:plothmema, and Aneimites _____________________________________ - 105 

II 
FOREWORD 

By CHARLES B. READ 

Among the projects of David White still unfinished 

at the time of his death in 1935 was a very large work 

on the fossil plants that occur in the Pottsville formation, as he interpreted it, of the Appalachian region. 

He had begun preparation of a manuscript that, as 

he left it, included preliminary notes on many of the 

species and a large number of illustrations, both photographs and beautifully executed drawings. Most of 

the work on this 1nanuscript was done prior to 1912, 

when White assumed administrative duties that kept 

him otherwise occupied for a long period. Though 

in his latest years he returned to descriptive paleobotany, he did not find time to resume work on this 

project. 

A detailed examination of the manuscript was made 

to determine whether it had reached a sufficiently advanced stage of preparation to permit publication. 

It was found that treatment only of the species of 

Mariopteris, Erenwpteris, Diplothrrnema, and Aneirn_,ites had reached such a stage. The species of 

Spherwpteris were not fully treated, nor were the large 

and important genera N eu1·opteris and Alethopteris. 

The work on the Lepidodendrons, the Calamites, and 

the Cordaites was found, after the passage of almost 30 

years, to need virtually complete revision. 

White's study of the plants of the Appalachian 

Pottsville clearly represents much time and thought on 

his part. It was, n1oreover, intended to meet a real 

want, one that still exists, and it is greatly to be 

regretted that he was unable to cmnplete the task. 

Were American Carboniferous floras at all well-known, 

the need for such fundamental work as this would not 

be so great. Published know ledge of these floras is, 

however, still rather scant. It is true that numerous 

papers have appeared that bear on paleobotanical problems, but they are, for the most part, stratigraphic 

rather than taxonomic, and the meaning of the numerous species listed in these various papers is left to 

speculation. 

The present paper is largely an atlas. The descriptions are short and, in the main, little more than 

diagnoses. Some generic names used in the original 

draft have been changed to accord with opinions indicated by White in another unpublished manuscript of 

relatively recent date. The descriptions and the entire 

concept of each species as expressed by the illustrations 

are, however, those of White. 

As regards specific nomenclature, a number of new 

names are introduced in this work. Some forms are 

assigned to species named originally in Europe. These 

forms are figured and described, and their ranges in 

this country are given. By far the greater number of 

species, however, are considered to be distinctively 

American. It may be true that the Carboniferous 

floras of this continent are largely a duplication of 

those so well known in Europe. Old work implied 

this, and some very recent investigations have tended to 

confirm it; nevertheless, until American materials have 

been compared with European type specimens, the best 

course to follow appears to be that which White has 

adopted. Though many American species are related 

to species of Europe, much evidence supports the 

opinion that, owing perhaps to the great distance 

separating the two regions, the species are distinct. 

Whatever may be the reason, the fact remains that 

there do appear to be more differences between the 

floras of the two continents than some writers have 

supposed. It seems best, therefore, to regard the 

species in the two regions as mainly different, though 

a few very well known species are considered identical. 

If at some later time investigators can show that 

some or all of the American species are identical with 

European species previously described, it will be early 

enough then to place them in synonymy. Evidence of 

this identity must be obtained by comparing authentic 

specimens, preferably types. Far more important at 

the present time than such intercontinental correlations 

are the continued description of American species and 

the consideration not of correlations between the 

continents but of correlations within this continent. 

Actually, many of the details of stratigraphic correlation in the coal measures of America, even within the 

Appalachian trough, still remain unsolved. 

Though this paper is taxonomic, it is a contribution 

to the ground work for close stratigraphic work in 

the Pennsylvanian. It must be remembered that the 

paleobotanists who have worked in the upper 

Paleozoic of this country in the past have based conclusions chiefly on their knowledge of unpublished 

material. Adequately figured species are absolutely 

essential to any modern stratigraphic work based on 

fossils. The figures here are, the writer feels, ample 

in most cases. At any rate, this is a step in the 

direction of order in the chaos of the eastern upper 

Carboniferous. 

III 

LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS EREMOPTERIS ' ' ' DIPLOTHMEMA, AND ANEIMITES FROM THE APPALACHIAN 

REGION 

By DAVID WHITE 

ABSTRACT 

This report describes 13 species and varieties of Mariopteris, 

10 of Erernopteris, 21 of Diplothrn.erna, and 9 of Anei•mites from 

rocks of Pennsylvanian age in the Appalachian region. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FOSSIL PLANTS 

Genus MARIOPTERIS Zeiller 

1878. Marioptet·is Zeiller, Explication carte geol. France, vol. 

4 (atlas), (text, 1879), p. 68. 

1880. Pseudopecopteris Lesquereux (not Grand'Eury) (part), 

Pennsylvania 2d Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 1, p. 190. 

(Type Alethopteris tna:::oniana, Lesquereux.) 

As indicated in the synonymy, this genus includes a 

portion of the group placed by Lesquereux under 

Pseudopecopteris, a name preoccupied by Grand'Eury 

in 1877. 

As founded by Zeiller, the genus M ariopteris is distinguished by naked petioles which bifurcate, the two 

divisions being again more or less unequally bifurcated 

near their bases before emitting pinnae or pinnules. 

The frond is, therefore, quadripartite, each of the two 

pri1nary divisions being symmetrical. The four divisions, though balanced, the one side of the frond with 

the other, may be pinnate, bipinnate, or tripinnate, the 

outer portion with reference to the bifurcation being 

generally smaller than the other. The pinnules are 

pecopteroid, sometimes attached by their whole width, 

sometimes constricted at the base, but always decurrent 

and sometimes confluent. The nervation is sphenopteroid. Pseudopecopteris ma.zoniana Lesquereux, although the mode of division of its frond is unknown, 

appears, by the aspect of its pinna and pinnules, particularly the heteromorphous basal pinnule, to be 

definitely referable to Zeiller's genus, its closest affiliation. beii1g with the lJf. 1nuricata-ne1·,vosa group. 

The differentiation of the species of lJf ariopteris is 

in many cases difficult on account of the variation in 

the size and form of the pinnules in different portions 

of the quadripartite frond and in the youngest as 

compared with the oldest fronds of the plant. The 

systematic elassification of the species is rendered more 

difficult in some cases by intergradation of species. If, 

however, the material in the hands of the paleontologist 

is arranged with referen=e to localities, and especiaily 

as to horizons or stages, it ·will generaily be found 

that the different forms are confined to and may even 

be characteristic of those stages. Further, in smne 

eases, these forms will then be seen to constitute distinct species "\vhich are confined to certain horizons 

or areas. Such is frequently found to be the case, 

particularly when the material under examination is 

confined to a ,single basin with its presumed unity of 

environmental conditions. A large representation 

from a given locality and horizon is thus often found 

consistently to represent a single species without interIningling of other forms. On the other hand, the 

rank of the distinction recognized may be only varietal or subspecific. In this way forms now treated collectively by many authors 1nay differentiate themselves 

into valid species or subspecies, with great value to the 

stratigrapher and without any impairment of the 

evolutionary aspects. With due consideration of both 

regional (basinal) and stratigraphic variations,, these 

species or subspecies are all the clearer under such 

treatn1ent, and they lose no weight or interest if there 

is found to be slight overlapping of species, as is frequently the case in this and other genera, living as well 

as fossil. 

The species first figured and that generally taken 

as typical of the genus was that illustrated in 1804 and 

1820 by Schlotheim as Filicites 1nuricata.1 In fact, as 

now treated by some authors, Mariopteris muricata 

ranges from beds of V anuxian and earliest Pottsville 

age to the middle Stephanian, and this procedure robs 

the group of phylogenetic clarity while depriving the 

stratigrapher of important aid. It thus becomes a collective species comparable in its present status to 

Asterocalamites radiatus or Lepidodendron veltheimianum. The paleobotanist who holds this collective 

view of Schlotheim's muricata should, to be consistent, 

include under that name several American species. differentiated by Lesquereux or myself, although each 

presents characters of form of pinna or pinnules and 

of nervation not yet described or figured from Europe. 

1 Schlotheim, E. F., Flora der Vorwelt, PP. 54, 55, pl. 12, figs. 21, 23, 

180-!; idem, Die Petrefactenlmnde, pp. 409, 410, 1820. 

85 
86 SHORTER OONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1 9 4 1-4 2 

The departure of these forms from the typical 'tn/Ulricata is not greater than other forms erroneously, as I 

regard the case, grouped therewith. Accordingly, an 

effort has been made to maintain the specific or varietal 

differentiation, according to the rank of the distinctions, of those forms which differ from European 

species as originally described by their authors and 

which are characteristic of different horizons or regions. No two of thmn may on any good grounds be 

regarded as variations in different parts of the frond 

or in different fronds of the same plant or species. 

Mariopteris pottsvillea David White 

Plate 8: plate 9, figures 1-5; plate 10, figures 1-5 

1900. Marlopteris pottsvillea, David ·white, U. S. Geol. Survey 

20th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 874-876, pl. 190, figs. 3-6. 

Fronds polypinnate, robust, not very dense; penultimate pinnae alternate, distant, lanceolate or linearlanceolate, slightly contracted at the base; rachis 

flexuose, lineate coarsely and irregularly; ultimate 

pinnae alternate or subopposite, open at a right angle 

or slightly oblique, distant, lanceolate, or linearlanceolate. 

Pinnules alternate or subalternate, distant, oblique, 

broadly ovate or ovate-pyrifonn, asymmetrical, obtuse 

or obtusely rounded, ventrally arched, distinctly constricted at the broad base which is marked by an inferior rounded sinus, the uppermost pinules becoming confluent, more oblique, and rounded, blending into 

the rather long terminal which has its margin rolled, 

making it appear acute; lamina thin; nervation strong; 

distinct, primary nerve originating low at an acute 

angle, arching outward, not rigid, forking repeatedly 

pinnately at a moderately wide angle; nervils distant, 

forking one to three times and arching in passing to 

the margin. 

Mariopteris pottsvillea var. dilatata David White, n. var. 

Pia te 11, figures 2-6 

1888. Pseudopecopteris (Sphenopteris) macilenta (Lindley and 

Hutton) Lesquereux, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 11, 

p. 85. 

1888. Pseudopecopter,is (Sphenopteris) muricata ( Brongniart) 

Lesquereux, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 11, p. 85. 

1888. Pseudopecopteris ( Spher.wpteris) schilUngsii (Audra) 

Lesquereux, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 11, p. 85. 

Fronds large, lax, with flexuose, lineate rachis; ultimate pinnae rather close, somewhat lax in habit; pinnules very large, close, usually imbricating, lax, often 

nearly flat, usually somewhat inflated, ovate to roundovate, rounded at the apex, rather broadly attached, the 

terminals being often short, obtuse, sublobate, and 

connate with the two preceding pinnules; lamina 

slightly leathery, usually dull and smooth on the upper 

surface, and often but slightly convex ventrally at the 

border. Nervation rarely depressed and usually indistinct on the ventral surface, the nerves arching, not 

very close and but slightly in relief dorsally. 

Mariopteris pottsvillea var. ovalis David White, n. var. 

Plate 11, figures 1, 7, 8; plate 12, figure 3 

Rachis sparsely and indistinctly corrugated transversely; pinnae large, somewhat lax. Pinnules relatively rather large, close, oblique, broadly attached, 

decurrent and long-ovate or oval-ovate when large, 

though short and broad when small, the apices being 

more or less narrowed and obtusely rounded; lamina 

somewhat leathery, slightly inflated _at the margins 

and often slightly revolute near the apices, so as sometimes to give the pinnules a pointed aspect. Primary 

nerve strongly decurrent, arching and depressed 

ventrally, rather thin, forking at a moderately wide 

angle at the border. 

Mariopteris paddocki David White, n. sp. 

Pia te 14, figures 1-6 

Frond quadripinnate, the primary divisions large, a 

little lax, with a slightly flexuous, paucicostate, obscurely lineate rachis; secondary pinnae alternate, open 

at a right angle below, oblique above, close, overlapping 

or sometimes distant, often curved, lanceolate, or linealanceolate, tapering to a slender, acute apex with rather 

slender, finely striate, ventrally canaliculate, dorsally 

rounded, slightly flexuous, and narrowly alate rachis; 

penultimate pinnae alternate, open at a right angle or 

somewhat oblique, usually a little distant, sometimes 

touching, 1.2 centimeters to 4.5 centimeters long, 4 

millimeters to 20 millimeters wide, very narrowly triangular, becmning narrowly oblong-triangular, or 

somewhat linear and straight or slightly flexuous, the 

lower pinnae, especially, in the lower portion of the 

frond being provided with small, alternate, open, narrowly triangular, slightly obtuse pinnae of the fourth 

order, 10 millimeters to 12 millimeters long, and 5 

millimeters to 8 millimeters wide ; proximal penultimate pinnae at the bases o£ the secondary pinnae very 

hetennorphous. 

Pinnules numerous, small, distant, oblique, the upper 

ones cuneate, obovate, erect, nearly decurrent and 

poorly attached, the lower ones broader, 'becoming 

ovate and bifid or trifid lobate, or quinquilobate, and 

elongate with small, cuneate unequal, short, generally 

broad, and not deeply parted, oblique or nearly erect 

lobes, and constricted to a narrow subpedicellate, 

cuneat~, attachment with a narrow decurrent wing, the 

distal margins of all the pinnules being obtusely 

rounded or even truncate-rounded, the plane of truncation being parallel to the rachis; lowest pinnule 

heteromorphous; lamina a little thick, inflated, 

especially near the margins, and ventrally depressed 

along the mid-rib and principal nerves. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, ER'EMIOPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AND AKE'IMI'TES 87 

Nervation generally distinct, a little coarse, and 

ventrally depressed; primary nerve and secondary 

nerve originating at a slightly open angle, the nerves 

forking once or twice while curving slightly in 

passing, a little distant, to the margin. 

Mariopteris paddocki var. colliciaris David White, n. var. 

Plate 12, figures 1, 2 ; plate 13, figures 1-9 

Primary (?) pinnae somewhat unequal bilaterally, 

tripinnate, or quadripinnatifid in the lower portion, 

lanceolate, with heteromorphous secondary pinnae at 

the base and tapering upward to a slender, acute or 

acuminate apex; the rachis being not very broad, 

strongly depressed, ventrally shallowly canaliculate, 

lineate or irregularly and sparsely ribbed, dorsally 

rounded, lineate and narrowly alate; secondary pinnae 

subopposite to alternate, open at a wide angle, a little 

distant above, contiguous or slightly overlapping below, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8 millimeters to 20 

centimeters or more in length, 4 millimeters to 5 centimeters in width, straight or slightly flexuose, often a 

little lax near the tip, the lateral borders nearly parallel 

below, and converging slowly above the acute apex, the 

lowest pair being unequally bifurcate, dilated, and 

heteromorphous; rachides of the penultimate and ultimate pinnae slender, sometimes slightly flexuose, depressed,, shallowly canaliculate above, rounded beneath, 

very minutely punctate and distinctly alate by the 

decurrent lamina; ultimate or tertiary pinnae alternate or subalternate, open, usually a little distant, sometimes very distant, ovate when small, becoming narrowly lanceolate, 6 millimeters to 25 1nillimeters long, 

3 millimeters to 9 millimeters wide, obtusely pointed 

or obtuse, the lowest pair somewhat heteromorphously 

dilated, the proximal being often unequally bifurcated 

just above the base. 

Pinnules rather small, alternate, subalternate, or subopposite, Inore or less oblique, usually distant, sometimes close, short, broadly obovate, cuneate or ovate 

and cuneately contracted, very broadly subpedicellate, 

attached by their whole width with nearly parallel 

lateral margins when small and usually as broadly 

obliquely rounded at the apex, o_r round-truncate 

parallel to the rachis, being unequally sub-bilobate, or 

eventually cut by very shallow decurrent sinuses into 

two or ultimately into three usually Yery oblique, unequal, broad, truncate-rounded subcuneate, short, decurrent lobes, the external being much shorter and often 

narrower than the median, the lowest inferior pinnule, 

especially at the base of the penultimate pinna, dilate 

in heteromorphy; uppermost two or three pinnules 

oblique and shorter, becoming confluent with the narrow, sinuate-marginal, ill-defined apical pinnule of the 

pinna; lamina thick, finely rugose-striate as if pubescent or minutely villous, slightly concave along the 

rachis of the smaller pinnae, and along the base of the 

primary nerve in the pinules, broadly decurrent along 

the rachis of the ultimate and small penultimate pinnae, ventrally convex, especially near the border, along 

which it is sharply depressed to form a very distinct, 

regular and smooth depressed canal about 0.2 

millimeter in width. 

Nervation generally obscure, especially on the ventral 

surface ; primary nerve originating at an open angle 

very low on the rachis, and forking at a very open 

angle, the lateral nerves curving outward near the base 

of the pinnule or in the lowest lobe, and forking once 

or twice to furnish four to seven thin or vanishing, 

rather distant nervils in each of the broader lobes. 

Mariopteris lobata David White, n. sp. 

Plate 14, figure 7; plate 15, figures 1, 2 

Pri1nary pinnae very large, acute, with traces of 

transverse corrugation in the rachis; ultimate pinnae 

somewhat lax in aspect, open nearly at a right angle . 

or oblique, close, sometimes a little distant, sometimes 

overlapping, lanceolate, slightly acute, or narrowly 

obtuse,, with flexuose, ventrally round-sulcate, narrowly 

alate rachis. Pinnules near the apex of the pinna 

broadly ovate, simple, oblique, broadly attached, decurrent and but slightly constricted on the primal side 

of the base; the uppermost pinnules ovate, cuneate, and 

confluent; larger pinnules especially near the base of 

the pinna becoming round-trilobate, elongated, and 

pinnatificl in about five or six lobes, the lowest lobe being round-rhomboidal, the next ovate, the upper ones 

connate, with the shallowly sublobate terminal which 

is ovate and relatively very much larger than the lower 

lobes; lowest proximal pinnules on the basal heteromorphous pinnae developed as pinnae; lamina not very 

thick, ventrally inflated, particularly in the apical lobes 

and near the borders, slightly convex ventrally between 

the nervils, and faintly granulose-striate under the 

lens. Nervation distinct, ventrally depressed a little, 

originating ]ow, forking at a wide angle and arching 

strongly upward at each subdivision, the nervils curving gently outward, nearly parallel, and distant. 

Mariopteris eremopteroides David White 

Plate 16, figures 1, 2; plate 17, figures 1-9 

1900. JJfariopteris eremopteroides David White, U. S. Geol. 

Survey 20th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 776, 872, pl. 189, 

figs. 1-3. 

Frond tripinnate, quadripinnate in part, very large, 

rather dense, with large, lineate rachis sometimes attaining a diameter of 25 millimeters; primary pinnae 

large, oblique or open, close, parallel, usually touching 

or nearly touching, sometimes overlapping nearly onethird their width, linear, or linear-lanceolate, tapering 

to an acute apex, with rather slender, ventrally concave, dorsally terete, very finely lineate,, slightly flexuose-geniculate rachis; secondary pinnae alternate, open 
88 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1941-42 

nearly if not quite at a right angle to the rachis, close, 

usually touching, or slightly overlapping at their 

bases, but sometimes, especially in the upper part of the 

secondary pinna, a little distant, lanceolate or linearlanceolate, acute, hardly contracted at the base, sometimes slightly flexuose-subgeniculate, the lower inferior 

pinna somewhat polymorphous; tertiary pinnae alternate, or subopposite, usually oblique but often nearly 

at a right angle to the rachis, close, generally touching 

or slightly overlapping, the smaller and basal ones 

a little distant from the secondary rachis,, triangularovate, strongly inequilateral, sometimes broadly deltoid, compact, and but little constricted at the bases, 

those higher in the secondary pinnae being broadly 

lanceolate, somewhat acute, generally slightly subfalcate, the apices usually inclined upward, the rachis 

round-sulcate ventrally, terete dorsally, 1ninutely lineate, and bordered by a narrow wing decurring from 

the limb of the pinnules. 

Pinnules alternate, very oblique or nearly erect in 

the younger pinnae, or near the apex of the larger 

pinnae, close, generally ovate-triangular, narrowly 

ovate to ovate ·or rhomboidal, very rarely obovate, 

obtuse or obtusely rounded, the upper ones connate for 

a little distance, the terminal ovate or ovate-triangular, 

obtuse, obscurely sublobate, the lower ones attached by 

very broad, oblique, decurrent bases, only the lowest 

lobed pinnules becoming pinnatifid, being narrowly 

constricted at the bases; all the pinnules. showing at 

an early stage a 1narked tendency to division into two 

to five obtusely rounded, oblique lobes, which appearing at first as one or two rounded teeth a little above 

the middle are gradually cut one-half way to the 

rachis, sometimes, especially in the somewhat heteromorphous basal pinnules, appearing slightly obovate 

as the pinnule becmnes pinnatifid in its development 

into a pinna, though generally the ovate or ovaterhomboidal form, with confluent or hardly constricted 

bases, is preserved to an advanced stage; lamina of 

the pinnules a little thick, slightly depressed over the 

primary nerve in the pinnatifid pinnules, faintly 

rugose, especially on the dorsal minutely striated surface, sometimes rolled backward at the margins so as 

to make the pinnules or lobes appear more acute and 

narrower than they really are. 

Nervation coarse, distant, distinct, and very slightly 

depressed on the ventral surface, very clear and in 

relief on the dorsal side of the pinnule; primary nerve 

originating at a narrow angle nearly opposite the 

proximal basal sinus of the pinnule, forking at an open 

angle near its point of origin and curving strongly 

outward in the base of the pinnule, forking pinnately 

and a little widely to supply a secondary nerve for 

each lobe, the secondary nerves forking one to three, 

usually two, times at a moderate angle in passing, 

rather distant, in a gentle slight curve to the distal 

border. 

Mariopteris in:O.ata David White, n. sp. 

Plate 18, figure 4; plate 19, figures 1-4 

Penultimate pinnae open or oblique, usually close, 

lintar-lanceolate, with deeply depressed, ventrally 

round-sulcate, striate, and rather strong rachis; ultimate pinnae close or a little distant, open at, or nearly 

at, a right angle, rather small, oblong to lanceolate, 

with dorsally round, narrowly alate rachis. Pinnules 

small, close, oblique; smaller pinnules and basal lobes 

broadly ovate-rhomboidal, somewhat truncate-rounded, 

parallel to the rachis, broadly cuneately attached, the 

lowest lobes broadly reniform-rhomboidal, the higher 

decurrent, with very oblique distal sinuses, usually 

round-sinused on the proximal side, and distally more 

or less apiculate, or rounded at the very obliquely directed distal apex ; larger pinnules becoming obliquely 

and very narrowly ovate-deltoid, more or less apiculate 

or narrowly rounded at the apex, briefly subpedicellately attached by the very broadly cuneate asymmetrical base, the attachment being narrowed in those 

pinnules attaining the pinnatificl stage; terminal pinnules or lobes broadly ovate, unsymmetrical and 

cuneate with the highest lateral pinnules; lamina thick, 

leathery, slightly inflated near the border, particularly 

toward the apices, and sometimes backward rolled, 

especially in the terminal lobes, decurrent along the 

rachis, minutely rugo-striate, and sparsely provided 

in the neighborhood of the median nerve with short 

bristle-like hairs. Nervation mostly obscure on the 

later, thick lamina, primary nerve decurrent, slightly 

flexuose, not deeply depressed ventrally, diminishing 

in passing upward and persistent to near the apex only 

in the largest pinnules; lateral nerves rather slender, 

originating at a moderate angle and forking two or 

three times at a rather wide angle, each distal division 

arching rather strongly from the bifurcation, the 

nervils being distant and oblique. 

Mariopteris inflata var. sewaneensis David White, n. var. 

Plate 14, figure 8; plate 18, figures 1-3 

Pinnules often larger than in the normal type and 

generally more distant, oblique, and lax, the lateral 

pinnules less constricted and less distinctly cordate, 

and sessile at the base, the terminals proportionately 

shorter and more asymmetrical, the lobes being often 

distant and slightly irregular in form, more distant 

and more oblique on approaching the border, and the 

lamina often distinctly sparsely hirsute near the 

median nerve, and sometimes slightly depressed 

ventrally over the nervils. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, E'R1

EMIOPT'ERIS, DIPLOTHME'MA, AN1D ANEIMITES 89 

Mariopteris cheilanthoides David White, n. sp. 

Plate 19, figures 5, 6 

1888. Sphenopteris polyphylla? (Lindley and Hutton) Lesquereux, U. S. Nat. 1\Ius. Proc., voL 11, p. 85. 

1888. Pseudopecopteris latifoUa (Brongniart) Lesquereux, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Proc., voL 11, p. 85. 

1888. Sphenopteri8 (Diplothmema) dicksonioides (Goppert) 

Schultze. Lesquereux, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., voL 11. 

p. 84. 

1888. Pseu.dopecopteris trifoliata (Brongniart) Lesquereux, TJ. 

S. Nat. Mus. Proc., voL 11, p. 84. 

Frond very open; penultimate pinnae lanceolate to 

long-lanceolate, narrow, acute, and very distant along 

a ventrally sulcate, lineate, somewhat flexuose rachis: 

ultimate pinnae small, alternate, very distant, open 

nearly at a right angle, oblong-ovate, tapering in the 

upper part, more or less obtuse. 

Pinnules small, a little distant, ovate to asymmetrically ovate-deltoid, obtusely rounded or sometimes 

very obliquely apiculate, broadly and somewhat 

cuneately attached along the lower portion of the base, 

the border being sometimes slightly sinuate, decurrent 

along the ventrally round, sulcate rachis; lamina rather 

thick, somewhat inflated especially near the borders, 

nervation generally distinct and depressed, the nerves 

forking at a very wide angle and extremely distant 

in proportion to the size of the pinnule. 

Mariopteris phillipsi David White, n. sp. 

Plate 20, figures 1-3; plate 22, figure 1 

Frond large, quadripinnate or polypinnate, spreading, though not very dense; rachis strong, slightly 

rigid, very finely lineate, marked in the larger portions 

by small, short, rather distant, not very distinct, transverse, incision-like indentations, ventrally strongly 

canaliculate, dorsally round and bordered by a narrow 

wing zone in the penultimate and ultimate pinnae; 

secondary pinnae alternate, open, the lower ones at a 

right angle, lanceolate, acute; penultimate pinnae 

alternate, at a right angle to the rachis below, slightly 

oblique above, close or touching, occasionally overlapping a little, often somewhat curved, lanceolate or 

linear-lanceolate, tapering to an acute apex, very 

slightly contracted at the base; ultimate pinnae alternate, open, the lower ones at a right angle to the rachis 

or even reflexed, the upper ones not very oblique, 

usually distant one-half the width of the pinna, rarely 

touching, sometimes curving slightly upward, 

lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute. 

Pinnules alternate, open or at an angle of about 45° 

with the rachis, rather distant, seldom touching, quite 

small and irregular in outline, ovate or triangular, 

obtusely acute, obtuse or rounded, the terminal ones 

ovate-triangular, obtuse, the lowest round-ovate or 

round-obovate, sometimes truncate rounded, becoming 

uneven and passing into the pinnatifid form with one 

or two lobes, usually at the base of the pinnule, the 

lowest inferior pinnule being markedly heteromorphous; lamina not very thick, rather strongly 

arched ventrally, minutely rugose, somewhat creased 

over the primary nerve in the lower half of the 

average pinnule. 

Nervation rather fine, plainly visible on the ventral 

surface of the lamina, quite distinct on the dorsal surface ; primary nerve rather strong near the base, clearly 

flexuose-geniculate in accordance with the position, at 

rather wide angles of divergence, of the secondary 

nerves, which, very few in number, usually fork once 

or twice at a very wide angle, both nervils arching 

outward above the point of union, in passing, very 

distant and obliquely to the margin. 

Mariopteris tennesseeana David White 

Plate 20, figure 4; plate 21, figures 3, 4; plate 22, figure 2 

1900. Jfariopteris tennesseeana David White, U. S. Geol. Survey 20th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 878. 

Frond large, quadripinnate, smnewhat lax; rachis 

faintly subgeniculate, rather narrow, niarked by a. few 

irregular ribs and by irregular short transverse corrugations ; penultimate pinnae alternate, open at a 

right angle, rather distant, seldom touching or overlapping, lanceolate. or linear-lanceolate, acute, very 

slightly contracted at the base, not rigid, ultimate pinnae. alternate or subalternate, open, at or nearly at a 

right angle near the base of the pinnae, and only slightly oblique above, lanceolate or linear lanceolate. 

Pinnules alternate, close, ovate or ovate-triangular, 

strongly inclined upward, obtuse or rounded at the 

apex, slightly arched near the margins, the fully developed ones cut nearly to the decurrent base, those in 

the middle and upper portions of the pinnae. more 

broadly confluent and blending as lobes of the round, 

denticulate, apical portion of the pinnae. 

Nervation usually indistinct; primary nerves of Inoderate strength, originating extremely low at the base 

of the pinnule,l passing nearly parallel to the rachis, 

then curving outward and giving off the not very 

st1'011g nei"ves which fork once or twice in passing 

nearly straight to the margin. 

Mariopteris pygmaea David White 

Plate 21, figures 1, 2; plate 22, figure 3 

1900. Mariopte1·is pygnwea David White, U. S. GeoL Survey 

20th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 780, 876, pl. 192, figs. 2-6. 

Frond small, compact; rachis relatively strong, 

lineate, deeply depressed, ventrally canaliculate; penultimate pinnae alternate, nearly at a right angle to the 

rachis, close, touching or overlapping, lanceolate, or 

linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; ultimate. pinnae 

alternate, very compact, very open, usually touching or 

slightly overlapping, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 

acute or sometimes obtusely acute, somewhat rigid. 
90 SHOR'rER OONTRIBUTIO~S TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1941-42 

Pinnules very small, 1.25 millimeters to 8 millimeters 

long, 1 millimeter to 6 millimeters wide, alternate,. 

usually contiguous or slightly overlapping, crowded, 

very highly inflated, generally ovate, the lowest reniform-ovate, slightly distally apiculate, dilated near the 

base, conspicuously constricted at the inferior side of 

the rather broad attachment, those of the middle portions dilated-ovate or ovate-triangular, apicnlate or 

obtuse, the terminal usually short and obtuse or apiculate or, at the end of the penultimate pinnae, slightly 

sinuate-margined, acute or mucronate; lamina thick, 

very much inflated or arched and smooth ventrally, the 

margins curving strongly backward, decurring in a 

narrow wing along the rachis. 

Nervation rather coarse, the nervils concealed on the 

ventral surface, but somewhat distinct on the strongly 

concave, dorsal surface of the pinnules; primary nerve 

strong, originating at a narrow angle and sharply 

marked in the largest pinnules by a vanishing furrow 

on the ventral surface of the lamina; nervils originating at a rather narrow angle, those in the lower part 

of the pinnule arching near the primary nerve and 

passing straight or curved, relatively close together, 

the lower ones forking once or rarely twice, the upper 

nervils often simple. 

Genus EREMOPTERIS Schimper 

1869. E1·enwpteris Schimper, 'N. P., Traite de paleontologie 

vegetale, vol. 1, p. 416. 

Eremopteris neffii David White, n. sp. 

Plate 23, figures 1-5 

Penultimate pinnae linear, acute, with rather narrow, rigid, lineate rachis; ultimate pinnae alternate, 

open at an angle of about 45° or more, close, about 12 

millimeters or more distant, sometimes touching, or 

slightly overlapping in the lower portion of the frond, 

slender, linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually upward, 

narrow at the base, and narrowly obtuse at the apex; 

pinnules or lobes alternate, very oblique, nearly erect, 

relatively small, linear, slightly cuneate or extremely 

narrowly cuneate-spatulate, obtuse, distant, becoming 

shorter, narrower, and coalescent in approaching the 

sublobate or narrowly and very sparingly dentate, 

broad, large,, somewhat elongated termina; lamina 

ventrally convex, rather thick, decurrent, and rugosestriate between and parallel to the nerves; nervation 

rather fine, sometimes observed on the ventral surface, 

but distinct and in relief on the dorsal surface ; nerves 

derived from a slender, decurrent primary nerve, forking two or three times at a narrow angle while passing, 

regular, nearly parallel, and about 0.4 millimeter 

distant towards the apex of the lobe. 

Eremopteris strigosa David White, n. sp. 

Plate 23, figures 6, 7 

Penultimate pinnae alternate, oblique, close, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, with depressed, ventrally sulcate, dorsally strongly rounded, slightly 

flexuose rachis; ultimate pinnae alternate,, subpedicellate, oblique, oblong-lanceolate, rather narrow, sometimes ovate, acute; pinnules deeply and decurrently 

laminate; pinnules or ]aciniae very distant, separate to 

near the axis, oblique, decurrent, linear or oblongcuneate, slightly spatulate, obtuse or round-obtuse, the 

lowest shallowly bifid or trifid, and slightly outwardcurved, the largest lobes and pinnules sometimes briefly and unequally bidentate; lamina ventrally convex, 

rugose-striate, decurring along the axis in a narrow 

wing; nervation rather obscure on the ventral surface; 

primary nerve decurrent, flexuose, the lateral nerves 

forking at a rather wide angle, one or two nervils 

entering each lobe or tooth. 

Eremopteris crenulata Lesquereux 

Plate 23, figures 8-10 

1879. Eremopteris crenulata, Lesquereux, Pennsylvania 2d Geol. 

Survey Rept. P., text, vol. 1, pp. 292, 293, 1880; atlas, pl. 

53, figs. 1, 2. 

Secondary, robust pinnae alternate and open nearly 

at a right angle along a relatively broadly bordered, 

dorsally round, ventrally canalicuate, slightly flexuose, 

rachis; pinnules very large, close or distant, a little 

broadly attached, the lower palmately cut in two or 

three very broad divisions which are sometimes again 

cut once or twice in narrow cuneate or cuneate-obovate, 

1nore or less divaricate divisions, the upper pinnules 

being less deeply cut, more elongated, oblique, and 

closely lobate and sublobate, the teeth of the very narrow terminal lobes of the lowest pinnules of the lower 

pinnae, or at the apex of the pinna, being sometimes 

produced as broad claws which may be more or less 

distinctly recurved at the apices; lobes unequally denticulate, even crenulate or crenulo-denticulate when 

very broad, the teeth being fewer and generally longer 

in the higher pinnules, those of the terminal being 

often prolonged to form the claws; lamina rather thin, 

hardly convex ventrally, distinctly decurrent along the 

rachis, and becoming a border to the nerve in the claw; 

nervation moderately coarse, distinct, slightly in dorsal 

relief, very distant, the primary decurrent bundle forking low at a wide angle and again two or three times 

before passing far in the lobes, in which a nervil is 

provided for each denticle or claw. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, ER'EM'OPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AN<D ANEIMITES 91 

Eremopteris lincolniana David White 

Plate 24, figures 1-R 

1900. Eremopteris Uncolniana David White, U. S. Geol. Survey 

20th Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 869, pl. 192, figs. 1, 1a. 

Fronds tripinnate with broad sinuous axis consisting of a central densely fibrous interior bordered by 

broad expansions of more delicate, probably cortic~l 

tissue; primary pinnae distant, very open, slightly lax, 

penultimate pinnae alternate, open, the lowermost at 

nearly a right angle or slightly reflexed, the upper 

smnevvhat oblique, usually rather distant, slightly rigid, 

though often curved, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 

the rachis being slightly flexuose, round -eanaliculate 

ventrally, and distinctly margined; ultimate pinnae or 

compound pinnules alternate, very open below rather 

oblique above, usually hardly touching, gener~lly triangular, the lowest very broadly triangular, approaching a palmate form, the uppermost often rather narrow, very deeply dissected into compound lobes or 

subdivided pinnules, slightly decurrent from the narrow attachment; subdivisions or compound lobes separated almost to the rachis, hardly touching, effecting 

a slightly trifoliate arrangement, ventrally convex, 

usually rather broadly cuneate, or obovate-cuneate, 

laterally more or less distinctly convex, obtuse, or 

obliquely denticulo-truncate at the apex, or cut, often 

obscurely, in two or three unequal, short, obtuse teeth, 

the apical lobes becoming, especially near the apices of 

the lower pinnae, greatly elongated or produced as lona, 

rigid, narrow, subspinose, and often hooked claw:: 

lamina not very thick, dull, convex ventrally betwem~ the nerves, and strongly so at the margins, and faintly 

s~riate under a strong lens; nervation distinct, very 

distant, smooth, depressed in the lower portions of the 

pinnules; primary nerve rather coarse, distinctly derived somewhat obliquely from the depressed axis of 

the rachis, forking at a very open angle in the base of 

each lobe or division, the subdivisions curving upward 

and passing with slight geniculation, while diminishing; nervils of each compound lobe or division forking 

pinnately at a wide angle, usually in the lower part 

of the division, to supply a nerve for each ultimate 

lobe or tooth. 

Eremopteris lincolniana var. antiqua David White, n. var. 

Plate 25, figures 8-10 

Ultimately pinnae short, compact, the short, obtuse, 

or round -obtuse lobes closer and less deeply pointed 

than in the normal form, the claws, on the terminal 

lobes very much less elongated ; lamina dense indis- . ' tinctly striate, and but faintly, when at all, depressed 

on the nerves·; nervation coarse though often obscured 

by the thick lamina. 

Eremopteris subelegans David White, n. sp. 

Plate 24, figures 9-11 

.Ultimate pinnae alternate, oblique, close, narrowly 

triangular to lanceolate-triangular, and linear-lanceolate, acute; pi11nules oblique, alternate, broadly attached, elongated , narrow, close, cut according to 

position in the pinnae into several erect, oblong, rather 

broad, laterally slightly convex, obtuse, or obtusely hidentate or tridentate lobes; rachis shallowly sulcate on 

t~e ventral surface, round dorsally and finely striate, 

hke the nearly flat lamina of the pinnules and narrow 

decurring border; lobes erect, oblong-cuneate to linearcuneate, in general not deeply dissected, the uppermost 

entire or slightly bidentate or tridentate, and obtuse, 

the lower separate almost to the base and shallowly 

notched near the apex in two or three rounded short ' ' unequal teeth, which are nwre deeply separated in the 

lower pinnules; lamina rugose, clothed with small 

rather rigid, acuminate scales, or marked by minut~ punctations when the scales are fallen in the process 

of maceration; nervation coarse, somewhat rigid and 

distant, though sometimes partly masked by the thick, 

densely lineate or scaley epidermis; primary nerve 

slightly flexuose, forking pinnately at a not very wide 

angle below the base of each division of the pinnule, 

the branches dividing to furnish one or two nerves~ 

one of which enters each tooth or ultimate lobe. ' 

Eremopteris gracilis David White, n. sp. 

Plate 25, figures 6, 7; plate 26, figures 1-10 

Pinnae linear, slender, usually at an angle of 45° 

or less, with the narrow, often slightly flexuose, very 

narrowly alate rachis; pinnules more or less ovate 

narrowing distinctly cuneately to the base, more o; 

less distinctly and unequally trilobate, the outer lobes 

oblique, obtusely subdentate, smaller, and shorter, the 

terminal lobe somewhat capitate, more or less obscurely 

sublobate, the lower proximal lobe often considerably 

smaller and somewhat recurvate; lamina not thick, 

somewhat inflated ventrally, faintly striate; nervation 

distinct, forking at a rather wide angle, the nervils 

passing nearly parallel into the lobes. 

Eremopteris dissecta Lesquereux 

Plate 25, figures 1-3 

1879. Eremopter·is dissecta Lesquereux:, Pennsylvania 2d Geol. 

Survey Rept. P, text, vol. 1, pp. 29'2, 293, 1880; atlas, 

pl. 53, fig. 4. 

Pinnae dense, overlapping,, obliquely placed on a 

slender, deeply round-canaliculate, very narrowly bordered rachis; ultimate pinnae large, oblique, parallel, 

deeply dissected, generally very obliquely trilobate in 

narrowly cuneate or very narrowly spatulate divisions, 

the better developed· lobes being unequally bidentate 
92 SHORTER OONTRIBU'l'IONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1941-42 

or tridentate at the apex, or, in the most advanced or 

laciniate stage, becoming sublobate, in. which case the 

lobules are denticulate; lamina somewhat rugose, convex at the borders, slightly inflated between the nerves; 

nervation coarse, distinct, slightly depressed ventrally, 

and forking two to four times, widely in the lower part 

of the pinnule and narrowly in the bases of the lobes, 

the nervils passing nearly parallel to supply a strand 

to each denticle. 

Eremopteris artemisiaefolia (Sternberg) Schimper 

Plate 25, figures 4, 5 

1826. Sphenopteris artemisiaefolia Sternberg, Essai flore monde 

primaeval, vol. 1, fasc. 4, p. 15, pl. 56, fig. 1; vol. 2, 

fasc. 5, 6, pl. 58, ( 1883) . 

1828. SphenopteTis m·temisiaefoUa Brongniart, Prodrome d'une 

histoire des vegetaux fossiles, p. 50. 

1829. Sphenopteris aTtemisia.efolia Brongniart, Histoire des 

vegetaux fossiles, vol. 1, p. 176, pl. 46; pl. 47, figs. 1, 2. 

1869. BremopteTis aTtemisiaefoUa Schimper, Traite de paleontologie vegetale, vol. 1, p. 416, pl. 30, fig. 5. 

Primary pinnae open below the bifurcation of the 

main rachis in the lower part of the frond, oblique 

above, alternate to subopposite or nearly opposite, 

lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, slightly contracted and 

cuneate at the base, often curved slightly outward, 

acute, and decurrent on the very broad, strong, finely 

lineate, ventrally shallowly furrowed, and thickly alate 

rachis; ultimate pinna and pinnules alternate to opposite, distant, oblique, outward-curved, very deeply~ 

distantly and very obliquely dissected, bilobately or 

trilobately, into narrow, rather long, slightly outwardcurved, often convex, simple or shallowly bidentate or 

tridentate, very decurrent lobes; lamina rather thick, 

and very minutely stria to-rugose; nervation usually 

distinct, very slender, originating very low in the 

decurrent base of the pinnule, and gradually curving 

outward while forking two or three times at a very 

narrow angle, to furnish two or three nearly parallel, 

erect nervils in each lobe. 

Eremopteris trappensis David White, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figures 1-9 

Penultimate pinnae very lax, flexuose, lanceolate or 

linear-lanceolate, with very slender, flexuose or slightly 

flexuose-geniculate, ventrally round-caniculate, dorsally rounded, narrowly, but distinctly alate rachis; 

ultimate pinnae open or oblique, alternate, rather distant, more or less distinctly ovate, very broadly cuneate 

or even palmate at the base, deeply pinnately dissected 

into cuneately laciniate pinnules or lobes; lobes or pinnules a little distant, slightly outward curved or divergent, broadly cuneate, usually, but not always, 

slightly convex laterally, more or less deeply bilobate or 

trilobate, the lower ones of the upper part of the 

pri1nary pinna being very broad, broadly and obliquely 

round-truncate at the somewhat irregularly and obtusely dentate or denticulo-crenulate apex; upper pinnules more narrowly lobed, the lobes narrower, obtusely 

and unequally bidentate or tridentate, the lower pinnules of the pinnae in the lower part of the primary 

pinnae being often narrowly lobed and palmately 

divaricate, the teeth being deeply cut and slender at 

the apex of the pinna; lamina not very thick, slightly 

convex ventrally, minutely striate in a direction 

parallel to the nerves; nervation coarse, distinct, 

slightly depressed ventrally, in relief on the dorsal 

surface; primary nerve decurrent, forking at a wide 

angle and flexuose in the base of the pinnule, the 

lateral nerves for each division of the pinnule, forking 

at a wide angle two or three times, the nervils being 

distant and nearly parallel, and two ultimate divisions 

entering each of the narrow teeth or crenulations. 

Genus DIPLOTH:MEMA Stur 2 

To Diplothmema are referred fernlike species from 

the Pennsylvanian that are characterized by petiolate, 

bipartite fronds naked below the point of division, each 

division (primary) being provided with enlarged, 

basally dilated or even somewhat heterophyllous, lower 

external subdivisions (secondary pinnae) which may 

be reflexed and enlarged so as to suggest a second bipartition; and by broadly cuneate or rounded-lobate, 

or rounded pinnules and lobes which may be entire, 

dentate, or even slightly laciniate, the nervation being 

arched. It includes the nonquadripartite group of 

species with more or less rounded or pecopteroid pinnules originally placed by Stur in the genus Diplothmmna, with the exception of those plants given special 

and more definite generic classification on the bases of 

their discovered fructifications. 

Diplothmema as first proposed by Stur was formed 

to include not only fronds in which the naked rachis is 

divided into two major, bilaterally symmetrical and 

1nore or less nearly equal divisions, but also fronds in 

which each of these divisions is again forked without 

intervening ultimate pinnae into two very widely divaricate divisions with apparently equally strong 

rachides, the inner division of each half of the frond 

being larger and more elongare than the outer divisions. 

Without naming a type species, Stur built up the genus 

about (1) a group of bipartite, more or less nearly 

dissected and laciniately-lobed sphenopteroid forms 

including DiplothlrnemaJ, sohutzei Stur, Sphenopteris 

dissectwm Goeppert, B. elegans Brongniart, S. furcatum Brongniart, B~ patentissima (Ettingshausen), S. 

spinos·us Goppert, and S. hildrethi Lesquereux. This 

consistent, compact, and well-defined unit is typical 

of the genus according to modern rules of botanical 

nomenclature, and, in case of division of the genus, 

2 Stur, D., Die Culm-Flora-Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flora der 

Vorwelt, Band 1, Teil 2: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Abh., Band 8, Nr. 2, 

p. 130 (236), 1877. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTE:R'IS, E'R'EMlOPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AND ANEIMITES 93 

the generic name should be retained for one of its 

species. From this narrow-lobed sphenopteroid group 

Stur widened the genus to include among others (2) 

the broad-lobed pecopteroid and more or less roundedpinnuled sphenopteroids with somewhat distinctly 

quadripartite fronds including Sphenopte1is obtusiloba 

Brongniart, S. irregulans Sternberg, S. schillingsii Andra, S. 11Jlt,mmularoides Gutenberg, Pecopteris pluckenetii (Sehlotheim) Brongniart, and (3) a group of 

distinctly quadripartite fronds including Sphenopteris 

acuta Brongniart, S. murioata (Schlotheim), and Pecopteris nervosa Brongniart. It embraced a large portion of the very early established genus Sphenopteris, 

together with species of other early forn1 genera, and 

was regarded by Stur as an absolutely natural genus, 

although from the modern point of vievY it is obviously 

too comprehensive. 

In 1879 the group of species (3d as enumerated 

above) with quadripartite fronds and triangular or 

broadly rounded or pecopteroid pinnules, including 

Diplothmema latifolia, D. acuta, D. muncata, and D. 

ne1·vosa, was removed from Stur's genus by Zeiller 3 

to compose a new genus Mariopteris. 

In 1886 Zeiller segregated another rounded-pinnuled 

species in which the two primary divisions of the frond 

are hardly or only very indistinctly bilobate as a distinct genus, for which he retained Stur's name 

Diplothnwma.4 The n1ode of division of the frond is 

shown in plate 18, figure 3, of the Valenciennes flora. 

At the same time he figured as Diplothmnema zeillm·i 

Stur a species which, as shown on plate 16 of his 

Valenciennes flora, has both a laciniate spenopteroid 

pinnule and the mode of division of the frond nearly 

typical of the sphenopteroid or typical division of the 

genus as established by Stur. As Diplothmema has 

subsequently been employed the name is restricted in 

application to the species with broad, generally i·ounded 

or oblong, deltoid pinnules and in which the two divisions of each primary bipartite symmetrical division 

are generally so unequal and so unsymmetrical that the 

external basal divisions may be regarded as more or 

less divaricately placed or even reflexed and especially 

developed basal pinnae of the primary division. 

Still later, in 1893, species that are typical of Stur's 

original genus and that constitute the nucleus about 

which he organized Diploth'J?U3ma and for which that 

name should have been retained by Zeiller were rmnoved 

by Potonie,S who applied to this group of species 

the new name Palmatopteris, P. furcata being stressed 

3 Zeiller, Rene, Veg.etaux fossiles du terrain houiller : Explication 

carte geol. France, vol. 4, p. 68, 1879. 4 Zeiller, Rene, Flore fossile du bassin houiller de Valenciennes: 

Etudes gites mineraux France, atlas, 1886, pl. 18, figs. 3-6 ; texte, 

p. 159, 1888. 6 Potonie, H., Ueber einige Carbonfarne, Theil 3 : K. preuss. geol. 

Landesanstalt u. Bergakademie Jahrb., Band 12, p. 1, 1893. 

as representative of the new genus. It is, however, 

to be borne in mind that even as late in 1893 little 

regard was given by most European paleobotanists to 

the matter of type species of genera and their retention where possible under the original generic 

designation. 

Very recently Paul Corsin 6 while monographing the· 

M ariopteris of the Carboniferous of the Sarre and 

Lorraine reached the conclusion that no fundamental 

difference in the architecture of the frond separates 

M ariopteris from Diplothmema as the latter was restricted by Zeiller. He points out that one intergrades 

with the other; that very often the fronds are quadripartite in both genera ; and that more frequently one 

finds primary pinna in M ariopteris in which the outer 

division may be considered as lateral pinnae springing 

on the outside from the base of each internal and more 

highly developed pinna (which he views as having 

the rank of a secondary pinna), the external divisions 

having the status only of tertiary pinnae. According 

to these views, based on an ample series of specimens, 

the primary pinnae of Mariopteris should be considered as bipartite-a conclusion with which, genetically 

speaking, I agree. Accordingly, Corsin places the 

rouncl-pinnuled or pecopteroid-pinnuled species with 

less distinctly quadripartite fronds, included by Zeiller 

under the name Diplotkmema as restricted by him, in 

the second of his four groups of species under 

Mariopteris. The first of the four groups includes, 

a1nong other species, M ariopteris muricata ( Schlotheim) and M. nervosa ( Brongniart). The second 

contains M. latifolia Zeiller, M. plunwsa (I{idston), 

and jJ£. .sphenopteroide81 Zeiller, while M. acuta 

(Brongniart) Zeiller is numbered among the species 

of the fourth group. 

The transfer to M ariopteris of the species included 

by Zeiller under Diplothmema appears to leave no 

species conforming to Stur's original defi:n;ition of 

Diploth1nema under that name, a procedure contrary 

to the rules of botanical taxonomic nomenclature. 

Meanwhile the genus Pseudopecoptens was proposed 

by Lesquereux 7 in 1879 to include mainly species 

placed by Zeiller in JI;I anoptens and the restricted 

Diplothmema, the type species being ..Alethopteris 

mazoniana, a species of Mariopten8 close to the 

1wuricata-nervosa group. Under Pseudopecopteris were 

also included P. obtusiloba, P. trifoliolata, and P. 

in·egulari8, which originally were included by Stur in 

Diplotkmmna. 

6 Corsin, Paul, Mariopteridees : Bassin houiller de Ia Sarre et de la 

Lonaine, I, Flore fossile, 3d fasc., EtudeB gites mineraux France, pp. 

116-118, 1932. 7 Lesquereux. Leo, Description of the coal flora of the Carboniferous 

formation in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States: Pennsylvania 2d Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 3, atlas, 1879 ; text, vol. 1, p. 190, 

1880. 
94 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1 9 41-4 2 

In this work the tendency at first was to retain 

Lesquereux's generic term, restricting it, however, to 

cover the distinctly round-pinnuled group including 

obtusiloba, trifoliolata, irregularis, squamo8'a (or 

neuropteroides), and several others of the more or less 

distinctly round-pinnuled species placed by Lesquereux 

under Eremopteris, but whose fronds are probably 

bipartite with naked rachises below the subdivisions. 

In the latter case, Diplothrnema aheathami, with 

broadly cuneate and sublobate, more or less dentate 

pinnules, was regarded as near the border line of 

the genus. However, the retention of the genus 

Pseudopecopteris Lesquereux is, as has elsewhere been 

pointed out, precluded according to the rules of 

botanical nomenclature, since the same name was used 

in 1877 by Grand'Eury, who without special discussion 

or generic diagnosis applied the name to Pecop,teris 

defranaei Brongniart, P. obliqua Brongniart, and 

Newropteris bohemiaa Ettingshausen. It is to be regretted that the name Pseudopeaopteris is not tenable. 

Under the circumstances, in order to avoid introducing a new generic name for the round-pinnuled 

or pecopteroicl-pinnuled group in which the frond is 

bipartite but not distinctly quadripartite, effort for a 

time was made to make use of the term Oheilanthites 8 

proposed by Goppert in 1836 for a group of sphenopterids. Though it is not necessary that the significance 

of the generic name conform to the present classification of the genus (e. g. Calamites, Oannophyllites, 

etc.), the revival of Goppert's name for this group of 

species is not permissible, since this group cannot be 

construed as including the type of the original genus 

Oheilanthites or as having been so regarded by Goppert. Yet, so to apply Goppert's name would doubtless cause less confusion than to replace Pal1natopteris 

by Diplothmema and Diplothmerna of Zeiller by 

Pseudopecopteris or M ariopteris. 

Between several procedures which may be followed 

without strict conformity to any modern nomenclatural 

code, it would seem that least confusion (with moderate clarity and smne degree of justice to the authors) 

may be assured by retaining the name D,iplothmema to 

include not only the round-pinnuled species placed 

therein by Zeiller, but also other round-pinnuled 

species with bipartitely divided, :Jut not distinctly 

quadripartite fronds, not clearly referable to the genus 

Jf ariopteris as originally founded. There is no valid 

generic distinction between Sphenopteris obtusiloba, 

Eremopteris cheath(J;mi, Pseudopecopteris anceps, P. 

n'ltm,rmularia (as interpreted by Gutbier and Andra), 

and Diplothnwnw dernoncourti Zeiller. On the other 

hand, the species of this group appear to be generically 

8 White, David, The fossil flora of West Virginia: West Virginia Geol. 

Survey Repts., vol. 5a, pt. 2, p. 394, 1913. 

distinct frmn M ariopteris by their character-ensembles. 

Both are "forn1'' genera. The retention of Stur's 

original name for this group seems desirable as well 

as requisite, provided the species which Stur treated 

as typical of his genus continue under the name 

Palrnatopteris. 

The forms included under Diplothmema, M ariopteris, and Palmatopteris were similar in their major 

architectural features and habit of growth. They 

were apparently, in general, climbers or lianas with 

relatively slender, flexuous, aerial trunks or axes, such 

as are shown in Stur's Diplothmema sohutzei,9 the 

Appalachian species Sphenopteris hildrY3tl# Lesquereux, referred by Stur to Diplothmema, i;1 Zeiller's 

figures 10 of M ariopteris and in Zeiller's Diplothmema 

jacquoti. These stems as here interpreted bear 

bifurcating fronds which in M ariopteris are not only 

merely symmetrical bilaterally, but are more or less 

distinctly quadripartite. The examination of Zeiller's 

figures of D. jaaquoti lends support to Corsin's interpretation of the frond as bilateral, with the two divisions 

each having a more or less specialized and often somewhat reflexed outer basal pinna. The later features 

appear to be essentially characteristic of the restricted 

D·iplothmema, while the more equally subdivided and 

broadly divaricate or quadripartite form is characteristic of the M a:riopteris and Diplothmema. Intergradation in form of frond between M ariopterris and Diplothmema, as noted by Corsin, appears logical and natural if 

the mode of division be viewed as actually sympodial. 

Diplothmema microphylla (Lesquereux) David White 

Plate 30, figures 3, 5-7 

1879. Eremopteris microphylla Lesquereux, Pennsylvania 2:d 

Geol. Survey Rept. P, atlas, pl. 52, figs. 6, 7; text (1880), 

p. 2£6. 

Fronds large, quadripinnate with large lineate 

rachis, with very distinct and irregular, short transverse frets; primary pinnae robust, open, usually a 

little dense, with thick, often curved rachis; secondary 

pinnae alternate, very open, rather close, usually overlapping somewhat, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, 

often curved somewhat, with moderately strong, 

fretted, striate, and ventrally sulcate rachis; tertiary 

pinnae alternate, open, often nearly at a right angle, 

close, usually overlapping somewhat, ovate-lanceolate 

or very narrowly triangular-lanceolate, very slightly 

contracted at the base, acute or slightly obtuse, the 

rachis sulcate ventrally, dorsally rounded, striate, 

fretted, and narrowly alate; ultimate pinnae small, 

usually open at or nearly at a right angle in the middle 

and lower part of the penultimate pinnae, generally 

9 Op. cit., p. 121, pl. 13, fig. 4. 

1o Op. cit., plate 18, figs. 3-5; pls. 16, 21, 22, 23. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, E'H'EM!OPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, ANU ANEIMI'TES 95 

touching or nearly touching, sometimes a little distant, 

ovate to oblong-ovate, the smallest round-triangular, 

the longer ones acute, somewhat lax or flexuous, touching or a little distant, with slender and very narrowly 

sulcate, faintly subgeniculate, narrowly bordered 

rachis; pinnules alternate, coriaceous, densely striate 

parallel to the nervation, slightly convex ventrally, 

often smnewhat distant, rarely touching when small, 

the highest cuneate and oblique, obovate-cuneate, 

obovate and broadly decurrent, outward curved, when 

large, and ovate to ovate-deltoid and ovate-rhomboidal, 

all but tlie lowest oblique, the uppermost entire, or 

faintly crenulate, the middle and lower ones broadly 

and divaricately trilobate to quinquilobate, the largest 

lobes sometimes slightly sub-bilobate and rounded, 

truncate and broadly crenulate decurrent, the terminal 

pinnules o~ lobes very oblique, distinctly cuneate, and 

relatively broad; nervation moderately strong, generally obscured by the dense and intermediate striation; 

primary nerve originating very low at a narrow angle, 

giving off a secondary nerve for each lobe, the secondary nerve forking one to three times at a quite narrow 

angle, the nervils usually curving slightly outward, 

especially in the bases of the lobes. 

Diplothmema subdecipiens David White, n. sp. 

Pia te 11, figures 9-11 

Main rachis (axis~) not very broad, slightly flexuous, 

rather distantly, coarsely, and regularly lineate; primary ( ~) pinnae alternate, open at nearly a right 

angle, 3 millimeters to 5 millimeters distant on the 

same side, usually touching or slightly overlapping, 

more or less flexuous, linear-lanceolate to linear, narrowed to an acute apex, and slightly constricted at the 

base, the rachis being slender, ventrally canaliculate, 

narrowly alate, and dorsally round-terete and striate; 

ultimate pinnae ovatP; to oblong-ovate, alternate, generally close, open nearly at a right angle, somewhat 

curvi-lax elongated in habit, and more or less obtuse, 

with a distinct laminar border decurrent from the pinnules. Pinnules a little distant, short, ovate below, 

cuneate above, broadly attached, strongly decurrent, 

the middle and upper ones distinctly outward-curved, 

the proximal lateral border usually concave,, the distal 

lateral convex, the apices obliquely truncate-rounded or 

bisublobate or trisublobate in cuneate outward-curved, 

obliquely truncate entire subdivisions, the terminal 

being usually longer; lamina rather thin, very minutely 

granular, flat or slightly arched at the border, and decurrent along the rachis. Nervation distinct and in 

dorsal relief though not very coarse; primary nerve 

very oblique, of low origin, forking at a wide angle, 

the subdivisions forking two or three, or sometimes 

four times at a moderate angle, the nervils being more 

or less strongly outward-curved and counting 25 to 30 

per centimeter at the border. 

Diplothmema glennii David White, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figures 10-17 

Primary rachis slender, ventrally sulcate, dorsally 

round-terete, striate, narrowly alate, sometimes slightly 

flexuose ; secondary pinnae alternate, open, often at 

nearly a right angle, close, usually nearly touching, 

a little lax, lanceolate, becoming linear-lanceolate, 

tapering gradually in the upper half and terminating 

a little abruptly in ·an obtuse apex; pinnules large, 

oblique, alternate, close, at first broadly cuneate or 

obovate-cuneate and slightly outward-curved, coalescent 

at the apex, becoming ovate and very unequally subtrilobate, and very broadly cuneately attached to the 

rachis, and finally becoming deeply dissected in three 

cuneate or obovate-cuneate, close, oblique lobes which 

are obliquely round-truncate, or obtusely rounded, the 

lateral borders nearly straight, the terminal crenulate 

or slightly and irregular denticulate; lamina thin, 

often transparent, flat or arched very little at the bord~r; nervation not very coarse,, quite distinct; primary 

nerve originating very low on the rachis, oblique, nearly erect, forking once in the extreme base of the pinnule, and again higher to give off several nerves at 

a very wide angle on the distal side, the subordinate 

nerves forking usually once or twice at a moderate angle 

to furnish rather distant and straight nervils, one of 

which reaches each denticle. 

Diplothmema cheathami (Lesquereux) David White 

Pia te 28, figures 1-3, 5-10 

1884. Et·emopteris cheathami Lesquereux, Pennsylvania :!d 

Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 3, pl. 770, pl. 104, figs. 2-4. 

Fronds apparently not very large, rather dense, 

tripinnate or quadripinnate, branching freely at a wide 

angle, a little lax; rachis of moderate strength, rigid 

or slightly flexuose, ventrally broadly and roundly but 

not very deeply canaliculate, rounded dorsally, minutely rugose-striate, bordered in the smaller pinnae by 

an extremely narrow decurrent wing ; secondary ( ? ) 

pinnae alternate, lanceolate, acute, close, often nearly 

at a right angle to the rachis; penultimate pinnae 

alternate, close, touching or slightly overlapping, very 

open, generally nearly at a right angle to the rachis, 

ovate-triangular when small, becoming ovate-lanceolate, 

or lanceolate when large, nearly acute at the apex; 

ultimate pinnae alternate, ovate-triangular, narrowly 

deltoid or oblong-triangular, very widely open, frequently at a right angle to the rachis, close, usually 

slightly overlapping near their bases, short, generally 

one and one-half to three times as long as broad, obtuse, terminating in connivent, cuneate, generally 

denticulate or erose pi11nules; pinnules relatively large, 

brevipedicellate, alternate, open below, oblique above, 

close, the lower lobate ones frequently overlapping, 

consisting either of broadly cuneate, obliquely truncate, 
96 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1941-42 

or round-truncate, distally denticulate simple pinnules, 

with a strong·, not very wide, oblique basal attachment and a very narrow decurrent wing, or of two or 

three to five, usually three, narrowly and deeply clisse~ted, broadly cuneate, close, unequally long lobes, the 

latter, like the simple pinnules, having the lateral margins usually slightly convex, though often nearly 

straight and not unfrequently, especially near the apex 

of the pinna and in the middle lobe, slightly concave, 

the upper, obliquely truncate, or rounded-truncate 

border being cut in the well-developed pinnules by 

irregular sinuses into three to seven short, broad, obtuse, uneven, clawlike, erect teeth, usually nearly 0.75 

millimeters in length, sometimes 1.5 millimeters long, 

generally curved backward and buried in the matrix; 

lamina rather thick, slightly convex ventrally near the 

margins, finely, but often distinctly rugose-striate 

parallel to the nerves; nervation generally somewhat 

obscured by the rugose-striate epidermis, though 

rather strong, and someti1nes, especially on the dorsal 

surface of the pinnules, quite distinct ; primary nerve 

originating at a very narrow angle, curving and forking two to five times, mostly in the lower part of the 

pinnule, the lowest divisions being at a rather wide 

angle, each of the nearly straight, coarse and rather 

distant nervils passing into one of the distal teeth of 

the pinnule. 

Diplothmema cheathami var. antiqua David White, n. var. 

Plate 28, figures 4, 12 

Pinnae and pinnules very small, the pinnules being 

often considerably distant; lobes of the general proportion of the normal type, though exhibjting a greater 

tendency to sublobation, those of the higher pinnae 

being distinctly acutely dentate, the teeth being often 

developed as short, unequal laciniae, much narrower 

than those of the normal species; nervation largely 

obscured by the striation of the lamina, which is 

narrowly decurrent along the ventrally roundcanaliculate rachis. 

Diplothmema ch.eathami var. minor David White, n. var. 

Plate 28, figures 11, 13 

Pinnules, in general, somewhat smaller than those 

of the normal form of the species and often rather 

narrower lobed, the lobes being generally farther removed by the elongation of the axis; terminal lobe 

usually less dissected; teeth small and very short. 

Diplothmema spectabilis David White, n. sp. 

Plate 29, figures 1-3, 5, 6 

Fronds very large, tripinnate or quadripinnate, 'vith 

very thick, flexuose-geniculate, coarsely lineate axis; 

primary pinnae alternate, open or oblique, very long, 

linear .. lanceolate or linear, tapering gradually in the 

upper part to an acute apex; rachis lineate, rigid or 

gently curved, ventrally concave, dorsally rounded, 

narrowly alate, and marked in the impressions by short, 

not very distant, irregularly disposed, transverse, narrow, low ridges or corrugations like frets; penultimate 

pinnae alternate, open at a right angle or nearly so, 

close, sometimes nearly touching, lanceolate to linear, 

sometimes slightly contracted at the base, and tapering 

towards the slender, often narrow apex, the rachis 

being ventrally canaliculate, dorsally terete, alate, 

finely lineate and sparsely and usually obscurely transversely corrugated in the larger portions where compressed; pinnules alternate to subopposite, rather small. 

usually more or less distant, open, sometimes nearly at 

a right angle to the rachis, short-ovate or long-ovate, or 

ovate deltoid, deeply cut into three to five open, divergent and rather distant, broadly cuneate, slightly 

outward-curved, broadly attached lobes which generally become bilobate or trisublobate, each of the divisions in the lower lobes of the larger pinnules being 

marked by two short, rounded, unequal sublobules or 

teeth; lamina minutely rugose, faintly striate under 

the lens, slightly depressed in the lower portion on the 

primary nerve, and sometimes intramarginally depressed just within the apices of the teeth; nervation 

not very strong, dorsally slightly in relief; primary 

nerve very low and oblique, forking two or three times 

at a rather wide angle in the lower part of the pinnule, 

the consequent nerves forking two or three times at 

a narrow angle in each lobe, which usually contains 

four or sometimes but two nervils to each lobule or 

tooth. 

Diplothmema pudica David White, n. sp. 

Plate 29, figure 4 

Ultimate pinnae small, alternate, close or touching, 

very open, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with ventrally 

canaliculate, narrowly alate, often slightly flexuose 

rachis; pinnules n1ore or less oblique, very small, close 

or distant, narrowly cuneate above, becoming bilobate 

or trilobate and broadly obovate or rhomboidal at the 

base of the pinnule, the lobes being not deeply dissected, slightly divergent, nearly equally wide, rounded 

at the apices, and but little contracted downward; 

lamina thick, somewhat convex ventrally and densely 

finely striate; nervation generally concealed by the 

dense striation; primary nerve strongly decurrent, 

forking at a moderate angle, the subdivisions forking 

again two or three times at a very narrow angle, the 

nervils being slender, nearly straight and close. 

Diplothmema halberstadti David White, n. sp. 

Plate 30, figures 1, 2 

Ultim~te pinnae open nearly at a right angle to the 

lineate, obscurely fretted rachis; pinnules close, touching or a little distant, open at a right angle and basally 

constricted ovate-deltoid below, oblique, broadly 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTEHIS, EREMOPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AND ANEIMITES 97 

cuneate and very broadly attached near the apex of 

the pinna, more or less distinctly and unequaJly trilobate, becoming quinquilobate, the lower proximal lobe 

somewhat recurved, the terminal large, and broad, becoming sublobate or sublaciniate; pinnules and lobes 

more or less distinctly incised along the distal borders 

in rather coarse, broad, rounded teeth which in the apical lobe of the largest pinnules often become parted to 

form very short, oblique, and slightly divergent, broad 

lobules or very brief lacinia; lamina a little thick, 

slightly rugose, somewhat convex ventrally between the 

nervils; nervation distinct, rather coarse, distant, in 

relief on the dorsal surface, the primary nerve strongly 

decurrent, the secondary nerves forking two or three 

times at a wide angle in each lobe. 

Diplothmema obtusiloba (Brongniart) Stur 

Plate 30, figure 4; plate 35, figures 7, 9 

1829. Sphenopteris obtusiloba Brongniart, Histoire des vegetaux 

fossiles, p. 204, pl. 53, fig. 2. 

1877. Diplothmema obtusiloba Stur, Die Culm-Flora, K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Abh., Band 8, Heft 2, p. 230. 

Fronds very large, quadripinnate, smnetimes, at 

least, dichotomous at the base, with very large lineate, 

rather coarsely fretted rachis; primary pinnae opposite-curved, equal or nearly so, to pinnately disposed 

and alternate, very open, close, overlapping somewhat, 

apparently ovate-lanceolate, and tapering gradually 

from near the base to the rather acute apex; secondary 

pinnae alternate, open usually at a right angle, close, 

generally overlapping somewhat, ovate- to oblonglanceolate, tapering a little from a little above the base, 

and more or less distinctly acute, with ventrally sulcate, finely lineate and distinctly fretted rachis; tertiary pinnae and ultimate (quaternary) pinnae in the 

lower portion of the frond alternate, open at nearly 

a1 right angle, close or touching, ovate to oblonglanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse, with narrowly 

alate, sometimes slightly flexuose, dorsally rounded 

rachis. Pinnules alternate, open at a right angle below, oblique above, generally close, sometimes nearly 

touching, smnetimes a little distant, the upper ones on 

the pinnae broadly cuneate, distally rounded, broadly 

detached and decurrent, the two or three terminal ones 

somewhat coherent, and divergent, those lower in the 

pinnae becoming ovate, rounded, and reniform, rather 

narrowly constricted at the base and more or less equally 

trilobate, the lowermost becoming quinquilobate with 

deep and gradually widening sinuses; lobes short, 

open, widening rapidly above the rather broad base, 

cuneate, rounded at the apex or, in the upper ones, 

somewhat round-truncate, or in the lower ones beeoming ovate, terminal lobes very broadly cuneate and 

distally rounded; lamina thick, densely rugose-striate, 

ventrally convex at the border which is often distinctly 

smooth-guttered. Nervation indistinct, generally nearly 

totally obseured by the striation of the lamina; 

40708£--!3-2 

primary nerve very decurrent, forking three or four 

times at a narrow angle while curving gradually toward 

the border. 

Diplothmema reniformis David White, n. sp. 

Pia te 31, figures 1, 2, 4, 5 

Secondary pinnae alternate, open, linear-lanceolate, 

tapering fron1 near the base to the slender, acute, apex, 

the radius finely lineate, and ventrally broadly sulcate 

and sparsely fretted; ultimate pinnae alternate, a little 

oblique, generally a little distant, oblong, usually obtuse; pinnules small, open at the base, slightly oblique 

. above, close, often touching or overlapping a little, very 

broad, the uppermost rounded above with an extremely 

broadly cuneate, short stalk, those lower being very 

broadly cordate or reniform with a very broad subpedicellate attachment, the larger being reniform to 

cordate while becoming trilobate with crowded, 

broadly-round lobes, the proximal basal one first developed and small with reference to the whole pinnule; 

lamina very thick, densely rugose and usually distinctly though finely striate, depressed basally along 

the primary nerve, and strongly convex ventrally between primary nerve and border which is narrowly 

guttered; nervation nearly always masked by the dense 

rugosity of the lamina; primary nerve strong at the 

base, strongly decurrent in the upper pinnules, and 

rapidly dissolved, the nervils a little coarse, arching 

gently to the lateral borders, nearly straight distally 

and moderately close. 

Diplothmema aldrichi David White, n. sp. 

Plate 31, figures 3, 7; plate 34, figure 3 

Primary pinnae large, dense, with robust, lineate, 

transversely fretted, slightly flexuose rachis plainly 

reduced by each of the pinnate divisions; secondary 

pinnae alternate, very open, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, close, generally overlapping; ultimate pinnae 

alternate, nearly at a right angle to the dorsally halfround, ventrally sulcate, lineate and distinctly fretted, 

strong rachis, ovate to oblong-ovate, becoming 

elongated, obtuse, or slightly acute, dense and dose. 

usually slightly overlapping. 

Pinnules s1nall, alternate, dose, usually affecting a 

more or less distinctly trifoliate form, generally touching and often slightly overlapping, open nearly to a 

right angle near the base of the pinna, constricted to a 

rather narrow sessile, usually somewhat decurrent 

base ·vvhich deseends as a very narrow raehial border, 

the lower ones ovate, broadly ovate, deltoid, obtuse, 

cut into three to seven obovate or cuneate, l).nevenly 

truncate or obliquely emarginate lobes, the higher pinnules obovate or ovate, more or less distinctly trilobate, those toward the apex becoming narrowly 

obovate, curving outward, or cuneate, crenulateemarginate, or the terminal ones narrow, cuneate, 

emarginate-sublobate and confluent; lobes of the low-
98 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1941-42 

est pinnules obliquely truncate-rounded at the apex, 

faintly round-sublobate, or very obscurely sublobate ~ 

lamina slightly convex ventrally, thick and densely 

but finely striate so as frequently to obscure the 

nervation. 

Nervation generally obscure; primary nerve originating very obliquely frmn the ventrally sulcate rachis, 

and forking at a very narrow angle at the very base of, 

or low in the pinnule to supply a secondary nerve for 

each lobe or subdivision of the pinnule, each secondary nerve forking two or three times at a very acute 

angle, the nervils passing straight or but slightly 

curved to the margin. 

Diplothmema aldrichi var. anthracitica David White, n. var. 

Plate 33, figures 6, 9; plate 34, figure 2 

Pinnules smaller, In ore compactly arranged, often 

imbricated, more broadly attached, more distinctly decurrent and less dissected than in the normal form. 

Diplothmema minor David White, n. sp. 

Plate 31, figure 6 

Frond (?), penultimate pinnae small, lanceolate or 

linear-lanceolate, tapering to an acute apex; ultimate 

pinnae alternate, open nearly at a right angle below, 

slightly oblique above, close, nearly touching, oblong 

to lanceolate, slightly obtuse; rachis proportionately 

very strong, ventrally broadly and shallowly canaliculate, minutely striate and distinctly alate; pinnules 

very small, 1.5 Inilimeters to 4.5 millimeters in length, 

1 millimeter to 2.5 Inillimeters in width,, alternate, 

hardly touching, round, round-ovate, rarely slightly 

cordate or even reniform below, becoming ovate and 

bilobate or trilobate, always very broadly attached, 

with narrow decurrent sinus, the lowest pair on each 

pinna unequally bilobate or heteromorphous, those 

near the apex being oblique, very short, attached by 

nearly their whole width, the terminal being broadly 

rounded, asymmetrical, scarcely cuneate, and confluent 

with the preceding pinnule; lamina dense thick, flat or 

nearly so, decurring along the pinna in a wing whose 

border is parallel to the rachis ; nervation very obscure ; 

primary nerve decurrent, rather strong, soon vanishing 

in the thick lamina; nervils thick, few, but obscured in 

the opaque li1nb and not yet fully observed. 

Diplothmema trifoliolata (Artis) Stur 

Plate 32, figures 1-3 

1825. Filicites trifoliolata Artis, Antediluvian phytology, pl. 11. 

1828. Sphenopteris trifoUolata (Artis) Brongniart. Prodrome 

d'une histoire des vegetaux fossiles, p. 59· (50). 

1829. Sphenopteris trifoli.olata Brungniart, Histoire des vegetaux fossiles, vol. 1, p. 202, pl. 53. fig. 3. 

1850. Sphenopteris trifoliolata Mantell, G. A., Pictorial atlas 

of fossil remains, p. 27, pl. 5, fig. 2, pl. 29. 

183ft Gheilanthites tt·ifoUolatus (Artus) Goeppert, Die fossilen 

Farnkdiuter, pp. 245, 246. 

1880. Pseudopecopteris trifoliolata (Artis) Lesquereux, Pennsylvania 2d Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 1, p. 217. 

1885. Dfplothmema trifoliolata (Artis) Stur, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Abh., vol. 11, No. 1, p. 346, pl. 19, figs. 1-4. 

1896. Sphenopteris trifoliolata (Artis) Brongniart var. laxa, 

Potonie, Preuss. geol. Landesanstalt Abh., n. f. No. 21, 

p. 23, text fig. 12. 

1897. Sphenoptet·is trifoUolata (Artus) Brongniart var. laxa 

Potonie, Lehrbuch Pflanzenpalaeontologie, p. 137, fig. 

130. 

Fronds large, quadripinnate, once-dichtomous near 

the base, the petiole and rachises lineate, and fretted 

in the larger divisions; primary pinnae opposite or 

alternate, open at or nearly at a right angle, generally 

large; secondary pinnae alternate, very open, close, 

usually touching, generally lanceolate, acute and often 

slightly narrowed at the base, with rather deeply ventrally sulcate and very narrowly alate rachis; tertiary 

pinnae alternate, usually open at nearly a right angle, 

close or sometimes rather distant, ovate to ovate-lancealate, tapering from a little way above the base, slightly obtuse or subacute with rather narrow, sulcate, and 

sometimes slightly flexuous rachis; quaternary pinnae 

developing in the lower part of the frond by the 

elongation of the pinnae. Pinnules generally small, 

alternate, very open at the base of the pinnae, 1nore 

oblique above, close or often distant, the extreme uppermost ovate or ovate-cuneate, the others ovate or 

ovate-rounded, and more or less abruptly constricted 

at the base which is broadly brevi-pedicellate, the lowest often broadly reniform, the largest pinnules deeply 

three-lobed to five-lobed, the lobes ovate or obovate, 

strongly contorted downward, becoming pedicellate, the 

median lobe being generally considerably larger and 

often obtusely and unequally deltoid, as frequently is 

also the terminal pinnule of the pinna; lamina a little 

thick, slightly granular-rugose, generally convex ventrally, and sometimes slightly backward rolled, especially in the terminal pinnules and lobes. 

Nervation rarely distinct, especially on the ventral 

surface, not coarse; primary nerve strongly decurrent, 

forking at a wide angle, the secondary nerves forking 

two or three times while arching outward, the nervils 

being rather distant. 

Diplothmema trifoliolata (Artis) Stur var. kanawensis David 

White, n. var. 

Plate 33, figures 1-5 

Fronds very large, quadripinnate or polypinnate, 

sometimes dichotomous at the base, with broad, finely 

lineate rachis, which in the smaller divisions is broadly 

canaliculate ventrally, and rounded and striate dorsally, often slightly flexuous an~ narrowly alate in 

the peripheral portions; primary pinnae very open, 

trip innate or quadripinnate in the lower portions; sec-
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, E'R'EMnPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AND ANEIMITES 99 

ondary pinnae alternate, open nearly at a right angle~ 

usually overlapping somewhat, linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually from a point a little way above the base 

to a slender point; ultimate pinnae alternate, very 

open, usually nearly at a right angle below, oblique 

above, close, usually touching or overlapping sonlewhat, blunt, slightly triangular-oblong, tapering from 

the base to the usually slightly obtuse apex, which is 

very rarely extended as a curved spine; pinnules relatively large, very open, alternate, close or touching to 

distant, brevi-pedicellate, extremely broadly ovate or 

obovate on becoming distinct near the apex of the 

pinna, and rapidly becoming reniform or very broadly 

rhomboidal, and more or less deeply cut with decurrent sinuses into two or three, or rarely more, broad, 

divergent, round lobes which are sub:nenifor1n and 

even pedicellate as well as slightly sublobate at the 

base of the pinna or in d~velopment as pinnae; terminal 

pinnules usually larger or capitate, strongly asymmetrical, sublobate, and cuneate at the base; borders 

of the pinnule generally backward curved and in some 

cases at least slightly and irregularly erose-denticulate; 

lamina a little thick, very strongly convex, especially 

near the borders, and in the narrow wing along the 

rachis, often convex between the nerves, slightly 

lustrous and smooth except when viewed under a 

strong lens when it is found to be very faintly and 

somewhat irregularly striate. 

Nervation coarse, distant, very distinct, sometimes 

depressed, sometimes in relief, from a single strong 

and narrowly decurrent primary nerve, and forking 

at a wide angle about three times in passing, arched 

near the base, to the border and usually counting 7 to 

12 nervils in each larger lobe or unlobate pinnule. 

Diplothmema composita David White, n. sp. 

Plate 32, figures 4-7 

Frond not large, very lax, probably tripinnate, the 

mode of basal division unknown; secondary pinnae 

alternate, open nearly at a right angle, distant, slender, 

linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, with a very slender, 

lax, finely lineate, very narrowly bordered rachis 

which is flexuous or more or less geniculate; ultimate 

pinnae lax, alternate, open usually at nearly a right 

angle, sometimes reflexed, distant, oblong or oblong 

ovate, 1.5 centimeters to 6 centimeters or more in 

length, 8 millimeters to 40 millimeters in width, obtuse, 

often irregular, with a very narrow decurring border 

along the lax, usually somewhat flexuose, slender, 

ventrally narrowly sulcate rachis; pinnules very large, 

ovate or round-ovate, rounded above, sometimes faintly 

apiculate, more or less obscurely and very broadly 

cuneately contracted at the broad decurrent base, or 

becoming sinuate-margined, sublobate and cut in two 

to five very broad, rcunded, more or less cuneate, 

usually distant, broadly and strongly decurrent lobes, 

the terminal very broad and obliquely rounded; lamina 

not very thick, slightly inflated at the border, decurrent along the raehis in a very narrow border, 

depressed along the nerves, where it is finely rugosestriate, by very fine, short, appressed ro\vs of sealy 

epidermal cells parallel to the nervation; nervation 

distinct; primary nerve originating very low in the 

decurrent base of the pinnule, not very strong, forking 

several times at a moderate angle near the base, the 

subordinate nerves eurving outward somewhat while 

forking once or twice and passing with slight curvature or nearly straight and parallel through the last 

two-thirds of the distanee to the margin, where they 

are about 0.5 millimeter distant from one another. 

Diplothmema morrowensis David White, n. sp. 

Plate 34, figure 1 ; plate 35, figure 1 

1860. Sphenopteris dilatata Lesquereux (not Lindley and 

Hutton), Lesquereux, Arkansas 2d Geol. Survey Rept., 

p. 310, pls. 2, 3, 3a. 

1880. P8eudopecopteris decipiens Le~quereux, Pennsylvania 2d 

Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 1, p. 214 (part), pl. 52, figs. 9, 

9a (not figs. 10, lOa). 

1880. Pseudopecoptel"is macilenta (Lindley and Hutton) Lesquereux, Pennsylvania 2d. Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 1, 

p. 219 (part). 

1884. Pseudopecopteris rnacilenta (Lindley and Hutton) Lesquereux, Pennsylvania 2d Geol. Survey Rept. P, vol. 3, 

p. 754, pl. 98, fig. 2. 

1889. Pseudopecoptm·is macilenta Lesley, Pennsylvania 2d Geol. 

Survey Rept. P, vol. 2, p. 799', text fig. 

1917. Pseudopecopte1·is cf. rnacilenta Lesquereux, Jackson, Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc., p. 416, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3, 4. 

1917. Pseudopeoopteris cf. dimorpha Lesquereux, Jackson, op. 

cit., p. 416, pl. 2, fig. 5?. 

Frond tripinnate or quaclripinnate, large; secondary 

pinnae alternate, oblique, elose, lanceolate or linearlanceolate, acute, with distinctly lineate rachis ; penultimate pinnae eompaet, elose, alternate, very open, or 

oblique, laneeolate, linear-oblong, or ovate-triangular, 

aeute or rather obtuse with ventrally canaliculate dorsally round -earinate, alate, finely lineate rachis; ultimate 

pinnae at nearly a right angle to the rigid rachis below, 

slightly oblique above, usually close, sometimes touehing, oblong-linear, or laneeolate, often eurving somewhat~ or ovate-deltoid and obtuse when small; pinnules 

close, generally touching or slightly overlapping, alternate, compact, rather thick, decurrent, with broad bases, 

never very large, ovate, obovate or broadly ovatetriangular, those in the middle and upper portions 

of the pinna affeeting a more or less distinctly trifoliolate form, the cuneate obovate or obovate lobes being 

sinuate margined or somewhat obscurely sublobate or 

crenulate-sublobate in two or three divisions, the pinnules at the apex of the pinna beeoming eune~te-obo-
100 SHORTER OONTRIBU'l'IOXS TO GE:NERAL GEOLOGY, 1 9 4 1-4 2 

vate, obliquely semitruncate, strongly decurrent, coherent, and obscurely sublobate; lowest inferior pinnule 

slightly polymorphous; lamina slightly convex near 

the border; rugose and dotted with small, narrowly 

triangular, acute scales; nervation rather coarse, often 

obscured in the rather fleshy lamina on the ventral 

side, the median nerve of the larger compound pinnules or young pinnae being slightly canaliculate ventrally, and sometimes a little flexuous; nerves derived 

:from a single, very obliquely decurring strand low in 

the decurrent base of the pinnule, forking very low to 

supply a principal nervil for each subdivision or lobe 

of the pinnule, each principal nervil forking at a moderate angle from two to four times, while arching 

gently, and usually becoming fainter in passing 

obliquely to the margin where the nervils count about 

three to the millimeter. 

Diplothmema erectiloba David White, n. sp. 

Plate 33, figures 7, 8 

Secondary ( ~) raehis strong and densely lineate; 

subordinate pinnae alternate, very open, oblong to 

linear-lanceolate, sometimes acute with carinate, ventrally sulcate rachis, bordered by the decurrent lamina 

and sometimes slightly flexuous; pinnules not very 

large, rather distant, open, broadly-ovate to narrowovate or rhomboidally constricted, or someti1nes obscurely and rather broadly subpedicellate, cuneate to 

rectangular below, broadly capitate at the apex; simply cuneate or faintly sublobate at the apex of the 

pinnae and becoming bilobate or trilobate in the lower 

portions of the pinnae, the lateral lobes being not deeply parted, erect, the distal border of the lobe being 

obliquely and slightly rounded-truncate in a direction 

parallel to the axis of the pinnule; terminal lobe cuneate and capitate, extended considerably beyond the 

lateral lobes and sometimes twice the length of the 

latter, becmning broadened and more or less distinctly 

unequally and roundly bisublobate or trisublobate at 

the apex, which has the aspect of transverse truncation; 

lamina thick, densely striate, slightly depressed over 

the primary nerve in the lower part of the pinnule, 

slightly convex ventrally near the border and decurring 

in a narrow, striate border along the rachis; nervation 

rather fine and almost entirely concealed by the dense 

striation, the nervils passing not very close and nearly 

straight to the rounded apices of the lobes or sublobes, 

each of the narrower lobes of lobules usually containing 

six or eight nervils. 

Diplothmema mendenhalli David White, n. sp. 

Plate 35, figures 8, 10 

Fronds apparently small, rather delieate, with 

very open pinnae; rachis slender, slightly flexuose, 

ventrally round-canaliculate, narrowly alate, with distinctly chambered ( ~) pith; penultimate pinnae rather 

lax, alternate, open at a right angle below,, more oblique . 

above, close, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, slightly 

acute, with slender axis; ultimate pinnae close or a 

little distant, alternate, ovate to oblong, usually very 

open, obtuse, pedicellate, with narrowly alate, ventrally 

sulcate, finely striate, often flex~ose rachis; pinnules 

small, alternate, close or distant, open below,, oblique 

above, distinctly pedicellate, the lower ones dissected 

almost to the axis in three generally narrow, divergent, 

cuneate, usually very slightly concave-margined, often 

slightly bifid, obtusely and irregularly dentate, truncate laciniae or lobes ordinarily about 3 millimeters to 

3.5 millimeters in length, and averaging about 2 millimeters in width, the higher pinnules being cuneately 

slightly bifid, or trifid, the less distinct and more 

oblique divisions being similarly irregular and unequally denticulate, the uppermost pinnules being very 

narrowly cuneate, oblique or nearly erect, about 3 millimeters in length, less than 2 millimeters in width at 

the apex, which is obtusely bidentate or tridentate; 

lamina not thick, very faintly striate-rugose, slightly 

depressed along the primary nerve at the base of the 

pinnule, and decurring in a narrow wing along the 

rachis; nervation rather thin, not very distinct; primary nerve decurrent, forking at a moderate angle in 

the base of the pinnule to provide a secondary nerve 

for each lobe of the pinnule, the secondary nerves 

dividing to furnish a very thin nervil to each of the 

short, obtuse, or obtusely pointed teeth. 

Diplothmema pygmaeoides, David White, n. sp. 

Plate 35, figures 2-6 

Radius rather strong, rigid and distinctly fretted by 

short, narrow, irregularly disposed, low, transverse 

prominences; tertiary ( ~) pinnae open nearly at a right 

angle, small, narrow, alternate, close or a little distant, 

tapering to the obtuse apices; pinnules very small, 

alternate, touching or usually overlapping a I;ittle, 

oblique, broadly ovate-round, becoming open, ovate, 

asymmetrical, rounded at the apex, unequally trilobate, 

and abruptly constricted at the base, the basal pinnules 

being often short and reniform ; terminal pinnule 

larger than the slightly cuneate pinnules next below, 

broadly and asymmetrically ovate, round at the apex, 

and sublobate; lobes very short, more or less oblique, 

very broad at the truncate round apices; lamina very 

thick, finely rugose-striate both ventrally and dorsally, 

ventrally convex, especially near the border which is 

narrowly guttered; nervation generally marked by the 

striation; primary nerve very obliquely decurrent, 

ventrally depressed, arching outward and forking at 

a rather narrow angle, the nerves· forking once or 

twice at a narrow angle while gently curving toward 

the margin where they are fine and rather close. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, E'R'EM:OP'l'ERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AN'D ANEIMITES 101 

Genus ANEIMITES Dawson 

1860. A.ncimites Dawson, J. W., Canadian Naturalist, Yol. 5, 

1860, p. 461. 

1904. Wardia White, David, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 

pt. 3, pp. 322-331. 

Aneimites (Wardia) tenuifolius (Goppert) David White, 

n. comb. 

Plate 36, figures 1-7, 9, 10; Plate 38, figures 10, 14 

1846. OyclopteTis temtifolia Goppert, Die Gattungen der fossilen Pflanzen, Lief. 5, 6, p. 95, pls. 4, 5 (double plate), 

figs. 11, 12. 

1875. AdianUdes tenuifolius (Goppert) Stur, Beitrage zur 

Kenntniss cler Flora der Vorwell, Band 1, pp. 65, 66, 

pl. 16, figs. 2, 3. 

Fronds rather delicate, quadripinnatifid or quadripinnate ( ~), with slender, slightly flexuose, ventrally 

sulcate, rugose-striate divisions of the rachis; ultimate 

pinnae oblong or linear, slightly obtuse, close, alternate, very open, scarcely decurrent; pinnules alternate, 

a little distant, more or less open, subpetiolate, obovate, 

obovate-cuneate, sometimes cuneate and asymmetrically 

rounded above, the larger near the apex of the penultimate pinnae, being 5 to 10 millimeters in length, 2 to 7 

millimeters in width, or still broader and cut to, or 

nearly to, the base into two or three cuneate, apically 

rounded lobes, the pinnules on the lower lateral pinnae 

becoming narrower, sometimes larger, often divided 

and more distinctly cuneate; lainina not thin, very 

faintly rugose-striate between the nerves; nervation 

distinct and strong, slightly depressed ventrally, · in 

relief on the dorsal surface; nerves somewhat 

flabellate from the primary bundle in the subpetiolate 

base, straight or nearly so, rather close, and forking 

two or three times at a moderate angle in passing 

to the distal margin; fertile pinnae becoming alternate 

with greatly reduced and distant pinnules, the pedicels 

very slender, lax, ramose, costate and but little 

dilated at the apices; seeds (Wardia tenuifolia) rhomboidal, faintly striate, about 5 millimeters long, and 

equally broad below the middle, broadly alate near 

the base, the wing being narrow, very well-defined 

above the middle and continuous to the apex. 

Aneimites (Wardia) tenuifolius var. difoliolatus David White, 

n. var. 

Plate 36, figures 8, 11; plate 38, figures 8, 12 

Rachis strong, slightly flexuose, dorsally rounded, 

narrowly alate, rugose, obscurely punctate; pinnules 

not very large, often somewhat distant, asymmetrically 

obovate, cuneately narrowed to the subpedicellate base, 

becoming divided into two or three, usually two, 

strongly unequal lobes, the proximal shorter, narrowly 

cuneate, very obliquely truncate, often somewhat recurved; the distal rounder, broader, longer, more or less 

distinctly rhomboidal or obliquely round-truncate, becmning unequally sublobate in passing into the 

trifoliolate and pinnatifid stages; lamina a little thick, 

obscurely rugose-striate between the nerves, sometimes 

slightly arched at the border, and decurring to form 

a very narrow, rhomboidal border in the ultimate 

pinnae; nervation distinct, rather coarse, dorsally in 

strong relief, nearly straight, forking two to three 

times at a moderate angle. 

Aneimites (Wardia) virginianus David White, n. sp. 

Plate 39, figures 1-12, 17-29 

Rachis slender, coarsely striate, broadly geniculate 

in the lower part of the frond, slightly flexuose above, 

narrowly caniculate ventrally, and striate, with distant, 

obscure punctations; pinnules alternate to subopposite, 

coriaceous, not very distant, oblique, cuneate, usually 

narrowly cuneate, narrowly attached, 7 to 30 millimeters in length, 2 to 13 1nillimeters in width, the 

lateral margins straight or slightly concave, the apices 

round-truncate, or obtusely rounded, the lateral pinnules sometimes deeply divided into three lobes of 

equal or nearly equal breadth, the middle lobe being 

longest; terminal pinnule often broadly cuneate and 

more or less oblique as well as somewhat narrowly 

truncate; lamina thick, densely rugose-striate, probably 

by rows of scaly epidermal cells between and parallel 

to the nervation 'vhich is generally largely obscured 

thereby; nervation 1noderately strong, not very distinct, with but very faint development of a primary 

nerve, the ffabellate nerve being straight, close, forking three to five times at a narrow angle and passing 

upward parallel to and seldom terminating in the 

lateral borders of the pinnule; fruit deciduous, oval, 

faintly rhomboidal, lineate from the base upward and. 

finely rugose-striate intermediate and parallel to the 

lineation; 5 millimeters in length, 3.5 millimeters in 

width, narrowly rounded at the base and apex, pedicellate, and consisting of an oval or slightly obovate 

flattened nucleus about 4 millimeters long and 2.5 millimeters broad, surrounded by a fibrous envelope which 

in the flattened specimens forms a narrow border, 

densest near the base, slightly dilated a little below 

the 1niddle, and much narrower toward the apex. 

Aneimites (W ardia) fertilis David White 

Plate 37, figures 1-5, 7-11; plate 39, figures 13-16 

1904. Aneimites ( Wardia) tertiUs David White, Smithsonian 

Misc. Con., vol. 47, pt. 3, pp. 322-331, pls. 47, 48. 

Fronds quadripinnatifid, or quadripinnate (?) 

spreading, a little delicate, but hardly lax, and rather 

dense, the divisions of the rachis being slender, somewhat rigid except at the apices, very finely striate, 

sparsely and obscurely punctate, rounded dorsally, 

shallowly canaliculate ventrally, the ultimate rachis 
102 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1941-42 

being slightly flexuose and bordered by a very narrow 

wing of the decurrent lamina; penultimate pinnae alternate or subalternate, open at or nearly at a right 

angle) close, usually touching or overlapping son1ewhat, 

linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acmninate, and 

provided with larger pinnatifid and fasciculately 

lobed pinnules above the ultimate pinnae, the uppermost being sublobate or si1nple and narrowly cuneate; 

ultimate pinnae alternate, subalternate, or subopposite, 

close, more or less open, usually rigid, overlapping a 

portion of their width, ovate to lanceolate or linearlanceolate obtuse or acute when sterile, attenuated and 

curviramose above when fertile; pinnules alternate to 

subopposite, of greatly varying size~ 3 to 18 millimeters 

in length, the lobes or divisions being 1 to 3.5 millimeters in width, narrowly cuneate, occasionally narrowly spatulate, the lateral margins slightly convex 

above, often slightly concave near the narrow or slightly 

subpedicellate base, the upper pinnules of the sterile 

pinnae being very narrow and si1nple, becoming bifid, 

and bifoliately or trifoliately dissected to or nearly to 

the base in three to five palmate or smnewhat fascicnlately radiating lobes or fully developed pinnules on an 

elongating axis, the apices being rounded, truncaterounded, 1nore or less oblique, smnetimes emarginate, 

the distal basal pinnule or lobe being usually noticeably 

broader than the other lobes or pinnules in the fascicle 

while the proximal basal pinnule is often reduced in 

size, and1nore narrowly lobed; laminae very thin, decurring in an extrmnely narrow wing along the rachis, and 

minutely rugose-striate when viewed under a strong 

lens; nervation very thin, but usually distinct and very 

slightly in dorsal relief; primary nerve strongly decurrent, forking once or twice at a wide angle in the 

base of the pinnule, the nervil forking once or twice 

at narrower or moderate angles in passing upward, 

threadlike, often appearing double, nearily parallel 

and not very close to the apex of the pinnule in which 

they often appear to slightly converge. 

Fertile portions of the frond peripheral, laxly 

ramose at the apex and somewhat reduced as to la1nina, 

the pinnules in the upper portion of the pinnae becoming very small and distant the lobes sometimes 

slightly thickened; fructification ' ( lV ardia) small, oval, 

thin, deciduous, borne sometimes singly, but mostly in 

sparsely paniculate arrangement at the dilated apices 

of thick, sparsely lineate, distantly, elongately, and 

faintly punctate, ramose pedicels which correspond to 

the greatly elongated and thickened lobes of the reduced 

pinnules, the smnewhat irregularly curved and often 

bifurcated pedicels constituting the uppermost divisions 

of the rachis ; seeds oval, rhombic, bilaterally symmetrical, the longitudinal axis averaging 4.5 millimeters, the 

transverse being 2.5 1nillimeters, rounded at the angles, 

slightly flatly obtuse at the apex and a little concave 

at the point of attachment, from which ascends on 

either side a narrow, striate, rather thick wing formed 

by a lateral dilation of the outer fibrous envelope, 

about 0.3 millimeter wide at the base, gradually attaining a maximmn width of 0.75 millimeter a little below 

the lateral angle, and narrowing rapidly but regularly 

to the point of disappearance near or at the apex of the 

fruit; outer surface of the seed rugose by fine longitudinal, irregular lines, or striae, which either converge near the apex or blend with the margin of the 

compressed specimens, which also rarely have the appearance of being traversed by nun1erous, very obscure, irregular ribs, forking and converging parallel 

to the striation, which is longitudinally continuous, 

often passing from the lateral wing to the surface of 

the inner nutlet; nutlet less distinctly rhomboidal, the 

lateral angle being less pronounced ; polleniferous 

organs not definitely correlated. 

Aneimites pottsvillensis David White 

Plate 37, figures 6, 15-18 

1900. Aneimites pottsvillensis White, U. S. Geol. Survey 20th 

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 868, pl. 190, figs. 1, 2. 

Fronds lax, bipinnate or trip innate ( ? ) ; pinnae 

slender, slightly flexuose or subgeniculate, loose, 

slightly irregular, with very slender, sulcate, lineate, 

narrowly bordered rachis; pinnules smnewhat coriaceous, alternate, distant, open near the base, oblique 

above, coriaceous, polymorphous, usually asymmetrically ovate or rhomboidal-ovate, rarely obovate, 

obtuse, 7 to 18 millimeters long, 3 to 11 millimeters 

wide, the lower ones neuropteroicl in outline, the 

terminal pinnules cuneate-obovate, generally broad and 

truncate-rounded, the lowermost sometimes dissected to 

the base to form young pinnae of three pinnules, of 

which the 1niddle one is similar to the ordinary terminal ones, the lateral being rhomboidal, all the pinnules being constricted to a very narrow point of 

attachment, with straight, distal margins, and finely 

striate lamina between the nerves; nervation a little 

coarse, radiating flabellately from a single basal 

fascicle, and forking three to five times while passing 

straight to the border, and counting about 25 to the 

centimeter along the distal margin. 

Aneimites pottsvillensis var. intermedius David White, n. var. 

Plate 37, figures 12-14, 19 

Robust, with relatively thick, distinctly bordered, 

slightly flexuose, lineate, secondary (?) rachis; pinnule large, less rhomboidal, slightly convex near the 

border, the terminal lobes n1ore elongated and broad; 

lamina thicker, rugose-striated between the nerves; 

nervation distinct, coarser in relief dorsally, sometimes obscured by the striation ventrally, a little more 

distant than in the normal type. 
SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS, EREMOPTERIS, DIPLOTHMEMA, AND ANEIMI'TES 103 

Aneimites polymorphus David White, n. sp. 

Plate 38, figures 7, 11, 16-18 

Frond very lax; secondary pinnae open nearly at a 

right angle to the axis, often reflexed, distant, with 

slender, flexuose, ventrally narrowly canaliculate and 

minutely striate rachis; pinnules large, polymorphous, 

alternate, distant, more or less oblique, 7 to 25 millimeters long, 6 to 13 millimeters wide, ordinarily 

triangular-obovate or rhomboidal and narrowed below 

when full-grown, obovate or ovate, oblique and broadly 

attached when small, sometimes becoming sublobate, 

bilobate, or trilobate, and more cuneate-obovate and 

pedicellate and even elongated in neuropteroid forms, 

the distal and lateral margins somewhat sinuate, the 

lamina rather coriaceous, rugose-striate, and slightly 

arched near the margin ; nervation _rather coarse, distinct, slightly depressed ventrally, dorsally somewhat 

in relief, more or less flabellate from the point of attachment, with a slight development of a midrib in 

the largest pinnules, the nerves passing nearly straight, 

or with but slight curvature while forking three or four 

times to the margin "·here they average about two to 

the millimeter. 

Aneimites (Wardia) cardiopteroides David White, n. sp. 

Plate 38, figures 1-4, 19 

Ultimate pinnae a little lax, with ventrally sulcate, 

very narrowly bordered, finely striate rachises; pinnules cyclopteroid, close, usually overlapping a little, 

open, ovate or ovate-deltoid, broadly rounded at the 

apex, squarrose to cordate at the base and narrowly 

subpedicellate, becoming very broadly trilobate, the 

distal borders of the lateral lobes being nearly at right 

angles to the rachis, the smallest pinnnles just below 

the apex being obliquely reniform, and extremely 

broad cuneate at the broad and decurrent base; lamina 

very thick, inflated near the borders, minutely rugose, 

coarsely striate parallel to the nerves; nervation often 

obscured by the striation, rather coarse, oblique, with 

a slight development of a median nerve in the large 

pinnules, the nerves forking two and sometimes three 

times while curving, strongly in the lower part of the 

pinnule, to the border which is often met nearly at a 

right angle. 

Seed ovate-oval, 5 millir11eters long, 3.5 millin1eters 

broad a little above the base, rounded at the apex, 

proportionately very broad at the base, very finely 

striate, faintly and distantly lineate, the wing narrow, 

broadest (nearly 0.6 millimeter) near the base, and 

narrowing gradually upward to near the apex, which 

it surrounds. 

Aneimites (Wardia) pseudopecopteroides David White, n. sp. 

Plate 38, figures 5, 6, 9, 13, 15 

Fronds quadripinnatifid or possibly quadripinnate, 

large, rather dense; rachis of the larger segments broad, 

irregularly low-ribbed and obscurely lineate, ventrally 

round, canaliculate along the middle of the larger divisions and through the greater part of the width in 

the ultimate divisions which are striate; secondary 

pinnae close,, alternate, and open, often to nearly a 

right angle, the ultimate pinnae alternate, close, more 

or less open, oblong or linear-lanceolate, slightly 

obtuse, the lower pinnules becoming trifoliately pinnatifid; pinnules alternate, not very distant, oblique 

or ovate-deltoid to ovate-triangular, very broadly 

cuneate at their bases, obtuse, inequilateral, often 

slightly apiculate, rather broadly attached, 5 to 12 

millimeters long, 2 to 8 millimeters wide, the upper ones 

cuneate, becoming ovate and concave along the distal 

oblique margins, the lower ones more or less distinctly 

bilobate, trilobate, or sublobate, the lateral very oblique 

and very obtuse lobes being less than or but little more 

than one-half the length of the central, elongated ovate 

portion of the pinnule, the lobe on the proximal side 

being shorter and broader than that on the distal side; 

lamina a little thick, often ventrally arched and 

minutely striate between the nervils; nervation usually 

distinct, though smnetimes partially obscured on the 

ventral surface by the thick substance of the pinnule, 

strong and in relief dorsally, partially flabellate, partially derived from a more or less distinctly developed 

decurrent median nerve in the lower portion of the pinnules; nerves a little coarse, forking two or three times 

at a narrow angle, the nervils in the lateral portion of 

the pinnule gently arching, those in the central portion 

straight or nearly so, and rather close. 

PLATES 8-39 

105 
PLATE 8 

Page 

Jl{ ariopteris pottsvillea David White_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 86 

A specimen that bears pinnules perhaps slightly larger than those typical of the species, but typical 

in form and in laxity of the frond make-up. Roof of the Castle Rock coal, Lookout formation, near Cole 

City, Dade County, Ga. U.S. Nat. Mus. 13657. 

106 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRO]'ESS!ONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 8 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 9 

SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
PLATE 9 

Page 

FrGURES 1- 5. Mariopteris pottsvillea David White________________ ______________ _____________________ ___ ___________ 86 

1- 4, Lookout formation, Cole City, Dade County, Ga.; 5, Precise horizon unknown, probably from 

Black Creek coal group, ·warrior Creek, Ala. 

1. A pinna bearing the somewhat broad, thin type of pinnule characteristic of parts of the frond. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13717. 

2. Single pinnulo of tho specimen shown in figure 1, enlarged to show venation. 

3. The more compact, smaller pinnuled type. U.S. Nat. M us. 13658. 

4. Upper part of a frond showing the generally large pinnules. Compare this with the specimen in figure 3 from a lower 

point on the frond. U.S. Nat. Mus. 13752. 

5. Part of a rachis showing dichotomy. U. S. Nat. Mus. 2206. 

107 
PLATE 10 

Page 

FIGURES 1-5. 1\:fariopteris pollsvillea David White ________ __ _____ __ ___ ___________ __ ______ ___ _______________________ .. 86 

Lookout formation, Dade County, Ga.; 1, 5, from Cole City. 

1. A small secondary pinna showing pinnule form. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13ti56. 

2. Pinnule form in the larger pinnae. U.S. Nat. Mus. 13712. 

3. Part of the rachis with attached pinnae, showing the variation in form between the distal and proximal types of pinnules 

on the frond. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13711. 

4. Sketch of a pinna shown in plate 10, figure 3. U.S. Nat. Mus. 13711. 

5. Sketch of a pinna shown in plate 9, figure 4. 

108 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 10 

SPECIES OF' MAJHOl'TERIS FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 11 

~~~~ \ f:; l ______ __/x 2 

7 

SJ'EClES OF MARIOPTERIS AND DIJ'LOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACTllAN RT<:GIOJ\". 
PLATE 11 

Page 

FJGURFJS 1, 7, 8. 1\l!ariopteris pottsvillea var. ovalis David 'White, n. var_ _____ ___ _____ ____ __ __________________________ __ 86 

An apparently minor variation of M . pottsvillea in \Yhich the pinnules are somewhat more lax and compact and in which the large p innules are more distinctly oval than in the typical form. Supposed to be 

from shale immediately below K o. 3 coal (Pocahontas formation), three-quarters of a mile soutJ1 of Squirejim, Taze"·ell quadrangle, Va. Cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40074. 

FIGURES 2- 6. l'vfarioptens pottsvillea var. dilatata David Wh ite, n . var_____ ___ ____________________________ ______ _____ ______ 86 

A variety characterized by the large size of some of the p innules, by the tendency to de velop large size 

before becoming lobate, and by fewer rolled margins. Walden formation, along Black Creek, south end of 

Lookout Mountain, 1 mile northeast of Gadsden, Ala. Cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 2669, 2668. 

FIGU RES 9- 11. Diplothmerna S1t bdedpiens David "White, n. sp ______ ----- - - -- ------ --- ------------- - - ---------------- 95 

Sketches sho\Ying character of the pinnae and details of venation. Kana\\"ha formation, roof 9f a 30-

inch coal bed on the Lawson-Acme road, about 320 feet above La\\'son, Kan a \\·ha Falls quadrangle, vV. Va. 

Coty pes, L. S. Xat. M us. 40077a, b. 

109 

407089-43-3 
PLATE 12 

FrauRES 1-2. 11fariopteris paddocki var. colliciaris David vVhite, n. var _____ __ _ _ 

Slab and pinnule showing general aspect of this varict~ , which appears to be somewhat intermediate 

in form between 1\1. paddock·i, s. s., and the J.Vf. pottsvillea section of lhc genus. J.o"·er railroad cut, bclo,,-

second sandstone below Raleigh sandstone (360 feet belo,,- Raleigh sandstone), :\uttalJ, ''-'· Ya. Cotypcs, 

U. S . .:--.'at. Mus. 40076a, b. 

Page 

87 

F rc URE 3. JfariopteTis pottsvillea var. oval is David White, n. var_ ____________ ------ _____ ~--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 86 

Slab with fragments of large pinnae referable to this form. Supposed to be from shale immediately 

below 1'\o. 3 coal, thrcc-quart~rs of a mile south of Squirejim, Ta1.well quaclrangle, Va. Cotypc, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 40075. 

110 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESS!OK .\L PAPER !97 PLATE 12 

SPECIE~ OF 1\<lATllOPTF.HIS FHOM T H E AP.l'ALACHI AN HE(;IQN. 
GEOLOGI CA L SURVE Y 

PROFESSIONAL 1'.-tl'ER 197 PLATE Ia 

1 

8 X 2 

9 X 2 

(~_, ] .· if:;; I (\i' ~ X 2 

I , "-- 6 

SPECIES 0}' MARIOI'TEHIS }' HOM THE APPALACHIAN ll EGIOi\-. 
PLATE 13 

FIGURBS 1- 9. Afariopteris paddocki var. colliciaris David White, n. var_ 

Specimens sho,ving general features of the variety. Except for the comnwn heteromorphy of the basal 

pinnules, this form is similar to species here described under t he genus /)i plothmema. Lower railroad 

cuL, be]o,v second sandstone below Raleigh sandstone (360 fee!. below Halcigh sandstone) , ~uttall , vV. Va. 

Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40076a-e. 

111 

Page 

87 
PLATE 14 

Page 

FtGURES 1- 6. 1\Iariopleris 7Jaddocki David Vi'hite, n. sp ........ .. _ .. ____ __ .......... .... _ .. _ .......... .................... .......... __ .... .. .... .. .... .... .. ...... .... 86 

Specimens ~howing the narrow, distant tertiary pinnae and the small size of the elongated pinnules. 

which are obliquely and cu neately stalked, distant, aL first cuneaLe and truncately rounded, t hen elongated 

o\·ately \Yith a tendency towards shallow, lateral lobation or unequal trilobation. Lower tunnel, about 

140 feet below "Pocahonta~" coal, perhaps the horizon of No. 2 or No. 1 coal, below tunnel above Bluestone Junction, Korfolk & WesLern Railroad, near Pocahontas, \V. Va. TTolotype, figure 3, U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 40080. Paratypes, U. S. Kat. Mus. 40080a-d. 

FIGURE 7. lllm·ioplerislobala David White, 11. sr--------------- -------- ---- ------- ----------- ------ ... ...... ................. 87 

Detail of pinnules. Precise horizon unknown, probably from Black Creek coal group, Warrior Creek, 

Ala. CoLype, U.S. :\at. Mus. 13748. 

FJGURB 8. 111ariopleris inflata var. sewaneensis David \\' hite, 11. var .. -- - ---· ---- - - -----------------------· .... ............ .......... 88 

Detail of pinnules. Sewanee coni, Jo,,·er mine, Rockwood, T enn. Holotype, U. S. Kat. Mus. 40078. 

112 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PL.-\.'l'E 14 

8 X 2 

l 

4 

(.-------

7 

X 2 

2 

SPECIES OF MARIOI'TERIS FROJVl THE APPALACHIAN REGIOI'I-. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRO~'ESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 15 

1 

SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
, 

PLATE 15 

FIGURES 1, 2. 111ariopteris lobuta David \\'hite, n. SP- -·- ----- --------------·- -----· - -- -- ------------------------------

Slabs showing general aspect of pinnae. This species is similar to 111. potlsvillea but differs in the greater 

degree of subdivision or lobation. Precise horizon unknown, probably from Black Creek coal group, 

Warrior Creek, Ala. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 13748, 13746. 

113 

Page 

87 
PLATE 16 

.I:' age 

Fwum:s I, 2. Mariopl eris eremopleroides David Vi1hite- - - - - ------- -- - ---------- · - --- - - -- ---··---------- -- -- -----·-- - 81 

114 

Specimens illustrating the close pini:alion, the closeness, obliquity, and confluence of the obtuse 

pinnules, and the sublobation of the pinnules. Rock clump, Lykens coals X os. 4 and 5, Pottsville formation, Brookside, Southern AuthraciLe coal fi eld, Pa. U.S. Nat. Mus. 400f!la, b. 
GEOLOGICAL SUK VE Y PRO~'ESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 16 

SPECIES OF i\IARIOPTEHIS FRO~I THE APPALACHIAN REt;IOl\. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 17 

SPEClES OF MATITOPTElUS FHOM THE APPALACHIAN HEGION. 
PLATE 17 

FIGURES 1-9. J11ariopteris eremopteroides David White __________________ ----------- -------------- ---------- ----------

Specimens showing details of leaf form. Rock dump, Lykens coals Nos. 4 and 5, Pottsville formation, Brookside, Southern Anthracite coal field, Pa. l!. S. Nat. Mus. 40081c-i. 

115 
PLATE 18 

FIGURES 1- 3. Jlifariople1·is injlata var. sev·aneenis David ·w hile, n. yar_ _. __ _ _ 

Specimens showing the characters by which this variety is distinguished from Jl!I. injlata, s. s., the less 

cordate and constricted pinnulc bases, their more distant armngemcnt, and the oblique and distant venation. l, Sewanee coal, Lower Mine, R.ockwoocl, TPnn.; holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40078. 2- 3, Sewanee 

coal, Tracy City, Tenn. ; U.S. Nat. Mus. 13661. 

FIGURE 4. J1!ariopteris injlata David White, n. sp ______ __ _ 

116 

Specimen showing the features that distinguish this form, the lax, distinctly rhomboidal pinnules 

" ·ith subpedJCellaLc bases. Sewell coal; Thurmond Coal Co.'s mille, Thurmond, \¥. Va. Paratype, 

U. S. Nat. Mns. 40079a. 

Page 

88 

88 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFES:SIONAL PAPER lt7 PLA'l'E 18 

SPECIES OF MARIOPTERIS FROM TllE APPA LACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSlONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 19 

4 

~] 6~ __ X2 

SPECIES OF MARIOPTEIUS FROM THE APPALACHIAN JlEGIOK. 
PLATE 19 

Page 

FIGt:RES 1- 4. J1Jariopleris injlala David White, n. SP --------------------------- - ---------- - -------- - · - ----------- - 88 

Pinnae and pinnules showing the sin uate margins, flexuose midrib, and h irsute lamina. Se1Yell 

coa1, Th urmond Coal Co.'s mine, Thurmond, W. Va. 1, 2, Holot~ pe, U. S . .K a t. Mus. 40079. 3, 4, 

Pamtypcs, U. S. Kat. Mus. 40079!1, b. 

F I GURF.S 5, 6. J'Vfarioptais cheilanthoides David White, n. sp ___ _ 

Specimen and sketch showing inflation, peculiar loba tion, and lig ht crenulation of lamina as well 

as the very distant, wide-forking nerves. Wald en formation, alo ng Black Creek, SOL!Lh end of Lookout 

Mountam, 1 mile northeast of Gadsden, Ala. Holotype, U. S. )\at". Mns. 2061. 

117 

40708!)-43---1 

89 
PLATE 20 

FJGLCRES 1- 3. Mariopteris phiUipsi David Whit e, n. sp _____ __ __ ·- - - ----- ------ - --- -- - - --

Specimens showing form of the pinnae and pinnules. Hori~on of Lykens coal ::\o. 3, Pottsville formation, Southern Ant.hracite coal field, 6 feet south of milepost 127. Pottsdll e Gap, Pa. Cotypes, U. S. 

Kat. Mus. 40084a- c. 

FIGUF.E 4. llfariopten·s tennesseeana David White ___ ___ _ _ 

Slab showing the pinnule nuiation. Quinnimon t shale, in tunnel at Cro\Y, Raleigh County, vV. Va. 

U. S. :\at . Mus. 400S5a. 

118 

Page 

89 

89 
GE OLO C.~ L SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 20 

SPECIES OF MAHTOPTERLS FROM THE APPALACHIAN HEGTON. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRO~'ESSIONA , PAPER l97 PLATE 2l 

SPECIES OF MAKIOPTERTS FROM T IL E APPAT.AC I-llAN RF.C IO!\. 
PLATE 21 

FIGURF.S 1, 2. llfar'iopleris pygmaea David White __________ _____ -- -- -- ------------- - - - - ----------------------------

Specimens sh owing t he very small size of t his form. Where found, this specie;; is usually abundant and 

litters the bedding planes. E9.st side of old drift above trolley track, mine in hlack shale, Pot t.sv ille Gap, 

Pa. U.S. Nat. Mus. 40082a, b. 

FIGURES 3, 4. lYiar-iopteris imnesseeana David v"Vhi t.e- --------- -- . -- - --

Slabs showing the lax pinnae and Lhc large p innules. 3, Precise horizon unkn own; probably from Black 

Creek coal group, Warrior, Ala. 4, Coal mine on right side of roar\ near top of moun tain (Sewdl coal?), 

Cotton Hill, Kanawh a Falls quadrangle, vV. Ya. U. S. Nat. Mu~. 13597, 40083. 

110 

.Page 

89 

89 
PLATE 22 

FJGVHE 1. 1\1/a?·ioplc?·is phillipsi David White, n. sp .. __ 

Several p innae . Horizon of Lykens Xo. 3 coal ; 5 or 6 feet south of milepost 127, PottsYille Gap, Pa. 

Cotype, r. S. Xat. Mu~. 40084d. 

FIGUf.E 2. Jl!fan'opleris 1ennesseeana David 1\' hi te ____________________ .. ____ _ ____ . __ _ 

A large slab owing numerous pinnae and fragments of the broad rachis. Quin nimout. shale, tunnel at 

Cro"·, Raleigh County, W. Va. U. S. Kat. Mus. 40085b. 

89 

89 

FJGUEE 3. 1\ / ariopte?·is py grnaea David White __________ _______ ------- --- ·------- - - --------·--- _______ 89 

Specimen showing the small size of t he leaf. From Lykens coal 1\'o. 2, or from othrr Yeins, Xew Lincoln col lie ry, 3 miles west of Tremont, Pn. U. S. Xat. Mus. 40086. 

120 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1g7 PLA'l'E 22 

SPECIES OF MARIOPT ERTS FROM T HE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSION AL PAPER 197 PLATE 23 

7 

j 

SPECIES OF EREMOPTERIS FlWM THE APPAT"ACHIAN REGION. 
PLATE 23 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 5. E1·ernopteris neffii David White, n. sp __ _____ _____ ----------- - - - - - -------------· - ------------- - - --- --. 90 

1-3, lower part of Kanawha formation, roadside at mouth of Rock Fork of Bell Creek, Nicholas quadrangle, VI' . Va. 4, 5, Canfield cannel coal, Lovelanrl, 2 miles south of Canfield Station, Mahoning County, 

Ohio. 

1. A hrge pinnatifid pinnule. Cotype, U: S. Nat. Mus. 40143a. 

2. A fragment of a lateral pinna showing terminals and pinnules next below. Cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus., 40143b. 

3. The apical part of a primary pinna showing the dense arrangement of pinnae and pinnules. Cotype, U.S. Kat. Mus. 

40143c. 

4. A fragment showing two pinnules with very oblique lobes. Cotype, U. S. Kat. Mus. 40144. 

5. Detail of venation of specimen shown in figure 4. 

FIGURES 6--7. Erernopteris s•rigosa David White, n. sp ___________ __ ____ __________ _ -----·- __ __ ________ ___ ____ ·-- ___ ___ 90 

6. Several fragmentary pinnae. Fire Creek seam, Rush Run, W. \'a. Holotype, U.S. X at. Mus., 40145. 

7. Detail of venation of specimen shown in figure 6. 

FIGURES 8-10. E1·ernopteris crenulata Lesquereux ________ _______________ . _ ·------- ·---- --- - -- - --- - - -------·---- --- -- - -

8, 9. F ragmentary pinnae showing the flat subdivisions of the lobes, the prolongation of some of the teeth, and Lhe winged 

· rachis. Helena mines, Montevallo coal group, Cahaba coal field, Alabama. Type specimens, loaned by 

t he Geological Survey of Alabama. 

10. A lax form with distant pinnae and pinnules. Brookville coal, Brookville quadrangle, Brookville, Ala. U. S. K:JL 

Mus. 40146. 

121 

90 
PLAT:B~ 24 

FrGURt:s 1- 8. Ere1110pteris lincolniana David While _____________ ____ _____ ____ ___________ ___ _________ _____ ________ __ 91 

A suite of specimens showing t he denticulate pinnule lobes, the prolonged spinose terminals, the stalked 

bases, and the depressed, distal t nerves. There is some variation in the clawed terminals, and clawless 

types occur on t he fronds with clawed typ("S, as in figures 6 and 7. 1, Mine in Peerless vein, half a mile 

below Cedar Grove, Kanawha Falls quadrangle, vV. Va. 2, Gas coal, St. Clair mine below Eagle, Kanawha 

Falls quadra ngl e, W. Ya. 3, Lower Ban ner or intermediate coal, m ixed, \Veiss Coal Co.'s mine, Dorchester, 

Bstellville quadrangl e, Va. 4, 6, Kanawh a formati on, 4-foot seam above forks of Drews Creek, 4 miles 

above mouth of creek, Raleigh quadrangle, \•V. Va. 5, Kanawha formation , t hree-quarters of a mile above 

Gauley Bridge, on road up Gauley River, W. Ya. 7, 8, Old mine on coal about 30 feet above railroad, Handley, Kanawha Falls quadrangle, W.Va. U.S. Kat. ~1us. 40135- 37, 40138a, b, 40139, 40140. 

FrcuREs 9- 11. Eremopteris sube/egans David White, n. sp _____ _______ _ _ 

122 

Typical :;pecimens. 9, Bloyd shale, Privette coal banks, Washington Cou nty, Ark. ; holotype, U. S. 

Nat. :\Ius. 40142. 10, 11 , Pottsv ille formation , 22 paces below milepost 127, Potts ville Gap, Pa.; U.S. 

Nat. l\Ius. 40141. 

91 
GEOLOGI CA L SURVEY 

4} 

- - 3 

PRO F E SSIONAL P 

Sl'ECIES 0~ , EHEMOPTEKlS .FHOM THE APl'ALAClllAN T REGION. 

APER 197 PLATE 24 

4 
C:EOLOGICAL SU RVEY 

PROFESS IONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 25 

9 

Sl'ECIES OF EHEMOl'TERIS FROM THE APPALACHIAN HEGION. 
PLATE 25 

Page 

FIGURES 1-3. Erenwr,teris dissecta Lesquereux.------ ---------------------------------------------------.----------- 91 

Montevallo coal group, Helena mines, Cahaba coal field , Birmingham quadrangle, Ala. Type ~pee imen, loaned by the Geological Survey of Alabama. 

FIGURES 4, 5. Eremopteris artemisiaefolia (Sternberg) Schimper ___ __________ ________________ ____________ __ __ . 92 

Fragments showing lobat ion, alate rachis, decurrent pinnule lobes, all(] very slender nerves. Lacoe 

collection ; Mercer group, Blossburg, Pa. U.S. Nat. !\t[ns. 40132. 

FIGUR<~S 6, 7. Eremopteris grac·ilis David White, n. sp __ - ----------------------- --------------------------------· - 91 

A typical pinna and the apical part of a frond. Cedar Grove vein, E. B. Coal & Coke Co.'s mine, East 

Bank, Kanawha Falls quadrangle, vV. Va. Coty e~, U. S. Nat. :\1us. 40133a, b. 

FIGURES 8-10. Eremopleris lincolniana var. antiqua David White, n. var_ __________ _ 

Fragmentary pinnae. Compare with the clawless forms of the typical E. lincolniana. From mines on 

the Li t; tie vVarrior seam (Mary Lee?), a quarter of a mile east of Littleton Station , Tiirmingham quadrangle, 

Ala. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40134a, b. 

123 

!)] 
PLATE 26 

FIGURES 1- 10. Eremopleris gracilis David White, n. sp _________ ___ ------------------- ---------------

124 

Typical pinnae and pinnule details. 1- 7, :\orth Jellico mine, near Gray's Station, 7 miles southeast 

of Corbin, Ky. ; cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40129a- e. 8, i\orth Jellico, east of Corbin, Ky. ; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

40130. 9, 10, Norton formation , Upper Banner coal, Smith's mine, Coeburn , Bristol quadrangle, Va.; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 40131a, b. 

Page 

91 
PROFESSIO:\'AL PA PER 197 PLATE 26 

~( X 2 

1 

6 

9 

SPF.CIES OF EREMOPTERIS FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

9 

PRO~'ESSIONAL P\PER ' 197 PLATE 27 
PLATE 27 

Pag·e 

FIGURES 1-9. Eremopleris trappensis David White, n. sp __ . __ ___ ____ __________ ___ . __ ___ ______ ___ _____ ___ _____ __ . 92 

Typical specimens: 1, Shows palmate form of lower pinnules; 2, 3, a phase with very broad lobes; 4, 9, 

forms with more marked dissection and clawlike terminals. Shale probably within 50 feet of the top of the 

Hampton conglomerate; Oceana road, 1 mile west of Trap Hill, W. Va. Cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40127a-h. 

FIGURES 10- 17. Diplothmema glennii David White, n. sp_ . ________ -------------------------- --------- ------- -------- 95 

Forms showing large, compact, broad pinnules and, in figures 11, 12, and 13, 14, erose pinnule margins. 

Small coal in the upper Kanawha formation, a quarter of a mile east of Ferguson, Wayne County, W. Va. 

Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40128a-f. 

125 

4Ui089-43--r. 
PLATE 28 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 3, 5- 10. Diplothmema cheatharni (Lcsquereux) David White, n. comb __________________ ______ ____ __ ______ ·- 95 

Specimens showing the frond form, details of pinnae, and pinnule venation. Note in figure 1, the striate 

rachis, the dichotomy, and the frequent development of very large basal pinnae on the lower side of the 

next lower order of pinnae; also the variation throughout the specimen from entire to erose margins. 1,10, 

American seam, New Pratt mine, 2 miles north of Blossburg, Birmingham quadrangle, Ala.; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 40106a, b. 3, Lacoe collection; Sewanee coal, Dayton, Tenn.; U. S. Nat. Mus. 15043. 2, 5- 9, Lacoe 

collection; Sewanee coal, Tracy city, Tenn.; figures 2, 5, 8, 9, cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 15026, 40104, 15027; 

figures 6, 7, U. S. Nat. Mus. 15039. 

FIGURES 11, 13. Diplothrnerna cheatharni (Lesquereux) var. minoT David. White, n. var_ ___ _____________ ___ ___ . __ ___ . _ _ _ _ 96 

F ragmentary specimens upon which this form is based. Upper New River formation, splash dam in 

branch of Laurel Fork, 3 miles east of Jumbo, Buckhannon quadrangle, W. Va. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

40111a, b. 

FIGURES 4, 12. Diplothmema cheathami (Lesquereux) var. antiqua David White, n. var _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96 

126 

Early form of D. cheathami distinguished by its smaller size and marked pinnule dissection . 

Welch formation, Dry Fork road, 2 miles above mouth of Bradshaw Creek, Tazewell quadrangle, 

Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40105a, b. 

Coal in 

W. Va. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 28 

SPECIES OF DIPLOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL P APER 197 PLATE 29 

SPECIES OF DIPLOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
PLATE 29 

Pa:e 

FIGURES 1-3, 5, 6. Diplothmema spectabilis David White, n. SP------- -------- --- ------------------------------------ 96 

Several large specimens illustrating general form. Middle vein, between Upper and Lower Banner, 

Norton formation ; Dorchester, Estellville quadrangle, Va. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40087a-e. 

FIGURE 4. Diplothmema pudica David White, n. SP ------------------------------- ---------- ----------------------- 96 

A small specimen illustrating the pinnule form. Horsepen group of coals, Lee formation ; Horsepen, 

Va. Holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40088. 

127 
PLATE 30 

Page 

FIGURES 1, 2. Diplothmema halbe1·stadti David White, n. SP - -- - -- ---- - -- ----- -------- ------ --------- ------------ ---- 96 

About 550 feet below Twin coal, Upper Lykens division, Pottsville Gap in Sharp Mountain, Pottsville, Pa. 

1. Small pinnae. Cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40107a. 

2. A fragment with lobate pinnules. Cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40107b. 

FIG URES 3, 5-7. Diplothmema rnicrophylla (Lesquereux) David White __________ ______ _________ ___ __________ ____ 94 

3. A lax specimen with distant pinnules. Brookwood group, probably next to highest coal group under conglomerates, 

Asylum (University) mine near Tuscaloosa, Ala. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40108a. 

5. Fragments of tertiary pinnae. Lykens coal No.2 or other veins, New Lincoln Colliery, 3 miles west of Tremont, Pa. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 40109. 

6. A very compact form. Brookwood group, probably next to highest coal group under conglomerates, Asylum (University) mine near Tuscaloosa, Ala. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40108b. 

7. One of Lesquereux's original types from Alabama. Montevallo coal group, Helena mines, Cahaba coal field, Montevallo, Ala. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40liO. 

FIG R~ 4. Diplothrnerna obtusiloba (Brongniart) Stur _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 

A typical fragment apparently referable to Brongniart's species. This form is regarded as the genotype of Diplothmema, as the genus is here interpreted. Block coal, Scott shale, Red Ash mine, 1 mile 

north of Careyville, Tenn . U. S. Nat. Mus. 40102a. 

128 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY l'ROFESSIONAL P APER 197 PLATE 30 

2 

1 

7 

4 

SPECIES OF Dli'LOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGIOI'i. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 31 

[?1 . 

5 ! _ __j X 2 

.... 

6 

SPECIES OF DIPLOTHMEMA FROM THE APPAJ,ACIIIAN REGION. 
PLATE 31 

Page 

FIGURES 1, 2, 4, 5. Diplolhmema renifonnis David White, n. SP-------------------------------------------------- ---- 97 

Specimens showing the small, compact, crowded pinnules, and the generally erect, rigid pir nae. 

Mingo formation, Bennetts Fork Coal Co.'s mine, on Bennetts Fork, 4}':! miles southwest of Middlesboro, 

Ky. Cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40094a- c. 

FIGuRES 3, 7. Di plot.hmema aldrichi David White, n. SP- --------------------------------------------------- --------- 97 

Fragments of fronds showing the lineate rachis with small subepidermal transverse bars, and the 

highly dissected pinnules. Lacoe collection; Black Creek seam, Jefferson, Birmingham quadrangle, Ala. 

Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 15031, 15044. 

FIGURE 6. Di plothmema minor David White, n. sp _____ __ __________________________________________________ -- __ - _- _ 98 

A fragment showing the small, compact pinnae. Mercer group, cut just southeast of Bingham, 

McKean County, Pa. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40095. 

129 
PLATE 32 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 3. Diplothmema trijoliolata (Artis) Stur._____ _____ ____________________ ________ _________________ ___ __ 98 

Apparently typical examples of this species. 1, Kanawha formation; 3 miles up Twentymile Creek 

from store at lower ford near mouth. 2, Peerless mine, Peerless, W. Va. 3, Cedar Grove vein; E. B. 

Coal and Coke Co.'s m.ine, Eastbank, W. Va. All in Kanawha Falls quadrangle, W. Va. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 4009u, 40097, 40098. 

FlGUnES 4-7. Diplothmema composita n. SP -- ------------------ ---- -------- -- ------ -------------- ----- - ---- _____ _ _ 99 

130 

The lax types with large pinnules that characterize this form. Very low in the Pocahontas form.ation, 

milepost "P. 2," north of station , Bluestone Junction, W. Va. Cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40099a- d. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 32 

SPF.CJF.S OF DTPLOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER !97 PLATE 33 

SPECIES OF Dff'LOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION . 
PLATE 33 Page 

FIGURES 1-5. Di plothmema tnjoliolata (Artis) var. kanawensis David White, n. var__________________ ___________ ____ ____ 98 

This form is characterized by the great breadth and large size of the pinnules and lobes. 1, 3, 5, 

Kanawha formation, Wyoming mine, near Upper Creek, Kanawha County, W. Va.; figures 1 and 3, 

paratypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 13624, 13622; figure 5, holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 13618. 2, Kanawha formation, old mine on coal about 30 feet above railroad, Handley, Kanawha Falls quadrangle, W. Va.; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 40089. 4, Kanawha formation, Peerless mine, Peerless, Kanawha Falls quadrangle, W. Va.; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 40090. 

FIG U RES 6, 9. Diplothmema aldrichi var. anthracitica David White, n . var_ ____________ _________ _______________________ 98 

Sketch of venation in a typical pinnule, and a fragment showing the rather broadly attached, rounded 

pinnules. About 465 feet below Twin coal, 29 paces south of milepost 127, Pottsville Gap, Pa. Cotypes, 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 40091a, b. 

FIGURES 7, 8. Diplothmema erectiloba David White, n. SP-------------- - - - - - --------- ------------------------------- 100 

Sketches showing general aspect and pinnule form. Welch formation, Horsepen schoolhouse, Tazewell 

quadrangle, W. Va. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40092. 

131 
PLATE 34 

FIGURE 1. Diplothmema morr01censis David White, n. sp _____ _____ ____ ____ ___ ___ __ _ 

A large segment of a seco ndary p inna showing pinnule variation. Bloyd shale, Morrow formation, 

Washington County, Ark. Holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. 15012. 

Page 

99 

FIGURE 2. Diplothmema aldrichi var. anthracitica David White, n. var__ ___ ___ ____________ _________ ___________ _______ 98 

Specimens showing form of pinnae. About 465 feet below Twin Coal, 29 paces south of milepost 

127, Pottsville Gap, Pa. Ootype, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40091a. 

FIGURE 3. Diplothmema aldrichi David White, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 

132 

Fragments from. the upper part of a frond showing the large but slightly lobate pinnules. Precise 

horizon unknown, probably from Black Creek coal group, Warrior, Ala. Paratype, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40093. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 34 

' 

SPECIES OF DIPLOTHMEMA FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLATE 35 

SPECIES OF DIPLOTHMEMA FROM THE Al'PAL\CHlAN REGiON 
PLATE 35 

FrGURE 1. Diplolh'lltema 'lltOITUl<en~is David ·white, n. SlL ______ . ____ • _______ _ 

Frond ;;hO\\ ing a part of the rachis and fragments of t \\ O large pinnae. Se\\·cll forrnation, abo ut 200 

feet abo\·e H ampton sandstone, left fork of Stover Fork of Clear Fork (.precise location not knO\\·n), 

Ral eigh County, W.Va. U.S. Nat. Mus. 40100. 

FIGURES 2- 6. Diplolhmema pygmaeotdes Dav id White, n. sp ___ .. ______ _ 

Specime ~ shO\\"ing the small, compacL p innae a nd pinnules. Sewell formation, Pete rs Creek Pike 

behreen Ansted and H omewood, just above chmch above vVinston, \.Y. Va. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

40l01a-cl. 

FIGURES 7, 9. Diplothrnema obtusiloba (Brongniart) Stur. ________ _ 

Medial fragments of large pinn ae. Block coal, Scott shale, Red Ash mine, 1 mile north of Careyville, 

Tenn. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40102b, c. 

FIGURES 8, 10. Dip/olhmema mendenhalli David White, n. sp .. ___ _ 

Specimens shO\\"ing the highl.v cli s~ecte d Erernopleris-like aspect of the pin nules. Middle scam above 

schoolhou~ , Horsepen group of coals, Lee fo rmation, Horsepen, Va. Cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 40103a, b. 

133 

407089-43--6 

Page 

!!9 

100 

97 

100 
PJ,ATE 3G 

FIGURES 1- 7, 9, 10. .-1 netmites ( I·Va·rdia) len!11folius (Goppert) Da 1 icl VI hite, n. comb __ 

1. Fragment of rachis suggestil•g dichotomy. Thick t:ed of dark s hale, Quinnimont s hal e, Raleigh-Private pike south 

of Piney Creek crossirg. U.S. Nat. M us. 40il2. 

2, 9, 10. Sterile Eegments of the froecl. Shales beueath heavy sandstone about 300 fPet below the Nuttall seam, Quinuimont shalr~. Nuttallburg, W.Va. U.S. Nat. Mus. 40113c, d. 

3- 7. Fertile segments of the frond and seeds. Shales beiJcath heavy sandstone about 300 feet below the Nuttall seam, 

Quinnimont shale, Nuttallburg, W. Va. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40113a, b. 

FIG U RES 8, 11. Aneimites (Wa.rdia) tenuifolius (Goppert) var. d~foliolatus David v\'hite, n. l'f.r_ ___ --- - -- - -

134 

Sketches showing the aspect of this 1·aricty with its smaller pinnule~ ami more marked difoliate or 

1rifoliate lobation. Durham coal, Durham minos, Ringgold qnadmr:gle, Ga . Cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

40114a. 

101 

lUI 
f;EOLOGIC'AL SURVEY 

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I 

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·------ SPECIES OF ANEIMITES F HOM THE API>ALACIIIAN KEGION. 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 197 PLAT~~ 3G 
GEO I.OGI CAL SURVEY 

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12 

X 2 

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PROFESS!O:\.\L PAPER 197 Piu\'l' E 37 

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SPECIES OF ANELMITES FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
PLATE 37 

FIGURES 1- 5, 'i - 11. Aneimites (Wardia) fertilis Dav id White 

Specimens showing the attached seeds ( H ·ardia) referable to this form, together with the associated 

sterile leaf segments. Below second sandstone beneath Raleigh sandstone (360 feet below Raleigh sandstone), lo\\·er railroad cut, Nuttall, W.Va. Cotypes U.S. Nat. Mus. 40115a- f. 

FIGURES 6, 15- 18. Aneimites pcttsvillensis David White, n. sp _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . ___ . ___ . _ 

Pin nae and pinnules showing form and venation. 6, 1:j, 16, Rock dump, old Lincoln Colliery, about 4 

miles west of Tremont, Pa.; U.S. Nat. Mus. 40116a, b, 401 17. 17, 18, Group of thin coals high in the series, 

Clark formation, north side of Clark's Gap, Great Flat Top Mountain, W.Va.; cotypes, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

40118a, b. 

FIGURES 12- 14, 19. Aneimites potlsvillensis var. intm·medius Dav id White , n. var_ __ __ ______ ___ . _ .. . _. 

Specimens showing the nature of this variety, which is more robust t han the typical A. pcttsvillensis. 

Durham coal, Durham mines, Ringgold quadrangle, Ga. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. 40119a-c. 

Page 

101 

102 

102 
PLATE 38 

FIGURE!'; 1- 4, 19. Aneimites (Wm·dia) cardiopte.·oides David White, n. SfL __ 

Sketches showing the rounded Cardiopteris-likc form of the pinnules and the associated seeds. Fifteen 

feet below cliff sandstone; ncar Univer~ity mines, Suwanee, T enn. Cotypes, U.S. Kat. Mus. 40120a-c. 

FIGURE!'; 5, 6, 9, 13, 15. Aneimiles (Wardia) pseudopecopteroides David White, n. 8p __ _ 

Specimens showing the rather mariopLerid or diplothmemoid appearance of the pinnules. Fire Creek 

seam, Rush Rnn, W. Va. Cotypes, U. S. Nat. l\'lus. 40121a, b. 

FwuRm: 7, 11 , lfi- 18. Aneimites polymorphus David White, 11. sp . __ _ .. 

Specimens showing the variation in pinnulcs. Fire Creek seam, Rush ltun, vV. Va. Cotypes, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 40122a-d. 

FIG URES 8, 12. Aneimites (WaTdia) ten·uifolitts var. difoliolatus David White, n. var_ ____________ ___________ _______ ____ _ 

Specimens showing dissected and frequently bilobed or trilobed pinnules. Durham coal, Durham 

mines, Ringgold quadrangle, Ga. Coty pes. U.S. Nat . .\1us. 40114b, c. 

FIGURES 10, 14. Aneimites (Wardia) lemujolius (Goppert) David \Vhite , n. comb ___ ____________ _____ _ 

13G 

The typical form given for comparison with var. d·ljoliolatus. Near s upposed Pocahontas coal horizon, 

500 feet above base of lower Pine.v Creek conglomerate , road to Quinnimont mine, Quinnimont, Vl. Va. 

U.S. ='l"at. Mus. 40123. 

103 

103 

103 

101 

101 
E OLOGI CAL ' i-;U RVE Y 

(; - - -""'----.-

PROF~]SS !O NA L PAPE!t . 197 PL.\TE ~S 

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GEO L.OG!C'AL SURVEY 

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19 

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22 

20 

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18 

13 

PHOFESSIONAL PAPER !97 PLATE 39 

24 

23 

SPECIES OF ANE LMlTES FROM THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 
PLATE 39 

FIGFRES 1-12," 17-29. Aneimites (TVardia) virginianus David vVhite, n. sp ___________________ -----------

Seeds, cupules, and sterile segments of the fronds showing pinnule form. 1. 17-22, 28, Pocahontas 

formation, shales between the sandstones south of block signal south of station, K orfolk & "T estern Railroad, 

Bluestone .Junction, 3 miles southeast of Pocahontas, W.Va.; cotypes, U.S. ~at. l\Ius. 2-12, 23-27, 29, 

New River formation, just below the falls of l\fill Creek, Buckhannon quadrangle, W.Va.; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Page 

101 

FIGURES 13-16. Ancimiles (TYardia) fertilis David Whit-e__________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 101 

Fragments of the fronds showing pinnule form. Below second sandstone beneath Raleigh sandstone 

(360 feet below Raleigh sandstone), lo-wer railroad cut, Nuttall, W. VB. Cotypes, G. S. X at. ~Ius. 40124a. b. 

137 

INDEX 

Page 

•Abstract_____ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 85 

acuta, Diplothmema____ ______________________ ______ _______ 93 

Mariopteris______ ___________ ___________ ____________ ___________ 93 

Sphenopteris ______________________ . __ __________ ___ _____ _ ____ __ ____ 93 

Adiantides tenuifolius_ _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ 101 

aldrichi, Diplothmema ______________________________________________ 97, pis. 31,34 

Alethopteris mazoniana_______ _______ _______________ 85 

anceps, Pseudopecopteris___ _______ _______ ____ ______ _ _____ ______ __ 94 

Aneimites __ -------- ------- ______ ____ _______ 101-103, pis. 36-39 

polymorphus_ ____ ________________________ _ 103, pl. 38 

pottsvillensis___ _________ _ 102,pl.37 

intermedius______________ ______________ 102, pl. 37 

(Wardia) cardiopteroides_ ____ _________ ______________ 103, pl. 38 

fertilis_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ . __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ 101, pis. 37, 39 

pseudopecopteroides _________ ___ _ __________________ 103, pl. 38 

tenuifolius _ ____________ __________________ _ 10l,pls.36,38 

difoliolatus_________________ _ ____________ l01,pls.36,38 

virginianus__ ______ __ ______ _ __________ _____ _ ___________ 101, pl. 39 

antiqua, Diplothmema cheathamL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96, pl. 28 

Eremopteris lincolniana_ _ __ _______ _ _ _ 91, pl. 25 

artemisiaefolia, Eremopteris _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 92, pl. 25 

Sphenopteris______ _________________ _______ _______ 92 

anthracitica, Diplothmema aldrichL _ _ _ _ 98, pis. 33, 34 

Asterocalamites radiatus __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 85 

bohemica, N europteris __ 

cardiopteroides, Aneimites (Ward ia) _ 

cheathami, Diplothmema ______________ _ 

Eremopteris ____ _ 

Cheilanthites trifoliolata _____ _ 

94 

103. pl. 38 

---- 95. pl. 28 

94 

98 

cheilanthoide~. Mariopteris___ _ 89, pl.l!l 

colliciaris, Mariopteris paddockL _ _ ____ 87, pis. 12, 13 

composita, Diplothmema___ ____________ _ ________________ 99, pl. 32 

crenulata, Eremopteris_ _ ________ __________ ______ \10, pl. 23 

Cyclopteris tenuifolia___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ 101 

decipiens, Pseudopecopteris __ 

defrancei, Pecopteris ___ _ 

dernoncourti, Diplothmema ____________ _ 

99 

94 

94 

dicksonioides, Sphenopteris (Diplothmema) __ 89 

difoliolatus, Aneirnites (\\' ardia) tenuifolius_ _ _____________ 101, pis. 36,38 

dilatata, Mariopteris pottsvillea ___ _ - -- -- --- -- 86, pl. 11 

Sphenopteris ___ _ --------------- 99 

dimorpha, Pseudopecopteris _____ _ 99 

Diplothmema ___ _ __ 92-100, pis. 11.27-35 

acuta _____ _ 

aldrichL _____ _ 

anthracitica 

cheathamL _____ _ 

antiqua __ _ 

minor __ _ 

composita __ _ 

dernoncourtL _ 

erectiloba ___ _ 

glenniL 

halberstadti 

.iacquoti __ _ 

latifolia 

mendenhalli 

microphylla __ _ 

minor_ 

morrowensis __ 

muricata ____ _ 

nervosa __ 

obtusiloba __ _ 

pudica_ 

pygmaeoides _______ _ 

------------- 93 _ ___________________ 97,pls.31,34 

_____ 98, pis. 33,34 

----------- 94, 95, pl. 28 

------------------------------- 96, pl. 28 

------------- ----- 96, pl. 28 

------------- -- 99, pl. 32 

9i 

100, pl. 33 

----------- ------ 95, pl. 27 

96, pl. 30 

94 

93 

------------ 100, pl. 3.5 

----------- ----------- ------------ ---------- 94, pl. 30 

- -- - --- - --- - - - - -- - ---- -- - 98, pl. 31 

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 99, pis. 34, 35 

----------- 93 

------------ 93 

97, pis. 30, 35 

- 96, pl. 29 

100, pl. 35 

reniformis_ _ _ _ ____ _______ _ ____ 97, pl. 31 

schutzei _ _ _ _ _ _ _____________________________________________ 92, 94 

spectabilis _ _ _______________________________________ 96, pl. 29 

subdecipiers __________________________________________________________ 95, pl. II 

-WIOSU-4:-; 

Diplothmema-Con tinued. 

trifoliolata __________ _ ------- ---- ------- 98, pl. 32 

kanawensis ________ _ --- ---------------------- 98, pl. 33 

dissecta, Eremopteris ____ _ ----------- -- 91, pl. 25 

dissectum, Sphenopteris _________________ _ ------------------- 92 

elegans, Sphenopteris___ ______________ ______________ 92 

erectiloba, Diplothmema_ ___________ _____________ 100, pl. 33 

Eremopteris___ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________________________ 90-92, pis. 23-27 

artemisiaefolia_ __ _ _ _ ________________________ 92, pl. 25 

cheathamL______ _ _______________ ------------------------ 94 

crenulata_______ __ ___ _ __ ---------------------------- 90, pl. 23 

dissecta____ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __________________________________________ 91, pl. 25 

gracilis___________ _ _______________________________________ 91, pis. 25, 26 

lincolniana______ ____ _ ______________ ------------------ 91, pl. 24 

antiqua________ ------------------------ ____________ 91, pl. 25 

microphylla_ _ _ ___ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ ___ _______ ________ __ __ 94 

neffiL ----------------------------- __________________ 90, pl. 23 

strigosa _____________________________________________________________ 90, pl. 23 

subelegans__ ___ __________ _ _ ________________________________________ 91, pl. 24 

trappensis______ _____________ _ ___________ 92, pl. 27 

eremopteroides, Mariopteris _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 87, pis. 16, 17 

fertilis, Aneimites (Wardia) _____ _ 

Filicites muricata ____________________________________ _ 

101, pis. 37, 39 

85 

98 

93 

92 

trifoliolata ______________ -- ____ ------ ___ -----------------

furcata, Palmatopteris __________________ _ 

furcatum, Sphenopteris _________________ _ 

glennii, Diplothmema _________ _ -------- 95, pl. 27 

gracilis, Eremopteris __________ _ _ __________ 91, pis 25,26 

halberstadti, Diplothmema ____ _ ----------- 96,pl.30 

hildrethi, Sphenopteris _______ _ ----------- ----- 92,94 

tnflata, Mariopteris _______________________ .. ___________ _ _ _______ 88,pls.18,19 

;ntermedius, Aneimites pottsvillensis __________ _ 

irregularis, Pseudopecopteris _______________ _ 

Sphenopteris ______________________________ _ 

102, pl. 37 

93 

93 

jacquoti, Diplothmema ____________________________________________ _ 94 

kanawensis, Diplothmema trifoliolata ______________________ _ ----- 98,pl.33 

latifolia, Diplothmema _______________ _ 

Mariopteris _____ _ 

Pseudopecopteris __ 

Lepidodendron veltheimianum_ 

lincolniana, Eremopteris ___ _ 

lobata, Mariopteris ____________ _ 

macilenta, Pseudo pecopteris __ _ 

Mariopteris ________ _ 

acuta _____________ _ 

cheilanthoides __ _ 

eremopteroid2s __ 

93 

93 

89 

85 

------ 9l,pl.24 

---- 87, pl.14, 15 

--------------------- 86,99 

_ _ _ _ _ _ 85-90, pis. 8-22 

--------------------- 93 

------------------- 89, pl.19 

__ __ __ _ __ __ 87, pls.16,17 

inflata ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 88, pis. 18, 19 

sewaneensis __ _ _ ___________________________________ 88, pis. 14, 18 

latifolia ____ _ 

lobata _______ _ 

muricata. ________ _ 

muricata-nervosa group __ 

nervosa _______ _ 

paddocki _____ _ 

colliciaris ___ _ 

phillipsi ______ _ 

plumosa. _____________ _ 

pottsvillea ___________ _ 

---------------------------- 93 

------ 87,pl.14,15 

93 

------------------ 85,93 

----------- 93 

-- ------ 86,pl.14 

____ 87,pls.12,13 

______________________ 89, pis. 20,22 

----------------- ---------------- 93 

---------- _ 86, pls. 8, 9,10 

dilatata ________________________________ -- ------------------------- 86, pl. 11 

ovalis___________ ___________ _ ____ --

pygmaea ______ -----------------------

sphenopteroidrs_ _ _ _ _ ____________ _ 

tennesseeana __ 

________ 86,pls.11,12 

_____________ 89, pis. 21,22 

---------------- 93 _______________ 89, pis. 20, 21,22 

139 
140 INDEX 

mazoniana, Alethopteris ___________ _ 

Pseudope.copteris __________________________________ _ 

mendenhalli, Diplothmema ___ _ 

microphylla, Diplothmema ____________________________ _ 

Eremopteris ____________________________________________ _ 

minor, Diplothmema _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____________________ _ 

Diplothmema cheathami _________________ _ 

morrowensis, Diplothmema __________________________________ _ 

muricata, Diplothmema__ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ 

Filicites_____ _____________ _ _________ _ 

Mariopteris ________________________ _ 

Pseudopecopteris (Sphenopteris) 

Sphenopteris ____________ _ 

neffii, Eremopteris ___________ _ 

nervosa, Diplothmema ___ _ 

Mariopteris _______________ _ 

Pecopteris __________ _ 

N europteris bohemica _____ _ 

nummularia, Pseudopecopteris 

nummularoides, Sphenopteris_ 

obliqua, Pecopteris _________ _ 

obtusiloba, Diplothmema ____ _ 

Pseudopecopteris______ _ __________________________ _ 

Sphenopteris ________________________ _ 

ovalis, Mariopteris pottsvillea_ _ _________________ _ 

paddocki, Mariopteris_ _ __________________________ _ 

Palmatopteris furcata_ 

patentissima, Sphenopteris 

Pecopteris defrancei 

Page 

85 

85 

100, pl. 35 

------ 94, pl. 30 

94 

---- 98, pl. 31 

96, pl. 28 

_ _ _ __ 99, pls. 34,35 

93 

85 

93 

86 

93 

90, pl. 23 

93 

93 

93 

94 

94 

93 

94 

Vi, pls. 30, 35 

93 

---- 93,94 

_ _____ 86, pls.l1,12 

----- -- 86, pl. 14 

93 

92 

9-1 nervosa___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ 93 

91 

93 

. obliqua_ _____________ _ ___________ _ 

pluckenetiL ____ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ 

phillipsi, Mariopteris ________________________________________________ 89, pls. 20,22 

pluckenetii, Pecopteris ___________ 93 

plumosa, Mariopteris___ _ _ ________________ _ 

polymorphus, Aneimites__ _ ________________________ _ 

polyphylla, Sphenopteris_ _ _________ _ 

pottsvillea, MRriopteris __ _ __________ _ 

pottsvillensis, Aneimites_ _ _ __________ _ 

Pseudopecopteris __ _ 

ancep;:; _______________________ _ 

decipiens_ ___ _ ___________ _ 

dimorpha ______________________ _ 

irregularis 

latifoliR _ 

macilenta __ 

mazoniana 

nummularia 

obtusiloba 

trifoliata __________________ _ 

trifoliolata __ 

(Sphenopteriii) macilenta_ 

muricata __ 

93 

l03,pl.38 

89 

86, pls. 8, 9, 10 

102, pl. 37 

85 

94 

99 

99 

93 

89 

99 

8.5 

9-1 

93 

89 

98 

-86 

so 

() 

Pseudopecopteris-Continued. 

(Sphenopteris) macilenta-Ccntinued. Page 

schillingsiL _ ______ ____ __________ _ ________ ___ __ __ __ _ __ _ _____ ____ 96 

ef. P. dimorpha _______ _____ 98 

pseudopecopteroides, Aneimites (Wardia) _______________________________ 103, pl. 38 

pudica, Diplothmema__________ _ ______ 96,pl.29 

pygmaea, Mariopteris_ _________ _________ __ ____ _ _____ 89, pis. 21, 22 

pygmaeoides, Diplothmema___ _ _________________ 100, pl. 35 

radiatus, Asterocalamites_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ________________ _ 85 

Read, C. B., foreword by ____________________________________________ _ 

reniformis, Diplothmema ______________________________ _ III 

97, pl. 31 

schillingsii, Pseudo pecopteris (Sphenopteris)_______ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ 86 

Sphenopteris_______________ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ 93 

schutzei, Diplothmema__ _________________ ------------------------------ 92,9-1 

sewaneensis, Mariopteris infiata ______________________________________ 88, pls. 14, 18 

spectabilis, Diplothmema_______________ _ ___________________________ 96, pl. 29 

Sphenopteris acuta_ _________ ____________ ___ 93 

artemisiaefolia _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ _ 92 

dilatata ____ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ 99 

dissectum _________________________________ _ 

elegans _____ _ 

furcatum _________________________________ _ 

hildrethL ________________________ _ 

irregularis ____________________________________________________ c _ 

muricata __ 

92 

92 

92 

92,94 

93 

93 

nummularoides___ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 93 

obtusiloba _______________________________________________________________ 93,94 

patentissima________________ _ _____ _____________ 92 

polyphylla________ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 89 

schillingsiL ____________ _ 93 

spinosus ------------------------ _ __________ __ __ ___ ___ __ ____________ 92 

trifoliolata____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 98 

laxa _____________________ _ 

(Diplothmema) dicksonioides 

sphenopteroides, Mariopteris 

89 

89 

93 

spinosus, Sphenopteris__ ____________________________ 92 

strigosa, Eremopteris__ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 90, pl. 2a 

subdecipiens, Diplothmema_ _ _ _____________________________ 95, pl.ll 

subelegans, Eremopteris__ _________________ __ ___ ___ ___ _ _______ 91, pl. 2-1 

tennesseeana, Mariopteris_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ____ 81-1. pls. 20, 21, 22 

tenuifolia, Cyclopteris _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _______ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ 101 

tenuifolius, Adiantides _______ __ ______ __ _ __ ________________ 101 

Aneimites (Wardia) _ _____ ____ ____ _ _ _____________________ 101, pis. 36,38 

trappensis, Eremopteris_ _ __ ___________ _ ____________ 92, pl. 2i 

trifoliata, Pseudopecopteris_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 89 

trifoliolata, Cheilanthites_ 98 

Diplothmema_____ ____________ _ ______________ 98,pl.32 

Filicites_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ 98 

Pseudopecopteris_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______________ _ 

Sphenoptrris_ _ _ __ ___ _ _____________ _ 

veltheimianum, Lepidodendron ____ _ 

virginianus, Aneimites (Wardia\ _______ _ 

89 

98 

85 

101, pl. 39 

Wardia _ ___ 101-102. 103, pls. 36-39