In the 

Missouri Court of Appeals 

Western District

IN RE TRENTON FARMS RE, LLC, 

PERMIT NO. MOGS10520; 

MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF 

NATURAL RESOURCES AND 

MISSOURI CLEAN WATER 

COMMISSION,

Respondents,

v.

HICKORY NEIGHBORS UNITED, 

INC.,

Appellant.

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WD81385

OPINION FILED: January 2, 2019

Appeal from the Administrative Hearing Commission

Before Division Three: Gary D. Witt, Presiding Judge, Cynthia L. Martin, Judge and 

Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge

Hickory Neighbors United, Inc. ("Hickory Neighbors") seeks judicial review of the 

decision of the Missouri Clean Water Commission ("CWC") to approve a permit 

application filed by Trenton Farms RE, LLC ("Trenton Farms") for a swine concentrated 

animal feeding operation ("CAFO") in Grundy County, Missouri. Hickory Neighbors 

argues that because manure storage structures would be located in the Federal Emergency 
2

Management Agency ("FEMA") Zone A 100-year floodplain, it was error as a matter of 

law to approve the permit. Hickory Neighbors also argues that certain commissioners on

the CWC were unconstitutionally or unlawfully appointed, or had conflicts of interest 

precluding them from participating in the permit approval process. Finally, Hickory 

Neighbors argues that the CWC abused its discretion in denying its request for a 

continuance. Finding no error, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

The Missouri Clean Water Law, section 644.006, et. seq.,

1 describes Missouri's 

policy objectives with respect to conserving, protecting, and maintaining public water 

supplies, while maintaining employment and industrial development in the state. Section 

644.011. Implementation of the Clean Water Law is vested in the CWC and the Missouri 

Department of Natural Resources ("DNR"). Section 640.010; section 644.026. Though 

the CWC "retain[s] all rulemaking and hearing powers allotted by law," section 640.010.3, 

the CWC is assigned to, and is considered domiciled with, DNR. Id.; section 644.021.1.

Pursuant to section 640.710.1, DNR has the authority to promulgate rules regulating 

CAFOs. In accordance with regulations promulgated for that purpose, DNR reviews 

CAFO applications to determine permit eligibility. 10 CSR 20-6.010(2).2 

On November 23, 2016,3 DNR issued Trenton Farms an operating permit for a 

CAFO in Grundy County, Missouri. Hickory Neighbors appealed DNR's issuance of this 

 

1All statutory references are to RSMo 2016 unless otherwise noted. 

2All regulatory references to 10 CSR 20-6 are to the Missouri Code of State Regulations (2012) unless 

otherwise indicated. 

3On November 22, 2016, this court handed down its opinion in In the Matter of Trenton Farms RE, LLC v. 

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 504 S.W.3d 157 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). In that case, we affirmed the 
3

permit to the Administrative Hearing Commission ("AHC") as authorized by section 

621.250 and 640.013. Trenton Farms was granted leave to intervene in the appeal. 

As required by section 621.250, the AHC conducted a hearing over several days to 

consider Hickory Neighbors' appeal, pursuant to contested case procedures described in 

sections 536.063 through 536.090 of the Missouri Administrative Procedure Act 

("MAPA"). DNR bore the burden of proof in the proceeding before the AHC as the party

defending the issuance of the CAFO permit. Section 640.012. 

On August 31, 2017, the AHC issued a recommended decision, with findings of fact 

and conclusions of law. The AHC found that DNR sustained its burden of proof to 

establish that a CAFO permit was issued to Trenton Farms in accordance with current law 

and regulations. The evidence and testimony presented to the AHC, and the AHC's 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, will be addressed in more detail as necessary in 

considering Hickory Neighbors' points on appeal. 

Once the AHC issued its recommended decision, the CWC was charged with the 

obligation to "issue its own decision, based on the appeal, for permit issuance, denial, or 

any condition of the permit." Section 644.051.6; see also section 621.250.3. In doing so, 

the CWC was not obligated to issue its own decision with findings of fact and conclusions 

of law unless it decided to "change[] a finding of fact or conclusion of law made by the 

 

CWC's refusal to accept the recommendation of the AHC to approve a CAFO permit issued by DNR. Id. at 163. 

The CWC's refusal was based on the fact that Trenton Farms' permit application did not meet the requirements of 10 

CSR 20-8.300(5)(A), (now numbered 10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A)), as there was insufficient evidence in the record to 

demonstrate that manure storage areas would be protected from inundation or damage due to the 100-year flood. Id. 

at 160-63. We noted in our Opinion that Trenton Farms retained the continued right to seek a CAFO permit from 

DNR. Id. at 163. 
4

[AHC], or [to] modif[y] or vacate[] the decision recommended by the [AHC]." Section 

644.051.6. 

The AHC's recommended decision was placed on the CWC's December 6, 2017 

meeting agenda. On December 5, 2017, three new commissioners were appointed to the 

CWC. The CWC thus rescheduled consideration of the AHC's recommended decision to 

its December 12, 2017 meeting agenda. On December 9, 2017, Hickory Neighbors filed a 

motion for continuance of the CWC's consideration of the AHC's recommended decision. 

On December 11, 2017, Hickory Neighbors filed a motion to disqualify three

commissioners, (Commissioners Hurst, Coday and Kleiboeker). The motion to disqualify 

argued that the commissioners were subject to the same standards for impartiality 

applicable to judges, and that the commissioners had appearances of conflicts of interest 

that required their recusal. 

On December 12, 2017, the CWC denied Hickory Neighbors' motions for a 

continuance and to disqualify commissioners based on appearances of conflicts of interest. 

The CWC then voted to accept the AHC's recommended decision, subject to minor 

handwritten interlineated changes to correct scrivener errors. [ROA pp. 1760-61]. The 

CWC thus sustained DNR's November 23, 2016 decision to issue a permit to Trenton 

Farms. The CWC's vote was reflected by the signature of four commissioners4 on the 

 

4The four commissioners who voted to accept the AHC's recommended decision were Commissioners 

McCarty, Coday, Reece, and Thomas. The two other commissioners on the CWC at the time (Commissioners Hurst 

and Kleiboeker) either recused themselves from considering the matter, or were no longer participating in the 

hearing at the time of the vote. At the time of the vote, one position on the CWC remained vacant. 
5

AHC's recommended decision, which the CWC adopted as its own, subject to the approved 

handwritten interlineations. Section 644.051.6. 

Pursuant to section 644.051.6, this Court possesses original jurisdiction over 

judicial review of the CWC's decision pursuant to the procedures for judicial review 

described in chapter 536 of the MAPA. Hickory Neighbors timely filed its request for 

judicial review from the CWC's decision on January 10, 2018.

Standard of Review

On judicial review of an administrative action pursuant to chapter 536, this court is 

directed to determine the matter "upon the petition and record filed." Section 536.140.1.

The inquiry may extend to a determination of whether the action of the 

agency

(1) Is in violation of constitutional provisions;

(2) Is in excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency;

(3) Is unsupported by competent and substantial evidence upon the whole 

record;

(4) Is, for any other reason, unauthorized by law;

(5) Is made upon unlawful procedure or without a fair trial;

(6) Is arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable;

(7) Involves an abuse of discretion.

Section 536.140.2. We are to "render [an opinion] affirming, reversing, or modifying the 

agency's order, and may order the reconsideration of the case in the light of the court's 

opinion . . . , and may order the agency to take such further action as it may be proper to 

require; but the court shall not substitute its discretion for discretion legally vested in the 

agency, unless the court determines that the agency decision was arbitrary or capricious." 

Section 536.140.5.
6

Analysis

Hickory Neighbors asserts five points on appeal. Hickory Neighbors challenges the 

CWC's legal authority to approve a CAFO permit where manure storage structures will be 

located within the FEMA Zone A 100-year floodplain boundary; challenges the lawfulness

of the CWC's decision because several commissioners were appointed to the CWC 

pursuant to an allegedly unconstitutional version of section 644.021; challenges the 

lawfulness of the CWC's decision because several commissioners were unlawfully 

appointed to the CWC pursuant to an earlier version of section 644.021; argues that the 

CWC erroneously denied Hickory Neighbors' motion for a continuance; and argues that 

the CWC erroneously denied Hickory Neighbors' motion to disqualify several 

commissioners based on alleged conflicts of interest. 

Point One

In its first point on appeal, Hickory Neighbors challenges the CWC's legal authority 

to approve the CAFO permit issued by DNR to Trenton Farms because some manure 

storage facilities will be located within the FEMA Zone A 100-year floodplain boundary. 

Hickory Neighbors alleges that this renders the CAFO ineligible for a permit as a matter 

of law pursuant to 10 CSR 20-8.300(4).

5

 

 

5All regulatory references to 10 CSR 20-8 are to the Missouri Code of State Regulations (2016) unless 

otherwise indicated. Hickory Neighbors' petition appealing to the AHC, and its Brief in this Court, refer to 10 CSR 

20-8.300(5). However, the AHC's recommended decision refers to 10 CSR 20-8.300(4). The discrepancy is 

explained by the fact that 10 CSR 20-8.300(5) was renumbered to 10 CSR 20-8.300(4) when 10 CSR 20-8.300 was 

amended in 2016, though the text of the subsection was not modified insofar as is relevant to this appeal. We refer 

to 10 CSR 20-8.300(4) and not to 10 CSR 20-8.300(5) in this Opinion. 
7

10 CSR 20-8.300 describes manure storage design regulations to be used "as a guide 

for the design of animal waste management systems at [CAFOs]." According to the 

purpose statement, the regulation describes "minimum requirements" with respect to the 

adequacy of manure storage design, although "[d]eviation from the[] minimum 

requirements will be allowed where sufficient documentation is presented to justify the 

deviation." 10 CSR 20-8.300.

10 CSR 20-8.300(4) addresses the location of manure storage structures. Relevant 

to this case, 10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A) provides:

Protection from Flooding—Manure storage structures, confinement 

buildings, open lots, composting pads, and other manure storage areas in the 

production area shall be protected from inundation or damage due to the one 

hundred- (100-) year flood. 

It is uncontested, and the AHC'srecommended decision found, that some of Trenton Farms' 

manure storage structures will be within the 100-year floodplain boundary as designated 

by FEMA. The AHC nonetheless found that the manure storage structures are protected 

from inundation or damage due to the 100-year flood because the buildings will be above

the 100-year base flood elevation. 

The AHC based this finding on the fact that FEMA floodplain boundary lines do 

not reflect, nor take into consideration, elevations and land contours. The AHC cited to 

the testimony of John Holmes ("Holmes"), a professional engineer with expertise in 

determining base flood level elevations. Using software employed by the Army Corps of 

Engineers, along with site surveys of elevations and cross sections and other relevant data, 

Holmes was able to model the floodplain on the Trenton Farms' site to calculate base 
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elevations of a 100-year flood. Holmes also analyzed the hydrological impact of flood 

waters that might cause erosion of berms on the site. Holmes found that the Trenton Farms' 

site would be protected from inundation or damage from a 100-year flood because the 

elevation of the manure storage structures would be above the base flood level elevations, 

and because the water flow of flood waters in the area would be of low velocity, negating 

erosion concerns. The AHC found that based on Holmes's calculations, the project 

engineer for Trenton Farms certified that the CAFO site would be protected from 

inundation and damage from a 100-year flood.

The AHC also relied on the testimony of Paul H. Reiz ("Reiz"), a professional 

engineer and certified floodplain manager who testified on behalf of Hickory Neighbors. 

Reiz agreed that there is at least three feet of freeboard, or area, between 100-year base

flood elevations and the manure storage structures on the Trenton Farms' site. Reiz also 

agreed that any erosion from flood waters in the area would be minimal, because the width 

of the floodplain at the CAFO site would yield low-water velocities. 

Based on this, and other related evidence, the AHC concluded that even though 

manure storage structures on the Trenton Farms' site would be within the horizontal FEMA 

100-year floodplain boundaries, the structures would nonetheless be protected from 

inundation and damage from a 100-year flood because they would be above the base flood

level elevation.

[T]aking into account the base flood elevations of the 100-year floodplain, 

the worst case scenario is that flood elevation is 744.35', without any fill, of 

the principal building sites. This base flood elevation is 13.5' [below] [sic] 

any opening in the CAFO buildings, plus or minus a foot. The lowest 

proposed pit of any CAFO building, the gestation barn, is 3.5' above the base 
9

flood elevation. Therefore, all of the proposed buildings are above the base 

flood elevation, even though located in the area mapped by Holmes as 

within the boundary lines of FEMA map Zone A.

[ROA pp. 1788-89] (emphasis added). The AHC further found that Trenton Farms 

intended to build its manure storage structure upon berms or fill as to raise the elevation of 

the structures even further, thus diverting the base flood elevations. [ROA p. 1789]. The 

AHC found that low water velocities and shallow floodplain slopes on the CAFO site 

would negate any risk of erosion of the berms of fill beneath the manure storage structures 

during a 100-year flood event. [ROA p. 1789]. 

Hickory Neighbors does not challenge the AHC's findings. Specifically, Hickory 

Neighbors does not contest the AHC's conclusion that if base flood level elevations and 

water velocity are taken into consideration, the Trenton Farms CAFO site is protected from 

inundation or damage due to a 100-year flood.6 Instead, Hickory Neighbors argues that

these findings are irrelevant because 10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A) absolutely prohibits manure 

storage buildings from being constructed within the FEMA 100-year floodplain boundary. 

The plain language of 10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A) belies Hickory Neighbors' argument. 

Though the regulation states that manure storage structures must be protected from 

inundation or damage during a 100-year flood event, the regulation does not state that the 

only means of protecting structures from inundation or damage is by prohibiting their 

construction within the FEMA 100-year flood plain boundary.

7

 In fact, use of the phrase 

 

6During oral argument, Hickory Neighbors challenged for the first time the legal sufficiency of professional 

engineering certifications relied on by the AHC to make its findings. This issue is not preserved for our review as it 

exceeds the scope of the point relied on. 

7As such, Hickory Neighbors' argument that Trenton Farms was bound to secure from FEMA either an 

official Letter of Map Revision ("LOMR") or a Conditional Letter of Map Revision ("CLOMR") to alter the FEMA 
10

"or damage" plainly suggests that the regulation authorizes the placement of manure 

storage structures within flood boundaries, so long as appropriate measures are taken to 

protect the structures from damage. 

Undeterred, Hickory Neighbors argues that the plain language of 10 CSR 20-

8.300(4)(A) must be read in conjunction with DNR Publication 915, and that a combined 

reading of both constrains construction of the regulation. We disagree. 

Publication 915 statesthat "[a]nimal waste structures must be located above the 100-

year flood level." The AHC concluded that DNR Publication 915 is not an officially 

adopted publication of the CWC; is no longer found on the DNR website though it is 

available on request; has been replaced by a newer publication, Publication 2351; and that 

neither publication was relied on by DNR when it decided to issue the CAFO permit to 

Trenton Farms. [ROA pp. 1782-83; 1796]. As such, the AHC concluded that "Publication 

915 has no binding effect and is not an interpretation of [10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A)]." [ROA 

p. 1796]. Though Hickory Neighbors argues that Publication 915 has not been officially 

withdrawn by DNR, it offers no argument contesting the AHC's conclusion that whether 

or not the publication has been withdrawn, Publication 915 is of no binding relevance as it 

is not an interpretation of 10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A). 

Even were Publication 915 of binding relevance, (which it is not), its plain language 

does not support Hickory Neighbors' claim that the publication constrains interpretation of 

10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A). Publication 915 does not prohibit the placement of manure 

 

100-year flood plain boundaries is without merit. Though the FEMA 100-year flood plain boundaries are relevant, 

they are not controlling. The issue is whether, if structures are within those boundaries, they are nonetheless 

protected from inundation or damage. 
11

storage structures within the 100-year floodplain boundary, and instead states only that 

such structures must be above the 100-year floodplain. The plain and ordinary meaning of 

the word "above" is "overhead," or "over or higher than." Above, THE AMERICAN 

HERITAGE COLLEGE DICTIONARY 4 (3d ed. 1993). "Above" thus refers to one subject's 

vertical relationship to another subject. Employing the plain meaning of "above," 

Publication 915 thus does not prohibit construction of manure storage structures within 

horizontal 100-year floodplain boundaries. Instead, Publication 915 requires manure 

storage structures to be placed at an elevation that is above 100-year floodplain levels. As 

the AHC found, and as Hickory Neighbors concedes, FEMA 100-year floodplain 

boundaries depict relationships on a horizontal plain without regard to vertical contours or 

elevations. We cannot conclude, therefore, that Publication 915 prohibits the placement of 

manure storage structures within the horizontal boundaries of the FEMA 100-year 

floodplain, or that the publication constrains construction of 10 CSR 20-8.300(4)(A). 

In summary, the AHC's findings that the Trenton Farms CAFO buildings are 

protected from inundation or damage during a 100-year flood event because their elevation 

is above the base flood level elevation, and because low water velocity will negate erosion 

concerns, are unchallenged, and are legally sufficient to establish compliance with 10 CSR 

20-8.300(4)(A). The CWC did not exceed its legal authority when it accepted the AHC's 

recommended decision sustaining DNR's issuance of a permit to Trenton Farms. 

Point One is denied.
12

Point Two

In its second point on appeal, Hickory Neighbors alleges that section 644.021.1 as 

amended effective October 14, 2016 is unconstitutional because it violates Article III, 

sections 21 and 23 of the Missouri Constitution.8 Hickory Neighbors thus contends that 

the CWC's decision to accept the AHC's recommended decision cannot be enforced, 

because four commissioners (Commissioners Hurst, Coday, Thomas, and Kleiboeker)9

were appointed to the CWC pursuant to an unconstitutional statute. 

Prior to its amendment in 2016, section 644.021.1 required the CWC to be 

comprised of seven members, two (but no more than two) of whom shall be knowledgeable 

"concerning the needs of agriculture, industry or mining" and interested in protecting those 

needs; one of whom shall be knowledgeable of the "needs of publicly owned wastewater 

treatment works"; and four of whom shall represent the public. By amendment effective 

October 16, 2016, the authorized composition of the CWC was changed to provide that "at 

least two members" shall be knowledgeable "concerning the needs of agriculture, industry 

or mining" and interested in protecting those needs; and that "no more than four members" 

shall represent the public.10 Hickory Neighbors argues that this amendment was 

unconstitutional; that commissioners appointed pursuant to the amended statute were not 

 

8Article III, section 21 of the Missouri Constitution addresses the power of each house of the General 

Assembly to originate or amend bills. Article III, section 23 of the Missouri Constitution addresses the prohibition 

against bills containing more than one subject.

9Commissioner Hurst was appointed to the CWC in October 2017. Commissioners Coday, Kleiboeker and 

Thomas were appointed to the CWC on December 5, 2017. Commissioners Hurst and Kleiboeker did not 

participate in the CWC's decision to accept the AHC's recommended decision sustaining issuance of a permit to 

Trenton Farms. Commissioners Coday and Thomas did participate in the decision, and were two of the four 

Commissioners who voted to accept the AHC's recommended decision. 

10The requirement that one member be knowledgeable of the "needs of publicly owned wastewater 

treatment works" was not changed by the 2016 amendment. Section 644.021.1. 
13

lawfully serving on the CWC; and that commissioners were required to be appointed to the 

CWC pursuant to the pre-2016 amendment version of section 644.021.1. 

Though Hickory Neighbors' point on appeal is framed as a challenge to the 

constitutionality of section 644.021.1 as amended,11 in reality, Hickory Neighbors is asking 

this court to find that commissioners appointed pursuant to section 644.021.1 as amended

were serving on the CWC unlawfully, rendering the CWC's decision to accept the AHC's 

recommended decision unenforceable. Hickory Neighbors does not have the authority to 

assert this claim. 

"[T]he proper method for challenging the constitutional validity of a 

[commissioner's] service is through a quo warranto action." Benne v. ABB Power T & D 

Co., 106 S.W.3d 595, 598 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003). Section 531.010 provides:

In case any person shall usurp, intrude into or unlawfully hold or execute any 

office or franchise, the attorney general of the state, or any circuit or 

prosecuting attorney of the county in which the action is commenced, shall 

exhibit to the circuit court, or other court having concurrent jurisdiction 

therewith in civil cases, an information in the nature of a quo warranto, at the 

relation of any person desiring to prosecute the same[.] 

Quo warranto "is not to be used to prevent an improper exercise of power lawfully 

possessed," and instead is to be used "solely to prevent an officer or corporation of persons 

 

11Exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases involving the validity of a statute is vested by Article V, 

section 3 of the Missouri Constitution with the Supreme Court of Missouri. However, the Supreme Court's 

"exclusive appellate jurisdiction is not invoked simply because a case involves a constitutional issue." McNeal v. 

McNeal-Sydnor, 472 S.W.3d 194, 195 (Mo. banc 2015). After Hickory Neighbors sought judicial review of the 

CWC's decision in this court, the case was transferred to the Supreme Court in light of Hickory Neighbors' challenge 

to the constitutionality of section 644.021 as amended in 2016. On May 14, 2018, the Missouri Supreme Court 

retransferred this matter because, pursuant to section 644.051.6, original jurisdiction to conduct judicial review 

pursuant to chapter 536, and not appellate jurisdiction, lies with this court. The Supreme Court's retransfer order 

thus differentiated between an appellate court's exercise of original jurisdiction to conduct judicial review as 

directed by a statute, and the exercise of traditional appellate jurisdiction as directed by Article III of the Missouri 

Constitution. 
14

purporting to act as such from usurping a power which they do not have." State ex inf. 

Dykhouse v. City of Columbia, 509 S.W.3d 140, 151 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017) (quoting State 

ex inf. McKittrick v. Murphy, 148 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Mo. 1941)). 

Here, Hickory Neighbors is seeking to prevent commissioners from usurping a 

power they are alleged not to have. Hickory Neighbors' claim that commissioners could 

not lawfully act because they were appointed pursuant to an unconstitutional statute is 

tantamount to a quo warranto action. However, "[a] private party can never proceed in a 

quo warranto suit in his own name without the interposition of a proper state official." 

State ex rel. City of O'Fallon v. Collier Building Corp., 726 S.W.2d 339, 340 (Mo. App. 

E.D. 1986) (citing State ex rel. Black v. Taylor, 106 S.W. 1023, 1026-27 (Mo. 1907)). 

Instead, proceedings in quo warranto must "be brought in the name of the State of 

Missouri." Rule 98.02(a). And the relator in a quo warranto action may only be the 

attorney general or a prosecuting or county counselor of this state, upon personal 

information (i.e. State of Missouri, ex. inf. state official), or at the relation of any person 

who has a special interest in the subject matter of the action (i.e. State of Missouri, ex inf. 

state official, ex rel. John Doe). Rule 98.02(b). That is because "[q]uo warranto 

proceedings . . . are an exercise of the police power of the state . . . [that] cannot be 

delegated to private persons." State ex inf. Dykhouse, 509 S.W.3d at 149 (citing State ex 

rel. Rouveyrol v. Donnelly, 285 S.W.2d 669, 674 (Mo. 1956)). "The restriction on private 

plaintiffs is designed to prevent the harassment of public officials at the whim of private 

citizens." Dryer v. Klinghammer, 832 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Mo. App. E.D. 1992) (citing State ex 

inf. Graham v. Hurley, 540 S.W.2d 20, 23 (Mo. banc 1976)). 
15

As a private party, Hickory Neighbors has no authority to initiate a quo warranto

action. State ex rel. Dykhouse, 509 S.W.3d at 149 ("[T]o invoke the jurisdiction of the . . 

. court to decide a quo warranto action, the relator filing the petition must have the authority 

to do so at the outset of the proceedings."). Hickory Neighbors cannot obfuscate its lack 

of authority to initiate a quo warranto action challenging whether service of commissioners 

on the CWC is lawful under the guise of challenging the constitutionality of the statute 

pursuant to which the commissioners were appointed. Id. (citing Lee v. Jamison, 338 

S.W.3d 844, 846 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011) (holding that "[t]he lower court lacked jurisdiction 

to hear th[e] case because it was filed without proper authority"); see also Benne, 106 

S.W.3d at 598 (holding proper method to challenge whether a commissioner was lawfully 

serving on the Labor and Industrial Relations Board was through a quo warranto action); 

Dryer, 832 S.W.2d at 4 (holding that private party did not have standing12 to pursue an 

action seeking to remove the director of a fire district).

Even if Hickory Neighbors had the authority to privately challenge the lawfulness 

of appointments to the CWC (which it does not), the de facto doctrine would likely deny 

Hickory Neighbors the relief it ultimately seeks–a determination that the CWC's decision 

to accept the AHC's recommended decision is unenforceable. 

The de facto doctrine is a long standing rule to the effect that when an 

individual holds an office under a cloud as to current qualifications for the 

office, the acts of that officer are not invalid as to third persons and the public. 

Boggess v. Pence, 321 S.W.2d 667, 671-72 (Mo. banc 1959); In re F— C—, 

 

12State ex inf. Dykhouse, 509 S.W.3d at 147-48 notes that "the concept of 'standing' differs slightly from the 

purpose of Rule 98.02," as standing addresses whether a party had a personal interest at stake in a dispute (a 

substantive matter), while Rule 98.02 addresses the authority or qualification to bring a suit (a procedural matter). 

Whether Hickory Neighbors' lack of authority to challenge the lawfulness of service of commissioners on the CWC 

is referred to as a substantive standing issue or as a question of procedural authority, the outcome here is the same. 
16

484 S.W.2d 21, 24-25 (Mo. App. 1972). The doctrine is founded on the 

societal need for stability arising from confidence in the acts of government 

where there is an issue as to legal qualification of a person holding office. 

Harbaugh v. Winsor, 38 Mo. 327, 332 (1866).

Benne, 106 S.W.3d at 599. Because we otherwise conclude that Hickory Neighbors cannot 

privately challenge whether commissioners on the CWC were serving unlawfully pursuant 

to an unconstitutional statute, we need not further address application of the de facto

doctrine to the decision of the CWC at issue in this appeal.

Point Two is denied.

Point Three

In its third point on appeal, Hickory Neighbors alleges that because section 

644.021.1 as amended in 2016 is unconstitutional, the version of the statute in effect before 

its amendment controls. Hickory Neighbors alleges that the four commissioners appointed 

to the CWC in October and December 2017 were not lawfully appointed pursuant to that 

earlier version of the statute. 

For the reasons explained in connection with our discussion of point two on appeal, 

Hickory Neighbors has no authority to privately challenge whether commissioners were 

lawfully appointed to the CWC. 

Point Three is denied.

Point Four

In its fourth point on appeal, Hickory Neighbors alleges that the CWC erroneously 

denied its motion to continue consideration of the AHC's recommended decision from the 

CWC's December 12, 2017 meeting agenda. Hickory Neighbors argues that the CWC 
17

erroneously applied the law when it concluded that pursuant to section 621.250.3, it had 

no authority to grant a continuance given Trenton Farms' objection to Hickory Neighbors' 

motion. 

Section 621.250.3 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

Within fifteen days after the [AHC] renders a recommended decision, it shall 

transmit the record and a transcript of the proceedings, together with the 

[AHC's] recommended decision to the commission having authority to issue 

a final decision [here, the CWC]. The final decision of the [CWC] shall be 

issued within one hundred eighty days of the date the notice of appeal in 

subsection 2 of this section is filed and shall be based only on the facts and 

evidence in the hearing record; provided, however, that the date by which the 

[CWC] is required to issue a final decision may be extended at the sole 

discretion of the permittee as either petitioner or intervenor in the appeal. 

Hickory Neighbors filed its appeal to the AHC on December 23, 2016.13 One hundred 

eighty days from that date was June 21, 2017. However, by that date, the AHC had not yet 

rendered its recommended decision. Trenton Farms consented to an extension of time for 

the AHC to issue its recommended decision. Hickory Neighbors argues that as a result, 

Trenton Farms waived the 180-day deadline for issuance of a final decision by the CWC, 

rendering it legally erroneous for the CWC to rely on Trenton Farms' objection to deny 

Hickory Neighbors' motion for continuance.

Hickory Neighbors' argument ignores that the extension consented to by Trenton 

Farms in the appeal before the AHC was actually controlled by section 621.250.2, and not 

section 621.250.3. Section 621.250.2 requires the AHC to hold hearings "[w]ithin ninety 

days after the date on which the notice of appeal is filed" in the AHC, and to issue a 

 

13 Hickory Neighbors' appeal was file stamped on December 23, 2016, though it appears to have been 

electronically transmitted on December 22, 2016. 
18

recommended decision "within one hundred twenty days after the date on which the notice 

of appeal is filed." Section 621.250.2 further provides that these deadlines "may be 

extended at the sole discretion of the permittee as either petitioner or intervenor in the 

appeal." Thus, when Trenton Farms agreed to an extension of time in the AHC 

proceedings, it was doing so pursuant to section 621.250.2, and not section 621.250.3.

14

 

Nothing in section 621.250.2 suggests that a permittee's willingness to consent to an 

extension before the AHC forecloses the permittee's right in its sole discretion to refuse to 

consent to extensions before the CWC pursuant to section 621.250.3. 

Although the practical effect of Trenton Farms' consent to an extension of deadlines 

before the AHC was to ensure that the CWC could not issue a final decision until more 

than 180-days after Hickory Neighbors filed its appeal to the AHC, the CWC's authority 

to extend deadlines pursuant to section 621.250.3 nonetheless remained subject to Trenton 

Farms' sole discretion to refuse to consent. Trenton Farms agreed to an extension, in its 

sole discretion, as to permit the CWC to consider the AHC's recommended decision on its 

December 6, 2017 agenda, and then again as to permit the CWC to consider the AHC's 

recommended decision on its December 12, 2017 agenda. However, Trenton Farms did 

not, as a result, relinquish its plain statutory right to object in its sole discretion to further 

extensions. There is no language in section 621.250.3 which suggests that once a permittee

consents to an extension, the permittee waives the right to refuse to consent to further 

 

14Trenton Farms ultimately consented, in writing, to an extension to August 31, 2017 to permit the AHC to 

issue its recommended decision. 
19

extensions. The CWC did not erroneously deny Hickory Neighbors' motion for 

continuance given Trenton Farms' objection to same. 

Even if the CWC did erroneously rely on Trenton Farms' objection to deny Hickory 

Neighbors' motion for a continuance, (which we do not hold), we would nonetheless 

conclude that Hickory Neighbors' fourth point on appeal is without merit. "The denial of 

a continuance is rarely reversible error." Seabaugh v. Milde Farms, Inc., 816 S.W.2d 202, 

207 (Mo. banc 1991). For error to warrant relief, the error must be prejudicial. See Harris 

v. Desisto, 932 S.W.2d 435, 441 (Mo. App. W.D. 1996) (denying appellant's claim of error 

based on trial court's denial of a motion for continuance where error, if any, "was not 

prejudicial error" because a continuance would not have afforded the appellant a trial on 

the merits). 

Hickory Neighbors has not even attempted to explain how it was prejudiced by the 

CWC's denial of its motion for continuance. See City of Bridgeton v. City of St. Louis, 18 

S.W.3d 107, 113 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000) (denying claim of error based on trial court's denial 

of a motion for continuance where the appellant "fail[ed] to show how it was prejudiced . 

. . by the courts [sic] denial of its motion for continuance"). We independently conclude 

that a continuance would not have impacted the CWC's decision. Pursuant to section 

621.250.3, the CWC's consideration of the AHC's recommended decision on December 

12, 2017 was required to "be based only on the facts and evidence in the [AHC's] hearing 

record." Whether that consideration occurred on December 12, 2017, or on some later 

date, the facts and evidence in the AHC's hearing record would have been the same. 

Though Hickory Neighbors would have been permitted to make an oral statement to the 
20

CWC at the time it considered the AHC's recommended decision, there is no reasoned basis 

to believe that such a statement would have altered the CWC's decision. 

The CWC did not commit legal error in denying Hickory Neighbors' motion for 

continuance, and even had it, Hickory Neighbors was not prejudiced by the error. 

Point Four is denied.

Point Five

In its fifth point on appeal, Hickory Neighbors argues that the CWC's decision to 

accept the AHC's recommended decision is unenforceable because Commissioners Coday, 

Kleiboeker, and Thomas had disqualifying conflicts of interest such that their participation 

in the CWC's decision deprived Hickory Neighbors of due process.15 

Hickory Neighbors' fifth point on appeal is not preserved with respect to the claim 

that Commissioner Thomas had a disqualifying conflict of interest. Hickory Neighbors' 

motion to disqualify commissioners filed on December 11, 2017 did not identify 

Commissioner Thomas as a commissioner alleged to have a disqualifying conflict of 

interest. Hickory Neighbors did not otherwise make a record before the CWC to suggest 

that Commissioner Thomas possessed a disqualifying conflict of interest. We are not 

 

15Hickory Neighbors' second and third points on appeal challenged whether certain commissioners were 

lawfully serving on the CWC. As we have explained, these challenges were required to be asserted in a quo 

warranto action, as they relate to whether commissioners had the lawful power to act at all. In contrast, Hickory 

Neighbors' fifth point on appeal does not challenge whether commissioners were lawfully serving on the CWC, and 

only challenges whether commissioners were disqualified from participating in the vote on the Trenton Farms 

CAFO because of alleged conflicts of interest. The challenge asserted in Hickory Neighbors' fifth point on appeal is 

not required to be asserted in a quo warranto action. Quo warranto "is not to be used to prevent an improper 

exercise of power lawfully possessed," and instead is to be used "solely to prevent an officer or corporation of 

persons purporting to act as such from usurping a power which they do not have." State ex inf. Dykhouse, 509 

S.W.3d at 151 (quoting State ex inf. McKittrick, 148 S.W.2d at 530). 
21

permitted to entertain that claim here.16 Sitting as a court with original jurisdiction to 

conduct judicial review of a contested case pursuant to section 536.140, we are limited to 

review of the agency action "upon the petition and the record filed." Section 536.140.2. 

"[I]n a contested case the private litigant must try his or her case before the agency, and 

judicial review is on the record of that administrative trial." City of Valley Park v. 

Armstrong, 273 S.W.3d 504, 507 (Mo. banc 2009). Limited authority is extended by

section 536.140.4 permitting a court on judicial review to entertain additional evidence, or 

to remand the case to the agency with directions to reconsider the same in light of new 

evidence. However, the provisions of section 536.140.4 are not applicable here, as Hickory 

Neighbors has neither argued nor demonstrated that the complaint it now raises about 

Commissioner Thomas involved evidence that could not have been produced in the 

exercise of reasonable diligence, or that was improperly excluded, in the administrative 

proceedings before the CWC. See Johnston v. Livingston County Comm'n., 462 S.W.3d 

859, 866 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015). Hickory Neighbors' fifth point on appeal is denied with 

respect to Commissioner Thomas. 

Hickory Neighbors' fifth point on appeal is moot with respect to Commissioner 

Kleiboeker. Hickory Neighbors' motion to disqualify Commissioner Kleiboeker argued 

that his volunteer service on the Board of Directors of the Missouri Soybean Association 

create the appearance of a conflict of interest. The CWC denied the motion to disqualify 

 

16In support of its point relied on alleging disqualifying conflicts of interest, Hickory Neighbors has 

improvidently included materials in a supplemental legal file and in its appendix that were not a part of the record 

before the CWC. In addressing Hickory Neighbors' fifth point on appeal, we have not considered any materials that 

were not a part of the record before the CWC. 
22

after Commissioner Kleiboeker confirmed on the record that his position on the Board of 

Directors of the Missouri Soybean Association would not affect his ability to render an 

impartial decision. [ROA p. 1725]. However, though Commissioner Kleiboeker initially 

participated in the CWC hearing by telephone, he was no longer participating in the hearing 

by telephone by the time the CWC voted to accept the AHC's recommended decision. 

[ROA pp. 1761-62]. As a result, Commissioner Kleiboeker did not participate in the vote, 

and was not one of the four commissioners who voted to accept the AHC's recommended 

decision. Review of the CWC's denial of Hickory Neighbors' motion to disqualify

Commissioner Kleiboeker thus presents a matter that will not have any practical effect 

upon an existing controversy, the definition of mootness. Bank of Washington v. McAuliffe, 

676 S.W.2d 483, 487 (Mo. banc 1984). Even were we inclined to find that the CWC erred 

in denying Hickory Neighbors' motion to disqualify Commissioner Kleiboeker (which we 

are not, for reasons explained, infra), we would not find the CWC's decision to accept the 

AHC's recommended decision to be unenforceable as a result, since Commissioner

Kleiboeker did not participate in the vote. Hickory Neighbors' fifth point on appeal is 

denied with respect to Commissioner Kleiboeker. 

We are left with Hickory Neighbors' claim that Commissioner Coday had a 

disqualifying conflict of interest. In the motion to disqualify filed with the CWC on 

December 11, 2017, Hickory Neighbors alleged that "Commissioner Coday is the President 

of the Wright County Farm Bureau, an affiliate of the Missouri Farm Bureau." [ROA p. 

1663]. Hickory Neighbors alleged that "a reasonable person would find an appearance of 

possible conflict of interest concerning the participation of Commissioner[] . . . Coday . . . 
23

. [as] [i]f allowed to participate, Commissioner[] . . . Coday . . . would be voting on a matter 

in which [his] . . . organization[], . . . the Missouri Farm Bureau . . . has affirmatively taken 

a policy position, specifically whether Trenton Farms should be issued a general state 

operating permit." [ROA p. 1664] (emphasis in original). Hickory Neighbors argued that 

Commissioner Coday was acting in a quasi-judicial capacity, and was subject to Supreme 

Court Rule 2-2.11, requiring a judge to recuse "in any proceeding in which the judge's 

impartiality might reasonably be questioned." [ROA pp. 1664-65]. Hickory Neighbors' 

motion to disqualify did not argue that Commissioner Coday was actually biased, and 

instead only argued that an appearance of impropriety required Commissioner Coday to

recuse.

As was the case with Commissioner Kleiboeker, after Commissioner Coday 

confirmed on the record that his position with Wright County Farm Bureau would not 

affect his ability to render an impartial decision, the CWC voted to deny Hickory 

Neighbors' motion to disqualify Commissioner Coday. [ROA p. 1724]. This was neither

legally erroneous, nor an abuse of discretion. In State ex. rel. Praxair, Inc. v. Missouri 

Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 344 S.W.3d 178, 189 (Mo. banc 2011), our Supreme Court addressed 

a claim that commissioners on the Public Service Commission were disqualified and 

should have recused because their meeting with utility officials created an appearance of 

impropriety. Public Counsel moved to disqualify the commissioners, and argued that 

because the commissioners were acting in a quasi-judicial capacity they were subject to the 

canons of judicial conduct, including the canon requiring recusal when a reasonable person 
24

might question the judge's impartiality. Id. at 190. The Supreme Court disagreed, and 

held:

There is some surface appeal to Public Counsel's argument in that the PSC 

does perform in a quasi-judicial function when it acts in an adjudicative 

capacity. But PSC commissioners are members of the executive branch, not 

the judicial branch. While they act in a quasi-judicial capacity at times–and 

at other times act in a regulatory capacity–they are not judges. They are 

members of an executive branch administrative commission. As such, the 

judicial canons do not apply to them, for, as expressly stated in the preamble 

to the code, "The text of the Canons is intended to govern conduct of judges

and to be binding upon them." Rule 2.01 Preamble to Missouri Code of 

Judicial Conduct.

Id. (emphasis in original). 

State ex. rel. Praxair, Inc. is controlling. Hickory Neighbors' argued basis for

disqualifying Commissioner Coday, an appearance of a possible conflict of interest, 

depended for its success on applying the canons of judicial conduct to the commissioners 

on the CWC. The commissioners on the CWC are members of an executive branch 

administrative commission. They are not judges, even though they at times act in a quasijudicial capacity. As was the case in State ex. rel. Praxair, Inc., "[t]he [CWC]

commissioners are not governed by the canons of judicial conduct and, thus, are not bound 

by the proscription of Canon 2 that a judge must avoid . . . the appearance of impropriety." 

Id. at 191. "[Hickory Neighbors' motion to disqualify] does not cite any authority other 

than the judicial canons . . . for its argument that the appearance of impropriety is itself a 

sufficient basis on which to base disqualification of an administrative office acting in a 

quasi-judicial capacity." Id. (emphasis omitted). The CWC did not err in denying the 

motion. 
25

Hickory Neighbors seemingly concedes that the legal basis raised in its motion to 

disqualify Commissioner Coday is without merit, as in this judicial review proceeding, 

Hickory Neighbors raises a new legal argument in support of disqualifying Commissioner 

Coday. Hickory Neighbors' point on appeal relies on principles of due process, and in the 

argument portion of its Brief, Hickory Neighbors cites to cases for the proposition that "due 

process principles . . . require . . . a[n] [administrative] tribunal [to] be free of actual bias 

or the probability of actual bias." Id. (emphasis in original). Indeed, it is a settled principal 

that unlike the canons of judicial conduct, "[t]he procedural due process requirement of fair 

trials by fair tribunals applies to an administrative agency acting in an adjudicative 

capacity." State ex rel. AG Processing, Inc. v. Thompson, 100 S.W.3d 915, 919 (Mo. App. 

W.D. 2003). The due process basis for disqualifying a commissioner from participating in 

a proceeding before an administrative agency thus requires proof of actual bias or the 

probability of actual bias, as distinguished from the mere appearance of an impropriety 

sufficient to require judicial recusal. 

Hickory Neighbors did not allege actual bias or the probability of actual bias in its 

motion to disqualify, and did not argue that Commissioner Coday was required to recuse 

based on due process principles. As we have previously explained, in our exercise of 

original jurisdiction to judicially review the CWC's decision pursuant to section 536.140, 

we are limited to a review of the record before the CWC, and are afforded no authority to 

hear Hickory Neighbors' new claim or new evidence. See section 536.140.1; City of Valley 

Park, 273 S.W.3d at 507; Johnston, 462 S.W.3d at 866. 
26

Even if Hickory Neighbors could overcome its failure to raise its due process 

argument with the CWC, we would conclude that Hickory Neighbors' challenge to 

Commissioner Coday on due process grounds is without merit. "A presumption exists that 

administrative decision-makers act honestly and impartially, and a party challenging the 

partiality of the decision-maker has the burden to overcome that presumption." State ex 

rel. AG Processing, Inc., 100 S.W.3d at 920. Here, Hickory Neighbors motion to 

disqualify "offered no evidence to show any form of actual bias or personal stake in the 

[CWC's decision regarding the Trenton Farms' permit] on the part of [Commissioner 

Coday]. [It] made no showing of commitment made by the commissioner[]" based on his 

affiliation with Wright County Farm Bureau, or "that the commissioner[] [was] 

inappropriately exposed to facts that were not later made of record." State ex rel. Praxair, 

Inc., 344 S.W.3d at 193. Hickory Neighbors presented neither argument nor evidence 

sufficient to overcome the presumption that Commissioner Coday acted impartially.

Point Five is denied. 

Conclusion

The CWC's decision to accept the AHC's recommended decision sustaining DNR's 

issuance of a CAFO permit to Trenton Farms is affirmed.17

__________________________________

Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

All concur

 

17Trenton Farms' pending motions to strike portions of Hickory Neighbors' Brief and appendix, which were 

taken with the case, are denied as moot.