# Patent

## Title
Decision feedback equalizers and operating methods thereof

## Abstract

A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) includes a sampler for receiving a first input signal and comparing an amplitude of the first input signal with a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level. The DFE includes a DFE logic circuit for receiving at least one first sign signal based on comparison results, and for selectively updating a tap coefficient based on the at least one first sign signal. The DFE logic circuit is configured to update the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the first input signal is not between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level. The DFE logic circuit is configured to maintain the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the first input signal is between the first and the second predetermined voltage levels.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/836,999, filed Jul. 15, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,675,724, issued Mar. 18, 2014, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/253,311, filed Oct. 20, 2009, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of semiconductor circuits, and more particularly, to decision feedback equalizers and operating methods thereof.
BACKGROUND
As semiconductor process technology progresses, IC chips can operate at greater speed and offer greater processing power. This places a greater demand for data rate of I/O (input/output) signals, so that maximum system-level performance can be realized. I/O signals may be transmitted in interchip links such as central processing unit (CPU) memory applications, and long-range backplane or coax links that arise in systems such as scalable multiple-processor servers and high-speed routers/switches. The long-range applications are particularly challenging to realize robust high-speed I/O transmission due to the combined effects of increased transmission line loss, crosstalk, and signal distortion arising from reflections that occur as data rates move into the microwave frequency range of operation and beyond.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale and are used for illustration purposes only. In fact, the numbers and dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary method for updating a tap coefficient of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE).
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing illustrating an integrated circuit including an exemplary DFE.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary sampler for comparing the amplitude of the input signal with the predetermined voltage levels.
FIG. 4A illustrates a table showing relationships between the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) and the comparison results Outp+ and Outp−.
FIG. 4B is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary input signal having an amplitude between a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level.
FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary integrated circuit including another exemplary DFE.
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing illustrating another exemplary sampler for comparing the amplitude of the input signal with the predetermined voltage levels.
FIG. 7A illustrates another table showing relationships between the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) and the comparison results Outp+, Outp−, Outn+, and Outn−.
FIG. 7B is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary input signal having an amplitude between a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level.
FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing illustrating a system including an exemplary integrated circuit disposed over a substrate board.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
To enable reliable signal transmissions, the I/O core architecture can employ some form of line equalization. A common approach to equalization for data rate up to 3-4 Gb/s is a feed-forward equalizer (FFE) at the transmitter, which predistorts the signal such that it is recovered at the receiver with a desired shape suitable for reliable data detection. Another form of equalizer is a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) that operates by subtracting the intersymbol interference (ISI) arising from previously detected data symbols from the symbol currently being received.
During a normal operation, the conventional DFE uses reference voltages Vref and −Vref to determine if an amplitude of an input signal is larger and/or smaller than the reference voltages Vref and −Vref. If the amplitude of the input signal is larger or smaller than both of the reference voltages Vref and −Vref, the conventional DFE updates a tap coefficient that is fed back to reduce an amplitude of an incoming signal. If the amplitude of the input signal is smaller than the reference voltages Vref and larger than the reference voltage −Vref, the conventional DFE updates a tap coefficient that is fed back to increase an amplitude of an incoming signal.
It is found that before the normal operation, a training sequence is applied to the conventional DFE to compensate a channel loss. Without the training sequence, applications, e.g., peripheral component interconnect express (PCI-E), of the conventional DFE may be locked in a wrong direction. The tap coefficients generated by the conventional DFE can be updated in a wrong way that may adversely affect the normal operation of the conventional DFE.
To avoid the training sequence, another conventional DFE uses an eye detector to monitor amplitude changes of input signals. However, the structure of the conventional DFE with the eye detector is too complicated and the size of the conventional DFE increases by 50% or more. The conventional DFE with the eye detector also needs additional timing control to adjust a sampling position.
Based on the foregoing, DFEs and methods for updating the tap coefficients of the DFEs are desired.
It is understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Moreover, the formation of a feature on, connected to, and/or coupled to another feature in the present disclosure that follows may include embodiments in which the features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the features, such that the features may not be in direct contact. In addition, spatially relative terms, for example, “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “above,” “below,” “up,” “down,” “top,” “bottom,” etc. as well as derivatives thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) are used for ease of the present disclosure of one features relationship to another feature. The spatially relative terms are intended to cover different orientations of the device including the features.
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary method for updating a tap coefficient of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). In FIG. 1, a method 100 for updating a tap coefficient of a DFE can include sampling a first input signal received by a sampler of the DFE (step 110). The method 100 can include determining if an amplitude of the first input signal falls within a range defined between a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level (step 120). If the amplitude of the first input signal falls outside the range, the tap coefficient is updated to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to adjust an amplitude of a second input signal received from the input end of the DFE (step 130). If the amplitude of the first input signal falls within the range, the tap coefficient is free from being updated (step 140).
In some embodiments, the first predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref+V. The second predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref−V. The predetermined voltage V can have a value between about 0.2 Vref and about 0.4 Vref. In some embodiments, by using the range between the predetermined voltage levels Vref+V and Vref−V, the method 100 can achieve a desired deviation of frequency response of about 3.1 dB.
In some other embodiments, the first predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage −Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., −Vref+V. The second predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage −Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., −Vref−V. The predetermined voltage V can have a value between about 0.2 Vref and about 0.4 Vref.
In some embodiments, the method 100 can include determining if the updated tap coefficient is larger than a predetermined value, e.g., 0. If the updated tap coefficient is no more than the predetermined value, the updated tap coefficient can be fed back to adjust the amplitude of the second input signal. If the updated coefficient is more than the predetermined value, the updated tap coefficient can be clamped at the predetermined value. Since the method 100 can include clamping the updated tap coefficient, applications of the DFE that is locked in the wrong direction can be desirably avoided. By clamping the updated tap coefficient, the method 100 can be free from including a training sequence for the DFE.
In some other embodiments, an exemplary method for updating a tap coefficient of a DFE can include sampling a first input signal received by a sampler of the DFE. The method can include compare an amplitude of the first input signal with a first range defined between a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level and with a second range defined between a third predetermined voltage level and a fourth predetermined voltage level. If the amplitude of the first input signal falls outside the first range and the second range, a tap coefficient is updated to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to adjust an amplitude of a second input signal received at an input end of the DFE. If the amplitude of the first input signal falls within the first range or the second range, the tap coefficient is free from being updated.
In at least one embodiment, the first predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref+V. The second predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref−V. The third predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage −Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., −Vref+V. The fourth predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage −Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., −Vref−V. The predetermined voltage V can have a value between about 0.2 Vref and about 0.4 Vref.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing illustrating an integrated circuit including an exemplary DFE. In FIG. 2, an integrated circuit 200, including a receiver or a transceiver, can include a DFE 201, an amplifier 203, samplers 211 and 213, a clock data recovery (CDR) logic circuit 217, and a phase interpolator 215. It is noted that the configuration of the integrated circuit 200 is merely exemplary. The scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
The amplifier 203 can be, for example, a radio frequency (RF) amplifier, an analog-to-digital amplifier, a digital-to-analog amplifier, or other amplifier. The amplifier 203 can amplify signals transmitted through channels, outputting amplified signals to the DFE 201.
The samplers 211 and 213 can be coupled with the DFE 201. Each of the samplers 211 and 213 can receive an input signal I1. The sampler 211 can sample the amplitude of the input signal I1, outputting at least one data signal Data_0 to the DFE 201. The sampler 213 can sample a signal edge of the input signal I1, outputting at least one signal to the CDR logic circuit 217.
The CDR logic circuit 217 can process the signal outputted from the sampler 213, outputting a signal to the phase interpolator 215. The phase interpolator 215 can receive and process the signal from the CDR logic circuit 217 and a clock signal Φ1 from a phase lock loop (PLL), outputting a clock signal Φ2 for controlling the sampler 213.
Referring to FIG. 2, the DFE 201 can include at least one sampler, e.g., a sampler 210. The sampler 210 can receive the input signal I1. The sampler 210 can also receive predetermined voltage levels, e.g., a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level, which define a range. In some embodiments, the first predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref+V. The second predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref−V. The predetermined voltage V can have a value between about 0.2 Vref and about 0.4 Vref. The sampler 210 can sampling the input signal I1 for comparing the amplitude of the input signal I1 with the predetermined voltage levels, outputting at least one comparison result.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary sampler for comparing the amplitude of the input signal with the predetermined voltage levels. In FIG. 3, the sampler 210 can include at least one sampling circuit, e.g., sampling circuits 210a and 210b. Each of the sampling circuits 210a and 210b can receive the input signal I1. The sampling circuits 210a and 210b can receive the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level, respectively.
The sampling circuit 210a can compare the amplitude of the input signal I1 and the first predetermined voltage level, outputting a comparison result Outp+. The sampling circuit 210b can compare the amplitude of the input signal I1 and the second predetermined voltage level, outputting a comparison result Outp−. The comparison results Outp+ and Outp− can be outputted to a sign circuit 220 (shown in FIG. 2).
In FIG. 2, the sign circuit 220 can receive the comparison results Outp+ and Outp−, outputting at least one sign signal Sign_0, e.g., Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), corresponding to the comparison results Outp+ and Outp−. FIG. 4A illustrates a table showing relationships between the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) and the comparison results Outp+ and Outp−. In some embodiments, if the amplitude of the input signal I1 is larger than both of the first and second predetermined voltage levels, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a low voltage state “0” and a high voltage state “1”, respectively. A DFE logic circuit 250 can, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), update a tap coefficient to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to reduce an amplitude of an input signal I2 received from the input end of the DFE 201.
If the amplitude of the input signal I1 is smaller than the first predetermined voltage level and larger than the second predetermined voltage level, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a low voltage state “0” and a low voltage state “0”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 is, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), free from updating the tap coefficient.
If the amplitude of the input signal I1 is smaller than both of the first and second predetermined voltage levels, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a high voltage state “1” and a high voltage state “1”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 can, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), update a tap coefficient to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to increase the amplitude of an input signal I2 received from the input end of the DFE 201.
For example, FIG. 4B illustrates the input signal I1 has an amplitude “A”. The amplitude “A” falls within the range between the first and second predetermined voltage levels. Based on the table shown in FIG. 4A, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having a low voltage state “0” and a low voltage state “0”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 is free from updating the tap coefficient.
Referring again to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the DFE 201 can include a DFE latch 230. The DFE latch 230 can receive the sign signals Sign_0 from the sign circuit 220 and the data signals Data_0 from the sampler 211. The DFE latch 230 can latch the sign signals Sign_0 and the data signals Data_0, outputting sign signals Sign_1 and data signals Data_1, respectively, to a demultiplexer (DEMUX) 240. The DFE latch 230 can also output data signals to a multiplier 207.
The DEMUX 240 can receive and demultiplex the sign signals Sign_1 and the data signals Data_1, outputting sign signals Sign_2, e.g., Sign_2(b0) and Sign_2(b1), and the data signals Data_2, respectively. The sign signals Sign_2(b0) and Sign_2(b1) correspond to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), respectively. In some embodiments, the sign signals Sign_2(b0) and Sign_2(b1) can have voltage states as the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), respectively.
In embodiments, the DEMUX 240 can output the sign signals Sign_2(b0) and Sign_2(b1) to the DFE logic circuit 250 and a logic gate 260, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 can receive and process the sign signal Sign_2(b0), generating a measured tap coefficient W(n+1) based on a tap coefficient W(n). In some embodiments, the measurement of the tap coefficient can be based on formula (1) shown below.

W(n+1)=W(n)+μ*sign(data)*sign(e(n))  (1)

wherein, “μ” can represent a gradient of convergence, “data” can represent a DFE output, “n” can represent a discrete time step, and “e” can represent a sign error of the data.
The logic gate 260 can receive and process the sign signal Sign_2(b1) and a clock signal Φ3, outputting a control signal to control the DFE logic circuit 250. For example, the sign signal Sign_2(b1) can have a high voltage state “1”. The logic gate 260 can control the DFE logic circuit 250 to output the measured tap coefficient as an updated tap coefficient W(n+1) that is fed back to adjust the amplitude of the input signal I2 received at the input end of the DFE 201. If the sign signal Sign_2(b1) has a low voltage state “0”. The logic gate 260 can control the DFE logic circuit 250 not to output the measured tap coefficient W(n+1). Since the measured tap coefficient W(n+1) is free from being outputted, the tap coefficient W(n) of the DFE 201 is free from being updated.
Referring again to FIG. 2, in some embodiments the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) can be fed back to the multiplier 207. The multiplier 207 can multiply the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) and the data signals from the DFE latch 230. The output from the multiplier 207 can be forwarded to an adder 205 for adjusting the amplitude of the input signal I2 received at the input end of the DFE 201.
FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary integrated circuit including another exemplary DFE. Items of FIG. 5 that are the same items in FIG. 2 are indicated by the same reference numerals, increased by 300. In FIG. 5, a DFE 501 can include a clamper 570. In some embodiments, the clamper 570 can be disposed in a DFE logic circuit 550. The clamper 570 can receive the measured tap coefficient W(n+1) as the updated tap coefficient. The clamper 570 can be configured to determine if the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) is more than a predetermined value, e.g., 0. If the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) is no more than the predetermined value, the clamper 570 can pass the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) that can be fed back to adjust the amplitude of the input signal I2. If the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) is more than the predetermined value, the clamper 570 can clamp the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) at the predetermined value.
For example, if the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) is −0.2, the “−0.2” updated tap coefficient W(n+1) can be fed back to adjust the amplitude of the input signal I2. If the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) is 0.2, the clamper 570 can clamp “0.2” updated tap coefficient W(n+1) at “0” and output “0” as the updated tap coefficient W(n+1) to the multiplier 507. It is noted that the predetermined value “0” described above is merely exemplary. The predetermined value can be modified to achieve a desired deviation of frequency response.
Following is a description regarding a method using another exemplary sampler for determining the updated tap coefficient. FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing illustrating another exemplary sampler for comparing the amplitude of the input signal with the predetermined voltage levels. In FIG. 6, a sampler 610 can be similar to the sampler 210 described above in conjunction with FIG. 2. The sampler 610 can include at least one sampling circuit, e.g., sampling circuits 610a-610d. Each of the sampling circuits 610a-610d can receive the input signal I1. The sampling circuits 610a-610d can receive the first, second, third, and fourth predetermined voltage levels, respectively.
In at least one embodiment, the first predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref+V. The second predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., Vref−V. The third predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage −Vref plus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., −Vref+V. The fourth predetermined voltage level can be equal to a reference voltage −Vref minus a predetermined voltage V, e.g., −Vref−V. The predetermined voltage V can have a value between about 0.2 Vref and about 0.4 Vref.
The sampling circuit 610a can compare the amplitude of the input signal I1 and the first predetermined voltage level, outputting a comparison result Outp+. The sampling circuit 610b can compare the amplitude of the input signal I1 and the second predetermined voltage level, outputting a comparison result Outp−. The sampling circuit 610c can compare the amplitude of the input signal I1 and the third predetermined voltage level, outputting a comparison result Outn+. The sampling circuit 610d can compare the amplitude of the input signal I1 and the fourth predetermined voltage level, outputting a comparison result Outn−. The comparison results Outp+, Outp−, Outn+, and Outn− are outputted to the sign circuit 220 (shown in FIG. 2).
The sign circuit 220 can receive the comparison results Outp+, Outp−, Outn+, and Outn−, outputting at least one sign signal Sign_0, e.g., Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), corresponding to the comparison results Outp+ and Outp−. FIG. 7A illustrates a table showing relationships between the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) and the comparison results Outp+, Outp−, Outn+, and Outn−. In some embodiments, if the amplitude of the input signal I1 is larger than the first predetermined voltage levels, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a low voltage state “0” and a high voltage state “1”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 (shown in FIG. 2) can, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), update a tap coefficient to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to reduce an amplitude of an input signal I2 received at the input end of the DFE 201.
If the amplitude of the input signal I1 is smaller than the first predetermined voltage level and larger than the second predetermined voltage level, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a low voltage state “0” and a low voltage state “0”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 is, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), free from updating the tap coefficient.
If the amplitude of the input signal I1 is larger than the third predetermined voltage level and smaller than the second predetermined voltage level, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a high voltage state “1” and a high voltage state “1”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 can, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), update a tap coefficient to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to increase the amplitude of an input signal I2 received at the input end of the DFE 201.
If the amplitude of the input signal I1 is larger than the fourth predetermined voltage level and smaller than the third predetermined voltage level, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a low voltage state “0” and a low voltage state “0”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 is, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), free from updating the tap coefficient.
If the amplitude of the input signal I1 is smaller than the fourth predetermined voltage level, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having, for example, a low voltage state “0” and a high voltage state “1”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 (shown in FIG. 2) can, corresponding to the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1), update a tap coefficient to generate an updated tap coefficient that is fed back to reduce an amplitude of an input signal I2 received at the input end of the DFE 201.
For example, FIG. 7B illustrates the input signal I1 has an amplitude “A”. The amplitude “A” is larger than the second predetermined voltage level and smaller than the first predetermined voltage levels. Based on the table shown in FIG. 7A, the sign circuit 220 can output the sign signals Sign_0(b0) and Sign_0(b1) having a low voltage state “0” and a low voltage state “0”, respectively. The DFE logic circuit 250 is free from updating the tap coefficient.
FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing illustrating a system including an exemplary integrated circuit disposed over a substrate board. In FIG. 8, a system 800 can include an integrated circuit 802 disposed over a substrate board 801. The substrate board 801 can include a printed circuit board (PCB), a printed wiring board and/or other carrier that is capable of carrying an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit 802 can be similar to the integrated circuit 200 or 500 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 5, respectively. The integrated circuit 802 can be electrically coupled with the substrate board 801. In some embodiments, the integrated circuit 802 can be electrically coupled with the substrate board 801 through bumps 805. In some other embodiments, the integrated circuit 802 can be electrically coupled with the substrate board 801 through wire bonding. The system 800 can be part of an electronic system such as computers, wireless communication devices, computer-related peripherals, entertainment devices, or the like.
In some embodiments, the system 800 including the integrated circuit 802 can provides an entire system in one IC, so-called system on a chip (SOC) or system on integrated circuit (SOIC) devices. These SOC devices may provide, for example, all of the circuitry needed to implement a cell phone, personal data assistant (PDA), digital VCR, digital camcorder, digital camera, MP3 player, or the like in a single integrated circuit.
One aspect of this application relates to a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). The DFE includes a sampler configured to receive a first input signal and to compare an amplitude of the first input signal with a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level. The DFE further includes a DFE logic circuit configured to receive at least one first sign signal based on comparison results from the sampler, and to selectively update a tap coefficient based on the at least one first sign signal. The DFE logic circuit is configured to update the tap coefficient that is fed back to the sampler when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the first input signal is not between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level. The DFE logic circuit is configured to maintain the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the first input signal is between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level.
Another aspect of this description relates to a signal receiving circuit. The signal receiving circuit includes an amplifier configured to receive an input signal, and to output an amplified input signal. The signal receiving circuit further includes a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) configured to receive the amplified input signal. The DFE includes a sampler configured to receive the amplified input signal and to compare an amplitude of the amplified input signal with a first voltage and a second voltage. The DFE further includes a DFE logic circuit configured to receive at least one first sign signal based on comparison results from the sampler, and to selectively update a tap coefficient based on the at least one first sign signal. The DFE logic circuit is configured to update the tap coefficient that is fed back to the sampler when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the amplified input signal is not between the first voltage and the second voltage. The DFE logic circuit is configured to maintain the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the amplified input signal is between the first voltage and the second voltage.
Still another aspect of this description relates to a method for updating a tap coefficient of a decision feedback equalizer. The method includes determining a difference, using a sampler, between an amplitude of a first input signal and a first predetermined voltage level and a difference between the amplitude of the first input signal and a second predetermined voltage level. The method further includes updating a tap coefficient that is fed back to the sampler for adjusting an amplitude of a second input signal received at an input end of the decision feedback equalizer when the amplitude of the first input signal not between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level. The method further includes maintaining the tap coefficient that is fed back to the sampler when the amplitude of the first input signal is between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level.
The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

## Claims

1. A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) comprising:
a sampler configured to receive an input signal and to compare an amplitude of the input signal with a first predetermined voltage level and a second predetermined voltage level;
a DFE logic circuit configured to receive at least one first sign signal based on comparison results from the sampler, and to selectively update a tap coefficient based on the at least one first sign signal;
a latch configured to latch an input sign signal with an input data signal and to output at least one latched data signal and a latched sign signal, the input sign signal being based on the comparison from the sampler; and
a demultiplexer configured to demultiplex the at least one latched data signal and the latched sign signal, and to output the at least one first sign signal to the DFE logic circuit, wherein
the DFE logic circuit is configured to update the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the input signal is not between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level, and
the DFE logic circuit is configured to maintain the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the input signal is between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level.

2. The DFE of claim 1, further comprising a multiplier, wherein a first latched data signal of the at least one latched data signal is configured to be fed back to the multiplier.

3. The DFE of claim 1, further comprising a multiplier configured to combine the tap coefficient from the DFE logic circuit with a first latched data signal and output a combined signal.

4. The DFE of claim 1, further comprising a logic gate configured to receive a second sign signal from the demultiplexer and a clock signal, wherein the logic gate is further configured to output a control signal for controlling the DFE logic circuit.

5. The DFE of claim 1, further comprising an adder configured to receive an amplified signal and a feedback signal based on the tap coefficient, and to output the input signal.

6. The DFE of claim 1, further comprising:
a signal edge sampler configured to sample an edge of the input signal and to output a first signal.

7. The DFE of claim 6, further comprising:
a clock data recovery (CDR) logic circuit configured to receive the first signal and to output a second signal.

8. The DFE of claim 7, further comprising:
a phase interpolator configured to receive the second signal and a clock signal, and to output an interpolated clock signal for controlling the signal edge sampler.

9. The DFE of claim 1, further comprising:
a second sampler configured to sample the amplitude of the input signal and to output the input data signal to the latch.

10. The DFE of claim 4, wherein the logic gate comprises an AND logic gate circuit having a first input terminal configured to receive the second sign signal, a second input terminal configured to receive the clock signal, and an output terminal configured to output the control signal.

11. A signal receiving circuit comprising:
an amplifier configured to receive an input signal, and to output an amplified input signal; and
a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) configured to receive the amplified input signal, the DFE comprising:
a sampler configured to receive the amplified input signal and to compare an amplitude of the amplified input signal with a first voltage and a second voltage;
a DFE logic circuit configured to receive at least one first sign signal based on comparison results from the sampler, and to selectively update a tap coefficient based on the at least one first sign signal;
a latch configured to latch an input sign signal with an input data signal, and to output at least one latched data signal and a latched sign signal, the input sign signal being based on the comparison from the sampler; and
a multiplier coupled to the latch, wherein
a first latched data signal of the at least one latched data signal is configured to be fed back to the multiplier,
the DFE logic circuit is configured to update the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the amplified input signal is not between the first voltage and the second voltage, and
the DFE logic circuit is configured to maintain the tap coefficient when the at least one first sign signal indicates the amplitude of the amplified input signal is between the first voltage and the second voltage.

12. The signal receiving circuit of claim 11, further comprising an adder, wherein the multiplier is configured to combine the tap coefficient from the DFE logic circuit with the first latched data signal of the at least one latched data signal, and to output a combined signal to the adder.

13. The signal receiving circuit of claim 11, wherein the DFE further comprises a demultiplexer configured to demultiplex the at least one latched data signal and the latched sign signal, and to output the at least one first sign signal to the DFE logic circuit.

14. The signal receiving circuit of claim 13, wherein the DFE further comprises a logic gate configured to receive a second sign signal from the demultiplexer and a clock signal, wherein the logic gate is further configured to output a control signal for controlling the DFE logic circuit.

15. The signal receiving circuit of claim 11, further comprising a second sampler configured to sample the amplitude of the amplified input signal and to output the input data signal to the latch.

16. The signal receiving circuit of claim 11, further comprising:
a signal edge sampler configured to sample an edge of the amplified input signal and to output a first signal;
a clock data recovery (CDR) logic circuit configured to receive the first signal, to process the first signal and to output a second signal; and
a phase interpolator configured to receive the second signal and a clock signal and to output an interpolated clock signal for controlling the signal edge sampler.

17. A method for updating a tap coefficient of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE), the method comprising:
determining a difference, using a sampler, between an amplitude of an input signal and a first predetermined voltage level and a difference between the amplitude of the input signal and a second predetermined voltage level;
latching, by a latch, an input sign signal with an input data signal, the input sign signal being based on the determined differences;
outputting at least one latched data signal and a latched sign signal;
feeding a first latched data signal of the at least one latched data signal back to a multiplier;
updating a tap coefficient, by a DFE logic circuit, when the amplitude of the input signal is not between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level; and
maintaining the tap coefficient when the amplitude of the input signal is between the first predetermined voltage level and the second predetermined voltage level.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising combining the first latched data signal of the at least one latched data signal and the tap coefficient, using the multiplier.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein determining the differences comprises determining the difference wherein the first predetermined voltage level is equal to a reference voltage combined with a first offset voltage and the second predetermined voltage level is equal to the reference voltage combined with a second offset voltage, wherein a sign of the first offset voltage is opposite to a sign of the second offset voltage.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the method is free from including a training sequence for the DFE.