Common and scientific names of fishes 

The colloquial names of many fish species have been standardized in Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the 

United States and Canada (5th edition, 1990), published by the American Fisheries Society. Throughout this book, 

species listed in those publications are cited only by common name except when a fuller identification is important. The 

respective scientific names of these species follow. 

Black bass 

Black bullhead 

Bluegill 

Brook stickleback 

Bullhead 

Micropterus spp. 

Ameiurus melas 

Lepomis macrochirus 

Culaea inconsfans 

Ameiurus spp. 

Channel catfish 

Chinook salmon 

Common carp 

lctalurus punctatus 

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 

Cyprinus carpi0 

Fathead minnow 

Finescale dace 

Pimephales promelas 

Phoxinus neogaeus 

Gizzard shad 

Golden shiner 

Goldfish 

Grass carp 

Dorosoma cepedianum 

Notemigonus crysoleucas 

Carassius auratus 

Ctenopharyngodon idella 

Hybrid striped bass 

(white bass x striped bass) 

(striped bass x white bass) 

Morone Chrysops x M. saxatilis 

Morone saxatilis x M. Chrysops 

Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides 

M us ke I I u n ge Esox masquinongy 

Northern pike Esox lucius 

Paddlefish 

Pearl dace 

Pickerel 

Polyodon spathula 

Margariscus margarita 

Esox spp. 

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 

Sauger 

Saugeye (walleye x sauger) 

Striped bass 

Suckers 

Sunfish 

Stizostedion canadense 

Stizostedion vitreum x S. canadense 

Morone saxatilis 

Catostomidae 

Lepomis spp. 

Tiger muskellunge 

(muskellunge x northern pike) Esox masquinongy x E. lucius 

Tilapia Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia 

Walleye 

White bass 

S tizos tedion vitre um 

Morone Chrysops 

Yellow perch Perca flavescens 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 - Walleye Culture Manual 395 
396 NCRAC Culture Series 101- Walleye Culture Manual 
English - Metric (Conversions and 

Mathematical Formulas) 

Where approximate or nominal English units are used to express a value or range of values, the converted metric units in 

parentheses are also approximate or nominal. Where precise English units are used, the converted metric units are 

expressed as equally significant values. The publication by Moore and Mitchell (1987) is a valuable booklet on conversions useful in aquaculture. Moore, B.R, and A.J. Mitchell. 1987. Conversions useful in fish culture and fishery research 

and management. Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 10. The publication is available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Matomic Building, Room 148, Washington, DC 20240. 

Table 1. Quantities and units of space. 

Multiply BY To obtain 

Length 

Inches (in) 

Inches (in) 

Feet (ft) 

Feet (ft) 

Yards (yd) 

Miles (statute) (mi) 

Miles (mi) 

Area 

Square inches (in2) 

Square feet (ft2) 

Square feet (ft2) 

Square yards (yd2) 

Acres (A) 

Acres (A) 

Acres (A) 

Square miles (mi2) 

Volume 

Cubic inches (in3) 

Cubic feet (ft3) 

Cubic yards (yd3) 

Capacity 

Fluid ounces (U.S.) (fl 02) 

Fluid ounces (US.) (fl 02) 

Liquid pints (US.) (pt) 

Quarts (US.) (qt) 

Quarts (U.S.) (qt) 

Gallons (US.) (gal) 

Gallons (U.S.) (gal) 

Gallons (US.) (gal) 

Gallons (U.K.) (gal) 

Cubic feet (ft3) 

Cubic yards (yd3) 

Acre-feet (A- ft) 

Acre-feet (A- ft) 

25.4 (exactly) 

2.54 (exactly) 

30.48 (exactly) 

0.3048 (exactly) 

0.9144 (exactly) 

1.61 

1,609.3 

6.451 6 (exactly) 

0.0929 

0.836 

0.4047 

0.004047 

2.590 

929.03 

4,046.9 

16.3872 

0.0283 

0.76456 

29.573 

29.573 

0.473 

0.946 

3.7854 

0.00379 

4.545 

28.317 

764.559 

946.34 

3,785.4 

1,233.49 

1,233,500.0 

Millimeters (mm) 

Centimeters (cm) 

Centimeters (cm) 

Meters (m) 

Meters (m) 

Meters (m) 

Kilometers (km) 

Square centimeters (cm2) 

Square centimeters (cm2) 

Square meters (m2) 

Square meters (m2) 

Hectares (ha) 

Square meters (m2) 

Square kilometers (km2) 

Square kilometers (km2) 

Cubic centimeters (cm3) 

Cubic meters (m3) 

Cubic meters (m3) 

Cubic centimeters (cm3) 

Milliliters (mL) 

Liters (L) 

Cubic centimeters (cm3) 

Liters (L) 

Cubic centimeters (cm3) 

Liters (L) 

Cubic meters (m3) 

Liters (L) 

Liters (L) 

Liters (L) 

Cubic meters (m3) 

Liters (L) 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 - Walleye Culture Manual 397 
Table 2. Quantities and units of mechanics. 

M ult i ply BY To obtain 

Mass 

Grains (1/7,000 Ib) 

Troy ounces (480 grains) (02 tr) 

Ounces (avdp) (02) 

Pounds (avdp) (Ib) 

Short tons (2,000 Ib) 

Short tons (2,000 Ib) 

Long tons (2,240 Ib) 

64.8 

31 .lo3 

28.3495 

0.454 

907.184 

0.907 

1,016.05 

Milligrams (mg) 

Grams (9) 

Grams (9) 

Kilograms (kg) 

Kilograms (kg) 

Metric tons (t) 

Kilograms (kg) 

Force/Area 

Pounds per square inch (Ib/in2) 

Pounds per square foot (Ib/ft2) 

0.070307 

4.88243 

Kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2) 

Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2) 

MassNolume (Density) 

Pounds per cubic foot 

Pounds per cubic foot 

16.01 85 

0.01 601 85 

Kilograms per cubic meter 

Grams per cubic centimeter 

MasslCapacity 

Ounces per gallon (US.) 

Pounds per gallon (U.S.) 

7.4626 

11 9.83 

Grams per liter 

Grams per liter 

Bending Moment or Torque 

Foot-pounds 

Foot-pounds 

Foot-pounds per inch 

Kilograms- Meter 

Centimeter-dynes 

Centimeter- ki log rams per centimeter 

0.1383 

5.4431 

1.356 x 107 

Velocity 

Feet per second (ftkec) 

Feet per second (ftkec) 

Miles per hour (m/h) 

Miles per hour (m/h) 

30.48 (exactly) 

0.3048 (exactly) 

1.609 

0.44704 (exactly) 

Centimeters per second (cm/sec) 

Meters per second (m/sec) 

Kilometers per hour (km/h) 

Meters per second (m/sec) 

Acceleration 

Feet per second 0.3048 Meters per second 

Flow 

Cubic feet per second (second-feet) (ft3/sec) 

Cubic feet per minute (ft3/min) 

Gallons (U.S.) per minute (g/m) 

Cubic meters per second (m3/sec) 

Liters per second (Usec) 

Liters per second (Usec) 

0.02837 

0.471 9 

0.06309 

Force 

Pounds (Ib) 

Pounds (Ib) 

0.454 

4.4482 x lo5 

Kilograms (kg) 

Dynes 

Work and Energy 

British thermal units (Btu) 

British thermal units (Btu) 

Kilogram calories 

Joules 

0.252 

1,054 

Power 

Horsepower 

Btu per hour 

Foot-pounds per second 

745.700 

0.293071 

1.35582 

Watts 

Watts 

Watts 

Other 

Kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) 

Pounds per acre (Ib/A) 

Kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) 

Pounds per acre (Ib/A) 

Kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) 

Pounds per cubic foot (Ib/ft3) 

0.892 

1.121 

0.06243 

398 NCRAC Culture Series 101- Walleye Culture Manual 
Table 3. Quantities and some equivalent values. 

Quantity Equivalent Values 

Mass Ib = 0.4536 kg = 5~10.~ ton = 453.6 g = 16 oz 

kg = 2.20462 Ib = 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton = 35.2739 oz 

ton = 1 short ton = 2,000 Ib 

oz = 437.5 grains = 166 drams = 28.35 g 

long ton = 2,240 Ib 

Length ft = 12 in = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm = 0.06061 rod 

m = 100 cm = I ,000 mm = 106 microns (p) = 1010 angstroms (A) 

m = 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile 

mile = 5,280 ft = 320 rods = 1,609 m = 1.609 km 

mil = 0.001 in 

Area in2 = 6.4516 cm2 

ft2 = 929.0 cm2 = 0.09290 m2 = 1/9 yd2 

m2 = 100,OO cm2 = 0.0002471 acre 

acre =43,560 ft2 = 160 rod2 = 4,047 m2 = 0.001 56 mile2 

section = 1 mile2 = 640 acres 

ft3 = 7.4805 gallons = 1,728 in3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 liters = 28,317 cm3 

m3 = 1,000 liters = 1 O6 cm3 =1 O6 ml = 1.308 yd3 

m3 = 35.31ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gallons = 1056.7 quarts 

gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 32 gills = 3.785 liter = 3,785 cm3 = 0.003785 m3 

liter = 0.001 m3 = 1,000 cm3 = 1,000 ml = 0.2642 gallon = 1.0568 quarts 

Volume 

Force 

Pressure 

pound force (Ibf) = 32.174 Ib.ft/s2 = 4.4482 Newton = 4.4482~10~ dynes 

Newton (N) = 1 kg.m/s2 = 1 O5 dynes = 1 O5 g,cm/s2 

1 

1 

atm = 14.696 Ibf/in2 (psi) = 33.9 ft H20 @ 4°C = 1,033 cm H20 @ 4°C 

atm = 760 mm Hg @ 0°C (torr) = 29.921 in Hg @ 0°C 

atm = 10.33 m H20 @ 4°C = 406.8 in H20 @ 4°C = 33.90 ft H20 @ 4°C 

atm = 1 .O1325x1O5 N/m2 (Pascal = Pa) = 1.01325 bars 

atm = 1.01 325x1 O6 dynes/cm2 

Ibf/in2 (psi) = 2.307 ft H20 @ 4°C = 2.036 in Hg @ 0°C 

Ib/ft3 = 0.1 337 Ib/gallon = 0.01 35 ton/yd3 = 16.02 kg/m3 = 16.02 g/liter 

kg/m3 = 1 g/liter = 0.001 g/cm3 = 0.0005781 oz/in3 

Density 1 

1 

Energy 1 

1 

ft-lbf = 1.356 Joule (J) = 0.001 286 BTU = 3.766~1 0-7 kW.hr = 0.3240 cal 

J = 1 N.m = 1 O7 ergs = 1 O7 dynecm = 2.778~1 0-7 kW.hr = 0.2390 cal 

Power 1 

1 

hp = 745.7 Watt (W) = 178.2 calk = 550.0 ftdbds = 0.7074 BTU/s 

W = 1 J/s = 0.2390 calk = 0.7376 ftdbf/s = 9.486~1 0-4 BTU/s 

Velocity 1 

1 

ft/s = 0.6818 miles/hr = 30.48 cm/s = 0.3048 m/s = 1.097 km/hr 

cm/s = 0.01 m/s = 0.01 m3/s/m2 = 14.7 gpm/ft2 

Acceleration 1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2 

ft3/s (cfs) = 0.02832 m3/s = 448.8 gallons/min (gpm) = 1,699 liter/min (Ipm) 

cfs = 0.646 million gallons per day (mgd) 

Flow 1 

1 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 - Walleye Culture Manual 399 
Table 4. Useful geometry formulas. 

Surface of a sphere 

Volume of a sphere 

Area of a circle 

Volume of a cyclinder 

Cicu mference 

4 pr2 

4 + 3pr3 

P r2 

p r2 x height 

known diameter pd or 2pr 

known area 2 ./PA 

A = area 

r = radius 

p = 3.1416 

Table 5. Temperature: Celsius to Fahrenheit (to nearest 0.1 OF). 

~ 

"C 

~ 

.o .1 

~ 

.2 

~ 

.3 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

32.0 

33.8 

35.6 

37.4 

39.2 

41 .O 

42.8 

44.6 

46.4 

48.2 

50.0 

51.8 

53.6 

55.4 

57.2 

59.0 

60.8 

62.6 

64.4 

66.2 

68.0 

69.8 

71.6 

73.4 

75.2 

77.0 

78.8 

80.6 

82.4 

84.2 

86.0 

87.8 

89.6 

91.4 

93.2 

95.0 

96.8 

98.6 

32.2 

34.0 

35.8 

37.6 

39.4 

41.2 

43.0 

44.8 

46.6 

48.4 

50.2 

52.0 

53.8 

55.6 

57.4 

59.2 

61 .O 

62.8 

64.6 

66.4 

68.2 

70.0 

71.8 

73.6 

75.4 

77.2 

79.0 

80.8 

82.6 

84.4 

86.2 

88.0 

89.8 

91.6 

93.4 

95.2 

97.0 

98.8 

32.4 

34.2 

36.0 

37.8 

39.6 

41.4 

43.2 

45.0 

46.8 

48.6 

50.4 

52.2 

54.0 

55.8 

57.6 

59.4 

61.2 

63.0 

64.8 

66.6 

68.4 

70.2 

72.0 

73.8 

75.6 

77.4 

79.2 

81 .O 

82.8 

84.6 

86.4 

88.2 

90.0 

91.8 

93.6 

95.4 

97.2 

99.0 

32.5 

34.3 

36.1 

37.9 

39.7 

41.5 

43.3 

45.1 

46.9 

48.7 

50.5 

52.3 

54.1 

55.9 

57.7 

59.5 

61.3 

63.1 

64.9 

66.7 

68.5 

70.3 

72.1 

73.9 

75.7 

77.5 

79.3 

81.1 

82.9 

84.7 

86.5 

88.3 

90.1 

91.9 

93.7 

95.5 

97.3 

99.1 

~ 

.4 

_____ 

32.7 

34.5 

36.3 

38.1 

39.9 

41.7 

43.5 

45.3 

47.1 

48.9 

50.7 

52.5 

54.3 

56.1 

57.9 

59.7 

61.5 

63.3 

65.1 

66.9 

68.7 

70.5 

72.3 

74.1 

75.9 

77.7 

79.5 

81.3 

83.1 

84.9 

86.7 

88.5 

90.3 

92.1 

93.9 

95.7 

97.5 

99.3 

~ 

.6 

~ 

.7 .8 .9 

32.9 

34.7 

36.5 

38.3 

40.1 

41.9 

43.7 

45.5 

47.3 

49.1 

50.9 

52.7 

54.5 

56.3 

58.1 

59.9 

61.7 

63.5 

65.3 

67.1 

68.9 

70.7 

72.5 

74.3 

76.1 

77.9 

79.7 

81.5 

83.3 

85.1 

86.9 

88.7 

90.5 

92.3 

94.1 

95.9 

97.7 

99.5 

33.1 

34.9 

36.7 

38.5 

40.3 

42.1 

43.9 

45.7 

47.5 

49.3 

51 .I 

52.9 

54.7 

56.5 

58.3 

60.1 

61.9 

63.7 

65.5 

67.3 

69.1 

70.9 

72.7 

74.5 

76.3 

78.1 

79.9 

81.7 

83.5 

85.3 

87.1 

88.9 

90.7 

92.5 

94.3 

96.1 

97.9 

99.7 

33.3 

35.1 

36.9 

38.7 

40.5 

42.3 

44.1 

45.9 

47.7 

49.5 

51.3 

53.1 

54.9 

56.7 

58.5 

60.3 

62.1 

63.9 

65.7 

67.5 

69.3 

71 .I 

72.9 

74.7 

76.5 

78.3 

80.1 

81.9 

83.7 

85.5 

87.3 

89.1 

90.9 

92.7 

94.5 

96.3 

98.1 

99.9 

33.4 

35.2 

37.0 

38.8 

40.6 

42.4 

44.2 

46.0 

47.8 

49.6 

51.4 

53.2 

55.0 

56.8 

58.6 

60.4 

62.2 

64.0 

65.8 

67.6 

69.4 

71.2 

73.0 

74.8 

76.6 

78.4 

80.2 

82.0 

83.8 

85.6 

87.4 

89.2 

91 .o 

92.8 

94.6 

96.4 

98.2 

100.0 

33.6 

35.4 

37.2 

39.0 

40.8 

42.6 

44.4 

46.2 

48.0 

49.8 

51.6 

53.4 

55.2 

57.0 

58.8 

60.6 

62.4 

64.2 

66.0 

67.8 

69.6 

71.4 

73.2 

75.0 

76.8 

78.6 

80.4 

82.2 

84.0 

85.8 

87.6 

89.4 

91.2 

93.0 

94.8 

96.6 

98.4 

100.2 

"C to OF = % (OF - 32) 

OF to "C = ?&(OC) +32 

400 NCRAC Culture Series 101- Walleye Culture Manual 
Table 6. Volume: liters to gallons (to nearest 0.001). 

Liters .O .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

0.000 

0.264 

0.528 

0.793 

1.057 

1.321 

1.585 

1.849 

2.1 13 

2.378 

2.642 

5.284 

7.925 

10.567 

13.209 

15.851 

18.492 

21.134 

23.776 

26.41 8 

0.026 

0.291 

0.555 

0.81 9 

1.083 

1.347 

1.61 1 

1.876 

2.140 

2.404 

2.668 

5.31 0 

7.952 

10.594 

13.235 

15.877 

18.51 9 

21.161 

23.802 

26.444 

0.053 

0.31 7 

0.581 

0.845 

1.110 

1.374 

1.638 

1.902 

2.166 

2.430 

2.695 

5.336 

7.978 

10.620 

13.262 

15.904 

18.545 

21.187 

23.829 

26.471 

0.079 

0.343 

0.608 

0.872 

1.136 

1.400 

1.664 

1.928 

2.193 

2.457 

2.721 

5.363 

8.005 

10.646 

13.288 

15.930 

18.572 

21.213 

23.855 

26.497 

0.106 

0.370 

0.634 

0.898 

1.162 

1.427 

1.691 

1.955 

2.21 9 

2.483 

2.747 

5.389 

8.031 

10.673 

13.31 5 

15.956 

18.598 

21.240 

23.882 

26.523 

0.132 

0.396 

0.660 

0.925 

1.189 

1.453 

1.71 7 

1.981 

2.246 

2.51 0 

2.774 

5.41 6 

8.057 

10.699 

13.341 

15.983 

18.625 

21.266 

23.908 

26.550 

0.159 

0.423 

0.687 

0.951 

1.215 

1.479 

1.744 

2.008 

2.272 

2.536 

2.800 

5.442 

8.084 

10.726 

13.367 

16.009 

18.651 

21.293 

23.935 

26.576 

0.185 

0.449 

0.71 3 

0.977 

1.242 

1.506 

1.770 

2.034 

2.298 

2.563 

2.827 

5.468 

8.1 10 

10.752 

13.394 

16.036 

18.677 

21.31 9 

23.961 

26.603 

0.21 1 

0.476 

0.740 

1.004 

1.268 

1.532 

1.796 

2.061 

2.325 

2.589 

2.853 

5.495 

8.137 

10.778 

13.420 

16.062 

18.704 

21.346 

23.987 

26.629 

0.238 

0.502 

0.766 

1.030 

1.294 

1.559 

1.823 

2.087 

2.351 

2.61 5 

2.880 

5.521 

8.163 

10.805 

13.447 

16.088 

18.730 

21.372 

24.014 

26.656 

Liters to gallons = U3.78533 

Gallons to liters = gal x 3.78533 

Table 7. Length: millimeters to inches. 

mm .O .I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

20 

25 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

0.000 

0.039 

0.079 

0.1 18 

0.158 

0.197 

0.236 

0.276 

0.31 5 

0.355 

0.394 

0.788 

0.984 

1.182 

1.576 

1.970 

2.364 

2.758 

3.152 

3.546 

3.940 

7.880 

11.820 

15.760 

19.700 

23.640 

27.580 

0.004 

0.043 

0.083 

0.122 

0.162 

0.201 

0.240 

0.280 

0.31 9 

0.358 

0.398 

0.792 

0.988 

1.186 

1.580 

1.974 

2.368 

2.762 

3.156 

3.550 

3.944 

7.884 

11.824 

15.764 

19.704 

23.644 

27.584 

0.008 

0.047 

0.087 

0.126 

0.165 

0.205 

0.244 

0.284 

0.323 

0.362 

0.402 

0.796 

0.992 

1.190 

1.584 

1.978 

2.372 

2.766 

3.160 

3.554 

3.948 

7.888 

11.828 

15.768 

19.708 

23.648 

27.588 

0.01 2 

0.051 

0.091 

0.130 

0.169 

0.209 

0.248 

0.288 

0.327 

0.366 

0.406 

0.800 

0.996 

1.194 

1.588 

1.982 

2.376 

2,770 

3.164 

3.558 

3.952 

7.892 

11.832 

15.772 

19.71 2 

23.652 

27.592 

0.01 6 

0.055 

0.094 

0.134 

0.173 

0.21 3 

0.252 

0.292 

0.331 

0.370 

0.41 0 

0.804 

1 .ooo 

1.198 

1.592 

1.986 

2.380 

2.774 

3.168 

3.562 

3.956 

7.896 

11.836 

15.776 

19.71 6 

23.656 

27.596 

0.020 

0.059 

0.099 

0.138 

0.177 

0.21 7 

0.256 

0.295 

0.335 

0.374 

0.41 4 

0.808 

1.004 

1.202 

1.596 

1.990 

2.384 

2.778 

3.172 

3.566 

3.960 

7.900 

11.840 

15.780 

19.720 

23.660 

27.600 

0.024 

0.063 

0.102 

0.142 

0.181 

0.221 

0.260 

0.299 

0.339 

0.378 

0.41 8 

0.81 2 

1.008 

1.206 

1.600 

1.994 

2.388 

2.782 

3.176 

3.570 

3.964 

7.904 

11.844 

15.784 

19.724 

23.664 

27.604 

0.028 

0.067 

0.106 

0.146 

0.185 

0.224 

0.264 

0.303 

0.343 

0.382 

0.422 

0.81 6 

1.012 

1.210 

1.604 

1.998 

2.392 

2.786 

3.180 

3.574 

3.968 

7.908 

11.848 

15.788 

19.728 

23.668 

27.608 

0.032 

0.071 

0.1 10 

0.150 

0.189 

0.228 

0.268 

0.307 

0.347 

0.386 

0.426 

0.820 

1.016 

1.214 

1.608 

2.002 

2.396 

2.790 

3.184 

3.578 

3.972 

7.91 2 

11.852 

15.792 

19.732 

23.672 

27.61 2 

0.035 

0.075 

0.114 

0.154 

0.193 

0.232 

0.272 

0.31 1 

0.351 

0.390 

0.429 

0.823 

1.020 

1.217 

1.61 1 

2.005 

2.399 

2.793 

3.187 

3.581 

3.975 

7.91 5 

11.855 

15.795 

19.735 

23.675 

27.61 5 

Millimeters to Inches = mm x 0.0394 

Inches to Millimeters = in x 25.4 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 - Walleye Culture Manual 401 
Table 8. Weight: grams to pounds 

grams .o .1 .2 .3 .4 .S .6 .7 .8 .9 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

0.0022 

0.0044 

0.0066 

0.0088 

0.01 10 

0.01 32 

0.01 54 

0.01 76 

0.01 98 

0.0220 

0.0024 

0.0046 

0.0068 

0.0090 

0.01 12 

0.01 34 

0.01 56 

0.01 78 

0.0200 

0.0222 

0.0026 

0.0048 

0.0070 

0.0092 

0.01 14 

0.01 36 

0.01 58 

0.01 80 

0.0202 

0.0224 

0.0029 

0.0051 

0.0073 

0.0095 

0.01 17 

0.0139 

0.0161 

0.0183 

0.0205 

0.0227 

0.0031 

0.0053 

0.0075 

0.0097 

0.01 19 

0.0141 

0.0163 

0.0185 

0.0207 

0.0229 

0.0033 

0.0055 

0.0077 

0.0099 

0.0121 

0.0143 

0.0165 

0.0187 

0.0209 

0.0231 

0.0035 

0.0057 

0.0079 

0.01 01 

0.01 23 

0.01 45 

0.01 67 

0.01 89 

0.021 1 

0.0233 

0.0037 

0.0059 

0.0081 

0.01 03 

0.01 25 

0.01 47 

0.01 69 

0.01 91 

0.021 3 

0.0235 

0.0040 

0.0062 

0.0084 

0.01 06 

0.01 28 

0.01 50 

0.01 72 

0.01 94 

0.021 6 

0.0238 

0.0042 

0.0064 

0.0086 

0.01 08 

0.01 30 

0.01 52 

0.01 74 

0.01 96 

0.021 8 

0.0240 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

0.0220 

0.0441 

0.0661 

0.0882 

0.1 102 

0.1 323 

0.1 543 

0.1 764 

0.1 984 

0.2205 

0.0243 

0.0463 

0.0683 

0.0904 

0.1 124 

0.1 345 

0.1 565 

0.1 786 

0.2006 

0.2227 

0.0265 

0.0485 

0.0705 

0.0926 

0.1146 

0.1367 

0.1587 

0.1808 

0.2028 

0.2249 

0.0287 

0.0507 

0.0728 

0.0948 

0.1 168 

0.1389 

0.1609 

0.1830 

0.2050 

0.2271 

0.0309 

0.0529 

0.0750 

0.0970 

0.1 190 

0.141 1 

0.1631 

0.1852 

0.2072 

0.2293 

0.0331 

0.0551 

0.0772 

0.0992 

0.1 21 3 

0.1433 

0.1653 

0.1874 

0.2094 

0.231 5 

0.0353 

0.0573 

0.0794 

0.1014 

0.1235 

0.1455 

0.1675 

0.1896 

0.21 16 

0.2337 

0.0375 

0.0595 

0.081 6 

0.1 036 

0.1 257 

0.1477 

0.1 698 

0.1918 

0.21 38 

0.2359 

0.0397 

0.061 7 

0.0838 

0.1 058 

0.1 279 

0.1499 

0.1 720 

0.1 940 

0.21 61 

0.2381 

0.041 9 

0.0639 

0.0860 

0.1080 

0.1301 

0.1521 

0.1742 

0.1962 

0.21 83 

0.2403 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

0.2205 

0.4409 

0.661 4 

0.881 8 

1.1 023 

1.3228 

1.5432 

1.7637 

1.9841 

2.2046 

0.2425 

0.4630 

0.6834 

0.9039 

1.1 243 

1.3448 

1.5653 

1.7857 

2.0062 

2.2266 

0.2646 

0.4850 

0.7055 

0.9259 

1.1464 

1.3669 

1.5873 

1.8078 

2.0282 

2.2487 

0.2866 

0.5071 

0.7275 

0.9480 

1.1684 

1.3889 

1.6094 

1.8298 

2.0503 

2.2707 

0.3086 

0.5291 

0.7496 

0.9700 

1.1 905 

1.41 09 

1.631 4 

1 351 9 

2.0723 

2.2928 

0.3307 

0.551 2 

0.771 6 

0.9921 

1 -21 25 

1.4330 

1.6535 

1.8739 

2.0944 

2.3148 

0.3527 

0.5732 

0.7937 

1.01 41 

1.2346 

1.4550 

1.6755 

1 A960 

2.1 164 

2.3369 

0.3748 

0.5952 

0.81 57 

1.0362 

1.2566 

1.4771 

1.6975 

1.91 80 

2.1 385 

2.3589 

0.3968 

0.61 73 

0.8377 

1.0582 

1.2787 

1.4991 

1 -71 96 

1.9400 

2.1 605 

2.381 0 

0.41 89 

0.6393 

0.8598 

1.0803 

1.3007 

1 521 2 

1.741 6 

1.9621 

2.1826 

2.4030 

Grams to Pounds = g x 0.0022046 

Pounds to Grams = Ib x 453.5929 

402 NCRAC Culture Series 101- Walleye Culture Manual 
A 

Acidity 

rearing ponds .......................................................... 113. 126. 136. 339 

upper limit for fish .................................................... 180 

Acclimation .................................................................... 158 

Aeration ......................................................................... 126. 159. 175 

Alabama ......................................................................... 2 

Alberta ......................................................................... 4 

Ammonia 

equilibrium .............................................................. 300 

upper limit for fish .................................................... 180 

American Fisheries Society ............................................ 1 

Amphipods ..................................................................... 148 

Anesthesia ..................................................................... 21 

Anesthetic ...................................................................... 26, 45 

Aquaculture Inc .............................................................. 7, 226 

Aquaculture potential ..................................................... 6, 226 

Aquazine ........................................................................ 151 

Arkansas ........................................................................ 315 

Attacks, see cannibalism 

Bacterin ......................................................................... 347 

Baitfish ......................................................................... 6 

Bass. black ..................................................................... 3 

Bass, largemouth ........................................................... 6 

hybrid striped bass .................................................. 7 

Bentonite ........................................................................ 16, 32, 37, 60, 31 1 

Biofiltration ..................................................................... 280, 282, 290 

Blue Pike (see Pike) 

Breeding program .......................................................... 75, 76, 331, 331-338 

Biological characteristics ................................................ 6 

Bluegill ......................................................................... 6 

Brine shrimp ................................................................... 82, 164, 191 -1 93 

production of ........................................................... 191, 192 

Broodstock ..................................................................... 15, 76 

captive, see also domestic ...................................... 67 

collection (acquisition) ............................................. 15, 19, 21 , 25, 31 , 41 , 51 , 55, 63-67, 71 , 77 

domestic ................................................................. 15, 67, 68, 75 

holding .................................................................... 26, 67, 72 

I ice nsi n g .................................................................. 327 

netting ..................................................................... 15, 19, 25, 26, 31 , 41 , 42, 55, 63-66, 68 

selection .................................................................. 323 

selective breeding .................................................... 331 

sorting ..................................................................... 19, 31 

transportation .......................................................... 66, 71 , 72, 77, 79 

wild ......................................................................... 15, 19, 31 , 63, 68, 75, 77 

C 

Cage Culture .................................................................. 234. 251. 261. 267. 273. 275 

aeration ................................................................... 257, 264 

cleaning .................................................................. 258, 264 

construction ............................................................ 234, 261 , 262 

design ..................................................................... 253, 254, 267, 268, 273, 275 

disease control ....................................................... 258 

feeds ....................................................................... 256, 263, 269, 273, 275, 276 

feeding .................................................................... 234, 256, 262, 263, 268, 269, 273, 275 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 403 
growth ..................................................................... 265. 266. 269. 270 

lids ......................................................................... 262. 268. 273 

mesh size ................................................................ 255. 261 

overwintering .......................................................... 216. 258 

site selection ........................................................... 252. 253. 267. 275 

stocking ................................................................... 234. 263. 269. 273-275 

survival .................................................................... 258. 264. 265. 269-273. 275. 276 

types ....................................................................... 253 

water quality ............................................................ 257. 264. 265 

Canada ......................................................................... 1-4. 8. 123. 187. 323. 389 

Carbon dioxide 

Cannibalism ................................................................... 80. 142. 143. 172. 173. 189. 193. 201 . 216. 247 

anesthesia .............................................................. 51 

eq ui I i b ria ................................................................. 301 

upper limit for fish .................................................... 180 

Carrying capacity ........................................................... 222. 223 

Catch basin (kettle) ........................................................ 93. 94. 95. 1 1 0. 0 130 

Catch tank ...................................................................... 30. 44. 130 

Catfish ......................................................................... 6 

Caudal fin ....................................................................... 20 

Caustic soda .................................................................. 302 

Clam Shrimp. see ponds-problem organisms 

Clarification .................................................................... 280 

Coldwater fish ................................................................ 2 

Standard Environmental Temperatures (set) ........... 2 

Colorado ........................................................................ 2. 19. 55. 58. 63 

Columnaris. see Diseases 

Commercial fishery ........................................................ 4 

Commercial harvest ....................................................... 3. 4. 5 

Commercial production ................................................... 6 

Condition factor .............................................................. 218. 242. 244 

Coolwater fish ................................................................ 2. 25 

Cooperative walleye culture programs ........................... 385. 389 

Courtship behavior ........................................................ 11 

Cryopreservation ........................................................... 47. 53. 67 

Ctenoid scales ............................................................... 27 

Culture tank. see tank 

Catfish. channel ............................................................. 2. 7 

Clinging behavior of larvae ............................................. 165. 171 . 173 

Copper sulfate ................................................................ 132. 143. 144. 155. 206 

D 

Deformities (Lordotic) .................................................... 171 

Density ......................................................................... 217, 223, 340 

Density Index ................................................................. 223 

Development .................................................................. 165, 166 

Diet, see Feeds and Feeding 

Dip net ......................................................................... 66, 87 

Disease investigation ..................................................... 343 

Disease treatment .......................................................... 340, 343 

Diseases 

DiquatTM ......................................................................... 21 3, 21 4 

bacterial gill disease (BGD) ..................................... 196, 202, 206 

bacterial kidney disease .......................................... 188 

Branchiomyces sanguinis ........................................ 340 

ceratomyxosis ......................................................... 188 

Chilodonella ............................................................ 211 

columnaris, also see Flexibacter columnaris .......... 206, 21 4, 31 7, 340, 344, 369 

Costia (lchfhyobodo) ......................................... ....... 211 

edwardsielliosis ...................................................... 188, 343 

enteric redmouth disease ........................................ 188, 369 

fin rot ....................................................................... 202, 206 

Cytophaga (Flexibacter) .......................................... 369 

Flexibacter columnaris ...._.._... .... ...._........ ...__...... 82, 202, 339, 353 

fungal ...................................................................... 29, 34, 35, 39, 43, 202 

furunculosis ............................................................ 188, 202 

404 NCRAC Culture Series 101- The Walleye Culture Manual 
gas bubble disease .................................................. 266 

Gyrodactyliasis ....................................................... 344 

lchfhyopfhirius rnulfifilis (ich) ................................... 369, 370 

infectious hematopoietic necrosis ........................... 188 

infectious pancreatic necrosis ................................. 188 

motile aeromonad septicemia ................................. 188 

myxobacterial infections .......................................... 188, 202 

pseudomonad septicemia ....................................... 188 

trichodinids ............................................................. 370 

vibriosis ................................................................... 188 

viral diseases, see Viral Diseases 

viral hemorrhagic septicemia ................................... 188 

Saprolegnia ............................................................ 39, 43, 344 

.. 

whirling disease ...................................................... 

Yersinia ruckeri ....................................................... 

Dissolved oxygen, see oxygen 

Domesticated stock ....................................................... 

Dore ......................................................................... 

dore jaune ............................................................... 

dore noir .................................................................. 

Double cropping ............................................................. 

Drainable ponds. see ponds. drainable 

Drugs and chemicals 

approved drugs ....................................................... 

Aquazine ................................................................. 

ch I oramine-T ........................................................... 

copper sulfate ......................................................... 

Cutrine-plus ............................................................ 

DiquatTM .................................................................. 

Fi nq uel .................................................................... 

formalin ................................................................... 

hydrogen peroxide .................................................. 

188 

369 

207 

92. 109 

1 

1 

1 

348 

151 

196.343. 344. 351. 353 

206. 266. 271. 351. 380 

266 

213. 271. 351 

26. 29. 45. 55. 343. 340 

16. 34. 39. 73. 80. 21 1. 344. 348. 351. 353 

16. 80.340. 349. 353 

low regulatory priority .............................................. 349. 350. 353 

other ........................................................................ 348. 350. 352 

oxytetracycline ........................................................ 258. 269. 276. 348. 351 . 353 

Prepodyne .............................................................. 188 

rotenone .................................................................. 136. 137. 148. 151. 153. 386 

salt ......................................................................... 340. 344. 349 

sodium bicarbonate ................................................. 302 

E 

Economics ..................................................................... 5 

budgeting ................................................................ 341 

depreciation ............................................................ 372 

initial investment ..................................................... 372-380 

i n terest .................................................................... 372 

maintenance ........................................................... 373 

operating costs ....................................................... 382, 383 

other ........................................................................ 373 

production costs ..................................................... 152 

profitability linkage model ........................................ 374-377 

revenue ................................................................... 383 

size of operation ..................................................... 371 

taxes ....................................................................... 373 

Ectothermal .................................................................... 2 

Ectoparasite ................................................................... 344, 345 

Egg (s), oocyte (s) ......................................................... 15, 16, 21 , 26, 72 

cleaning .................................................................. 36, 38, 43, 73, 80 

cleavage furrow ...................................................... 14 

clumping ................................................................. 16 

deposition ............................................................... 11 

development ........................................................... 12, 

disinfection .............................................................. 188 

enumeration (counting) ............................................ 16, 23, 26, 33-35, 43, 31 1 

eye-up ..................................................................... 23, 30, 44, 73 

fertilizing .................................................................. 16, 45 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 405 
germinal vesicle ...................................................... 12. 13 

incubation ............................................................... 14, 16, 23, 29, 32, 43, 73, 80, 188, 31 1 

incubation interval .................................................... 16, 23, 28, 29, 43, 73 

incubators ............................................................... 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 38 

oil droplet ................................................................ 14 

release .................................................................... 11 

ripe ......................................................................... 15 

size ......................................................................... 43 

stages ..................................................................... 12, 13, 59 

stripping .................................................................. 16, 20, 22, 31, 32, 42 

survival rate ............................................................ 42 

temperature ............................................................ 29, 30, 38, 42, 73 

green (or "hard" ovaries) .......................................... 15, 59 

flow rates ......................................................... 80 

extended interval .............................................. 30, 109 

Big ReddTM ...................................................... 31, 63, 37-39 

development and hatch .................................... 43 

transportation (shipping) .......................................... 20, 28, 29, 35, 38, 39, 80 

treatments 

formalin ............................................................ 16, 23, 28, 29, 34, 73, 80 

hydrogen peroxide ............................................ 16, 80 

viability .................................................................... 47, 60 

yolksac ................................................................... 14, 15 

water hardening ...................................................... 12, 16, 22, 27, 32, 43, 60, 73, 79, 80 

Egg box ......................................................................... 20, 22, 80 

Electrofishing ................................................................. 21, 55, 64, 66 

Electroshock .................................................................. 15 

Embryo ......................................................................... 14 

Esocids ......................................................................... 1, 2 

Estradiol-17-Beta ........................................................... 12 

Exchange rate, see flow rates 

Exogenous ..................................................................... 15, 80, 162, 167 

Endogenous ................................................................... 15, 162 

Eye 

appearance ............................................................. 1 

cornea ..................................................................... 1 

rod cells .................................................................. 1 

tapetum Iucidum ..................................................... 1 

F 

Fecundity ....................................................................... 11, 21, 26, 41 

Feeds and feeding ......................................................... 340 

amounts .................................................................. 75, 178, 193, 196, 21 4, 256, 263 

broodstock diets ..................................................... 318 

conversion diets ...................................................... 316, 317 

feeders .................................................................... 179, 189, 256, 262, 268, 273, 275 

formulated feeds ..................................................... 161, 164, 193, 195, 205, 206, 211, 214 

forage fish ............................................................... 90, 142, 152, 155, 159 

fry feed .................................................................... 178, 189, 195 

grower diets ............................................................ 318 

guides ..................................................................... 196, 210, 21 2 

habituating .............................................................. 89, 90, 161 , 199, 202, 206, 207, 340 

ingredients .............................................................. 193, 21 1 , 316-318 

manufacturing ......................................................... 319 

cold extrusion ................................................... 31 9, 320 

cooking extrusion .............................................. 320 

steam pelleting ................................................. 319 

medicated ............................................................... 269 

natural foods ........................................................... 129 

nonfeeding .............................................................. 172 

particle density ........................................................ 189 

rates ........................................................................ 179, 192, 202, 214 

reference diet .......................................................... 316 

strategies ................................................................ 223, 224 

starter diets ............................................................. 178, 31 5, 31 6 

406 NCRAC C u l t u r e S e r i e s 101- The W a l l e y e C u l t u r e Manual 
times ....................................................................... 75 

transition diets ........................................................ 318 

Female ......................................................................... 15. 26 

“green” (hard) .......................................................... 15, 19, 21, 26, 67, 71, 72, 77 

ripe ......................................................................... 25, 59, 67, 72, 77 

rate ......................................................................... 35, 39 

dry method .............................................................. 16, 20, 31 , 37, 42, 52, 56, 60, 79 

wet method ............................................................. 16, 21 , 27, 42, 72, 79, 31 1 

calculation of amounts ............................................. 119 

composition 

Fertilization .................................................................... 12, 14, 32, 37 

Fertilizers ....................................................................... 1 16-1 18, 138, 140-1 42, 31 2 

alfalfa pellets, meal, or hay ............................... 100, 109, 11 0, 1 12, 132, 140-1 42, 386 

soybean meal ................................................... 100, 124, 125, 140, 312, 386 

torula yeast ...................................................... 100, 1 12, 140 

cost ......................................................................... 118 

inorganic ................................................................. 99, 100, 115, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 129, 138, 139, 141, 154, 387 

nitrogen:phosphorus ratio ........................................ 1 15-1 19 

organic .................................................................... 99,100, 11 1, 112, 115, 124, 125, 138, 139, 141, 154 

urea ......................................................................... 118, 129, 31 2 

gender differences in .............................................. .24 3-345 

hybrids .................................................................... 243-245 

skinless ................................................................... 243 

ski n-on .................................................................... 243 

costs (value) ........................................................... 6, 86, 131 , 160, 383, 386 

enumeration ............................................................ 86, 87 

harvest .................................................................... 82, 86 

truck ................................................................. 86 

trailer ................................................................ 86 

stocking ........................................................... 89 

survival ............................................................ 120 

stocking ........................................................... 85, 86 

pond application ..................................................... 100, 109, 125, 126, 140, 141 

Fillets ......................................................................... 6, 7, 235, 242-249 

Fingerling 

Phase I .................................................................... 89, 90, 123, 161, 215, 216 

Phase II ................................................................... 89, 129, 161, 215, 216 

production ponds, see pond stocking 

stocking rates .......................................................... 86 

transportation .......................................................... 82, 86 

Fish health ..................................................................... 339 

Flexibacfer columnark .................................................... 82, 202, 206, 317, 339, 340, 344, 353, 365 

Flow rates ...................................................................... 179, 188, 195, 206 

FI u id i zed-sand biof i I ter .................................................... 282 

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ............................. 7, 59, 80, 202, 232, 258, 339, 347 

Food fish ........................................................................ 6, 7, 21 5-21 7, 231 

carrying capacity ..................................................... 222 

condition factor of .................................................... 218 

culture temperature ................................................. 231, 233 

definition of ............................................................. 248 

density .................................................................... 217, 223, 231 , 234 

dress-out yield (percentage) .................................... 231 , 235, 241 -250 

gender differences in ........................................ 244-249 

fish size effect ................................................... 244-249 

stock differences in ........................................... 244-249 

feeding .................................................................... 217, 231 , 232, 233 

growth rate .............................................................. 220-222, 235 

head weight ............................................................ 249 

length-weight relationship ........................................ 218 

loading .................................................................... 223 

optimal temperature for growth ................................ 2, 222 

production 

cage ................................................................. 266, 273 

ponds ............................................................... 215, 216, 232 

flow-through system ......................................... 21 6, 231 , 233 

recycle system .................................................. 21 6, 21 7 

prospects ................................................................ 226 

relative weight ......................................................... 218, 219 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 407 
sensory evaluation (organoleptic) ........................... 237-240 

off-f I avor ........................................................... 237 

sex inversion ........................................................... 232 

standard weight ...................................................... 219 

stocking and harvest strategies ............................... 224. 233 

Formalin ......................................................................... 16, 34, 39, 73, 80, 21 1, 344, 348, 351, 353 

Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation (FFMC) ............ 4, 5, 7 

Fry ......................................................................... 15 

cost and/or value .................................................... 85, 158 

culture tanks ........................................................... 173, 187 

development ........................................................... 165 

enumeration ............................................................ 23, 73 

comparison method .......................................... 151 

electronic counter ............................................. 81, 178, 195 

gravimetric ....................................................... 44, 178 

first feeding ............................................................. 80, 167, 192 

harvest .................................................................... 30, 199, 200 

holding .................................................................... 44, 80 

length at hatch ........................................................ 166 

netting ..................................................................... 44 

shipping .................................................................. 23, 81 , 85 

stages ..................................................................... 165 

stocking rate ........................................................... 85, 147, 192, 195 

Fuller's Earth .................................................................. 16, 20, 21 , 22, 27, 79 

Fyke nets, see nets 

volumetric (displacement) ................................ 30, 73, 81 , 1 IO, 188, 195 

G 

Gas bladder inflation (GBI) ............................................. 164, 168-1 70, 174, 175. 193 

monitoring ............................................................... 171 

noninflation ............................................................. 161 , 164, 168-1 71 , 187, 190 

Gas supersaturation ...................................................... 180, 340 

Geographic range .......................................................... 2, 323 

Germ cells ...................................................................... 12 

Germinal vesicle (GV) .................................................... 12, 13, 59 

Gender differences ........................................................ 220, 232, 244-249 

Genetics ......................................................................... 75, 323, 331 

artificial selection .................................................... 332 

heritability ............................................................... 332 

markers ................................................................... 323 

mitochondrial DNA analysis .................................... 326 

polymorphisms ....................................................... 323 

Georgia ......................................................................... 2 

Gill nets ......................................................................... 15, 19, 51 , 55, 64-66, 68, 77 

Growth rates .................................................................. 220, 222, 266 

unit growth rate (UGR) ............................................ 220, 221 

Great Lakes ................................................................... 2, 3, 4 

Gonadal somatic indices (GSI) ....................................... 12 

H 

Hatch rate ...................................................................... 20. 23. 35. 39. 44. 58. 60-62 

Hatching ......................................................................... 17 

Hatching battery (incubation battery) ............................. 23. 28 

Hatching jars 

May-Sloan ............................................................... 28 

McDonald ................................................................ 60. 73 

Hatching period .............................................................. 35. 43 

temperature unit ..................................................... 73 

Hatching size ................................................................. 15 

Hatching temperature .................................................... 43 

Herbicides ...................................................................... 137. 154 

Heritability ...................................................................... 165. 167. 323. 333 

Hatching success (rate) .................................................. 20. 23. 35. 39. 44. 58. 60-62 

408 NCRAC C u l t u r e S e r i e s 101- The W a l l e y e C u l t u r e Manual 
Heterotrophic strategy .................................................... 99 

Hormones ...................................................................... 15. 16 

Carp pituitary extract ............................................... 15. 59 

Dihyroxyprogesterone .............................................. 12 

Estradiol (E2) .......................................................... 12 

Ketotestosterone (KT) ............................................. 12 

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) .................. 15. 16. 59. 60-62. 351. 353 

LHRH ...................................................................... 15. 59 

LHRHa .................................................................... 15. 16 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) ........................................ 59 

Pimozide ................................................................. 59 

Testosterone (T) ..................................................... 12 

cannibalism ............................................................. 201 

feed ......................................................................... 202. 206. 21 1. 214. 233 

feeders .................................................................... 202. 205 

methyl testosterone .................................................. 232 

Steroidogenic .......................................................... 12 

Habituating fingerlings to formulated feed ...................... 6. 89. 90. 161. 199. 205. 213. 215. 21 6. 233 

feeding strategies .................................................... 202. 21 0. 21 2. 233 

fish size ................................................................... 199. 200. 205. 21 0. 213 

lighting .................................................................... 201. 205. 210 

maximum density .................................................... 21 2. 21 3 

stocking density ...................................................... 201. 205. 206. 233 

tanks ....................................................................... 213 

temperature ............................................................ 202. 206. 209. 233 

Hormone injection .......................................................... 16. 59. 67 

Holding net ..................................................................... 19. 21. 41. 42 

Holding tank ................................................................... 73 

Hudson Bay ................................................................... 2 

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) ......................... 15. 16. 59. 60-62. 351. 353 

Hybrid walleye 

dressed yield .......................................................... 243. 244 

pond culture ............................................................ 311 

Hybridization (cross breeding) ........................................ 58. 311 

detection of ............................................................. 327 

Hydrogen peroxide ........................................................ 16 

I 

Illinois 

Inbreeding ...................................................................... 335 

Incubation, see Eggs, incubation 

Indiana ......................................................................... 90 

Inorganic fertilizer, see fertilizers 

Intensive culture ............................................................. 11 , , 187 

advantages ............................................................. 161 

constraints .............................................................. 161 

feeds, feeders and feeding ...................................... 178, 179, 191 , 195 

formulated feeds ..................................................... 164 

historical perspective ............................................... 163 

methods .................................................................. 173 

non-feeding ............................................................. 171 

screens ................................................................... 174, 187, 191 

stocking density ...................................................... 177, 190, 195 

surface spray .......................................................... 164, 174, 175, 195 

tanks ....................................................................... 173, 187, 197 

turbidity ................................................................... 171, 173, 176, 177 

......................................................................... 59, 90, 256, 267, 315, 339 

water quality ............................................................ 179, 180 

INAD (Investigational New Animal Drug) ........................ 59, 80, 344, 347, 351 , 353 

Insecticide ...................................................................... 1 13, 158 

Iowa 

Isotherm ......................................................................... 2 

Isotonic saline solution ................................................... 77 

......................................................................... 45, 51, 77, 90, 139, 141, 151, 195, 209, 216, 226, 243, 261, 263, 269, 275, 311, 

......................................................................... 315, 325, 334, 335 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 409 
J 

Juvenile ......................................................................... 168 

K 

Kansas ......................................................................... 2. 90 

Ketotestosterone ............................................................ 12 

Kettle. see catch basin 

L 

Lake Erie ........................................................................ 3. 4 

Lake Huron .................................................................... 4 

Lake Michigan ................................................................ 4 

Lake of the Woods ......................................................... 4 

Lake Ontario .................................................................. 4 

Lake Superior ................................................................ 4 

Landings ........................................................................ 5 

Larvae ......................................................................... 165-1 68 

clinging .................................................................... 168. 171 . 173 

behavior .................................................................. 165 

phototactic response ............................................... 1 

Length -weig h t relations h i p .............................................. 218 

Lighting ......................................................................... 176. 201. 210 

in tank ..................................................................... 2. 205 

overhead ................................................................. 2. 192 

Lime ......................................................................... 302 

Loading ......................................................................... 223. 340 

Lordosis ........................................................................ 168. 169. 171 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) ............................................... 59 

LUX. definition of ........................................................... 1. 2 

M 

Male ......................................................................... 

Manitoba ........................................................................ 

Michigan ......................................................................... 

Microscreen filter ........................................................... 

Milt ......................................................................... 

Minnesota ...................................................................... 

Mississippi ..................................................................... 

Missouri ......................................................................... 

Mitochondrial DNA ......................................................... 

Monk ......................................................................... 

Mu skel I unge ................................................................... 

......................................................................... 

N 

Nebraska ........................................................................ 

Net pens ......................................................................... 

Nets 

gill ......................................................................... 

fyke nets ................................................................. 

mesh size ................................................................ 

placement ............................................................... 

seine ....................................................................... 

trap nets .................................................................. 

New York ........................................................................ 

Night sampling ............................................................... 

Nitrite, upper limit for fish ............................................... 

15. 25. 26 

3. 4. 5. 162. 187 

4. 21. 90. 93. 129. 135. 136. 139. 141. 143. 153. 162. 385 

12. 55. 56. 67 

215. 216.311.315. 334. 335. 369. 370 

92. 323. 325 

90. 226 

326. 327 

94. 95 

1. 2 

280-282 

4-6. 12. 41. 85. 90. 95. 100. 131. 135. 136. 139. 141-143. 147. 149. 157. 162. 

2. 16. 89. 90. 93. 98. 142. 162. 315 

15. 22. 232 

19. 51. 64-66. 77 

31. 79.92. 102. 113. 132. 143. 144. 155 

64. 71 

64. 71 

143. 144. 151. 152. 159 

4. 71. 79. 81. 191. 325.389. 391. 393 

155 

180 

15. 25. 26. 41. 55. 64-66. 68. 71. 72. 79. 143. 159 

41 0 NCRAC Culture Series 101- The Walleye Culture Manual 
Noninflation of the gas bladder (NGB). 

North America ................................................................ 2. 4. 5 

North Carolina ............................................................... 2 

North Central Region ..................................................... 5. 6 

North Dakota .................................................................. 29. 90. 98. 109. 162. 216. 315 

Northern pike ................................................................. 1 

Northwest Territories ...................................................... 4. 8 

Nutrition ......................................................................... 315 

Nutritional requirements ................................................. 318, 319 

see Gas Bladder Inflation 

0 

Off flavor of food fish ...................................................... 237 

Ohio ......................................................................... 75, 90, 95, 103, 115, 116, 162, 205 

Oil application ................................................................ 136, 137, 158 

Ontario ......................................................................... 3-5, 8, 123, 162, 213, 389, 391 -393 

Oogonia ......................................................................... 12 

non-vitellogenic oocytes .......................................... 12 

Organic fertilizer, see fertilizers 

Organoleptic characteristics of food fish ......................... 237-240 

Out-of-season spawning ................................................ .7, 16, 162 

Ovarian development ..................................................... 12 

Ovaries ......................................................................... 12 

ovulation ................................................................. 12 

Oxidative rancidity (TBA) ................................................ 238, 239 

Oxygen 

ponds ...................................................................... 126, 136 

Ozone, see recycle systems 

Oocytes ......................................................................... 12, 13, 15 

P 

Pelagic ......................................................................... 15 

Pennsylvania .................................................................. 25. 63. 325 

Perch. yellow .................................................................. 1-3. 6. 7 

Percidae ......................................................................... 1 

pH. see acidity 

pH shock ........................................................................ 339 

Photonegative ................................................................ 168 

Photoperiod ................................................................... 16, 71 

Photopositive ................................................................. 15, 168 

Phototactic response ..................................................... 115 

Pickerel ......................................................................... 1 

Pike, blue ....................................................................... 4 

Pike, northern ................................................................ 2 

Pike, perch ..................................................................... 5 

Ponds, 

aeration ................................................................... 126, 159 

alkalinity .................................................................. 11 1, 126, 136 

culture interval ........................................................ 103, 123, 129, 132 

design criteria ......................................................... 92-95 

double cropping ...................................................... 92, 109 

drainable ................................................................. 89, 90, 91, 95, 101, 102, 109, 111, 115, 123, 129, 131, 132, 153 

fertilization .............................................................. 91 , 98, 99, 109, 11 1 , 115, 11 7, 124, 129, 132, 138, 139, 140, 153, 154, 205, 387 

foods and feeding .................................................... 98, 129, 131, 132, 142, 152, 159 

harvest .................................................................... 91, 92, 110, 113, 120, 127, 129, 131, 132, 141-143, 151, 152, 155, 159, 205, 

hybrids .................................................................... 311 

night harvest ........................................................... 102 

nursery pond ........................................................... 130 

partial harvest ......................................................... 102, 129, 142, 151, 159 

preparation .............................................................. 96, 124 

filling ........................................................................ 96, 97, 109, 11 1 , 117, 124, 129, 153, 205, 387 

312, 313, 339, 386 ......................................................................... 

management ........................................................... 95, 123, 153, 148, 390, 392 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 41 1 
problem organisms .................................................. 103. 104. 113. 116. 127. 129. 130. 136. 137. 153. 154. 158. 159 

rearing ..................................................................... 75. 109 

sampling ................................................................. 97. 126. 155 

site selection ........................................................... 93. 135. 136. 147. 157. 385. 386 

size ......................................................................... 91. 93. 117. 123. 129. 132. 135. 136. 147. 153. 157 

production cost ....................................................... 131 . 133. 152 

stocking density ...................................................... 86. 89. 91. 98. 101. 102. 110. 112. 117. 124. 129. 131. 132. 139. 140. 142. 148. 

......................................................................... 151. 154. 158. 159. 205. 312. 339. 386. 390 

undrainable ............................................................. 90. 91. 101. 102. 131. 132. 135. 147. 151. 153. 157 

vegetation control .................................................... 91 

volume .................................................................... 124 

water shed .............................................................. 92 

weather effects ....................................................... 144 

yield ........................................................................ 91. 101. 103. 110. 113. 120. 125. 127. 128. 131-133. 139. 141. 142. 149. 159. 

water quality ............................................................ 112. 126. 136. 151 . 158 

......................................................................... 339. 391 

Pond muck ..................................................................... 16 

Prolarvae ....................................................................... 165 

Propagation ................................................................... 15 

Protease solution ........................................................... 16 

Pumping ......................................................................... 175 

Protein electrophoresis .................................................. .32 3-325 

Q 

Quantitative traits ........................................................... 331 , 332 

R 

Recycle systems ............................................................ 188. 237. 277 

aeration/oxygenation .............................................. .29 0-292 

biofiltration .............................................................. 282-290 

carbon dioxide stripping ........................................... 290. 292 

carrying capacity ..................................................... 277 

cascade column ...................................................... 290-292 

clarification .............................................................. 280 

components ............................................................ 279 

design guidelines .................................................... 278 

drum filter ................................................................ 281 

exchange rate ......................................................... 295 

fluidized-sand biofilter .............................................. 282-290 

design considerations ...................................... .283. 284 

design example ............................................... .289-290. 303-304 

flow distribution ................................................. 287. 289 

geometry ......................................................... 287-289 

sand selection and bed example ...................... 284. 286 

microscreen filter .................................................... 280-282 

oxygen injection ...................................................... 292. 293 

ozone ...................................................................... 296 

absorption ........................................................ 297 

generation ........................................................ 296. 297 

reaction ............................................................ 298 

rem ova I ............................................................ 299 

toxicity (fish and humans) ................................. 299. 300 

pH control ............................................................... 300. 301 . 302 

solids removal ......................................................... 280 

tanks ....................................................................... 294. 295 

unit processes ........................................................ 280 

U-tube ..................................................................... 292. 293. 294 

water quality criteria ................................................. 277. 278 

Relative weight ............................................................... 218. 219 

Reproduction ................................................................. 11 

Rotenone. fish control .................................................... 136. 137. 148. 151 . 153 

41 2 NCRAC C u l t u r e S e r i e s 101- The W a l l e y e C u l t u r e Manual 
S 

Sales ......................................................................... 6. 7 

Salmon ......................................................................... 2. 3 

Salmonids ...................................................................... 6. 

Salt ......................................................................... 83. 86. 87 

Sampling fry ................................................................... 97. 98 

Saskatchewan ................................................................ 3. 4 

Sauger ......................................................................... 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 

Screens ......................................................................... 174, 187, 191 

Sieve-opening size ......................................................... 286 

Semen ......................................................................... 15, 27, 45-49, 51 , 72 

collection of ............................................................. 23, 31, 32, 51, 55 

contamination of ..................................................... 56 

counts ..................................................................... 45 

cryopreservation of .................................................. 47, 49, 53 

extended ................................................................. 47-49, 51 

extender .................................................................. 15, 20, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 67 

oxygenation of .................................................. 56, 57 

storage of ................................................................ 45, 51, 52, 56, 57, 31 1 

Sensory evaluation ........................................................ 237-240 

Serum E2 ....................................................................... 12 

Sex inversion .................................................................. 232 

Sexual maturity .............................................................. 11 

SMI (Sperm Motility Index) ............................................. 45, 47 

South Dakota ................................................................. 16, 90, 315 

Southern Illinois University ............................................. 17 

Spawning ....................................................................... 

environmental cues ................................................ 

hormone induced .................................................... 

ou t-of-season .......................................................... 

substrates ............................................................... 

table ........................................................................ 

water temperature .................................................. 

Spawning sites ............................................................... 

Spear fishing .................................................................. 

Sperm 

motility ..................................................................... 

Spermatogonia .............................................................. 

Spermatozoa ................................................................. 

Sport fishing ................................................................... 

Sport fishing clubs ......................................................... 

Standard Environmental Temperatures (SET) ............... 

coldwater fish .......................................................... 

warmwater fish ....................................................... 

Starch ......................................................................... 

Steelhead, see Trout 

Steroids ......................................................................... 

Stocking ......................................................................... 

Stratification ................................................................... 

Stress ......................................................................... 

season .................................................................... 

Sport fishery .................................................................. 

11. 12. 19. 31. 55. 67. 68. 72 

11 

59 

162 

19. 29. 71. 77. 162 

11 

19 

11. 41. 42. 59. 65. 66. 71. 79 

11 

37 

45. 56 

12 

12. 15 

2.3. 5. 6. 8 

3 

386 

2 

2 

2 

16 

15 

5.129.177. 178.206. 210 

113 

15. 200 

Stripping eggs and/or semen .......................................... 16 

Summerkill ..................................................................... 135 

Surface spray ................................................................. 164, 174, 175, 195 

T 

Tandem pond-tank culture .............................................. 161. 199. 205. 209. 339 

Tank ......................................................................... 294. 295 

cleaning .................................................................. 179. 188. 189. 196. 209. 210. 

color ........................................................................ 174. 191 195. . 201 

Tannic acid ..................................................................... 16. 23. 73. 79. 80 

Tapetum lucidurn. see eye 

Tern perat u re requ i re men ts 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 41 3 
Temperature units .......................................................... 35. 43. 165. 192 

optimum temperature .............................................. 2. 136. 176. 206 

standard environmental temperature (set) .............. 2 

pond ........................................................................ 126 

Tempering ...................................................................... 158 

Testosterone .................................................................. 12 

Therapeutics .................................................................. 7 

Transportation ................................................................ 77. 113 

saline solution ......................................................... 152 

stress ...................................................................... 128 

trucks ...................................................................... 77 

Trap nets. see nets 

Triploid ......................................................................... 343 

Trout. lake ...................................................................... 3 

Trout. rainbow ................................................................ 2 

Turbidity ......................................................................... 171 . 172. 176. 177. 196 

U 

Unit growth rate. see growth rates 

U.S. Bureau of Fisheries ................................................. 5. 7 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ......................................... 5 

Vaccine ......................................................................... 347 

Vegetation control .......................................................... 127 

Viability ......................................................................... 164 

Viral diseases 

dermal sarcoma ...................................................... 355, 358. 360-362 

diffuse epidermal hyperplasia .................................. 355. 358. 362. 363 

discrete epidermal hyperplasia ................................ 355. 358. 363. 364 

lymphocystis ........................................................... 355. 358-360 

infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPN) ............... 365 

Vitamin deficiency .......................................................... 171 

Von Bayer. see egg enumeration 

Walleye 

economic value ....................................................... 6 

pike ......................................................................... 1 

retail prices 6. 7 

sexual maturity ........................................................ 11 

status of walleye culture .......................................... 7 

suitability for aquaculture ......................................... 6 

Warmwater fish .............................................................. 2 

Water 

............................................................. 

flow. see flow rates 

ground water ........................................................... 2 

pH shock ................................................................. 339 

recycling .................................................................. 2 

quality criteria ......................................................... 179, 180, 277, 278 

supply structures .................................................... 92, 93, 11 7 

Water hardening ............................................................ 12, 16, 22, 27, 32, 43, 66, 73, 79, 80 

Winnipeg ........................................................................ 4 

Winterkill ........................................................................ 131, 135, 147, 151, 157, 21 6, 243, 244 

Wisconsin ...................................................................... 4, 31, 37, 90, 111, 199, 263, 269, 311, 315, 334, 335, 343 

41 4 NCRAC Culture Series 101- The Walleye Culture Manual 
Y 

Yellow perch ................................................................... 1 

Yellow pike perch ........................................................... 1 

Yellow walleye ................................................................ 1 

Yield ......................................................................... 98. 170 

Yolksac ......................................................................... 14. 161 

Z 

Zooplankton ................................................................... 100-102, 115, 125, 129, 132, 138, 139, 154, 155, 339 

monitoring ............................................................... 112, 126, 132, 139, 153, 158 

inoculation ............................................................... 99, 101 , 139 

NCRAC Culture Series 101 . The Walleye Culture Manual 41 5 
41 6 NCRAC Culture Series 101- The Walleye Culture Manual