Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 206 / Tuesday, October 25, 2011 / Proposed Rules 65985 

article or securely attached to the article 

itself if not in a container, and with 

such tag or label bearing a controlled 

import permit number corresponding to 

the number of the controlled import 

permit issued for such article. 

30. Section 319.75–1 is amended as 

follows: 

a. By removing the definition of 

Deputy Administrator. 

b. In the definition of inspector, by 

removing the word ‘‘Deputy’’. 

c. By adding, in alphabetical order, a 

definition for Administrator to read as 

set forth below. 

§ 319.75–1 Definitions. 

* * * * * 

Administrator. The Administrator of 

the Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, United States Department of 

Agriculture, or any employee of the 

United States Department of Agriculture 

delegated to act in his or her stead. 

* * * * * 

§ 319.75–3 [Amended] 

31. In § 319.75–3, paragraph (d) is 

amended by removing the word 

‘‘Deputy’’ each time it appears. 

§ 319.75–8 [Amended] 

32. Section 319.75–8 is amended by 

removing the word ‘‘Deputy’’. 

Done in Washington, DC, this 19th day of 

October 2011. 

Kevin Shea, 

Acting Administrator, Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service. 

[FR Doc. 2011–27580 Filed 10–24–11; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 3410–34–P 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service 

7 CFR Part 319 

[Docket No. APHIS–2010–0116] 

RIN 0579–AD51 

Importation of Litchi and Longan Fruit 

From Vietnam Into the Continental 

United States 

AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service, USDA. 

ACTION: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: We are proposing to amend 

the fruits and vegetables regulations to 

allow the importation of litchi and 

longan fruit from Vietnam into the 

continental United States. As a 

condition of entry, litchi and longan 

fruit from Vietnam would be subject to 

a systems approach that would include 

requirements for treatment and 

inspection and restrictions on the 

distribution of the fruit. This action 

would allow for the importation of litchi 

and longan fruit from Vietnam into the 

United States while continuing to 

provide protection against the 

introduction of quarantine pests. 

DATES: We will consider all comments 

that we receive on or before December 

27, 2011. 

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments 

by either of the following methods: 

• Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to 

http://www.regulations.gov/ 

#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2010-0116- 

0001. 

• Postal Mail/Commercial Delivery: 

Send your comment to Docket No. 

APHIS–2010–0116, Regulatory Analysis 

and Development, PPD, APHIS, Station 

3A–03.8, 4700 River Road, Unit 118, 

Riverdale, MD 20737–1238. 

Supporting documents and any 

comments we receive on this docket 

may be viewed at http:// 

www.regulations.gov/ 

#!docketDetail;D=APHIS-2010-0116 or 

in our reading room, which is located in 

room 1141 of the USDA South Building, 

14th Street and Independence Avenue, 

SW., Washington, DC. Normal reading 

room hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., 

Monday through Friday, except 

holidays. To be sure someone is there to 

help you, please call (202) 690–2817 

before coming. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. 

Claudia Ferguson, Regulatory Policy 

Specialist, Regulatory Coordination and 

Compliance, PPQ, APHIS, 4700 River 

Road, Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737– 

1236; (301) 734–0754. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background 

The regulations in ‘‘Subpart-Fruits 

and Vegetables’’ (7 CFR 319.56–1 

through 319.56–52, referred to below as 

the regulations) prohibit or restrict the 

importation of fruits and vegetables into 

the United States from certain parts of 

the world to prevent the introduction 

and dissemination of plant pests within 

the United States. 

The national plant protection 

organization (NPPO) of Vietnam has 

requested that the Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 

amend the regulations to allow fresh 

litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and 

longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) to be 

imported from Vietnam into the 

continental United States. The NPPO of 

Vietnam also proposed that the litchi 

and longan fruit be treated with 

irradiation at the 400 Gy dose approved 

to neutralize most insect pests, except 

pupae and adults of the order 

Lepidoptera. 

As part of our evaluation of that 

request, we prepared a pest risk 

assessment identifying all quarantine 

pests of litchi and longan in Vietnam 

and a risk management document 

(RMD) that recommends risk mitigation 

measures to prevent the quarantine 

pests associated with these commodities 

from being introduced into the United 

States. Copies of the pest risk 

assessment and the RMD may be 

obtained from the person listed under 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT or 

viewed on the Regulations.gov Web site 

(see ADDRESSES above for instructions 

for accessing Regulations.gov). 

The pest risk assessment identified 16 

pests of quarantine significance present 

in Vietnam that could be introduced 

into the United States through the 

importation of fresh litchi: 

Lepidopteran Pests: 

Conopomorpha sinensis. 

Conogethes punctiferalis. 

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta. 

Non-Lepidopteran Insect Pests: 

Bactrocera cucurbitae. 

Bactrocera dorsalis. 

Ceroplastes rubens. 

Coccus viridis. 

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes. 

Nipaecoccus viridis. 

Paracoccus interceptus. 

Planococcus lilacinus. 

Planococcus litchi. 

Planococcus minor. 

Pseudococcus cryptus. 

Mite Pest: 

Aceria litchii. 

Fungi Pest: 

Phytophthora litchii. 

The pest risk assessment also 

identified 17 pests of quarantine 

significance present in Vietnam that 

could be introduced into the United 

States through the importation of fresh 

longan: 

Lepidopteran Pests: 

Conopomorpha sinensis. 

Conogethes punctiferalis. 

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta. 

Non-Lepidopteran Insect Pests: 

Bactrocera dorsalis. 

Ceroplastes rubens. 

Coccus viridis. 

Drepanococcus chiton. 

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes. 

Exallomochlus hispidus. 

Maconellicoccus hirsutus. 

Nipaecoccus viridis. 

Paracoccus interceptus. 

Planococcus lilacinus. 

Planococcus litchi. 

Planococcus minor. 

Pseudococcus cryptus. 

Mite Pest: 


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Aceria litchii. 

APHIS has determined that measures 

beyond standard port-of-entry 

inspection are required to mitigate the 

risks posed by these plant pests. 

Therefore, we are proposing to allow the 

importation of litchi and longan fruit 

from Vietnam into the continental 

United States only if they are produced 

in accordance with a systems approach 

to mitigate pest risk as outlined below. 

We are proposing to add the systems 

approach to the regulations in a new 

§ 319.56–54 governing the importation 

of litchi and longan fruit from Vietnam. 

Proposed Systems Approach 

Paragraph (a) of proposed § 319.56–54 

would require that the litchi fruit be 

grown in orchards registered with and 

monitored by the NPPO of Vietnam. 

Requiring the NPPO of Vietnam to 

monitor fields where litchi is produced 

for export will ensure application of 

disease control measures and that the 

litchi are produced free of disease 

caused by P. litchii. 

Paragraph (b) of proposed § 319.56–54 

would set out treatment requirements 

for litchi and longan fruit exported to 

the United States. Fourteen of the pests 

of litchi and 16 of the pests of longan 

are insect pests. A minimum absorbed 

dose of 400 Gy is approved to neutralize 

all these insect pests, except pupae and 

adults of the order Lepidoptera. 

Three of the insect pests associated 

with litchi and longan belong to the 

order Lepidoptera. Although the generic 

irradiation treatment is not approved for 

Lepidopteran pupae and adults, those 

life stages are unlikely to be associated 

with litchi and longan. Due to their 

mobility, Lepidopteran adults either 

feed externally, where they would be 

easily detected, or do not attack mature 

fruit. In most of the genera of concern, 

the pupae are either associated with 

plant parts other than fruit or they occur 

externally on their host’s plant parts, 

where they would be easily detected. If 

the pupae do occur inside the fruit or 

seed of their host plants, they would be 

associated with premature fruit drop or 

obvious damage and symptoms and 

would be culled at the packinghouse or 

detected through inspection. 

Also, except for two interceptions of 

Conopomorpha spp. in permit cargo 

with litchi fruit, inspectors at U.S. ports 

of entry have never intercepted pupae of 

the other quarantine Lepidoptera genera 

with commercial shipments of any type 

of fruit. This lack of interceptions is 

evidence of the low likelihood of any of 

the Lepidoptera pupae following the 

pathway of commercial fruit. 

Therefore, irradiation treatment, along 

with standard post-harvest processes, 

would mitigate the risks from all the 

insect pests. 

The litchi rust mite, A. litchii, is 

another pest of litchi and longan. The 

mite is primarily a pest of foliage and 

flower parts but is also sometimes 

associated with the fruit. Mites are 

external pests on the fruit, and because 

of the damage they cause on fruit, 

inspection and culling of the damaged 

fruit are considered effective in 

mitigating risk from such pests. 

Although it is unlikely that 

commercially produced fruit is a 

pathway for the litchi rust mite, the 

pest’s small size prevents its detection 

during inspection. Therefore, we would 

prohibit shipments of litchi and longan 

from Vietnam from being imported into 

or distributed to Florida, where litchi 

and longan fruit are grown, to protect 

that State’s commercial litchi and 

longan production from litchi rust mite. 

Paragraph (c) of proposed § 319.56–54 

would require the cartons containing 

the litchi or longan fruit to be stamped 

‘‘Not for importation into or distribution 

in Florida.’’ This is consistent with 

other import programs where shipments 

of litchi or longan fruit are prohibited 

into Florida for the same pest. 

Paragraph (d) of proposed § 319.56–54 

would state that only commercial 

consignments of litchi and longan fruit 

would be allowed to be imported. 

Commercial consignments, as defined in 

§ 319.56–2, are consignments that an 

inspector identifies as having been 

imported for sale and distribution. Such 

identification is based on a variety of 

indicators, including, but not limited to: 

Quantity of produce, type of packaging, 

identification of grower or packinghouse 

on the packaging, and documents 

consigning the fruits or vegetables to a 

wholesaler or retailer. Produce grown 

commercially is less likely to be infested 

with plant pests than noncommercial 

consignments. Noncommercial 

consignments are more prone to 

infestations because the commodity is 

often ripe to overripe, could be of a 

variety with unknown susceptibility to 

pests, and is often grown with little or 

no pest control. 

The last pest of litchi is the fungus P. 

litchii. Requiring the NPPO of Vietnam 

to monitor fields where litchi is 

produced for export as in paragraph (a) 

of proposed § 319.56–54 will ensure 

application of disease control measures 

for this fungus. Most infected litchi fruit 

will be culled because trained 

harvesters, packinghouse personnel, and 

plant quarantine inspectors can easily 

detect the distinctive signs of the 

disease on fruit. 

Infected, nonsymptomatic fruit may 

go undetected, but the likelihood of 

introduction via the few fruit that may 

escape detection is very low. It is highly 

unlikely that commercial fruit will be in 

a situation to introduce the disease 

because free water is required for the 

spores to infect a host. Additionally, 

there is no record of interception of this 

disease on litchi imported into the 

United States from other countries in 

regions where this pathogen is present. 

Therefore, no measures are necessary to 

mitigate the risk posed by this pathogen 

beyond certification of freedom based 

on inspection. 

Accordingly, proposed paragraph (e) 

of § 319.56–54 would require each 

consignment of litchi or longan fruit to 

be accompanied by a phytosanitary 

certificate issued by the NPPO of the 

exporting country certifying that the 

provisions of the proposed regulations 

have been met. In addition, the 

phytosanitary certificate accompanying 

each consignment of litchi would also 

have to include an additional 

declaration stating that the consignment 

was inspected in Vietnam and found 

free of P. litchii. 

Executive Order 12866 and Regulatory 

Flexibility Act 

This proposed rule has been 

determined to be not significant for the 

purposes of Executive Order 12866 and, 

therefore, has not been reviewed by the 

Office of Management and Budget. 

In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 603, we 

have performed an initial regulatory 

flexibility analysis, which is 

summarized below, regarding the 

economic effects of this proposed rule 

on small entities. Copies of the full 

analysis are available by contacting the 

person listed under FOR FURTHER

INFORMATION CONTACT or on the 

Regulations.gov Web site (see 

ADDRESSES above for instructions for 

accessing Regulations.gov). 

Based on the information we have, 

there is no reason to conclude that 

adoption of this proposed rule would 

result in any significant economic effect 

on a substantial number of small 

entities. However, we do not currently 

have all of the data necessary for a 

comprehensive analysis of the effects of 

this proposed rule on small entities. 

Therefore, we are inviting comments on 

potential effects. In particular, we are 

interested in determining the number 

and kind of small entities that may 

incur benefits or costs from the 

implementation of this proposed rule. 

This proposed rule is in response to 

a request from the NPPO of Vietnam to 

export fresh litchi and longan to the 

continental United States. In the United 

States, these two fruits are commercially 

produced in Florida and, to a lesser 


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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 206 / Tuesday, October 25, 2011 / Proposed Rules 65987 

extent, in Hawaii. Production in 

California is still largely in the 

developmental stage. Annual U.S. 

production volumes in 2008 were about 

535 metric tons (MT) for litchi and 776 

MT for longan. Virtually all U.S. farms 

that grow litchi and longan are believed 

to be small entities based on the Small 

Business Administration (SBA) standard 

of annual receipts of not more than 

$750,000. 

Our review of available information 

suggests that the proposed rule may 

have a negative economic impact on 

longan growers and, to a lesser extent, 

on litchi growers, particularly when the 

fruit is sold in Asian and Hispanic 

markets where the demand for produce 

tends to be more price-sensitive. The 

annual quantities of litchi and longan 

that Vietnam expects to export to the 

United States, namely, 600 MT and 

1,200 MT, would be equivalent to about 

18 percent and more than 100 percent, 

respectively, of U.S. import levels for 

these two fruits in 2010. Negative 

impacts for U.S. producers would be 

moderated to the extent that imports 

from Vietnam displace imports from 

other foreign sources. 

For the proposed rule, APHIS does 

not have an alternative to the proposed 

systems approach for allowing the 

importation of fresh litchi and longan 

fruit from Vietnam. Widely ranging 

prices for litchi and longan among U.S. 

markets and consumers’ varying 

purchasing criteria in regard to price, 

quality, and sustainability may indicate 

opportunities for domestic growers to 

alleviate negative effects of increased 

foreign competition through alternative 

marketing arrangements or marketing 

channels. 

Executive Order 12988 

This proposed rule would allow litchi 

and longan fruit to be imported into the 

United States from Vietnam. If this 

proposed rule is adopted, State and 

local laws and regulations regarding 

litchi and longan fruit imported under 

this rule would be preempted while the 

fruit is in foreign commerce. Fresh fruits 

are generally imported for immediate 

distribution and sale to the consuming 

public and would remain in foreign 

commerce until sold to the ultimate 

consumer. The question of when foreign 

commerce ceases in other cases must be 

addressed on a case-by-case basis. If this 

proposed rule is adopted, no retroactive 

effect will be given to this rule, and this 

rule will not require administrative 

proceedings before parties may file suit 

in court challenging this rule. 

Paperwork Reduction Act 

In accordance with section 3507(d) of 

the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 

(44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.), the information 

collection or recordkeeping 

requirements included in this proposed 

rule have been submitted for approval to 

the Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB). Please send written comments 

to the Office of Information and 

Regulatory Affairs, OMB, Attention: 

Desk Officer for APHIS, Washington, DC 

20503. Please state that your comments 

refer to Docket No. APHIS–2010–0116. 

Please send a copy of your comments to: 

(1) Docket No. APHIS–2010–0116, 

Regulatory Analysis and Development, 

PPD, APHIS, Station 3A–03.8, 4700 

River Road, Unit 118, Riverdale, MD 

20737–1238, and (2) Clearance Officer, 

OCIO, USDA, Room 404–W, 14th Street 

and Independence Avenue, SW., 

Washington, DC 20250. A comment to 

OMB is best assured of having its full 

effect if OMB receives it within 30 days 

of publication of this proposed rule. 

APHIS is proposing to amend the 

fruits and vegetables regulations to 

allow the importation of litchi and 

longan fruit from Vietnam into the 

continental United States. As a 

condition of entry, litchi and longan 

fruit from Vietnam would be subject to 

a systems approach that would include 

requirements from treatment and 

inspection and restrictions on the 

distribution of the fruit. This action 

would allow for the importation of litchi 

and longan fruit from Vietnam into the 

United States while continuing to 

provide protection against the 

introduction of quarantine pests. 

Allowing the importation of litchi and 

longan fruit from Vietnam into the 

continental United States will require 

the completion of a phytosanitary 

certificate with a declaration, orchard 

registration, and labeling of boxes. 

We are soliciting comments from the 

public (as well as affected agencies) 

concerning our proposed information 

collection and recordkeeping 

requirements. These comments will 

help us: 

(1) Evaluate whether the proposed 

information collection is necessary for 

the proper performance of our agency’s 

functions, including whether the 

information will have practical utility; 

(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our 

estimate of the burden of the proposed 

information collection, including the 

validity of the methodology and 

assumptions used; 

(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and 

clarity of the information to be 

collected; and 

(4) Minimize the burden of the 

information collection on those who are 

to respond (such as through the use of 

appropriate automated, electronic, 

mechanical, or other technological 

collection techniques or other forms of 

information technology; e.g., permitting 

electronic submission of responses). 

Estimate of burden: Public reporting 

burden for this collection of information 

is estimated to average 0.2554 hours per 

response. 

Respondents: NPPO of Vietnam and 

importers of litchi and longan fruit from 

Vietnam. 

Estimated annual number of 

respondents: 3. 

Estimated annual number of 

responses per respondent: 334. 

Estimated annual number of 

responses: 1,002. 

Estimated total annual burden on 

respondents: 256 hours. (Due to 

averaging, the total annual burden hours 

may not equal the product of the annual 

number of responses multiplied by the 

reporting burden per response.) 

Copies of this information collection 

can be obtained from Mrs. Celeste 

Sickles, APHIS’ Information Collection 

Coordinator, at (301) 851–2908. 

E-Government Act Compliance 

The Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service is committed to 

compliance with the E-Government Act 

to promote the use of the Internet and 

other information technologies, to 

provide increased opportunities for 

citizen access to Government 

information and services, and for other 

purposes. For information pertinent to 

E-Government Act compliance related 

to this proposed rule, please contact 

Mrs. Celeste Sickles, APHIS’ 

Information Collection Coordinator, at 

(301) 851–2908. 

List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 319 

Coffee, Cotton, Fruits, Imports, Logs, 

Nursery stock, Plant diseases and pests, 

Quarantine, Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements, Rice, 

Vegetables. 

Accordingly, we propose to amend 7 

CFR part 319 as follows: 

PART 319—FOREIGN QUARANTINE 

NOTICES 

1. The authority citation for part 319 

continues to read as follows 

Authority: 7 U.S.C. 450, 7701–7772, and 

7781–7786; 21 U.S.C. 136 and 136a; 7 CFR 

2.22, 2.80, and 371.3. 

2. A new § 319.56–54 is added to read 

as follows: 

§ 319.56–54 Fresh litchi and longan from 

Vietnam. 

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and 

longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruit 


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65988 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 206 / Tuesday, October 25, 2011 / Proposed Rules 

may be imported from into the 

continental United States from Vietnam 

only under the following conditions: 

(a) Growing conditions. Litchi fruit 

must be grown in orchards registered 

with and monitored by the national 

plant protection organization (NPPO) of 

Vietnam to ensure that the fruit are free 

of disease caused by Phytophthora 

litchii. 

(b) Treatment. Litchi and longan fruit 

must be treated with irradiation for 

plant pests of the class Insecta, except 

pupae and adults of the order 

Lepidoptera, in accordance with part 

305 of this chapter. 

(c) Labeling. In addition to meeting 

the labeling requirements in part 305 of 

this chapter, cartons containing litchi or 

longan must be stamped ‘‘Not for 

importation into or distribution in FL.’’ 

(d) Commercial consignments. The 

litchi and longan fruit may be imported 

in commercial consignments only. 

(e) Phytosanitary certificates. (1) Each 

consignment of litchi fruit must be 

accompanied by a phytosanitary 

certificate issued by the NPPO of 

Vietnam attesting that the conditions of 

this section have been met and that the 

consignment was inspected in Vietnam 

and found free of Phytophthora litchii. 

(2) Each consignment of longan fruit 

must be accompanied by a 

phytosanitary certificate issued by the 

NPPO of Vietnam attesting that the 

conditions of this section have been 

met. 

Done in Washington, DC, this 19th day of 

October 2011. 

Kevin Shea, 

Acting Administrator, Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service. 

[FR Doc. 2011–27574 Filed 10–24–11; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 3410–34–P 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service 

7 CFR Part 319 

[Docket No. APHIS–2011–0040] 

RIN 0579–AD52 

Importation of Mangoes From Australia 

AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service, USDA. 

ACTION: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: We are proposing to amend 

the regulations concerning the 

importation of fruits and vegetables to 

allow the importation of fresh mangoes 

from Australia into the continental 

United States. As a condition of entry, 

the mangoes would have to be produced 

in accordance with a systems approach 

employing a combination of mitigation 

measures for the fungus Cytosphaera 

mangiferae and would have to be 

inspected prior to exportation from 

Australia and found free of this disease. 

The mangoes would have to be 

imported in commercial consignments 

only and would have to be treated by 

irradiation to mitigate the risk of insect 

pests. The mangoes would also have to 

be accompanied by a phytosanitary 

certificate with an additional 

declaration that the conditions for 

importation have been met. This action 

would allow the importation of mangoes 

from Australia while continuing to 

protect against the introduction of plant 

pests into the United States. 

DATES: We will consider all comments 

that we receive on or before December 

27, 2011. 

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments 

by either of the following methods: 

• Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to 

http://www.regulations.gov/ 

#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0040- 

0001. 

• Postal Mail/Commercial Delivery: 

Send your comment to Docket No. 

APHIS–2011–0040, Regulatory Analysis 

and Development, PPD, APHIS, Station 

3A–03.8, 4700 River Road Unit 118, 

Riverdale, MD 20737–1238. 

Supporting documents and any 

comments we receive on this docket 

may be viewed at http:// 

www.regulations.gov/ 

#!docketDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0040 or 

in our reading room, which is located in 

room 1141 of the USDA South Building, 

14th Street and Independence Avenue, 

SW., Washington, DC. Normal reading 

room hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., 

Monday through Friday, except 

holidays. To be sure someone is there to 

help you, please call (202) 690–2817 

before coming. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. 

Donna West, Senior Import Specialist, 

PPQ, APHIS, 4700 River Road Unit 39, 

Riverdale, MD 20737–1231; (301) 734– 

0627. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background 

The regulations in ‘‘Subpart—Fruits 

and Vegetables’’ (7 CFR 319.56–1 

through 319.56–52, referred to below as 

the regulations) prohibit or restrict the 

importation of fruits and vegetables into 

the United States from certain parts of 

the world to prevent the introduction 

and dissemination of plant pests that are 

new to or not widely distributed within 

the United States. 

The national plant protection 

organization (NPPO) of Australia has 

requested that the Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 

amend the regulations to allow fresh 

mangoes from Australia to be imported 

into the continental United States. 

As part of our evaluation of 

Australia’s request, we prepared a pest 

risk assessment (PRA), titled 

‘‘Importation of Fresh Fruit of Mango, 

Mangifera indica L., from Australia into 

the Continental United States, A 

Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis’’ (June 

2011). The PRA evaluated the risks 

associated with the importation of 

mangoes into the continental United 

States from Australia. 

The PRA identified 21 pests of 

quarantine significance present in 

Australia that could be introduced into 

the United States through the 

importation of mangoes: 

Fruit Flies 

• Bactrocera aquilonis 

• B. cucumis 

• B. frauenfeldi 

• B. jarvisi 

• B. kraussi 

• B. murrayi 

• B. neohumeralis 

• B. opiliae 

• B. tryoni 

• Ceratitis capitata 

Scales 

• Red wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens) 

• Green scale (Coccus viridis) 

Weevil 

• Mango seed weevil (Sternochetus 

mangiferae) 

Fungi 

• Cytosphaera mangiferae 

• Fusarium spp. complex (associated 

with mango malformation disease) 

• Lasioddiplodia pseudotheobraomae 

• Neofusicoccum mangiferae 

• Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae 

• Phomopsis mangiferae 

• Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae 

Bacterium 

• Xanthomonas campestris pv. 

mangiferaeindicae 

According to our PRA, for pests rated 

high risk (C. rubens, C. capitata, and the 

nine Bactrocera spp. fruit flies), specific 

phytosanitary measures beyond 

standard port-of-entry inspection are 

strongly recommended. For pests rated 

medium risk (C. viridis, C. mangiferae, 

L. pseudotheobraomae, N. mangiferae, 

N. novaehollandiae, P. adansoniae, S. 

mangiferae, and X. campestris pv. 

mangiferaeindicae), specific 

phytosanitary measures beyond 


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