1

Filed 12/12/19 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION *

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

ENA NORTH BEACH, INC., et al.
, Plaintiff s and Appellants
,
v. 524 UNION STREET et al.
, Defendants and Appellan ts

. A152431
(San Francisco County Super. Ct. No. CGC

- 15

- 547922)

ENA NORTH BEACH, INC., et al.
, Plaintiffs and Respondents,

v. 524 UNION STREET et al.
, Defendants and Appellants. A152937
(San Francisco County Super. Ct. No. CGC

- 15

- 547922)

After leas ing premises owned by 524 Union Street for purposes of opening a
restaurant , respondent ENA North Beach was unable to open because the San Francisco Planning Department determined that an existing conditional use authorization for the property was no longer effective and a new one could not be granted

. ENA North Beach
filed suit a gainst the lessors, claiming false representations and failure to disclose
material facts regarding the problems with the conditional use authorization . A jury
found in favor of ENA North Beach and awarded compensatory and punitive damages.
This appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s verdict

. ENA North Beach’s cross

- appeal challenge s the trial court’s decision to reduce the amount of the punitive damages award against 524 Union Street . We conclude that the jury’s

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of part s I. , A

. , B., C., D., and III.2

verdict on liability, including liability for punitive damages, is supported by substantial
evidence

. Although we conclude the trial court employed an improper procedural mechanism in reducing the amo unt of the punitive damages award, we affirm the judgment for the reasons explained herein.
BACKGROUND
Natasha Hong, the president of ENA North Beach , sought to open a restaurant with a license to serve beer and wine in a building owned by 524 Union Street (524 Union) , a space which had housed restaurants for many years. 524 Union is a general partnership, of which Beverly Smucha is the managing partner and her son, Barak Smucha, a partner. 1 Beverly estimated she had owned the property for 35 or 40 years. Prior tenants had operated under a conditional use authorization 2 for a “full

- service restaurant and bar” obtained in 1998. Under the San Francisco Planning Code (Planning Code) , a new full

- service restaurant could be operated in this space only i f there had not been a gap in operations of such a restaurant for more than three years, as the conditional

use authorization would lapse if the approved use was discontinued for more than three years. (S .F. Planning Code, § 178 , subd. (d).) 3 The continued validity of the existing conditional use authorization was critical to Hong’s ability to open her restaurant because an ordinance adopted in 2012 prohibited approval of a new conditional use authorization

1 For convenience and clarity , this opinion will refer to Beverly Smucha and Barak Smuch a by first name, no disrespect is intended . Unless otherwise indicated, arguments and positions attributed to Smucha are also those of 524 Union.

2 As the terminology used in the testimony and documentary evidence varies, we note at the outset that this opinion will use the terms “conditional use authorization” and “conditional use permit” interchangeably.

3 This section provides: “Abandonment. A permitted conditional use that is discontinued for a period of three years, or otherwise abandoned, shall n ot be restored, except upon approval of a new conditional use application pursuant to the provisions of Article 3 of this Code. For purposes of this Subsection, the period of nonuse for a permitted conditional use to be deemed discontinued in the North Be ach [ and ] Castro Street Neighborhood Commercial Districts, and the Jackson Square Special Use District shall be eighteen (18) months [

. ] ” (S.F. Planning Code, § 178, subd. (d).)3

for a full

- service restaurant in this location. (S.F. Planning Code, § 780.3 , subd. (c)(1) [North Beach Special Use District].)
The meaning of the term “full

- service restaurant” was a matter of some dispute at
trial. According to the San Francisco Planning Department (Department) planner w ho testified at trial, under the applicable definitions in the Planning Code, a “restaurant” or
“full

- service restaurant” had to have “a majority of food service” but could also serve alcohol, while a “limited restaurant” would have no alcohol service. 4 S he testified, however, that the San Francisco Zoning A dministrator interpreted the definitions as requiring that a full

- service restaurant have a liquor license , so that a restaurant that did not serve alcohol would be a “limited restaurant.” Beverly main tained that a full

- service restaurant was allowed to serve alcohol but not required to do s o, and differed from a
limited restaurant in that full service meant a sit

- down restaurant while a limited

restaurant was “more like a takeout place.”

4 The San Francisco Planning Code (Planning Code) no longer uses the term full

service restaurant but rather contains definitions for “restaurant” and “restaurant, limited.” ( S.F. Planning Code, § 102.) A “restaurant” is defined a “[a] Retail Sales and Service use that serves prepared, ready

- to

- eat cooked foods to customers for c onsumption on the premises and which has seating ,” and which “ may provide on

- site beer, wine, and/or liquor sales for drinking on the premises ” if a t least 51 percent of its gross receipts

are from food prepared and sold on premises. ( Ibid .) “Restaurant, limited” is defined as “[a] Retail Sales and Service Use that serves ready

- to

- eat foods and/or drinks to customers for consumption on or off the premises, that may or may not have seating” and “shall not provide on

- site beer and/or wine sales for consumpt ion on the premises, but may sell beer and/or wine for consumption off the premises . . .

. ” ( Ibid .) Examples of limited restaurants are “ sandwich shops, coffee houses, pizzerias, ice cream shops, bakeries, delicatessens, and confectioneries . . .

. ” ( Ibid .) As described in the findings supporting the 1998 conditional use authorization, the then

- existing provisions of the Planning Code defined “full

- service restaurant” without reference to alcohol (“a retail eating or drinking use which serves food to customers primarily for consumption on the premises,” “is not specifically designed to attract and accommodate high customer volumes or turnover,” “has seating and serves prepared, ready

- to

- eat cooked foods for consumption on the premises,” and where “[g]uests typically order and receive food and beverages while seated at tables on the premises and pay for service after the meal is consumed”) and separately defined “bar” (“a retail use which provides on

- site alcoholic beverage sal es for drinking on the premises”).4

Prior to ENA North Beach, a restaurant called Le Bordeaux had operated at 524
Union for part of 2011

. Although Le Bordeaux had closed less than three years before
ENA North Beach’s tenancy , the Department concluded the cond itional use authorization had lapsed for two reasons. On e was that t here had been a long gap b etween Le Bordeaux and the previous restaurant, The Field, which had a lease running through August 2008 , but in fact left the premises in 2004. The second was that although Le Bordeaux had been approved as a full

- service restaurant, the Department took the view
that it did not operate as such because
, while it had applied for a liquor permit from the state Department of Alcohol and Beverage Control ( D ABC) , it had not actually received the permit before it ceased operating

. As explained by the attorney Hong later hired to help her negotiate the permit issues, because th e D epartment considered running a bar part of the approved use under the 1998 conditiona l use authorization , that authorization would lapse if there was a three

- year period in which a bar was not run. As will be explained, Hong initially obtained approval for her restaurant from the Department but that approval was subsequently rescinded after the gap in operations between The Field and Le Bordeaux was brought to the attention of the Department and
the Department learned that Le Bordeaux had been operating without a liquor license.
Unable to obtain approval to open the restaurant, ENA North Beach sued 524 Union and Beverly
, alleging that Beverly falsely told Hong there had been full

- service restaurants in the space “continuously,” failed to disclose the more than three

- year gap, and falsely represented that Le Bordeaux had an alcohol license. 5 Beverly maintained that she made all necessary disclosures regarding the history of the leased premises and tha t the Department interpreted the Planning Code incorrectly, an error Beverly could not have anticipated. Hong testified that when she first visited the property in June 2014 , Barak told her
Le Bordeaux had a beer and wine license

. She testified that Beve rly told her there had

5 524 Union filed a cross

- complaint against ENA North Beach, Hong
, and Arnold Bunyaviroch that is not at issue on this appeal.5

always been a liquor license at the property , which had always been used as a full

- service

restaurant ; never said Le Bordeaux did not receive a license to serve alcohol but rather said it obtained the license; never said the space ha d been abandoned or “discontinued” for three years
, and never discussed the need for a conditional use permit. B efore signing
the lease, Hong went to the Department
, asked the clerk whether there would be any problem opening a full

- service restaurant at 524 Union and was told “no” and “everything is fine.”
In mid

- July 2014, Hong asked Beverly to delay the lease start date from August 1 until September 1, as she was looking for a wine and beer license broker to help her obtain a type 41 alcohol license and was not sure how long processing would take. Beverly agreed to the change in start date but s aid she could not delay signing the lease. Her email to Hong stated, “You should be able to get a type 41 liq. l ic en se (beer and wine) without a broker for a full

- service restaurant. You will not be able to move forward with licensing without a fully executed lease.” Because she was very busy, Hong hired the broker who had helped her when she opened her existing restaurant

. Hong signed the lease sometime on Augu st 14, 2014. That afternoon
, the broker
emailed her
, “[u]nfortunately, you are not allowed to obtain Liquor license, at all,” attaching an email from the Department stating that, according to the zoning
administrator , “the site will not be able to accommo date a new liquor license.” Hong
testified that this was a big deal because a restaurant cannot make a profit without selling
alcohol

. She contacted Beverly
, who replied that evening, saying all of the prior tenants had had type 47 (hard liquor) licenses and the French r estaurant was “approved for beer
& wine

. ” Beverly sent Hong a list of prior tenants from June 22, 1934, to October 7, 1999, describing all but one (in 19 36 ) as “Bar & Restaurant ,” as well as some documents related to permits obtai ned by the tenants

. Beverly told Hong she had delayed executing the lease and depositing Hong’s check “because of your phone call,” and suggested Hong take a few days to decide whether the space was right for her. Beverly subsequently signed the lease on August 17, 2014.6

The lease states that “[t]he premises are to be used for the operation of a
Restau rant, to serve food to the public as a Full Service Restaurant and alcoholic beverages of beer and wine. Lessee covenants and agrees with Lessor, as a condition of this lease, that the purpose of or use of the premises will not be changed or altered by
Le ssee without the prior written consent of Lessor. Lessee shall use said premises continuously and constantly during the term hereof for the purpose of conducting the
above mentioned business .” On September 2, Department planner Marcelle Boudrea u x signe d a “Zoning
Affidavit” to be submitted to the D ABC for ENA North Beac h, indicating the existing conditional use permit could be used and attaching the 1998 conditional use
authorization. 6 Hong understood this form to be saying the previous tenant’s conditional use permit remained valid, which was consistent with her understanding from her visit to the D epartment. Around December 201 4 , Hong obtained the D ABC beer and wine license. Renovations of the premises cont inued, with the aim of opening the restaurant around
March 2015.
On January 20, 2015, planner Carly Grob emailed Hong that the Department “cannot approve the Dept. of Public Health or [ D ABC ] referral for [ENA North Beach]. Planning Code section 780.3 s tates that a restaurant may be permitted as a conditional use if it does not occupy a vacant space last occupied by a permitted conditional use that has been abandoned or discontinued for 3 years. Because the former tenant, Le Bordeaux,
never received a D ABC license to serve alcohol, they were operating as a limited restaurant instead of a restaurant. Therefore, the restaurant use was abandoned more than 3 years ago, and cannot be reinstated at this location.” 7

6 On the affidavit form, in a box for “date you filed application for C.U.P.
, ” a handwritten note says, “N/A

— can use existing conditional use Motion No. 14759/case 98.84.”

7 The issue s with the conditional use permit were brought to the Department’s attention by Marsha Garland, a permit expediter who had been involved in getting the7

Hong emailed Beverly about the specified ordinance

. Beverly responded
, “[t]his came into effect because there were restaurants going into spaces that were previously
other uses. [¶] [524 Union] has always been a restaurant bar; it’s a 100 yr old space.
This is not a new use but the s ame use for decades, and one of the oldest if not the oldest restaurant spaces in North Beach. [¶] Also they know L e Bordeaux has not been out of there for 3 years. They are just trying to come up with something else. Makes no sense. It will work out, just need to get to the right person. These planners need to be fired.” A few days later Beverly told Hong, “ The planner’s opinion that Le Bordeaux bec a me a limited restaurant because of the processing of his beer and wine license was delayed is
incorrec t. ” 8 Hong hired attorney David Silverman to help her with the conditional use permit
issues. On February 8, 2015, when Hong forwarded to Beverly an email from her attorney’s office indicating that in order to fight the abandonment issue they would need “the use/lease/occupancy history of the building laid out, and all the efforts to try to find a tenant over the last several years that hopefully w ould toll the ticking of the abandonment clock,” Beverly replied, “Doesn’t sound like this attorney is up to speed
with the laws. We wi ll try to come up with some names

. ”
In a March 12, 2015 email, Beverly told Hong that the premises had never been

use d as a limited restaurant but “always and only” full service, the insurance on the premises was for a full

- service restaurant
, “which is more expensive and difficult to get
, ”

conditional use approval for The Field in 1998. Garland testified that she told the owner of Le Bordeaux he needed a conditional use permit, told Beverly this, and during the time Le Bordeaux was operating
, notified the Department that a conditional use permit was

n eeded. Garland told the Department it had made a mistake with Le Bordeaux because the long prior vacancy meant a new conditional use permit was needed; she felt allowing it to open was unfair to others who were unable to get alcohol licenses.

8 In this email, Beverly suggested that Hong point out to the Department that “the amendments adding a limited restaurant” would not apply to Le Bo r deaux because they did not go into effect until May 2012 and Le Bordeaux was approved as a full

- service restaurant in 2011, and in any event the definition of “restaurant” did not require having a liquor license.8

and the previous tenant’s insurance was for a full

- service restaurant with a beer and wine
license

. Silverman testified that Beverly told him T he Field left in 2008 and gave him a copy of its lease , which stated a termination date of August 31, 2008. On this basis
, Silverman argued to the z oning admini strator that the gap between The Field and
Le Bordeaux was less than three years

. T he z oning administrator found The Field’s l ease insufficient to demonstrate that it remained in operation until its termination date because
the D ABC website indicated The Field’s licenses were cancelled in August 2004

. Beverly told Silverman she thought the administrator was mistaken

. 9 Based on Beverly ’s representations, Silverman pre pared a declaration that she executed on M arch 16, 2015 , stating that “the space has been used as a full

- service restaurant and bar continuously after we obtained the conditional use authorization in 1998 except for periods of turnover
between tenants, when we advertised for full

- service restaurant tenants
, ” and that “The
Field R estaurant and bar was the Lessee under a Lease Agreement that was in effect from August 26, 1998 until August 31, 2008.” The z oning administrator again found this was

“ not enough to substantiate that the conditional use was not abandoned.”
Silverman testified that when he tried to get documentation from Beverly to refute
the gap in operations between The Field and Le Bordeaux, she responded with statements
about Le Bo rdeaux’s liquor license application and arguments that the Department ’s
determination was wrong. 10 At this point, Silverman was “starting to thin k that [the

z oning administrator ] might have a point because I’m not getting any evidence to the contrary.”

9 When Silverman’s paralegal investigated, the information was no longer available on the D ABC website.

10 Among his attempts to provide the z oning administrator with facts to support the argument that there was a continuous use of the space, Silverman tried to show that the owner advertised for a tenant for the same purpose during times no restaurant was operating, but Beverly provided only two years of advertisements, which left a five

- year gap.9

In an April 2015 email correspondence, the z oning administrator inform ed
Silverman that “any approval of Le Bordeaux in 2011 was in error” because the previous
restaurant use ha d been abandoned after T he Field discontinued operation in 2004. Silverman’s requests for addit i onal documentation from Beverly met with arguments that the department was acting improperly. The z oning administrator denied Hong’s request for a hearing, an d Silverman told Beverly they had reached a dead end

. Hong testified that she had believed everything Beverly told her about the use of the premises and realized Beverly “was lying to me from the beginning” only after her attorneys told her there was nothing more to be done and she would not be able to open
the restaurant

. She gave notice of termination of the lease on April 24, 2015 . Asked why he believed, as stated in the termination letter, that Beverly “failed to disclose to [Hong]
the existence of the abandonment of the conditional use for the p remises,” Silverman testified, “ [b] ecause she had been telling me the opposite . . . [t] hat the restaurant had operated continuously . . . [a]s a full

- service restaurant and bar

. ” He testified, “the
situa tion was actually worse than I wrote in this letter. I wrote that, ‘You failed to
disclose to our c lient existence of the abandonment.’ [¶] Actually, she lied to our client about it because she told her over and over again that there had been continuous operation. And she told me that, and she told the zoning administrator that.”
Planner Carly Grob testified that it initially appeared H ong ’ s restaurant could be approved with the existing approval for restaurant use, but it was later discovered that
Le Bordeaux had been operating as a limited restaurant, without liquor service , and the

z oning administrator interpreted the Planning Code as requiring a restaurant to have an alcohol license

. W hen Grob asked Beverly for documentation relating to use of the property , Beverly responded with complaints about the permit expediter who had complained about the conditional use issue (see f n. 7 , ante , at p 6

. ) and assertions that
Le Bordeaux had gone through a “very thorough ” planning and zoning process to receive approval. Beverly never said there was a vacancy at the property. Grob testified that t he Department had not revoked the September 2, 2014 zoning affidavit indicating Hong did10

not need a new conditional use permit, but had “acknowledged” that position was
incorrect and so advised the D ABC. Sylvain Castet, the owner of Le Bordeaux, testified that when he rented the premises intending t o open a French restaurant serving beer and wine, Beverly did not tell him about a prior vacancy of more than three years or possible need for a new conditional use approval. After he signed the lease, neighbors told him the property had
been vacant for 1 0 years. When he asked Beverly about this, she responded, “ [n] o, it hasn’t been vacant for 10 years” and advised him not to listen to the neighbors ; she never told him there was had been a vacancy of more than three years

. 11 Optimist Prime, a company owned by James Bryant Bourque , his mother and his stepfather , signed a lease for the 524 Union premises on October 8, 2015, with the intention of opening a restaurant. For tax reasons, a contingency was being able to open by the end of 2015, and B everly assured them she would make sure they got timely approvals to be able to meet the deadline. From his conversations with Beverly , Bourque understood they would need to go through the conditional use process but this would not stop them from opening the restaurant; Beverly did not disclose that zoning for this purpose had been lost entirely
, did not mention a problem with a prior tenant or with
ENA North Beach , and told him the owner of Le Bordeaux had received a liquor license
but had to leave the co untry due to a visa issue before he was able to start using it. Beverly said the space had always been used as a restaurant and both she and the lease itself said it could only be used as a full

- service restaurant. His understanding from Beverly was that the premises had been vacant because they were being selective about who to lease to, not because they were having trouble getting tenants. Beverly provided Bo u rque with a written disclosure statement that stated the premises had “always” been used as a restaurant and had last been leased by ENA North
Beach , which “ did not get open ” ; that Beverly had been told it was “scheduled to open,

11 Beverly claimed to have clarified that it was vacant for o ver three years but was not able to identify where she had said this.11

with all approvals including the issuance of their beer & wine license ,” until expediter
Marsha Garland , who represente d competing interests, complained to the Department ; and that ENA North Beach , “already in violation of her lease was unable to navigate the permitting process with their attorney and was adverse to the potential of a Conditional Use process, opting instea d not to pursue the issue formally.” The d isclosure described
Le Bordeaux as a full

- service restaurant “specializing in Bordeaux regional wines,” and
stated that it “ received the required approvals and permits from the c ity prior to opening ” but processin g of its beer and wine license was “delayed because of corporate issues” and “they got approved for issuance, however just prior, they had to close due to immigration
visa issues.” According to the disclosure, Garland and the Department had an issue with
Le Bordeaux having been approved to open without going through the conditional use

process , and the Department changed its interpretation of the definitions of types of
restaurants and acted “ as if Le Bordeaux had never opened and withdraw [ sic ] ENA’s approval.” The disclosure referred to the “discrepancy with the last tenant” and stated that the premises had “never been a dormant space

. ” 12 Bourque first learned there might be a problem from the owner of the restaurant
next door. Although t he Department initially said it looked like there should not be a problem opening “some kind of food service,” an attorney alerted Bourque to the zoning issues, further inquiries at the Department revealed that The Field sold its liquor license
to another ent erprise in 2004
, and Bourque learned they would be able to open only with a special exemption from the supervisor of the district, who was a proponent of the special use district trying to limit restaurants in North Beach.

12 Bourque’s understanding from the disclosure was that the liquor license for Le Bo r deaux had been issued and ENA North Beach terminated its lease because of disagreements over “tenant improvements, and decorations, paint and that kind of thing” and “for whatever reason, they couldn’t get their permitting . . .

. ” He understood the reference to “dormant space” as saying there had been continuous operation of a full

service restaurant w ith no lapse, and Beverly never discussed a period of dormancy following The Field or a gap of three years or more between The Field and Le Bordeaux.12

Bourque testified that Beverly told his mother about the present lawsuit a bout four days after the lease was signed b ut said it would not impact Optimist Prime ; they came to
realize the suit was linked with the zoning issues and gave notice of termination of the lease on October 31, 2015. Bourque denied Beverly ’s claims that they terminated the lease because she would not approve unpermitted work they wanted to do on the premises and that they damaged the premises.
Grob testified that it seemed the landl ord was continuing to market the space as a restaurant because she continued to get calls from prospective tenants seeking to open a restaurant there; she would tell them that they could not do so, in accordance with the Department’s “practice and opinion” that the space cannot be used as a full

- service
restaurant and bar. Beverly testified that when Hong first contacted her about the premises, she did not believe a conditional use permit would be needed b ecause the previous tenant had been approved witho ut a new one , there was still a conditional use permit recorded against the property, and her understanding was that the permit would have to go before
the San Francisco Planning Commission to be revoked. The 1998 conditional use
authorization included the statement that a “full

- service restaurant and bar previously existed at the Project Site, but has been closed for over three years. Per Planning Code Section 178(d), conditional use authorization would not be required had the business
been closed for less than three years.” Asked about her awareness of this point in 1998, Beverly testified that she did not know whether the new authorization was required
because of “ the three year s or it was a different kind of business or a different kind of liquor li cense.” Beverly acknowledged there was “at least” a three

- year gap between The Field and Le Bordeaux, as The Field vacated before the end of its lease. She testified that “[p]robably all of North Beach” knew about The Field vacancy. Asked why she did not disclose it, Beverly said, “ [ t]here was nothing to disclose” and “ we disclosed everything. ” She denied having suggested to Grob that the vacancy period wa s less than three years and testified that she did not correct the misunderstanding reflected in an email13

suggesting she had done so 13 because she was “trying to figure out what was going on because they had approved Le Bordeaux and they approved Hong,” an d she was shocked that the city was “going back to a previous tenant” after having approved Le Bordeaux. She denied knowing that a three

- year gap in use would jeopardize the conditional use permit or representing to other people that the property did not have a vacancy of at least three years. 14 Asked about the statement in her declaration that the space had been used “continuously” as a full

- service restaurant and bar since the conditional use authorization in 1998, she testified that her understanding of “continuously” was “repeatedly,” the statement was true “except for the time when it was vacant,” and the use of the space was never changed

. Beverly believed a conditional use authorization would not lapse if the owner did not intend to abandon the use, a view she believed to be supported by a 2004
letter of determination by a previous z oning administrator which she described as concluding t here was no abandonment of a conditional use permit where “ the owner’s
intention i s to find a replacement tenant for the same use. ” 15 She testified that her

13 Grob’s email to Beverly stated, “From our earlier discussions, I believe that the period of vacancy be tween Le Bordeaux and the preceding restaurant was less than three years and no CU is required, but I simply do not have documentation to prove it. Any documentation you may have would be very helpful.”

14 In her deposition, asked whether she had any reas on to think a 2009 article was incorrect in stating that the space had been vacant “for years,” Beverly initially claimed she did not understand the question, then questioned what the author knew about the situation and said she had “no idea,” then, after acknowledging she was sure it was vacant in 2009, said, “everybody has their own conception of years. . . . Some people think six months are years. Some people think ten years are two years . . .

. ”

15 The 2004 case involved a restaurant called Basta Pasta that closed in 2001. Based on the facts that the restaurant furnishings and equipment had been kept in place and the business and property had been marketed as a unit, the z oning administrator determined that there had bee n a “generally consistent effort to operate the subject property as a restaurant” and the use had not been abandoned for purposes of the conditional use authorization. The determination letter noted the “difficult economic conditions following the collaps e of the dot com industry, and the ensuing loss of numerous restaurants throughout the city,” and stated that “[t]o consider a use abandoned14

declaration was meant to prove there was no three

- year abandonment, and denied that it
was misleadi ng to say The Field was the lessee under an agreement that was “in effect” until August 31, 2008, when The Field had left before the end of the lease term. Asked about the email in which she told Hong that Le Bordeaux had been “approved for a type 41 liquor license,” Beverly testified that she meant the owner was “approved with the c ity as a full

- service restaurant to operate with a Type 41 liquor license,” but acknowledged that the city does not issue liquo r licenses and that the owner closed the restaurant “prior to the final issuance and approval” of a liquor license. Beverly denied having a disclosure problem with Optimist Prime ; denied that the
written disclosure statement failed to disclose that ENA w as not able to use the 1998
conditional use authorization or get a new one ; denied that saying the premises had “never been a dormant space” was intended to communicate that there were no vacancy
issues ; and c laimed to have discussed the issues about The F ield with the lessees when they first looked at the space. Beverly testified that Optimist Prime left because she would not approve plans for unpermitted alterations of the space; asked whether the real
reason was that the lessees discovered they would no t be able to open a full

- service restaurant and bar because of the issues Hong had, Beverly responded, “that’s what they said. However, we were very suspicious that maybe we were set up in them coming in at some point.”
Barak testified that when he firs t showed Hong the space, she knew about
Le Bordeaux and asked “how he survived being a French restaurant without the liquor license,” and that he discussed with Hong the problem of The Field having left before the
end of its lease and told her, as he tells everyone, there had been a three

- or four

- year vacancy before Le Bordeaux

. He testified that Castet knew about the “three

- to four

year” vacancy prior to Le Bordeaux and denied that the contrary was indicated by an email in which Castet said he needed to know the departure date of the last tenant

because it was unable to be leased in light of consistent efforts to rent the space, would damage the c ity’s abilit y to recover from economically troubled times.”15

because the Department needed to know if it was less than three years so he could be allowed “a ‘continuation of existing use

. ’ ” Barak testified that when he first showed the space to Bourque , he gav e his “usual” disclosure speech, so “ they knew going in that there were unresolved zoning issues,” but they “weren’t really that interested” and said they had a contact at a lobbyist
firm. He told Bourque that the Department was misreading a law and there was more to be done to deal with the issue. He denied having been told Bourque had a definite
timeline for opening his restaurant and claimed they would not have leased to him if he had, denied that Bourque was told a beer and wine license had been issued to
Le Bordeaux , and stated that Bourque wanted to do extensive unpermitted work on the

space. Barak testified he still believed there will be a restaurant with a liquor license in the space, as neighboring properties with long vacancies had gotten licenses in same time period. 16 The jury returned verdicts in favor of ENA North Beach on the claims for intentional misrepresentation, concealment
, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and found damages of $91,692.50
, and cl ear and convincing
evidence that Beverly acted with malice, oppression or fraud. The jury found in favor of

16 Commercial R eal E state B roker Steve Zimmerman, testifying for Beverly
, opined that Hong did not satisfy “the standard due diligence usually implemented by a buyer in a project such as this” and that Hong’ s signing the lease on the day she had been told there would be no liquor license available “doesn’t seem like a very sound decision.” He testified that the Zoning administrator ’s statement should have been a red flag that investigation was needed; he wou ld have recommended a client obtain counsel from a permit attorney or D ABC attorney; Hong should have hired her land use attorney before she signed the lease rather than afterward; and it was not reasonable for her to rely on the statements of her landlord or broker. Given that there was an existing conditional use permit that had not been removed and a preexisting tenant who was allowed to open without a new conditional use permit, he did not think the landlord had an obligation to disclose more than thes e facts, because it would be logical for the owner to think the conditional use permit would still be valid. He acknowledged that his analysis assumed there was no fraud or deceit by the landlord toward the tenant, but testified that such fraud or deceit would not change the requirement for the prospective tenant to do due diligence.16

Beverly on Ena North Beach ’s claim for breach of contract. The jury subsequently awarded punitive damages against 524 Union in the amount of $916, 925 and against Beverly personally in the amount of $91,692.50. After t he court entered judgment on the jury’s verdict
, Beverly filed motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV)
and for a new trial. The trial court denied the new trial motion , granted the motion for
JNOV in order to reduce the award of punitive damages against 524 Union to $131,500, and denied the motion in all other respects. The court granted ENA North Beach’s motion for attorney fees in the amount of $401,584 ($385,874 for fees accrued up to entry of judgment and $15,710 for fees accrued after entry of judgment ) , and subsequently granted a supplemental motion for attorney fees in the amount of $75,537

. The final judgment was filed on August 28, 2017. This appeal and cross

- appeal
followed.
DISCUSSION
I. Beverly c hallenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s verdict. In resolving this issue, “[a] ll conflicts in the evidence are resolved in favor of the prevailing party, and all reasonable inferences are drawn in a manner that upholds the verdict. ( Greathouse v. Amcord, Inc . (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 831, 836

– 837 , citing Crawford v. Southern Pacific Co . (1935) 3 Cal.2d 427, 429.) ” ( Holmes v. Lerner (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 442, 445 .) “ All issues of credibility are likewise within the province of the
trier of fact. ” ( Nestle v. City of Santa Monica (1972) 6 Cal.3d 920, 925 .)
A. The theory of Hong’s case was that she was fraudulently induced to enter the lease agreement. “ ‘ The necessary el ements of fraud are: (1) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity (scienter); (3) intent to defraud (i.e., to induce reliance); (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damage. ’ ” ( Molko v. Holy Spirit Assn. (1988) 46 Cal.3d 1092, 1108; see Seeger v. Odell (1941) 18 Cal.2d 409, 414; § 1709.)” ( Alliance Mortgage Co. v. Rothwell (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1226, 1239 (

Alli a nce Mortgage ) .)17

Beverly contend s there was no substantial evidence to support the jury’s verdict for intentional misrepresentation in that there was no evidence of any misrepresentation
made before the lease was signed. According to Beverly
, Hong’s attorney argued in closing that eviden ce of statements made after the lease was signed allowed an inference that similar statements were made and relied upon prior to signing, an argument Beverly
maintain s improperly called for speculation absent evidence of any such statements having been mad e. ( California Shopper, Inc. v. Royal Globe Ins. Co . (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 1, 45 [finding of fact must be based on evidence, not speculation]

. ) Beverly ’s characterization of this portion of the argument is not accurate. Counsel argued that Hong testifie d to statements she relied upon in signing the lease
, and that evidence of statements made after the lease was signed was relevant in addition to Hong’s testimony because it showed “how [Beverly] is talking. It’s consistent that, if you make misrepresentations before the lease is signed, you continue to make those same misrepresentations after the lease is signed.” 17 Counsel did not argue that because there

17 Counsel argued: “Some of the statements you’ve seen on the board this afternoon, many of these statements happened after the lease was signed. And you may be asking your self, wait a second. How could [ Hong ] be relying on statements made after the lease was signed when we’re alleging she was induced to sign the lease by way of these false statements? Right? [¶] Hong testified credibly that she did rely on false statemen ts, orally, and she testified credibly that [Beverly] said the property was used continuously. This is beyond the e

- mails you looked at. This is what she testified to hearing before, before she signs the lease. [¶] Beverly said the property was used

con tinuously without interruption. Hong testified that Beverly said the property could be used as a full

- service restaurant serving alcohol. No problem. Somewhat reminiscent of what Barak said. He says to the tenants, ‘You can get a conditional use permit , not problem.’ [¶] Hong said Beverly advertised

— the advertisement on Craigslist said it could be used as a full

- service restaurant serving alcohol and that Beverly discussed Le Bordeaux and represented that Le Bordeaux had an alcohol license. These are all the things [Hong] says was said to her before the lease was signed. . . . The point of the later

e

- mails is just to show that this is how Beverly is talking. It’s consistent that, if you make misrepresentations before the lease is signed, you contin ue to make those same misrepresentations after the lease is signed. And because we don’t have perfect evidence of what happened before the lease is singed, we use the gestalt, the whole body of evidence together, to allow us to reasonably infer what happe ned here. [¶] And even Beverly

. . . admits that, prior to signing the lease, Hong asked extensively about the18

was evidence of false statements made a fter the lease was signed the jury could conclude such statements were also made before the signing. Hong testified that when she first visited the property, Barak told her that
Le Bordeaux was a “ bar,” “they must have had a lot of beer piping going upstai rs” and “they had a beer and wine license.” 18 She testified that Beverly told her the property had always been a full

- service restaurant and there had always been a liquor license at the property; never said Le Bordeaux did not receive a license to serve a lcohol but rather said it obtained the license; and never said the space had been abandoned or “discontinued” for three years. Beverly point s out that Hong first met Beverly after the lease was signed and Hong acknowledged on cross

- examination that she asked Beverly about the restaurant prior to Le Bordeaux only after Hong signed the lease

. Beverly point s to this acknowledgment in arguing that Hong was “ unable to i dentify a single misrepresentation ” made to her prior to signing the lease , noting tha t when specifically asked what “lie” Beverly told her, Hong responded that when she asked about the restaurant before Le Bordeaux, Beverly said, “Oh, it’s very complicated. I don’t want to go there.” Immediately after acknowledging that this conversatio n occurred after the lease was signed, however, Hong testified, “But she didn’t mention anything about prior
tenant.” Beverly ’s attorney pressed, “you didn’t ask her, did you?” and Hong replied, “Yeah, because I trust her word, ‘ [t] here’s always been full

- service restaurant with a beer and wine license.’ Why would I question her

— question her period? Because landlord told me it’s always been a full

- service restaurant. I trusted her. I believed her because, if I were the landlord, I would not lie. I would not
, not tell the truth.” Hong expressly

history of the building” and Beverly said, “There was nothing to disclose. We disclosed everything.”

18 Beverly notes Hong’s testimony that when Barak showed her the property, they “didn’t really discuss a lot of things,” but she ignores what Hong testified they did discuss during this visit.19

testified that at the time she signed the lease she believed it could be used as a ful l

- service
restaurant because “ [Beverly] told me that it’s always been a full

- service restaurant, and I believed it.” Hong also testified that when she signed the lease, Beverly told her “ there was an existing beer and wine license. ” When asked on cross

- examination to acknowledge, in accordance with a provision in the lease agreement, that Beverly “didn’t make any warranties or representations about the fitness of the premises for the use that you wanted,” Hong responded, “She did. She told me that it was a full

- service restaurant and is selling liquor license

— I mean alcohol type 47 and a beer and wine license.” 19 Hong’s t estimony was substantial evidence supporting the jury’s verdict. Additional support was provided by evidence of email correspondence around the time Hong entered the lease. As previously indicated, on the day Hong signed the lease, the
broker she had hir ed informed her that she would not be able to “obtain Liquor license, at
all” and sent her the Departm ent’s email stating that, according to the z oning
administrator , “the site will not be able to accommodate a new liquor license.” Upset,
because a restau rant cannot make a profit without selling alcohol, according to Hong’s testimony, she forwarded the email to Beverly , who replied at 10:40 p.m., saying she was sending separate emails with “records of usage as a B ar & Restaurant,” and that “[a]ll of them had a type 47 hard liq. License” and the French restaurant was “approved for beer
& wine.” 20 Beverly included a two

- page list of building permit records for the premises,

19 Beverly maintains that the sole “relevant communication” from her to Hong prior to the lease signing was an email stating, “You should be able to get a type 41 liq. License (beer and wine) without a broker for a full service restaurant.” Beverly maintain s this was a statement of opinion rather than an actionable misrepresentation. ( Tarmann v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 153, 158 [“ ‘ [P]redictions as to future events, or statements as to future action by some third party, are deeme d opinions, and not actionable fraud. ’ ”].) This is not one of the specific statements Hong relies upon as supporting the verdict. It is worth noting, however, that in the context of this case it could reasonably be seen as further evidence that Beverly was attempting to obfuscate issues she knew existed with regard to the conditional use permit.

20 Beverly testified that she was not sent the emails between the broker and Hong and first saw them during production of documents in the litigation. She testi fied that20

indicating owners and usage by all but one as “Bar & Restaurant,” beginning with June 22, 1934, and ending with an October 7, 1999, record for The Field. This list did not include subsequent records for the Field in 2003 and Le Bordeaux in 2011 that were
included in the version of the list Beverly produced in discovery, and Hong argu ed at trial that the omission of page 3 from the document Beverly sent Hong was an attempt to hide the period of inactivity between The Field (1999) and Le Bordeaux (2011)

. Beverly
denied this and testified the omission was unintentional
, 21 but the jury wa s entitled to draw the inference against Beverly if it did not find her credible. Beverly argue s there was no evidence Hong saw this email before signing the lease on August 14, 2014. But this ignore s the context. Beverly ’s 10:40 p.m. email went

on to sa y, “I have delayed executed [ sic ] the Lease yet or deposited your check because of your phone call. The space may not be right for you. [¶] Please take a few days to think about it. I will get your check back to you right away. I will wait to hear from

you

. ” This email may or may not have induced Hong’s initial signing, but it definitely preceded actual execution of the lease, which did not occur until Beverly signed it on August 17, 2014. The email offered Hong an out, telling her the lease was not y et effective, and thus could be viewed as inducement for Hong to proceed with the lease
after she expressed concerns. Beverly also argue s that the representation that Le Bordeaux was “approved for beer & wine” was true. This may be technically correct : The license had been approved but not issued. Hong testified that she understood the email as assuring her Le Bordeaux

Hong called her on August 14 about having reservations about the lease but did not mention the Department saying she would not get a license, only that Hong said she had “contacted some nonprofit organization and they had submitted it and then sh e got this email saying that it would be tough in North Beach.”

21 Beverly testified that there were two versions of this document because she added Le Bordeaux and its approval to update the summary, and the omission of the third page from the email to H ong was not intentional. She denied failing to send it because the entries on page three would have suggested there was no activity at the property between 2003 and 2011.21

had a liquor license, that the documents attached to the email were supposed to show “that previous restaurant, except Le Bordeaux, they all had Type 47 liquor license” and “also according to her, Le Bordeaux has Type 41 beer and wine license.” Since the critical question was whether the restaurant in fact had a liquor license, the representation was at best misleading, implying that the restaurant actually had a license despite not expressly saying so, and the jury could reasonably accept Hong’s understanding. 22 Beverly further contend s the evidence does not support a finding of justifiable reliance. “ A plaintiff establishes reliance ‘when the misrepresentation or nondisclosure was an immediate cause of the plaintiff ’ s conduct which altered his or her legal relations,
and when without s uch misrepresentation or nondisclosure he or she would not, in all reasonable probability, have entered into the contract or other transaction. [Citations.]’ ( Alliance Mortgage, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1239; see CACI No. 1907 (2013 ed.) [reliance shown if misrepresentation, concealment or false promise ‘substantially influenced’ plaintiff and he or she ‘would probably not have’ acted absent it].” ( Hoffman v. 162 North Wolfe LLC (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1178, 1193 ( Hoffman )

. ) “After establishing actual relia nce, the plaintiff must show that the reliance was reasonable by showing that (1) the matter was material in the sense that a reasonable person would find it important in determining how he or she would act ( Charpentier v. Los Angeles Rams Football Co. (19 99) 75 Cal.App.4th 301, 313); and (2) it was

22 Beverly suggests that the absence of misrepresentations before the lease was sig ned is demonstrated by correspondence from Hong’s attorney to the Department in March 2015 that made “clear that Hong’s reliance was ‘based entirely’ on the Planning Department’s statements and written approvals.” Silverman’s letter to the Department argu ed that both Hong and Beverly would be irrevocably harmed by revocation of the conditional use approval and requested a public hearing if the Department was not going to honor the prior approval and D ABC license Hong had obtained. Hong was attempting, at that point, to resolve the problem by convincing the Department to change its position, a solution that would have been to Beverly ’s benefit as well as Hong’s. Beverly does not explain how Silverman’s statement in this context, or an email to similar effe ct, amounted to a binding declaration that no misrepresentations had been made by Beverly prior to execution of the lease.22

reasonable for the plaintiff to have relied on the misrepresentation. ( Blankenheim v. E. F.
Hutton & Co. (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 1463, 1475; see CACI No. 1908 (2013 ed.).)” (Hoffman, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1193.). “ ‘Negligence on the part of the plaintiff in failing to discover the falsity of a statement is no defense when the misrepresentation was intentional rather than negligent.’ ” ( Alliance Mortgage, supra, 10 Cal.4th at

p p

. 1239

– 1240, quoting Seeger v. Odell
, supra , 18 Cal.2d at p. 414 ( Seeger )

. ) But “a plaintiff ’ s particular knowledge and experience should be considered in determining whether the reliance upon the misrepresentation or nondisclosure was justified. ( [ Alliance Mortgage
, ] at p. 1240, ; see CACI No. 1908 (2013 ed.).) ‘If the conduct of the plaintiff in the light of his own intelligence and information was manifestly unreasonable

. . . he will be denied a recovery.’ ” ( Hoffman, at p. 1194, quoting Seeger, at p. 414.) Beverly argue s that Hong already owned a restaurant and was familiar with “the required approvals” ; that she was expressly informed by her broker that the Department would not approve an alcohol license for the new restaurant yet did nothing to investigate further, despite Beverly urging her to take a few days to think about whether the space was right for her ; and that the lease contained disclaimers stating that “the property was being provided ‘as is,’ without any representations, and recognizing that ap provals might not be obtained.” 23

23 Beverly point s to the following provisions of the lease: Paragraph 3A provides, “Lessee acknowledges that no warranties or repres entations have been made by Lessor or its agent regarding the fitness or suitability of the premises for the conduct of Lessee’s business, and Lessee has made its own independent investigation to determine the fitness and suitability of the premises for it s use.” Paragraph 4B provides, “In consideration of Lessee’s intended tenant improvements which includes restoration and renovation of the premises . . . Lessor agrees that the Base Rent shall be abated during the first three (3) months of the term of th e Lease; only if required to obtain necessary permits and licenses from State and City Agencies, and as consideration for time needed during the build

- out and construction time, and to obtain final approval for a Beer and Wine On Sale License” from D ABC. This paragraph provides for an additional abatement period at the sole discretion of the l essor if after the first three months “the issue of a ‘On Sale Beer and Wine Liquor23

Such disclaimers in a contract “ do not operate to insulate defrauding parties from liability.” ( Orozco v. WPV San Jose, LLC (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 375, 393 ; McClain v. Octagon Plaza, LLC (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 784, 794

– 795 ( McClain ) .) “It is well

established in California that a party to a contract is precluded under section 1668 from contracting away his or her liability for fraud or deceit based on intentional misrepresentation.” ( Manderville v. PCG&S Group, Inc. (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 1486,

License’ has not been approved and has been delayed due to State and City Agencies , or the buildout process has been delayed due to State and City Agencies

. . . . ” Paragraph 5A provides for return of the remaining balance of the l essee’s security deposit if the lessee is “unable to obtain approval of issuance of a ‘On Sale Beer and Wi ne’ Liquor License to the Premises” from the D ABC after good faith efforts to do so and “has elected to terminate the Lease and vacate the premises accordingly.” Paragraph 15A provides, “Less ee accepts the premises ‘AS IS’ and “Where is’ with any and all faults, in their present condition, including, but not limited to physical conditions of the premises; and zoning, planning, conditional uses, or other regulatory conditions that may effect the use of the Premises in any way; and any conditions within the neighborhood in which the Premises are located. Less ee acknowledge and confirm that they have inspected and researched the Premises, and any potential issues or conditions, or had reasonable op portunity to do so, and have no claim whatsoever against Lessor or their representative for any claim related to the condition of the Premises, or their suitability for Lessee purposes. Lessee expressly acknowledges that they have not relied upon represen tations as to the conditions of the Premises.” Paragraph 27 provides, “It is expressly agreed between Lessor and Lessee that there is no verbal understanding or agreement which in any way changes the terms, covenants and condition herein set forth, and t hat no modification of this lease and no waiver of any of its terms and conditions shall be effective unless made in writing and duly executed by the authorized officers of the necessary parties or party or directly by Lessor and Lessee.” Paragraph 28 pr ovides, “Lessee acknowledges that they have received no representations or advice from Lessor or their representatives, and by execution below, each of the parties hereby acknowledges that all parties had reasonable opportunity to review this agreement wit h Legal Counsel, and or other advisors . . . Lessee is solely responsible and using due diligence in acceptance of all terms and conditions of the Lease.”24

1500 ( Manderville )

. ) 24 A party may claim fraud in the inducement of a contract containing a provision disclaiming any fraudulent misrepresentations and introduce parol evidence to show such fraud.” ( Hinesley v. Oakshare Town Center (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 289, 301 ( Hinesley ) .) Dis c laimers in a lease may put a lessee “on notice to ask further questions,” however, and they are a factor to consider in determining whether reliance on the lessor’s represen tations was reasonable. ( Id. at p. 302.) Hinesley involved a lease for commer c ial space in a shopping center: The lessee alleged that the lessor’s agent falsely represented that certain major stores would be opening in nearby spaces by a specified date, and that it relied upon these representations in entering its lease. ( Hinesley, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 292.) The contract stated, “Lessee does not rely on the fact nor does Lessor represent that any specific Lessee of [ sic ] type or number of Lessees shall during the term of this Lease occupy any space in the Shopping Center.” ( Id. at p 297 , italics omitted .) The lessee did not question the agent about his representations or inform him that these particular tenants were of critical importance to him, did not inform the attorney who reviewed the contract of the representations regarding these tenants and did not propose any revision to the other

tenants clause despite proposing a number of other modifications to the lease. ( Id. at
pp. 302

– 303. ) The court concluded: “In the complete absence of any actions taken to question, clarify, or confirm the contractual status of the three cotenants, to notify his attorney of the representations or to modify paragraph 25.33, Hinesley could not justifiabl y rely on his understanding of the representations and gestures made by Petrovich.” ( Id. at p. 303.) Beverly assert s that Hong’s reliance was even less justifiable because, in addition to the disclaimers in the lease, Hong’s broker informed her that the D epartment would

24 Civil Code section 1688 provides, “ ‘ a ll contracts which have for their object, directly or indir ectly, to exempt anyone from responsibility for his own fraud , or willful injury to the person or property of another, or violation of law, whether willful or negligent, are against the policy of the law. ’ ” ( Manderville, supra, 106 Cal.App. 4th at p. 1500 .)25

not allow her to sell alcohol. According to Hong’s testimony, prior to the email from the broker she had been told by the Department that there would be no problem opening a
full

- service restaurant in these premises, and Beverly had told h er there had always been
full

- service restaurant with a liquor license in this space. Upon receiving the broker’s email, Hong turned to Beverly , who provided what Hong took to be reassurance that this new information was not correct. Hong testified that she understood Beverly ’s email as providing evidence that the property had been used with a liquor license since 1934, and
that Beverly was explaining the history to her “[b]ecause she knew that

— without the alcohol license, she knew that I’m not going to r eally

— actually devoted to signing the lease.” Hong did not see a need to inquire further of her broker because the “landlord seems like she knows everything is right” and was providing Hong with “all the evidence that it has been always a full

- service res taurant and a bar.” Hong also testified that the broker told her she would not be able to get a new liquor license but since Beverly told
her Le Bordeaux had a liquor license, she understood that she would be transferring it, as
she had done when she opened her first restaurant, and not seeking a new one. 25 Beverly had owned the property for 35 or 40 years and presented herself as intimately informed of its history. This was not the case for Hong’s broker. Whether it was reasonable for Hong to rely upon the reassurance Beverly provided was a factual question for the jury. Beverly argue s it was unreasonable for Hong to assume, based on Beverly ’s representations, that the Department would grant what it told the broker it would not grant

— but the Depart ment did initially approve Hong’s restaurant based on
the then

- existing conditional use permit. It was only after the Department was alerted to

25 Beverly ’s assertion that “there is no evidence in the record of any discussion of ‘transferring’ a license” ignores this testimony from Hong. Beverly correctly points out that the zoning affidavit suggests Hong applied for a new license, as it indica tes that the “type of license applied for” was “41” and makes no reference to any transfer. Questioned about this at trial, Hong described her understanding that although every application was a “brand

- new application,” she was “reregistering” an existing license rather than applying for a “new license.” It was for the jury to evaluate Hong’s credibility on this point.26

the historical vacancy between The Field and Le Bordeaux and discovered Le Bordeaux was operating without a liq uor license that it reversed its position. This underlying
information was known to Beverly all along, but not to Hong. Unlike the lessee in Hinesley , who failed to act in a manner indicating he cared about the allegedly misrepresented information, Hong made clear to Beverly that her ability to open a full

service restaurant with a wine and beer license was critical

— as was evident since the lease was expressly limited to such operation. We agree with Hong that the present case is more like McClain , supra, 159 Cal.App.4th 784. In that case, the financial obligations of a shopping center lessee were tied to the size of the leased space, which was specifically stated during lease negotiations. The lease pro vided that the size of the space stated therein was an approximation the parties agreed was reasonable and payments were not subject to revision if the size in fact differed, as well as that the lessee had had an adequate opportunity to examine the space. Prior to entering the lease, the lessee attempted to confirm the size of the space and the lessors resisted, claiming to be offended by the inquir i es and knowledgeable about all details, and insisting the lessee could rely upon their representations. ( Id

. a t p. 794.) The lessors knew, or had reason to know, that the space was actually smaller, and the lessee’s financial obligations therefore disproportionate. McClain held the lease’s disclaimers did not insulate the lessors from liability or preclude th e lessee from establishing justifiable reliance. ( Id. at pp. 795

– 798.) Here, as in McClain, whether Hong was justified in relying upon Beverly ’s representations was a question of fact for the jury, and substantial evidence supported its findings. While Beverly did not expressly attempt to prevent Hong from further investigating the history of the premises as the lessors in McClain did with the lessee’s efforts to confirm size, she presented herself as fully knowledgeable

— indeed, more knowledgeable than the Department

— on the subject
, and her representations could reasonably be seen as efforts to induce Hong to proceed with the lease despite her voiced concerns. We are not persuaded by Beverly ’s attempt to distinguish McClain on the
basis that the challenged representations were not about physical structure or the27

likelihood of obtaining zoning approval but rather “several steps removed from that, requiring assumptions and speculation about how the c ity will interpret its zonin g laws in the future.” Beverly misrepresented facts that not only could result in the Department’s refusal to allow Hong to utilize the existing conditional use permit but likely would have that result unless the Department was unaware of or chose to igno re them. This presented a risk to Hong that was tangible and material, threatening her ability to fulfill the very purpose of the lease. That the misrepresentations in the present case involve a risk rather than a certainty of injury does not undermine i ts similarities to McC l ain

— misrepresentations by lessors presenting themselves as highly knowledgeable about the
facts
, and efforts (albeit to differing extents) to dissuade the lessees from questioning their representations.

“ It is well established in C alifornia that in an action for fraud or deceit, negligence on the part of the plaintiff in failing to discover the falsity of the defendant ’ s statement is no defense when the misrepresentation was intentional. ( Alliance Mortgage Co. v. Rothwell, supra, 1 0 Cal.4th at pp. 1239

– 1240; Seeger [, supra, ] 18 Cal.2d [at p. 414; see also 5 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law, supra, Torts, § 812, p. 1173.)” ( Manderville,

supra, 146 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1502

– 1503.) “ ‘The fact that an investigation would have revealed the falsity of the misrepresentation will not alone bar [the plaintiff ’ s] recovery [citations], and it is well established that he is not held to constructive notice of a public
record which would reveal the true facts. [Citations].’ ” ( Id. at p . 1503, quoting Seeger, at pp. 414

– 415.) Here, in light of the confusion in the Department and the September 2014 approval of Hong’s use of the existing conditional use permit, it is not even clear that further investigation at the time would have reveale d the falsity of Beverly ’s representations. 26

26 Beverly ’s reliance upon the “ as is” clause is also unpersuasive. “ ‘[U]nder particular circumstances, the use of an “ as is ” provision seems to convey the implication that the property is in some way defective and that the buyer must take it at his own risk. [Citations.]

. . . [G]enerally speaking, such a provision mean s that the buyer takes the property in the condition visible to or observable by him.” ( Hinesley, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 301 , quoting Lingsch v. Savage (1963) 213 Cal.App.2d 729, 742.)28

“ ‘Except in the rare case where the undisputed facts leave no room for a reasonable difference of opinion, the question of whether a plaintiff ’ s reliance is reasonable is a question of fact.’ ” ( Alliance Mortg age, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1239, quoting Blankenheim v. E.F. Hutton & Co., supra, 217 Cal.App. 3d at p. 1475; Orozco v. WPV San Jose, LLC

, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 391 .) This is not that rare case. The jury’s verdict is supported by substantial evidence.
B.
“ ‘ Concealment is a term of art which includes mere nondisclosure when a party has a duty to disclose. [Citations.]

. . . [¶] In general, a seller of real propert y has a duty
to disclose: “ where the seller knows of facts materially affecting the value or desirability of the property which are known or accessible only to him and also knows that such facts are not known to, or within the reach of the diligent attent ion and observation of the buyer, the seller is under a duty to disclose them to the buyer

. . . . ” [Citation.] ’ ( Reed v. King [(1983)] 145 Cal.App.3d [ 261,] 265 [residential real estate transactions], original italics, fn. omitted.) ” ( Stevenson v. Baum (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 159, 165 .) The theory of Hong’s cause of action for fraudulent concealment was that she was induced to sign the lease by Beverly ’s failu re to disclose the gap in time between The
Field and Le Bordeaux. As Hong point s out, there was evidence that Beverly did not tell Hong about the length of the vacancy or its implications for the conditional use permit before the lease was executed, and t hat she attempted to obfuscate the issue by leaving off a page of the summary of permits for the property she sent to Hong. Beverly
contend s the jury’s verdict on this claim was not supported by substantial evidence for a
number of reasons.
The first of t hese, that the disclaimers in the lease agreement put Hong on notice, we reject for the reasons discussed in connection with the cause of action for intentional

“ The ‘ as is ’ clause would be effective as to such observable co nditions, but ineffective as to conditions that were not.“ ( Hinesely , at p. 301

. ) The critical facts here were not

“ observable” in any meaningful sense.29

misrepresentation: The disclaimers did not insulate Beverly from liability and there was
evide nce from which the jury could reasonabl y conclude that Hong justifiably relied upon Beverly ’s representations, which failed to disclose the historical vacancy and its implications for the conditional use permit. Beverly ’s second argument, that she
affirma tively told Hong she would not discuss the information Hong claims was fraudulently omitted, begs the question. Beverly argue s that her refusal to discuss the subject should have put Hong on notice that Hong would have to find the information
herself. Bu t Hong had no reason to know what there was about the prior tenant that Beverly did not want to discuss and therefore no way to know what she should be investigating. There was evidence that Beverly knew about the vacancy, knew it was at least potentially problematic with respect to the conditional use permit and therefore knew that in refusing to discuss it she was depriving Hong of an opportunity to consider the associated risk; her refusal, especially in light of the evidence that she had not
disclosed the vacancy to the owner of Le Bordeaux, did not disclose it to Hong initially or even after problems arose and Hong and her attorney were trying to solve them, was
itself evidence of concealment. Beverly next assert s that there was no evidence she knew the Department would take “its unreasonable position concerning what is a ‘full

- service restaurant’ or reverse its long

- standing position (expressed in the Basta Pasta determination) regarding discontinuance of use.” T hey do not expand upon this assertion; the argument they offer on this point is that there was no evidence they knew the omitted information was material to Hong’s decision to sign the lease. Acknowledging that there was evidence Beverly knew in 1998 that The Field was required to obtain a new conditional use approval only because it had been more than three years since the prior restaurant at the property ceased operations, Beverly maintain s that since no new conditional use approval was required when Le Bordeaux opened, Beverly ’s knowledge of the significance of the
three

- year gap in 1998 was insufficient to support the inference that she believed this was still important in 2014. Beverly further assert s it is illogical to assume she knew the
historical gap was material because the Department’s characterization of Le Bordeaux as30

a limited restaurant on the basis of it not serving alcohol was inconsistent with the language of the Planning Code, and Grob testified that Hong’s restaurant would have been appr oved if Le Bordeaux had not been a “limited” restaurant. Grob’s testimony was somewhat qualified: Asked whether there would have been a problem with the gap between The Field and Le Bordeaux if the latter had gotten an alcohol license, the planner replied , “Not that I recall. We had determined that there was no evidence that a gap had existed or there was little evidence to a gap that we could point to, so we had to reverse our position when we determined that Le Bordeaux had not
received an alcohol licen se.” Grob did not testify that a gap between the prior restaurants’ tenancies was unimportant; she testified that, to her recollection, the Department did not have evidence of such a gap. Email correspondence between the z oning administrator and Hong’s attorney, however, makes clear that the Department did have such evidence and considered it important. In March 2015, t he z oning administrator informed Silverman : “We have not been able to confirm that the use was not abandoned between T he Field and
Le B ordeaux. It appears that more than three years passed between these two uses, which calls into question the validity of our approval for Le Bordeaux. The z oning
administrator subsequently told Silverman he would not accept The Field’s lease as
evidence that it operated until the lease termination date of August 31, 2008, because
D ABC records stated its licenses were cancelled in August 2004. Silverman testified, and emails confirm, that he attempted to get information from Beverly to refute this gap but she did not provide it. This is certainly evidence supporting an inference that, despite Grob’s testimony, the more t han three

- year gap was a factor in the Department’s reversal of its approval for Hong’s restaurant.
Even if the Department’s position that Le Bordeaux was a limited restaurant was incorrect under the terms of the Planning Code, Le Bordeaux did not open within three years of The Field’s departure. Thus, regardless of whether Beverly could have anticipated the Department’s position regarding the Le Bordeaux’s liquor license, she had reason to be aware of the potential for problems with Hong’s approval because she was31

aware that the approval of Le Bordeaux was inconsis t ent with the existing conditional use permi t. Not only was this apparent from the terms of the 1998 approval, which Beverly was involved in obtaining, but it was brought to her attention by P ermit E xpediter Marsha
Garland during the tenancy of Le Bordeaux. The record refutes Beverly ’s suggestion that it would be illogical to assume she knew the vacancy was important. Nor does the fact that Le Bordeaux was able to open despite the more than three

year vacancy necessarily undermine the evidence that Beverly knew the gap could jeopardize Hong’s restaurant. As it turned out, the Department only later learned that The Field did not stay in business until the end of its lease in 2008 (which would have left less than three years vacancy before Le Bordeaux) but rather left in 2004

— in other words, that its approval of Le Bordeaux was erroneous. As we have said, there was ample evidence that Beverly repeatedly failed to mention the vacancy and active ly attempted to hide it, not only with Hong but previously, with Le Bordeaux, and subsequently, with Optimist Prime

. Beverly did not tell Castet there had been a long vacancy, and w hen Castet asked her about the 10

- year vacancy he had been told of by a

ne ighbor, rather than responding with information about its actual length, Beverly said it
had not been 10 years and advised Castet not to listen to the neighbors. Even after the problems in the present case, she did not tell Bourque about the vacancy issue or explain what problems Hong had had in “navigating the permit process,” and the written
disclosure left the reasons for Hong’s difficulties vague. 27 As Hong maintain, the very
fact that Beverly appeared to go out of her way to avoid discussion of what w as

27 Hong notes Barak ’s response, when asked by a juror whether they would have informed the Department of the problem if the Department had concluded there was no vacancy issue after The Field because it believed The Field occupied the space until the end of its lease: “I don’ t know that we would have stepped up and said, ‘Hey, you made a mistake. ’ ” While testimony could be taken as indicating at least a willingness to benefit from the Department’s error, this is not the only interpretation; the witness explained that it was not the Smuchas ’ responsibility to be “watchdogs” over the city’s process and they would have thought the decision was purposeful, based on the circumstances of the particular case.32

obviously a significant issue at all stages of her dealings with all of these tenants is itself a reasonable basis for inferring that she understood its significance.
As to the Basta Pasta letter of determination (see f n. 15 , ante , at p. 13 ) , the jury
was of course aware that Beverly claimed to have believed the Department would maintain the view that a conditional use approval for a restaurant is not abandoned if the owner continuously markets the subject premises for that use but is unable to find a tenant. But the jury was not required to find Beverly could reasonably rely on the application of this policy to the 524 Union property so as to excuse failing to alert a prospective tenant to the conditional use issue . The vacancy in the prese nt case was considerably longer, and did not occur in an economic period similar to the market collapse that influenced the Basta Pasta determination. And Silverman testified that changes to the city’s zoning rules and policies are common, especially when a new

z oning administrator takes office. Beverly argue s that the vacancy between The Field and Le Bordeaux was not a

secret: According to Garland, it was well known around the neighborhood, and Castet was told by a neighbor that there had been a 10

- yea r vacancy. Beverly maintain s that Hong never tried to investigate the history of occupancy of the premises before signing the lease and easily could have learned about the vacancy by asking neighboring
businesses. Beverly provide s no authority, however, for the proposition that Hong was required to ask around the neighborhood to determine whether Ena North Beach , Inc. w as telling her the truth about the property. As earlier described, there was evidence that Beverly told Hong, before the lease was executed, that the property had been used continuously as a bar and restaurant with a liquor license, told her that Le Bordeau x had a liquor license, and did not tell her about the vacancy. There was nothing to suggest to Hong that there was a reason to make inquiries in the neighborhood about the historical usage of the property; she believed Beverly had given her that informat ion. 28

28 Beverly challenges the argument made by Hong’s trial counsel that Beve rly prevented Hong from speaking with Garland by refusing to forward Garland’s contact information to Hong, thereby preventing Hong from discovering the true facts. In fact,33

Finally, we cannot accept Beverly ’s argument that Hong’s reliance on the omitted information was unjustified as a matter of law. Beverly ’s position is that Hong’s reliance cannot be justified in light of the combination of factors discussed above

— th e disclaimer provisions in the lease, Beverly ’s refusal to discuss The Field, the claimed absence of
evidence that Beverly was aware of the importance of information about the vacancy, the neighbors’ awareness of the vacancy

— and the warning from Hong’s bro ker. For the reasons discussed in connection with intentional misrepresentation, justifiable reliance was a factual question for the jury and there is sufficient evidence to support its verdict.
C. Beverly contend s there was no substantial evidence to support the jury’s finding of a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing because the cause of action was
based on Beverly allegedly interfering with Hong’s right to terminate the lease early by misrepresen ting the history of the space, and there was no evidence of misrepresentations during the three

- month early termination period (September 1 to December 1, 2014). They point out that although the trial court, in denying the motion for JNOV the verdict

on t his cause of action, stated there was substantial evidence that Beverly ’s breaches continued after the parties signed the lease, which gave Hong three months after execution to terminate, the evidence the court cited was of statements made after the early termination period ended.

“ Every contract contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing providing that no party to the contract will do anything that would deprive another party
of the benefits of the contract. ( Wilson v. 21st Century Ins. Co. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 713, 720; Kransco v. American Empire Surplus Lines Ins. Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 390, 400.) The implied covenant protects the reasonable expectations of the contracting parties based on their mutual promises. ( Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon

Garland testified that she did not try to contact Hong because she was focused on informing the Department of its mistake and the need for a conditional use permit. That this one aspect of Hong’s concealment argument was not supported does not undermine the jury’s determination.34

Development California, Inc. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 342, 373

– 374; Careau & Co. v. Security Pacific Business Credit, Inc. (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1371, 1395.) The scope of conduct prohibited by the implied covenant depends on the purposes and express terms of the

contract. ( Carma Developers
, . . . at p. 373.) ” ( Digerati Holdings, LLC v. Young Money Entertainment, LLC (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 873, 885 .) The jury instructions directed that in order to prove breach of the covenant of good
faith an d fair dealing, ENA North Beach had to establish ( 1) that it entered into a contract with 524 Union and/or Smucha; ( 2) that ENA North Beach did substantially all of the significant things the contract required it to do; ( 3) that 524 Union and/or Smucha
“un fairly interfered with ENA North Beach’s right to receive the benefits of the contract”; and ( 4) that ENA North Beach was harmed by 524 Union’s and/or Smucha’s
conduct. Hong’s counsel argued that Beverly interfered with ENA North Beach’s right to
receive benefits “by continuing to make misstatements after the lease was signed, continuing to tell [ Hong ] things that were not true, and Silverman things that were not true, and the c ity. Interfered with Hong’s ability to execute on the contract because one
of the things the contract allowed for was an early

- out clause. Right? If Hong found out early enough about these misstatements, she could have gotten out .

. . . And had [Beverly] not continued to make misstatements early on, then there would be no interference with the opt

- out clause” and Hong could have avoided the majority of her damages. Beverly ar gu e s there is no evidence of misrepresentations in the period between September 1, 2014, when the leas e became effective, and December 1, 2014, when the early termination period ended. Just after the lease was executed, however, on August 18, 2014, Beverly emailed Hong, “Since this is a continuation of a long time restaurant with beer and wine only, there shouldn’t be any need to go to neighborhood groups.” This statement was a continuation of the prior assertions that Le Bordeaux had obtained a liquor license. And Beverly ’s failure to disclose the vacancy between The Field and Le Bordeaux obviously cont inued throughout the early termination period.35

Arguing that concealment of a material fact is a sufficient basis for finding breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, Hong cite s two cases arising in the context of insurance bad faith. ( Shade Foods, Inc. v. Innovative Products Sales & Marketing,
Inc. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 847, 906 [insurer’s concealment of intention to limit coverage as one basis for inference supporting jury verdict that insurer breached covenant of good faith and fair dealing ]; Notrica v. State Comp

. Ins. Fund (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 911, 948 [evidence of concealment of material information from prospective insureds sufficient basis for findings of breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing and of fraud supporting punitiv e damages award].) Beverly argue s these cases do not support the “broad assertions” for which they are cited, and “[t]here simply is no general principle that any failure to disclose a material fact is a breach of a contract’s implied covenant of good fai th and fair dealing.”
While insurance contracts are in some respects subject to different analysis than contracts in general due to their particular nature ( Cates Construction, Inc. v. Talbot
Partners (1999) 21 Cal.4th 28, 46 , 52 [“insurance policy cases represent ‘ “a major departure from traditional principles of contract law” ’ ”; tort recovery appropriate in insurance setting “because such contracts are characterized by elements of adhesion and unequal bargaining power, public interest and fiduciary responsibility”]), and appellants may be right that “any” failure to disclose a material fact does not necessarily constitute a breach of the implied covenant, it does not follow that failure to disclose material
information can never support fin ding such a breach outside the insurance context. Here, where the entire and sole purpose of the contract was operation of a full

- service restaurant able to serve wine and beer, it seems obvious that failure to disclose facts that could result in complete inability to achieve that purpose would serve to “deprive ” the other party of the benefits of the contract. ( Id. at p. 53 ) 29 Just as failure to disclose

29 Citing Arntz Contracting Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marin e Ins. Co. (1996) 47 Cal.App. 4th 464, 476, Beverly argue s the verdict cannot be supported on the basis of evidence of concealment because this theory was not presented to the jury, and claims of sufficiency of the evidence must be analyzed based on the the ories of liability presented36

material information prior to execution of the lease could induce Hong to enter it, failure
to disclo se that information during the early termination period could induce her not to exercise that right under the agreement. Hong also argue s the jury’s verdict is supported by the ample evidence of misrepresentations following the end of the early terminatio n period, during the time after the Department informed Hong it would not approve her restaurant, when Hong and her attorney were trying to convince the Department to reverse its decision. 30 This evidence supports the verdict, Hong maintain s , because even after the early termination period ended, Hong had a right of rescission under Civil Code section 1689, subdivision (b)(3),

in the jury instructions. As indicated above, the jury instructions directed that Hong had to prove Beverly “unfairly interfered with ENA North Beach’s right to receive the benefits of the contract.” It was counsel’s argument that focused on the theory that this element was shown by misrepresentations interfering with the right to early termination. Arntz, like other cases standing for the same proposition (e.g., Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 655, 674

– 675; Faigin v. Signature Group Holdings, Inc. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 726, 737) was concerned with parties attempting to obtain reversal of a jury verdict based on rule of law that had not been presented to the jury, not, as here, a different factual pr edicate for the legal theory upon which the jury was instructed.

30 These include, for example, Beverly telling Hong’s attorney that The Field left at the end of its lease in 2008, that she thought the z oning administrator was mistaken in stating that The Field’s liquor license was cancelled in 2004, and signing the declaration stating

— misleadingly, under t he circumstances

— that the premises had been used “continuously” as a full

- service restaurant and bar since the conditional use authorization was obtained in 1998
, and that The Field was the lessee under a lease agreement “that was in effect from August 26, 1998, to August 31, 1998.” A January 2015 email from planner Grub to Beverly suggests that Beverly told Grub the vacancy after The Field was not more than three years: “F rom our earlier discussions, I believe that the period of vacancy between Le Bordea ux and the preceding restaurant was less than three years and no CU is required, but I simply do not have documentation to prove it. Any documentation you may have would be very helpful.” In March 2015
, Beverly continued to tell Hong there had “always” b een a liquor license and a full

- service restaurant on the premises without mention of the vacancy issue. Beverly also told Hong’s attorney that a full

- service restaurant had operated there continuously. Beverly told Hong’s attorney that since obtaining t he conditional use permit in 1998, the premises had been consistently occupied by The Field and Le Bordeaux, except for “a short time when there was catering in there for film productions.”37

which provides that a contract may be rescinded where “ ‘the consent [to the contract] of the party rescinding

. . . was given by mi stake[ ] or obtained through

. . . fraud[ ] or undue influence[ ] exercised by

. . . the party as to whom he rescinds.’ ” ( Wong v. Stoler (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1375, 1385.) Hong argues that Beverly ’s “continuing lies to maintain and cover up” the initial fraud in the inducement kept Hong from terminating the contract sooner and thereby incurring fewer damages. Beverly challenge s this theory both because it was not presented to the jury and
because the cases Hong rel ies upon concern rescission as a remedy for fraud or other issues bearing on inducement of a party’s entry into a contract, not subsequent breaches of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. We find it unnecessary to determine the

m erits of this argument. Even if it would not be a proper basis for affirming the jury’s verdict, and even if that verdict were not sustainable on the basis of Beverly ’s continuing failure to disclose material information during the first three months of t he lease, reversing the judgment on the cause of action for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing would not result in any benefit to Beverly in light of our affirmance on the causes of action intentional misrepresentation and concealment.
D. Beverly contend s there was no substantial evidence to support the award of punitive damages. Aside from the alleged insufficiency of the evidence to support the underlying verdicts, which we have rejected, Beverly argue s there was no substantial
evidence of the net worth of either 524 Union or Beverly personally

. 31

“ Where the defendant ’ s oppression, fraud or ma lice has been proven by clear and convincing evidence, California law permits the recovery of punitive damages ‘for the

31 Beverly assert s that because there was no substantial evidence to support the verdicts, “[a] fortiori there was no substantial evidence (much less clear and convincing evidence) to support the finding of malice, oppression, or fraud.” She present s no argument that even if the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict for purposes of liability and compensatory damages, it was insufficient to meet the higher threshold required for punitive damages. Accordingly, such argument has been forfeited and we need not address the sufficiency of the evidence to support this finding.38

sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.’ (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (a).) As we explained in Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchang e [( 1978 )] 21 Cal.3d 910 , 928, and
Adams v. Murakami [(1991)] 54 Cal.3d [105,] 110

– 112, the defendant ’ s financial condition is an essential factor in fixing an amount that is sufficient to serve these goals without exceeding the necessary level of punishment. ‘[O]bviously, the function of
deterrence

. . . will not be served if the wealth of the defendant allows him to absorb the award with little or no discomfort.’ ( Neal
, . . . at p. 928.) ‘[P]unitive damage awards should not be a routine cost of doing business that an industry can simply pass on to its customers through price increases, while continuing the conduct the law proscribes.’ ( Lane v. Hughes Aircraft Co. (2000) 22 Cal.4th 405, 427 (conc. opn. of Brown, J.).) On the other hand, ‘the purpose of punitive damages is not served by financially destroying a defendant.’ (

Adams,

. . . at p. 112.)” ( Simon v. San Paolo U.S. Holding Co., Inc. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1159, 1184

– 1185 ( Simon ) .) It is the p laintiff ’ s burden to introduce evidence of financial condition. ( Adams v. Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 109

. ) “An award of punitive damages cannot be sustained on appeal unless the trial record contains meaningful evidence of the
defendant ’ s financial condition” ( ibid .); it cannot be based on speculation. ( Id. at p. 114.) Beverly ’s argument is that punitive damages award is not supported because the on ly
evidence of the net worth of 524 Union or Beverly herself was Beverly ’s testimony, which she expressly stated was a “guess.” Asked to estimate the value of 524 Union, Beverly testified, “right now there’s a long

- term vacancy, and there’s some serious deferred maintenance because of the vacancy. So I would be guessing, you know. Usually the value of the property is based on the income, and the income is really low. So I don’t know, maybe

. . . it ’ s a guess. Maybe 3.5.” She then acknowledged that she was a real estate broker and it was her business to know the value of properties, and that determination of the value of a commercial property is “really intensive, looking at the comps, looking at th e whole thing.” She disagreed with Hong’s counsel’s suggestion that the value of comparable properties would be around 6.5 million. Asked for an estimate of her net worth, she39

noted that there was a mortgage of about $700,000 and a lien of about 19,000 t o 20,000 on the 524 Union Street property, and a mortgage on her personal residence, which she had purchased in the 1980s for $90,000, as well as taxes and insurance, and that she received social security and worked on commissions, the latter of which had been difficult because of physical issues with her knees. Asked for her “best estimate,” she said she would have to “sit there and calculate it out.” Given a calculator, Beverly testified, “probably about, on paper, maybe 2.5” million. Her calculations did not include the $91,000 damages she owed Hong, and she did not know what she owed in legal fees since the last billing. Beverly testified that the bulk of the income from 524 Union came from The Field, which had now become difficult to rent; she was t rying to obtain “landmarking” for the restaurant space and building, which would supersede the Department and the San Francisco Planning Commission, but that would take a long time and entail “very, very expensive” legal fees. In response to a juror’s que stion, she testified that the Union Street property was about 9
, 500 square feet and her home was
about 2
, 100 square feet. Beverly cite s Roddenberry v. Roddenberry (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 6 3 4, 651, for the statement that “[o]pinion testimony which is conjec tural or speculative ‘cannot rise to the dignity of substantial evidence.’ ( Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Zuckerman (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1113, 1135.) ” Of course. But Roddenberry
, which involved expert opinion regarding postdivorce profits that a former spouse claimed she was due pursuant to a property settlement, is of little use in determining whether Beverly ’s testimony regarding her own net worth and the value of property owned by the partnership of which she was managing partner constituted substantial evidence of her financial condition. The value of property may be shown by the opinion of the owner. (Evid. Code, § 813, subd. (a)(2); Sacramento & San Joaquin Drainage Dist. (1 970) 13 Cal.App.3d 58, 64.) The question is whether the owner ’ s characterization of her opinion as a “guess,” in the circumstances here, means it was too speculative to be considered substantial evidence. The trial court, in denying Beverly ’s motion for J NOV the verdict with respect to punitive damages, “accept[ed] [Beverly’s] testimony that the 524 Union property’s40

market value is $3.5 million and that it is encumbered by $870,000 in secured loans, leaving 2.63 million.” Though stated to be a “guess,” Be verly ’s testimony as to the value of the property at 524 Union was not wild speculation. As a real estate broker, long

- time owner of 524 Union and commercial landlord, Beverly was familiar with the value of this
real estate
, as well as its encumbrances, w hich she was able to specify. Her testimony was substantial evidence of 524 Union’s financial condition. Beverly ’s testimony was also substantial evidence of her own net worth. Again, while she qualified her testimony by couching it in terms such as “ probably ” and

“ maybe, ” it is clear she was not making wild guesses. She understood the components of
her net worth

—her equity in her home and in 524 Union, her income from social security and real estate commissions, her mortgage and other debt

— and was gi ven an opportunity to calculate the estimate she gave at trial. This was substantial evidence of her financial
condition

. II. Hong’s cross

- appeal challenges the trial court’s reduction of the punitive damages award against 524 Union. Hong contends the trial court erred in reducing the award by
means of the JNOV process, as the exclusive procedure for such a reduction is the remittitur process set forth in Code of Civil Procedure Code section 662.5. 32 Under this process, where a new trial limited to dama ges would be proper, the trial court may “issue a conditional order granting the new trial unless the party in whose favor the verdict has been rendered consents to the reduction of so much thereof as the court in its independent judgment determines from t he evidence to be fair and reasonable. ” 33

32 Further statutory references will be to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise specified.

33 A new trial may be granted on grounds of excessive damages only if “ after weighing the evidence the court is convinced from the entire record, including reasonable inferences therefrom, that the court or jury clearly should have reached a different verdict or decision.” (§ 657.) “ When a new trial is granted, on all or part of the issues, the court shall specify the ground or grounds upon which it is granted and the court's reason or reasons for granting the new trial upon each ground stated.” ( Ibid. ) An order granting a41

Where the evidence supports a plaintiff’s entitlement to punitive damages but the amount of the award is challenged as unreasonably high, the court cannot reduce the amount of damages on a motion for JNOV . ( Teitel v. First Los Angeles Bank (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 1593, 1604

– 1605 ( Teitel ) ; § 657.) “ The trial court ’ s discretion in granting a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is severely limited. ‘ “The trial judge's power to grant a [JNOV] is ident ical to his power to grant a directed verdict [citations]. The trial judge cannot reweigh the evidence [citation], or judge the credibility of
witnesses. [Citation.] If the evidence is conflicting or if several reasonable inferences may be drawn, the mo tion for [JNOV] should be denied. [Citations.] ‘A motion for [JNOV] of a jury may properly be granted only if it appears from the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the party securing the verdict, that there is no substantial evidence to sup port the verdict. If there is any substantial evidence, or reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in support of the verdict, the motion should be denied.’ [Citation.]” ’ ( Clemmer v. Hartford Insurance Co. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 865, 877

– 878, quoting Hau ter v. Zogarts (1975) 14 Cal.3d 104, 110

– 111.)” ( Teitel, at p. 1602.) Here, the trial court found that the evidence supported awards of punitive damages against both Beverly and 524 Union, but that the amount awarded against 524 Union was
excessive. As Teitel explained, “[t]he Legislature has provided an exclusive remedy fo r a trial court to employ where some damages are properly awarded, but the amount is
excessive. That is through a remittitur pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 662.5. Were we to accept [the] position that the trial judge is empowered to select a n appropriate level of punitive damages and compel its determination by a [JNOV] , we would find little or no purpose for the remittitur statute. We do not believe the Legislature intended such

new trial “ must state the ground or grounds relied upon by the court, and may contain the specification of reasons. ” ( Ibid. ) On appeal, an order granting a new trial on the ground of excessive damages shall not be affirmed “unless such ground is stated in the order granting the motion” and “it shall be conclusively presumed that said order as to such ground was made only for the reasons specified in said order or said specification of reasons, and such order shall be reversed as to such ground only if there is no substantial basis in the record for any of such reasons.” ( Ibid. )42

a result. Rather, the legislative system as enacted makes it plain that damages, except those which may be determined as a matter of law, are to be fixed by the trier of fact and, if erroneous in amount, subject to the reduction or new trial procedure specified in

. . . section 662.5, subdivision (b).” 34 ( Teitel, su pra, 231 Cal.App.3d at p p . 1604

– 1605 , fn.
omitted .) Further, a trial court granting (or conditionally granting) a new trial motion is required to specify the grounds upon which it is granted and the reasons supporting the decision (§ 657), a requirement t hat “ ‘ serves the dual purposes of “encouraging careful deliberation by the trial court before ruling on a motion for new trial, and of making a record sufficiently precise to permit meaningful appellate review.” [Citations.]’

. . . [Citation.]” ( Teitel, at p. 1605.) “ This purpose would be undermined if the trial court could simply reduce punitive damages from one amount to another through a motion for [JNOV] .” ( Ibid. ) Beverly argue s that Hong forfeited this challenge to the trial court reducing punitive damages via [JNOV] by failing to raise the point in the trial court, where the problem could easily have been corrected. ( Keener v. Jeld

- Wen, Inc. (2009) 46 Cal.4th 247, 264 [failure to object to jury polling procedure ; Nickerson v. Stonebridge Life Ins.
Co. (2016) 63 Cal.4th 363 ( Nickerson ) [consent to or acquiescence in procedure for presentation to jury of evidence bearing on punitive damages ]. ) This point has some
merit. The motion for JNOV asserted that the punitiv e damages aw a rds should be stricken because they were not supported by the evidence
, presenting a legal issue appropriate for disposition on a motion for JNOV ; there was no request for a reduction in the amount of punitive damages. 35 A t the hearing following the court’s issuance of its

34 The statutory provision discussed in Teitel as subdivision (b) of Code of Civil Procedure section 662.5, subdivision (b), is now subdivision (a)(2) of the statute. (Stats. 2011, ch. 409, § 2.)

35 In opposition, Hong argued the court was required to deny the motion because substantial evidence supported the jury’s findings, citing Teitel as “holding ‘[t]he trial erred in granting the [JNOV] in light of this evidence [i.e., evidence supporting entitlement to punitive damages]’ and ‘in employing the device of a [JNOV] to reduce the amount of punitive damages[.]’ ” Hong thus opposed the motion for JNOV and43

t entative decision reducing the amount of the punitive damages award against 524 Union
, Hong objected to the court’s reduction
, but no t by raising any issue as to the court acting
in the context of a [JNOV] ; Hong simply argued the merits, stating that the jury’s award
was within constitutional limits

. Clearly, as the court was hearing argument on both the
motion for JNOV and the new trial motion, it could easily have rectified the problem if it had been brought to the court’s attention. As the appropriate procedure for reducing a punitive damages award is solely a question of law , we have discretion to reach it despite Hong’s failure to object. ( See Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 24

. ) We do so in order to
reiterate what Teitel made clear: The procedural mechanism by which a trial court may reduce an award of damages it deems properly awarded but excessive in amount is
throu gh a remittitur pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 662.5. ( Teitel, supra, 231 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1604

– 1605.) One exception to the exclusivity of this remedy may exist where the trial court
concludes the evidence support s an award of punitive damages bu t finds the am ount awarded exceed s constitutional bounds ( State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co v. Campbell (2003) 538 U.S. 408, 41 8 ; BMW of North America v. Gore ( 1996) 517 U.S. 559 , 574

– 575 ; Simon , supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 1171

– 1172 ) and reduces that amount to the
constitutional maximum

. Gober v. Ralph’s Grocery Co. (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 204
, 211, 214 ( Gober ) , held that an appellate court can determine the constitutional maximum for a punitive damages award on appeal from the denial of a JNOV because the
constitutional maximum is a legal question

. 36 The trial court had denied the defendant’s

additionally indicated (albeit by cit ing Teitel rather than by argument) the court could not reduce the amount of the award, which Smucha and 524 Union had not asked the court to do.

36 The defendant in Gober challenged a punitive damages award as excessive in motions for JNOV and new trial; the trial court denied the former motion and issued a conditional order granting the new trial motion unless the plaintiffs agreed to accept punitive damages of 15 times their compensatory damages

— a significant reduction from the jury’s verdict but more th an what the defendant sought as representing the44

request for a [JNOV] setting punitive damages at the constitutional maximum. ( Id. at
p. 210.) Rejecting the plaintiffs’ argument that the trial court could not have granted the requested [JNOV] , Gober noted that Teitel did not involve a constitutional challenge to
the amount of the award and, in holding that punitive damages could not be reduced on a
motion for [JNOV] , excluded damages “ which may be determined as a matter of law

. ” ( Go b er, at p. 212.) While Gober was concerned with the appellate court’s authority to reduce the award, its reasoning fully supports the trial court having authority to take the same action when it determines a jury’s award is constitutionally excessive.
But that doe s not appear to be what happened here. The trial court did not indicate that the reduced amount of punitive damages it ordered was the constitutional maximum ; to the contrary, it stated, “Given the above reduction, the ratios of punitive to compensatory d amages are well within ‘due process’ limits. ( State Farm Mut. Auto Ins.
Co v. Campbell [ , supra, ] 538 U.S. [at p.] 410.)” 37 Beverly is incorrect in citing Gober as authority for the proposition that “ a court can review the legali ty of a punitive damage award on JNOV” as an alternative to utilizing the remittitur procedure. Gober permits

constitutional maximum. ( Gober, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at pp. 209, 210.) The defendant could not appeal from the new trial order because it was not aggrieved, as the trial court granted relief, albeit less than that requested. ( Id. at p. 211.) The defendant thus sought review of the constitutionality of the award by appealing the denial of the motion for JNOV

.

37 One of the trial court’s citations suggests it viewed the reduced award as the constitutional maximum: The court’s first citation after the quoted statement reducing the award was “ Nickerson [ , supra, ] 63 Cal.4th [at p.] 375 (‘appropriate order is for an absolute reduction,’ not remittitur).” As more fully explained in Simon, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p ages 1187

– 1188, which Nickerson cites, reduction rather than remittitur is the appropriate order when the court finds a punitive damages award constitutionally excessive and reduces it to the constitutional maximum. Had Nickerson been the only citation in the trial court’s order, it would have been clear that the court was following this procedure. But the trial court also cited two cases in which punitive dama ges awards found excessive for nonconstitutional reasons and the remedy employed was remittitur. ( Michelson v. Hamada (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1566, 1596 [award so disproportionate to net worth as to ra ise presumption it was product of passion or prejudice]; Storage Services v. Oosterbaan (1989) 214 Cal.App.3d 498, 514 [ same ]. )45

reduction of a punitive damage award to the constitutional maximum on a motion for
JNOV ; it in no way suggests a trial court can reduce such an award to an amount it deems appropriate short of that constitutional maximum.
Here , except for determin ing and imposing th e constitutional maximum
, the trial
court’s authority to reduce the punitive damages award was through its discretion on the
motion for a new trial. But in that context , its choices were to grant a new trial pursuant
to section 657
, subd ivision (5) or to issue a conditional order granting the new trial unless
524 Union consented to the reduced amount the court found “fair and reasonable.” ( § 662.5, subd. ( a)(2).) Neither section 657 nor section 662. 5 give the trial court authority to reduce the amount of a punitive damages award through exercise of its independent judgment without using the remittitur procedure. Generally , t he remedy for the court’s error in granting the motion for JNOV in
order to reduce the punitive damages award against 524 Union would be for us to reverse its order and reinstate the original judgment on the jury ’ s verdict

. We cannot do so
, however, because

— contrary to Hong’s argument

— the jury’s award of $916,925 was not supported by substantial evidence

. The ratio of punitive damages to compensatory damages in the jury’s verdict was 10:1

— at or above the threshold at which an award is “suspect” and “absent special justification . . . c annot survive appellate scrutiny under the due process clause.” ( Simon, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1182.) Putting aside the question
whether the conduct in this case was sufficiently “extreme” or “egregious” ( ibid. ) to justify an award in this amount , the jury’s award could not be sustained on the evidence of 524 Union’s financial condition. The property at 524 Union Street was the only asset of the partnership, and the only evidence on the issue

— Beverly ’s testimony

— put its market value of at $3.5 million, reduced to $2.63 due to an encumbrance of $870,000 in secured loans. As the trial court noted, there may be valid reason to suspect a 9,500 building in North Beach is worth more than $3.5 million

— but no evidence w as presented on this point. The punitive damages award thus amounted to approximately 35 percent of the property’s net value as shown by the evidence. Although “case law has not established any specific numerical percentage of net worth as constituting t he upper46

permissible limit for the amount of a punitive damages award” ( Vallbona v. Springer (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 1525, 1539 [upholding award amounting to 23 percent of net worth]), “[p]unitive damages constitute a windfall” and “[s]uch awards generally a re not allowed to exceed 10 percent of the net worth of the defendant.” ( Michelson v. Hamada, supra, 29 Cal.App.4th at p. 1596 [award of 28 percent of net worth too high].)
T he purpose of punitive damages “is to deter, not to destroy.” ( Adams v.
Muraka mi, supra, 54 Cal. 3d at p. 112.) The evidence suggests the only way 524 Union could satisfy a judgment for $916,925 in punitive damages (which, of course, would be in addition to the compensatory damages of $91,692 and attorney fees of $477,121 ordered by the trial court), would be to sell the building. As the trial court also noted, the evidence demonstrated that the restaurant space would be difficult to rent due to the zoning issues

. W hile there was evidence that there were one or two office tenants a nd a coffee kiosk in the building, there was no evidence as to the income 524 Union derived from the leases of these spaces. Hong’s assertions that Beverly could rent the restaurant space for another purpose now, and will be able to rent it for $8,000 to $9,000 a month “when it obtains landmark status,” are speculation, not evidence; they ignore the impracticalities and costs of renting an outfitted restaurant space for other purposes, and the uncertainty as to whether and when landmark status might be ach ieved. Unlike the cases Hong relies upon, which upheld punitive damages awards supported by evidence of ability to pay despite negative net worth or awards at relative high percentages of net worth ( Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 68, 75, 83 [despite company’s reported negative net worth of $1.023 billion, evidence of cashflow profit of $211 million for the year, reported net profit of $12 million, CEO paid $7.6 million, $343 in cash, and ability to borrow $24 5; award of $4.5 million upheld]; Zaxis Wireless Communications, Inc. v. Motor Sound Corp. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 577, [despite negative net worth, company had average annual revenue of more than $250 million, net profit of about $7.5 million and credit lin e of $50 million, with $5.3 million unexpended; award of $300,000 upheld]); Devlin v. Kearny Mesa AMC/Jeep/Renault,
Inc. (1984) 155 Cal.App.3d 381, 391 [no evidence award representing 17.5 percent of47

annualized net worth would “unduly interfere with or ham per [defendant’s] future operations ” ; $80,000 award upheld]), the present record contains no evidence to support finding 524 Union had the ability to pay the punitive damages award without being effectively “destroyed.”
As we cannot reinstate the original judgment on the jury ’ s verdict, correction of the trial court’s error would normally require us to remand for the trial court to reconsider
the motions for JNOV and for a new trial. But t his course of action has been rendered

unnecessary. At oral argumen t, Hong’s counsel effectively stipulated that if this court finds the amount of the jury’s award unsupported and accepts the amount to which the trial court reduced the award, Hong will accept that result. Counsel made clear his client’s paramount desire to avoid further litigation in this matter. In these circumstances, the result of a remand is a foregone conclusion. The trial court has already determined the amount of punitive damages it found fair and reasonable, and Hong has represented she would ac cept this amount rather than pursuing a new trial. In the interest of efficiency and judicial economy, we will avoid unnecessary further proceedings and simply affirm the judgment.
III. The parties each seek attorney fees on appeal in the event their pos ition prevails
, although only Hong offers argument and authorities in support of the request

. The lease provides for the prevailing party to recover attorneys’ fees “ in the event any action should be brought by either party to this lease against the other in connection with this lease.”
T his provision “ encompasses all claims, whether in contract , tort or otherwise” ( Maynard v. BTI Group, Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 984, 993) , and includes at torney fees on appeal. ( Center for Biological Diversity v . County of San Bernardino (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 866, 901; Starpoint Properties, LLC v. Namvar (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1101, 1111 .) As the prevailing parties on the appeal, ENA North Beach, Hong and Bunyaviroch are entitled to an award of attorney fees, in an amount to be determined by the trial court.48

( Center for Biological Diversity v. County of San Bernardino , supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at
p. 901.)
The cross

- appeal is less clear: We have rejected Hong’s contention that the jury’s award of punitive damages should be reinstated, but also rejected Beverly ’s argument that the trial court could properly reduce the amount of th e award through a JNOV

. In light of the parties’ shared responsibility for the procedural error , and our rejection of Hong’s contention that the amount of the jury’s award was supported by substantial evidence, we conclude there is no prevailing party entitled to attorney fees on the cross

appeal.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed with respect to the award of punitive damages against
524 Union Street , and the original judgment on the jury’s verdict is reinstated. In all other respects, the jud gment is affirmed. The matter is remanded to the trial court for
reconsideration of the motion s for JNOV and for a new trial with respect to the amount of the punitive damage award against 524 Union Street

. ENA North Beach , Hong , and Bunyaviroch shall recover costs of appeal, including attorney fees, in amounts to be determined by the trial court.
On the cross

- appeal, each party shall bear its own costs and attorney fees.49 _________________________ Kline, P.J.

We concur:

_________________________ Richman , J.

_________________________ Miller, J.

Ena North Beach, Inc., et al. v. 524 Union Street et al. (A152431, A152937)50

Trial Court: San Francisco County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Hon. Richard B. Ulmer, Jr.

Attorneys for Plaintiff s and Appellants : Wood Robbins B. Douglas Robbins Leyla M. Pasic Kelley A. Harvilla
Attorneys for Defendants and Appellants: Kerr & Wagstaffe Wagstaffe, Von Loewenfeldt, Busch & Radwick James M. Wagstaffe Michael Von Loewenfeldt
Draper Law Firm Ann McFarland Draper