Research Note 86-32

TIWENTY-FOUR HOUR STRUCTURE OF VIGILANCE UNDER PROLONGED

1r', SLEEP DEPRIVATION: RELATIONSHIP WITH PERFORMANCE

S| Peretz Lavie

Israel Institute of Technology

for

ARI Scientific Coordination Office, London

Michael Kaplan, Chief DTIC

ELECTEN

BASIC RESEARCH MAY 0 6 NuO4

Milton S. Katz, Director U

D

S U. S. Army

Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

March 1986

Approved for public release: disiribut•on unlimited.

86 5 6 o714

I --. -- -.- ,- ,
-REC"suTY CLASSIFICATIGN OF THIS PAGE (When Data *.ntxro.D

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ !N3TRUCNr ONS

I. REPORT NUMBER ]2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMHEP

ARI Research Note 86-132

A TITLE (aid Subtile) S. TYPE OF PEPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Twenty-Four Hour Structure of Vigilance under Feb 83 ý Feb 84

Prolonged Sleep Deprivation: Relationship FINAL _ ' _ 

with Performance 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

T.AUTHOR(eI S. CONI RACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&)

Peretz Lavie DAJA-83-C-0047

09. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. kROJECT. TASK

A•EA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Technion - Israel Institute of Technology

Technion City, Haifa 32000, ISRAEL 2Ql6llOB74D

It. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDrE$S 1I2. REPORT DATE

USARDSG (UK) March 1986

Box 65, FPO, NY, NY 09510 IS. NUMBER OF PAGES

"4. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRES,'rII different fro~, Controlling Offce) 1S. SECURITY :I._ASS. (', thl. trF•p•n

US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Unclassified

Social Sciences, 5001 Eisenhower Avenue _ _____ 5 

Alexandria, VA 22333-5600 IC,. DECLASSIFICA1iON7 lO•N•GRADiNG SCIVEODULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thle Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited,

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abogract entered In Block 20, If dtfficret fro•n Report)

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NO1ES

*• Dr. Michael Kaplan, Contracting Officer's Representative

IS. KEY WORDS (Continut'Wt e~T*F-ida It nocesely ;d fby bloJ ~br.I

Sleep deprivation, sleepabilityo, wakeability , ultradian rhythms,

circadian rhyttmis, reaction time task, sleep gate -

2~.AMT14ACT (Camithm*.e vrvur e& ahb .w a nd identIfy by block ntmbs.)

-'-The present study investigated the 36h structure of sleepiness and its

relationship with psychomotor performance 'ft.r 291 .i sleep deprivation.

Eight subjects, aged 19 to 2S years, participated after spendiig to adaptation nights in the sleep lab. Subjects came to the lab at 2300 and remained

deprived of sleep until 1100. At 1100 a schedule of either 7 mmn sleep

attempt in bed, 13 m=n hwake outside the bedroom, or 7 milt resi. ting sleep in

bed, 13 ain awake outside the bedroom, %as begun and maintained for 36h until

DID 14M. ('F I OV 6 $ ET UNCIOASSOLFIED

SECU41TY CL.,&SS1rItCATIOtI OF tHIS PAGE (Whu Date Entered)

N%
ARI .leseareb NYote 86-32

20. (continued)

~2 1h on the next day. The o~rder -of "the two vriperimental conditilons,, uhich

~ ~wei-v separste'l by, two weeksh, was counterbalanced. Polyhypno graphi C

recordings were carried out during the 7 -odn "in bed" periods, and psychiouptor testing (one and two-handed reaction time tasks) was conduct-ed In

the midde f the 13-midn wake pericdzj'

In agreement with rour previous studies, there were small and nonsignificant differences between the awzwts of sleep in each condition., Subjects

slo pt 51% of the time in the attempti ng sleep condititon and 46% ok O~e tim~e

r A * h e ' es5isting sleep condition. The-structure of sleepiness also

*agzrees with our previous xrsults. There were two sleepiness peaks: a~

aiddftexntoon peak, and a major nocturnal peak, and two "9

forbidden"~ zones

for sleep at approx~imately 1100h, and between 1900 and 2100b. The results

of the sleep data are described in great detail In AppendixAl.

S Significant. ciycadian Aiffects were f-ound for tChe two conmpopent~s of the

psycIhoM~tor periormnaa e: reaction time and movemtent time. 'Me dif ficulty cK ~level of t.N tusk only sign~ificantly affected wiovement ti1e in both

experimental co~nditions.. The experimental conditkio (iAtempting vs. resisting sleep) had a E:ignificant effect on the speed of reaction tiio3 wad on the

stability of toovement VA: e. Fox 01 lcveý4i o~f tasks' diffic lty, performance

was poorer in th~e thxe~ih Ie~j ~niin hi sSn neato

howevor between the level of difficulty and the circadian variations.

A. In spite of the g". at. similarity between the circadian variations In

sleepiness mid the ci 'rcadian vai~ttions in perform~ance. cot.-xelating these

two variables for 12%, blocks revealed randf~m and nonsignificiwnt correlations.

This negates a causal relationshlp between the smount of sleepiness and

Vperforiaynre~, and suggests that both are modulated by a cor~wn vt&lderyixný circadian oscillator,~

K -1

VIA
U. S. ARAMY RESEAR~CH INSTITUTE

FOR 'THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating Agcncy under the jurisdiction of the

D~eputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

WM. DARRYL tMNDERLSON

EDGAR M. JOHN~SONCOI

Research accomplished under contract

for the Departzent of the Army

Israel Inst ivute of Technol1-gy

Technical review by

S tevcmn Kronhedii

Q7.TkC) tc comply~ with regv~stoty ,ec tie b~e Piel n(" Pr~mr Ma k~t ~ t oie than 0 )TC(1 SrW will bt evailitbi orti tr~,gt t)1C ot o ot wv ~ofenc-e %*~ivt e tu" &S~ Jh. Neetýo' 14ýthnfC~tIf mae i jt,)OT 

b-t(T$.T' M t i ct fidi4U tontikIw ir~vg \hi rpio rY tvc -ts~q of tpi sohno,

thouid n~oV bt constiru*, Z as oin crffciIaO pstnr of 0W.An' ~i~eu pnIltc- of dooli~on, un'e $I

by othtr cflsclaI vel~ ~ n
CU14 TENTS

I * IICIDRIUC T I ON

1. 1 Fast arid slow ultradian rhythrn

1.2 Oat~es Of tsIeepj

1.3 Effects Ott perforinafitc

2. MEH~iODE (11,10 DESIG3N

2. 1 Sub ject s

2.2 Expcer- imeutntA par-adi qin

2. 3 Per-fornhance nmeaSUrernieits

3. RrESUL I

.3. 1 (ivutsOf Sleep

3.2 Ferr rce

:3. 2.1I Ef Iects of level of diff icul Iy

3%.3S Inter-acton between experiniential

conidition and pei-formance

-3.4 F'erf tiai ice stabiliity

3. 51 ."(3aies Of slet-p" arid "ga~tes of: pet {crawnce"

4. 1) 1GU16(20101 1

5. W`J1E. I'll) I X It Cite a, td For biddent zonesti, fc seep 1 -

SUl"nan43y Of thr-ee xeint't

5. 2 F.. Fr-r- i ment~al Desi qit

5.2.1 Emper-i rit-nt I

5r. '3 x e i ui

I, **y

0~.- FiCILl13- CiltptiDIIS Acceý,gon -.

6. REEEL ~ DFC RA&

n Li

Jutficafio0

Avd/oi/Ivb~Coe

Di~s A,, t arý c-p 4
I. I n Urcruct i on

I. I ast arid Slovs Ultr-adian Rhythms

Sporitzriecluss *LUCtUatiOraS in vigilance l evels-, have been

the subject of ititensive experimental effot-t. I-ost estudies

have acjr-eed that ther-e ar-e at leatst two types o-f fluct~uatil-IS

inr vigil atcei cit-cadl an r-hythms Iiti the ordcer- oF 24hi, arid

uiit~r atii ar rhyti rml! ini the order- of 1.5h arid 4-51t. Stud ies

conducted in it ou laboratory in riecent year-s have i nvesti gated

LAIi tad-i.ai r-hythms in vigil anice anid t~heit ri nter-act ion with the

Slower ul tr-adi an r-hythmem.

Lavi e av id Scher~son (1 961) postul ated that ulitr-arilan

r-hythfus, if pr-esent, should be r-eflected in subjects, ability

Instrucltfed Sub-ijects to clcowa their- eyesA acid to -,all asl eep

dUr 1111.5 Mil mi Er I ad)ES Of darkness At 20- mini Iitetervale. foat 12

IhOLir- . SI eop mid wake f:uI nems wer-e dcllii nd

ci ctrcrir~ptalogrphiCallI y. Si tjni fI cait I i /2h Lii tadi art

r-hythmsiii Il Sleep csILage I wer-e evi delt . M! one1 Cm7 Ill q t , )ec

ability to fall -;sleep was also modulated by, the Ciictadiakr,

r -hythmi city, with i ncr-east-d wake time tc;war d tile evct, i liq

IIOU I- S, a iid i tnicr E-as ed s 1 -2ep i n ie ss a r o tri tid (ni d a t. rr iouti .

U C31 1 S P uc-I I t. .1 y , thle I . '11 u I tir i an, vý.,r i at I conm i ii a 1. vr' tvis

I" letvelsi wct e muLchI miovce promi rreivt dL0 ilnq thfý Murfniric).

Ihe tli t. In)ml c rcur- r- elI(-.e o f flF)p dur 1)( 'k. Ie da y was_ S~ ;A

(JIJOPI \' i i pi_ Pi Viits SUf I-for i Iq Irn t- kPatho 111 )Li C. SO(WIul PnrIC

Ini a Crvefii t !ltdy? Volk et al -(1 HIYB nntiidrc h
4

temporal Struc~tuLre of the diurnal. alwep atacks Ain

nar-coleptic patient-s. These patients ~icuf~er rorn

Lincontrol 1 ablvi aps dur I nq the day, somet ime'i inr comb i ati. oi 

with an i nabili ty to control their musclIes.. F or some.

riatcal eptics, napping occu~rrI d cycl icall.1y, with a periodici ty

Lai adomr18 investigated tile relationshilp

betweeI n daytnime rhthm inr tlho Carrlitd Oto wthout arisleep ai h

between 1600 Arid 2400. 'The re!,cutts of this siudy ShOWe:2d thlAt

theit( utradi an variati ons mil the ability to fAll av-41iep duvtinq

the day shoLw* two dif-fer-ent ul tradian connponerir~s: A~ 1. 'Aln

nil tr-adian compon0Fenlt whit Pit wa{ounid on11y ill thle- U10i rig

exper imerits and appec:ared to bip synchroniz~ed, Al belitwa

withi the R'L11-1UHRE11 cycle,. arid a second mcmiring componlent of

V .1ý I bOUL 3 1 /.-N .1-re were P io si g il f i canti nLW t r- Ld i i camponenit q

dUl- ifiq thL- 8f tenrliinooni-eveni rig e; mentirit

lEvi dencie f or tho e~ i stpnce of a seconld il trad ian

conmpoti-nit ill sleepiness that is slower" than I I /2hi was

prziovi ded by other- studic-n as well . In thr.e Seroud part of the

StUdy by L~ivi e arid Sc~hersun (1 9031) mietit itrioed previousl y, the

v etsof F' si cop depri vatilon on the ability of Su~bjec:tc to

fall asleep at differenit times of the day was i tvvedst gted.

tUndEle thece colnd iIi ons, thle I i /2h il tradi cnn r hythnmi t: ity Vlar
modi f i ed tow~ar'd a aluch; sl ower- rhythmi ci tiy of abutit. 3 1 /2-411.

4heise app riired syrichroriized acr-ous subJects. It should be

menfti~oned that thii- irutjectv% In the study by Lavie arid Zomer

(19E33) wce e alao par tially mleep-depr-ived because of thle

ear-ly REM and 111.31REM at-akeni rigS which CO~nld iACCOUnlt: fo0t thle

filOW Ul tr-Odi an compatien' detected ill thatt StUdy. IWO Studies

that investigatedi~cpwk cycles under- the conditiomm of

prol onged corbtiFIrIuOus bedr-ent als~o pr-ovi ded evidencep for- thle

ex ci _tnice r.- f si oo ul tradi an cyci ici ty In aier-trsm (N'akagawa.

190); impbel , 190611 Ini both studies ak zlepp:-wake cycle of

abO~it 3-4hi was evident although itv St.atiStcal reliability

had niot been detet-mined..

Ior-t-d and Lavie (19'.!Q) inivesticiated tile possible

exi sternce of ulir-adi an r-hythtnm in ierorcpaorphc

* Caler-tniev-s in yet a differ-ent way.. 1hey r-ecor-ded 5-mirl

ci ctrien~ojlia oqaph cAct~ivi ty from 11 SlUbJt:tU.~ at 10--min

iyitet-val s fo- *7 1 /2h, UnderM bASelinle anid bio-feedback

conch t~ions. In Uie latter conditioms subiect.s attemptc-d to

ei thic'r tais, sor- I owetr the, fr-equenc~y of their- EEG3 oi tt the- aid

o f b i afeedback. ~Oath in the bAnel Iime --imd inl the f eedbac~k

con~di ti One tht-r ' wer-e ul tt adi an vhy~htlio f 7.21 c/d-14. 4 cicS

( Cor-t-e-Sporidi ng tto. per-i di ci trip% of AatA-u 10'.) mi.n/cyr: I.e) Ill

the mean -freqlueticy of thle ELG anid inl the Imtcredampi~itude

of t~he EFA3. 1hle blofeedbAt:k tauk had lit~tle- effect tiptnnn theUiltradi an rhiythniq wi th r-espect to bacý-eliti e.

LikawiA MekLaOLISek anld i:.eter-SO11 (1 9F4) ~td thevet I

0CCUr r rm-e uf spofitarlerjus Il uctu"At ione it) vi q iiaiire, nitcas-trned

by inn 1.i inuoos evci ctr ogr aph ic r-ecor ti i )1%..- it! sub i e'IZ wit, wet e
6

rencoul-aged toM eont irlUe tihmlir rnor-mal~3 dayt.i mu ac 2i vit.in~-S

I heiv. ro~esults Showed Mhint vigil anct flIulctuatiotis occt~t t-t

cyc-l cal Iy with er-oi~odi citi 'wi vthici tilt. widle Prangec Of 61 10.-)

1 10 mill. 11 v atjtthcts indicate, howeve~r-, that the~

fIUCtALUA iores weref mor-e r-ap IJ and pr-oorured duiIring the? f i r-s

half of tLbo day arid thierre was e~vi deiice fcor- evren Imoiqolpen odiic:i~iies in the datau. An r-epor-tLvd b~y otevs, the

uiitradi All thytlum', wer-fe LifiStabi e whvi i Withiin-SuibjetS

C:oI11pEar, i soll weve made betweene emcpur- imetis (:orlduct ed 5sevetral.

week.s apat ithboy cone 1 uded that theo dayti1me u .1 ttadia

rt L h 12hm claiy be v:? "I.) a ifI V d b y t II . Si. DU It AlI (POuAS OCC~t-mert-Of I 0t f

svera 1 f t.queolairs 0.

laisr aii. MnIrd 1I11-mightoil (1964) al so iiivirsL iqapLv~d theOCIV-ticc? of u 1.tvrai~dan r-hytins in c.o:touuep~I ~ p

act ivit~:y of awake? inodi viduals du.17if~ thtj hieabi tUal WaUil ICj AY.

1 ey i-ecorded ft ortal anid pAv i etal Lttbir Pver-y 15? minr faot a

durtati olt of 10)SUC f-r-usr eight adults fori S 11oM-1-. SpLctrl'-A

arnal.ysis s Ehovjz-(I Lht.7 presence of signjiif i cantL 16 c /d

(cu o~pordi eqto p:c-~riotdici t ies of: 72' to ll 00 ml n/c ycle)

r-hytlluism fit Lhe t~otAl povier- of the LEEG, cof ei':h heictlspi ;r-eC

-q~11 I k ltf-ZAdi allrytm ill eeCtro'cor-tiCLAl EkCtivi ty Wer-e

sym echr uri ied betwevii thpc two hemisphmtEres For incridivi.dual ELL3

ba).ridwi d IJ-s ocel y the~ f ron Ial theta Sholved a marke~d, th bough

not sitat: i stical Iy sigifiartcilttiadi at rhiythm~ at the.

expec. tod 16 c /d f r mereer: y. Ire agreeiveen~ iet withe offc- sitrdies

Sub st:anti a I nun JOV of tipec:txral pe,-.kv0 VcIorC ilt. 1.hIecie'

firqute-ticy of 0 c,'d , curt' ospoiidit. t~o pet iuJi cit ies coitrel ci

a cc e

at: a:;h/ycl%
7

1.2 Gat.ns ot Sleep

'111E? aCCUIPUlatLed findincjS, Coaling frocm !Studies employing

.i deml diFf~ereint Illethada- agi Cal LAPProache 9 q indi cat~e that

there are esIort-Leriim rhythmic variations ini the level of

alertness dUring the habitual wakinig day. A~lthoughi

admittedly these cycles are 'anstable, havinq 1large irntra-- and

inteor-subject variability, aL certain portiransi of the.

habitual waki ng day they appear remarkrably Promi nent.

Fur thIe-more, these special p -9e Which I 3UqCieSt toC catl

"qaLes", have important roles in the 24-h regulation tof

al er-tries anti (nay have all affect on Performance an ~e 1 . I hi

necessi tates a revi si on of the Prevaili ng vi ews regarditiq t~he

St-ruLCttrEs Of tht! di lt-rrlal vi qi1 nte- IP.vel.9

It has qt-nerallIy beeni agreed in the ii tcratute thal- in

SLubjet(tS living underw not-mal siep-aescthed~l es , cycle I s of

Arousal. , Synchrolli zed Wi th the cycles ini body tep atILrE!

r-eiAch7 a pfeýAk dJUr itq tfhe W;econd)( 1hl f C.)f theo daky , An~d a fa A I 

dot-i u the secoiid half- of the iii ght. A~ 11101 V~ (:Oml rtl( ILýItc-lon

i - r'ýin e. t ni it ( U I u)rn dat d:ur a k ltjgure I dr'pl(4: t rs 5 m h1!2i.itat

rept-eserit at i on of thez 214h var iat ior rs I t the wroh at'i Iity (-f a

vwal~e--Sleep t.rrimr-itlon (P(I.. 5) ) he r irason itu)

re-prespit.i nq th(' r ' eerpl)(29'S rhythmIIIS afS A JJI ýAhJi~a li t", ((LIF ti Oil

45 t~h~t itT. [10l/yl t1L -2 A (jqIi~tati ti staLive~i)?5t ' ~ ~ rrp .

A ~~~~hi ch is uol:L)IpctpiI1 1y easy ton ru~nost -Jid -Ami pr ,c tj callI

'0" Lý4e(1P1 t ti vi 1 iita-d ]y thle rIAl'AwIr4 Iil

s3 i r i c- c-, a r: r 4 t I r2 2 4 11 atre crCI( ItIPr (I ct1 h b th I i caHi -kII
and ulttradian componernts.

The ultradian rhythmicity which is superimposed on slow

circadian trends reflucts the periodic activation of sleep

iriducing mechanisms. Sleepiness "gates" occur more

frequently duri-Ig th•r first half of the day, with periodicity

close to the sleep FPErI-NREM cycles, than dur ing the second

hIalif, when they are less frequent and 1ess pronaounced. fhe

two most distinctive sleepi.ness gates are the midafter-non and

the nocturtlal gates, which are about: 811 apart (at ablut 1600

- 24Ch) . It Shlould also be noted that ul tradian, rhythms io

sleepiness ate super'imposed on the nict.urnal, crest of:

sIEEpine•Ss aS well.

4".N

S.....

-ili

WOO 160 2400 000

o itkI I Ir l~r I I f -i V ( A I tiI~x

JI

'4N•lK

r- • . + , + , • . , t .P - . . . - • + • . - _ - , • 4 • • 7 + - • • t , , • , + • • , • , _ • • , " " : • " " .-
9

1. 3 Ef fects oil erf or-marice

I he cvonucEpt of a si eepitess gate Is~ rather new: i t

implie rs tha-,t the~re are~ abrupt physi ol ogi cal charnqrn inl the~

rea~diness to slrp rather.r than~ an exponential iricrease In

c- oecpineŽss assuimed by homet~otatil cSIe-p ttte.r-i.ES (Wbaarl Pt

al . , I qE34) JIi'e assiumptiont that the rtocturnal, Sleep Ya~t..e is

,oi tc-i Id( on- as "all all. or- non t

m- ptrenomencan r- i s th

i mpor-Larnt qLIIiSt i cIi of hOW th(TSe qatCt3 a-f 4 PtL hUmlall

pe!rf or-mauc:e? Do the cir-cadi an rhythmrs in pur rormalice , vlh A cl

wer e i:ttmlv1ydocuiteiite1 in) t-e~CV[It yfjr- 4follo1_ th COU]L5ESuif Ci nlci iq: if) a Ior tneni~ri Is the~ noct:tur nal is I -iep ga tr

Cui ic ci di tic; tif thI LA tCu'lpar abl e ''pEr4 Ijjjj(C c~tE" LbEIi)r r p E-thE

*the assorju i ~t. oil (,f ali ortIitips wi Lh p:rL I or- hIaII j_ p -All I ,idi

one , vi a EA t t t 0 Lmtkn~ I yi q ci I cadi-Art f a(- Lt.o I t. i~ pons~i (A

U ial %ill wij 1 f2 -31 rrzp i I e-7 i -1 qat red A. all "al , (.) none''

ph n ur wilumlI vul , pel f or) mir'i 11re- i -4 i'Odclo "t. i ( 'I A'8 ýA C ()Ii i n o r

(:I I'AIIi j nzj va i t~b I I? n %C mOlb ~ o05t j on1 1i ti I i'hvio

ron~eo' i tl( ime it- i daftprr non emmmcryqdm of ~tevp

Lkim wet! Ii iid ;A t:Oiipdlab rib di p irm per fto, Hienc lith~11~erar ; eAii

at(J~~\'tI i Uii- in per f c-i mmaR I- i s ar ft OI 1 1.) e. I Ic

r ill pe (1' f t iii 1 Lc LAS I- d epe nIi (I a!e Itd ~1[1 %( Ill( ra 1 1 'n

1r C4 j i ~I" 0 mii (1 1tU 1'( 3( M 1 limp? (J" -fni'it ti, I Pol I ()trr~r r'ili (F, ci ~ i

*~ ~ 114AJ

A- t L
!hq- pur~ptRTý "f ýiv present study wa~s to inivestigate thie

361o structure of sleepiness and its reiationithip with

psychomootor perfr Cm~iice after 28h period of sleep

dep~t i va IL ia. Mhe structure of mleepitiess iais itivestigated

unider the condi tionics a-i instructirig subjectm to, attempt to

4.1,1 asleep, atid then to attempt to r, ist sleep.

2. Ilethad arid Ds

2. 1 Sub'jects - Eight subjects aged 19 to 2-5 (mpati age -22.6

ti.76) participated iii thiis study. All were healthy arid did

tiot ha~ve zmy isivp r-elated complaints. Su~bjects had two

adiaptaLion tiiqht~s to the laboratory arid thmi participated in

two 36hi periods of Ul t.VaS111ort Sleep)-WaIe ffchedUle, after- 20hi

of mieep depriva.t~ion~.

2.2 Expt imeita1 flat' adikm -. In each of the exzperlm1I-11tile

pr'r i ads SUbjeCtS, Collile to the Ilaboratory at. ,2ZvQ af ter havi rig

a norma~fl day W~ ii toL riaps. * 1hry ispent the iii ght. awitl.e iii the

1 akhora~tur y unider 8superIVi Si~ OilLltil I I QQ. At 1l~it'u a schedulea

ot erither- 7--mit slivep a tteriiplt ini bmd, 131 mir awake uutside

thet be~dICi ou, or 7 min v-ems et ritjseep ýiq attempt Ivi be~d, 13 mill

aw*a~ke i:%,tisi de th e bed ocm, wma begun aiid ri.ri ntai ,iid -for 36hi

iiit.1 2 . t)i. e r~t t i a . ) he o~r-der- of t hv tw empi~ i i men t El

~coridALi us hic vii tr e sep ar ated by t.Vq wvreks Ir om r.

L_... SL linI
,thcr boatm coknterbnlianced. a&c~rm Vic, eigh t. sub J::ti. A*s i n

our previous etiperir~tentz iLavie anid Schersori, 19814 _a-vi e arid

Lamer, 19t3Z; Lavie, in prests) polyliypnographiic recor-ditigs

wcr perfor-med d~r-ing the 7-mini "sleep anid resi 5titi sleep"

attempittm, a-id psychou-mot~or teatirig was carried Out: during thti

13-min schied~uled awalv.e times outside the bedroom (se" 1later).

Light. snacks amd s~of t dr inks were provided every 2 hours

throughout: the exper imren-ýal period.

2.3 P:er or'maimce Ii. acsunr.iermet - Al though, we p1 armed to~ t~est.

mou subjects ont a two-dimen~sional. t~rackl:inq t~ask, b-ýrVucse Of

V81 i0U% tec-hnical diff iculties we dE-cidF-d to use the

computer-coit~rolled, on-hrddand ttwo-handed reacti on time

t asI,~ III this task, afte. fk " r sn ~i of, j ý.?tu

.3imulk.Aneouliy minitiate either one-handed or- two-.handre-d

mnovemcrit s to tar-gets of di sparate or- equal d i f f A CUl t y anid

E,.4ii . F iqu.r-e 2 1 1 1ust~r at '!F the e,-ppt i rmrttal arppd.ratu%.

i t_____ IL1 ý~a .i -rr IP tat 10 V lýC 7 ?IC1 il
itconigstecl oP a Filemtiqiass base (76 cm long, 16 cmn wide and

2 tcv th~ick) 9 rnoutited ont -a standat-d Lable. Two Contact

switches, center-ed 0D.'5 cm apar-t ser-ved as thle homce keys. I he

four- tatgets wjere posi tioned along the lonqi tuditial centetl ine of the bame31 two lar-ge tar-getu (7 cm in diamerter-) at a

distance of 242 cm from the home keys, an-d two small tar-gets

(-3.5 cm in diamieeter) at: a di stanct- of 4 cm f rom the homne

keys. (A si ngle tar get was used ini thle oone-handed tondi ti ors,

emid two(: tar-gets were used in the two-handed carndi t~iour. A

red light emirting diode servyed as the war-ning signal, anid

*similar- dioidem mattrit~ed above th-e tar-gets iserved as tHe "go

signal arid designated thte tar-gets. Stimutli pr-esentation arid

data coillect imn wsere contr-oll1ed by a 1:Uf: 11/34 miniicoivipu'ýer.

1he SUbject's task. was to move his index finger fr-oi thle

homne keys to the tar-get as f ast, and ae. accur-ate~ly, Ain

possible, after r-t-reiviriq the "go"' signal above tile

approcpr-i at tar-get. The "go" mignals wier-e given I isec: after

thle warnfi rig sigqnal . F:i ve combinatio-ns werre pr-esente__d in each

21.) mill es!5sion t 1 ) r-igch t hand "iiear " takrgf.t , 2) r ight hand

"far" target, 3) 'two-handed "near" tcorgets, 4) two--harlded

"-foar` "-. algfet~s, and 91,) rig ht hand "far" comb ined wi th 1sf I

hanid ner- '1 t a r-Iet.C4 Each of the com~bi nAti ors was pr-resvited

5i t imers with oin ivver .%e Irt~er't~r ial irOW*vnval of 5 sec. Tihe

op-dtr, ul pt esctitAt ir.rios was r-Lndu~cmi;. e.d atid two pr acti ce

tvol s , vwhich wlert e iq: £t Ifi'As.ded ir the i$ £ t-i anlal yes , Wert

~e~e~I~rJat~ thce bcrq~ ~irmil( ofi each Sý(551tirt. 14 th-e siub jetA.

rmilsscvd tfhe t argevLth.I iL tr iLr A IWaS R.' CI uE~d akri( minother tt I a
Spr-emenft~ed by tic? crouputerIti each tv i al ,both t-e aati an t i mr-3 (the Li Hie f r un t- le

_4 %kwa to LUic* r-elruksý of the hume 'eys, avid flluve'metit.

t if is ( I:! e t Iione fr em the. r-el eae of the hocme Ikeye~ ult Ii

r-eatIhing H~ie tar-cgitia) were r-egi~nter-ed by thp. comuter-.

1-1-0111 thEC tt-1 11 m of cntlh cambtioat iDo, ineen r-aton t.i mo-ý

and mean moveniviit. t i me werca Ec-t;mputvd . Si ice t~ht.te.e viet'e two

orne-terided tc;edi tiowi,r sud :3 tw'o-tmaodE-d cdii n ,the-e~ wer~e

U3 sepArate- natn~ -for- each iaession. FO tilt pur-pose Of t~hue

pr-esetsent nttIn,.h r'C-U1 t' wer-e qtrouped I into thi-ee

l esvpIs olf di f f i culI ty. I) the Mean Of All tilt? rq c-ane

re~pori C. )tema -f all the. symetr-ic two--An~tde-d

res~punis-S , amid 3) the meAn a-f the Asynimcttr-t it v-haridead

r-espOnsfe2

I he r-easorms fcw- selecting the coo' dinAted t-eac U onl time.

task, atr at% foil uwc. 1) or3L pteviovtm utudies donioristrate-d

that the puvrformance o+ this task~ loll ews the cout-sf. Of thlt

vat-iotioni in sler'pi ntess, 2) by usiriu bc~th sirgl e hanlded anld

symmiletf i c ianld 'ASYittmrc ic two-handcd , cspurises, it. erm.Abl1es,

*~immnti pil at.Imiq Ule level of di-F-f1cul tv of Um ta"sk1 and to

e*xAminje the. inteoracti on o-f task dliffi lt~lty With sleeplrmess,

)di vi di ng thip r esorirses inito react i n time amid mov"'ementLi me, whiche r-epresevnt di I-ffe'-s ii psyL11.hol oLeo Al pt: esallOW

te em ati nati olo of t he di i Verenii al ¶ i~s e .ns uf n

thuoe Lyriv of pi-ocesses~.

p No 
14

3. Re k.0 t.

j 3. 1 ~Amounts U 91 l

Six Ss completed the entire expertimental pirotool 1-1

§S, o01w it) the resisting sleep condition and one in the

atteemptinyg sleep condition, terminated the experiiment after

16 hrs (at (150u) because of extreme fatigue. 'heir- data until

the br-eakirng poiini were ivtciuded. lable I prents the- meen

T lable J: I'learn mlecp staqes per triaJ. (in rin .

AT1-II E'PTI1NO SLEEP

1 2 3-4 RElI' tatal

I 07 1 . 30 0. 0. 0 1 2. 4 ,! 2 . 0 1. 9o q.00 Of0 7,

.'',I :.;; 2. 06 C0. 16 73• 30 13. U-9

y, 2.3 "".07 U. #3 0.02 4 . 33

91_ -0 2. 1C- 0.21 0.07 :3.2,

6 (1.91 2.69 0 .O 0.08 3.8l

7 1..)t 3.09 0. -15 0.12 C.-40

fl 0. l 1.45 0 1 f) 4)9 d2. 5/1

I1. (o)i 19 i 4? . 1 q-,': I.. o9 3,. 46

C1.. 24 ) C.64 4:. 07 Co. oY 1. 76

J1 . 67 1. 36 :.Q- 00 o.(9 2. 1

. N 2 . 2 1. 2( .) t) 0 . 5 1:j *:. 1.'3. 1.63 0.S '2 0. 10 2,9.

,1 1. J5 2.37 1). '. 00 3, 15 7

C? 1.-.1 2 72 (1. 130 1 "

1 '.76 3.2'' ' (:.3i u.,6 4.7.

s~ ', I. 2I i . 22 i.1 4. 15,

P96 3I '2 / . 0 . zle 4. W)

"d 0. 1. 1,
peY--wtJgetS of n31~I3 S~tages 1, 21 3-q~ and IREI fO M.-eah of ts

subjecLs for- t.hce two eper-inr.T',.a canditr% As i in o~rprevious eŽ,per-lment% ther-e were only mar-g!ral and

nconsignill icacii differ-eiicets in the amounts iD ofl~epp betweenr

51.34% of the' totald time alincet.*d 4(.r- sle'ep In the "sleep"

conrditiori, as conpar-ed to 48% o-f the total time ini the~

retiisting nleip'" r-onditlcog,. Four- subje'cts had nwir-r sileep In

Liie "sl eep" condicitioin, w~hile 4 subjects Ha~d more sl ee'p in the~

flr-en±stinc sleep" co~nditionr. ior mor-a infor-mation orl Lhe

*st~ructur-e of seepiness see' Appetidix 1.

3~. 2 IPer-for-mnace

3.2. 1 E~f fects of: Level Qf W -f f i CIc u .i

lat) Ie3 2 ~~~the meanII rf rf-IEt ion t im EIIE l ld mcnoti

Mlovfe(FIVlt~, Lionesi sepat-ael y fCor eaCh Uf tUbc eight. di {ffer-Fntl

r-espooIes, ag wd for- U ~e tr~ee levelse of telf f icultty Oingl Ie--

11.1r1ded r-espovises- symme'tr-ic t~wo-handed e' tponses arid

asyiimmLr ic tvwo.-Ihanded resones grouped toyr-Ahevr.

,~ r01. at.J t (?I*JUY(A (SUbjŽc.Ls x1 ev!i of diff icul ty

b 1cksa~) wani per or rn.:! to dret.er Ut t Ii I t Ii Ie I (-v C.1 0f

d- f Ti citi t..y h&~d a i ir'll l wi L. ef f±e:ti oit pet o inn 1br3 . Fort thte

'WPt3~r Of thi 'f, AMHYV'. tt i al li VArt ouediritn 6 bI tic), of

6 h ~ L:.VýC, ~ cOr Elf IH t

* I I * *A*
lb

lable 21 I1e&mv reaction times (RT) and movement times (tI.),

in mnec, for the three levels of difficulty for the 6

r, blocks of trials.

Resisting sleep

Block singgle-handed symm. two-handed asymm. two-handed

RT Mr RT MT RT MT

1 442.7 16:5.4 436.0 14.3 446.6 219.9

2 467.2 175.5 463.0 212.2 474.3 243.6

I3 552.5 233.4 551.4 276.2 563.9 307.2

4 553.1 224.3 540.5 260.9 555.6 309.2

5 520.2 2013.9 50:5.6 245.6 522.9 206.3

6 494.3 209.8 494.9 255.2 507.6 293.0

Attempting sleep

RT MT RT T RT MT

1 451.2 164.1 443.9 194.0 461.4 236.9

2 452.9 175.6 441.4 2(6.8.0 462.2 256.4

:S 535.9 225.7 526.0 27:3.5 534.1 312.7

4 527.7 213.3 522.9 263.8 529.0 304.9

"5 486.2 19U.3 430..9 251.2 496.6 298.5

6 4 5UC. 6 1,9Y. 4 447.9 229.8 463.5 2217 . 9

Relactioi tti me - 7or' botli at-temptinq sle ep ar d t efifting

sleep conditioii, , th!.? AI'ILOVA revealt.d sigqllif cant Iril' ef4.ects

SI*• of subjects and block 1 ( for buth, p -1) ), but t.hlere was

i netither a Tiigitificanmt effect of diffirculty level, nour a

signi4ic>iiit iriteractivii of difficulty Ilfvel x IBlocks. Fig. 3

anid 4 preseIrit tlt(!tie eft react i- t~i me !(' 4o t eachi of the 6

b 1 oc k- f or t Iiu t o Eu epr i mei t a1 c a id i t i uon19

'4

SI|~~~2 , . • • • I' . I I- Z2 • ...-, .. • .• i • - ' . / . .. . ., , • • , • • , ,• .\
REACTION TIME

540-i

i S520-

530 I*.

R

E

A

C 550-

T

M1490-I

E I

480

470-

460-'

450

440- _______

1.0 15.5 2.0 215 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

TRI ALSET

L5~EGE40 rTYPE *--- *-0--4 2 0-c-a- 3

cj Ih~~ari r~ ~c-t ot f i r fA 4o c I eL tIj I I cLt ~ y;

Virimc(?r t wo -handed 2 a ~3~vflit ( t iwo hairMded o Ii

r e si ýi ~t I r iq eI op c u vd t i I .)I

%
REACTION TIME

TYPC 2

540.--

520-

R 500- :*

E

A I

0

N

I AgoE 

%1

A.70 -, 7 .

*

p 450-

440- 1_ __ __ __

1.0 1.5 2.G 2.5 3.0 3. 5 4.01 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.0

- ITRI ALSE?

LEC.ENO) TJYPE .4-+ ..- 2 3-,-

~~~~~ jq IIr*-", e~ 4 ir i Or ~b~u ~tr t1⁄4i~ hlif-~ t hrt cc-, I ~v r - u d i +f + xc oi y (1 t I Cx L) hano C- (-I

y fIi t ii c-i - ro )t1d c d ) d c'y t r e r j c t kqO h ýIrcin e d ( it tin d A mip t i s I c51 Ie c) 1id i t jun

ka -4: &k A-' -A- - ~-
19

Te crc ad i.an ef f ect. is vLer~y t: Ier. Paost huc Dulicair 's

mul1tiple rangqe tents ur-qanized the 6 blork!! in the resi'sLicig

slevep car-id. iton into 4 grrOIup11 G~routp I iiicli wed the firs

black, 13r-ut.ip 2 -- the second block, qrop - Hth'! *if t.1 andi

the six-tI, bloct:s arid tGr oup 4 -, the thitcd arid the fourth

1Iir Ov-anl zatiaii Of g~roups in the Att~rnpt~inq sleep coniditiori

wa slt551ight~ly di-Cf(rent. Group 1, incilude6d the firsi , srecond

a rid six~Lth bli ockq, Cir-oup 2 - fifth bi ocl , arid gtroup3 -- the

Ithird anti faurth blucks. 'Thus, unlike the resi sting %1 cep

confdition) it' WhiCh SUbjects 1level of per-formarice dur ing the. I i ast 6 hours *am ni qni fircAnU y 1lower t~hai dur-inrg thte -fi rst 12

hou~rs, the l ast 6 hourS 1 evel of performarice in, the

A~ttemutping si e.rp coridiLi on wa% not si gnu iciantl y different

ft om the level of the first 12 hours. Ihis indicates a

st.rouiigei- ci rcadickii ef fect. in the attempt ii-ig slecep ccondi Lion,

or- a l esser si ev.np depr ivat ion ffe-fct:.

IHciimitotit. t milw - U ilikuI- the non-sign1i i cant eff ec: IOf t~he. level

Of dir fiCLt L~y on- r-eActlvri timei there was, aciq',i-fic>nt: efi ect

* of~~C di -ff1CUlty I eVC- on movemenit timie, iii buth peImnul

ct-mididl iurs. Iii additit. i n, Uhere were si qut .-f icant mai ii c?4-f c'ctq s

Of ý-uiktbjMt S and block's (-fur al I p ý .ouul). F'osl hoc.

DUtnC an s'9 te!ti9; rVVe.:A1ed significia r-eu iL i f erences bfwttwe(ii eachl

pair- of di H icoilty lnevels, fur bou11 e)pelr luuunt-a1 cof~di tiunui.

HoI elmsu-1ut-. t. i mo~l u. I t- 11-? t vmj- hanidcjd asymmt-A'r A c. r ? l n r'

si (4i1 ( i c 111L I Uy OI(.Jn *thai tl IIYtt) vu ,_mic'tld nymmiiiii r i r f ~~F!e

2,m]1 the nim~I~ h\~rd ropu~~ I tic t~out h~xi ..Ird i-,Ymwct t it:
'c umjurYju.& a I I y r

Fi 5~ ajirid 6 di sp1 Ay the mc)ventent. ti. eve data.

MOVEMENT TIME

310-

300-/

290.

280-/

270- / ,

2/ /

1 240-

230-

220- .

1210-

200-

170-

1680-

170-

.0 1.5s 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.7; 5.0 5$ .

TRiALSET

LEGiEND, !TYPE 4_--.-- 1-. 2 r) -oa 3

I e- ~ a1 nc l ed * \Imtr1 _ulldI(j,

d~mfl~ 1iF tW'0 A),hdifdedf ) J c) t fie pt1 7A I l' .

c- Ic of I (AIt 
MOVEMENT TIME

TYPE-2

300-

290-

270-

260- /

11p

bi 250-/

E

M 240-

T 230-

1 220-

E

21 0-

100-

170-

1 60.

ISO--

1.0 I-1$ 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6 9

IRIALSE)

L E GIF H T YVF'~.~- - 2 fu 3

~ Il'~flI 1 c~ ~I(V %11I t I i or O~ct) ut t r L tI

~~~~~~~t a.'_ l f~f "kl~ * o i*~~ ' . - . .V ~ - . __ll r- I--
22

1lwrim-~ Figures~ clearly demo~nstrate the l ack of inte acLtialn

between lrevel of difficulty and blacks. The second and third

levels of difficult~y caused a constant increa'me in movement

tinme above the singli e-handed performance 1level , Whi ch

r-emained the same across the entire 36--h expet-iment~al period.

[ihe 6 bl ocks wer-e organi zed4 by the It~tncan 's tpsis iti a

S]. mi lar, way to thu :)IloCt:: argaruizati on for the treact ion time

data iii the i-esi sti nc si cep coridli tion. 13W oup I intil ured thp

f itrst and %kecoid bilocks , gqioup 2 - f ifth.I and sim~th and gr ouip

- thp Lh i ,d end { olur Lth b I c~ck s

-SInteriAt Lzion between e<pem-i men i- condition ai-mii

S i i; c: p Iir 1 ev v I oC d i f F i L k] t y hia d a sii q iii f i rCA ii r- I f p c L

0 1 n mo() k II v C? II . rn u- t i e p u s st I f f A.u)f I I of r' I P - Ir m I Ie vr' I it A I

C uii dit iin of' I' (ei i ~I sate I I iii.11j" 151 C-011odi t 1 (n) wasA

t F, u? il 3 C? I A f im e a t Ii CJ ' of 0v Si r [.),A ry Z) y

nclT , hI :I 3 --md I-: pr o i nnri~t-i c:umitti in, for reac:Ii rm? (-i

Iihr. i~lirle lu \o~~ -v l I f di f i(tilty. Iii r clhI t-ve~l ,r Pi¶til

t'f] per -i' ý1)l lnamri , ti? 4 WC)t it' thaldi elt. ti? 1 1 1t rttq t I Pvvq

1)., mo 14, aI' 11 1! 'A 4 1 tic OP, F.1?~'t aiir i) J t fi I i , t

% ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .1lkl ( hcd? 1 ) Jj_' o If
23

Mmlovement Time - None of the corresponding ANOVAs for movement

time yielded significant P ratios. Thus, although there were

no significanit differences between the amount of total sleep

obtained in each of the experimental conditions, trist'uct.ng

subjects to resist sleep resulted in poorer reaction times,

but did not affect movement times.

3.4 Performanice stability

Visual observation of the data revealed that in spite

of the lack of significant differences between movement times

in the two e-perimental conditions, there was a large

difference in the stability of performarnce. This was

Scurifirmed by statistical analysis. ANOVAs performed oni the

wstiAndard devi at.ioin (calculated over all 10 trials it, each

block) r pvealed significant, betwee-•-conditions diffet ences

,ioly for the movevettit time data. Forr two of the tlhree

di-f ict-iity levels, the statidard deviatiovis it) the resisttinq

Is Iep corndi t i o were r si grit f I cant 1 y I at rger than I +JI

attempti lq slee1p cundidtIon. 1]he Ilqo• fIcaice levels were

p < .0 _S for- the ssngIqe- hanidoc r enpoiv~sk-, anid p K" .04 f or- thle

53ymmetric two-ha-laded e.;posps. Ihet efor e, althIough thete

were I)() gol fiu-aiJt bdtieei--criodi tioiil di fierenices for

flv(lvefmnnt t Lime, pi r furmaiice inI the r esistirr) sleep cuniditioni

W~M it.3 sigrl t~l 1!Ut 'it~~e til',11 III th.h( attAeCIpFt~ifig '% eepj

Im d I t I U

41l

'V ,::• : ; ,•., - .... . . . •.. . . . .. : .. . -... . . . . . . . .,... .. . . .... . : . .. -. . . . .
24

9 .:5 "CiiAtes" of Slecep and 'Gates" of Per-forma Ic~

'lo determine the possibie ef fects of t~he s1i-_p qates or)

prr-fo7magicElevl, we corrielaited the timing of the vioctui-nal

16seep gate"' withl thle timing of the "Swi tciwiet"' inl

pe~r- 4crmatice 4 r nin bel ow to above the 3.6--h mean.

"sl eep qak~e" was, defimed it) the 4 lci iwiriq way: I e fisa

rePsistinrq or attemptinq sleep tr-ial after- 171-M- with at least

5(-) sleep whlich wass foillowed by at least 5 cuta of: 6 trl a1s

me'etinrg the~ same c~r-iteri in. A "SWi t.Cr.hOVer " in fprlNforn'1AniCE Was

de i ned as tilie 4 it-n tr ial i r wh ic -h per 4 otmuance chaniged from

* hrl o to above the 3.6-h mean f ol lowed by at lrea,.-t B aut of 1v

tr-ials in ihe isame dilrection. Since only 6 Sns completed bOiti

condi tionns, to i ,crease thle number- of sub jeci~s, the data of 4

Ss who par-t ici pate~d in a sionl1ar- e~xper- imeit. fr-om U u.)Lntil1

4-1700 thle niext day, wei-e als~o iric Iludud.

Ft g. 7 presc-tnts the scattei- diaqt am fat Lire sleep qate..S

anid the pur 4 orma, ice awi 4 ciovet- for- the two extp.er i ienital

Cculdi Liol~s , for 4-.Ile movelinent. Lime and fat- the r r-act iaon timie

da t.a. It call be cz1ea, I y seen from11 the 4iqrsthat thor e was

m a tr CnwIl 1illealI Vei a4t' cmshi p betweeti the two everits -

!Jo je t~wi th' delaye-d si eep qat es, Al sCý had dEcl akY'ec.I

SW 1t cAv*IOVý Al J30p11 4t-f 0 n4aCe, 1e hiPear-soii pt-uduic: ii nosmniit.

Curl vi at nni. hEotijee thle timrhiqn of the As] cop gott-., anrd the

tov cIic h v c-r is i r) p c,-, c) or inan ct? V) e r e at1 h ~ o i fiC.~ t ( t

Iea St r- IU
25

eRT

03 * AS

£ 0

- 0

t Ow i0 lot

0 8 000

0

23 -

21 0

0

03 •.,.0 RS

0

0 0

01-1 0 0

00

21 o

--. 19 21 23 01 03

Sleep Gate

I7 Scatt.e•r di Agrxrrs for the sleep gal,, ayvi tv,- performarice sw itch.. over

t:i met s or the Attempting Sleep ,') ad kesisi il g Sleep PRS) conidit ions,

for Wb ,rement Time (Wi) and Reaction Time (RT) datai

*
4. Discussion

The design of the present study required subjects to

repetitively perform a psychomotor task for an extended

period of time, after a 24-h period of sleep deprivation,

while obtaining only partial amounts of sleep. In spite of

the accumulated sleep loss, performance did not progressively

deteriorate but instead showed a marked circadian

modulation. The appearance of the circadian modulation was

evident in both experimental conditions of attempting sleep

and resisting sleep, and in both aspects of performance,

reaction time arid movement time.

Reaction time arid movement time reflect two different

* cognitive proceasues. Reaction time, the time elapsing from

the warwring signal until releasing the home keys, reflects

selective attention proca-ses. It was assumed to be

itidependent of taskl difficulty level (0eltso, 1979).

Mlovement- time, the time from releasing the home keys until

hitting the targets, reflects the retrieval and execution of

specific motor programs necessary to perform the specific

movement. Movement time most probably inivolve slhort term

memory proce-.es, and wam shown to be affected by tat:k

difficulty.

'Te as umption that reaction time arid movetment time are

differer-ially linted to variables related to ta•s•k difficulty

it, clear y .ýtupported by the prestiot es tsults.. An yi s (-.if

'tar iancte reveal ed that movement time wan ii aini 41 t~ml. ~y

ad (L-c:tf_'d by t ank oi 4 1cul ty. Ihe ti flen to e~tcrut~e t he tk'n-N.
27

flanded asymmetr I responses. wer-e si Vni f IcantlIy Ilonger iti.an

the execution times of the single-handed responses and the

symmetric two-hanided responses. Also, the ex:ecution times of

the symmetric: two handed responses were longer than that oF

the single-handed responses. In conkrant, taskI difficulty

level hied no discerneible effect on reaction time.

Blased an previous results of the effects of cleep

depri vati on and ci rcadi an rhythimi city on performance, aiinteraction betw-eeti task difficulty end cireadiani effects was

e~cpected. Johnson(1982) predicted that a difficult task,

which ivivolved memor y-rel ated processes, would suff*er more

from sleep deprival:ion than simpler taetks. lhe pr-esent data

do not Support thisi as~sumption. There was no signilficrant

interaction between kask difficulty etnt hour of tesking.

This was clearly evident from Fig. 5 and 6. 1he variations in

movement time in eac~h ;.evpl of difficulty parall~elei echd

other with rio evidence for et larger' MOdUlationh Of the MOSt

diffic'.I1 tAl~k in compari onwi vith the m7ust ffimp'Ie task. 'thus,

it appeared that at least with respect to psychomotor tasks

which involve a retrieval of preprogrammed motor echemes, thle

widely held view that simple tar.OkS Suffer lessa from sleep

dopr ivat ion th.:,n di ffi cult taescu should be reconsi dered.

Ihve close isimi i An ty between the the variationis iii total

"~leep anid the vr iio~i perform-ancv. SUjqne-stedAC a cu S.-I

rcA ati onnhip cuetveevi the two var iablesc. I hi c was al so

sutpparted by ýho- teoridsecy towaird ani overall signi f icait

Posit ive C~ra ,e I t; i ouc bvtweven total serI cep and per f oiwmaice.

Ilowesver, the titiyqet-iton Lh.at the wtniml Ian it, betw,.eon 4JI,
20

amounts of total ulvcp and performance irndicat"s a dlreit

dependence of performanrc on slesep should be rejected.

Removing the circadian effect by calcultting the sleep-,-'

performance correlations for 12-h perrJods, yielded few

significant correlations, mostly for the 12-h night period

(23-110(')) . his 1.ds to the conclusion that at least during

the day period thura was no relationship between sleep

propensity &,nd performance, which was independent of the

circadlan ef'•icts. It suggemts, instead, that both the

Samount of sleep and the level of performance have their own

*, indepetde,-it osrillatoars which are synchronized by the a•'•v,

circadien zo'itgeberL, The persistent corre•ation dur-Ariq the

ni)ht portod might reflect & common linear trend of

increfting amounts o-5 rleep And progressively deteriorating

perf ormance.

She suggestion that thne circadian cycles 1m

perfoatmance are inuependent of the -ir'acdian cycle itn

slepires5 was also made by Wever- (1982). hte tshowed that

under- lfghL-dark conditions the circ,.dirn ,hythms in wlvepwake and per-or-maoce could be separated -frcin each other.

l he ten:porcl' correlatioin betweeni the vleep qette and tlhe

per-4ormaoce gate wa=s rather- remarkable. Both perfr.rrance

components, reaction• time and movement ti ms swi tched ft om

bel-ow to above the mean itn close prodinimlty f to the -i vidual

Steep gyate. Ihis nynchrontr!k ty may he e"xplaiiied in several

WAYS - air t•., ib t wee I d M -itrts t a m ti:iq e Jtq t rj , :

(P zt er of ri~ p or- ~iý mni atv.: I #1k is V ~A h ul, Aq 9 e: HU 0 4 th I~ 10 (1 , r a

-Ottr el at Iott between tihe t-- r cLtd i a t I ytt ItJIM it SA 'eA. ft T91.' ; I

'ýI
29

ht:iii pet formai-ce, there was an immediate effect of Opellifl

the sleep gate ont performance. The fact, however, that In

some cases the swi ichaver in performance actually preceded

the sle~ep gate, mvAkes this e~cpiaraýiajin unlikely. S~econdj i t

is poss ible that both circ,-Adian cycles obeyed the same

ceniviarnmai-i~a1 ze-i trjebers (ti me gi vers) , Such as Chal,JQeS ill

Iicgtt-dark cycle, feedinig times, etc:. Ithis e:Pl~aniatior. call

,I-l.o be rejected. fAlthouqh the erivior-nimertal condit~ions were

cciminor- to all SUb Thýt: Is , ;each had his own ph eferred slecep 4gAte

wthicht was stable over a two woeek period. If i.,'dred the

chafiqv- i rl si spi ness and per-f ormeo-ice w~ere iiduICed

- ichtusl y, thevi- a maore uni formi timi twaep'td Ihu, J t-.0 r-e9!bc1at wi th the third possibility thAt both variables viere.

ellt'ai tied to the same tinderlIyi ng feactur, whicz mi ay be cal Ied

a cit-cadian v~iythm int ar-ousiabil1ity. It sitould be ninphasized,

uCIE:Oe MOVE- ti~t-At. UIo, 31ul at~ed und(::rIify rq ti rciid Ian C:ycle- 1,

-ircvw,;a 1 ~i ty should not be crqwated withi tbe-CilrCadi an cycle ill

nlvwI;c'ep r ed if) tf)F pr e-e.,ien t Sudyv. 1 he latIt er carit be

A~~r ~:y~.cle a~~c C of s ''n p uph E.)yk -_j 1C'tr L i sq the

tir obah IL i t, y ul I i niq a~ wake! to s~i up trainsit ion ( set? Fl~j I

1 r i wFI o( A~ s;.igrt1 f cint c-vl r *-I tiori ietowr'en t~hr, amotmrrt4~ .tn ~rp pr~caf ~ dur4 rinn tIFiý f-rst 121A hilldi cate53

t 4A s'.r ! 'ort-(,)d tr y (Ili d --AI t etr n4oo4 53 n p t4 A t er: dous', wA ho ave~ ar

t: I(-.I I~./i.u "n f2c4 k.et (v'r4 (:- I? a~ FI I vt ( ti I k ki~ V? -, t to (-. ) I S, sy

(AIMt. k. hf' fladl r i T S1 fl U~pi IVý-ýSS rc4 1 1)( *jwuk- bof or e thr-' -ý i-~ep

4~4 4'4~4.2 ': (2(1 iktPI i th A 4~;,f r it t, i ri per- f C.r (rnM(7t-.o

IhiF ie sl Fti rv ~ti 41?' ): e'I4 ft,~ I Ii 3rt e 4.I of reP i n es3 n r .aI I d

.42
performalnceC durinrq the first 12 hsr indicates that alth1Ou~ghl

both var-iables~ werte entrained by the SAyneI Underl ying

cir~cadiati fator, the control mechanism a-f sleepitiess ia emuch

mar-e comple.- than that of performance.. '111.ys, in consdi tiotis

of mustained operation unider a prolonged sleep deprivationl

condit~icm, tiriles nubjects actually fail Rawlevp during the

mi daf tern~oon pel-i ad, no decr ement i n per-ceptuLAl -FrotOlper-formiance -shouild be anticipated.

The emerging di-fferences between the effects a-f the twoc

ec peritner-ital condi tions of attempting to fall1 asleep anid

attemptinig to resist sleep on per-formance are irt-Arestinig anid

importatit. Al thOUgh subjects obtained emcac~tIy the Same

amot.'1-nts o-f Cslefep. it) the t,,oo emper-inlental coniditions * tile

spciic iSt~r-uCt-AIoS had differential effec-ts On

per--fur manice. Subjects Performed signi-f ican t:1y wor-Se under~t ILhe

n-esinitiricq slveep. ccndition. Reea~ction t~imes weres srqnitificanitly

si ok.,r arid mloVOIIIeiits t imen were si gii f i canitly 1eS t~abl e,

I hoe rsult si ridi c:ate two th Iimiqs. Fir rst , ai . iiic-n.IIll

iistec~ Ju 1 SOu, Su~b jf.ýCAS i rdeed itvvv~sturd Lqn ef fort ill

order- to rt :Ilid1ri J-Awi.4e. nectoid , tile ii ives ted ff Iort. c amir.7 Oil

thle BCCC)LI iL of per-f or IMIwC~E 1 eve]. 111IuS Uildel- thfi s-,Anm sirt2'ep

drepr iv i- ti on 1conid it IionmOp I et at(T orw t ti tkzud t riwa-r ci J SI co i.Q*

avoi di rig ol rep as m-uch as possibie, o)I- qCot t i soimef -S 1 op

when cvurPCeIS39ibl eMi wht I hakVF A ptrof ouuId c-4f t-!t t Oil tlPti

(mcothrr poinit of in~terest is thle di f-ferF rjf-rt at ff rct s of

l~i' ~~:c~ I enalcoilditionis on the ttun behAvicw~al cnivripoinerit's

whicht compr-i sr' thr- total rspoin-msp. While at t~rmptpifi to
r-esist sleep actually decr-eased the level of r-eactioit time

per-for-mance, it only affected the stabil1ity of movement time.

11his fact and thle -fact that only movement time was affected

by the tamk di-ffiCu~lty Ievel suLppar-t the pr-evious asswumption

that each r-elys on differ-ent cogni tive processes which Ar-e

differ-en-tially affected by subjects att~empt; to r-enist.sep

A's pr-eviously mentioned, r-eaction t~ime r-eflects pr-ocessesn

inrival virn sel ectiv'e attention while movement, time invovlves~

shot-i ter-m memory and acti vation of pr-ept-ogr-amed mnotor

schenitni. It is pos!ulble that when reusi nting eslep Vs.ub jec t

Conisci ousl y 0-o unconci ousl y, sear-ched 'for:I- SLihect i e sl eep:

Sonssati oric anti sleep r-elated Siqos- whliCh COi.l d enable them to

Aniti cipAIe inipedli ri slecep. thisg conistant. sear-ch for- sleecp

Sind ica tars was pat-ti c~uIArlIy Ine iyeWh-enl SILbje~tS Were- ill

bed at.Lemtpt.iri~g to r-ecsist sleep. Ho'1st. probab y , howrvet , ttii.,aseiem-ciii nc act: iv*'ity conti'L niud cOUt'S tidL the bedroomi dlu i ng the

1 >-i i WAI:: I q pot i odS. I huS, i t Canl he- 50ý1qqcteCI th11AL tile

allocaioc 31 of at tent iftin to sear-ch for ssi cep s i is i it: f rvts

depenld on att~elltiaon levuel iL: wa~s nrlot. al fektnrd.

hlit dusLabi iizatiuii of movivneiet tinic? by the atttuiip!:to L

rFeqist sfl:eep call be- e,:13ainod inl tile fl:u 1ot'4iiiqlj w~ay. Jilce? thle

huirmic keys: welre ci easd the Spodc of the' mu1vtUle'vt wzvs

dc(lr-in del L Lpoll tvuci -f a: tor-n: f ir st, rue U A vii i I ithr -specif ic

flit-) ut S9 rIF1ilP floil rilllwotin y stoiar'ecps , anld -'cnorid , it,- ptoptel

~c~ti vt i ii.bot tyipes of opet at.icniita arc OL.A.t Owniat.i C Z'iirI artt vX i 't iir riritof atteli~tion) I '.I tre

0 t- ak)ij I I t y in f1 \'rl'it ti t (no C:ai I b ? e ci;v- a occ AS, i (-Ia
32

{ailuru either to retrieve the specific: motor schenme or- a

failure to activate it. Such a iAil~tre could occur, for

instance, if A "sleep sign" was detacted concomitantly with

th" motor scheme activation. Ihis Suggestiotl is fur-thlr

supported by the fact that the most significant effect was

,! not found for the most difficult response level of the

asymmetric responrs, combination, but for the easienr Single--

handed and the two-handed symmettric r•esporses.

1*-

fr
5. Appendix Is "GAXIES" AN4D "FORB~IDDEN ZONES" FOR SLEEP

5. 1 Ititr-oductzlor

Insight lin~o thie laws that qover-n thieý timing of sleep

arid feak: ing has be~en mostl1y obtai ned in enivi r-orments fr-e~e of

time cues. Isolating humans -from all geophysical zei tqebets

rele~ases the endagenous sleep-wake cycle fro-m its per-iodic

enivironlmental coristoraints. In Such C-oncEitiC onS SIEcep anld

waking tcoIit int.ie to replIace each other- per-i di callIy vithi

per-io clengoyths I onger- than 24 hr-s (-for aný ex ~etiri ye r-evi ew

set- Wever- 1-779) . Iti most of the-Se StUdi e- , In A tsq, Or- Sihor- t

s I eep epi sodes other- i-hari the major- noctut nial ci w p

episcodes, wer-e ei ther- not allowed, or- wv.,r-e ec~ie nated frocm

the data befor e finial analysis. Im~pl ici tly nt 1 ct- t,, thte

vs,ai:Irig ptias;v of the 24 It sleep- wake cycl1e has. been

c on si d Pi e d t o bv hi onoqen ou S witIIth *-VS1)Prt t t,) thIE'V E- eve I 0

ar- ou 9Ab i I i t y.

IbiS Ieiglll'ý idLealiZed aSSUn11ptitoii Was refuLed, hawevet-,

ill StUdit-S iEt qt:4g dayt imvca #-- ~ 1evlu i

COit illrtUlAS IVLUt di tg techiliiquFes or I .".'t Si.lmp1 ill t-alI cc

I hest- prrivi~drd ev.i detce thia I the lee vci n al ci tt1ns (uito iiig

the 14L I..icig pc 1t t ion U r the '24 hi nl j I:L~o t yc !e vao I es I ni --

c yc 1. c milg. itier-l) tI lii perI i ud I c i t. i e- c-i it: er ed a L. about t. I

.Atid L..a.'i e , 1 YU.:>; L ztv i e? r:11 Id Z onrt' - , 1, 1$AI li r'Iu ,A id lur rtvtqi It (.In

P'LI iru i~ a ,t iiu e~c i ci px a rw' ci a t iu ~ r ~ r z(I

by~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- nb rai(l&) at f~.A% 'ic lur~ ~ i
34

(1he Basic Re rt--Activity Cycle hypothetii-0. In addlition to

the evidence for the exisitence of 1.5-hi cyclic variationBs in

alertn-ess, there its a convincing evidence of a mtdafternuoon

dip in alertuness which is unrelated to lunch time and

recpresenits an enridgenous diurnal nadir in alertness (Webb arid

Agnew 1977; CarsI.adori and Demnent 19791 Lavie and Schersori

11901). Elroughtori (11975) suggested that this hypoiarousal

period might be a part of a 12-h cycle.

In recent. yea-S WE' li-AVPe Utilized an iii trashart sleeopwake schedule to triace the course of the daytime in ari aloi es

i rv si cepi ness (Lavi e arid Sc~herson 1961.1; Lay i e anc! Zomcir

17131. hese studies co~nfirmied tile ex~istence of 1 .5.11

ul trad ii .kn rhythm Is in sI eepabili ty and i nd icatLed Lih It th!eizYCIL ha 1`11et-e tliarl a Sirngi e {eurc FUr theor ier le

dep-I vati on appeared to mo1dif{y tile diurnal. sLrurtuL~re of

slur-pi riptss towardc sl ower fr-eq~en1Ci esi.

Iii the presetit eseries or thre-e:tý ei meifs~i

iilit -asluicr t si tep--wat-:o paradigin was emnployed to study the

SOL C LUrO r of istLr dirp itn iq the eti iI.rc 24T--h peor iod, cm d to

sLLudy tht-- ci IoCt-S Of sl eep depr ivati on oni thl 5 StruLCtUre. InI

add iti o1 1 ief f? fcvc Lai of contr aSti f ig re perV (FIml~i.4 L aI Emands:J~i

uilSfIti urtinWq cijrtsto attoitiplt to fall1 at,;leep an~d

ii i I- tuc ti juic n~b.c to at tem~pt to re- i ist sleI ep, ,i-10

iti~vc-FLi q Lvd. I I ic re a sni for- i Ivc I SIA (I at IF I I I rep713 F)I 3 LMd o

but 1 ei 1~: er j f. Iute ,A I coti Ifi t i wri wa ý t o d t

c-. ir in i en ý V the tc-ml(mpo t l

srctr LI tiefý( o! f 4 abilIity to fall al rE-)IU ,p i r, di f Ir potp 14- fr om the

litporI ttoUztlte( of the abi IItys Uic) rv!3i t. nci reP. i' slifrti ilr

Strti (kCLit P? tiCktd t~~pUl thiri iuiItf-V it Ptet~ii ot thaLi thin 24i 1
3!5

var-iationsiiin sleopiness ate regl91ated by an active

madUlation' Of undet-lylnq hypi-ingelhic structuves. 01- tile othetr

ha~nd, diff~e~r-ent tem~nporal istructur-es would weAken Ihi s

iter-pretati on anid wuoild suggest instead the po~ssiblie

inflf uence of *F.cLcor-, r-elaLed to subjec~ts ac~qulr-ec adeep vwalkehabits. Ihe pi-e-r-r'it paper- describes the basic: StruLCture Of

nreopab ility anid wakeabi iity under theese eixper-imental

ec)[idi t.i ori i ri thre-e di fferenit exper-Iii'erit~s.

5.'2 )F'E XR2:EfH EIJ I ,'L FFUJLEDLUkE - Il HOt) L'F EI UN

53.2.1 EyFlpei-imteiiL I

1i W Eel thy YOL.111t aditk~t, aqc1 2 to 26 yr-s old, wi th riQ

col~ C) 6111ai r t. s ztbni-t s I eep , w L P j' i dj to(IP r : ~t i.(. c A tr f- -h i p ip it

a e si.hkin Aeup 1 aboi-af oi-y h ott 2 to U?-O7 -)(- 4[3-

I AJ t. U.C0*. i 011. * L ~ ii I)C nc t - h Ili n ilht. l C t r iOdCýS wel v tiaped 1 11

p ;)i(ce, hilt- f1o I ?C-l(1) HFitS3 i-jet P F-'rtfto,) Irud. IDtWi iq Ltir

1)i p r r) inn~ d -d'i , S L bj r uLcs : i) f re t c It:htI I a I) jt 2kt c Iy 

Ef~iAf ter havir'iq .-k iioi ina1 day wi thoit. nas 1heiy 1.jervr

f it. td kai Hic etr jl to r ocr-o d L'-Ai, LUU, mwid L1113. fit PP-1ti,

11w>' begaii a stl~it-it,11p of 7- miii sI e-p , a..1111 ajpIe, 4t ut i

hr tvu-fy :. 7u 0i iti t hey wet v im-0 rtmt nictd L() l2. iii bed 1 11 a

dc~r kemeul nflhiit ati ti'r,1l~at f-d bt-di1 OLurn , anld At t i'iiipt t- fr 1k I I a.. f-ep

( t , tsi nq t; f.t'(J :iuc)1dj t. ni ( ) - Wi) . LAI.( v t-r ()JIVy-5 i v)Ioqi (.AIl

* I ~to eerii tih' w. e'p taqec~i w-t thU-- V'Ildi (- c.h / mill
36

tri-al ,whek.-her as!stl ep or' awake, subjects were, requ.esstud to

leave thle budi oom. At Lhe middle of the 13-min scheduled wake

pteriads, they were tested oil one-handed aiid two-haridf.d

coord~inated reaction time tasksg. tReSL~tS Of the behavioral

testingi will be reported ini a separate public-ALion.

Appro,.denat~ely equiil size meals of 1 igWL snacI::-.r and so-ft

drifi rks wenre Avakil.&b Ie every two hours. t.hr-Ou~lhOLut the- 24--h

ev'perimfeitla regirnen.

I hie second part of the ex per imenit which itnvr'stAC1qated

t he tremporal -it.ructure of subjects Ability Ut3 resifft slieep

(kist i fig si cop colcini t iOf) - IRS) , waiS CriidUC-ted abouL 22 weeks

I afer. 0-, ill tile f ir-.t part, subJects came to thIe l aborator-y

at W110i), we-t e- -fi~tted wit elciectrodes , aid at 19'Obeqani Al

ulitradi An s~chodul e of 7--mnil awake lit bed withb ey'es cloused,

I 7-I I a OL CaUG Lsi. de ti It e becli ucii , for 24 1 r-. f? ~itle specLi fit:

.. ., f tirOt. ~ Un~ thO ¶!i~tjjr?c ts wtit e t n -Ii rtn bet ) ?d tii I I:

u:Ii j!- t?0 antd ( t ry arid tsist si eep I or 7-mi i,

E tI (!: tr ophyFni (,A (-1 i ci2 I reu ot d i niqs winre pr-.r- f or med dor i iiq tLhe? 7--

r.mi it Ixh tri, aij s aFýIE h f or v'. lit- ai1cet. , at t It en id ()I the 7 nuni

IA ,?1 ', 'lit-ther a¶-i1 rep ort 3Vawal? , i t-r ts 9aE' e L,:1-de'i cjA -.Si 0ep

flt'bthnonarld tlnI-L t.(E-J ed On thtr v,aulelf t:o!;l F-

* 1 fur~~)h ol det of e~ieinleilt.Ls waA ucwuimt~e býAAl Aiicf-d ~~ o*w

'ufirt:- L-5., m Io ~ II( ival2 sttjfut)) st to cuiiu or t fl to I e etp'i uru i

C.01 df ulm dý I o e lu a lh~r?'.t boml!ti1 et5 W fnIT pAlid t( ti( I.f b .Ia3-L

p:4l t t t~ Ii i)
37

T Tihv sec~ond epeiiment. irivestigated the effetts 04

sl eep depr ivativil ann the 24--h antructuw e of the -Ab~iliity to

fall asleep and oti the ability to r-esist sleep. Eight healthy

m.lc1, sub~jec~ts, aqced 23 to 26, yrs%, Wer-e taid to 3ar-ti Cipat~e.

r'. ' [lone h~ad any comnp1 ai tits itelated to si ermp arid all. had

texper-ictirce(- d seep depr-ivAti on pr-LVi0oiisi y'. FLac-.1 ispent-i a

I d t uEA It ri q I It s iFI L Exp evti nenit: I. DU-in-g Lthe e~xpet-imnit..Ial

t 1iboral~or-y, awal--t, rinder- clca3e supervi sio on f An

* :2peri rni Lt It o17Q00, itivty begani a 7 -- ini s. 1evIl U-1-mij ti wake.

ScIlet1duI.e , cwt¶n ill Ex p er-imeitt:i . 1, for- 24 hr-S Lilin I Oi (J tilt- rit.xtt

4 ~~ day. Iwno wrel: ; ale thenIAi fir st. pattL, thvy c:omrplete~d ther

1J.

- 1-12 ~ itltei I

v" I d-EtI I LIt t! IP c-;I u(-I' I lf'e r i Vcd L i oi ppr ýi od hi> "I I it !1, till iý I I I oo

-i Ii [r1 ut Ifiiii fil th I I t' I ih 'MVt S 3I P I)- ,1 V 4I p F t jI l1 h 1 I ht F3

(I.i Ii d pc t C. ti ewi ) iur a~ q t- r-tic t tI'l lrP (-I ~ tr t~ I'l3 j~i1

v c mtlnip I a i lit r (-t ýI ed to -,I i artp 3i11 t I hvit :2:pn i u, I I e d 7,1uF 1e )

I2 t t ei pr I ti utl2, I~ Y . 1 F UP I E7 2 f1el' it it l it A JI p eiý Ili~ i 1Q c\-; I tq I P

i, t ý d ý dtw )o ~i ýi id&I .LxKitf i if!:K
erxperinientAl per-iods subjectri came to the? labor-ator-y at: 2U

a'te hainga not-mal day "i thout vaps. They spent the viighk

ini the 1 abor-atciry awake Under- thle close 5up1er-Vi Sion Of All

eitpri entr .At. I I00 they begaii a 7-mi n sl eep, 13-bilii ewl.-Ie?

.schedule as inl Ex:per-imernti 1 anid 2, fciý 36 lirs until 2S((XQ all

thlt- iiexit day. tv-a weeks af cr- the fir-st. par-t thery Completed

the ac~c~ord par-t of- thre P~S ,cummdilu on. he order- of

e.tperifierItal conch (Jtio;S Was =ounter-balaticed act-oss subjects.

~5. 2. 4 Xta anialyvsis

(19 111 0Ut" PI*eVi 'JUS "t~rdieg e~vi slid Scheierscbt 1961§

Lavi e and iomer 1964) , each of the 7--min tr-i aln vir-s scor-ed

4 or- sI ý.!p stagus 1 , 2, 3-4 arid RE11, Accord .iriq tc.)

~\e~itr~la i en.id KLalen-~ (1966).

--------- .....

I abl VS I' I 11 I [W p erer t. U l- Illt-oal amoICUnt of s91 ec',p sitiaqý:'s I

"2,~'--1 air(] pilrir' tt £ al iur each slubiie.r it) the tvi r'Awtsi of

the thil eo u:prints Ilere wer-e no isiqu i iciatit dii ffr-y fŽntLc's

betviJiOIý Ulf! avi.~d (IS conoitl . os lor .iny (31 tCtw, vlti-ALWn

im thenitlP 01Cx Cent il ii epr 2 id .3 -060 L ii l(! (?iý1ý

3 ~ he i (~ cuondi t. A I. ul -s /!. 7 If i ifpn C-m iý 1 2, carid

* ~ rI~t-~: i ý 
Y2-; 51v . o niv it expet'-i ment 3'. f6crir all1y, in~ all thr-ee

cv pi- iliciEts total s E?e.p Na s mostl1y compt-i ssd of sl ewl stg I

* ~aold ca1ee: s.taqoe 2. [he amourit of sta~ge I was. f-emar]4::bly

StA-blf-- aCfC)ES, t~lC? tIhr-?ee p'~lE~ arid thci- tviw3oxpar-imerwtal

concditi ons~, ovet all ntearl twag 1.0C 4-.3 mni . I') Co~tV-a~t , thtwre

wos a I aige bvtwr-en--TUbjLeCt% vat-iabiIi t~y in the -fr-epl-elcy alld

- af~~~~loun~ts of: s.Ierp istge 3--4 andi R~EM. Each of thwe'tqs

accounited for- less than a -~eas- of 15 sec: per tr-ial.

A~s could be e-pect~ed there wev-e mi gli Ii cait. gr-ot-kp

dif ffer-ErCPS Ill the anWOunIt Of toLal slee'n. InI b oth Icon E d i t j.t I s ,

twI(r-E si ef:p wantv cbt-..ýi ru-c in e;mpe'r-I mevot 2 Anid -. wliic iuvoL v~cn

sle ep depr - *at ~Oi ¶ than iiig Eqier-i ment I whti ci begAni at 17040~

elf ter ý.A rorwiwal day. 1 he' h-i chec~t amounlt of sl eep was, ohLai ned

ini Expe;o ii mr~it 2 l.ip eF~ PS unidi t:i or (mreait = 4 C0 +1 e- (9 wi r0

1 hg A I tm CRAn f:) n' E. I a moa- a o, jf :.7 4, . 417 Il i n p er - i ral ill tht095 c or id i t i orgi. I htie I va s t amioun It of Sleeop wi-As co)t At rw-2d bY

sub)jects of. g i oujip 1, .24-. 96 mimn ill t he HIS 'togid it:i org, alrid

3.6-4 1.1i.ltil ill tlhCýl'ý (Y ::Vrgcjitjogw.

N~ I a I y r i ct c.) 1 v arI i anrlt: I- c: of 14 1 r- .c!(A L I Ic r. m, S,1e I. nce CF

y i i c ati- gLu t-tawpce- qlr cup Cli 4f o t n CŽilli th(? a(IgOu, L of to t al

S Ir'p . Sinwt:1C eachI r-.( theC ex~pcr imen~ir ¶vi Wý s tl)~~ f 0 a

d ii f: fer ent I lorlcth o( t.1nme, arid duy i Frg R di f I vt cr4 ci. c~adi anl

fI wil 'l C- I t~ 2ki Id -,- () ta Ii 1 (At i S~ mjf¶;rm~ c-S 0 1 Vil atiw

tm pm d f ~ t- .r: ti~ a 1 1 f!1-) 11it 11 t-tI Ci . , t. I fIt, mvm.u ým o I t ( i 1

'.f- j5 01)~ PC. 1,j 1~ V tm I a1 .1 ) Ike t rit ('r M' kW

4' m: 1 ~'m )ml t al 1 qi np F t,:pe-t ai dm-rti n i $ f m -1 R rý, Iomni A
40

exerme~ntal ron.di til G-an(46 Or- RS) anld hOur of day h.'i n,

repeated mc:asurr_-,. lh'irew werev a1 cni i rant tnati effe* cts of

hzaur WF=2.8:3, df=79,2; p.7)and group (F-8.691; df-'21 ,,3;

pK .007) , and -A mi ni fica&nt intera~ction of grou.p-4hour (F-2. 22;

dfr'14,5 Ilc %0)ihr lgni I itcart i nteracti Aon is~ e-p1 ailled by

the Far: thit at 11Ik) the three empe-r-imental grout~ps were

sleejp der~pived Lo di fferent degrees3, anid Clinre-fore Showed

di14rvltrwU-t'-elAted trendsi in sl1ppineu;m.

5.':')2 'lemora Stritfu,-Ae.- Of Si eepi~

InI spite oif the signlificAnlt di-fferences in the amouint of

total 1.ripthe thrtee grovpn had a remiir [a.l y simil.1ar

temptOr al cStf~Uctul Of orSi er.pifescs. pi c i--2 presenit the mieanl

a 1 v2 vp hiist-oc~r amm for the (115 and -fur Lthe ki; n::ondiAt i on~ s orthe threeO e: m-peigneltC~its IF) eaChi, thINre lasr .1 MajOr' n1octUrnale

S I op ep ! sodc!7o ~i Liu of 210 to 2.5 consvrcut Ave t~r ia is~ %1i i

a E-lOe~p I at: ricy (Lto the -first "0 ne cJ slevp sktaqe 2) of ýio

moeCall t .5 ml, and a sewcurnary mi da Ftc-.rpmor n Icpins

p al:a avmumtid 1600. *Ihese w-ere evi dett inl tot:I e cprzr iw mnt a

itm nd 11. ionsm - I.n 6,p or-intmoits 2 1n.~, the'rec weas a nAdir ill

S.IVE!p iIWIc'SS At at OurWi 2001.) to 2120()1 ulideŽf tboth ASE a, nd P9

cutidi At iti . Subje (Asts ovf gr oup 21 ,WIMibt thI eu1i Ulas,110rtS I 0051wakI~e qc:hvidllu I at 1)7'Paftri r 211*--h of slee~p dept iva Li Dirl

Ei )t).Yrd i ii i I t a] Iy ojo'aAvc ~u . Žo p.I 
41

lable I lleim, slee.p stages per tvial (in g ins) for, the.

Psut!jec:ts in Expnri mirnt 1 i-ivestigated j:r-om 1900 to 1900

without prfior sleep deprivation.

AlTEMPtINU SLEEP

S" 1 2 3-4 REM total

1 0. .9 9.77 0. 1 (P . 02 1.79

"2 10. V-17 1.52 0. 13 0.0, *2 22

; :3 1.30 1. 36 0. QO 0. 0.) 3.25

4 0. E9 3. 13 0.20 0.07 4.31

S 1.33 3. 0? O. 13 ().(A 4.61

6 1. 37 1.90 Q. 06 Q )1 0 3.37

men .07 2.5o.9 00 3.26

sd Q0. 31 0. 92 0. ()7 0. ():3 I. 11

HESI SFIN G SLEFT[

1 0. 78 1.15 C0. OC 0 1', . 1. . 1:3

,_ (.66 1 69 0.6.0 2.16

9*. 7 2.92 t. 0:3 K . 17 4. 10

4 0.85 2. 70 o. .37 1.21 4. 25

1.0 1 2.13 vi. u I . o- u :. 14

6 62 3. 1. 29 0.Q o. 01 2. 22

vn~~, ~).R53 1 . 99 (Y. 1. 1 o . 3. 0

1). 12 0.75 -0. 14 0. 1(.) (I. 9E1

!I

S,€.. . . . . . ,• , . . .. . .,
42

lable i1 Mean slee p siages per trial (ini mdiiis) *cor theibJeat- in E--pe imerit 2 investigated from 07/0 to 0700 af Ler

ofIe I•ight of sleep deprivation.

AIiEMPI I N SLEEP

S1 r 2 3-4 RE M Lot.al

1 Q.72 2.23 0.49 Q. 00 :!.45

2 1.04 3.04 0. 376; 005 4.54

- 1.20 2.52 0.2:3 Q•19 4.18

4 :.75 2.68 0. 19 0. 05 3.69

5 0.69 3.54 0.07 0.1 4.32

6 2. (0 2. 7. 0( O (6 (1 . 1. (. 4.5s 1 

7 1 .A1 3.12 0,11 0.06 4.32

a 0.77 1.90 9 0.00 0. (X2 2.70

mt±n 1.04 2.72 0.19 .,06 4. 01

sd 0.43 (.51 0. 17 0.06 0.69

RESIST "lI SLEEP

1 O. 98 2.43 3 0. 38 00 3. 80

2 J. 21 2.45 0.04 0•.(..4 3. 715

1 .•i 2.61l 0,. 20 (). I -8 4.-16

0. 713 2. 53 0.107 C. 0O 5. :I ?

Q0.02 2. 16 0. 14 0.02 3. 16

1, (. 95 .,. 23 0 f)(0(' 0. 1.3 A'L29 -1 7 4..448 2.68 -.)5 (.00 3.22

8 1.6F 1.69 0.11 Q.07 3.56

MO i.(,1- '2. I (P. 12 ...

sd. 4(.0 0. 4,, 0. 12 0.1.04 0,47
43

lAbleI Ii Meakn slep stages per trial (in mins) 4:er the

subjects in Experiment 3 investigated from 110') to 2300 aFt.er

21 houws of sleep deprivationi.

A ll EMH!I 11•NG SLEEP

,:S 1 2 3-4 REH total

1 1.. ()7 1,33 . , (5.02 . -)01 2. 44

2 1. 1 0 1.9.0 ).)041 41. 0( ! 3. 09

•3. 1.37 2.06 (0). 16 0 3 0 ,.' 0?

1.39 2.87 0. 03 2... 4.

5:" 0 .90 2. It'.) (Q. 21 3,0 ',.. 29

6 ().91 2. 69 9.10 J, ') . CO 3.Of

7 L t 1. 3..9 0. 15 (). 12 4.4-

Q. 0.8 .1.45 Q. II v. 09 2.54.

iIp~i 1 ~ 3 2. 19 0.1 P)0 4I S. 634

). 2(. 0-. 64 C). 07 Q. O7 7 6

RESS 1 S I WL- SLEEP

1 067 J... 36 0. '13 0.?9 2.21

2 ~11.i 2. 0 Y-)2L0 ~ f

' 1 3. . F3'". 0. 02 0. 1:' : ,. 2!!9

'1, 5., 2. C . ()5 0. (: 3.97

15 0. 91-1 ' 2 .19 0. 1 1?

6 :) 5 .4: .I D. •. 3 2. .3. 2.,

i. 5 2 . en 0.:0 lb 4. 15

u.76 ,...20 0.31 0635 4.85

sd 'U.29 0.64 0. 1 t I. 1 q.

' ." , "Y , , 'P " , .
44

REM periods appeared ir all experimental caotditios. In

somle subjects its appearance resembled the periodic REMNONREM cycle in uninterrupted sleep periods. lihe dynamics of

IREM sleep in the ultrashort sleep cycle schedule will be

described in a separate publication.

5.3.Z 'Gales' an*d Forbidden Zones' for sleep.

Although the average sleep histograms (Figs. 1, 2 arnd 3)

give the impressi on of a gradual inlcreasie inl the amount of

nocturnal sleep, examination of, the irdividual histograms

revealed that the onset of the nq.icturnal sleep penriod was

Abrupt, A1 moSt an all 1-or Incte' phen1om-non•.

qlhehe are exemplified in Figs. 4 a(nd 5 which pre~mrit

itrdividuH.l histograms of a representative Subject. A, ctal be

-s.n, the-. onset of the noct urnal sleep period was abr-up. and

occur-red at appro-imately the same timle in) the two

To i inve\'OtigntiLe the stability of the timing of the onset

of tLhe riocturmir3l sleep episode., a sleep gato: was de- eir.d in

the foillowling w-ays I lIe fir-st tr i laTe'1 ?Qtconi IliI i.A at

1 east ,U3I% sieep of anly stage, VIM ch was f ol Iowed by at I vant

5 out of 6 conSecLItivPy trials meeLtirge thle sarme LIiter-io.

Exacept ori - ub ji!,i th , onae in e:per •i ont I imnd one .I.1

e:,Ier-inimont 3, both in the PS coidi t ion, a di still n rlp 1c gte

wAs i dent if i ed in Li s vway for ecad of the r eet ot the 4(?
45

e::p:irment-al periods. Examples of clearly de.fined nocut-uihal

sleep gates are demonstrated in Figs 4 arid 5, which present

individual histograms. the timing of the gates was remarkably

stable. Fig. 6 displays the relationship between the timing

of the onset of the nocturnal sleep period in the AS and irn

the RS conditions, in the Lltree experiments; these varied

-from 2100 tno 040() arid from 2100 to 043401, resp.rp,•cti ,ly. 'lhe

mean onset times (+6d) for the AS arid PS conditions wner 0016

4. 2h 13 mi ir arid (M056 + 2h 34) miin, respectively, in el:per'imernt

I-, 2-33C) 4 Ito 50 mirn arid 2358 + 2 mrin in exp.riment 2, and

2312 +. li 36 mi n and 2306 4 lIh 36 mit, in e':peri mernt 3. "lhle

differentces between the- mean onset times in .ach of the three

e:-rperiments were not statistically significant. Iwelve

subjects showed an .arlier gate in the AS ttiatn in the RS

condition, 7 Tubject:n showed the rev'ersei, anid 2 subjecrtsr

showed ro di fer-eltce. 'the over-all m-earn dif f.t-erence (27.6 mtis)

betw.en tle timirnig of the vmleep gatess in itol L.,o cc311dit:ions

only bu:,rdored oin staLtisLical significance (t-1.44;, dF= 19q

TI M'ear soi product, moment correl ati oni co.f f ici .nL

betwr-,oemHit- (:nsetý, Unione of the si. 'p gae~s, ill thme two

conditilis was 0.72 (U-4.53;, df= I9= p1<.u;). Since therewehe no dif dert-.nice between the dintr-ibotimm of onet. times

inl tLe Hthree e)pei igneoits thte conrv-lationi WiAESca uIl ftt)(rn

the poo~led

rV "l
46

5.3..4 S3leepiness structur-e adjustedto ljy e

1he fact, that there was a withiri-subject stability of

tile timfingq Of thle n-octurna`)l sleep gate miade it possible to

examinu the 24--h ntrAACture of aleepiness adjusted to thle

ildi vidUal sleep gate. To do so, e-ach of the sleep hi stogr-ams

wam ph-n~-ad JuLstLed to thle "leep gate, and then ae-r-agoed

across all subje..cts in each experiment. 'Thin wa donle

sinpairatelIy -for the two exper'imental c~ondi t ions (F ig.7-.

1hin adjuAsted hisLogr-ams emphasized some tr-ends inl thle data

whI-ich weret just not.i ceable, in the unadjusted data. F7it r

adjusting to the sleep qatc, greatl y emphas-ized the abr-uptness

of the not turrnal t.l cop gate , and the niadir- in sedenpi ness

immedi atel y pi" ecedi og the gate. From Itrials 153 to 7 be (ote

ti t gate, cm- r-om 4T Lo 2 ho0Urs3 bt:fC ore_ thE- gat*, bi~:tswr

UllAb:l e to -fall1 asleep whcmn iiistruLtted to do) so anld Coul d

vaT3ai y rensi A ssi ee whornn iinetr-uc:Led to. avoid sleep. h s-conid

Sci eepiiteeSS nladil , UCC~UI-tr ign 2'1 hours a (t~r- the 4 roneUtC, -1. was

cVi dfent. if' 4 0LIp ý3, 1 ovestLi g.Ated f or "'6 lit .

n nprimnl 2 and -3 which bviai at Q7Q!,P and I 1uv, thte

(IMA ad'uqS Linenrl s e thonh -Ui se-condai y midd-af tot ,iocm

sl ep itiess; peak.s occur r i rig 7 11oo S + 4t. (DO ini e rI .1.miA J

im-r-Lutiial sleep g.atp. I he tpd.-(piiuctj l!: inl qvi c p 1,* and

Lho? niid--~aft cit tou pc-al dur ilitq th in c: orid day if yln-mlp "'. wolrer

less ccvýr- o1 thiouch ir boith e~-IPrr-i nrri0 Lh-7r c wFF al that.

tilrluý a tvindr'I cy f or- lli it:r isod 51 s op .ili to n pa I i i l t hei

R5S c-undi I.ion)

thIe mcall hiitntc~m atil adjustet d tfi t lte 1 P xfI j)ri'-t 
47

V that the~ nd~-a~ftetriaot peal's wer-e more pronouriced in the PS

tharl in the AS conidition. A v-epeated ineas~uremi AIJUVA (:2 )1 :3 3

9) was performed to dutermiine if this difference was

reliable. The ANUVA was performed on the tota~l amounts of

sleep dur-iflg the fOl lowi1ng time iflter-ValS: from trial 301 to

triAl 1:3 before the nocturnal sleep gate, in gjroups 2 wnd :3,

Anid fr-om trial 42 to trial 59 after- the g~ate in group 1.

SHiese i ntcr-val 9 ccrrespond to the clock Utrfle pet-iod of jI*,.(-).

Lo iO'which containied the midaft~ernozin peak. 05 expected

thve AIUVA reveal ed a si.gni f icant inter act:i on beltweent sleeop

conidition arid hour of testing (F=:Z,. , d-f=2,-3; p,'.02).

5. 4 1) 1 S(A-11-:i 1011i

ULt:iizi Ig ani ulti-Ashort si sep--wal.:e- schodtil e han yi e)dr'd

de-Lailt'd dec :Aoiof the 24--h %truc.t~ur-e of ni.eep i ic~ss

Al thuig~rh the over-all1 geiter-al pattern is s sjmilIar- to the

ss f- nitwsm pattc'r-r obtail nd by A InLCh 1 lenn +r-equent sampli ng

prucdur (h c~ad~ii t al. 1 42.) , iL cvintradictts LIte

ProtViOU t-s e?3U1 t! by dc~flIest.r a~trig that the onseot of the

nuc t.ur Ii Ial ErýQp jJV1 ± d i S ahi Up t:, alld 11ot., a qr adUA1 JI pi on: Sr-

-4 -r;c-qr-'s t: d by iiadsoil w ef al. - III~~t t~h is icni the fir-s

t i mnr that it, tji,%s sIiyuti1 that the ti mn ;iq of ttlp ouiret. "f tlir

FlOCUtnrIla]. (LrtCp prr i ud iii subJect¶5s u-p~ci~di Lo the, cijciphyni ca:.1

.:-.i tqt-L)Lr s i 5ý a t a L) i c i iI Idi V i d (toA 1 1)~ I ~cA C i i ci ti C , 01 Cu l - ~tf

a- 3I I iall. or- 11ono phum~iomelE'ilh1. 1r~p~i vco.I (iof ubiu

i~t I nu LI -t i ( 1;- t ( I( c's si S It9,1E'Cf ) o )I to at tempt tt fal I iA1r'n'fp , i

of U11- I i hu~ of ther (i J(pde:lr Iva t i (-) I po er I ci d va ( fI Iý Icob in' u .
48

had his own alee p gate occurrlng within the wide ravage of

21 00 to 0400 h. Over a two week period, th e sleep gate for

the same subjec. t ccc:urred at apprcxi matel.y the sa t. ime,

suggesting that it is a dominant feature of the ent.rai ned

sleep-make c:ycle. Ihis standm in hontrast. to Ric.chardson's et

al corclusioni that the nocturnal sleep tendency is a

continuous.ly varyi ng smooth function. However, since they

sampled sleep tenidency every 2 hours, they c:ould i not piossibly

detect the abrupt change in s•Aeep tendency, as see" in the

present r:udy.

The presenrt results also stanrd inr contrast to thre vieti

that sleep time Im l ess predictable than the time cf wa:irr

Lip ,Wir).fre 19 132 ). Ihis assumption was based on the .f:act that

the M Yecsi(.)1 whe"l to go to sleep is morte a matter oF per-soutal

deci sion)) than wake--up time. Social obligat:.ions, stLudyin)g for

as nex-~t morn Iing emam, or a f ascin a tion wi.th a book may

overrIdeo th e, inclin at ion to sleep. Sleep d ru. tiu •k or Iie-ulp

tim o, in lthie oter ha nd, wiam shown t-o hej mor" c':lose.ly re I-e.l ,d

to Llec oitr cimdiarr phase of core body I vpet aItur p (M7lisJ_ ePE

al. IWOJ), and t. ori*efIorn c ons~idIer ed 1(21 b)e murp p' i edict t. li

1hlr prusun20 irnul1tn~ ,.:ioti 1y show th~at ivi umuhiI otli viduluz

theucre i- a n it I~ ic: !leuI ga1qtev fromi which tli ~me rOn a sit rpwal.j . t1 .i)o.,itito" cand) bu easily made.

stab1 0 i Odi viduald cphat..ac: ri t i c: als ai iu Pm Q Lh W,

P";;ll-VAVHC(O qaiIrned :in clinitrpi Wieep) l: o t ,i:- it in. "~ot

:))tci ( fw )i I) f or u2(lim) d s •.1r i ar paiL i Poti t1 I "d) i I I I ;,

dlificviL I" to ! Jc aspd ir if t~hpy pco;" thecir pirwrr r

S. . . , , . . . . . . . , . . - . , . . , . . - ; , , ,, , ' , :; - •
49

bed t imce Uthmr s , cmthe other- hiand , Who t;u fv' r- I rcum the

tiame-dol ay syndr-ome (Czei sier- et al. 19M3) ntre urnabl e to

fallI asleep te-for-e they reach their pr-efetrred Iudtime in the

ear-ly mor-nin rihour-s.

Just befor-e the sleep gate, in both exper-imental

conditioens, subjects showed a pronour Lced der-ease in sleep

pt-clpertsi y. ihat is, at thmat ti me, st.bjects wer-e untrable to

fall asleeop when instructed to do sso, anid could easily avoid

sleeL:p when r'equested to remain awak~e. rhe proe-gate sepns

niadir- was ci ear-ly evwident ini expet-i merits 2 anid :3 in spi te ofl

the pr-ociiessi ye slE-ep dep-i vationi. This wAs par ti cul al ly

i mpr-essl ye ii e otperAiment 3 in whiuch ther-e was i- .-ecosid

s1 Eepi ness nadir- 2'I lirs a-fter- the first Oric, in spite of the

arcumtutiat.icl onfi12-h of tot.al sleep dtvpri vat Iui plu -USo.-Ii Elf

pai-tiial ci cop depr ivat i oh tinlder- the ulitr-ashorti Si cep--wak:e

SSIZt112L eC Ihc-ip obser-vat i ors 1 eat tO the? COWc I uil-1n thakt. jitS07

hb'f t-i the slecjp giate there? in a Iot biddmi zuior 4 ot slecop.

M iat i! * a t t h at. t:imtinýti Un.-r- is a JEL,. r rEkscd I :aI i A -n f or

uiaim--)~t a OP1L tr A~n-iticmlon

I I to C(Alf71 1 u i(M :th. tta tihet 1MC 1)21 pri d ALSt eI(1 C the

,I eep qa4e i3 ~i i detd A ' forbiddeni zoie' fot 6 1 erp , i cý

tt p p r t.ed by a d i I Ir- e t. o'bscr-vat:ic fnIroem onur I Jiotm at -cit y, Il

a pati PllL cuTtlt lip nly Ircun a hypý-rtrncid r'.nlc'rai day' (a Si eej, tolt-n

cycleCIutir a'2 .1 irc i) whnclse e--wA rc5r hw-i hou't

foicjl u-jud (()t mnot (, thanl 4 corrseorzive 'yr~ s.,r tirem F a

hi model diMT0.1 i but. Iton ol r-) p uci',rt I rtimc- pu-l im. :A~>11

(KK)Anda a rrdI 0. u b ~lt Cr II~ hr oncet oIf tilhr

tIer: i ur mx Iý -A Ir1-1 qa r, , t 1her c- wa'; iA pI enn i in I 1ail i r i 1, hif
f r-eq u tirc y o f slIePep on s uA r (a t 2 1i-O-~230)) . 11-1 a p At i eni

sta-te R seep period At 2.300 only 6 timies it, 4 years, w'hi le

he rtkrtce-d a sleep period 95 times an hour later, at midilight

(paper sLubmitLied to press). *Ihus, it cant be cw1~uded that

just. befo.re the- nIO~tUrna). slerp qatp-, precundiiig it by 2--4

11OUr-S, t e is a 'f Orbi dderl zone' for sl eep , dLur~itq WhIi C-1

.slIeep prttper~is ty re athens a n adiJ.r.

M e structure oxf slecepi ness obsoerved i;1 this s tudy poses

murne dif fi cul ti es to the thenories aLtemtpting to nictdel slecepwak..e beh~avior accotdi ng to Iiontos'tat i priirti p1 es. Ui n musL

recenit theor y ( Da'An utA. Al .IT'E34) SSL~qC(~ a Ad mdel wh ichn

comtbinted huneu~i~ati c pr i ncilp1e% and a si rtql e c ircadi an

osc ii 1 . a 1:.o1i* . 111 ey a35LtulCle thiat a si ecp pt omct i ttq substarice 13

is bui I i-up cO.u.-:i.ri act.ivye wak~i ttq Wnd Lk-!Crvser. dUr iIg nqSi eep

B E31ifli.t isý Li ri qqer~od wIAIC-11 S rcc~esAli1 -- ttlppe-Vthrrsd~ 11 iul

,71Ir wd kilij tj uctcurn whel S, r eaches A. Iowot 1. hr pshudIti. 1? test'

Tilt sitol'J .re - ! 1ttqckq( st t3d V:C) Lb(-2 C-olltft ol.Ied by -A s.31)I n .

C i t C F1 L at I I )F s~ i'i IE.Lto)r . Ii. On di ifficttltI to r trcoivtci it- firof sit'Ap tt' dt ittr4 11We '[WCUrd ht.- f Of 1:ht? d0sy j49

tcviIr1 it tht--c pr r-týr i~t- ntudy wi tb t I I irtvv,-A ,(t 1

l~tct~tit * c.')tI 5 t u 1ý f a si vep jIIIoffic.)IIA III- 1'A,<tr ()I.tt

'I LaRJ r f' ;i vr' aTCAMIRtftt ti otT [it f S t-Itr a 't~ .n-- %jut~kAI pt (t i l t. a

I i v i "trrr~r. fui~ h ttis f tltr.- tiit t.1~ i

(J3T th u - l td t I 1 '' Doc.m f(I I[ ; f n l(d t I rtI tIlo Ilr () - t'ýiw'lt j i$

r~ ~ ~ II I J.
51

tilrefore reduce the thtreshold for- sluep, neither elee'p

depr'i vaAtrinm, nor the specifIic experimenrtal daanaudes T.1f AS arid

w~~aRS *rted the basic Str-LuCtUrs Of Sle$e-pirneS. Iie stZAbility

of the sl eepinei~ss struc:tI'tE? Under all exip.eri mental condi tioins

impli cate a claock~li rather than a homE-OSUALi c type of

regul ati n nec~haviismu. [tie cl ose si mila r ity betweeni the

temiporal stcI'rC:LLUte Of Sl(-Fep.i ness under thp A~S and RS~

accidi U ons- su.pports the interpretati on t~hat the /a~ri at iot O~triA

si rep iness are aCt ivel y gener.td by a mnodUl at it Onf

hypi wq)e-nic: s iructur eSS [*O¶5ibl Ei an LA ad ai .i L.n fl 0 S: iI I a t 0

i riteur-act it ncj ith a ci rcadi an mechaniism micitht be i nvolv\ed ini

thiS5 I-rC-qUiat:iOnl altthough11 the- poms~i iliIty of two c~ou~pled

cir-catiati cscillator-s cannot be LxCILOdrd iA t his tcime.

h :: Lt.--) I I y , b a s ec i (:; ii a tVO 0- 0 MC: i I Ii atar 0V_ - (1C)dVI l IC I-o fla'.iUcr aniid

S trog-tq3tZ. dummoi tsi~r acec Lio ie i stenicv Of "forbi ddern zones'' for

51 ec.,i) inl data of fl rE? 1_ ri4Jq tRýLbjr'c~tc (Peretsumnal

c o-miuuur ii i ci - L i t or

It i~; Id, eniiiriLij 1-n roeithis. curitrmi. thi-.t, Studies

i,,',eýQ i q._AI~II Uwq [ho11 hr TAiructut ci f thun pir uei~nsi t~o waI::e01() 1 r OLili 14 1 1) by i [,1 0) lj U i ( i¶ilI~ I 7Il:' f ¶1(2j

r.ve~~i~ di fo ((I n~lt p)a t t t1Ž10 (Irt;j~ i Id In .1 ht i 1E3

I li(lt, vil, ttli pv 1r iraf-1 zci vi 4 r lo wesY ( ,t h( i w ll,( I . !ih Aid 11,(- v~'o

I.hi~i~ot tor, I h I ~(Ai ho bprc t th-1 ,pa 1ot o ~o

Ili f Ifcl utl i t i 11r i h I 1 f-A Mi 10 (oh ti 4 1
~52

f"I evirius Studl, 1s i mI ed valri at i of I i In a I --mu a o a C.,

24 hi temwper-a-iur's cyc I e~ tCzei asI er- et al . 1780; u1 m I ey artd

Schulz 1980C) . Since ternper-ature measur-ements wer-e noLt akell

in- the pr-esent e t-wetneither the 'for-biddev) ýmnec tiorthe *seeŽp gate' could be cotr-elated wi th v~im-i.tiotts iti colre

tiurtper-atre_. but thpe acc:umnulated liitert-tur-e on the 24h courser

of body tempet-aLutr? pr-eci ude ca simpl e or- di rect sl eepinress--

teinpet-arcv relatiociship. Peopl~e whco ar-e neiAther- extr'irme

murnalitwq , nri e- ttrcne eveni iig types , li ke =.tll ouv sub jectsam

duLu-xmi ned by ý.- two--t-scelI neep logj, qetra yrerch theipei.Alk body tEAI1er-Attrt-e dUt-iI rig 1late Aftec-nuoom. M in~ time Wf

dedu~co:ed tcfrIperat~ur-e peap. c:oinci Ided vjii L tho r In itia port tiao

o--f the dutm trcpnd of sl1er~pinress in the. prcscmnt istudi es. 1 he

lad it- it]i slfCýf3 vir-opernii ty was desi nycd by 2to 3 h our- o i th

r e-spete to the deduced t ewt:per afut- prmaI: while the n I cep. gate

w;AF dci ayv~d by iAbOUn 6i to) 03 humrrri t1h' wo di afn-tr-i t:a 1y

nci)posei YMqttes Occut-v~ aow. the Orms~etd itiq s~opte of the

t~mei~Vt' eCut- V1..? *ý sep at-atsd f rout icati othor- by> o ily 'I" to4

Ic(,n tor-rh!Its 111.I: es thu puss., bih liAt y LhI at. ne qci~ e i ri

t-Ie pfta~tif? of the otprtýr cuLr-VO Are. r-ffc~ýJl tl dt. the

('II tut~ te i ni c,'t %Li ng -firivd inq enter q im4 f romr t he p-eseivnt

stm3 lv j:'i I1i the I ac. of sigiii If ic7t1ii. dlffero 'u: n e bE! t.su'ri thean.~ ~of It(A-1 'Aclep it) the A~S awtl ill the W- rculidliiA Dols.

Itii I .1(11 c ?dtýo; t.hat ~v~tieI r._rUt iln E% i~fl1(ti'

JVub jet i'Sc'ul(Uj - WM ;ter)p, 13at LfULml, , I/ WIhu ~e'

dv-.pf i ved. 111us (r or fi tkt: I .~ n is nu.:ts rie' hi 1 1?6i t Ustwal d shliwk'?t1

th,?. rnnrutu¶. ui u ý; n~i tu tfa i ui tJuou~ld imc1'uc(e ý e vr) Ii I [
Thi g ECf11Lt~i OlI iS IRtA feW. Ill 196(-' OJswald csoe-d that

moogiotonic nti mul atiaii would i riduc'e sl eep iiiti ormadvoltbetr

eveii if tile monltD'itoni StMUlt iWere p~in-ful elec~tric Ik~

I-art~e eti al. 098~2) repar-ted that: d14--forefic~em beLv'eeii t~he

results of thle miulti p1 - m seep 1 atenicy tent arid a c~ompar abl e

protocol of mul t: . pie sal eep Avciidirig tv-t. (whi ch is~ a

comtparable p~r-adiqnt to the IRS condi tiotii but w-ith ia samplpiFIri

ratc- of (:'rite every 2 (irs) ini normial SUbjeCtIS, dsp~iaftL-1

Ulm. riiyht cif rnlec'p lo7s

1 i-r~is flo ilmle'di ate. expi alati on why tile mi da-fter-rnoln

S c~ep inesm peak was mou-e prariouniced iii the RS6 conidticii o.

Flossi biy dyriami c iwitet acticrn betweeni tile unlde-r 1yinqg

var i alAons ill sl. epfi. e~s anti thle specific: ex pvr-i me;)I.a

demanlds resulted inl samvewI;at differ-cnrt time reA abad trevids of

liil rI I'o epetIrnlerits whitich Llt i I i-e al~J 1~r l 'l Itcashtovt Si erepreakiri q c yc.ler wc!wr e c~ortdur: Ucýd to iwnvemt ig'atc Lhte *24--h stt LIcttwe

of mfilevCpiesl 1v A; atC owr~ CHE Iiclilt of -, I eepl (il-pt , vat.i ol minder two

-f~1 ~ 1 ~c:'p tni tiotiuci nq i srubjout5 sto bject tCl to al~tip t.;t

Sloelp. S3ii 'I SL-jVCL.5 Pa tiip at od it) vi': pcr I m-iftE1t. . (QI t 

i i u t.t ar t IeŽ.d at (U a t.u-t ýA n~ith c( -,11 cet*n dept i .o' id
54

lasRted for 24 hrs. ý-Aqht nubjectw isr simila &rly teutrnd in

tpxprlcet "'S whic sta~rted at 1100 ef ter a vvight of sleep

Vde-pr-i.vatiori mt 3. sted 4or 36 hrts un.Ant ZI 3QC usi the~ next day.

bet ween qrclI33 di f-Frenctn in tut-al slpp the tem~poral

.strUC'u_'U- Of WASepI~ very Sinl ic le' n ille th ee

e~xperiments. Irs Puc, there von&A bimudal diMr~ idol

Secondar'y Initda-f Lers'nam-i emiiepi nesiu peak. 1 hese w(_,e sep armtod

bya 'f tt.bidjj?zij Zuojj;? rot- SI1epij cteitered atz arom..nd 2'Q2!0

Itle ow of the~ liacturn~a Sleep Period (tile?~ Isep ga~e wnr

fmint2 to Le~ a dir,,r elte event occurring a% an 'all a r Ione,

p~iierl(1 1~s t ?~mi r .os stab ie rivet- a tiv4a wmet, per iu, ati

iidep IEfI~dOIL of tile spec-A i r- empe-ri nif:~tRI deminds,. thete -wctec

no sai golficIart dif fer enccen between 0-he Pit pria M condi ti or

with rezspecýA to total !ý1ef:p time o-r arly of the s1e'tp stages:

1hIese, renoti t, whi lic demonstrak',ý struMzt.uredi vati ati owa

in ~i~p ~ across the' lych'themernrl are di stLIwaed its ig ht

of Lhi e r-otr-i ii. mudolir~q of~ I ej a].ofnq ~~moti .pr' Anc:i p1 c.
.5.6 FŽ '±.!~

Yic. 1: Mean v1 cep hi stogranit frwr the ('-5 4id IRB coldi Lionrs

of exper i ;ent 1 M-6b). Lvgeeds of rsi e?p Estaqt-s An-2

sgi vrpr inr the tup 0-f thp Fl qur'?.

P iq.2: Ho1pan s1 cep hi si~ogramm 4fo.r' the A~S -Arid R~S coridi Lialls,

u-f ex~peri merit. 2 (W8) . Legeunds 0-F Sleep ~t~gess a- il

tot) of Fi1g. I

i g.c Heari sl1eep hi stogramrs f or the AS anid RS condi Licoris

rif exper i mreri 3 (N=Sr) . Leqeronds of a¶-1 ce st-qes s. 0

top o-)f rig. 1.

Fi q *4: r' S er~p hi stcoqram of a~ rcpri'seitat i ve* suh JocL from

petI-i lei-lt. I Iin the RS cond i tA ncJ~muristx~t-.in d OqtivntUtr irverice o-(: the Slpeep gatp (B) . WaLe the rhiythmni c

(iCWCAW'tfýICO Of PEI1 perio~ds. t..ecends of slI.eep -stigl

psi ift Lop o-)f Fig. 1.

FLi-5: A* S1 heIi i sLcira of 0r ai v oeri setak j VR yesutjc~a 1 f reali

v-pri meet.. 2 1 n the PS r--nidi LI ui cmdesnonsrt-i4 ng the2

oc-.:u f eeic the-s er~aL U HI.~-i d Yif e ti

t~he W- imict Pl1⁄2 : oridi ti cms.
:cond i L i onsi otf wierimreft I. Legmicln o~f slf-~p

as ~i )FI g. I

ifF3 i Gactc. adjuotsed slee#p -iio~ for- th.e J."B and AS

con d t t I. ai i Qe; clý exu(iunt 2. Lrbegeds of s .zp tstage'

1i9~ : r?,4LcŽ O::jUsLted s evp hi stagean~ fjr- the FU3 arid s`iS

cursd i.tio of expt7rt i niverit 2'- Lfzgef~dq of, ý31vtep e~ae
5 7

AS

IL

moo W'
56

'AS

ap

Ca
59

I•

AS

00

II

F

'RS

SM
SUB3JECT RESISTING SLEEP

Elo

19)0

HOUR
61

SUBUJECT RESISTING SLEEP

6N

5I

4o

'o

0'-'

TOOo

HOUIRS
62

:3' AEip.1

o Exp.2

Exp. 3

V) 3

* 0

00£

ol 23-0 io£

S21

19

17 _ I _ .. .. iI .. .,, I .. I +._J

17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7

SL EEP Iours I

r_¶2
4 63

AS

Ss

Fig

'aý-x-
64

A5AS 

- nj

.0 10 .8 6 .6

Ins
" AS"

+ RS

I -

RS, .,I . i I I
66

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'4

* A