U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Circular 1427

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Front cover. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researcher downloading location data from a global 

positioning system (GPS) collar during a 2014 moose capture. Photograph by Mark 

Gocke, Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Used with permission.

Back cover. USGS researcher drawing blood from a live-captured moose. Photograph by Mark 

Gocke, Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Used with permission.

All photographs featured in this publication were taken by USGS Cooperative Research Unit 

scientists and students unless otherwise noted.
U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative 

Fish and Wildlife Research Units 

Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Edited by Donald E. Dennerline and Dawn E. Childs

Circular 1427

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Pictured above: Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit graduate student removing a northern long-eared bat from 

a mist net in Rock Creek National Park, Maryland.
U.S. Department of the Interior

RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017

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Suggested citation:

Dennerline, D.E., and Childs, D.E., eds., 2017, U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units 

program—2016 research abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1427, 164 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1427.

ISSN 1067-084X (print)

ISSN 2330-5703 (online) 

ISBN 978-1-4113-4132-6
iii

Contents

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Project Abstracts...........................................................................................................................................2

List of Projects................................................................................................................................................3

Advanced Technologies ....................................................................................................................19

Climate Science ..................................................................................................................................22

Decision Science................................................................................................................................33

Ecological Flows .................................................................................................................................40

Ecosystem Services ...........................................................................................................................43

Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies ................................47

Energy...................................................................................................................................................70

Human Dimensions.............................................................................................................................78

Invasive Species.................................................................................................................................83

Landscape Ecology.............................................................................................................................89

Species of Greatest Conservation Need ......................................................................................101

Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management...........................................................115

Wildlife Health and Disease............................................................................................................149

List of Species ............................................................................................................................................159

Contact Information for Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units...........................................163

Additional Contact Information ...............................................................................................................164

Pictured above: Yellow tang, a common reef fish in Hawaii.
iv

Abbreviations

2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

AFS American Fisheries Society

AIM Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring

AM adaptive management

BCA bird conservation areas 

BGEPA Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act

BLM Bureau of Land Management 

BMP best management practices 

CPE catch per effort

CREP Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

CRP Conservation Reserve Program 

CRSA Colville River Special Area 

CVPIA Central Valley Project Improvement Act

CWD chronic wasting disease

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DEB dynamic energy budget 

DIDSON dual-frequency identification sonar 

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DoD Department of Defense

DOI Department of the Interior

EDC endocrine disrupting chemicals

eDNA environmental DNA

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

ESA Endangered Species Act

ESU Evolutionarily Significant Unit

GAP National Gap Analysis Program

GIS geographic information system

GNP Glacier National Park

GPS Global Positioning System

IEM Integrated Ecosystem Model 

IHNV infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

I&M inventory and monitoring

LCC Landscape Conservation Cooperative

lidar light detection and ranging

LTER Long Term Ecological Research Network

MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act

MEDIFW Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife

MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAWMP North American Waterfowl Management Plan 

NFHS National Fish Hatchery System

NGO nongovernmental organization

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPS National Park Service

NPWRC Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center 

NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service

NRDAR Natural Resource Damage Assessment and 

Restoration

NWR National Wildlife Refuge

PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PIT passive integrated transponder

PWS Prince William Sound

S3 Stream Salmonid Simulator

SAV submersed aquatic vegetation 

SDM structured decision making 

SEZ solar energy zone

SGCN species of greatest conservation need 

SGI Sage-Grouse Initiative 

SNAP Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning

SSA species status assessment

SWAP State Wildlife Action Plan

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

USFS U.S. Forest Service

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

WBCI Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative 

WMA wildlife management area

WNS white-nose syndrome
U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Edited by Donald E. Dennerline and Dawn E. Childs

Introduction

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has several strategic 

goals that focus its efforts on serving the American people. 

The USGS Ecosystems Mission Area has responsibility for 

the following objectives under the strategic goal of “Science 

to Manage and Sustain Resources for Thriving Economies and 

Healthy Ecosystems”:

• Understand, model, and predict change in natural 

systems

• Conserve and protect wildlife and fish species and their 

habitats

• Reduce or eliminate the threat of invasive species and 

wildlife disease

This report provides abstracts of the majority of ongoing 

research investigations of the USGS Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Units program and is intended to complement the 2016 Cooperative Research Units Program Year in 

Review Circular 1424 (https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1424). The 

report is organized by the following major science themes that 

contribute to the objectives of the USGS:

• Advanced Technologies

• Climate Science

• Decision Science

• Ecological Flows

• Ecosystem Services

• Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and 

Proactive Strategies

• Energy

• Human Dimensions

• Invasive Species

• Landscape Ecology

• Species of Greatest Conservation Need

• Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management

• Wildlife Health and Disease

Pictured below: Canada lynx. Photograph courtesy of the 

Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife.
2 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Project Abstracts

Project abstracts are organized alphabetically by Unit 

within each of the thematic areas. Research conducted as 

part of the Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units 

program is determined, approved, and supported by each 

Unit’s coordinating committee composed of representatives 

from the U.S. Geological Survey, one or more of the respective State fish and wildlife agencies, the host university, the 

Wildlife Management Institute, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service (USFWS). The stakeholder-driven nature of the Units’ 

research portfolio is designed to assure that the science comports with the Survey’s strategic goals and serves the needs of 

the Department of the Interior (DOI) and the States as well as 

the needs of their strategic conservation partners.

Scientific names for species referred to by their common names in the abstracts are listed in a table at the back of 

the book. Contact information for each Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit and additional contact information are 

provided at the back of the book.

Fisheries

Wildlife

Fisheries and Wildlife

Cooperative Research Units
List of Projects 3

List of Projects

Advanced Technologies........................................................................................................................................................................................19

Development and Application of an Integrated Ecosystem Model.......................................................................................................19

Monitoring the Endangered Tidewater Goby by Using Environmental DNA in Water Samples ......................................................19

Tidewater Goby Survey.................................................................................................................................................................................19

Integration, Validation, and Fusion of Small Unmanned Aircraft System Multimodal Sensor Data in Support of the 

U.S. Geological Survey....................................................................................................................................................................19

Evaluating Occupancy Estimation and Abundance Relations as an Alternative Method for Ungulate 

Abundance Surveys.........................................................................................................................................................................20

Development and Extension of the R Package for Statistical Modeling and Analysis......................................................................20

Using eDNA to Assess the Presence of Cavefish and Crayfish Populations in Caves of the Ozark Highlands ............................20

Developing Noninvasive Methods to Monitor Burrow-Nesting Seabird Populations.......................................................................20

Monitoring Success of Farm Bill Programs in Conserving Avian Wildlife...........................................................................................20

Assessing the Feasibility of Using Acoustic Monitoring for Burbot Conservation, Management, and Production .....................20

Advancing Adaptive Management in the Riverside East Solar Energy Zone (SEZ) in California.....................................................21

Assessing Marine Biodiversity in the Elwha River Using eDNA From Nearshore Water Samples.................................................21

Use of a Portable Ultrasound to Determine Sex and Maturation Status of Lake Sturgeon in the White Rapids 

Section and Other Portions of the Menominee River ................................................................................................................21

Monitoring Elk Migrations With Remote Photography............................................................................................................................21

Climate Science......................................................................................................................................................................................................22

Application of an Integrated Ecosystem Model: A Multifaceted Institutional and Multidisciplinary Effort to 

Understand Potential Landscape, Habitat, and Ecosystem Change in Alaska and Northwest Canada...........................22

Broad Whitefish Ecology on the Arctic Coastal Plain .............................................................................................................................22

Climate Change Effects on Kenai River Salmon .......................................................................................................................................22

Differential Effects of Climate-Mediated Forest Change on the Habitats of Two Ungulates Important to 

Subsistence and Sport Hunting Economies ................................................................................................................................23

Effects of Large-Scale Climate Patterns on Caribou in the Yukon Territory ........................................................................................23

Identifying Mechanisms of State Change and Forecasting Future Vulnerability ...............................................................................23

Lake Trout Otoliths as Biochronological Indicators of Recent Climate Patterns in Arctic Lakes....................................................23

Projected Effects of Climate-Induced Vegetation Changes on Caribou Energetics in Northern Alaska........................................24

Regional Consequences of Changing Climate-Disturbance Interactions for the Resilience of Alaska’s Boreal Forest .............24

Reproductive Success of Arctic-Breeding Shorebirds in a Changing Climate...................................................................................24

Temperature, Phenology, and Embryo Survival in Western Alaska Sockeye Salmon Populations: The Potential 

for Adaptation to a Warming World ..............................................................................................................................................24

The Role of Environmental Processes in Structuring the Distribution of Chinook Salmon Spawning and Rearing 

Habitats Across a Large Alaska River Basin...............................................................................................................................24

Arctic Seabird Habitat Selection: Implications for Climate Change .....................................................................................................25

Trophic Structure Response of Great Lakes Basin Fish to Climate Change........................................................................................25

Causes of Elevational Patterns in Avian Species Richness ...................................................................................................................25

Climatic and Anthropogenic Forcing of Wetland Landscape Connectivity in the Great Plains .......................................................25

Coupled Climate, Cultivation, and Culture in the Great Plains: Understanding Water Supply and Water Quality 

in a Fragile Landscape ....................................................................................................................................................................25

Historical Trends of the Landscape Structure of Plant Communities of Sand Shinnery Oak Prairie ..............................................26

Occurrence and Variation in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Along the Northern Coast of the Gulf of Mexico .........................26

Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Along the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Alabama to Texas): Vulnerability Assessment 

and Potential Climate Change Impacts ........................................................................................................................................26
4 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Assessing Priority Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Areas and Vulnerability to Climate Change in the 

North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative ...............................................................................................................26

A Global Review of Freshwater Crayfish Thermal Ecology ....................................................................................................................26

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Global Inland Fisheries ..................................................................................................26

Changes in Fish Communities in Arid Rivers Under Climate Change....................................................................................................27

Developing Measures of Vulnerability to Climate Change and Disturbance of Aquatic Communities in 

Heartland Network National Parks ...............................................................................................................................................27

Playa Wetlands: Ecosystem Function and Potential Risk in a Changing Climate...............................................................................27

Stakeholder-Led Science: Engaging Resource Managers to Identify Science Needs for Long-Term 

Management of Floodplain Conservation Lands ........................................................................................................................27

Statistical Analyses to Direct Conservation and Restoration Priorities for the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout 

in the Context of Climate Change ..................................................................................................................................................28

Effects of Climate and Habitat Change on Structure and Function of a High-Priority Montane Ecosystem .................................28

Assessment of Drought Impacts on Selected Fish and Wildlife Species in the Southwestern United States..............................28

Evaluating Adaptive Capacity of Desert Bighorn Sheep to Climate Change: Identifying Genetic Links to 

Climate Adaptations in Native and Reintroduced Populations ................................................................................................28

Measuring Scaled Quail Demography and Seasonal Habitat Use in Response to a Shrub Reduction Treatment 

in Southwestern New Mexico and Effect of Climate on Nest and Brood Success..............................................................29

Adélie Penguin Response to Climate Change at the Individual, Colony, and Metapopulation Levels............................................29

Climate Change Effects Along a Latitudinal Gradient in the Pacific Northwest.................................................................................29

Long-Term Changes in Marine Bird Populations of Prince William Sound, Alaska...........................................................................30

Can Plasticity Protect Populations from Rapid Environmental Fluctuation? .......................................................................................30

Connecticut River Migratory Fish ...............................................................................................................................................................30

Integrated Forest Ecosystem Assessment to Support Sustainable Management Decisions in a Changing Climate..................30

Water Temperature Regimes in the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge and Wood-Tikchik State Park, Alaska ...............................30

Safe Operating Space for Walleye: Adapting Inland Recreational Fisheries for Climate Change ..................................................31

Wisconsin’s Wildlife and Climate Change.................................................................................................................................................31

Influence of Climate Change on American Pika.......................................................................................................................................31

Phenology Tracking in Migratory Mule Deer............................................................................................................................................32

Decision Science ...................................................................................................................................................................................................33

Adaptive Management for Turkey Harvest in Alabama ..........................................................................................................................33

Analysis of Alternatives for Sustainable Restoration of Dauphin Island, Alabama ...........................................................................33

Grassland Habitat Management for Birds and Other Wildlife Species................................................................................................34

Klamath Basin Stream Salmonid Simulator Model..................................................................................................................................34

Adjusting Adaptive Harvest Management Decision Frameworks in Response to Climate Change................................................34

Adaptive Management of Federal Investments to Great Lakes Restoration Activities.....................................................................34

An Adaptive Landscape Planning and Decision Framework for Gopher Tortoise Conservation.....................................................34

Decision Support for Public Alligator Harvesting in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina ..............................................................34

Developing an Adaptive Management Framework for Robust Redhorse............................................................................................35

Developing an Adaptive Management Framework to Reduce the Impact of Invasive Phragmites in the 

Great Lakes Basin ............................................................................................................................................................................35

Using Qualitative Knowledge of Life History Traits to Predict Taxon Group Response to Levels of Coarse

 Woody Debris...................................................................................................................................................................................35

Developing and Testing a Spatially Explicit, Science-Based, Decision-Support Tool for Making Riverscape-Scale 

Management Decisions: Dams and Culverts Affect a Threatened Native Stream Fish—the Neosho 

Madtom—and Select Tributary Fish Species..............................................................................................................................35

Making Decisions in Complex Landscapes: Headwater Stream Management Across Multiple Agencies ..................................35

A Decision-Support Mapper for Conserving Stream Fish Habitats in the Northeastern United States .........................................36
List of Projects 5

Determination of Geomorphological and Landscape Factors Contributing to Diverse Unionoid Mussel Communities 

in Missouri River Systems, With Particular Emphasis on the Meramec River Drainage Basin .........................................36

Linking Wetland Management Decisions to Distribution, Habitat Use, and Nesting Efforts of Secretive Marsh 

Birds in Missouri...............................................................................................................................................................................36

Enhancing Native Fisheries Through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fisheries Program in Region 6 ......................................36

Integrating Adaptive Management, Resilience Thinking, and Optimization........................................................................................36

Adaptive Management of Central Valley Project Fisheries....................................................................................................................37

Developing a Structured, Adaptive Approach for Cruise Ship Management in Glacier Bay National Park..................................37

Development of an Adaptive Decision-Support System for Management of the Trinity River.........................................................37

Incorporating Amphibians in Decision-Support Systems.......................................................................................................................37

Modeling Winter Habitat Use of Whooping Cranes in the Eastern Migratory Population................................................................38

Structured Decision Support for Bald Eagle Monitoring in Alaska.......................................................................................................38

Advancing Adaptive Management for Healthy Landscape Initiatives .................................................................................................39

Advancing Adaptive Management of Harvested Animals by Using R Statistical Software .............................................................39

Evaluating the Influence of Harvest Regulations .....................................................................................................................................39

Ecological Flows....................................................................................................................................................................................................40

Establishing Long-Term, Continuous Monitoring of Flow, Temperature, and Macroinvertebrates at 

Reference Streams to Quantify Potential Effects of Climate Change on Stream Ecosystems ...........................................40

Assessment of Available Missouri Ecological Flow Data.......................................................................................................................40

Fish Community Response to Streamflow Alterations in Wadeable Mississippi Streams................................................................40

Linking Habitat Features to Dissolved Oxygen and Streamflow in the Lower Osage River, Missouri ............................................41

Movement and Habitat Selection of Fishes Under Different Flow Regimes........................................................................................41

Assessing Flow Ecology Hypotheses With an Emphasis on the Arbuckle Mountains......................................................................41

Evaluating Changes in Fish Assemblages of the Red River Via Flow Alteration.................................................................................41

Predicting the Effects of Incremental Decreases in Minimum Flows on Endangered Mussels......................................................42

Guadalupe Bass Flow-Ecology Relations and the Impact of Flow on Recruitment ...........................................................................42

Burbot Migration and Movement: The Impact of a Managed Flow Regime .......................................................................................42

Ecosystem Services...............................................................................................................................................................................................43

Assessment of Pollinator Diversity and Abundance on National Wildlife Refuges and Other Private 

and Public Lands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Arkansas .................................................................................43

Pollinator Communities on Native and Managed Emergent Wetlands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley of Arkansas............................................................................................................................................................................43

Engaging Maine Blueberry Growers to Develop Tools for Native Bee Use and Conservation........................................................43

Pollination Security for Fruit and Vegetable Crops in the Northeast....................................................................................................44

Mapping Biodiversity Metrics .....................................................................................................................................................................44

Incorporating an Approach to Aid River and Reservoir Fisheries in an Altered Landscape............................................................45

Understanding the Impacts of Surface-Groundwater Conditions on Stream Fishes Under Altered 

Base-Flow Conditions......................................................................................................................................................................45

Evaluation of the James River Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program ..................................................................................45

Assessment and Monitoring at Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Public River Access Leases to 

Guide Sustainable Management ...................................................................................................................................................46

Interactions of Geoduck Clam Aquaculture Operations With Intertidal Ecosystems in Southern Puget Sound, 

Washington .......................................................................................................................................................................................46

Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies ...................................................................................................47

Population Viability and Reclassification Criteria of the Listed Population of Steller’s Eider in Alaska .........................................47

Southwestern Species Status Assessment for Candidate Species Under the Endangered Species Act.....................................47

Spectacled Eider Listing Status ..................................................................................................................................................................47
6 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Development of Prairie Creek Juvenile Salmonid (Smolt) Abundance Project..................................................................................48

Rangewide Giant Kangaroo Rat Surveys and Monitoring Optimization...............................................................................................48

Redwood Creek Life Cycle Monitoring.......................................................................................................................................................48

Salmon in the Redwood Creek Basin .........................................................................................................................................................49

Upper and Lower Redwood Creek Juvenile Salmon (Smolt) Abundance Project..............................................................................49

Demography of Black-Footed and Laysan Albatross: Vital Rates in Support of the Surrogate Species 

Approach to Strategic Habitat Conservation ..............................................................................................................................49

Fish Population Models for the Little Colorado River From Integrated Data Sources .......................................................................49

Movement and Space Use of Pinnipeds in Dynamic Marine Environments of Alaska .....................................................................50

Effects of Coastal Dynamics and Climate on Loggerhead Turtle Nest Success and Management................................................50

Accelerating Conservation of At-Risk Species in the Longleaf System...............................................................................................50

Demographic Estimation and Conservation Modeling for the Loggerhead Sea Turtle .....................................................................50

Integrating Metapopulation Ecology and Landscape Ecology for Improved Population Viability Analysis 

and Conservation Decision Making ..............................................................................................................................................51

Landscape Level Population Modeling as a Decision-Support Tool for the Lesser Prairie-Chicken..............................................51

Diet, Population Connectivity, and Adaptive Differences Among Populations of Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels...................51

Effectiveness of Forest Restoration Treatments on Demography of a Federally Listed Ground Squirrel ......................................51

Long-Term Monitoring Protocol for Greater Sage-Grouse Within National Parks.............................................................................51

Stream Fish and Habitat Monitoring in the Boone River Watershed in Iowa......................................................................................52

Identification of Conservation Actions Needed to Preserve Lesser Prairie-Chicken Populations in the 

Context of Land-Management Practices and Environmental Variation..................................................................................52

Lesser Prairie-Chicken Response to U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Practices in Kansas 

and Colorado.....................................................................................................................................................................................52

Multiscale Examination of the Distribution and Habitat Use Patterns of the Regal Fritillary Within the 

Fort Riley Military Reservation, Kansas........................................................................................................................................52

Response of Lesser Prairie-Chickens to Patch Burn Grazing in the Red Hills, Kansas.....................................................................53

Use of Grazing Management and Prescribed Fire for Conservation of Lesser Prairie-Chickens....................................................53

Reintroduction of Whooping Cranes to Louisiana ...................................................................................................................................53

Assessing the Influence of Stocking Location and Salinity Acclimation in the Penobscot River on 

Smolt-to-Adult Return......................................................................................................................................................................53

Passage of Adult Atlantic Salmon in the Penobscot River Before and After Dam Removal ............................................................53

Regional Effects of Acid and Aluminum Exposure on Atlantic Salmon Juvenile Development.......................................................54

Salinity Tolerance and the Physiology of Seawater Entry in Downstream Migrating Atlantic Salmon Smolts.............................54

Sea Lamprey Biology and Interaction with Atlantic Salmon in Maine Rivers.....................................................................................54

Understanding Downstream Migratory Survival of Atlantic Salmon Smolts in the Penobscot River, Maine: 

Effects of Dams and Restoration ...................................................................................................................................................55

Feasibility and Uses for Freshwater Mussel Culture in Massachusetts..............................................................................................55

Inventory and Monitoring for the Federally Endangered Northern Red-Bellied Cooter....................................................................56

Investigating Alewife Population Dynamics and Parent-Progeny Relations in the Parker River Toward 

Determining Landscape Effects On Productivity ........................................................................................................................56

Metapopulation Dynamics of Canada Lynx in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion .......................................................56

Entrainment of River Sturgeon From the Lower Mississippi River Into the Atchafalaya River System..........................................56

Habitat Suitability Modeling and Islandwide Rapid Assessment for the Presence of the Endangered 

Broad-Winged Hawk and Sharp-Shinned Hawk in Puerto Rico..............................................................................................56

Movement and Habitat Use of Pallid Sturgeon in the Lower Mississippi River..................................................................................57

Identification of Summer Habitat of the Federally Endangered Indiana Bat and Three Other Bat Species 

of Special Concern Within the Ozark-Central Recovery Unit With Application for Landscape 

Distribution Use ................................................................................................................................................................................57

Occupancy Modeling and Summer Habitat Selection of Bat Species on National Wildlife Refuges Along a 

Latitudinal Gradient in Northern Missouri ...................................................................................................................................58
List of Projects 7

Physiology, Behavior, and Tolerances of Missouri Fishes of Conservation Concern With a Focus on 

Niangua Darter and Topeka Shiner...............................................................................................................................................58

Density of Pallid Sturgeon and Food Web Dynamics in the Missouri River ........................................................................................58

Environmental and Endogenous Factors Affecting Egg Quality and Caviar Yield in Farmed Sturgeon ..........................................59

Evaluation of Juvenile Bull Trout Outmigration in Thompson Falls Reservoir.....................................................................................59

Lake Trout Population Modeling and Annual Assessment of Suppression Netting...........................................................................59

Greater Sage-Grouse Genetics...................................................................................................................................................................59

Grizzly Bear Population Status in the Cabinet-Yaak Ecosystem............................................................................................................60

Bat Movements Across Transforming Landscapes.................................................................................................................................60

Determining Seasonal Use of Conservation Reserve Program Habitat by the Lesser Prairie-Chicken in 

Eastern New Mexico .......................................................................................................................................................................60

Development and Validation of a Molecular Screening Tool to Identify the Presence of Asian Tapeworm 

in Imperiled Southwestern Native Fish Populations ..................................................................................................................61

Population Dynamics and Reintroduction Characteristics of Mexican Wolves in the Blue Range Wolf 

Recovery Area in Arizona and New Mexico ...............................................................................................................................61

Quantifying Habitat Selection and Predicting Habitat Use by Whooping Crane ................................................................................61

Assessing Endangered Marsh Rabbit and Woodrat Habitat Use and Feral Cat Population Dynamics 

Using Photographic, Video, and Capture-Recapture Data........................................................................................................61

Optimal Sampling of Animal Communities.................................................................................................................................................62

Sicklefin Redhorse Ontogeny, Recruitment, and Priority Habitats in Regulated Rivers ....................................................................62

Determining the Distribution of State-Endangered Longnose Darter Through Niche Model Transferability................................62

Evaluating the Effects of Shallow-Water Habitat on Age-0 Scaphirhynchus sp. Prey Use and Condition....................................62

Conservation of the Critically Endangered Chinese Crested Tern: Restoration of a Lost Breeding Colony...................................63

Demographics and Habitat Use of Greater Sage-Grouse in Wildfire-Affected Habitats in Oregon ...............................................63

Demography of the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon and Washington...............................................................................................63

Evaluation of Foraging Behavior, Colony Connectivity, and Predation on ESA-Listed Salmonids from the 

Upper Columbia River by Caspian Terns Nesting on Goose Island in Potholes Reservoir..................................................64

Monitoring and Evaluating Caspian Terns and Their Impacts on the Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in the 

Columbia River Basin.......................................................................................................................................................................64

Shorebird Habitat Use During Migration in Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge .........................................................................65

Assessment of Neonicotinoid Exposure on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service High Diversity Grasslands in the 

Prairie Pothole Region.....................................................................................................................................................................65

Development of a Spatially Explicit Growth Model for Larval Pallid Sturgeon ...................................................................................65

Endangered Species Research Below Green River Dam.......................................................................................................................65

Propagating Mussels in the Ohio River......................................................................................................................................................65

A Rangewide Assessment of the Influence of Landscape and Environmental Change on Lesser Prairie-Chickens ..................66

Understanding the Ecology of Lesser Prairie-Chickens .........................................................................................................................66

Assessing the State of River Science, Water Resources Management Policies, and Water Resources 

Planning Tools for the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo ..............................................................................................................................66

Determination of Fort A.P. Hill Bat Community With Emphasis on Occupancy and Detection Probability.....................................66

Disturbance Impacts on the Northern Long-Eared Bat and Indiana Bat at Fort A.P. Hill ..................................................................66

Effects of Surveying and Habitat Characteristics on Occupancy of Spruce-Fir Moss Spider in the 

Southern Appalachian Mountains ................................................................................................................................................66

Post-Hibernation Emergence of the Northern Long-Eared and Indiana Bats in Virginia and New York........................................67

Post-White-Nose Syndrome Survey of Bats at Fort Meade ..................................................................................................................67

Post-White-Nose Syndrome Survey of Bats at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 

Wallops Flight Facility......................................................................................................................................................................67

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Northern Long-Eared Bat Maternal Roost Networks and Foraging 

Relations in a Repeatedly Burned Central Appalachian Forested Landscape......................................................................67

Dynamics and Distribution of Black Abalone Populations at San Nicolas Island, California...........................................................67
8 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Puget Sound Marine Survival-Size-Selective Mortality and Critical Growth Periods for Juvenile Chinook and Coho Salmon.68

A Study of Diamond Darter Macrohabitat Use and Abundance Within the Lower Elk River...........................................................68

Development of eDNA Techniques for Detection of Endangered Purple Cat’s Paw Pearlymussel and Snuffbox........................69

Rangewide Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Endangered, Migratory Kirtland’s 

Warbler Population ..........................................................................................................................................................................69

Energy.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................70

Assessing Shorebird Use of Lagoons in Cape Krusenstern National Monument..............................................................................70

Chandalar River Chum Salmon Habitat Assessment and Monitoring ..................................................................................................70

Coastal Lagoon Fish Ecology Along the Chukchi Coast, Alaska............................................................................................................70

Food Web Dynamics and Productivity on the Susitna River ..................................................................................................................71

Shorebirds and Invertebrate Distribution on Delta Mudflats Along the Beaufort Sea......................................................................71

Estimation of Wind Farm Mortality: Development of Super Population Approach to Estimate Cumulative 

Mortality From Carcass Surveys Accounting for Carcass Removal and Nondetection ......................................................71

Uncertainty and the Entanglement of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Effects in the Management of the 

Northern Bobwhite and Eastern Meadowlark ............................................................................................................................71

Impacts of Energy Production, Habitat Selection, and Population Size on Resource Selection, Survival, 

and Recruitment of Lesser Prairie-Chickens in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado ..............................................................72

Movements of Coastal Birds in Southern New England.........................................................................................................................72

Offshore Movements of Migratory Bats in the Gulf of Maine................................................................................................................72

Offshore Wind Energy Technology, Environmental Impacts, and Policy .............................................................................................72

Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles in Areas With 

High Potential for Wind Energy Development in New Mexico.................................................................................................73

Investigating Impacts of Energy Development on Lesser Prairie-Chicken Reproduction, Survival, 

Movement, and Habitat Use in Eastern New Mexico................................................................................................................73

Landscape Genetic Structure of the Western Continental Golden Eagle Population........................................................................73

Eastern Brown Pelicans: Dispersal, Seasonal Movements, and Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic 

Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Contaminants in the Northern Gulf of Mexico .............................................................................73

Assessment of Surveys for Golden Eagles and Other Raptors..............................................................................................................74

Development of a Decision Tool for Eagle Take Permit Issuance Based on Detection and Occupancy 

Models of Migrant and Overwintering Golden Eagle in the Southern Great Plains .............................................................74

Influence of Wind Energy on Swainson’s Hawk Ecology........................................................................................................................74

Winter Abundance and Habitat Associations of Golden Eagles ...........................................................................................................75

Impact of Mining Effluent on Fish Populations .........................................................................................................................................75

Cheat Lake Biomonitoring Study.................................................................................................................................................................75

Long-Term Louisiana Waterthrush and Avian Community Response to Shale Gas Development in the 

Central Appalachian Region...........................................................................................................................................................75

Regionwide Songbird Response to Gas Well and Infrastructure Development of Marcellus Shale..............................................75

Genetic Assessment of Seven Fish Species Above and Below the Wisconsin River Dam at Prairie Du Sac ..............................76

Demography and Habitat Use of Moose in Sublette County, Wyoming ...............................................................................................76

Effects of Wyoming Range Energy Development for Native Fish Communities..................................................................................76

Influence of Energy Development on Mule Deer Migrations.................................................................................................................76

Influence of Energy Development on Nongame Sagebrush Birds........................................................................................................76

Mule Deer Fitness and Nutrition .................................................................................................................................................................77

Wyoming Range Native Fish and Energy Development..........................................................................................................................77

Human Dimensions ................................................................................................................................................................................................78

Doris Duke Conservation Scholars Program Partnership Through the University of Florida...........................................................78

Assessment of Trout Management in Georgia .........................................................................................................................................78

Environmental Stressors and Priority Plant Communities on Jekyll Island, Georgia.........................................................................78
List of Projects 9

A Case Study of the AmeriCorps Volunteer in Service to America Program ......................................................................................78

Assessing Attitudes and Impacts to Society Associated With the Use of Alternative Ammunition for 

Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges...........................................................................................................................................79

Assessing the Values, Expectations, and Satisfaction of Hunters Regarding Controlled White-Tailed 

Deer Hunts in Suburban Eastern Massachusetts ......................................................................................................................79

Assessing the Preferences of Stakeholders and Waterfowl Management Professionals to Inform 

Implementation of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan .................................................................................79

Deer Hunter Attitudes ...................................................................................................................................................................................80

Landowner Attitudes Toward Elk ................................................................................................................................................................80

Long-Term Research and Monitoring of Human Dimensions Information on Fisheries and Wildlife 

Management Issues in Minnesota................................................................................................................................................80

Minnesota Fish Habitat Survey ...................................................................................................................................................................80

Minnesota Northern Pike Regulations.......................................................................................................................................................80

Minnesota Waterfowl Hunter Survey.........................................................................................................................................................80

Visitor Use of Wildlife Management Areas ...............................................................................................................................................81

Wild Turkey Hunter Study.............................................................................................................................................................................81

Evaluation of Nontoxic Ammunition Outreach Efforts on Midwest Region National Wildlife Refuges ..........................................81

Angler Behavior in Response to Management Actions on Nebraska Reservoirs..............................................................................81

Assessment of Angler Use and Catch During 2016 at Sutherland Reservoir, Nebraska...................................................................81

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Nebraska Outdoor Enthusiast..........................................................................................................82

Human Dimensions of Habitat Loss in the Plains and Prairie Pothole Region....................................................................................82

Social and Economic Impact of Fishing in Selected Small Lakes and Impoundments in South Dakota ........................................82

Valuing Wildlife in the United States ..........................................................................................................................................................82

Invasive Species.....................................................................................................................................................................................................83

Development of Decision Analysis Tools for Controlling New Zealand Mudsnails in Fish Hatcheries ..........................................83

Sampling Designs and Population Dynamics of Burbot in the Green River System: Tools for Management................................83

Synthesis of Measures for Controlling Invasive Mollusks at Hatcheries ............................................................................................83

Asian Carp Population Ecology in Tributaries of the Upper Missouri River.........................................................................................84

Wildlife Response to the Restoration of Tall-Grass Prairie Infested With Lespedeza cuneata.......................................................84

Marshbird Response to Invasive Cattail Control Using Grazing, Mowing, and Herbicide Application in the 

Prairie Pothole Region of Minnesota............................................................................................................................................84

Contrasting the Thermal Ecology of the Native Coldwater Crayfish and the Native Ringed Crayfish: Do These 

Species Have Similar Thermal Tolerances and Preferences? .................................................................................................85

Annual Evaluation and Development of Benchmarks for Lake Trout Suppression in Yellowstone Lake........................................85

Effects of Water Chemistry on Lake Trout Embryos.................................................................................................................................85

Evaluation of Methods to Introduce Mortality in Lake Trout Embryos..................................................................................................85

Identifying the Threats of Smallmouth Bass to Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Yellowstone River..........................................85

Mobile Tracking of Lake Trout on Yellowstone Lake................................................................................................................................85

An Estimate of the Abundance and an Assessment of the Efficacy of Sterilization Techniques for the 

Control of Wild Burro Populations.................................................................................................................................................86

Assessment of the Invasion of the Asian Swamp Eels in the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area...........................86

Preliminary Determination of Density and Distribution of Flathead Catfish in the Susquehanna River and 

Selected Tributaries.........................................................................................................................................................................86

Economic Impacts of Feral Hogs on Agriculture in South Carolina......................................................................................................86

Effects of Asian Carp Invasion on the Food Web of a Mussel Biodiversity Hotspot in Tennessee .................................................86

Invasive Asian Carp in Tennessee Rivers..................................................................................................................................................87

Movements and Lock and Dam Passage of Asian Carp in the Tennessee River................................................................................87

Relative Population Densities of Asian Carp in the Tennessee River and Cumberland River Drainage Basins ...........................87
10 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Assessing the Risk of Dreissenid Mussel Invasion in Texas on the Basis of Lake Physical Characteristics 

and Potential for Downstream Dispersal .....................................................................................................................................88

Distribution of the Golden Alga in Brazos River and Rio Grande Basins .............................................................................................88

Influence of Environmental Variables on Growth of Toxigenic Golden Algae: A Laboratory Test of Field-Generated 

Hypotheses........................................................................................................................................................................................88

Effects of Treatments to Control Eurasian Watermilfoil on Fish and Zooplankton in Northern Wisconsin Lakes ........................88

Landscape Ecology ................................................................................................................................................................................................89

Evaluating Moose on the Kanuit National Wildlife Refuge.....................................................................................................................89

Landscape-Climate-Riverine Linkages and Climate Change .................................................................................................................89

Process-Based Model Assessment of Historical and Projected Changes in Carbon Storage in Alaska ......................................89

Social-Ecological Systems on the Kenai Peninsula ................................................................................................................................89

Quantification of Hydrologic Alteration and Relations to Biota in Arkansas Streams: Development of 

Tools and Approaches for Ungaged Streams..............................................................................................................................90

Evaluating Dynamics of Grassland and Wetland Ecosystems in the Northern Great Plains............................................................90

Assessment of Field- and Landscape-Level Effects of NRCS Conservation Practices on Gopher Tortoise Habitat....................90

Bottomland Hardwood Composition Change as Controlled by Regeneration and Hydrologic Processes ....................................90

Evaluation of Representative Bird Species Landscape Capability Models.........................................................................................90

Native Bees and Crop Production in Maine..............................................................................................................................................91

Small and Meso Mammals and Forest Community Dynamics...............................................................................................................91

Small Mammal Community Stability ...........................................................................................................................................................91

Small Natural Features With Large Ecosystem Functions in Urbanizing Landscapes ......................................................................91

The Gulf of Maine Coastal Ecosystem Survey: An Integrated, Multidisciplinary Effort to Map Biological Hotspots 

in the Waters of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts ...............................................................................................91

Understanding the St. Croix River Food Web............................................................................................................................................92

Biological Effects of Urbanization and Impervious Cover on Massachusetts Streams ....................................................................92

Comparative Ecology and Conservation of Bears in North and South America.................................................................................92

An Integrated Population Model for the American Woodcock .............................................................................................................92

Grasslands, Conservation Reserve Program Enrollments, and Greater Prairie-Chicken Populations in Minnesota...................93

Establishing Ground Cover in Reservoir Mudflats to Promote Recreational Fish Assemblages .....................................................93

Inventory and Classification of Oxbow Lakes in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.................................................................................93

Conservation and Management of Mid-Sized Rivers in Missouri: Development of Sampling Protocols and 

Application to Priority Watershed Rivers.....................................................................................................................................93

Evaluation of Grassland Restoration Efforts on Invertebrate Communities in Missouri ...................................................................93

Science to Inform Management of Floodplain Conservation Lands Under Nonstationary Conditions ..........................................93

Evaluating Sediment and Nutrient Contributions From Unpaved Forest Roads to Headwater Streams ........................................94

Amphibian Occupancy, Functional Connectivity, and Resilience of Rainwater Basin Wetlands ....................................................94

Modeling Effects of Environmental Change on Crucial Wildlife Habitat..............................................................................................94

Responses of Large Mammals to Forest Restoration Treatments in the Southwest Jemez Mountains, 

New Mexico......................................................................................................................................................................................94

Landscape Conservation in the Choco-Andean Biological Corridor....................................................................................................95

Sustainable Forest Communities: Integrated Land Stewardship Strategy for Native American Land Claims ..............................95

Research and Applications in Support of the National Gap Analysis Program..................................................................................96

Mapping Physical Characteristics of the Mouth of the Columbia River By Using Transmitters on Diving Waterbirds ...............96

A Macrosystems Ecology Framework for Continental-Scale Understanding and Prediction of Nutrients in Lakes ...................96

The Effects of Cross-Scale Interactions on Freshwater Ecosystems Across Space and Time.......................................................96

Dynamics of Wetland and Grassland Ecosystems in the Northern Great Plains ...............................................................................96

Evaluating Wetland Ecosystem Health in the Prairie Pothole Region of South Dakota Using Real-Time 

Nutrient Dynamics of Waterfowl ...................................................................................................................................................97
List of Projects 11

Understanding the Role of Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................................................97

San Rafael River Restoration Science .......................................................................................................................................................97

West Virginia’s Corridor H Stream Monitoring Project............................................................................................................................97

Density and Nest Success of Grassland Birds in Warm Season Conservation Reserve Program Fields in 

Southwestern Wisconsin................................................................................................................................................................98

Evaluating Wisconsin’s Bird Conservation Areas ....................................................................................................................................98

Monitoring Wildlife Population Change and Data Management for the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest........................98

Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Mule Deer Project................................................................................................................................98

Identification of Priority Conservation Areas for Native Aquatic Species ..........................................................................................98

Migration Corridors and Landscape Connectivity Project .....................................................................................................................98

Platte Valley Mule Deer Project..................................................................................................................................................................99

Relating Mule Deer Corridors to Sage-Grouse Conservation................................................................................................................99

Stable Isotopes to Delineate Seasonal Range Use for Wyoming Ungulates ......................................................................................99

The Wyoming Migration Initiative Assessment........................................................................................................................................99

Wyoming Migration Initiative.......................................................................................................................................................................99

Wyoming Mule Deer Migration Patterns.................................................................................................................................................100

Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project.........................................................................................................................................................100

Wyoming Red Desert-to-Hoback Migration Assessment.....................................................................................................................100

Species of Greatest Conservation Need..........................................................................................................................................................101

Determination of Species-Specific Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Requirements for Nongame 

Riverine Fishes................................................................................................................................................................................101

Ecology of Smith’s Longspurs in Northern Alaska .................................................................................................................................101

Migration Trends for King and Common Eiders and Yellow-Billed Loons Past Point Barrow in a Rapidly 

Changing Environment ..................................................................................................................................................................101

Relation of Riparian and Instream Habitat With Presence of Native and Nonnative Fishes in 

Intermediate-Sized Arizona Rivers..............................................................................................................................................102

Effects of Wetland Management Strategies on Habitat Use of Fall Migrating Rails on Intensively 

Managed Wetland Complexes in Mississippi ...........................................................................................................................102

Invasive Species Effects, Population Status, and Population Genetics of Crayfish: Species of Greatest 

Conservation Need in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Mississippi............................................................................102

Assessing Humboldt Marten Prey Availability and Predator Abundance in Advance of Population Restoration .....................102

Export of Invertebrate Drift From Headwater Streams .........................................................................................................................103

Giant Kangaroo Rat Population Monitoring in Panoche Valley ...........................................................................................................103

Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat Statewide Assessment...............................................................................................................................103

Environmental Effect on Harbor Seal Movement and Resource Selection.......................................................................................104

Productivity of American Oystercatchers Nesting on Spoil Islands at the Cross Florida Greenway State 

Recreation and Conservation Area.............................................................................................................................................104

Effects of Spring Cattle Grazing on Demographic Traits of Greater Sage-Grouse...........................................................................104

Identifying Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds of Burrowing Owls That Breed on Department of 

Defense Installations in the Western United States ................................................................................................................104

Kokanee Population Dynamics, Mysid-Kokanee Interactions, and Sampling Techniques in Idaho Lakes .................................104

Movement Dynamics, Distribution, Habitat Use, and Species Associations of Juvenile Burbot in 

Tributaries of the Kootenai River .................................................................................................................................................105

Population Dynamics of Alaskan Seabirds .............................................................................................................................................105

Farmed and Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Wetland Amphibian Populations in the 

Des Moines Lobe of Central Iowa ...............................................................................................................................................105

Habitat Improvement Projects for Stream and Oxbow Fish of Greatest Conservation Need.........................................................105

Parasitemia, Health, and Reproduction in a Migratory Waterfowl .....................................................................................................105
12 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Effects of Forest Management Practices in the Acadian Northern Hardwood/Conifer Forests of Maine on 

Forest Bird Communities, With Emphasis on Species of Regional Conservation Priority and Concern .........................106

Conserving Wood Turtles and Associated Riparian Species...............................................................................................................106

Rangewide Migratory Connectivity for Full-Cycle Conservation of the Golden-Winged Warbler, Climate 

Sensitive Songbird of the Highest Conservation Concern ......................................................................................................106

Avian Conservation in Native and Afforested Habitats of North-Central Uruguay ..........................................................................106

Methods for Sampling Freshwater Mussels in Missouri: Evaluation of Factors Influencing Capture 

Probability, Occupancy Estimation, and Community and Population Metrics.....................................................................106

State-Level Mussel Management and Conservation: Current Status and a Strategic Path Forward ..........................................107

Prairie Stream Inventory ............................................................................................................................................................................107

Evaluation of the Effects of Rest-Rotation Grazing on Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat and Population 

Dynamics in Central Montana......................................................................................................................................................107

Wolverine Monitoring Analysis and Reporting.......................................................................................................................................107

Ecology of Swift Fox in Nebraska .............................................................................................................................................................107

Impacts of Drought on Southwestern Cutthroat Trout: Influences of Changes in Discharge and Stream 

Temperature on the Persistence of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Populations......................................................................108

Applying Downscaled Climate Projections to Inform Decisions on Strategic Habitat Conservation for 

Amphibians in Puerto Rico ...........................................................................................................................................................108

Assessing the Effects of the National Park Service Predator and Vehicle Management Practices on 

Nesting Shorebirds at Cape Hatteras National Seashore ......................................................................................................108

Population Status and Genetic Structure of the Carolina Madtom.....................................................................................................108

Robust Redhorse Recovery and Habitat Restoration: Assessing Water-Quality Stressors and Food Web 

Contaminant Dynamics .................................................................................................................................................................109

Assessment of Genetic Integrity, Population Status, and Long-Term Viability of Isolated Populations of 

Shoal Bass in the Upper Chattahoochee River.........................................................................................................................109

Pigeon Guillemot Restoration Research in Prince William Sound, Alaska........................................................................................109

Snowshoe Hare Habitat Relations in Response to Northern Forest Management..........................................................................109

Analysis of Bird Population Count Data...................................................................................................................................................110

South Carolina Alligator Adaptive Management Strategies: Population Dynamics, Habitat Use, and 

Conservation Threats ....................................................................................................................................................................110

Spatial Ecology of Brown Pelicans in the South Atlantic Bight...........................................................................................................110

Assessing the Current Status of Reintroduced Swift Fox in Southwestern South Dakota .............................................................111

Determining the Distribution of Imperiled Mussels in Tennessee Waters ........................................................................................111

Accessing Occupancy and Reproductive Status of Golden Eagles at Historic Areas in Texas.....................................................111

Assessing the Effects of Flow Regime Variation on Blue Sucker Spawning Movements, Habitat Use, and 

Recruitment in the Lower Colorado River, Texas ......................................................................................................................111

Recruitment Dynamics and Reproductive Ecology of Blue Sucker in Texas, With a Focus on the Big Bend 

Region of the Rio Grande ..............................................................................................................................................................111

Variation and Plasticity and Their Interaction With Urbanization in Guadalupe Bass Populations On and 

Off the Edwards Plateau ...............................................................................................................................................................111

Survey for Sensitive Species in Utah .......................................................................................................................................................112

Assessment of Stonecat Populations in the Missisquoi and LaPlatte Rivers of Vermont...............................................................112

Methods to Assess Lake Sturgeon Populations in Lake Champlain...................................................................................................112

Movements of Lake Sturgeon After Upstream Passage Through Two Dams on the Menominee River......................................112

Avian Community Response in Grand Teton National Park..................................................................................................................112

Black Rosy-Finch Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Selection During the Breeding Season ................................................113

Boreal Toad Habitat Selection and Survival in Relation to Grazing Intensity and Disease Prevalence.......................................113

Columbia Spotted Frog Investigations in Wyoming ...............................................................................................................................113

Conservation and Recovery of Hornyhead Chub ...................................................................................................................................113

LaBarge Creek Cutthroat Trout Investigations........................................................................................................................................114
List of Projects 13

Resource Selection, Area Requirements, and Monitoring of Bighorn Sheep in Northwest Nebraska........................................114

Sage-Grouse: Effectiveness as an Umbrella for Nongame Sagebrush—Species of Greatest Conservation Need..................114

Small Mammals (Species of Greatest Conservation Need): The Influence of Exotic Grassland Plants ......................................114

Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management..............................................................................................................................115

Deer Density and Recruitment in Alabama .............................................................................................................................................115

Characterization of Resident Rainbow Trout Seasonal Habitats in Willow Creek, Alaska .............................................................115

Chinook and Coho Salmon Productivity on the Unalakleet River........................................................................................................115

Development of an Alaska-Based Research Framework for Migratory Waterfowl ........................................................................116

Distribution and Use of Rearing Habitats by Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Chena River Basin, Alaska..................................116

Genetic Diversity and Population Relations of Resident Kokanee and Anadromous Salmon in Copper Lake 

(Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve)......................................................................................................................116

Productivity of Black Oystercatchers in Southwest Alaska.................................................................................................................116

Stikine and Taku River Chinook Salmon Distribution and Migration Patterns and Their Relation to 

Body Condition................................................................................................................................................................................116

Collaborative Fish and Wildlife Research With Southwestern State and Federal Agencies: Refinement 

of Standard Fisheries Sampling Techniques in Arizona ..........................................................................................................117

Freshwater Predation on Chena River Juvenile Chinook Salmon.......................................................................................................117

Migration Ecology of American Woodcock ............................................................................................................................................117

A Spatially Explicit Population Modeling Framework to Support Conservation Decision Making for 

Gopher Tortoises in Georgia.........................................................................................................................................................117

Growth of Spotted and Largemouth Bass ...............................................................................................................................................117

Impacts of Rabbit Hunting on Northern Bobwhite Demographics and Behavior.............................................................................118

Statistical Support for National Park Service Southeast Region Inventory and Monitoring Networks .......................................118

Validating Gopher Tortoise Habitat and Population Predictions for Georgia ....................................................................................118

Assessing the Importance of Wetlands on Department of Defense Installations for the Persistence of 

Wetland-Dependent Birds ............................................................................................................................................................118

Dispersal Behavior of Yuma Ridgway’s Rail............................................................................................................................................118

Microhabitat Use of Native and Nonnative Fishes in Kootenai River.................................................................................................119

Movement, Mortality, and Habitat Use of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the South Fork Clearwater River Watershed ............119

Population Dynamics of Lake Trout in Priest Lake, Idaho.....................................................................................................................119

Rangewide Habitat Models for Predicting Habitat Suitability for Marsh Birds Throughout the United States ..........................119

Amphibian Occupancy and the Effects of Habitat Use on Chemical Exposure in Northern Leopard Frogs in 

Iowa Prairie Pothole Wetlands ....................................................................................................................................................119

Estimating Breeding Populations of Canada Geese in the Midwest—A Model to Predict Canada Goose Breeding 

Pair Densities Using National Wetlands Inventory Data.........................................................................................................120

Grassland Bird and Invertebrate Response to Grassland Diversity in Restored Plantings in Northwestern Iowa....................120

Monitoring Protocol for Otter and Bobcat in Iowa ................................................................................................................................120

Early Spawn and Natural Spawn Age-0 Largemouth Bass..................................................................................................................120

Plum Island Ecosystems Long Term Ecological Research ...................................................................................................................121

Ring-Necked Pheasant Use of Cover Crops in Western Kansas.........................................................................................................121

Genomic Variation and Local Adaptation Among Natural Stocks of Eastern Oysters in Coastal Louisiana................................121

Improving Region-Specific Eastern Oyster Models by Quantifying Physiological Responses to Regional 

Environmental and Climatic Variability .......................................................................................................................................122

American Marten Population Ecology and Role in Forest Community Dynamics ............................................................................122

Amphibian Use of Wetland-Limited Landscapes ...................................................................................................................................122

Biogeography and Conservation of Island Amphibians in Maine .......................................................................................................122

Commercial Harvest Influence on White Sucker Demographics........................................................................................................123

Dam Removals in Sedgeunkedunk Stream and the Penobscot River—Changes in Resident and 

Migratory Communities.................................................................................................................................................................123
14 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Using Otolith Microchemistry to Assess How American Shad and American Eel Use the Penobscot River Estuary ..............123

Ecology of Urban and Rural Black Bears in Massachusetts ...............................................................................................................124

Effects of Dam Removal on Stream Ecosystems....................................................................................................................................124

Effects of Surface-Water-Supply Reservoirs on Streamflow and Biology in Small Massachusetts Watersheds .....................124

Evaluating Freshwater Productivity and Sampling Approaches for Juvenile River Herring in Freshwater 

Lakes and Ponds ............................................................................................................................................................................125

Investigating the Effects of Winter Lake Drawdowns on Fish and Wildlife.......................................................................................125

Regeneration of Forest Vegetation in Response to Browsing by Moose and Deer.........................................................................125

Delineating Sandhill Crane Populations in Minnesota..........................................................................................................................126

Resource Use of Arctic Peregrine Falcons Along the Colville River, Alaska ....................................................................................126

Restoration of Elk to Northeastern Minnesota .......................................................................................................................................126

Estimation of Angler-Caused Mortality and Development of Live-Well Management Procedures to Improve 

the Survival of Largemouth Bass.................................................................................................................................................126

Reservoir Fish-Habitat Management .......................................................................................................................................................126

Review, Revision, and Development of New Monitoring Protocols for Fisheries ............................................................................127

A Spatial Assessment of the Status and Risks to Mussel Concentrations in the Meramec River Drainage Basin ...................127

Bat Occupancy Patterns as a Function of Wildlife and Forest Restoration Activities.....................................................................127

Determining Electrofishing Immobilization Thresholds of Smallmouth Bass, Blue Catfish, and Flathead Catfish: 

A Critical Step to Develop a Standardized Sampling Protocol...............................................................................................127

Development of Fish and Amphibian Rapid-Assessment Protocols...................................................................................................127

Development of Reference Reaches for Missouri Streams.................................................................................................................128

Development of Stream Temperature Models for Selected Missouri Streams................................................................................128

Life History of the Freckled Crayfish in Two Missouri Streams ...........................................................................................................128

Linking Waterfowl Distribution and Abundance.....................................................................................................................................128

Which Geese Are Being Harvested? Body Condition of Lesser Snow and Ross’s Geese Harvested by Different 

Methods During the Light Goose Conservation Order.............................................................................................................128

Buffalo Bill Reservoir Walleye Suppression ...........................................................................................................................................128

Fort Peck Water Chemistry Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................128

Reproductive Readiness and Behavioral Ecology of Wild Hatchery-Reared Pallid Sturgeon in the Missouri River 

Above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana .........................................................................................................................................129

Seasonal Movements of Rainbow Trout, Brown Trout, and Mountain Whitefish in the Smith River, Montana ..........................129

Tenderfoot Creek Bair Ranch Foundation Research Project ...............................................................................................................129

Are Long Lives of Southern Temperate Songbirds Explained by Reduced Energy Expenditure of Parents 

Compared With Northern Temperate Species? ........................................................................................................................129

Assessing Migratory Avifauna Responses to Managed Land-Use Practices in a Sagebrush/Grassland System ....................130

Bitterroot Elk Calf Survival and Population Modeling ...........................................................................................................................130

Evaluating the Effects of Nutrition and Hunter Access on Elk Distribution in the Sapphire Mountains.......................................130

Improving Ungulate Sampling Efficiency and Population Estimation in Idaho .................................................................................130

Linking Resource Selection to Population Dynamics of Mule Deer in Idaho....................................................................................130

Montana Wolf Monitoring Study...............................................................................................................................................................130

Population Dynamics, Modeling, and Data Quality Advancements....................................................................................................131

Evaluating the Influence of Climate and Predation on the Survival of Rocky Mountain Elk: A Regional 

Synthesis Across Northwestern States .....................................................................................................................................131

Better Soil for Birds in the Niobrara Valley Preserve in Nebraska .....................................................................................................131

Habitat Decisions in Altered Landscapes: Behavioral and Physiological Consequences for 

Long-Distance Migrant Shorebirds.............................................................................................................................................131

Implications of Perceived Predation Risk on Female Pheasant Reproductive Investment............................................................132

An Assessment of the Genetic Structure of an Urban Cooper’s Hawk Population..........................................................................132
List of Projects 15

Assessing the Response of Lesser Prairie-Chickens to Mesquite Removal, Prescribed Fire, and 

Grazing in the Shinnery Oak Prairie Ecoregion of Eastern New Mexico..............................................................................132

Assessment of Nutrition and Predation as Limiting Factors for Mule Deer in New Mexico..........................................................132

Demography and Seasonal Movement Patterns of Band-Tailed Pigeons in New Mexico.............................................................133

Describing Seasonal Movement Patterns and Development of a Bioenergetics Model to Determine Carrying 

Capacity of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, for Wintering Sandhill Cranes..................................................133

Effects of Wildfire and Forest Restoration on Black Bear Habitat Selection....................................................................................133

Estimation of Black Bear Densities in New Mexico Using Noninvasive Genetic Analyses ...........................................................133

Estimation of Mountain Lion Density in New Mexico............................................................................................................................133

Influence of Stream Temperature, Intermittency, and Nonnative Fishes on the Current and Future Distribution 

of Fishes of Conservation Need in the Gila and Mimbres Drainage Basins ........................................................................133

Kirtland Air Force Base Mountain Lion Study.........................................................................................................................................134

Population Trajectories and Extinction Probabilities for Populations of Large Ungulates..............................................................134

Population Trends and Predicted Trajectories of American Pronghorn in the American Southwest...........................................134

Predation Rates and Use of Habitats and Wildlife Drinkers by Mountain Lions...............................................................................135

Resource Selection and Movement of Mule Deer and Elk on the Jemez Pueblo ............................................................................135

Estimating the Distribution and Density of Fishers in an Expanding Population in New York Using 

Noninvasive Methods....................................................................................................................................................................135

Great Lakes Cisco Spawning Habitat Assessment................................................................................................................................136

Novel Approaches to Big Problems: Integrating Citizen Science to Monitor and Estimate Black Bear 

Populations in New York ...............................................................................................................................................................136

Population Status of Carnivores................................................................................................................................................................136

Thresholds for Conservation and Management of Terrestrial Vertebrates.......................................................................................136

Advancing the Use and Application of Diverse Data Sources and Species Distribution Models.................................................136

American Eel Age and Growth Assessment in the Roanoke River, North Carolina .........................................................................136

Factors Influencing Native Aquatic Plant Revegetation Success for Enhanced Sport Fish Habitat in 

North Carolina Piedmont Reservoirs ..........................................................................................................................................137

Stocked Trout Survival, Behavior, and Ecology in North Carolina Streams.......................................................................................137

Assessing the Potential for Rainbow Trout Reproduction in Tributaries of the Mountain Fork River 

Below Broken Bow Dam...............................................................................................................................................................137

Assessing Wild Juvenile Trout Ecology in the Lower Mountain Fork.................................................................................................138

Assessment of Prey Consumption and Body Condition of Missouri River Age-0 Scaphirhynchus Sturgeon .............................138

Developing Standard and Efficient Methods for Sampling Fish in Oklahoma Streams...................................................................138

Evaluation of Northern Bobwhite in Western Oklahoma......................................................................................................................139

Reevaluation of the Status of Black Bears in Southeastern Oklahoma .............................................................................................139

Status and Distribution of Black Bears in East-Central and Northeastern Oklahoma.....................................................................139

Columbia River Fish Monitoring and Evaluation Studies ......................................................................................................................139

Intraguild Predator Dynamics: The Effects of Recolonizing Gray Wolf Populations on Cougars in 

Northeast Oregon...........................................................................................................................................................................140

Survival of Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake ............................................................................................................................................140

Deer Abundance and Its Relation to Factors That Affect Forest Vegetation Conditions ................................................................140

Fall Harvest Rates of Female Wild Turkeys in New York.......................................................................................................................140

Modeling Potential Habitat for Pheasant Population Restoration ......................................................................................................140

Modeling Bat Habitat Use Across Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area: Potential 

Effects of Prescribed Fire .............................................................................................................................................................140

Use of Horseshoe Crab Eggs by Migratory Shorebirds ........................................................................................................................141

Effectiveness of Alfalfa for Nesting Habitat and Seedbed Preparation.............................................................................................141

Growth Potential and Genetic Diversity of Yellow Perch in South Dakota ........................................................................................141

Influence of Fish Density on Growth Rate of Brown Trout in Spearfish Creek, South Dakota .......................................................141
16 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Settling Dynamics of Breeding Ducks in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region, 1987–2011.....................................................................141

Survival, Distribution, and Relative Predation of Naturally Produced Rainbow Trout in the Deerfield 

Reservoir System ...........................................................................................................................................................................142

Sampling and Managing Catfish Stocks in Tennessee .........................................................................................................................142

Evaluating the Effects of Drought and Anthropogenic Influences on the Growth of Stream Fishes on the 

Edwards Plateau ............................................................................................................................................................................142

Structure and Connectivity of Mid-Continental Snowy Plovers ..........................................................................................................142

Cutthroat Population Conditions Within the Logan Watershed...........................................................................................................142

Phenology and Habitat Use of Larval Darters in the Upper Roanoke River Basin ...........................................................................143

White-Tailed Deer Influence and Vegetative Response in the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and 

Appalachian Plateau of Virginia in Relation to Landscape and Land-Ownership Characteristics..................................143

Assessments and Evaluations of Three Regional Restoration Sites ..................................................................................................143

Moose Demography in Northeast Washington State............................................................................................................................143

Population Assessment of Wrangel Island, Russia, Snow Geese by Using Satellite Imagery ......................................................143

Cerulean Warbler and Associated Species Response to Silvicultural Prescriptions in the Central 

Appalachian Region.......................................................................................................................................................................144

Creation and Development of Early Successional Habitat and Wildlife Utilization..........................................................................144

Golden-Winged Warbler Ecology and Management on High Elevation Grazing Allotments, Monongahela 

National Forest, West Virginia .....................................................................................................................................................144

Assessing Neutral and Adaptive Differentiation in Cisco Populations Across Wisconsin Using RAD–Sequencing.................145

Assessment of Walleye Population Characteristics in Stevens Point Flowage Using Passive 

Integrated Transponders...............................................................................................................................................................145

Brook Trout Movements in the West Branch of the Wolf River, Wisconsin ......................................................................................145

Electrofishing Catchability of Juvenile Muskellunge in Northern and Southern Wisconsin Lakes ..............................................145

Evaluation of Methods Used to Estimate Population Metrics for Adult Muskellunge in Northern Wisconsin Lakes................145

Identifying Recruitment Bottlenecks for Walleye in Northern Wisconsin Lakes .............................................................................145

Population Characteristics and Movements of Smallmouth Bass in the Menominee River..........................................................146

Statewide Evaluation of Calcified Structures Used to Estimate Ages of Largemouth Bass and Northern Pike.........................146

Wild Age-0 Salmonid Abundance and Outmigration in Wisconsin Tributaries to Lake Michigan.................................................146

Deer-Elk Ecology Project............................................................................................................................................................................146

Determining Stream of Origin and Spawning-Site Fidelity of Salmonids in the Upper North Platte River 

Drainage Basin by Using Otolith Microchemistry ....................................................................................................................147

Evaluating the Influence of Beetle Kill on Sierra Madre Elk ................................................................................................................147

Harvest Records: Implications for Understanding Factors Affecting Horn and Antler Size in Ungulates ...................................147

Mule Deer Fawn Survival on the Wyoming Range.................................................................................................................................147

Nutritional Dynamics and Interactions With Disease in Bighorn Sheep ...........................................................................................147

Population Dynamics of Moose in the Snowy Range............................................................................................................................148

Statewide Moose Habitat Project.............................................................................................................................................................148

Updating Temperature Criteria for Wyoming Surface Waters.............................................................................................................148

Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Hybridization in the North Fork Shoshone River..................................................................................148

Wildlife Health and Disease ..............................................................................................................................................................................149

Effects and Sources of Strontium in Lesser Scaup ...............................................................................................................................149

Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Upper Conasauga River, Georgia.............................................................149

Effects of Sylvatic Plague on Northern Idaho Ground Squirrels .........................................................................................................149

Factors Affecting Mercury Concentrations in Iowa Fishes..................................................................................................................149

Conserving Snake Species of Greatest Conservation Need Threatened by an Emerging Fungal Skin Disease ........................150

Insecticide Exposure Risk for Grassland Wildlife on Public Lands.....................................................................................................150

Patterns and Trends in Concentrations of Lead in Bald Eagles in the Upper Midwest...................................................................150
List of Projects 17

Determining Concentrations and Persistence of Imidacloprid, Clothianidin, and Thiamethoxam in 

Terrestrial Agricultural Settings on Missouri Public Areas ....................................................................................................150

Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the Health of Aquatic Organisms ............................................................................150

Prevalence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Intensively Managed Wetland Areas and Surrounding 

Landscapes With a Focus on Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates............................................................................................151

Linking Exposure to Sublethal Stressors to Individual Vital Rates and Population Abundance ....................................................151

The Ecological Web Contributing to a Sarcoptic Mange Epizootic in Coyotes of the Mojave Desert, 

Fort Irwin, California ......................................................................................................................................................................152

Density Estimation of Moose in New York State: Investigations Into Apparent Decline ................................................................152

A Comprehensive Examination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Intersex Fish in North Carolina Water Bodies..........152

Environmental Determinants of Sex in Fishes: Endocrine Disruptors and Water Temperature.....................................................152

Response of Desert Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave National Preserve to Respiratory Disease.....................................................152

An Investigation Into the Role of Groundwater as a Point Source of Emerging Contaminants to 

Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin .................................................................................................................153

Establishing a Strategy for Assessing Risk of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals to Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Organisms ....................................................................................................................................................................153

Landscape Genetics of White-Tailed Deer to Assess Population Structure for Surveillance of 

Chronic Wasting Disease..............................................................................................................................................................153

Linking Fish Health, Contaminants, and Population Dynamics of Smallmouth Bass Populations in the 

Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania ..............................................................................................................................................153

Evaluating the Effect of White-Nose Syndrome on Bats ......................................................................................................................153

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Global Warming, and Reproductive Health in Fishes.................................................................154

Evaluating the Effect of White-Nose Syndrome on Long-Term Bat Community Structure and 

Remnant Bat-Population Ecology................................................................................................................................................154

Post-White-Nose-Syndrome Bat Ecology in the Eastern United States............................................................................................154

Adaptation of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus to Pacific Northwest Chinook Salmon and 

Effects on Other Salmonids ..........................................................................................................................................................154

Development and Application of a Juvenile Salmonid Health Index at Selected National Water-Quality 

Assessment Project Sites.............................................................................................................................................................155

Fish-Virus Ecology, Molecular Epidemiology, and Evolution................................................................................................................155

Chesapeake Bay Priority Ecosystems Fish-Health Studies Molecular Pathology ...........................................................................155

Indicators of Endocrine Disruption in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed............................................................................................155

Support of Chemical Sampling for Sources, Transport, and Distribution of Endocrine Disrupting 

Chemicals of the Chesapeake Bay Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Science Plan ..........................................................156

Investigating the Relation Between Gill Lice Prevalence and Genetic Diversity in Brook Trout Across Wisconsin .................156

Chronic Wasting Disease Deposition and Environmental Reservoirs ................................................................................................156

Effects of Climate Change on Plague Exposure Pathways and Resulting Disease Dynamics.......................................................156

Vulnerability of Hawaiian Forest Birds to Climate Change...................................................................................................................156

Investigating Elk Movement and Winter-Range Connectivity to Predict the Spread of Brucellosis.............................................157

Wildlife-Livestock Disease Transmission in a Changing Climate........................................................................................................157
18 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program: 2016 Research Abstracts

Pictured below: Alligators are territorial—the movement of individual alligators can be influenced by the presence of other alligators.
Advanced Technologies 19

Advanced Technologies

Marker Target Region 2

Marker Target Region 3

Positive Detection?

Yes

Yes

Short Marker #1

Longer Marker #2

Longest Marker #3

Time since DNA was shed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Development and Application of an Integrated 

Ecosystem Model

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Alaska Integrated Ecosystem Modeling Project 

is a multifaceted institutional and multidisciplinary enterprise designed to meet the needs of Alaska’s land managers 

in understanding the nature and rate of landscape change. 

Ultimately, this tool can provide an integrated framework for 

natural resource managers and decision makers and produce 

specific scenarios of changes in landscape structure and function that could be used to develop resource-specific impact 

models.

Monitoring the Endangered Tidewater Goby by 

Using Environmental DNA in Water Samples

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or eDNA is 

a cost-effective and noninvasive technique that has been successfully used to monitor a broad range of taxonomic groups, 

including fishes. Studies show that eDNA in water samples 

can be used to track the presence or absence of a species, 

particularly species that cannot be detected using conventional 

field approaches. Insufficient testing has been conducted to 

determine the suitability of eDNA approaches for monitoring 

tidewater goby. This project proposes to assess the potential 

of using eDNA in water samples as a tool for monitoring the 

endangered tidewater goby in lagoon and bay habitats.

Tidewater goby.

Tidewater Goby Survey

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Environmental DNA can be used to monitor the presence 

or absence of endangered species. The goal of this project is 

to develop eDNA techniques and methods for use in monitoring the endangered tidewater goby in California Department 

of Transportation project areas and in performing specified 

surveys. The new eDNA techniques and methods can be used 

to help develop a survey protocol that can be used to detect 

tidewater goby with higher confidence. Improved survey techniques can help the California Department of Transportation 

save money and avoid delays during road and bridge maintenance and construction by means of rapid, cost-effective 

determination of the presence of tidewater goby.

Integration, Validation, and Fusion of Small 

Unmanned Aircraft System Multimodal Sensor Data 

in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey

Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Since 1998, a group of interdisciplinary researchers at 

the University of Florida have been involved in the development of small, affordable, high-resolution, digital imaging 

sensor systems designed for use in small unmanned aircraft as 

potential tools for collecting data to assist in answering natural 

resource-based questions and ecosystem monitoring efforts. 

This project continues the development and necessary modifications of such a system. The University of Florida Unmanned 

Aircraft Systems Research Program has been noted as one of 

the leaders in developing affordable and scientific-grade technology for natural resource-based applications.

The University of Florida Unmanned Aircraft Systems Research 

Program has been noted as one of the leaders in developing 

and fielding affordable and scientific-grade technology for 

natural resource-based applications.
20 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Evaluating Occupancy Estimation and Abundance 

Relations as an Alternative Method for Ungulate 

Abundance Surveys

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Occupancy estimation and abundance relations are 

being evaluated as an alternative method for ungulate abundance surveys. Researchers plan to test a camera-based 

occupancy estimation method that exploits the steep side of 

the occupancy-abundance relation to estimate ungulate abundance. Critical components of grid cell size, habitat relations, 

and camera distribution are to be examined.

Development and Extension of the R Package for 

Statistical Modeling and Analysis

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

New functions to increase the occupancy modeling 

capabilities of the R package are being implemented using 

conventional statistical methods, such as maximum likelihood 

estimation and basic R functions of optimization. The research 

team plans to develop case studies using bird monitoring data 

provided by the National Park Service (NPS) and, as part of 

the project, build the conceptual and technical foundation of 

hierarchical modeling methods, after which the team plans to 

release a new version of the R package.

Using eDNA to Assess the Presence of Cavefish 

and Crayfish Populations in Caves of the Ozark 

Highlands

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Environmental DNA can be used to verify the presence of 

cavefish and crayfish populations in caves of the Ozark Highlands. The proposed project intends to support the recovery 

and monitoring efforts of the USFWS and various conservation partners and help inform conservation decisions.

Ozark Highlands

Boston Mountains

MISSOURI ILLINOIS

KANSAS

OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS

Map area

N

The Ozark Highlands.

Developing Noninvasive Methods to Monitor 

Burrow-Nesting Seabird Populations

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Surface-nesting seabird populations can be monitored 

using aerial photography and visual counts; however, monitoring of burrow-nesting seabird populations is more challenging, especially on offshore islands that are difficult to access. 

This study intends to develop, test, and validate new, efficient, 

and minimally invasive techniques to monitor populations of 

a burrow-nesting seabird, Leach’s storm-petrel. Researchers 

plan to use remote cameras and acoustic recorders to generate 

abundance estimates. Through partnerships, these efforts may 

lead to the design and implementation of a comprehensive 

inventory and standardized census program for seabirds to 

obtain a more accurate estimate of populations and establish a 

long-term research program using seabirds as biological indicators of ocean conditions and the effects of climate change.

Monitoring Success of Farm Bill Programs in 

Conserving Avian Wildlife

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

A new tool is being evaluated to monitor the effectiveness of Farm Bill incentive programs related to avian species 

of conservation concern. In this project, the researchers plan to 

investigate the use of new remote acoustical detecting technology for monitoring avian community responses on private 

lands in South Carolina. Findings may provide guidance on 

improving the effectiveness of incentive programs and provide 

unique insights into how such technology can be used to identify areas of future focus.

Assessing the Feasibility of Using Acoustic 

Monitoring for Burbot Conservation, Management, 

and Production

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A pilot study is being conducted to determine whether 

the calls reportedly produced by burbot spawning can be used 

to locate spawning grounds, quantify spawning activity, and 

enhance production of the species in hatcheries.

Publication

Grabowski, T.B., 2016, Assessing the feasibility of 

using acoustic monitoring for burbot conservation, 

management, and production: Lubbock, Texas, 

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Cooperator Science Series no. 118–2016, 

34 p., http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ref/collection/

document/id/2126.
Advanced Technologies 21

Advancing Adaptive Management in the Riverside 

East Solar Energy Zone (SEZ) in California

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A major challenge in monitoring wildlife in the solar 

energy zone (SEZ) in California is the sheer size of the landscape. The goal of this study is to develop methods to facilitate 

feasible implementations of wildlife monitoring projects that 

produce high-quality, high-resolution data for landscape-scale 

community monitoring. As part of this study, researchers are 

investigating use of the cellular phone-based Wireless Sensor 

Network as a major vehicle for remote data collection and distribution at a landscape scale, and developing analytical tools 

using a web application that facilitates near real-time analysis 

for use in land-management decisions.

Sally Jewell, 51st U.S. Secretary of the Interior, visits the 

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Pictured 

left to right: Terri Donovan, Sally Jewell, Donna Parrish.

Assessing Marine Biodiversity in the Elwha River 

Using eDNA From Nearshore Water Samples

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Elwha River dam removal project is a large ecosystem and salmon restoration project involving the removal 

of two long-standing dams. These dams, in the largest such 

project ever attempted, were removed over a 3-year period 

(2011–14), which resulted in a massive release of sediment 

stored in the reservoirs. The primary objective of the project 

is to compare the results generated from visual biodiversity 

surveys of the seafloor with those generated from eDNA 

extracted from water samples. This information would allow 

the research team to determine the efficacy of using the emerging tool of eDNA in biodiversity surveys of Puget Sound and 

elsewhere. The information could also be used to evaluate the 

effectiveness of eDNA approaches in assessing ecosystem 

response to large-scale disturbances.

Use of a Portable Ultrasound to Determine Sex 

and Maturation Status of Lake Sturgeon in the 

White Rapids Section and Other Portions of the 

Menominee River

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The Menominee River currently supports some of the 

largest stocks of lake sturgeon associated with the Great 

Lakes, including the section of river between White Rapids 

and Grand Rapids dams. Lake sturgeon management and 

research activities would be greatly enhanced if sex and 

maturation status could be more accurately determined. The 

research team plans to use a portable ultrasound to determine 

the sex and maturation status of lake sturgeon by combining 

the use of passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology 

with the ultrasound, which would allow biologists to better 

determine population sex ratios and maturation history of 

individual lake sturgeon.

Monitoring Elk Migrations With Remote 

Photography

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Most elk population estimates are based largely on data 

collected from aerial surveys. Although aerial surveys are an 

excellent source of data, they can be costly and dangerous. 

Recent wildlife underpass projects and pilot projects to monitor migratory elk populations suggest there may be potential 

to obtain accurate estimates of annual elk population trends 

by using digital cameras to photograph animals as they move 

through migration bottlenecks during their spring and fall 

migrations. This project intends to evaluate the use of remote 

cameras to monitor population dynamics and migration patterns of elk in northwest Wyoming.

A large herd of elk pass this camera site on their way to lowelevation winter habitat near Cody, Wyoming.
22 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Climate Science

Application of an Integrated Ecosystem Model: 

A Multifaceted Institutional and Multidisciplinary 

Effort to Understand Potential Landscape, Habitat, 

and Ecosystem Change in Alaska and Northwest 

Canada

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Research is continuing in the development and application of the Integrated Ecosystem Model (IEM), which 

integrates the driving components for, and the interactions 

among, disturbance regimes, permafrost dynamics, hydrology, and vegetation in Alaska and northwest Canada. The 

outputs from the model can provide natural resource managers and decision makers an improved understanding of 

the potential response of ecosystems to a changing climate. 

These projections of key ecological variables of interest (for 

example, wildlife habitat conditions) can facilitate the integration of how landscapes may respond to climate change into 

resource-management decisions.

Broad Whitefish Ecology on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change is rapidly changing stream habitat conditions and migratory patterns, spawning habitats, and food 

web productivity in broad whitefish. This study aims to help 

understand foraging and migration patterns of broad whitefish 

on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. The research can help 

managers make informed decisions on this important subsistence species.

Climate Change Effects on Kenai River Salmon

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change is occurring at unprecedented rates in 

arctic ecosystems, and the effects on important freshwater 

species and freshwater systems are not well understood. This 

study is being conducted to investigate how Chinook and coho 

salmon habitats are changing in response to landscape and 

climate change. The research is focused on how landscape 

change is affecting salmon habitats. Results from this study 

can inform local, State, and Federal resource managers and 

Chinook salmon subsistence resource users who would be 

most vulnerable to the loss and degradation of rearing habitats.

Pictured below: Oblique aerial photograph showing changes in the 

terminus of Bear Glacier, Kenai Mountains, Kenai Fjords National 

Park, Alaska, over time.
Climate Science 23

Differential Effects of Climate-Mediated Forest 

Change on the Habitats of Two Ungulates Important 

to Subsistence and Sport Hunting Economies

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change is a complex process that may affect the 

food resources of different species of wildlife in contrasting 

ways. Moose and caribou are important to both subsistence 

and sport hunting economies throughout Alaska. The winter 

diets of these species are quite different; caribou focus on 

snow covered, ground hugging lichens, and moose focus on 

the twigs of erect deciduous shrubs that protrude above the 

snow. This project can use output from the IEM to estimate the 

differential effects of climate change on the quantity of food 

available to these two species throughout most of Alaska and 

parts of Canada. The results can be stratified by land ownership and landscape characteristics to provide maps of expected 

changes in winter food for moose and caribou that are tailored 

to, and directly usable by, natural resource managers as they 

devise strategies for adapting to a changing climate.

A mother caribou and her offspring, east of Chicken, Alaska, on 

the Yukon-Alaska border.

Effects of Large-Scale Climate Patterns on Caribou 

in the Yukon Territory

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The effects of large-scale climate patterns on calving ground location, food availability, and calf survival of 

the porcupine caribou herd in the Yukon Territory are being 

studied. The goal of this research is to develop an understanding of why calving areas of the porcupine caribou herd, 

located predominantly in the Yukon Territory from 2000 to 

2013, have seemingly shifted to include the 1002 Area, east 

of Prudhoe Bay in northern Alaska. The research team plans 

to assess whether the eastward shift in concentrated calving is 

“permanent” or a phase of some cyclic phenomenon. Results 

from this multiagency, collaborative project can help managers 

understand the factors that determine the location of the calving grounds so future development activities can be located to 

minimize negative effects during the calving season.

Identifying Mechanisms of State Change and 

Forecasting Future Vulnerability

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Managers are interested in identifying mechanisms for 

forecasting future vulnerability in boreal ecosystems in the 

Alaska Interior. Researchers plan to use field measurements to 

construct models that detect and predict changes in response 

to climate and land management. Scientists can then determine 

links among fire, soils, permafrost, and vegetation succession 

in order to develop and test field-based ecosystem indicators 

that can be used to directly predict ecosystem vulnerability to 

state change. Additionally, the research team plans to forecast 

landscape change in response to projected changes in climate, 

fire regime, and fire management.

Lake Trout Otoliths as Biochronological Indicators 

of Recent Climate Patterns in Arctic Lakes

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

High latitude ecosystems such as arctic Alaska show 

increased effects of climate change. Unfortunately, long-term 

air temperature data only exist for relatively few locations, and 

lake temperatures have only recently been added to routine 

monitoring efforts. Lake trout are present across the arctic 

landscape and are also a long-lived fish, so scientists are 

evaluating the utility of using lake trout otoliths for discerning 

recent climate patterns. Researchers plan to use lake trout from 

the Fish Creek and Ikpikpuk Sand Sea/Teshekpuk Lake watersheds, which are experiencing the impacts of climate change 

as well as large-scale changes in land use involving oil and 

gas development. Given the broad distribution of lake trout, 

this project can provide a valuable tool for inferring climate 

change where long-term monitoring data are unavailable.

Cross section of a lake trout otolith collected 

in April 1989 from Chandler Lake, Alaska. Dots 

indicate decadal growth increments (1980, 1970, 

and 1960).
24 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Projected Effects of Climate-Induced Vegetation 

Changes on Caribou Energetics in Northern Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Without quantitative projections of the direction and 

magnitude of climate-vegetation-wildlife interactions under 

alternate warming scenarios, it is difficult to clearly detect 

the effects, or lack of effects, for nonclimate influences such 

as industrial development on wildlife populations in arctic 

regions. Researchers plan to focus on caribou because they are 

important to subsistence economies, their habitat associations 

are better understood than other wildlife in the Arctic, and a 

model is available that allows assessment of projected climateinduced changes. Although the focus of this project is caribou, 

the data are likely to be applicable across a suite of species, 

including many migratory birds. These data can enable managers to make informed decisions for the future.

Regional Consequences of Changing ClimateDisturbance Interactions for the Resilience of 

Alaska’s Boreal Forest

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change is affecting rural Alaskans in multiple 

ways. Researchers are focusing on social-ecological resilience 

and response to change by studying how climate variability 

and change are affecting the social-ecological dynamics of 

rural Alaskan villages and exploring the effects of climate 

change on ecosystems and landscape structure. By understanding how changes in ecosystem services are affecting community resilience, this work can help identify opportunities for 

adaptation and transformation of community practices.

0 200 400 600 KILOMETERS

0 200 400 600 MILES

N

N

Transition zone between boreal forest and arctic and subarctic 

tundra in Alaska.

Reproductive Success of Arctic-Breeding 

Shorebirds in a Changing Climate

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Worldwide declines in shorebird populations, including arctic breeding species, have recently become apparent. 

Climate change is projected to increase air temperatures and 

alter hydrologic systems in arctic environments. Additionally, 

little is understood about how such climate-induced changes in 

habitat and prey may affect the reproductive success of migratory birds during the short arctic breeding season. This study is 

designed to evaluate the reproductive success of two shorebird 

species, American and Pacific golden-plovers. This research 

can help managers protect coastal resources and mitigate 

climate change and anthropogenic stressors.

Temperature, Phenology, and Embryo Survival in 

Western Alaska Sockeye Salmon Populations: The 

Potential for Adaptation to a Warming World

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A fundamental ecological challenge is to understand and 

predict population responses to rapid environmental change. 

Viable sockeye populations are critical to the economy, 

culture, and freshwater ecosystems of Bristol Bay in western 

Alaska. Researchers plan to investigate temperature, phenology, and embryo survival in western Alaska sockeye salmon 

populations. This work can benefit managers and local communities that depend on sustainable sockeye salmon runs for 

their livelihoods and subsistence.

The Role of Environmental Processes in Structuring 

the Distribution of Chinook Salmon Spawning and 

Rearing Habitats Across a Large Alaska River Basin

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Chinook salmon are an important subsistence, sportfishing, and ecological resource in Alaska. Poor adult returns 

in recent years have resulted in fishery closures, leading to 

social and economic hardships for subsistence and sport 

fishing. The mechanisms driving these declines are poorly 

understood. This project is designed to provide a better understanding of past and contemporary relations among spawning 

and rearing habitat quality for Chinook salmon. Study results 

could greatly improve the ability to prioritize conservation and 

management action in a changing world.
Climate Science 25

Arctic Seabird Habitat Selection: Implications for 

Climate Change

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change is projected to have its greatest impact 

in arctic regions where temperature increases are expected to 

cause rapid changes to ecosystems, which can affect wildlife. 

These changes range from phenological mismatches to altered 

habitats where warmer climates favor changes in plant communities. The semipalmated sandpiper (hereafter “sandpiper”) 

is an abundant, arctic seabird whose breeding range extends 

across nearly all of the Nearctic. The sandpiper breeds in wet, 

coastal tundra that is likely to be strongly affected by climate 

change. The goal of this research is to investigate current 

aspects of habitat selection by sandpipers to predict how future 

climate changes may affect their habitats and population.

Semipalmated sandpiper. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.

Trophic Structure Response of Great Lakes Basin 

Fish to Climate Change

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Predicting population responses to climate change 

requires an understanding of how population dynamics vary 

spatially and temporally. Although variability has historically 

been viewed as an impediment to understanding population 

responses to ecological changes, it can provide an important 

signal, rather than just being viewed as noise. This project 

intends to build upon fish population data collected in the 

Great Lakes Basin. The research can elucidate the extent to 

which quantifiable responses in space and time variability 

occur in different forms of fish population data.

Causes of Elevational Patterns in Avian Species 

Richness

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Many studies predict that the distributions of species 

might shift upward in elevation in response to climate change, 

and this movement has already been observed in some species. 

Birds are expected to, and in some instances already have, 

exhibit climate-induced elevational shifts in distributions. The 

research team is using National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) 

data to explain elevational patterns in bird species richness 

in the United States. This information can allow managers to 

prioritize land for conservation on the basis of understanding 

why different elevations are likely to support differing levels 

of biodiversity.

Climatic and Anthropogenic Forcing of Wetland 

Landscape Connectivity in the Great Plains

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Prairie wetlands have been identified as highly sensitive 

and vulnerable systems to climate and landscape change. This 

project uses new data acquisition, simulation models, and 

analytical techniques that enable “fourth paradigm” science to 

examine human-ecological dimensions. By examining interactions between climate projections, land-cover projections, 

and habitat connectivity in Great Plains wetlands, the models 

can be used to identify the habitats implicit in climate projections, locate which habitats might be affected by climate and 

land-cover change, and assess the ability of affected species, 

specifically waterbirds and amphibians, to move to other locations via habitat connectivity.

Coupled Climate, Cultivation, and Culture in the 

Great Plains: Understanding Water Supply and 

Water Quality in a Fragile Landscape

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In fragile landscapes, water resource managers face 

complex decisions. Researchers developed a human-landscape 

model that incorporates the linkages and feedbacks among 

atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic, and social processes to predict the potential effect of climate variability, climate change, 

land use, and human activity on water resources. The research 

team plans to develop and model the hydrosystem, the aquatic 

ecosystem, and the human system.
26 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Historical Trends of the Landscape Structure of 

Plant Communities of Sand Shinnery Oak Prairie

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Lesser prairie-chickens have experienced a decline in 

population numbers and distribution throughout the Great 

Plains, which led to their status as a threatened species under 

the Endangered Species Act (ESA). However, the listing 

was vacated in September 2015 by a Federal judge in Texas. 

Regardless, the lesser prairie-chicken remains a species of 

conservation concern, and ecological data are pertinent to 

understanding population demography. This demography 

study in the sand shinnery oak prairie and mixed-grass prairie 

regions of the southern High Plains ecoregion of the Great 

Plains can inform management efforts regarding future climate 

change.

Occurrence and Variation in Submerged Aquatic 

Vegetation Along the Northern Coast of the Gulf of 

Mexico

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) communities are 

highly productive ecosystems that provide significant ecological benefits within coastal areas, including support for many 

important species of fish and wildlife. Despite their critical 

importance, and loss globally, consistent baseline data on SAV 

resources are lacking. This project intends to provide data on 

the occurrence and abundance of SAV resources within the 

northern Gulf of Mexico, quantitatively assess environmental 

factors affecting its spatial and temporal variation, and develop 

a conceptual model of factors influencing SAV resources. 

These data are critical in identifying relations between SAV 

resources and environmental variables, and can enable predictive modeling of SAV resources under different scenarios of 

landscape and climate change.

Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Along the Northern 

Gulf of Mexico (Alabama to Texas): Vulnerability 

Assessment and Potential Climate Change Impacts

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A primary means to increase waterfowl habitat has 

involved management of coastal areas for increased SAV 

abundance. Despite extensive SAV-fishery habitat research in 

other parts of the country, data documenting the added benefits 

resulting from increased SAV abundance to fishery resources 

in Louisiana are limited. This project looks to examine the 

fishery community use and value of SAV habitats of varying 

size and location across the landscape. The project could have 

direct management application by providing data and vulnerability and climate change scenario analyses to enable managers to determine if management actions can achieve desired 

biological objectives under different scenarios.

Assessing Priority Amphibian and Reptile 

Conservation Areas and Vulnerability to Climate 

Change in the North Atlantic Landscape 

Conservation Cooperative

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Amphibians and reptiles are experiencing severe habitat 

loss throughout North America; however, this threat to biodiversity may be mitigated by identifying and managing areas 

that serve a disproportionate role in sustaining herpetofauna. 

As climate rapidly changes, it is possible that areas currently 

deemed suitable may no longer be suitable in the future. The 

identification of such areas should take into consideration 

the dynamic nature of habitat suitability. To address these 

needs, researchers plan to generate spatially explicit data that 

can (1) identify priority amphibian and reptile conservation 

areas—those discrete areas most vital to maintaining reptile 

and amphibian diversity, (2) project regions of current and 

future climatic suitability for a number of priority reptiles and 

amphibians in the North Atlantic Region, and (3) identify gaps 

in distributional data for these species that may prevent or 

inhibit the identification of species-level climatic suitability. 

The data from this project can help managers prioritize longterm conservation goals.

A Global Review of Freshwater Crayfish Thermal 

Ecology

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fisheries managers are becoming increasingly interested in climate data. The research team is investigating the 

life history (for example, timing of reproduction) and thermal ecology of freshwater crayfish to inform future climate 

models, describe their habitat requirements, and elucidate the 

role of crayfish in ecosystem function, particularly their role 

as prey items in stream ecosystems. The results can be used to 

determine temperature tolerance, temperature preference, or 

optimal growth.

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Global 

Inland Fisheries

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

To effectively manage streams from current impacts and 

future threats, managers require regionwide information to aid 

in decision making. This project intends to determine the data 

gaps on what we know about how climate change might affect 

inland fish globally. Accounting for stream change is essential 

for managing and conserving fishes and their habitats. With 

such information presented in an integrated, spatially continuous, and scalable format, managers can more effectively 

conserve, protect, and restore stream fish and their habitats.
Climate Science 27

Smallmouth bass 

in Sparking Lake, 

Wisconsin. Photograph 

by Gretchen Hansen, 

Minnesota Department 

of Natural Resources.

Publications

Lynch, A.J, Myers, B.J.E., Chu, Cindy, Eby, L.A., Falke, J.A., 

Kovach, R.P., Krabbenhoft, T.J., Kwak, T.J., Lyons, John, 

Paukert, C.P., and Whitney, J.E., 2016, Climate change 

effects on North American inland fish populations and 

assemblages: Fisheries, v. 41, no. 7, p. 346–361, https://doi.

org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1186016.

Paukert, C.P., Glazer, B.A., Hansen, G.J.A., Irwin, B.J., 

Jacobson, P.C., Kershner, J.L., Shuter, B.J., Whitney, J.E., 

and Lynch, A.J., 2016, Adapting inland fisheries management to a changing climate: Fisheries, v. 41, no. 7, 

p. 374–384, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.

1185009.

Whitney, J.E., Al-Chokhachy, R.K., Bunnell, D.B., Caldwell, 

C.A., Cooke, S.J., Eliason, E.J., Rogers, M.W., Lynch, A.J., 

and Paukert, Craig, 2016, Physiological basis of climate 

change impacts on North American inland fishes: Fisheries, 

v. 41, no. 7, p. 332–345, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.

2016.1186656.

Changes in Fish Communities in Arid Rivers Under 

Climate Change

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Inland fisheries are especially vulnerable to climate 

change because they have limited habitat availability and 

have a direct link to terrestrial systems, land-use patterns, 

and water use. Climate change impacts on inland systems 

may be magnified as a result of climate impacts on terrestrial 

systems. The research team plans to coordinate a workshop 

composed of inland fisheries experts from around the world 

to provide input on how climate change can affect inland 

fisheries. The outcomes of this project can help guide future 

conservation efforts.

Developing Measures of Vulnerability to Climate 

Change and Disturbance of Aquatic Communities in 

Heartland Network National Parks

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program is designed, 

in part, to elucidate the current variability in biotic metrics 

typically encountered within parks. Using several metrics (for 

example, Index of Biotic Integrity, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, 

and Trichoptera species diversity), variability can be determined using the coefficient of variation of these metrics and 

nonmetric, multidimensional scaling among sites and years. 

Ultimately, this project can help the NPS identify stable and 

unstable aquatic communities in Midwestern national parks 

and whether vulnerability to climate and land-use change 

differs by stream size or geographic region. These results can 

be used with climate and land-use scenarios to determine the 

vulnerability of aquatic biota to changes.

Playa Wetlands: Ecosystem Function and Potential 

Risk in a Changing Climate

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The playa wetlands in Missouri represents a unique 

habitat that supports flora and fauna which could be at risk 

under changing climate scenarios. This project is designed 

to (1) quantify the effects of changing climatic conditions 

on wetland plant production, soil chemistry greenhouse gas 

emissions, and overall ecological tipping points within these 

wetlands; (2) compare ecosystem response to changing climatic conditions between northern and southern playa soils; 

and (3) assess impacts of increased agricultural nutrients from 

runoff on the playa soil properties.

Stakeholder-Led Science: Engaging Resource 

Managers to Identify Science Needs for Long-Term 

Management of Floodplain Conservation Lands

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Large tracts of Mississippi and Missouri River floodplains have been converted to conservation status through the 

purchase of easements, and managers face uncertainties ranging from site-specific designs for water infrastructure to longterm land-acquisition strategies. Additionally, stakeholders 

are asking questions about how the lands can best be managed 

under land-use change and climate change. Researchers have 

developed models relating external drivers and have made 

climate change projections. This study demonstrates state-ofthe-art modeling to inform decisions.
28 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Statistical Analyses to Direct Conservation and 

Restoration Priorities for the Yellowstone Cutthroat 

Trout in the Context of Climate Change

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Population densities of Yellowstone cutthroat trout 

have been reduced because of a variety of factors, including interbreeding with introduced rainbow trout, competition 

with nonnative trout species, loss of habitat, disease, and 

occasional drought. The project team plans to assemble and 

analyze empirical, georeferenced data to assess how changes 

in climate and other factors have influenced the distributions 

of native and nonnative fishes through time. This information 

is needed to help guide future restoration and management 

efforts in Yellowstone National Park.

Effects of Climate and Habitat Change on Structure 

and Function of a High-Priority Montane Ecosystem

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding climate change is a high priority for 

decision makers who manage elk in montane ecosystems. 

Research continues and extends a long-term study of climate 

effects on a human-natural ecosystem classified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a high-priority and 

vulnerable ecosystem: a montane riparian system in the arid 

Southwest. The research team plans to examine the mechanisms underlying changes in ecosystem species composition 

and function in response to climate variation and elk.

Pictured at left: 

A U.S. Geological 

Survey researcher 

collecting elk telemetry data.

Pictured below: 

Desert bighorn 

sheep. Photograph by 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.

Assessment of Drought Impacts on Selected Fish 

and Wildlife Species in the Southwestern United 

States

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The responses of individual species to environmental 

changes can be manifested at multiple levels—from individuals to entire populations. The research team plans to investigate the impacts of drought on desert bighorn sheep, American 

pronghorn, Rio Grande cutthroat trout, and scaled quail. The 

data should inform the understanding of drought impacts on 

selected fish and wildlife species in the Southwestern United 

States.

Publication

Gedir, J.V., Cain, J.W., III, Harris, Grant, and Turnbull, T.T., 

2015, Effects of climate change on long-term population 

growth of pronghorn in an arid environment: Ecosphere, 

v. 6, no. 10, p. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00266.1.

Evaluating Adaptive Capacity of Desert Bighorn 

Sheep to Climate Change: Identifying Genetic Links 

to Climate Adaptations in Native and Reintroduced 

Populations

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The predicted increased occurrence of extreme droughts, 

overall decline in precipitation, and increase in temperature 

have the potential to affect a large number of species in the 

Southwestern United States. In spite of their adaptations, both 

domestic and wild ungulates are not always able to cope with 

the effects of high temperatures and limited water availability 

by using behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Understanding potential adaptations of desert bighorn sheep has the 

potential to illustrate the vulnerability of populations to potential future changes in climate change and other stressors. The 

results can help wildlife managers determine which actions 

may allow for desert bighorn sheep to persist as climate continues to change.
Climate Science 29

Measuring Scaled Quail Demography and Seasonal 

Habitat Use in Response to a Shrub Reduction 

Treatment in Southwestern New Mexico and Effect 

of Climate on Nest and Brood Success

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In 2008, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) began 

a shrub reduction program focused on reclaiming historic 

grasslands from woody plant encroachment caused by over 

grazing and climate change. A recent study on areas treated 

to reduce creosote dominance indicated treatment areas had 

higher scaled quail densities. What that study did not reveal is 

when and for what purpose these areas are being utilized and 

whether treated areas provide increased survival and reproductive rates relative to untreated areas. This study is designed to 

measure scaled quail demography and seasonal habitat use in 

response to a shrub reduction treatment in southwestern New 

Mexico and the effect of climate on nest and brood success. 

Results from this study can inform grassland restoration and 

quail management programs.

Adélie Penguin Response to Climate Change at the 

Individual, Colony, and Metapopulation Levels

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A long-term study is being conducted to investigate the 

population dynamics of the Adélie penguin on Ross Island, 

Antarctica. Researchers have collected an extensive amount 

of foraging, breeding, and survival information on marked, 

known-age individuals for this coastal, polar, colony-nesting, 

top-trophic species at three study colonies. The data from this 

project should help researchers predict potential changes in 

population size and overall metapopulation dynamics in relation to habitat change and environmental variation.

Publications

Ainley, D.G., Ballard, Grant, and Dugger, K.M., 2006, 

Competition among penguins and cetaceans reveals trophic 

cascades in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica: Ecology, 

v. 87, no. 8, p. 2080–2093, https://doi.org/10.1890/

0012-9658(2006)87[2080:capacr]2.0.co;2.

Ainley, D.G., Ballard, Grant, Karl, B.J., and Dugger, K.M., 

2005, Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of 

different size: Antarctic Science, v. 17, no. 3, p. 335–340, 

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002750.

Ainley, D.G., Dugger, K.M., Toniolo, Viola, and Gaffney, 

Ian, 2007, Cetacean occurrence patterns in the Amundsen 

and southern Bellingshausen Seas sector, Southern Ocean: 

Marine Mammal Science, v. 23, no. 2, p. 287–305, https://

doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00109.x.

Ballard, Grant, Ainley, D.G., Dugger, K.M., and Nur, Nadav, 

2010, Foraging strategies of Adélie penguins—Adjusting body condition to cope with environmental variability: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 405, p. 287–302, 

https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08514.

Dugger, K.M., Ainley D.G., Lyver, P.O’B., Barton, Kerry, and 

Ballard, Grant, 2010, Survival differences and the effect of 

environmental instability on breeding dispersal in an Adélie 

penguin meta-population: Proceedings of the National 

Academy of Science of the United States of America, 

v. 107, no. 27, p. 12375–12380, https://doi.org/10.1073/

pnas.1000623107.

Dugger, K.M., Ballard, Grant, Ainley, D.G., and Barton, 

K.J., 2006, Effects of flipper-bands on foraging behavior 

and survival of Adélie penguins (Pygocelis adeliae): The 

Auk, v. 123, no. 3, p. 858–869, https://doi.org/10.3389/

fevo.2014.00068.

Dugger, K.M., Ballard, Grant, Ainley, D.G., Lyver, P.O’B., 

and Schine, Casey, 2014, Adélie penguins coping with environmental change—Results from a natural experiment at the 

edge of their breeding range: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, v. 2, no. 68, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2289.1.

LaRue, M.A., Ainley, D.G., Swanson, Matt, Dugger, K.M., 

Lyver, P.O’B., Barton, Kerry, and Ballard, Grant, 2013, 

Climate change winners—Receding ice fields facilitate colony expansion and altered dynamics in an Adélie penguin 

metapopulation: PLoS ONE, v. 8, no. 4, p. e60568, https://

doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060568.

Lescroël, Amélie, Dugger, K.M., Ballard, Grant, and Ainley, 

D.G., 2009, Effects of individual quality, reproductive 

success and environmental variability on survival of a 

long-lived seabird: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 78, 

no. 4, p. 798–806, https://doi.org/10.1111/

j.1365-2656.2009.01542.x.

Whitehead, A.L., Lyver, P.O’B., Ballard, Grant., Barton Kerry, 

Karl, B.J., Dugger K.M., Jennings, Scott, Lescroël, Amélie, 

Wilson, P.R., and Ainley, D.G., 2015, Factors driving 

Adélie penguin chick size, mass and condition at colonies 

of different sizes in the Southern Ross Sea: Marine Ecology 

Progress Series, v. 523, p. 199–213, https://doi.org/10.3354/

meps11130.

Climate Change Effects Along a Latitudinal Gradient 

in the Pacific Northwest

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Coastal areas have been identified as high-risk zones 

from the impact of global climate change. Significant 

increases in sea level have been forecasted by 2100, resulting 

in the loss of salt marshes and their component species. This 

project can characterize nearshore habitats across a coastal 
30 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

continuum in Oregon and Washington, determine the vulnerability of nearshore habitats and their associated avian guilds 

from climate change, and determine whether projected site 

vulnerability varies with latitudinal gradient. This study seeks 

to address the significance and priority goals established in 

“Rising to the Urgent Challenge” developed by the USFWS to 

establish their strategic climate change plan to assist managers 

with the development of adaptation and planning strategies.

Long-Term Changes in Marine Bird Populations of 

Prince William Sound, Alaska

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the USFWS 

initiated a long-term monitoring program for marine birds in 

Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. Using these monitoring 

data, researchers are investigating the population trends and 

changes in seabird community structure that have occurred in 

PWS over the last 40 years, including since the oil spill. The 

study has demonstrated that long-term changes in the marine 

bird community are more closely linked with decadal shifts 

in climate and ocean conditions than to lingering effects of 

the oil spill. This research has demonstrated the importance 

of changes in climate and ocean conditions in structuring a 

marine ecosystem in the aftermath of major anthropogenic 

perturbation.

Can Plasticity Protect Populations from Rapid 

Environmental Fluctuation?

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Rates of population extirpation caused by habitat loss 

have reached unprecedented levels, and climate change is 

predicted to be a leading cause of future species extinctions. 

The Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is 

leading research on how the interactive effects of genetics and 

behavior influence differential survival of fish populations in a 

changing climate.

Though it has been demonstrated that phenotypic plasticity 

increases resilience to habitat loss, the ability for plasticity to 

promote population persistence under climate change and habitat degradation has not been explored. This research focuses 

on an economically and socially important species—brook 

trout—to determine how the interactive effects of genetics 

and behavior influence differential survival of fish populations 

under a changing climate.

Connecticut River Migratory Fish

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The concept of climate change has been the recent focus 

of much of the popular science literature, including some very 

simple predictions on how climate change is expected to affect 

temperature, especially in northern latitudes. Fish are affected 

directly by changes in temperature, including altering foraging, reproduction, metabolism, or migration. In the Connecticut River, anadromous fish are predicted to change migration 

patterns in relation to climate change. The research team plans 

to investigate how temperature, discharge, and the indirect 

effects of dams relate to the survival of Atlantic salmon 

smolts. This research should contribute to efforts to increase 

and improve the knowledge of Atlantic fisheries.

Integrated Forest Ecosystem Assessment to Support 

Sustainable Management Decisions in a Changing 

Climate

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Since the 1970s, temperatures across the Northeastern 

United States have warmed, accompanied by a wide range 

of biological changes. It is predicted that climate change 

should continue to restructure forests over the coming century, 

although the details of potential changes remain uncertain. To 

refine the understanding of how climate may impact forested 

ecosystems, this study can develop an integrated assessment 

of the role of climate in forest ecosystem health and function through a combination of monitoring, experimental, and 

modeling activities. This framework can allow land managers 

to compare the probability of management activity success on 

a case-by-case basis. 

Water Temperature Regimes in the Togiak National 

Wildlife Refuge and Wood-Tikchik State Park, 

Alaska

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Southwest Alaska is one of the fastest warming 

regions on Earth, and its aquatic resources are at distinct 

risk from changing climate. The research team plans to use 

existing water temperature data on streams, rivers, and lakes 
Climate Science 31

to refine a monitoring plan developed to characterize thermal 

response to ongoing climate change in the Togiak National 

Wildlife Refuge (NWR) and the Wood-Tikchik State Park. 

Models constructed from the data would provide tangible 

examples of the extent of ongoing ecosystem responses to 

climate change and the possible magnitude and character of 

future climate impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The results can 

be informative to resource managers working in this region.

Safe Operating Space for Walleye: Adapting Inland 

Recreational Fisheries for Climate Change

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Climate change affects inland recreational fisheries 

by influencing lake thermal structure, water clarity, habitat, and other factors that influence economically valuable 

sport fishes. The safe operating space for a given fishery is 

the range of biophysical and social conditions that allows 

for self-sustaining populations of target species. Walleye, a 

socially and economically important sportfish across much 

of North America, is undergoing declines due to recruitment 

failures in many lakes throughout their range. Researchers 

can identify mechanisms behind recruitment failures to help 

inform the rehabilitation of walleye recruitment and populations. Results can be communicated to managers through 

regular management workshops as well as technical papers in 

scientific literature.

Walleye populations have declined in many northern Wisconsin 

lakes, and the reasons for these declines are not known.

Wisconsin’s Wildlife and Climate Change

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Natural resource managers monitor climate change in 

order to develop strategies to meet species conservation goals. 

The research team is investigating climate change impacts on 

Wisconsin’s wildlife, with a focus on species that are likely 

to become federally threatened or endangered in the next 

30–50 years. This research can aid in the development of 

powerful tools that allow managers and scientists to develop a 

common vision of the potential impacts of climate change on 

conservation targets.

Publications

Hagell, Suzanne, and Ribic, C.A., 2014, Barriers to climateadaptive management—A survey of researchers and managers in Wisconsin: Wildlife Society Bulletin v. 38, no. 4, 

p. 672–681, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.459.

LeDee, O.E., Hagell, Suzanne, Martin, Karl, McFarland, 

David, Meyer, Michael, Paulios, Andrew, Ribic, C.A., 

Sample, David, and Van Deelen, Timothy, 2013, Climate 

change impacts on Wisconsin’s wildlife—A preliminary 

assessment: Madison, Wisc., Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources, Technical Bulletin no. 197, 

https://ecos.fws.gov/servcatservices/servcat/v4/rest/

DownloadFile/55384?accessType=DOWNLOAD.

LeDee, O.E., Karasov, W.H., Martin, K.J., Meyer, M.W., 

Ribic, C.A., and Van Deelen, T.R., 2011, Envisioning the 

future of wildlife in a changing climate—Collaborative 

learning for adaptation planning: Wildlife Society Bulletin, 

v. 35, no. 4, p. 508–513, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.62.

LeDee, O.E., and Ribic, C.A., 2015, Determining climate 

change management priorities—A case study from Wisconsin: Journal of Conservation Planning, v. 11, p. 1–12, http://

www.journalconsplanning.org/2015/JCP_11_1_Ribic.pdf.

Influence of Climate Change on American Pika

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Alpine and northern latitude environments are expected 

to be particularly affected by ongoing climate change. The 

American pika is vulnerable to climate change. The factors 

limiting pika distribution and abundance in the Central Rocky 

Mountains, or what may drive declines in the future, are 

unclear. Moreover, the January 2010 decision not to list the 

pika under the ESA due to lack of sufficient data has elucidated the critical need for further study of the status and potential threats to pika populations throughout its range. Data from 

this project can play a key role in assisting decision makers in 

managing American pika in alpine ecosystems.
32 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Phenology Tracking in 

Migratory Mule Deer

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit

In terrestrial ecosystems, there 

is a critical need to understand the 

influence of climate change on the 

spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the condition of forage (that 

is, quantity and quality) and the 

wildlife species that depend on 

it. Nevertheless, observing and 

quantifying how climate change 

affects behavior, distribution, and 

abundance of wildlife is difficult. 

In response to seasonal changes in 

plant growth and phenology and 

local climatic conditions, ungulates 

migrate between high-elevation 

summer ranges and low-elevation 

winter ranges. Various stakeholders, including the public, depend on 

this important research.

A researcher with the Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit releases a collared 

mule deer.

Pictured below: Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

graduate student recording vegetation data as part of her Ph.D. research.
Decision Science 33

Decision Science

Decision science is a much needed approach for enabling 

transparent, quantifiable decisions in the face of uncertainty and 

contention, and allowing managers and scientists to learn through 

management actions.

Pictured left to right: Mike Runge, Tara Gancos Crawford, Lynn 

Maguire, Abby Lawson, Julien Martin, Duane Diefenbach, Sarah 

Converse, Clint Moore, Barry Grand, Conor McGowan, and 

Jim Nichols.

Adaptive Management for Turkey Harvest in 

Alabama

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural 

Resources is conducting a long-term study to inform sciencebased adaptive management (AM) of eastern wild turkey 

populations. A decision tool based on region-specific vital 

rates for turkey populations is a requirement of AM. The tool 

can employ a population model that predicts the dynamics of 

turkey populations on the basis of vital rates and a management model that predicts the effects of harvest regulations on 

vital rates. This research can allow scientists to estimate the 

temporal and spatial variation in vital rates, update the recently 

developed expert-driven model, test methods for monitoring 

decision criteria, and provide the State agency with a method 

for incorporating the best available information for decisions 

regarding turkey harvest.

Wild turkeys. 

Photograph 

by Randolph 

Femmer, U.S. 

Geological 

Survey.

Analysis of Alternatives for Sustainable 

Restoration of Dauphin Island, Alabama

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Unit

Dauphin Island is a significant barrier island 

along the northern Gulf of Mexico and, more 

specifically, serves as the only barrier island 

providing protection to much of the State of Alabama’s coastal natural resources. The goal of this 

work is to investigate viable options for the restoration of Dauphin Island as a sustainable barrier island to protect and restore island resources, 

including habitat and living coastal and marine 

resources, as well as protect the coastal resources 

of the Mississippi Sound/Mobile Bay and the 

southern part of Mobile County, including the 

Heron Bay wetlands. The research team plans 

to apply a structured decision making (SDM) 

framework to predict the consequences of various alternatives for restoration of Dauphin Island 

to ensure island sustainability and protection of 

natural resources and ecosystem integrity.

90° 89°30’ 89° 88°30’ 88° 87°30’

30°30’

30°

31°

29°

29°30’

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

LOUISIANA

Gulf of Mexico

Mississippi Sound

Chandeleur 

Sound

Gulf of Mexico

Mobile

Bay

Study area

Dauphin

Island

Chandeleur M

Islands ississippi River Mississippi River

MS AL GA TX LA

FL

0 20 40 KILOMETERS

0 20 40 MILES

Dauphin Island is a significant barrier island along the northern Gulf of 

Mexico and, more specifically, serves as the only barrier island providing 

protection to much of the State of Alabama’s coastal natural resources.
34 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Grassland Habitat Management for Birds and Other 

Wildlife Species

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Populations of many game and nongame bird species 

in the Eastern United States are declining rapidly, which has 

led to efforts to conserve grasslands and other habitats. With 

limited funding for conservation, there is an urgent need to 

make informed conservation decisions that affect birds and 

other wildlife species. The research should contribute to the 

development of decision models for grassland birds and nonavian taxa that rely on the same habitat and are of high conservation concern. Results from this study can influence how 

State and Federal agencies manage habitat to benefit wildlife 

populations.

Klamath Basin Stream Salmonid Simulator Model

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The USFWS is working with the USGS Columbia River 

Research Laboratory and Texas State University to develop 

decision-support systems such as the Stream Salmonid 

Simulator (S3) model. The S3 model for the Klamath River 

represents an integrated set of submodels that can be used to 

predict the effects of water-management alternatives on the 

production of juvenile Chinook salmon. The model is also 

being extended to include the Trinity Basin. These improvements can transform the S3 model into a basinwide, full life 

cycle model; future development of the S3 model is anticipated to include its expansion to incorporate coho salmon as 

requested by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries and the Bureau of Reclamation.

Adjusting Adaptive Harvest Management Decision 

Frameworks in Response to Climate Change

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The habitats required by waterfowl are undergoing largescale system shifts associated with climate change. Changes 

in climate, waterfowl habitat, and migration behavior represent an additional form of uncertainty that current decisionmaking frameworks must address through the principles of 

AM. Although AM offers an approach to inform decisions, 

climate change may result in nonstationary shifts in system 

dynamics that complicate current AM protocols. Specifically, 

the project is set to involve performance of biological assessments, statistical analyses, and development of adjustments 

to waterfowl population models used in the USFWS Adaptive 

Harvest Management Program. The results can allow USFWS 

to explore the implications of climate change on adaptive harvest management protocols while also providing a framework 

for evaluating potential adjustments to AM approaches in the 

face of large-scale system change.

Adaptive Management of Federal Investments to 

Great Lakes Restoration Activities

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The development of a planning approach to prioritize 

projects under the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative is part of 

a pilot project in the western basin of Lake Erie. The approach 

should support the selection of annual project portfolios that 

(1) address critical ecosystem problems with the best available methods, (2) identify key uncertainties and address these 

issues through AM or other applications of science, (3) capacitate monitoring of ecosystem status at appropriate scales and 

time intervals, and (4) incorporate learning feedbacks into the 

annual planning process. The data from this project can help 

decision makers achieve Great Lakes management goals.

An Adaptive Landscape Planning and Decision 

Framework for Gopher Tortoise Conservation

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The rangewide decline of gopher tortoise has led to its 

designation by the USFWS as “warranted but precluded” for 

listing. The research team plans to develop a decision tool for 

gopher tortoise conservation strategies in Georgia. Researchers can use SDM to articulate objectives, define alternative 

management actions, and develop predictive models. This 

work should result in an integrated system of databases, computer algorithms, and monitoring designs.

Publication

Jafari, Nahid, Nuse, B.L., Moore, C.T., Dilkina, Bistra, 

and Hepinstall-Cymerman, Jeffrey, 2017, Achieving full 

connectivity of sites in the multiperiod reserve network 

design problem: Computers & Operations Research, v. 81, 

p. 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2016.12.017.

Decision Support for Public Alligator Harvesting in 

Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Predictive modeling tools are needed for managing 

alligator populations in the Southeastern United States and 

for establishing public harvest regulations. This research 

seeks to develop a dynamic AM framework for the public 

harvest of alligator in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The approach takes advantage of regional commonalities in population biology, habitat relations, and sampling 

characteristics. Wildlife managers can use the data to guide 

conservation plans.
Decision Science 35

Developing an Adaptive Management Framework 

for Robust Redhorse

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Robust redhorse is an imperiled species that was thought 

to be extinct but was rediscovered in the Oconee River, Georgia, in 1991. Researchers are using SDM to evaluate alternative conservation strategies for robust redhorse. Research 

results serve, in part, as the basis for a broad-based conservation strategy and everexpanding, increasingly successful 

recovery effort.

Robust redhorse. Photograph 

by U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.

Developing an Adaptive Management Framework 

to Reduce the Impact of Invasive Phragmites in the 

Great Lakes Basin

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wetland invasion by the common reed is a significant 

threat recognized by the public, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and governmental agencies at all levels. The 

goal of this project is to develop a decision-support tool for 

the management of Phragmites in the Great Lakes Basin. The 

research team plans to develop dynamic system models and 

decision-support tools that are informed by on-the-ground data 

and build on existing successful programs and resources (for 

example, the Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative), SDM, 

and best management practices (BMP) guidelines. This project 

should lead to a framework for managing Phragmites on the 

habitat patch and landscape scale.

A new type of Phragmites, a wetlands grass from Europe, has 

rapidly spread across North America, altering soil, producing 

copious seeds, and resulting in dense, mostly monotypic stands.

Using Qualitative Knowledge of Life History Traits to 

Predict Taxon Group Response to Levels of Coarse 

Woody Debris

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit is conducting a study to address how to use various qualitative and disparate sources of information to develop a reliable predictive framework for specific management actions or 

practices in Georgia forests. The research incorporates the best 

available data and should allow forest managers to develop 

robust forest conservation strategies.

Developing and Testing a Spatially Explicit, 

Science-Based, Decision-Support Tool for Making 

Riverscape-Scale Management Decisions: Dams 

and Culverts Affect a Threatened Native Stream 

Fish—the Neosho Madtom—and Select Tributary 

Fish Species

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Decision makers need science-based tools to assess how 

human activities affect resources. Useful tools based on rigorous, current science are needed to address specific problems. A 

broad range of ecological conditions, such as habitat, temperature, discharge, and the biotic community, must be considered 

in the development of such a tool to manage fish species 

affected by dams. A decision-support tool can enable fisheries 

managers to place their management actions in a synthetic, 

landscape-scale, multiple-stressor context.

Making Decisions in Complex Landscapes: 

Headwater Stream Management Across Multiple 

Agencies

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Headwater stream ecosystems are especially vulnerable 

to changing climate and land use, but conservation efforts are 

challenged by the need to address these threats at a landscape 

scale. This project intends to use an SDM process to address 

the conservation of headwater stream ecosystems in the face 

of climate change. Scientists can facilitate an SDM process 

with agencies that have joint management authority to frame 

the decision. The decision-framing process itself and the 

decision-support tools (like predictive models) are important 

products that can be directly relevant and usable by management agencies.
36 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Publication

Katz, Rachel, Grant, Evan, Runge, M.C., Connery, Bruce, 

Crockett, Marquette, Herland, Libby, Johnson, Sheila, Kirk, 

Dawn, Wofford, Jeb, Bennett, Rick, Nislow, K.H., Norris, 

Marian, Hocking, D.J., Letcher, B.H., and Roy, Allison, 

2014, Making decisions in complex landscapes—Headwater stream management across multiple federal agencies: 

Shepherdstown, W. Va., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

National Conservation Training Center, Structured Decision 

Making Workshops Report, https://training.fws.gov/courses/

ALC/ALC3159/reports/final-reports/2014FR/

Katz-et-al-2014_Headwater-Streams.pdf.

A Decision-Support Mapper for Conserving Stream 

Fish Habitats in the Northeastern United States

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Northeastern United States includes some of the 

most densely populated areas of the country. Human activities in the region, including urbanization, agriculture, and the 

construction of dams, have multiple effects on the region’s 

streams, which support economically valuable stream fishes 

in a range of unique fluvial habitats. Changes in climate are 

anticipated to lead to additional changes in stream habitats 

and the fish assemblages they support. To effectively manage streams of the Northeast from current effects and future 

threats, managers require regionwide information to aid in 

decision making and implementation of proactive management 

strategies. This project intends to develop a mapper for stream 

reaches in the Northeast to aid in climate change adaptation 

plans.

Determination of Geomorphological and Landscape 

Factors Contributing to Diverse Unionoid Mussel 

Communities in Missouri River Systems, With 

Particular Emphasis on the Meramec River Drainage 

Basin

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Missouri Department of Conservation is often queried regarding the general status of endangered and threatened 

Mussels in the Meramec River drainage basin.

mussels in Missouri, a question that should remain incompletely answered until a sufficiently rigorous and comprehensive assessment and monitoring framework is implemented 

in the State. The long-term goal of this project is to develop a 

decision-support monitoring framework specifically designed 

to maximize the probability of detecting species or assemblage 

expansions or declines in key areas of Missouri that are the 

strongholds of mussel diversity, followed by a comprehensive 

conservation assessment of mussels in the State.

Linking Wetland Management Decisions to 

Distribution, Habitat Use, and Nesting Efforts of 

Secretive Marsh Birds in Missouri

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Secretive marsh birds encompass a group of wetlanddependent birds including rails, bitterns, and moorhens. 

Extensive wetland habitat loss throughout the United States is 

believed to have contributed to the decrease in the geographic 

range of many secretive marsh bird species. Wetland managers 

make spatial and temporal decisions to ensure their management actions meet the needs, including a diversity of habitat 

types and water depths, of wetland-dependent wildlife. This 

research is investigating the relation between secretive marsh 

bird occupancy during spring migration and wetland habitat 

characteristics and management practices.

Enhancing Native Fisheries Through the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service Fisheries Program in Region 6

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The USFWS Fisheries Program and the National Fish 

Hatchery System (NFHS) were established 130 years ago to 

address a growing concern over the observed decline in the 

Nation’s fishery resources and a lack of information concerning the status of the Nation’s fisheries. Currently, the NFHS 

plays a vital role in meeting Federal mitigation obligations, 

restoring and maintaining native fisheries, and participating 

in the recovery of threatened and endangered aquatic species. 

Researchers plan to develop a decision-support tool to identify 

and prioritize conservation propagation for threatened, endangered, imperiled, and declining species and work in conjunction with State partners to coordinate and balance recovery 

and restoration efforts related to recreational fishing opportunities. Development of similar technologies could benefit 

recovery of other imperiled native species.

Integrating Adaptive Management, Resilience 

Thinking, and Optimization

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The natural resources management paradigm has shifted 

from traditional command-and-control systems to a focus on 

complex, social-ecological systems and explicit recognition of 
Decision Science 37

uncertainty. Adaptive management is an approach combining 

management actions and scientific investigation to increase the 

understanding of environmental systems. Adaptive management is a structured “learning by doing” approach to management that embraces uncertainty and change. Adaptive management, resilience thinking, and optimization have all been 

suggested as appropriate ways to implement the emerging 

social-ecological management paradigm, but translation into 

practice remains a challenge. This research project seeks to 

explore how SDM can link resilience, AM, and optimization 

in order to generate a cohesive method of implementing the 

emerging social-ecological paradigm.

Adaptive Management of Central Valley Project 

Fisheries

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A review of the Central Valley 

Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) Fish 

Resource Area activities identified the 

need to develop a new comprehensive, 

science-based approach that explicitly 

links activities with program objectives. In response, the program initiated an SDM approach that resulted in 

the development of prototype models 

for prioritizing activities. The models 

were built using a combination of expert 

judgment and empirical data and were intended to be used to 

prioritize CVPIA fisheries activities and watersheds where 

management actions have the greatest likelihood of achieving 

CVPIA fisheries objectives. The purpose of this research is to 

refine models for Chinook salmon and green sturgeon.

Developing a Structured, Adaptive Approach for Cruise 

Ship Management in Glacier Bay National Park

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Managers of Glacier Bay National Park in Alaska face 

difficult decisions in establishing a balance between the 

conflicting needs of visitors with diverse backgrounds and 

interests, native residents, and the pristine terrestrial and 

marine resources. Although visitors access the park via a 

diversity of marine vessels, large cruise ships account for 

more than 95 percent of visitors annually. Cruise ships may 

contribute to reduced air quality from emissions, affect visitor 

experience, and disturb important marine wildlife. The park 

is one of the largest marine protected areas in the world that 

includes both terrestrial and marine resources and is home to a 

diverse assemblage of wildlife including federally endangered 

humpback whales and threatened Steller sea lions. This project 

plans to employ an SDM process to help managers develop 

appropriate cruise ship management priorities in Glacier Bay 

National Park. 

Glacier Bay National Park. Photograph by National 

Park Service.

Development of an Adaptive Decision-Support 

System for Management of the Trinity River

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Trinity River in California once supported abundant 

populations of anadromous salmonids that were ecologically, 

economically, and culturally important resources. Previous 

investigations of the Trinity River suggested that in-channel 

spawning and rearing habitats for salmonids were degraded, 

in part, due to changes in the thermal, hydrologic, and sediment regimes resulting from the installation of Lewiston 

Dam. The project team intends to work with researchers and 

managers to develop a decision-support model that integrates 

the various program disciplines in a framework that uses 

monitoring data to test hypotheses about system response to 

management actions.

Incorporating Amphibians in Decision-Support 

Systems

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Amphibians are the most threatened class of vertebrates. 

Global declines in amphibians are related to a variety of factors including habitat, climate change, disease, contaminants, 

and invasive species. Because amphibians are nongame vertebrates and only over the last few decades have declines been 

recognized, amphibians as a group have received little direct 

management attention. Thus, there remains a need to develop 

an integrated, adaptive framework for managing amphibians 

and their habitats in the Pacific Northwest. This project anticipates working collaboratively with researchers from the USGS 

Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center and State 

and Federal natural resource managers in the Pacific Northwest to develop a decision-support system. A useful decisionmaking model should be a reasonable approximation of the 

complex life cycle of amphibians that balances complexity 
38 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

with available information. The model also should allow for 

the integration of amphibian monitoring data so that reliable 

information about the factors affecting amphibians and their 

habitats is updated as data are collected.

Mountain yellow-legged frog.

Modeling Winter Habitat Use of Whooping Cranes 

in the Eastern Migratory Population

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Researchers have identified a need to assess the wintering 

ecology of whooping cranes to better predict the types, quantity, and quality of habitats they may use. This information is 

pertinent not only to understanding winter ecology but also 

to elucidate the links that exist between winter habitat quality 

and subsequent reproductive success. The goal of the research 

is to enhance the understanding of wintering habitat use of 

whooping cranes to better inform decision making related to 

wintering habitat assessment as well as the development and 

protection of current or alternative wintering sites. Researchers can use an SDM framework to evaluate possible wintering 

habitat locations.

A pair of whooping cranes and chicks.

Structured Decision Support for Bald Eagle 

Monitoring in Alaska

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Bald eagle populations are susceptible to environmental contaminants contained in their food sources. During the 

1940s, bald eagle populations declined precipitously in the 

lower 48 States as a result of exposure to compounds found 

in the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). 

Consequently, bald eagles are a “vital sign” monitored by the 

Southwest Inventory and Monitoring Network in cooperation 

with Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Katmai National 

Park and Preserve, and Kenai Fjords National Park in Alaska. 

The goal of this project is to a develop a structured decision 

process that uses surveys to identify core values, sets objectives, identifies reasonable sampling scenarios, and chooses 

an appropriate sampling regime that optimizes objectives and 

minimizes cost. The project can be implemented by using 

the Delphi method—a series of surveys designed to facilitate 

consensus among disparate groups.

Bald eagle populations are susceptible to environmental contaminants obtained from their food sources. Photograph by Vernon 

Byrd, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Decision Science 39

Advancing Adaptive Management for Healthy 

Landscape Initiatives

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Although much has been written about the process 

of AM, in practice it can be difficult to implement an AM 

program that seamlessly integrates data collection, models, 

decision making, analysis, and outputs. This study proposes to 

advance AM practices for the BLM’s Healthy Landscapes Initiative. The goal of the Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring 

(AIM) Strategy is to provide the BLM and its partners with the 

information needed to understand terrestrial resource location 

and abundance, condition, and trend, and to provide a basis for 

effective AM. The strategy supports an integrated approach. 

This study plans to develop a rapid prototype framework for 

linking AIM data with a data analysis and decision-making 

framework; the framework is expected to be informed by a 

case study in the BLM-administered Riverside East SEZ in 

Riverside County, California. The open source software program, R, is to be used primarily to develop tools that enable 

rapid analysis and reporting of data.

Advancing Adaptive Management of Harvested 

Animals by Using R Statistical Software

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Management of game species typically includes a regulated harvest season, when hunters are permitted to harvest 

animals according to a set of regulations. A critical challenge 

is predicting how populations respond to both the harvest and 

to other environmental factors. Adaptive management is a 

process that attempts to seamlessly integrate data collection, 

models, decision making, analysis, and outputs. To aid in this 

process, the research team plans to develop a suite of packages to be used with R statistical software called AMHarvest, 

AMPop, and AMModels. These packages can include a 

variety of functions for implementing an AM program for 

harvested species.

Evaluating the Influence of Harvest Regulations

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources plans to 

implement an AM study to identify effective regulations aimed 

at improving the mean length of bluegill where size of the 

fish is considered to be poor. The proposed approach would 

employ three different regulations for bluegill populations for 

which the growth of individuals is considered to be moderate 

to fast but with mean lengths less than the American Fisheries Society standard for quality size. Within this study, the 

research team plans to collaborate with the Fisheries Analysis 

Center and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

to explore angler effort response to suggested harvest 

regulations changes.

Black bear.

Pictured below: Bluegill.
40 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Ecological Flows

The assessment and prescription of ecological flows require 

water resource managers and researchers to access and analyze 

several different types of data and select appropriate tools and 

approaches from a wide variety of established methodologies.

Establishing Long-Term, Continuous Monitoring of 

Flow, Temperature, and Macroinvertebrates at 

Reference Streams to Quantify Potential Effects of 

Climate Change on Stream Ecosystems

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Climate change is altering temperatures and flows in 

stream ecosystems, which can affect the distribution, diversity, and abundance of biotic communities that are used as 

a basis for resource management. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been collaborating 

with east coast States to develop regional reference/climate 

change monitoring networks that can detect small, progressive 

changes in stream communities. States in the Northeast (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, 

Rhode Island, and Vermont) have begun monitoring macroinvertebrates; however, continuous monitoring of temperature 

(air and water) and streamflow have been limited thus far. To 

help facilitate more uniform and effective collection of continuous temperature and stream data, researchers and collaborators have developed a guidance document for sampling stream 

sites. This document addresses equipment needs, installation, 

maintenance, stream discharge measurements, data retrieval, 

and data processing.

Publication

Stamp, Jen, Hamilton, Anna, Craddock, Michelle, Parker, 

Laila, Roy, A.H., Isaak, D.J., Holden, Zachary, Passmore, 

Margaret, and Bierwagen, B.G., 2014, Best practices for 

continuous monitoring of temperature and flow in wadeable 

streams: Office of Research and Development, National 

Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, EPA/600/R–13/170F, 129 p., 

http://ofmpub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_

download_id=520122.

Assessment of Available Missouri Ecological Flow 

Data

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Ensuring adequate water quantity and quality in stream, 

riparian, and wetland systems is an important issue worldwide. 

The information needed to address the variety of ecological flow issues that continue to arise due to climate change, 

increasing human population, and the associated increased 

demand for water makes this a complex and long-term issue. 

This project can link data in Missouri associated with flows 

and disturbance and develop approaches that allow decision 

makers to make flow recommendations at a regional level in 

advance of increasing water demands associated with water 

supply and energy development projects.

Fish Community Response to Streamflow Alterations 

in Wadeable Mississippi Streams

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Missouri Department of Conservation has made it a 

priority to be at the forefront of ecological flow science and 

to understand how flow alterations affect riverine systems and 

their biota. The information needed to address the diversity 

of ecological flow issues that continue to arise due to climate 

change, increasing human population, and the associated 

increased demand for water makes streamflow management a 

complex and long-term issue. A literature review was conducted as part of this project to identify fish species responses 

Pictured below: A tranquil section of the Mississippi River 

just upstream from Cairo, Illinois. Photograph by Kevin Oberg, 

U.S. Geological Survey.
Ecological Flows 41

linked to streamflow alteration metrics. The review identified 

76 studies that evaluated fish responses to flow with more 

than 400 occurrences for both hydrologic and biologic metrics 

and more than 200 significant biologic responses to varying 

flow components. This information was incorporated into a 

framework that can be used by researchers, managers, and 

policymakers to inform ecological flow decisions.

Linking Habitat Features to Dissolved Oxygen and 

Streamflow in the Lower Osage River, Missouri

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Flow-management decisions concerning rivers throughout the world are increasingly incorporating the physical 

habitat and water-quality needs of fish and other aquatic life. 

Streamflow regimes that meet the ecological needs of an entire 

aquatic community are vital in supporting healthy, sustainable 

sport fisheries in flow regulated systems. This project intends 

to link Missouri Department of Conservation fish collections with temperature and dissolved oxygen to determine the 

tolerances of fishes to these parameters. Ultimately, this work 

may improve management decisions regarding streamflows 

in Missouri.

Movement and Habitat Selection of Fishes Under 

Different Flow Regimes

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Flow regime plays a fundamental role in the biology of 

aquatic species for which life events are often affected by 

changes in streamflow. This study used radio telemetry to 

track the daily movement and habitat selection of spotted bass 

and shorthead redhorse during variable streamflows to provide 

a better understanding of how streamflow alteration in regulated rivers affects these fish. The results should identify the 

effects of regulated flows on fish movement and habitat use 

in regulated rivers so information on flow modifications that 

benefit native fish can be provided to decision makers.

A researcher exchanges a datasonde at a dissolved-oxygen 

monitoring site on the Lower Osage River.

Assessing Flow Ecology Hypotheses With an 

Emphasis on the Arbuckle Mountains

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Most developed hypotheses relating streamflow to the 

well-being of fishes have focused simply on changes in the 

number of species or other count metrics rather than the fitness 

consequences related to fishes. In particular, we have a limited 

understanding of the temperature tolerances of stream fishes 

and how groundwater-surface water interactions via hyporheic 

flow mediate stream temperatures at multiple spatial scales. 

The goal of this study is to develop and test flow-ecology 

hypotheses that include alterations to the fitness of stream fish 

populations. Results from this project are to be integrated into 

the Oklahoma water-management plan to support environmental flow decisions. In addition, results can contribute to a 

small body of literature on temperature effects on the fitness of 

nongame fish.

Researchers conducting electrofishing in the Elk River.

Evaluating Changes in Fish Assemblages of the Red 

River Via Flow Alteration

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The seemingly simple question of how much water 

should be left in an altered aquatic system is often difficult to 

address because of a lack of spatial and temporal coverage of 

flow data and an understanding of how altered flow actually 

affects the ecological integrity of river systems. Environmental 

flows represent a mechanism that is used to balance honoring existing water uses, meeting the needs of future uses, and 

maintaining aquatic ecosystems and other nonuse values. 

Conceptual advancements are essential to promoting traitbased research in stream ecology; however, the successful 

application of species traits is also expected to require the use 

of nontraditional statistical methods that can identify trends in 

large, complex datasets.
42 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Predicting the Effects of Incremental Decreases in 

Minimum Flows on Endangered Mussels

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Despite improved habitat conditions, increased abundance and distribution, and ongoing reintroduction efforts, the 

mussel fauna of the Duck River in Tennessee is faced with an 

impending threat: a conflict over water. Urban and industrial 

growth in the watershed is placing ever greater demands for 

offstream use of water. Currently, there is no protocol for 

determining instream flow requirements of freshwater mussels. This research plans to incorporate both laboratory and 

field measurements and experimental manipulation of mussel distributions and hydraulic modeling. The data can allow 

resource agencies to predict possible effects of any proposed 

flow reduction and prescribe water allocations for endangered 

mussels on the basis of scientifically defensible data.

Endangered freshwater mussels. Photograph by U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Guadalupe Bass Flow-Ecology Relations and the 

Impact of Flow on Recruitment

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Guadalupe bass is considered to be vulnerable 

because of its dependence on intact stream habitats, yet the 

flow requirements for the species, or even how flow influences 

its growth, recruitment, or mortality, are not well understood. 

Flow regime is among the most important environmental 

factors influencing population dynamics for stream fishes; 

however, without a thorough understanding of these relations, 

it is difficult to develop recommendations for instream flows 

to benefit species of conservation concern, such as Guadalupe 

bass. The research team plans to evaluate the influence of flow 

regime and monitor the impact of changing flow regime on 

the growth and mortality of young-of-year through the first 

summer. These data can be used to reconstruct the year classes 

and to estimate recruitment and mean growth rates related to 

flow conditions.

The Guadalupe bass 

is considered to be 

vulnerable because 

of its dependence 

on intact stream 

habitats.

Burbot Migration and Movement: The Impact of a 

Managed Flow Regime

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The effects of flow-management practices on burbot 

populations are unknown. The research team plans to examine 

the relation between seasonal out-migration patterns of burbot 

and the associated flow and temperature regimes. In addition, 

researchers intend to determine the age and size structure of 

burbot migrants. This information can be used to develop flow 

regime scenarios that can be used to balance water needs with 

flows that are favorable to the burbot population. 

Pictured below: Duck River, Tennessee. Photograph by Michael 

Woodside, U.S. Geological Survey.
Ecosystem Services 43

Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services are attributes and outputs of ecosystems that 

create value for humans. An ecosystem service is any positive 

benefit provided to society by fish, wildlife, or components of 

ecosystems through their functions. 

Assessment of Pollinator Diversity and Abundance 

on National Wildlife Refuges and Other Private 

and Public Lands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley of Arkansas

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Despite the effectiveness of the honey bee as a pollinator 

for many crops, the risks associated with reliance on a single 

managed pollinator species have become evident over the 

past 24 years as North American honey bee populations have 

declined. In 2014, the President established a Pollinator Health 

Task Force to create an action plan that would focus Federal 

efforts on understanding, preventing, and recovering losses 

from pollinator species. This project supports the Pollinator 

Health Task Force initiatives of monitoring and documenting 

pollinator diversity and abundance at local and regional scales. 

The findings can also help public/private landowners make 

better decisions about pollinator habitat management. The 

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has recently 

added a new program to incentivize landowners to plant a 

mix of pollinator friendly plants to create a suitable habitat 

for pollinators.

Honey bees play a major role in pollinating the world’s plants.

Pollinator Communities on Native and Managed 

Emergent Wetlands in the Lower Mississippi 

Alluvial Valley of Arkansas

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Recent declines in insect pollinators in the United States 

have caused land managers to consider altering land management to bolster pollinator community diversity and abundance. 

One community of insect pollinators that remains virtually 

unstudied is those in wetlands. Researchers plan to survey 

wetland pollinator communities to document species richness 

and diversity in native and managed emergent wetlands in 

eastern Arkansas and assess whether those pollinators travel to 

adjacent croplands to pollinate. The goal of this research is to 

inform decisions regarding the Farm Bill.

Engaging Maine Blueberry Growers to Develop 

Tools for Native Bee Use and Conservation

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Pollinator loss is a significant, global problem for crop 

and wild plants that rely on animal pollination. Although many 

growers continue to rely heavily on honey bee pollination, 

there is growing interest in reliance on pollination by native 

bees; however, there is uncertainty about how this change 

in pollinator reliance may affect crop yield. This research 

addresses the need of Maine lowbush blueberry growers 

for tools that may help them use and conserve native bees. 

The project is developing a spatial “pollination toolkit” for 

growers to use to assess the quality of bee habitat in their 

crop landscape and identify optimum locations for planting 

bee pastures.
44 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Pollination Security for Fruit and Vegetable Crops in 

the Northeast

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Pollinator-dependent crops require a readily available 

source of pollinators to ensure sustainability. Native bee pollinators potentially contribute to this sustainability; however, 

knowledge about factors that affect their abundance and distribution is lacking. A team of scientists is examining a variety of 

factors that potentially affect native bee pollinators of blueberries with a focus on understanding relations between native 

pollinators of wild blueberries and the landscape composition 

and arrangement around wild blueberry fields. Study results 

can provide Maine blueberry growers the tools necessary for 

native bee conservation.

Graduate student setting bowl traps. Fieldwork to collect information about the bees found in powerline rights-of-way and the 

various land-cover classes involves conducting surveys of bees 

along transects.

Publication

Groff, S.C., Loftin, C.S., Drummond, Frank, Bushmann, 

Sara, and McGill, Brian, 2016, Parameterization of the 

InVEST Crop Pollination Model to spatially predict 

abundance of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium 

Aiton) native bee pollinators in Maine, U.S.A.: 

Environmental Modeling & Software, v. 79, p. 1–9, 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.01.003.

Mapping Biodiversity Metrics

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Ecosystem services, that is, “services provided to humans 

from natural systems,” have become key issues in resource 

management, conservation, human well-being, and environmental decision analysis. Mapping and quantifying ecosystem 

services have become strategic national interests for integrating 

ecology with economics to help explain the effects of human 

policies and the subsequent impacts on both ecosystem function and human welfare. This project is using USGS National 

GAP data including land cover, land stewardship, and habitat 

models for terrestrial species to map metrics reflecting ecosystem services or biodiversity aspects valued by humans over 

large areas. The project is being conducted at multiple scales in 

a phased approach—place-based watersheds (San Pedro, Tampa 

Bay, Albemarle-Pamlico estuary) to multistate regional areas 

(Southwest and Southeast)—that should eventually culminate in 

a national-level sustainable atlas of ecosystem services developed by the EPA for the conterminous United States.

The National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) land-cover viewer 

allows online inspection of detailed data and access to downloads.

Publications

Boykin, K.G., Kepner, W.G., Bradford, D.F., Guy, R.K., Kopp, 

D.A., Leimer, A.K., Samson, E.A., East, N.F., Neale, A.C., 

and Gergely, K.J., 2013, A national approach for mapping and 

quantifying habitat-based biodiversity metrics across multiple 

spatial scales: Ecological Indicators, v. 33, p. 139–147, 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.005.

Samson, E.A., Kepner, W.G., Boykin, K.G., Bradford, D.F., 

Bierwagen, B.G., Leimer, A.K., and Guy, R.K., 2011, Evaluating biodiversity response to forecasted land-use change—A 

case study in the South Platte River, Colorado, in Medley, 

C.N., Patterson, Glen, and Parker, M.J., eds., Proceedings 

of the Fourth Interagency Conference on research in the 

watersheds—Observing, studying, and managing for change: 

U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 

2011–5169, p. 56–62, https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5169/.
Ecosystem Services 45

Incorporating an Approach to Aid River and 

Reservoir Fisheries in an Altered Landscape

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fish production is an important ecosystem service that 

may be affected by flow alteration. Oklahomans spend more 

than 8 million angler days per year fishing, many as a means 

for sustenance. Researchers plan to characterize hydrology/

fish-production relations for different ecological groups of 

fishes living in river and reservoir habitats. Many important 

fish species have not been well studied in this regard, and 

existing data suggest that different groups of fishes respond 

differently to changes in hydrology, suggesting additional 

study is needed to cover all major ecological groups of fishes. 

One of the important water needs that may be affected by flow 

alteration is the ecosystem service of fish production. 

Understanding the Impacts of Surface-Groundwater 

Conditions on Stream Fishes Under Altered BaseFlow Conditions

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Balancing human water resource needs and fish and 

wildlife needs is critical to environmental sustainability. Water 

managers must take into account a variety of factors in addition to flow volume (for example, water temperature) when 

making decisions to maximize human water use while simultaneously preserving fish habitats and populations. The purpose 

of this project is to demonstrate the interaction between water 

temperature and fish fitness through interactions of surface 

water and groundwater. Understanding the nexus of these relations can allow future water allocations or managed releases 

to benefit economic activities while protecting biological 

diversity.

Evaluation of the James River Conservation Reserve 

Enhancement Program

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program 

(CREP) is a valuable tool for wetland conservation, focusing 

on the enrollment of wetland acreage in regions of priority 

as determined by individual States. In South Dakota, a CREP 

project was proposed and approved for the James River watershed; however, few such programs ever receive well-designed 

and implemented evaluations that allow for quantification of 

project impact and benefits to environmental parameters and 

constituents. This project intends to evaluate the potential benefits of the James River CREP program to environmental quality and flora and fauna of South Dakota. The findings from this 

program can allow managers to understand the relative costs 

of program delivery with respect to benefits of the effort and 

also aid in the design of new programs.

Most of the research at the South Dakota Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit focuses on fish and wildlife ecology in the 

prairie pothole region of the upper Midwest, with an emphasis on 

ecosystem management in agricultural settings. Pictured below: 

Prairie pothole region photograph by Ducks Unlimited, Inc. Used 

with permission.
46 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Assessment and Monitoring at Texas Parks and 

Wildlife Department Public River Access Leases to 

Guide Sustainable Management

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Healthy, naturally functioning rivers provide clean 

drinking water, flood abatement, habitats for fish and wildlife, 

and recreational opportunities such as paddling and fishing, 

and support numerous other societal and economic benefits. 

Texas has more than 191,000 miles of rivers and streams, and 

although the majority of Texans live within a mile of a river 

or stream, many do not realize the central role these treasured 

landscapes play in the quality of life for their communities. 

In order to support sustainable, science-based management of 

streamside lands and aquatic and fishery resources, monitoring of riparian and instream habitats, biological resources, 

and public use at existing and planned river access areas are 

expected to be completed. Decision makers can use the project 

data to assess impacts and support management (for example, 

habitat management, special angling harvest regulations).

Interactions of Geoduck Clam Aquaculture 

Operations With Intertidal Ecosystems in Southern 

Puget Sound, Washington

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The geoduck aquaculture industry is rapidly expanding in 

southern Puget Sound, bringing significant economic benefits 

but arousing intensive environmental impact concerns among 

local communities and active responses by State legislative 

and management authorities. This project assesses the ecological effects of physical disturbances associated with cultured 

intertidal tracts of geoduck clams in habitats of southern Puget 

Sound, Washington State. Results from this project serve 

the interests of managers, legislators, scientists, and NGOs 

in understanding the effects of marine benthic invertebrate 

fisheries and aquaculture activities on the world’s intertidal 

sedimentary environments.

Publications

McDonald, P.S., Galloway, A.W.E., McPeek, K.C., and 

VanBlaricom, G.R., 2015, Effects of geoduck (Panopea generosa Gould, 1850) aquaculture gear on resident 

and transient macrofauna communities of Puget Sound, 

Washington: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 34, no. 1, 

p. 189–202, https://doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0122.

McPeek, K.C., McDonald, P.S., and VanBlaricom, G.R., 2015, 

Aquaculture disturbance impacts the diet but not ecological linkages of a ubiquitous predatory fish: Estuaries and 

Coasts, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1520–1534, https://doi.org/10.1007/

s12237-014-9909-z.

VanBlaricom, G.R., Eccles, J.L., Olden, J.D., and McDonald, 

P.S., 2015, Ecological effects of the harvest phase of 

geoduck (Panopea generosa Gould, 1850) aquaculture on 

infaunal communities in southern Puget Sound, Washington: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 34, no. 1, p. 171–187, 

https://doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0121.

Pictured below: A view of the Guadalupe River, looking upstream 

toward the main river access point in the Guadalupe River State 

Park, Texas. Photograph by Robert R. Morris, U.S. Geological 

Survey Volunteer for Science.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 47

Endangered Species Conservation, 

Recovery, and Proactive Strategies

The Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit is leading 

research on the endangered pallid sturgeon (listed as endangered 

in 1990 under the Endangered Species Act). The pallid sturgeon is 

an ancient species that has lived since the days of the dinosaurs.

Population Viability and Reclassification Criteria of 

the Listed Population of Steller’s Eider in Alaska

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Alaska-breeding population of Steller’s eider was 

classified as threatened under the ESA in 1997 based on a substantial decrease in the species’ nesting range in Alaska. The 

reduction in the number of Steller’s eiders nesting in Alaska 

increased the vulnerability of the population. Following listing, a recovery plan was developed that specifies population 

criteria for reclassification from threatened to endangered and 

threatened to delisted. This study intends to use recently collected data to estimate extinction probabilities and determine 

the likelihood of misclassifying the population status based on 

recent surveys and build upon previous modeling efforts.

Steller's eiders.

Southwestern Species Status Assessment for 

Candidate Species Under the Endangered Species 

Act

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The primary focus of the species status assessment (SSA) 

is to base ESA decisions on species viability assessment. The 

SSA is a new analytical framework being implemented by 

the DOI for informing decisions and management activities 

nationwide under the ESA. A core component of the emerging paradigm for endangered SSA is population viability 

modeling. The SSA framework is emerging as the biological 

foundation for all ESA listing determinations and is being 

implemented to aid the preparation of several recovery plans. 

Development of the SSA is a critical part of ESA decision 

making as the predictive step within the decision process. 

The research team plans to develop tools and a framework for 

assessing species status to inform or support endangered species, including the Sonoran desert tortoise and the headwater 

or roundtail chub.

Spectacled Eider Listing Status

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Spectacled eider populations worldwide were listed 

as threatened in 1993 under the ESA. The spectacled eider 

recovery team recognized three distinct subpopulations located 

in Siberia, the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of Alaska, and the 

Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), Alaska, in the recovery 

plan. The objectives of this project are to estimate the likelihood that spectacled eiders on the YKD and ACP have met 

the minimum thresholds for population size, use the updated 

estimates of population size to determine the relative value of 

their listing, and explore the effects of uncertainty in population size trend on the Bayesian decision analysis.

Spectacled eider hen.
48 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Development of Prairie Creek Juvenile Salmonid 

(Smolt) Abundance Project

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Prairie Creek subbasin of Redwood Creek drains 

an old-growth redwood forest and supports self-sustaining 

populations of coho salmon, Chinook salmon, steelhead 

trout, and cutthroat trout. These salmonids, with the exception of cutthroat trout, are listed as threatened under the ESA; 

therefore, understanding the relative contributions of different 

stream segments to the overall reproduction of the species in 

the watershed is critical. Researchers determined that Prairie 

Creek is a stronghold for coho salmon production within the 

Redwood Creek Basin and that it produced more coho salmon 

than Redwood Creek and the other tributaries to Redwood 

Creek combined. Consequently, the Prairie Creek subbasin is 

recognized as being critically important for recovery of coho 

salmon, Chinook salmon, and steelhead trout within Redwood 

Creek, and continued monitoring can maintain high habitat 

quality for smolt production. 

Rangewide Giant Kangaroo Rat Surveys and 

Monitoring Optimization

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The status of the State and federally endangered giant 

kangaroo rat is unknown in many parts of its range. Due to 

the ongoing drought and concerns over long-term permanent 

changes in climate within giant kangaroo rat habitat, the need 

to understand population dynamics within all colonies across 

their range is critical. The goal of this project is to determine 

the current range and status of the giant kangaroo rat. Acquiring baseline range data are necessary for long-term management and recovery of the species as well as assessing the 

potential impacts of development projects.

Redwood Creek Life Cycle Monitoring

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Steelhead and coho salmon numbers remain below ESA 

targets for recovered populations. This project plans to use a 

dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) imaging system to estimate the number of adult steelhead migrating into 

and out of Redwood Creek. Adult counts from the DIDSON 

have shown recent strong returns of Chinook salmon to Redwood Creek; counts are close to delisting targets set by the 

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Previous research 

has demonstrated that images captured by DIDSON can be 

used effectively to enumerate migrating salmonids over a wide 

range of conditions.

Setting up a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) 

system for deployment in the Roanoke River.

Pictured below: Giant kangaroo rat. Photograph by U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 49

Salmon in the Redwood Creek Basin

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Redwood Creek population of coho salmon was 

listed as threatened under the ESA in 1997 and the California ESA in 2004. To address the ESA listing requirements, 

the NMFS classified coho populations into reproductively 

isolated, evolutionarily important groups called Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs). Redwood Creek coho salmon 

were included within the southern Oregon/northern California 

ESU. For functionally independent, core populations, NMFS 

recommends performing juvenile distribution surveys during the initial phase of recovery-based monitoring. The study 

can provide information about the spatial distribution and 

relative abundance of juvenile coho salmon in the Redwood 

Creek Basin by conducting snorkel surveys in sections of the 

stream selected according to a spatially balanced, randomized 

sampling design.

Upper and Lower Redwood Creek Juvenile Salmon 

(Smolt) Abundance Project

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Redwood Creek supports self-sustaining populations 

of coho salmon, Chinook salmon, steelhead trout, and other 

native fishes. These salmonids are listed as threatened under 

the ESA and are recognized as being important for recovering 

populations throughout northern California. This study intends 

to track smolt abundances over time and space, estimate 

abundance structure, collect data on life history attributes, 

collect genetic samples of smolts, and play a key role in the 

life cycle monitoring station by determining smolt abundances 

in conjunction with operation of the DIDSON, which counts 

adults entering lower Redwood Creek. This information can 

be used to identify priority habitats that play an important role 

in recovering salmon stocks in California. 

Chinook salmon. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Demography of Black-Footed and Laysan Albatross: 

Vital Rates in Support of the Surrogate Species 

Approach to Strategic Habitat Conservation

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The black-footed and Laysan albatross are long-lived 

seabirds of conservation concern to the USFWS. Specifically, 

a petition to list the black-footed albatross under the ESA has 

recently been submitted to the USFWS. Furthermore, more 

than 65 percent of the world population of these albatross 

species nest on remote island refuges in the Pacific. Although 

Southern Hemisphere albatross species are well-studied 

through intensive research projects conducted by multiple 

countries, relatively little is known about the life history, 

survival, breeding frequency, and reproductive success of 

Northern Hemisphere albatross species. This study is investigating vital rates for these species, which is important given 

the variety of threats that these species face (fishery bycatch, 

plastics ingestions, contaminants, loss of breeding habitat due 

to sea level rise).

Banded black-footed albatross.

Fish Population Models for the Little Colorado River 

From Integrated Data Sources

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding how animal populations are responding 

to environmental change often requires monitoring at broad 

spatial scales and in remote locations. The project intends 

to focus on applying models to endangered native fish in 

the Grand Canyon reach of the Colorado River, especially 

humpback chub, but potentially including bluehead suckers 

and flannelmouth suckers. Insights gained from the modeling 

can help inform ongoing AM experimentation in Glen and 

Grand Canyons.
50 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Movement and Space Use of Pinnipeds in Dynamic 

Marine Environments of Alaska

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Poor fecundity is a central feature of hypotheses underlying Steller sea lion population declines in the western and 

central Aleutian Islands. Determination of a species spatial 

habitat use and preferences is a critical component for ecological understanding and hence conservation management decisions. Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) provide an ideal study 

platform for understanding a changing marine environment. 

Various pinniped species use and interact with their environment in different ways and, by developing a common analysis 

framework and combining datasets, these species can provide 

powerful insight. Researchers intend to develop a methodology that uses the existing sources of telemetry and spatially 

explicit habitat data to better understand resource selection for 

these marine mammals. The results are anticipated to provide 

important information for making efficient management decisions for recovery of threatened and endangered species.

Effects of Coastal Dynamics and Climate on 

Loggerhead Turtle Nest Success and Management

Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Situated in the Central Atlantic Bight, the coastline of 

Georgia undergoes strong tidal fluctuations daily, creating a 

unique and diverse beach habitat on which loggerhead sea 

turtles commonly nest. Relocation of these nests is necessary 

in many areas that suffer from high tidal fluctuations and risk 

of inundation. The purpose of this project is to develop a better 

understanding of the effectiveness of relocation techniques as 

a response to uniquely high tides and seasonal rainfall events 

experienced on the Georgia barrier islands. Findings from this 

project can assist in creating a baseline for rainfall effects on 

loggerhead nesting and relocation management techniques on 

the population of nesting loggerhead sea turtles in Georgia. 

This study should also provide an understanding of how differing sand density contributes to tidal washovers and rainfall 

inundation. 

The loggerhead sea turtle is protected under the Endangered 

Species Act.

Accelerating Conservation of At-Risk Species in the 

Longleaf System

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The USFWS Southeast Region is working actively with 

State wildlife agencies and other partners, through the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, to assess 

the status of more than 300 species awaiting reviews for listing 

decision and to implement conservation for these species on 

public and private lands. The longleaf pine ecological system 

supports a number of priority at-risk species, including the 

gopher tortoise, striped newt, gopher frog, southern hognose 

snake, and Florida pine snake. Major science needs are to 

analyze and integrate new information from status surveys for 

this group of species and identify those conservation actions to 

improve the status of these species. The research can deliver 

population information on these species to facilitate a future 

formal decision analysis in which tradeoffs in alternative conservation actions may be explored.

Striped newt. 

Photograph by U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service.

Demographic Estimation and Conservation 

Modeling for the Loggerhead Sea Turtle

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Successful recovery of the threatened loggerhead sea turtle is expected to hinge on decisions about where to invest limited resources into conservation actions, and these decisions 

can be informed by predictions of population response to each 

action. This study focuses on the development of decision or 

scenario planning models for the northern recovery unit of the 

turtle. The main purpose of the model is to help State agency 

resource managers in the northern recovery unit discern the 

relative efficacy of actions under their control, assess the relative contributions of stressors so that broad scope conservation 

strategies may be devised, and identify key uncertainties in 

sea turtle demography to which targeted information gathering 

would yield more effective conservation delivery.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 51

Integrating Metapopulation Ecology and Landscape 

Ecology for Improved Population Viability Analysis 

and Conservation Decision Making

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Human activities often increase habitat fragmentation, 

thereby reducing dispersal, gene flow, and ultimately population viability. In such increasingly common situations, 

effective management relies on understanding factors affecting population dynamics so that managers can make informed 

decisions aimed at mitigating fragmentation effects. This 

study includes SDM and population viability analysis related 

to recovery planning for the federally threatened Chiricahua 

leopard frog in southern Arizona. The research can provide 

tools to enhance conservation efforts for a wide range of species metapopulations.

Landscape Level Population Modeling as a 

Decision-Support Tool for the Lesser PrairieChicken

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Spatially explicit population 

models are being used to characterize the viability of the lesser 

prairie-chicken under various 

future conservation scenarios. 

This modeling effort can be used 

to predict future conditions for 

the species following the USFWS 

SSA framework to support future 

decisions under the ESA related 

to drafting recovery criteria, 

proposing designation of critical 

habitat, and implementing a range 

of conservation efforts.

Diet, Population Connectivity, and Adaptive 

Differences Among Populations of Northern Idaho 

Ground Squirrels

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Northern Idaho ground squirrels were listed as threatened under the Federal ESA in 2000. Northern Idaho ground 

squirrels are restricted to meadows and small rocky outcroppings within coniferous forests of central Idaho, and they 

persist within only a small fraction of their former range. The 

research team plans to use cutting-edge genomic methods to 

provide information on diet, population connectivity, adaptive 

differences, and conservation priority. 

Effectiveness of Forest Restoration Treatments on 

Demography of a Federally Listed Ground Squirrel

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fire suppression over the past century has caused widespread changes to the structure and function of coniferous 

forests in the Western United States. This study intends to 

investigate demographic traits of the federally listed northern Idaho ground squirrel and evaluate the effectiveness of 

different forest restoration options at restoring their habitat 

and increasing population size. The study addresses a primary 

research need identified in the species recovery plan and can 

help restore forests to provide essential habitat for this rare 

species.

Long-Term Monitoring Protocol for Greater SageGrouse Within National Parks

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Greater sage-grouse are an iconic western species of 

national concern. The focus on and importance of this species 

require that data used for management actions be based on 

Greater sage-grouse.

Pictured below: Lesser prairie-chicken. 

Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
52 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

robust, science-based monitoring protocols that are transferable across the species range. For this project, researchers plan 

to develop a comprehensive, long-term monitoring protocol 

for detecting and monitoring the status and trends of greater 

sage-grouse in two National Parks—City of Rocks National 

Reserve and Craters of the Moon National Monument and 

Preserve. The robust protocol can be transferable to anywhere 

within the species range and thus facilitate the collection of 

standardized data across a large geography.

Stream Fish and Habitat Monitoring in the Boone 

River Watershed in Iowa

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fish assemblages and habitat conditions in two streams 

in the Boone River watershed—White Fox Creek and Eagle 

Creek—are part of a monitoring plan that intends to evaluate 

their potential as population sources for Topeka shiner and 

conduits for associated oxbow habitats. Eagle Creek and associated natural oxbows support the only known remnants of the 

Topeka shiner in the Boone River watershed. Topeka shiners 

are presumed extirpated from the White Fox Creek subwatershed, but five oxbows have been restored to support Topeka 

shiners and three of these oxbows have subsurface tile inflow 

for maintenance of water supply and nitrate sequestration. The 

success of restored oxbows for Topeka shiners is dependent 

on the existence of populations in associated streams with 

suitable habitat. The monitoring and assessment results can 

help guide present and future oxbow restorations and inform 

potential future reintroduction of the Topeka shiner to the 

Boone River watershed.

Identification of Conservation Actions Needed to 

Preserve Lesser Prairie-Chicken Populations in 

the Context of Land-Management Practices and 

Environmental Variation

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The lesser prairie-chicken inhabits a unique landscape 

primarily in the High Plains of the southern and central 

Great Plains. Additional information on lesser prairiechicken populations is needed to assist with conservation planning, assessment of species status, 

measuring responses to management strategies, and restoration techniques. This study, 

which involves a retrospective analysis 

of data from two previous 10-year 

projects, is part of a suite of projects on the lesser prairie-chicken. 

Ultimately, this and related 

projects can provide critical 

information needed for the restoration and management of this 

iconic species.

Lesser Prairie-Chicken Response to U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Conservation Practices in Kansas and 

Colorado

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Significant numbers of lesser prairie-chicken in Kansas 

and Colorado are associated with former croplands as part 

of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) conservation 

programs/practices, principally the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and Environmental Quality Incentive Program. 

The overall population response of lesser prairie-chicken to 

conservation programs needs to be assessed regarding demography of the population to model future population trends. 

Additionally, more information is needed on the response 

of lesser prairie-chicken to climate change. This study was 

designed to quantify the relative importance of the CRP and 

climate change on lesser prairie-chicken abundance and 

demographic parameters. Study results can provide a better 

understanding of the interaction between land use and climate 

change on population demographics, which is important for 

future management.

Multiscale Examination of the Distribution and 

Habitat Use Patterns of the Regal Fritillary Within 

the Fort Riley Military Reservation, Kansas

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The regal fritillary was once an abundant butterfly species of the prairie biome; however, populations have declined 

by approximately 99 percent in the prairie region, and the 

species is nearly extirpated in the eastern portion of its former 

range largely due to habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and 

the subsequent breakdown of metapopulation dynamics. The 

overall objective of this research is to assess the effects of 

habitat features and management practices on the distribution 

and density of regal fritillary and their larval host plants. The 

results can assist land managers in all aspects of conservation.

Pictured below: Regal fritillary. Photograph by 

Pennsylvania Army National Guard.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 53

Response of Lesser Prairie-Chickens to Patch Burn 

Grazing in the Red Hills, Kansas

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Lesser prairie-chickens primarily inhabit the high plains 

of the southern Great Plains. Population numbers and range 

have declined more than 80 percent since European settlement 

due to habitat loss and degradation. The purpose of this project 

is to determine the response of the lesser prairie-chicken to 

patch burn grazing in the Red Hills, Kansas. Researchers plan 

to incorporate fire to measure the relations between grazing 

pressure and lesser prairie-chicken use of landscapes. Information from this study can inform managers of the relative value 

of patch burn grazing as a management tool.

Use of Grazing Management and Prescribed Fire for 

Conservation of Lesser Prairie-Chickens

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Prescribed fire and grazing are often used as management 

tools in grassland ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to 

assess aspects of livestock grazing and prescribed fire as management tools in Kansas by quantifying vegetation structure, 

vegetation composition, and lesser prairie-chicken population 

response to grazing management and use of fire. This effort 

is a multiyear assessment that can produce findings needed to 

improve implementation of the NRCS lesser prairie-chicken 

initiative.

Reintroduction of Whooping Cranes to Louisiana

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The whooping crane is North America’s tallest bird and is 

arguably one of its most charismatic species. Due to overhunting and agricultural development, whooping crane numbers 

declined dramatically to only 21 birds in 1954, and the species was classified as endangered under the ESA in 1973. As 

part of the USFWS International Whooping Crane Recovery 

A whooping crane flying over the Louisiana marsh. Photograph 

courtesy of Gopi Sundar, International Crane Foundation.

Plan, efforts are underway to establish a migratory population 

that breeds in Wisconsin and winters in Florida. The objectives of this study are to determine habitat use, survival, and 

behavior of released whooping cranes, refine release methods 

to enhance project success, and assist land managers in the 

reintroduction program.

Assessing the Influence of Stocking Location and 

Salinity Acclimation in the Penobscot River on 

Smolt-to-Adult Return

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Hatchery supplementation has been a critical component 

of Atlantic salmon restoration and has likely prevented extinction of the species in rivers in Maine. The majority of adult 

salmon returning to the Penobscot River are of smolt-stocked 

origin. The smolt-to-adult return rate, however, has declined 

steadily over the past 30 years. This research considers stocking manipulations that probe the roles of salinity acclimation 

and bypassing in river mortality. Results of this project are 

relevant to an assessment of stocking manipulations.

Passage of Adult Atlantic Salmon in the Penobscot 

River Before and After Dam Removal

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Construction of dams often blocks migrations of fish and 

fragments spawning and juvenile rearing habitats resulting in 

changes to the structure of fish assemblages throughout the 

river. The research team plans to use acoustic telemetry, radio 

telemetry, and PIT tag technology to characterize migration 

patterns and passage efficiency of adult Atlantic salmon in 

the Penobscot River in Maine before and after dam removal. 

Results of this study can inform future decisions regarding 

dam removal on large rivers.

Atlantic salmon tagging.
54 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Publications

Gorsky, Dimitry, Trial, Joan, Zydlewski, Joseph, and 

McCleave, James, 2009, The effects of smolt stocking strategies on migratory path selection of adult Atlantic salmon 

in the Penobscot River, Maine: North American Journal 

of Fisheries Management, v. 29, p. 949–957, https://doi.

org/10.1577/M08-068.1.

Holbrook, C.M., Zydlewski, Joseph, Gorsky, Dimitry, 

Shephard, S.L., and Kinnison M.T., 2008, Movements of 

prespawn adult Atlantic salmon near hydroelectric dams in 

the lower Penobscot River, Maine: North American Journal 

of Fisheries Management, v. 29, no. 2, p. 495–505, https://

doi.org/10.1577/M08-042.1.

Sigourney, D.B., Zydlewski, J.D., Hughes, Edward, and Cox, 

Oliver, 2015, Transport, dam passage and size selection of 

adult Atlantic salmon in the Penobscot River, Maine: North 

American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 35, no. 6, 

p. 1164–1176, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.

1099578.

Regional Effects of Acid and Aluminum Exposure on 

Atlantic Salmon Juvenile Development

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The endangered Atlantic salmon has gone through 

significant population declines throughout its range in North 

America. Although harvest and habitat destruction have been 

implicated as major contributors to these declines, various 

other threats also exist. The project team plans to evaluate the 

impact of acid and aluminum exposure to determine the role of 

acid rain in Atlantic salmon declines. Results from this study 

can provide a clearer picture of all threats to salmon populations and aid in the restoration and management of the species.

Atlantic salmon being tested for aluminum exposure.

Salinity Tolerance and the Physiology of Seawater 

Entry in Downstream Migrating Atlantic Salmon 

Smolts

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The transition from freshwater to seawater for anadromous fish is a critical developmental stage called “smolting.” 

The seawater competence of Atlantic salmon smolts is associated with changes in physiology, migratory behavior, and 

salinity preference, but this fundamental association is poorly 

understood. This project measured performance in a “forced 

swimming” situation to assess the link between biochemical 

measures and performance. This work is essential to understanding patterns of movement through the estuary for fish that 

have been delayed or injured at dams.

Publications

Spencer, R.C., Zydlewski, Joseph, and Zydlewski, Gayle, 

2010, Migratory urge and gill Na+, K+ -ATPase activity of hatchery Atlantic salmon smolts from the Dennys 

and Penobscot River stocks, Maine: Transactions of the 

American Fisheries Society, v. 139, p. 947–956, https://doi.

org/10.1577/T09-063.1. 

Zydlewski, G.B., and Zydlewski, Joseph, 2012, Gill Na+, 

K+-ATPase of Atlantic salmon smolts in freshwater is 

not a predictor of long-term growth in seawater: Aquaculture, v. 362–363, p. 121–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.aquaculture.2011.03.024.

Zydlewski, Joseph, Zydlewski, Gayle, and Danner, G.R., 

2009, Descaling injury impairs the osmoregulatory ability 

of Atlantic salmon smolts entering seawater: Transactions 

of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 1, p. 129–136, 

https://doi.org/10.1577/T09-054.1.

Sea Lamprey Biology and Interaction with Atlantic 

Salmon in Maine Rivers

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Sea lamprey are one of the most abundant anadromous 

fishes returning to the Penobscot River following barrier 

removal. The influence of sea lamprey on Atlantic salmon 

habitat (through nest building) and productivity (through 

deposition of carcasses) is being assessed. This work is 

expected to provide additional information on sea lamprey 

biology and how this species and its ecology influence Atlantic 

salmon in Maine rivers. This information can be used by fisheries managers to improve restoration efforts for salmon and 

other species.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 55

Publications

Gardner, C., Coghlan, S.M., Zydlewski, J., and Saunders, R., 

2011, Distribution and abundance of stream fishes in relation to barriers—Implications for monitoring stream recovery after barrier removal: River Research and Applications, 

v. 29, no. 1, p. 65–78, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1572.

Gardner, Cory, Coghlan, Stephen, and Zydlewski, Joseph, 

2012, Distribution and abundance of anadromous sea 

lamprey spawners in a fragmented stream—Current status 

and potential range expansion following barrier removal: 

Northeastern Naturalist, v. 19, no. 1, p. 99–110, https://doi.

org/10.1656/045.019.0108.

Sea lamprey are one of the most abundant anadromous fishes 

returning to the Penobscot River following barrier removal.

Understanding Downstream Migratory Survival 

of Atlantic Salmon Smolts in the Penobscot River, 

Maine: Effects of Dams and Restoration

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Juvenile anadromous fish can face substantial natural and anthropogenic challenges while en route to marine 

environments. Understanding the effects of dams and related 

structures on this migration is essential to managers that wish 

to maintain or restore anadromous salmonid populations. Survival of endangered Atlantic salmon smolts is being estimated 

using acoustic telemetry in the Penobscot River. Results from 

this study can be used to characterize and quantify conditions 

prior to dam removal and may be used to evaluate passage 

improvements or costs associated with the Penobscot River 

Restoration Project.

Publication

Holbrook, C.M., Kinnison, M.T., and Zydlewski, Joseph, 

2011, Survival of migrating Atlantic salmon smolts through 

the Penobscot River, Maine, U.S.A.—A pre-restoration 

assessment: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 

v. 140, no. 5, p. 1255–1268, https://doi.org/10.1080/

00028487.2011.618356.

Feasibility and Uses for Freshwater Mussel Culture 

in Massachusetts

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Half of the freshwater mussel species native to Massachusetts are listed as endangered or of special concern. Population augmentation and reintroduction programs have been 

used to restore freshwater mussel populations in other States 

for more than 20 years and have reported significant success 

with some species. This research is testing the feasibility of 

mussel propagation at the USFWS Cronin Aquatic Resource 

Center in Sunderland, Massachusetts. Siting of a propagation 

facility in Massachusetts should increase collaboration with 

other New England States for the management of regional 

populations, increase collaboration with academic and Federal 

partners, and increase competitiveness for funding sources. 

Ultimately, cooperators hope to develop a successful restoration program in Massachusetts.

Atlantic salmon smolt being fitted with a transmitter.

Pictured below: The Penobscot River in Maine. Photograph by 

Bruce C. Cooper, licensed under Creative Commons AttributionShare Alike 3.0.
56 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Inventory and Monitoring for the Federally 

Endangered Northern Red-Bellied Cooter

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Research is necessary to inform recovery efforts for the 

endangered northern red-bellied cooter. This project plans to 

emphasize on-the-ground management throughout the cooter’s 

range with the objective of downlisting or even delisting the 

species. In the near term, this information can help evaluate 

how well decision makers are meeting recovery plan goals. In 

the future, these deliverables should also help scientists monitor future population changes and direct efforts on the ground.

Investigating Alewife Population Dynamics and 

Parent-Progeny Relations in the Parker River 

Toward Determining Landscape Effects On 

Productivity

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

River herring/alewife and blueback herring have undergone a dramatic decline over the past five decades that has 

resulted in their petition for listing under the ESA. During the 

ESA process, many data gaps were identified including a better detailing of species production within freshwater habitat. 

This project seeks to fill critical knowledge gaps by studying 

the ecosystem properties and evolutionary mechanisms that 

interact to control alewife productivity in coastal lakes. Understanding the relation between number of alewife spawners and 

juvenile production is critical for setting appropriate management goals for either restoration or harvest.

Metapopulation Dynamics of Canada Lynx in the 

Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit

The genome of Canada lynx is 

being mapped, and conservation genetics 

are being applied to understand the relation of lynx in the Northeastern United 

States to those in eastern Canada and 

across the species’ continental range. 

The goal of the project is to develop 

landscape strategies for Canada lynx 

conservation and to assist managers with 

conservation efforts.

Entrainment of River Sturgeon From the Lower 

Mississippi River Into the Atchafalaya River System

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

During the early 20th century, channel enlargement of 

the Atchafalaya River threatened to capture most of the flow 

of the lower Mississippi River. These activities affect river 

sturgeons and especially the endangered pallid sturgeon. The 

research team plans to use acoustic telemetry and external tags 

to determine the rate and effect of pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon entrainment. This information can be used in the 

future to develop population viability analyses for pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River.

Habitat Suitability Modeling and Islandwide Rapid 

Assessment for the Presence of the Endangered 

Broad-Winged Hawk and Sharp-Shinned Hawk in 

Puerto Rico

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The broad-winged hawk and sharp-shinned hawk are 

endemic raptor subspecies inhabiting upland montane forests of Puerto Rico. The actions suggested in this project—

islandwide surveys within traditional and nontraditional sites, 

identification of mortality threats, determination of spatial 

distribution, and habitat suitability modeling—and subsequent 

informed implementation of recovery actions are predicted 

to prevent the extinction of both the broad-winged hawk and 

sharp-shinned hawk.

Publication

Gallardo, J.C., and Vilella, F.J., 2014, The Puerto Rican sharpshinned hawk (Accipiter striatus vennator)—An endangered insular species on the edge: Spizaetus—Neotropical 

Raptor Network Newsletter, no. 17, p. 2–13, 

http://assets.peregrinefund.org/docs/newsletters/

Spizaetus-17-English-1.pdf.

Canada lynx kitten. Photograph by Marvin 

Moriarty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 57

Movement and Habitat Use of Pallid Sturgeon in the 

Lower Mississippi River

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The pallid sturgeon is an endangered riverine sturgeon with historical distribution restricted to parts of the 

Yellowstone, Missouri, Mississippi, and Atchafalaya Rivers. 

Although rare, pallid sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River 

appear to be naturally recruiting, and information about habitat 

use is important to conserve this species. This study seeks to 

provide information that can be used to conserve, manage, 

and restore habitat necessary to restore the endangered pallid 

sturgeon and conserve the threatened shovelnose sturgeon 

in the lower Mississippi River. Study results suggest that 

maintaining diverse habitats, particularly secondary channelisland complexes, can benefit the conservation of these 

endangered species.

Surgically implanting a sonic tag into this large pallid sturgeon 

can allow the researchers to monitor its movement and habitat 

use for 4 years.

Publications

Hartfield, Paul, Kuntz, N.M., and Schramm, H.L., Jr., 2013, 

Observations on the identification of larval and juvenile 

Scaphirynchus spp. in the lower Mississippi River: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 12, no. 2, p. 251–266, https://doi.

org/10.1656/058.012.0202. 

Herrala, R.R., Kroboth, P.T., Kuntz, N.M., and Schramm, 

H.L., Jr., 2014, Habitat use and selection by adult pallid 

sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River: Transactions of 

the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, no. 1, p. 153–163, 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.830987.

Identification of Summer Habitat of the Federally 

Endangered Indiana Bat and Three Other Bat 

Species of Special Concern Within the OzarkCentral Recovery Unit With Application for 

Landscape Distribution Use

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Knowledge and understanding of bat habitat associations are critical for effective conservation and management 

of many species of forest bats, including the federally endangered Indiana bat which uses bottomland forests for both summer foraging and roosting habitat. Current information gaps 

surrounding summer habitat use and habitat selection limit the 

ability of management agencies to engage in adaptive resource 

management and make optimum forest management decisions. 

This study addresses both Priority 1 Recovery Actions aimed 

at preventing extinction and Priority 2 Recovery Actions 

aimed at preventing a significant decline in Indiana bats as 

identified in the USFWS Indiana Bat Draft Recovery Plan. 

This research has great potential to provide new insights into 

landscape forest characteristics, conditions, and management 

methods for roosting and foraging sites because Indiana bats 

are being studied at multiple sites, and the same techniques for 

collection and analysis of habitat data are being used.

Researchers set up a triple-high mist net to catch Indiana bats at 

Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge in the summer of 2015.

Indiana bat. Photograph by 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
58 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Occupancy Modeling and Summer Habitat Selection 

of Bat Species on National Wildlife Refuges Along a 

Latitudinal Gradient in Northern Missouri

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Little is known about the bat species that inhabit most 

NWRs, and this trend is not unique to Missouri. There is no 

doubt that refuges provide habitat for a variety of wildlife, 

including bats. However, challenges have arisen in recent 

years to add additional concern for increasing the priority of 

inventory, monitoring, and research of these species on NWR 

lands. These concerns include habitat loss, white-nose syndrome (WNS), and collision with wind turbines. Researchers 

intend to develop bat occupancy models on NWR lands across 

the northern part of Missouri. Monitoring bat population 

trends and use of habitats that are also used by other wildlife 

species can help determine if one or more of these bat species 

can be selected as a surrogate species for future conservation 

efforts. The information obtained through this research can 

offer new insight into recovery needs of the northern longeared and Indiana bats. 

Northern long-eared bat. Photograph by Steven Thomas, 

National Park Service.

Physiology, Behavior, and Tolerances of Missouri 

Fishes of Conservation Concern With a Focus on 

Niangua Darter and Topeka Shiner

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding the capacity of unoccupied environments 

to support reintroduction or range expansion of target organisms is a primary objective in the recovery of rare and threatened species in Mississippi. Further, it is crucial to understand 

basic physiological preferences, sensitivities, and tolerances of 

these species given projected changes in environmental conditions related to land use and climate change throughout the 

State. This project is investigating the physiology, behavior, 

and tolerances of Mississippi fishes of conservation concern 

with a focus on the Niangua darter and Topeka shiner. Information from this study can enhance recovery efforts for these 

species in Missouri. 

Water quality influences growth, development, and physiology 

of aquatic vertebrates.

Density of Pallid Sturgeon and Food 

Web Dynamics in the Missouri River

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research 

Unit

Growing concern exists among biologists 

that too many pallid sturgeon may have been 

stocked in the Missouri River. The purpose 

of this project is to research the density of 

pallid sturgeon and food web dynamics in the 

Missouri River. The overall goal is to provide 

inferences regarding the carrying capacity of 

pallid sturgeon, using two complementary 

methods (vital rates and production), in the 

Missouri River and Yellowstone River. This 

information can be useful in guiding an adaptive conservation propagation program.

Missouri River pallid sturgeon.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 59

Environmental and Endogenous Factors Affecting 

Egg Quality and Caviar Yield in Farmed Sturgeon

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The endangered pallid sturgeon is experiencing high 

levels of gonadal fat accumulation, which impairs reproductive performance. Environmental, genetic, and developmental 

factors all can affect gonadal fat accumulation, but as of yet 

the role of these factors is not well understood. Understanding these effects is essential for conservation propagation of 

endangered sturgeons and sustained production of high-quality 

sturgeon caviar. This project involves investigating environmental factors affecting egg quality and caviar yield in farmed 

sturgeon. Results from this study should be directly applicable 

to sturgeon conservation propagation programs seeking to 

understand the influence of culture conditions versus genetic 

and developmental factors on the reproductive performance of 

captive populations.

Evaluation of Juvenile Bull Trout Outmigration in 

Thompson Falls Reservoir

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Bull trout are listed as a threatened species by the 

USFWS. In the lower Clark Fork River, bull trout are affected 

by three mainstem dams and reservoirs that are significantly 

altering natural habitats (physical and biological) and influencing upstream and downstream fish movement. The research 

team plans to investigate outmigration of bull trout in the 

Thompson Falls reservoir. This research can assist decision 

makers in understanding how juvenile bull trout use and move 

through impoundments and how these altered habitats and 

dam operation can impact downstream migrating juvenile bull 

trout and accordingly the status of associated populations.

Lake Trout Population Modeling and Annual 

Assessment of Suppression Netting

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Prior to the recent invasion of nonnative lake trout, 

Glacier National Park (GNP) accounted for about a third of 

the remaining natural lake habitat supporting threatened bull 

trout. However, bull trout populations have recently declined 

and are at high risk of extirpation in several lakes in western 

GNP because of the establishment of lake trout. In 2009, the 

USGS and the NPS began suppressing lake trout in Quartz 

Lake to reduce effects on native bull trout. The objectives 

of this study are to (1) describe the demography of the lake 

trout, (2) identify the timing and location of lake trout spawning, (3) determine the most efficient combination of gill net 

mesh color and twine diameter to capture juvenile lake trout, 

(4) assess the effects of suppression on the growth rate of the 

lake trout population, and (5) determine whether suppression 

negatively affected bull trout. Targeted suppression successfully reduced lake trout abundance, and continued suppression 

at or above observed exploitation levels is needed to ensure 

continued population declines and to avoid effects on the bull 

trout population. 

Bull trout populations have recently declined and are at 

high risk for extirpation in several lakes in western Glacier 

National Park.

Greater Sage-Grouse Genetics

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The greater sage-grouse population has declined dramatically over the past century due primarily to a loss of habitat 

over the species’ range. Recent conservation efforts have 

improved the chance of overall species survival, but local 

populations may still be in danger of extinction. This research 

is designed to develop a comprehensive understanding of 

greater sage-grouse genetic connectivity across Montana, 

North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming using noninvasive 

collecting techniques and molecular genetics monitoring tools 

in a landscape genetics framework. The results can provide 

information on levels of connectivity and other population 

characteristics such as genetic exchange or dispersal.

The greater sage-grouse population has declined dramatically 

over the past century due primarily to a loss of habitat over the 

species’ range. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
60 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Grizzly Bear Population Status in the Cabinet-Yaak 

Ecosystem

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The grizzly bear is an iconic species of the American 

West; however, it is estimated that fewer than 1,500 grizzlies 

are left in the lower 48 United States. Using hair collected 

from bear rubs and hair-collecting corrals, genetic analyses 

allow scientists to identify the species, sex, and individual 

identity of bears. Further analyses allow estimates of population abundance, distribution, gene flow, and models of regional 

abundance patterns. The goal of this study is to acquire precise 

and accurate data on the status of the endangered grizzly bear 

population in northern Montana and Idaho using noninvasive 

genetic sampling. These results should provide managers a 

better understanding of the status of grizzlies in the CabinetYaak ecosystem.

Bat Movements Across Transforming Landscapes

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Nebraska has a diverse mix of resident and migratory 

bat species. The northern long-eared bat is currently listed as 

a threatened species under the ESA. Through the deployment 

of more than 20 ultrasonic acoustic detectors over a period 

of 2 years, the research team can identify when and where 

bats are moving in eastern Nebraska during spring and fall 

migration and summer residence. Decision makers can use 

the project results to promote sound resource-management 

practices in regard to wind energy development. 

Determining Seasonal Use of Conservation Reserve 

Program Habitat by the Lesser Prairie-Chicken in 

Eastern New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In the southern part of the lesser prairie-chicken’s range, 

native habitats once dominated by mixed grass/shrublands that 

were converted to agriculture have been restored to nonnative 

and native grasslands with no shrub component. The value of 

CRP habitats with no shrub component, however, is largely 

unknown. This study was designed to evaluate seasonal 

habitat use and demography of lesser prairie-chicken populations closely associated with both habitats—with or without 

shrubs—to determine the seasonal importance of CRP lands 

within the shinnery oak/sand sage ecosystem. Study results 

indicate a significant preference for native shinnery oak habitat 

over all available habitats and suggest that this habitat should 

be the number one conservation priority for this species at the 

southern extent of its range.

Pictured below: A mother grizzly bear and her cub in Yellowstone 

National Park. Adult females are the most important segment of 

grizzly bear populations because they are the reproductive engine. 

Photograph by Frank van Manen, U.S. Geological Survey.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 61

Development and Validation of a Molecular 

Screening Tool to Identify the Presence of Asian 

Tapeworm in Imperiled Southwestern Native Fish 

Populations

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The bonytail and humpback chub are federally endangered cyprinids that were both once abundant in the Colorado 

River and its tributaries. Despite successful captive propagation programs, the species remain federally listed due to 

continued habitat loss, altered streamflow, hybridization, and 

competition and predation by nonnative fish. The goal of the 

research is to develop and validate a molecular screening tool 

to positively identify Asian tapeworm in imperiled native fish 

populations in the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers. 

Population Dynamics and Reintroduction 

Characteristics of Mexican Wolves in the 

Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area in Arizona and 

New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Blue Range population of Mexican wolves, although 

successfully established in 1998, is not thriving. Over the last 

7 years, the population size has remained around the halfway 

point of the population target of at least 100 wolves. Yet, 

data from the reintroduction project have not been rigorously 

analyzed or published in scientific journals to help elucidate 

potential modifications for the project or describe BMPs for 

this population. Scientific analysis of the data would help 

guide future reintroduction efforts in other areas and allow 

for comparison between disparate populations to further the 

understanding of Mexican wolf biology across the established 

range. In addition, other reintroduction efforts of carnivores 

may benefit from a detailed analysis of the Mexican wolf 

reintroduction efforts.

Quantifying Habitat Selection and Predicting Habitat 

Use by Whooping Crane

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Conservation efforts for the endangered whooping crane 

have led to a limited recovery with a total wild population 

estimated at about 600 birds. Additional information on crane 

habitats is essential for the entire annual cycle of the species, 

including breeding, wintering, and migration. The project is 

planned to include the collection of field data to validate vegetation metrics derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) 

and National Agriculture Imagery Program color infrared 

imagery. This validation can allow for development of vegetation metrics derived from remote sensing to model vegetation 

structure across the winter grounds. The overall goal of the 

project is to characterize whooping crane stopover sites in the 

southern portion of their migration corridor and on wintering 

grounds, including diurnal use and nocturnal roosting sites.

Assessing Endangered Marsh Rabbit and Woodrat 

Habitat Use and Feral Cat Population Dynamics Using 

Photographic, Video, and Capture-Recapture Data

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The Lower Keys marsh rabbit and the Key Largo woodrat are endangered species endemic to the Florida Keys. Their 

survival is threatened by a variety of factors including habitat 

change, sea level rise, and introduced predators such as feral 

cats that thrive in human-dominated landscapes. This research 

intends to use photographic, video, and capture-recapture 

methodologies to validate occupancy estimates based on 

marsh rabbit pellet counts, estimate population size and movement of feral cats, assess the use of artificial structures by 

woodrats, and estimate the population size and movement of 

feral cats in woodrat habitat. The information can be used to 

develop restoration and management strategies for marsh rabbits and the Key Largo woodrat. 

Captive Mexican wolf 

at Sevilleta National 

Wildlife Refuge, New 

Mexico. Photograph by 

Jim Clark, U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.
62 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Optimal Sampling of Animal Communities

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The USFWS is responsible for the conservation of trust 

species—endangered species, candidate species, or species 

at risk. Implementation of a sampling framework would 

allow the USFWS to inform decision problems and models 

by focusing on birds and amphibians. This work plans to tap 

existing occupancy-based models; extensions can be developed, if needed, and the application can be centered around a 

sound and flexible sampling design for implementation across 

the Southeastern United States and the Caribbean. Sampling 

design is often overlooked, but it is undeniably the foundation 

of reliable estimates and inference about system responses to 

management and, hence, conservation decisions.

Sicklefin Redhorse Ontogeny, Recruitment, and 

Priority Habitats in Regulated Rivers

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The sicklefin redhorse is an imperiled fish in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Sicklefin redhorse is a candidate 

species for protection under the ESA, but little is known about 

its biology and ecology. The presence of dams, regulated river 

flows, and other human activity may be detrimental to survival 

of the species. This research is designed to examine the early 

life history and ecology of the sicklefin redhorse and its congeners, especially as related to habitat suitability, dams, and 

invasive predators. Improved knowledge, particularly of the 

early life history of the species, can inform and guide critical 

future decisions in river management and dam relicensing that 

directly affect the survival of this imperiled fish.

Determining the Distribution of State-Endangered 

Longnose Darter Through Niche Model 

Transferability

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The longnose darter is endangered in Oklahoma and 

currently is known to occur only in Lee Creek because the 

population that had occurred in the Poteau River system is 

presumed extirpated. The purpose of this study is to develop 

an environmental niche model for use in determining the 

presence of longnose darter in the Poteau River system. The 

niche model includes a river segment scale, using data from 

the entire range of the species, and a mesohabitat scale, using 

a classified habitat. This project should demonstrate the ability 

of niche modeling to predict occupancy in previously unsampled locations.

Side-scan sonar survey.

Evaluating the Effects of Shallow-Water Habitat on 

Age-0 Scaphirhynchus sp. Prey Use and Condition

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The pallid sturgeon was listed as an endangered species 

by the USFWS in 1990, and loss of habitat in the Missouri 

River has been identified as a likely contributing factor in 

sturgeon declines. The Missouri River Biological Opinion 

and amendments published by the USFWS in 2000 and 2003, 

respectively, address operation of the main stem Missouri 

River dams as well as the overall loss of habitat diversity due 

to channelization and river shortening in the lower Missouri 

River and provide guidance for improving habitat in the lower 

750 miles of the river. The purpose of this study is to assess 

and compare resource use (prey) of sturgeon that have been 

collected from reaches representing areas that meet or exceed 

USFWS targets of shallow-water habitat and areas with little 

shallow-water habitat. This information can further inform 

conservation efforts. 

Unfertilized pallid sturgeon eggs expressed from a female 

induced to spawn in the laboratory. Inset: Recently hatched 

pallid sturgeon free-embryos. Photographs by Aaron DeLonay, 

U.S. Geological Survey.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 63

Conservation of the Critically Endangered Chinese 

Crested Tern: Restoration of a Lost Breeding Colony

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In the latter half of the 20th century, Chinese crested terns 

were presumed to be extinct until the species was rediscovered nesting in the Matzu Islands of the Taiwan Strait in 2000. 

Despite their recent rediscovery, Chinese crested terns are still 

considered one of the most endangered seabird species in the 

world and one of the most critically endangered vertebrate 

species. This restoration project is a collaborative effort of 

several Chinese and American institutions: Xiangshan County 

Marine and Fishery Bureau, Zhejiang Museum of Natural 

History, Oregon State University, USGS, and the Oregon 

Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Support from 

the USFWS Wildlife Without Borders program has furthered 

this international collaboration to save one of the world’s most 

critically endangered animals.

Demographics and Habitat Use of Greater SageGrouse in Wildfire-Affected Habitats in Oregon

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Southeast Oregon contains part of one of the largest 

contiguous sagebrush-steppe habitats remaining within the 

extant range of greater sage-grouse. In the summer of 2012, 

several wildfires claimed more than 1 million acres of sagegrouse habitat in Oregon. The research team plans to explore 

demographics and habitat use of greater sage-grouse. The data 

can inform decision makers of the prioritization of areas for 

post-fire habitat rehabilitation and restoration and help identify 

areas requiring further protection and (or) active management 

to reduce the risk of wildfire and ensure sage-grouse population persistence.

Demography of the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon 

and Washington

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The northern spotted owl is listed as threatened under 

the ESA, primarily because of the loss of old-growth forest 

habitat due to timber harvest. The USDA Northwest Forest 

Plan was developed in the mid-1990s to conserve the owl 

and other old-growth species, while allowing greatly reduced 

levels of commercial timber harvest on Federal land. The 

plan required the implementation of a regional effectiveness 

monitoring program for the spotted owl. This research project 

plans to include collection and analysis of data from six of 

the eight spotted owl effectiveness monitoring program study 

areas across the owl’s range. Data from this work are used to 

regularly evaluate population trends of spotted owls, as well as 

increase the understanding of owl ecology, including dispersal, 

diet, nest site selection, behavior, genetics, and response to a 

recent invasive species in the Northwest, the barred owl.

Publications

Ackers, S.H., Davis, R.J., Olsen, K.A., and Dugger, K.M., 

2014, The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted 

owls (Strix occidentalis caurina)—A comparison of photointerpreted, Landsat, and lidar-based habitat maps: Remote 

Sensing of Environment, v. 156, p. 361–373, 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.09.025.

Anthony, R.G., Forsman, E.D., Franklin, A.B., Anderson, 

D.R., Burnham, K.P., White, G.C., Schwarz, C.J., Nichols, 

J.D., Hines, J.E., Olson, G.S., Ackers, S.H., Andrews, L.S., 

Biswell, B.L., Carlson, P.C., Diller, L.V., Dugger, K.M., 

Fehring, K.E., Fleming, T.L., Gerhardt, R.P., Gremel, S.A., 

Gutiérrez, R.J., Happe, P.J., Herter, D.R., Higley, J.M., 

Horn, R.B., Irwin, L.L., Loschl, P.J., Reid, J.A., and Sovern, 

S.S., 2006, Status and trends in demography of northern 

spotted owls, 1985–2003: Wildlife Monographs, v. 163, 

no. 1, p. 1–48, https://doi.org/10.2193/

0084-0173(2006)163[1:SATIDO]2.0.CO;2.

Davis, R.J., and Dugger, K.M., 2011, Northwest forest plan—

The first 15 years (1994–2008)—Status and trends of northern spotted owl populations and habitat: Pacific Northwest 

Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report PNW–GTR–850, 147 p., 

https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr850.pdf.

Dugger, K.M., Anthony, R.G., and Andrews, L.S., 2011, 

Transient dynamics of invasive competition—Barred owls, 

spotted owls, habitat, and the demons of competition present: Ecological Applications, v. 21, no. 7, p. 2459–2468, 

https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2142.1.

Dugger, K.M., Wagner, F., Anthony, R.G., and Olson, G.S., 

2005, The relationship between habitat characteristics and 

demographic performance of northern spotted owls in 

southern Oregon: Condor, v. 107, no. 4, p. 863–878, 

https://doi.org/10.1650/7824.1. 

A pair of northern spotted owl chicks. Photograph by Bureau of 

Land Management.
64 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Forsman, E.D., 2011, Population demography of northern spotted owls: Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, Studies in avian biology series, v. 40, 

106 p., http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.

action?docID=10482129.

Olson, G.S., Anthony, R.G., Forsman, E.D., Ackers, S.H., 

Loschl, P.J., Reid, J.A., Dugger, K.M., Glenn, E.M., and 

Ripple, W.J., 2005, Modeling of site occupancy dynamics 

for northern spotted owls, with emphasis on the effects of 

barred owls: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 3, 

p. 918–932, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)

069[0918:MOSODF]2.0.CO;2.

Schilling, J.W., Dugger, K.M., and Anthony, R.G., 2013, 

Survival and home-range size of northern spotted owls in 

southwestern Oregon: Journal of Raptor Research v. 47, 

no. 1, p. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-11-76.1.

Sovern, S.G., Forsman, E.D., Dugger, K.M., and Taylor, 

Margaret, 2015, Roosting habitat use and selection by 

northern spotted owls during natal dispersal: Journal of 

Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 2, p. 254–262, 

https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.834.

Evaluation of Foraging Behavior, Colony 

Connectivity, and Predation on ESA-Listed 

Salmonids from the Upper Columbia River by 

Caspian Terns Nesting on Goose Island in Potholes 

Reservoir

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Avian predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia 

River is a major natural resource management issue pitting 

migratory bird managers and those opposed to management 

interventions in a contentious policy debate over efforts to 

restore juvenile salmonids. Information is needed on the magnitude of smolt losses to avian predation, the impact of those 

losses to the demography of salmonid stocks, and the potential 

benefits to ESA-listed salmonid stocks from the Columbia 

River Basin of reducing avian predation through management. This research is using state-of-the-art Global Positioning System (GPS) and satellite tracking devices to assess the 

impact of predation by Caspian terns nesting at Goose Island 

in Potholes Reservoir on the survival of juvenile salmonids 

belonging to ESA-listed ESUs from the Upper Columbia 

River. This information is critical to resource management 

agencies and stakeholder groups interested in reducing the 

impact of avian predation on ESA-listed salmonids.

Monitoring and Evaluating Caspian Terns and Their 

Impacts on the Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in the 

Columbia River Basin

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Caspian tern is the species of piscivorous colonial 

waterbird most responsible for losses of ESA-listed juvenile 

salmonids in the Columbia River Basin. The breeding colony 

of Caspian terns on East Sand Island near the mouth of the 

Columbia River is the largest of its kind in the world and 

represents about 65 percent of the breeding population for the 

species in western North America. This project is a continuation of previous work (2008–12) in which the nesting ecology 

and food habits of Caspian terns were investigated at prospective U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)-constructed 

Caspian tern sites in interior Oregon and northeastern California to assess the potential impacts of new or larger tern colonies on local stocks of forage fishes, particularly fish species 

of special concern. This study is important for evaluating the 

efficacy of the USFWS Caspian Tern Management Plan in 

reducing predation on Columbia River Basin salmonids and 

for evaluating impacts to ESA-listed fish outside the basin.

Caspian tern. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Pictured below: Columbia River, Oregon. Photograph from 

Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 65

Shorebird Habitat Use During Migration in Cape 

Romain National Wildlife Refuge

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The coast of South Carolina has not been studied with 

respect to shorebird use and its relation with horseshoe crab 

abundance. Regions of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays 

are critical stopover sites for migratory shorebirds in part 

because these regions also support a high density of spawning horseshoe crabs. The goal of the research is to enhance 

the understanding of the relations between migratory shorebirds, particularly red knots, and spawning horseshoe crabs. 

The research team plans to collect horseshoe crab eggs and 

conduct composition and energy density analyses. If migratory 

shorebirds rely on horseshoe crab spawn as a food source during the energetically costly period of migration, and if certain 

beaches in the region tend to receive consistent use, then conservation and management actions can more effectively target 

those locations to benefit migratory shorebirds.

Assessment of Neonicotinoid Exposure on U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service High Diversity Grasslands in 

the Prairie Pothole Region

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Grassland obligate species are rapidly decreasing due 

to habitat fragmentation, destruction, and degradation. The 

Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, recently listed 

as threatened and endangered, respectively, under the ESA, 

inhabit high-quality grasslands. Additionally, due to significant population declines, the USFWS has initiated a status 

review of the monarch butterfly under the ESA. This study 

plans to assess neonicotinoid pesticide exposure on remnant 

native and restored grasslands and also determine the rate of 

uptake and accumulation of neonicotinoids in native flowering plants through greenhouse trials. Study results should be 

important to managers working to restore populations of these 

three species.

Development of a Spatially Explicit Growth Model 

for Larval Pallid Sturgeon

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In young fishes, growth rate is often positively linked to 

survival. The goal of this study is to develop a much needed 

tool for assessing habitat suitability for larval pallid sturgeon 

in the Missouri River. Because growth rate reflects physiological responses to habitat conditions, it can serve as a surrogate 

for fitness and an index of habitat quality. Bioenergetics modeling provides a robust approach for quantifying growth rate 

of fishes and evaluating effects of environmental conditions on 

growth potential. As a habitat assessment tool, bioenergetics 

modeling is particularly attractive for rare or endangered 

species such as the pallid sturgeon, given the near absence of 

early (larval) life stages in the upper Missouri River. Information from this study can have important implications for the 

pallid sturgeon recovery plan. 

Endangered Species Research Below Green River 

Dam

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Dams create discontinuity in streams by changing flow 

and temperature regimes, fragmenting fish populations, and 

limiting sediment and nutrient loads downstream. More than 

40 mussel species reproduce to some extent in the Green 

River, a regulated river in Kentucky. Most recruitment, 

however, occurs downstream from Greensburg, 38 kilometers from the dam. The ecology of endangered and common 

mussels is being studied in the tailwater of Green River Dam. 

This study is expected to provide a better understanding of 

mussel feeding habits and can help resource managers choose 

the most appropriate sites for mussel reintroduction and 

augmentation projects.

Propagating Mussels in the Ohio River

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The Ohio River Aquatic Restoration Natural Resource 

Damage Assessment and Restoration (NRDAR) Program was 

employed to reestablish mussel species that were wiped out 

in 1999 because of the release of hazardous materials from a 

ferro-alloy manufacturing facility into the river. As part of the 

USFWS Ohio River Aquatic Restoration Project, three species of freshwater mussels are being reestablished. Lampsilis 

abrupta, Ligumia recta, and Obovaria subrotunda are being 

propagated and cultured as part of the restoration efforts. The 

goal of the project is to produce a total of 5,000 juvenile Lampsilis abrupta, 5,000 juvenile Ligumia recta, and 2,000 juvenile 

Obovaria subrotunda. Ultimately, the effort should provide 

cooperators with juvenile mussels for release into the Ohio 

River and newly metamorphosed juvenile mussels for culturing, 

which can augment the restoration effort.

Pink mucket. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
66 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

A Rangewide Assessment of the Influence of 

Landscape and Environmental Change on Lesser 

Prairie-Chickens

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The decline in overall population size and range of the 

lesser prairie-chickens throughout the High Plains part of 

the central and southern Great Plains has raised conservation 

concerns, resulting in their current proposed listing as a threatened species under the ESA. Although numerous studies have 

recently been, and are currently being, conducted on this species, information regarding the influence of landscape changes 

on lesser prairie-chicken populations across their distribution 

is lacking. This study is being conducted to assess historic and 

contemporary land-use data and climate predictions to predict 

influences on lesser prairie-chickens. Ultimately, the historical 

and current relations among environmental conditions, landscape characteristics, and population demography can be used 

to predict future changes in population size and range under 

differing landscape, climate, and conservation scenarios.

Understanding the Ecology of Lesser PrairieChickens

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The use of wildlife habitats provided by conservation 

programs such as the CRP has not been assessed relative to 

its value for the restoration and management of threatened 

and endangered species. This project is assessing the use of 

CRP lands by lesser prairie-chickens as foraging and nesting 

habitat. Study results should help guide future management 

decisions by providing a better understanding of the value of 

CRP to the ecology of the lesser prairie-chicken.

Assessing the State of River Science, Water 

Resources Management Policies, and Water 

Resources Planning Tools for the Rio Grande/Rio 

Bravo

Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Restoration efforts are complicated by numerous species 

of nonnative fishes in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo watershed. 

This project plans to assemble, review, and synthesize the 

scientific body of research and monitoring studies relevant to 

the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo watershed, focusing on studies that 

concern streamflow, groundwater, geomorphology, aquatic 

ecology, riparian ecology, and human interactions with river 

ecosystems. The results can help managers identify key scientific and management questions and potential knowledge gaps 

to enable responses. 

Determination of Fort A.P. Hill Bat Community With 

Emphasis on Occupancy and Detection Probability

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

With population declines associated with WNS, acoustical survey methods are moving to the forefront for initial bat 

surveys in terms of establishing species presence. The data 

should allow managers to use predictive maps to document the 

decline in bat species affected by WNS. 

Disturbance Impacts on the Northern Long-Eared 

Bat and Indiana Bat at Fort A.P. Hill

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

For certain Department of Defense (DoD) installations, 

Indiana bat presence can mean heightened regulatory scrutiny of Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans with 

the need for formal consultation with the USFWS, seasonal 

clearing restrictions, and modification of training and range 

use in or near colonies during the growing season. With the 

discovery of Virginia’s first recorded Indiana bat maternity 

colony at Fort A.P. Hill along the Fall Line/I–95 corridor, 

Federal landowners in eastern Virginia need to consider the bat 

in their management actions. Additional population declines 

associated with WNS have heightened conservation concern 

for Indiana bats. Moreover, the precipitous drop in northern 

long-eared bat numbers from the disease has moved it to the 

USFWS list as threatened in 2015. Researchers plan to continue documenting the extant bat community by using acoustic and mist-netting survey techniques at Fort A.P. Hill. The 

resulting information can be shared broadly within the natural 

resources and scientific community.

Effects of Surveying and Habitat Characteristics 

on Occupancy of Spruce-Fir Moss Spider in the 

Southern Appalachian Mountains

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The spruce-fir moss spider inhabits high-elevation 

spruce-fir forests in the southern Appalachians, which are 

considered one of the most 

endangered ecosystem types in 

the United States. The sprucefir moss spider was listed as 

federally endangered in 1995. 

Gaps in knowledge of survey 

impacts and habitat selection 

may hinder conservation efforts 

for this species. No study has 

been conducted to determine 

variables that influence spider 

detection and occupancy on a 

local to landscape scale, which 

is important to create predictive 

Spruce-fir moss 

spider. Photograph by 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 67

distribution maps for this species and may help modify survey 

techniques and priorities. The results from this project can 

provide critical information for natural resource stewardship 

needs relative to the endangered spruce-fir moss spider.

Post-Hibernation Emergence of the Northern LongEared and Indiana Bats in Virginia and New York

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

With the onset and spread of WNS in the Eastern United 

States, several formerly common bat species are now threatened with widespread regional extirpation. For example, the 

northern long-eared bat has shown precipitous declines, and 

reproduction in surviving bats appears curtailed, suggesting 

functional extirpation in some areas. In addition to species facing recent declines, WNS has reduced populations of species 

already State or federally protected, such as the endangered 

Indiana bat. This project seeks to enable managers to understand the temporal and spatial distribution/day-roost habitat 

use of the northern long-eared bat and Indiana bat in Virginia 

and New York.

Post-White-Nose Syndrome Survey of Bats at Fort 

Meade

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Because of WNS, three species of bats that formerly 

were common in and around the Fort Meade/Baltimore area 

of Maryland during the maternity season—northern longeared bat, little brown bat, and tri-colored bat—are now of 

high conservation concern. A proposed rule by the USFWS 

to list the northern long-eared bat as threatened was adopted 

as regulation in April 2015, and the little brown bat and tricolored bat currently are undergoing status reviews that might 

lead to listing proposals. Accordingly, DoD managers responsible for managing military base lands in the region now can 

assess the presence/absence and habitat associations of these 

species of bat, particularly the proposed northern long-eared 

bat, relative to range and land-management activities, such as 

prescribed burning, right-of-way maintenance, construction, 

and historical or ecological restoration. The research team can 

use acoustic monitoring to track changes in population sizes 

and species assemblages. As WNS continues to spread and bat 

populations decline further, biologists invariably rely more on 

acoustic detection.

Post-White-Nose Syndrome Survey of Bats at the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

(NASA) Wallops Flight Facility

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The post-WNS bat assemblage and general foraging habitat associations and current conditions at Wallops Island are 

being compared with coastal area pre-WNS observations from 

nearby Assateague Island, Maryland, with particular emphasis 

on the northern long-eared bat. The research team plans to 

incorporate Wallops Island bat species presence/absence data 

into a larger multipartner, mid-Atlantic landscape and smaller 

forest stand-level predictive modeling effort. The data can help 

refine acoustic monitoring guidelines.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Northern 

Long-Eared Bat Maternal Roost Networks and 

Foraging Relations in a Repeatedly Burned Central 

Appalachian Forested Landscape

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Since 2007, WNS has killed millions of bats in the genus 

Myotis in the Northeast and central Appalachians. Regionally, 

managers are being challenged to show that burn programs 

designed to benefit other natural resource components can 

also benefit bats or at a minimum not exacerbate population 

reductions from WNS. Understanding the characteristics of 

post-burn stands whereby stands no longer provide adequate 

day-roost habitat or are little used for foraging can allow managers to tailor the shifting mosaic of burning to better capture 

short-term benefits and accomplish prescribed fire goals. The 

findings of this project should be relevant to forest managers 

that use prescribed burning as a management tool.

Dynamics and Distribution of Black Abalone 

Populations at San Nicolas Island, California

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The black abalone was listed as endangered under 

the ESA in 2009. In collaboration with NOAA’s NMFS, 

this research plans to provide new information on critical 

parameters for successful spawning of wild populations of 

endangered black abalones. The research can contribute to an 

improved understanding of the linkage of distributions and 

local reproductive potential of black abalone populations at 

Little brown bat. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. San Nicolas Island, California. Decision makers can use the 
68 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

data to develop methods and protocols for populations of 

black abalones and for the ultimate health of and benefit to 

California’s coastal marine ecosystems.

Publications

Blaud, Brianna, VanBlaricom, Glenn, and Neuman, Melissa, 

2012, Significant wave height, tidal level, and distance 

between neighboring individuals of opposite sex affect 

probability for fertilization in spawning black abalone 

(Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814), in Abstracts of Technical Papers, Presented at the 104th Annual Meeting, National 

Shellfisheries Association, Seattle, Wash., March 24–29, 

2012: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 31, no. 1, 

p. 262–263, https://doi.org/10.2983/035.031.0124.

Crosson, L.M., Roberts, S., VanBlaricom, G.R., and Friedman, 

C.S., 2012, A transcriptomic approach in search of disease 

resistance in endangered black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), in Abstracts of Technical Papers, Presented at the 

104th Annual Meeting, National Shellfisheries Association, 

Seattle, Wash., March 24–29, 2012: Journal of Shellfish 

Research, v. 31, no. 1, p. 272, 

https://doi.org/10.2983/035.031.0124.

Crosson, L.M., Wight, Nate, VanBlaricom, G.R., Kiryu, 

Ikunari, Moore, J.D., and Friedman, C.S., 2014, Abalone withering syndrome—Distribution, impacts, current 

diagnostic methods and new findings: Diseases of Aquatic 

Organisms, v. 108, no. 3, p. 261–270, 

https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02713.

Neuman, Melissa, Tissot, Brian, and VanBlaricom Glenn, 

2010, Overall status and threats assessment of black abalone 

(Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814) populations in California: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 29, no. 4, p. 577–586, 

https://doi.org/10.2983/035.029.0305.

VanBlaricom, G.R., 1993, Dynamics and distribution of 

black abalone populations at San Nicolas Island, in

Hochberg, F.G., ed., Third California Islands Symposium—Recent advances in research on the California 

Islands: Santa Barbara, Calif., Santa Barbara Museum 

of Natural History, 12 p., http://repository.library.csuci.

edu/bitstream/handle/10139/4012/VanBlaricom_1987_

DynamicsDistribution~.pdf?sequence=1.

VanBlaricom, G.R., Ruediger, J.L., Friedman, C.S, Woodard, 

D.D., and Hedrick, R.P., 1993, Discovery of withering 

syndrome among black abalone populations at San Nicolas 

Island, California: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 12, 

no. 2, p. 185–188.

Puget Sound Marine Survival-Size-Selective 

Mortality and Critical Growth Periods for Juvenile 

Chinook and Coho Salmon

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The relation between size, growth, and condition in 

freshwater and marine life stages to overall life cycle survival 

is unclear for most stocks of salmon. Linking stage-specific 

growth performance and size-selective mortality offers a 

promising avenue for diagnosing the primary factors that 

affect growth and survival. Researchers plan to diagnose 

which factors most affect growth during critical periods 

through modeling simulations that are linked to targeted 

sampling of diet, growth, and environmental conditions. This 

approach could potentially improve run forecasting and focus 

restoration efforts for Chinook and coho salmon.

The Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

has maintained a consistent record of completed student 

theses and dissertations as well as technical publications of 

high quality. The students and staff have received numerous 

awards for scientific excellence.

A Study of Diamond Darter Macrohabitat Use and 

Abundance Within the Lower Elk River

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The diamond darter, which was described as a new species in 2008, was listed as federally endangered in 2013. Few 

studies have been conducted to examine the habitat use of 

this species, in part, because of difficulties in working with 

rare fishes, such as obtaining statistically and ecologically 

relevant sample sizes. As part of this study, a new sampling 
Endangered Species Conservation, Recovery, and Proactive Strategies 69

approach was developed and published whereby spotlights are 

used at night to examine the habit use of the species. The new 

approach has proven to be the only method for consistently 

sampling the diamond darter. Data collected were integral and 

essential for decisions made by USFWS for status assessment, 

critical habitat designation, and ESA listing of the species, and 

also are critical for management and conservation efforts by 

natural resource managers.

The diamond darter, which was described as a new species in 

2008, was listed as federally endangered in 2013. Photograph by 

S. Welsh.

Development of eDNA Techniques for Detection of 

Endangered Purple Cat’s Paw Pearlymussel and 

Snuffbox

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Environmental DNA techniques are being developed to 

detect the presence/absence of the endangered purple cat’s 

paw pearlymussel and snuffbox. The project team at the 

Wisconsin Research Unit is collaborating with the USFWS 

Midwest Region on problem solving and conservation actions 

related to the two species of mussels. Decision makers can use 

the research data to address today’s conservation challenges.

Purple cat's paw pearlymussel. Photograph by U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Rangewide Assessment of the Impacts of Climate 

Change on the Endangered, Migratory Kirtland’s 

Warbler Population

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

A primary concern for managers is the impact of changing climate patterns on the Kirtland’s warbler narrow breeding 

and wintering ground habitat. Currently, little is understood 

about how climate change could impact Kirtland’s warbler or 

how land management should be adapted to minimize potential impacts. Understanding and assessing the threat of climate 

change on Kirtland’s warbler can be an important component 

in a defensible delisting decision for this species. Results can 

help identify where management adjustments (for example, 

spatial planning) may need to occur throughout its geographic 

distribution to identify and implement strategies that mitigate 

climate change impacts. Additionally, project results can be 

incorporated into the conservation plan, currently under development, which is intended to guide management of the species 

after delisting.

Pictured below: The Elk River and riparian forest in the 

Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Photograph by 

Craig Stihler, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources.
70 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Energy

Domestic development of traditional and alternative energy is a 

national priority. Natural resource agencies have great need for 

scientific information that will assist them in providing information 

to regulatory agencies that can be used to minimize impacts to fish 

and wildlife resources.

Assessing Shorebird Use of Lagoons in Cape 

Krusenstern National Monument

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Population trends for migratory shorebirds show a global 

pattern of decline. Many shorebird species are vulnerable to 

declines due, in part, to their dependence on intact networks 

of wetland habitats to complete long-distance migrations. In 

Alaska, the coastline of the Cape Krusenstern National Monument includes lagoons and estuaries, which are important 

areas for breeding and staging activities of migratory birds. 

Given the potential vulnerability of these areas to effects 

of offshore energy development, this study plans to assess 

post-breeding shorebird use. This information may be useful 

for understanding potential effects from offshore oil and gas 

development and for the development of resource protection 

strategies.

Chandalar River Chum Salmon Habitat Assessment 

and Monitoring

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

An increase in mining exploration and the effects of 

climate change have raised concerns about the future of Chandalar River chum salmon among local community members 

and State and Federal fisheries managers in Alaska. Yukon 

fall chum rely on systems that are spring fed or have geologically significant hyporheic groundwater upwellings, because 

these locations provide stable water temperatures for eggs and 

juveniles throughout the winter months. Limited information, 

however, is available on the spatial distribution and frequency 

of these upwellings on the Chandalar River. The research 

team plans to identify the longitudinal patterns of groundwater 

upwellings, as measured by thermal variability, and the relation between the spatial distribution of spawning salmon 

and groundwater discharge patterns. The results can help to 

advance fisheries conservation in Alaska.

Coastal Lagoon Fish Ecology Along the Chukchi 

Coast, Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The ecology of coastal lagoons along northwestern 

Alaska is being investigated. Researchers are interested 

in understanding what food web species are important for 

subsistence fishes, what species occur in different types of 

lagoons, and the seasonal use of lagoons by fishes, with implications for climate change and petroleum development in the 

Chukchi Sea. This research can guide conservation planning 

in Alaska.

Pictured below: Sea ice is either absent or discontinuous during 

summer months in the Chukchi Sea off northern Alaska.
Energy 71

Food Web Dynamics and Productivity on the Susitna 

River

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The proposed Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric project 

would include construction of a dam, reservoir, and related 

facilities in a remote part of the Susitna River, Alaska. 

Baseline information on food webs and salmonid productivity is needed on this large river to better understand how the 

dam may affect salmon in the river. The goals of this study 

are to determine major energy and nutrient pathways driving 

salmonid productivity and assess how the proposed dam may 

affect these energy/nutrient flow pathways and fishes. The 

hydroelectric project is a highly visible and controversial issue 

in Alaska, and findings from this study can help conservationists understand potential impacts to food web function and 

salmon production.

Shorebirds and Invertebrate Distribution on Delta 

Mudflats Along the Beaufort Sea

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

More information is needed about species composition, 

abundance, or distribution of the microfauna and meiofauna 

living within the interstitial spaces of the littoral zones along 

the Beaufort Sea coast. Shorebirds depend on meiofauna for 

food for premigratory fattening. The research team plans to 

take core samples along the shorelines for chemical analysis 

and survey the population structure, numbers of individuals, 

and diversity of populations from the interstitial spaces within 

the littoral zone of coastlines along the Beaufort Sea. The 

information obtained from the project can contribute to the 

advancement of mitigation measures and strategies to reduce 

potential impacts from exploration and development.

Publication

Churchwell, R.T., Kendall, S.J., Blanchard, A.L., Dunton, 

K.H., and Powell, A.N., 2016, Natural disturbance shapes 

benthic intertidal macroinvertebrate communities of high 

latitude river deltas: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 39, no. 3, 

p. 798–814, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-0028-2.

Estimation of Wind Farm Mortality: Development of 

Super Population Approach to Estimate Cumulative 

Mortality From Carcass Surveys Accounting for 

Carcass Removal and Nondetection

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The development of wind power has accelerated in the 

last 20 years, and concern has arisen about the impact of wind 

development on bird and, more recently, bat populations. 

Direct mortality of avian species by wind power is considered 

under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), the Bald and 

Golden Eagle Protection Act (BGEPA), and the ESA. This 

project intends to focus on estimating the number of bird 

fatalities at wind turbine projects by integrating the mortality, scavenging, and detection processes into the model. The 

expected results can provide managers and researchers with 

guidelines for conducting and analyzing data from studies of 

avian mortality at wind farms.

Bald eagle.

Uncertainty and the Entanglement of Habitat Loss 

and Fragmentation Effects in the Management of the 

Northern Bobwhite and Eastern Meadowlark

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wildlife managers are interested in knowing more about 

the uncertainty of habitat loss and the effects of fragmentation in the management of the northern bobwhite and eastern 

meadowlark. This project intends to evaluate threats to important grassland bird habitats of the Gulf Coast Prairie in oil and 

gas development areas, changes in land ownership patterns, 

and invasive species. The team plans to build models that project the results of these drivers under future economic scenarios 

and that predict the consequences of management alternatives 

intended to ameliorate these drivers. Additionally, the team 

wants to identify the drivers of habitat fragmentation so that 

actions can be designed to minimize threats to high-risk areas.

Northern 

bobwhite. 

Photograph by 

A. Unger.
72 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Impacts of Energy Production, Habitat Selection, 

and Population Size on Resource Selection, 

Survival, and Recruitment of Lesser PrairieChickens in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Information is needed to improve the understanding 

of lesser prairie-chicken ecology in Oklahoma, Kansas, and 

Colorado. Researchers plan to investigate the effects of energy

production, habitat selection, and population size on resource 

selection, survival, and recruitment of lesser prairie-chickens. 

The research from this project can guide future management 

of the species.

Lesser prairie-chicken. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.

Movements of Coastal Birds in Southern New 

England

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Offshore wind energy is one of the fastest-growing segments of the world energy market, offering a clean and abundant source of electricity to meet increasing demands. Offshore wind facilities, however, may have detrimental effects 

on birds by exposing them to increased mortality through 

turbine collisions or by altering their behavior, habitat use, and 

movement patterns. Several wind energy facilities are currently being planned for offshore Atlantic waters of the United 

States. As part of this project, baseline information collection 

is planned for the distribution and behavior of coastal birds 

that can be used for evaluating interactions between birds 

and offshore turbines. The results from this research should 

complement other work that is underway or being planned by 

the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, USFWS, and other 

agencies as part of a comprehensive evaluation to understand 

the potential interactions between wind energy facilities and 

wildlife within Federal waters of the Atlantic Ocean and to 

improve siting procedures for future facilities. 

Offshore Movements of Migratory Bats in the Gulf of 

Maine

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Wind energy development is promoted by both government and nonprofit entities as an environmentally friendly 

alternative to greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels, but the 

technology can have negative impacts on wildlife, including bats. For example, a recent study estimated 600,000 bats 

were killed by wind power in the United States in 2012. As 

wind power facilities expand and multiply, concern is growing 

that wind farm mortality could have significant effects on bat 

populations at large. This study plans to provide much needed 

information about bat migration in coastal and offshore environments to understand how best to site and operate coastal 

and offshore wind facilities to minimize bat mortality.

Offshore Wind Energy Technology, Environmental 

Impacts, and Policy

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The development of offshore wind energy technology 

is on the rise, but several critical issues inhibit a clear understanding of how the development and operation of offshore 

wind energy facilities affect a variety of taxa. Researchers 

are conducting rigorous ecological assessments to evaluate 

the effects of offshore wind power on birds, bats, fish, and 

other marine species. Additionally, researchers are identifying critical areas and habitats for marine organisms by using 

radar, sonar, and spatial modeling to quantify population and 

community dynamics. The results from this work can increase 

the understanding of the effects of wind energy development 

on birds, bats, fish, and other marine species, identify critical 

areas, and generate monitoring protocols for detecting changes 

and associated risks.

Wind turbines. Photograph by Don Becker, U.S. Geological Survey.
Energy 73

Distribution and Habitat Selection/Space Use of 

Migratory and Resident Golden Eagles in Areas 

With High Potential for Wind Energy Development in 

New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Predicting the risk that proposed wind energy developments might have on resident and migratory golden eagles in 

southeastern and south-central New Mexico is hampered by 

a lack of information. This research plans to address critical information needs by assessing habitat and space use of 

migratory and resident golden eagles in BLM managed areas, 

identifying nest sites and estimating productivity and survival 

of golden eagles, determining patterns of relatedness for resident and wintering golden eagles, and identifying the origin 

and migration patterns for golden eagles overwintering in 

southeastern and south-central New Mexico. The information 

from this study can strengthen the ability to predict potential 

risks and help develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce 

potential effects.

Investigating Impacts of Energy Development on 

Lesser Prairie-Chicken Reproduction, Survival, 

Movement, and Habitat Use in Eastern New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Energy development is threatening the last remaining 

patches of habitat that lesser prairie-chickens require for longterm survival. It is still unclear, however, what aspect or combination of this disturbance (sound, vertical structure, vehicle 

traffic) or at what thresholds these disturbances are causing 

populations of the species to decline. This project involves 

gathering seasonal movement patterns and demographic data 

to quantify the impacts of energy development disturbance 

at both local and larger landscape scales. The results from 

this study can be used widely on this and other prairie grouse 

species to guide development within the remaining habitats 

needed to protect, conserve, and increase species distribution 

on the landscape.

Landscape Genetic Structure of the Western 

Continental Golden Eagle Population

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Reports of golden eagle mortality linked to wind energy 

facilities are cause for concern especially when coupled 

with the knowledge that golden eagles move great distances 

between breeding and wintering areas. Mortalities at a particular wind energy facility can consequently affect breeding 

populations of golden eagles at local and continentwide scales. 

Information is needed to understand the distribution of breeding populations of eagles, the level of connectivity that exists 

among them, and where individuals from these populations 

migrate in the winter. Information from this study can improve 

the understanding of the movement ecology and landscape 

genetic structure of golden eagles in the Western United 

States.

Golden eagle fitted with a global positioning system backpack.

Eastern Brown Pelicans: Dispersal, Seasonal 

Movements, and Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic 

Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Contaminants in the 

Northern Gulf of Mexico

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The ongoing exploration and development of oil and gas 

resources in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as potential renewable energy and alternate use projects, require continued and 

enhanced data to support a variety of decision documents, 

including but not limited to the National Environmental Policy 

Act, ESA, and MBTA. Nearshore seabirds, such as brown pelicans, can serve as a valuable indicator species for ecosystem 

Brown pelican attending nest, Crab Bank, South Carolina.
74 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

health in marine, coastal, and estuarine systems because they 

are transboundary in nature, and information about the species 

can be integrated across a range of systems. Furthermore, pelicans are a species of conservation concern for most States in 

the Gulf region and the Southern Atlantic States. This research 

plans to address information gaps relative to brown pelicans in 

the Gulf of Mexico and provide baseline ecological information for the species in the region.

Publications

Lamb, J.S., 2016, Evidence for density dependence in foraging 

and migratory behavior of a subtropical nearshore seabird, 

chap. III of Ecological drivers of brown pelican movement 

patterns and reproductive success in the Gulf of Mexico: 

Clemson, S.C., Clemson University, Ph.D. dissertation, 

p. 35–74, http://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.

cgi?article=2646&context=all_dissertation.

Lamb, J.S., O’Reilly, K.M., and Jodice, P.G.R., 2016, Physical 

condition and stress levels during early development reflect 

feeding rates and predict pre- and post-fledging survival in 

a nearshore seabird: Conservation Physiology, v. 4, no. 1, 

14 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cow060.

Lamb, J.S., Satgé, Y.G., and Jodice, P.G.R., 2016, Behavioral 

and reproductive effects of bird-borne data logger attachment on brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) on three 

temporal scales: Journal of Ornithology, v. 157, p. 1–11, 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1418-3.

Assessment of Surveys for Golden Eagles and Other 

Raptors

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Researchers are assessing survey protocols for eagles 

and other raptor species. This research is being conducted to 

provide reliable information to the USFWS to aid decisions 

regarding the issuance of incidental take permits of eagles at 

energy development sites. This research is critical, because 

wind energy development facilities are increasing dramatically across much of the range of golden eagles. The USFWS 

is charged with implementing the BGEPA, which prohibits 

the take of eagles unless authorized by the USFWS. An Eagle 

Permit Rule was issued by the USFWS in 2009 to authorize 

limited issuance of permits to take bald and golden eagles. The 

USFWS subsequently developed a draft “Eagle Conservation 

Plan Guidance” intended to provide a means of compliance 

with the BGEPA and guidance to permit applications. The 

draft guidance calls for scientifically valid surveys, monitoring 

approaches, risk assessments, and research designs proportionate to the risk to eagles. This guidance has become critical, 

because wind energy development facilities are increasing 

dramatically across much of the range of golden eagles.

Development of a Decision Tool for Eagle Take 

Permit Issuance Based on Detection and Occupancy 

Models of Migrant and Overwintering Golden Eagle 

in the Southern Great Plains

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Mortality caused by collision with wind turbine blades 

may have population-level effects on the golden eagle. The 

southern Great Plains generally is thought to experience an 

influx of golden and bald eagles during the migration and 

winter periods. The research team plans to develop a decision 

analysis tool to directly support sound risk assessment and 

robust construction surveys at wind energy projects. No quantitative data exist for eagle presence, densities, or landscape 

use during migration and winter periods in the southern Great 

Plains, a region undergoing rapid wind energy development. 

The research team anticipates the development of a tool that 

can be used by the USFWS to evaluate permit requests and 

help design and implement novel strategies to avoid eagle 

fatalities at wind energy projects in the southern Great Plains.

Influence of Wind Energy on Swainson’s Hawk 

Ecology

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wind energy development is becoming common in the 

United States, but wind turbines pose dangers for birds and 

bats. This project is focused on identifying how wind energy 

development may pose a mortality risk from direct collision 

for birds of prey as well as potential behavioral influences 

such as avoidance of areas and, therefore, net loss of habitat. 

Scientists use GPS transmitters to assess sex-specific movements, habitat use, reproductive success, and foraging efficiency of Swainson’s hawks in or adjacent to wind energy 

centers compared to those distant from wind energy centers. 

Results from this project can be used to assess the potential 

risk to Swainson’s hawks (also applicable to other raptor 

species using the same migration route) from wind energy 

Swainson’s hawk. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Energy 75

developments throughout the multinational migration route of 

the species as well as wintering and summering ranges. This 

information is critical to decisions relative to wind energy 

development.

Winter Abundance and Habitat Associations of 

Golden Eagles

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The golden eagle is a large, apex predatory bird that 

typically has low densities, a long life span, delayed maturity with low reproductive rates, and no natural predators. 

These life history attributes make golden eagles vulnerable to 

additional mortality caused by collisions with wind turbines 

and may result in population-level effects. The USFWS has 

established regulations that limit the number of permits for 

the take of golden and bald eagles and provides guidance for 

comprehensive plans to avoid and offset mortality of eagles 

at wind energy projects. This study can improve future plans 

and the subsequent issuance of permits by providing quantitative information to guide survey methods used to predict 

effects prior to wind farm construction and can optimize 

detection rates across different landscapes and seasons in postconstruction monitoring surveys.

Dr. Clint Boal, Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit, observing a golden eagle nest in the caprock canyon 

country of west Texas.

Impact of Mining Effluent on Fish Populations

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

As part of the Appalachian Research Initiative for Environmental Science, changes in stream water quality are being 

studied as related to activities of the energy sector. Specifically, researchers are examining the effects of coal mining on 

stream fishes at individual, population, and community levels 

of organization. This project plans to quantify the potential 

effects of mining on downstream water quality and help decision makers understand potential tradeoffs between mining 

activities and the abundance and diversity of the downstream 

fish community. 

Cheat Lake Biomonitoring Study

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Cheat Lake, a recreational fisheries reservoir in northern 

West Virginia, experiences seasonal lake level fluctuations 

attributed to hydropower production. The research team 

intends to monitor fish, assess physical and chemical water 

quality, map vegetation, and create a bathymetric map of 

Cheat Lake. The West Virginia Division of Natural Resources 

can use the project data to address the impacts of lake level 

fluctuations on recreational fisheries.

Long-Term Louisiana Waterthrush and Avian 

Community Response to Shale Gas Development in 

the Central Appalachian Region

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Shale gas is being developed over large landscapes and is 

affecting many headwater streams. The research team examined the effects of shale gas development on Louisiana waterthrush and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 12 West 

Virginia headwater streams. The project goal is to better 

understand the effects of shale gas development on headwater 

stream plant communities. Although the study spanned only 

one season, the results suggest that shale gas development 

affected waterthrush and benthic communities in the headwater streams studied. Thus, the ecological effects of shale gas 

development warrant closer examination.

Regionwide Songbird Response to Gas Well and 

Infrastructure Development of Marcellus Shale

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Extraction of natural gas from Marcellus Shale has 

increased exponentially in the central Appalachian region. 

Researchers plan to quantify how the size, shape, age, and 

placement of gas well pads and pipelines in the landscape 

impact the abundance and diversity of forest songbirds across 

the Marcellus Shale region. These results can inform conservation professionals as well as industry regarding the effects 

of Marcellus development on forest birds and can provide 

baseline data that can be used to monitor bird populations and 

assess the effects of development over a long period of time. 
76 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Genetic Assessment of Seven Fish Species 

Above and Below the Wisconsin River Dam at 

Prairie Du Sac

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Dams can separate fish from resources or habitat needed 

during critical life stages. Therefore, fragmented river systems are of increasing concern to fish managers, because the 

seclusion of local and migratory fish populations may contribute to a greater risk of population decline or extirpation. The 

Wisconsin River is intensively controlled by dams to generate hydroelectric power or to regulate water levels in lakes 

and reservoirs or during flood events. These structures likely 

restrict or eliminate upstream and downstream fish movement, resulting in habitat fragmentation and localized isolation 

of fish populations. The research team plans to compare the 

genetic structure of seven species above and below Prairie du 

Sac Dam. This information can be used for developing strategies for management of the dam and other similar systems, if 

warranted, and for conserving genetic diversity. 

Demography and Habitat Use of Moose in Sublette 

County, Wyoming

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The moose herd in Sublette County accounts for 

55–65 percent of all moose counted in Wyoming. This herd 

represents the largest population of Shiras moose in the lower 

48 States and carries great economic and cultural significance 

to the State of Wyoming. Unfortunately, information on the 

basic life history and ecology of this herd is lacking. This 

project plans to provide baseline information on the interacting 

influences of nutritional condition, disease, and predation for 

this important Wyoming moose herd prior to energy development. The study results can provide critical information for 

predicting and quantifying potential effects of future energy 

development projects.

Effects of Wyoming Range Energy Development for 

Native Fish Communities

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wyoming has experienced a significant increase in energy 

development over the last two decades, and the eastern front 

of the Wyoming Range has been impacted by this increase. Oil 

and gas are currently being extracted throughout the southern 

extent of the Wyoming Range, and proposed expansion to 

the northern extent threatens to undermine the area’s ecological integrity and biodiversity. This study plans to address the 

effects of energy development on native fish communities. 

Specifically, the research team intends to assess habitat and 

water-quality characteristics and evaluate how the presence 

and intensity of energy development influence habitat and 

water quality in Dry Piney Creek and Beaver Creek in the 

Green River Basin. This research can contribute to knowledge 

of current ecological impacts that are affecting fish assemblages as well as anticipate how future development might 

impact presently undisturbed areas. 

Influence of Energy Development on Mule Deer 

Migrations

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

As habitat loss and fragmentation increase across 

ungulate ranges, identifying and prioritizing migration routes 

for land-use planning and conservation has taken on a new 

urgency. Currently, much conservation attention is focused on 

determining whether continued energy development, without 

consideration for migration routes, will lead to the loss of 

ecological functions and population-level declines (including local extirpations) of harvested ungulate populations. 

The results of this research can provide an understanding of 

threshold levels of development and allow resource managers 

to properly manage Wyoming’s ungulate populations while 

designing a sustainable energy development plan.

Influence of Energy Development on Nongame 

Sagebrush Birds

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

One of the most influential sources of ongoing sagebrush 

loss and change in Wyoming is oil and natural gas development. Researchers plan to continue simultaneously monitoring 

avian nest success, nest predation by different predators, and 

the abundance of nest predators across gradients in energy 

development and test alternative hypotheses for why nest 

predation and the abundance of some important nest predator 

species increase with well density. This research dovetails with 

ongoing Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative efforts 

for other taxa and can clarify the extent to which songbird 

populations are impacted by gas wells versus other co-varying 

factors. This project can also provide a basis for generating 

specific management and mitigation recommendations to 

minimize reproductive impacts to already declining sagebrush 

and songbird populations.
Energy 77

Mule Deer Fitness and Nutrition

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Linking population-level changes of ungulates to behavioral changes resulting from human development remains 

a key knowledge gap that inhibits effective mitigation. 

Researchers are conducting a 3-year study of nutrition and fitness of mule deer exposed to a gradient of human disturbance 

associated with natural gas development across three winter 

ranges in western Wyoming: the Pinedale Anticline Project 

Area and two distinct winter ranges occupied by Wyoming 

Range mule deer. This work incorporates 12 years of detailed 

research on the behavioral responses of mule deer to energy 

development in the study area and provides a mechanistic 

evaluation of the cumulative effects of energy development on 

a large spatial scale.

Wyoming Range Native Fish and Energy 

Development

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The habitat and water-quality factors that influence the 

presence and abundance of native fishes such as Snake River 

and Colorado River cutthroat trout, mountain sucker, mottled 

sculpin, and speckled dace are poorly understood. This study 

plans to address the potential effects of energy development 

on native fish communities. The research team intends to 

explore the abundance and distribution of species to habitat 

and water-quality parameters and develop predictive models 

to relate changes in habitat and water quality to the presence 

and intensity of energy development. The results of this study 

can provide fisheries managers with a tool to balance potential 

energy development with the maintenance of native fish populations across a broad geographic range.

Pictured below: A male Brewer's sparrow singing from his sagebrush perch. Nests are located on the basis of adult territoriality 

behaviors and systematic searching. 
78 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Human Dimensions

Feeding wildlife by the shore. Understanding the relations between 

humans and wildlife is one aspect of human dimensions research.

Doris Duke Conservation Scholars Program 

Partnership Through the University of Florida

Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Although the cultural and racial demographics of the 

U.S. society are changing, representation and participation in 

the natural resources field by traditionally underrepresented 

groups continue to lag. The Doris Duke Conservation Scholars 

Program pairs graduate student mentors with undergraduate 

students to engage the undergraduates in meaningful field 

experiences and participation in research studies with the goal 

of advancing their interests in pursuing a natural resourcerelated career. This initiative is expected to be a model for 

conservation and perhaps other professions and to make a 

substantive, diverse contribution to the future pool of natural resource academics and professionals. This program is 

currently active at five universities and Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Units.

Assessment of Trout Management in Georgia

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit is collaborating with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to formulate a trout management strategy. The 

overarching goal for this project is to increase the amount 

and usability of social-ecological information available to 

managers for making fisheries management decisions. The 

research team plans to develop and conduct a survey of trout 

anglers to help the Georgia Department of Natural Resources 

assess stakeholders’ expectations and preferences for fishing 

experiences. Researchers plan to work with the Department 

to determine the availability of suitable habitat for trout and 

identify options for supplying trout fishing opportunities now 

and into the future.

Environmental Stressors and Priority Plant 

Communities on Jekyll Island, Georgia

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Jekyll Island, Georgia, is a barrier island that supports 

developed tourism amenities and a residential community 

as well as a State park. Resource managers are committed to 

conserving and managing most of the island’s area as natural 

habitat. Natural areas on Jekyll Island are facing a multitude 

of environmental stresses, the root causes of which are mostly 

anthropogenic. Sea level rise, climate change, altered surface and groundwater hydrology, fire suppression, invasive 

species, land development, and altered wildlife abundances 

can all affect the dynamics of vegetation communities. To 

surmount these complexities, this project combines three 

suites of scientific studies to (1) investigate the effects of 

multiple stressors on vegetation structure and dynamics in 

three high-priority plant communities, (2) integrate field and 

existing data on expected management outcomes into a decision support framework, and (3) evaluate stakeholder views 

toward management options. This approach should deliver 

relevant, novel ecological information on the consequences 

of ecological stressors on high-priority natural areas and may 

leverage ecological conservation strategies and the values held 

by diverse stakeholders.

Latham River at Jekyll Island State Park, Georgia.

A Case Study of the AmeriCorps Volunteer in 

Service to America Program

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Iowa Department of Natural Resources uses AmeriCorps volunteers to expand the number of wildlife habitat 

improvement projects that can be accomplished. In order to 

determine the value of using the AmeriCorps program, the 
Human Dimensions 79

Iowa Department of Natural Resources requested an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. The case 

study suggested that the number of acres of habitat improvement increased with AmeriCorps volunteers compared to previous years without the volunteers. Additionally, the amount of 

habitat improvement by AmeriCorps volunteers was comparable to the amount of habitat improvement by Iowa Department 

of Natural Resources Private Lands Project staff. The Iowa 

Department of Natural Resources can use the case study data 

to make habitat conservation decisions.

In 1932, Ding Darling’s 

recognition of the need 

for biological information, trained wildlife 

managers, and dissemination of information to 

management agencies 

led to his negotiation of 

an agreement among 

the Iowa State College, 

the Iowa Fish and Game 

Commission, and Darling 

to form and support the 

first cooperative wildlife 

research unit.

Assessing Attitudes and Impacts to Society 

Associated With the Use of Alternative Ammunition 

for Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

A study is being conducted in collaboration with the 

USFWS to assess a voluntary approach to using nontoxic 

ammunition for hunting white-tailed deer on targeted NWRs 

in the Northeastern United States. This study intends to 

address the human dimensions associated with converting to 

the use of nontoxic ammunition by identifying key stakeholders and their attitudes and beliefs on the topic. The research 

team plans to gather baseline data and quantify stakeholder 

attitudes regarding the use of nonlead-based ammunition. 

Facilitating stakeholder involvement allows managers to 

incorporate stakeholder interests in the management decision 

process. This process can benefit managers by increasing the 

potential for a successful transition to alternative ammunition 

use by cultivating stakeholder interest and increasing resilience of management decisions.

Assessing the Values, Expectations, and 

Satisfaction of Hunters Regarding Controlled 

White-Tailed Deer Hunts in Suburban Eastern 

Massachusetts

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The Blue Hills Deer Management Program in suburban 

Boston presents an ideal opportunity for investigating the 

motivations, expectations, and satisfaction of deer hunters 

through the use of a survey. The objectives of this survey 

effort are to assess an individual’s motivations for hunting deer, and more specifically, at the Blue Hills in order to 

understand why hunters are interested in controlled hunts and 

to what extent they are interested in participation. Additionally, the research team intends to explore what, if any, prior 

expectations hunters have for controlled hunts. The data from 

this project can inform wildlife management decisions in 

Massachusetts.

Assessing the Preferences of Stakeholders and 

Waterfowl Management Professionals to Inform 

Implementation of the North American Waterfowl 

Management Plan 

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Key research activities, associated with a broad proposal 

by the USFWS National Flyway Council’s Human Dimensions Working Group, are being conducted to research the 

involvement of key stakeholders in the United States and 

Canada that can inform implementation of the North American 

Hunters at dawn on a National Wildlife Refuge. Photograph by 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The North American Waterfowl Management Plan was signed 

in 1986 by the United States and Canada and in 1994 by Mexico. 

Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
80 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP). The research team 

plans to assess the preferences of stakeholders and waterfowl 

management professionals regarding waterfowl population 

management alternatives. Results from this project can assist 

managers in developing management alternatives that are most 

responsive to stakeholder desires.

Deer Hunter Attitudes

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Developing hunting regulations that help reduce deer 

numbers and balance deer sex ratios is a challenge throughout 

the eastern half of the United States. These challenges are 

exacerbated by the need to maintain hunter and landowner 

satisfaction and trust. The research team plans to use mixed 

mode survey methods to enhance the understanding of deer 

hunter attitudes and perceptions of deer populations, hunter 

motivations and satisfaction, agency trust, and governance 

statewide. Results from this study can be used to assist Minnesota Department of Natural Resources managers in selecting 

regulations that can be effective and supported by landowners 

and hunters.

Landowner Attitudes Toward Elk

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Through restoration efforts and immigration from Manitoba and North Dakota, there are currently about 150 elk in 

northwest Minnesota. The long-term vision for elk management in Minnesota is to enhance the population size and range 

extent of elk while maintaining coexistence with private landowners. Although multiple States east of the Rocky Mountains 

have initiated elk restoration efforts, the primary literature 

lacks information pertinent to understanding the preferences 

of private landowners for elk management in an agricultural 

landscape. The objective of this study is to determine the attitudes of landowners within the elk range toward elk and their 

preferences for future elk management.

Long-Term Research and Monitoring of Human 

Dimensions Information on Fisheries and Wildlife 

Management Issues in Minnesota

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit is continuing a long-term research effort to collect timely 

information to assist in the evaluation of fish and wildlife 

management programs in Minnesota. This project provides 

a consistent process to develop a long-term database of what 

factors influence angler and hunter experience, satisfaction, 

and level of support for management programs to improve the 

understanding of factors influencing trends in both recreational 

participation in fisheries and wildlife-based activities. As part 

of the project, researchers also plan to examine how attitudes 

and beliefs about fish and wildlife management issues are 

changing over time.

Minnesota Fish Habitat Survey

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Angler beliefs and perceptions about fish habitats in Minnesota are being studied. The research team intends to survey 

respondents on fishing habits, species preferences, and satisfaction with their overall fishing experience. This information 

can inform how managers can better connect the importance 

of habitat to sustainable fisheries management.

Minnesota Northern Pike Regulations

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The northern pike is the most widely distributed and one 

of the most popular game fish in Minnesota, with more than 

a third of resident anglers indicating that they specifically 

target pike. In 2010, a survey was conducted for the Minnesota 

Department of Natural Resources to understand the regulatory 

and site experiences and preferences of pike anglers and spearers. This study plans to update information from the previous 

survey and collect additional preference information concerning size and bag limit regulations for northern pike in different 

regions of Minnesota.

Family fishing. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Minnesota Waterfowl Hunter Survey

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Minnesota generally has been in the top three States for 

number of waterfowl hunters in the United States. In recent 

years, researchers have expanded efforts to obtain quantitative 

information about opinions and motivations for this important 

clientele. A series of surveys were completed between 2005 
Human Dimensions 81

and 2010 that analyzed hunter motivation, satisfaction, and 

retention. Information from these studies has been used to 

inform management decisions. The current study can allow 

continued long-term monitoring of trends in hunter satisfaction and attitudes toward management.

Waterfowl hunting in Minnesota. Photograph by U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Visitor Use of Wildlife Management Areas

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Hunting and wildlife watching are a combined $1 billion 

industry in Minnesota. The Minnesota Department of Natural 

Resources manages more than 1,400 wildlife management 

areas (WMAs) totaling more than 1.3 million acres. These 

WMAs are part of Minnesota’s outdoor recreation system and 

are established to protect those lands and waters that have a 

high potential for wildlife production, public hunting, trapping, fishing, and other compatible recreational uses. The 

objective of this project is to conduct a visitor use survey of 

WMAs. These data are particularly important to determine 

not only how the WMAs are used, but also what species are 

hunted, the distribution of uses, and economic considerations.

Wild Turkey Hunter Study

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

To successfully manage the turkey harvest in Minnesota, 

wildlife managers need to consider the satisfaction of turkey 

hunters. However, hunter attitudes and perceptions of regulatory alternatives are unknown. Consequently, this study is 

designed to include an evaluation of Minnesota’s spring turkey 

hunting season and the examination of alternatives that might 

provide opportunities for improving hunter satisfaction while 

sustaining the turkey population. Results from this study can 

be used to implement regulatory harvest changes that achieve 

both hunter satisfaction and turkey population objectives.

Evaluation of Nontoxic Ammunition Outreach Efforts 

on Midwest Region National Wildlife Refuges

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In April 2014, the USFWS Midwest Region chartered 

a working group to reduce the risk of lead exposure to bald 

eagles caused by spent lead ammunition from deer hunting 

on NWR lands in the region. Scientific evidence links hunting with lead ammunition to lead poisoning and mortalities 

for wildlife. This project focuses on evaluating the outreach 

strategies used to determine if the Midwest Region NWRs are 

succeeding in convincing hunters to switch to nontoxic ammunition. Information about the attitudes and beliefs of hunters, 

as well as other factors that may contribute to a hunter’s ability or decision to use nontoxic ammunition, can be explored. 

A better understanding of the influences on behavior and the 

impact of outreach strategies can guide outreach efforts in the 

region.

Angler Behavior in Response to Management 

Actions on Nebraska Reservoirs

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A fishery is a complex social-ecological system in which 

there are continual feedback loops between the social and 

ecological components, and in which there are multiple states 

for both social and ecological components, with unknown 

thresholds between states. The goal of this project is to understand the interactions and associated thresholds and feedback 

mechanisms between angler behavior and fish behavior in 

response to angling on local and regional levels. Quantifying 

and understanding these interactive influences on multiple 

scales can allow for more informed management of recreational fisheries.

Assessment of Angler Use and Catch During 2016 at 

Sutherland Reservoir, Nebraska

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Recreational fishing provides many socioeconomic and 

ecological benefits. These benefits are derived in different 

forms that can improve the quality of life and income generated for stakeholders. This importance has increased demands 

on these fisheries, often leading to overexploitation, selective 

harvest, sublethal effects, and disturbance or harvest during 

critical reproductive periods. Consequently, there is a need for 

better understanding social-ecological relations and the effects 

of interactions between humans and fish populations.

The purpose of this study is to estimate angler use and 

catch at Sutherland Reservoir, Nebraska, during April through 

October 2016. Specifically, plans are to obtain monthly and 

yearly estimates of angler pressure, catch, and harvest. This 

information can enable the Nebraska Public Power District 

in evaluating angler use and the influence of the fishery at 
82 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Sutherland Reservoir. Data collected could also be used to 

guide management efforts in balancing hydropower use and 

maintaining a quality fishery at this multiuse reservoir.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Nebraska Outdoor 

Enthusiast

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Participation by outdoor enthusiasts is a central component of wildlife and fisheries management in Nebraska and 

throughout the United States. Fishing and hunting license sales 

and taxes on fishing and hunting equipment are vital sources 

of funding for wildlife management agencies, and in many 

cases, management objectives are met under the stewardship 

of sportspersons. The purpose of this project is to understand what differentiates participating outdoor enthusiasts by 

compiling available fishing and hunting license datasets and 

merging them with larger sociodemographic data. These data 

can then help identify key demographic factors among license 

holders and subsequently be used to develop decision-support 

tools that give insight into how fish and wildlife managers can 

direct management, recruitment, and retention efforts.

Human Dimensions of Habitat Loss in the Plains and 

Prairie Pothole Region

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Plains and Prairie Potholes Landscape Conservation Cooperative (LCC) identified habitat loss as a priority 

research need. The grassland wetland ecosystem provides 

essential habitat for an array of wildlife, especially waterfowl. 

The research team plans to measure attitudes and behaviors of 

landowners relative to participation in conservation programs, 

future changes in farming practices, and wildlife value. 

Understanding how a private landowner responds to economic 

incentives or pressures may identify strategies to reduce habitat loss in the plains and prairie pothole region.

Social and Economic Impact of Fishing in Selected 

Small Lakes and Impoundments in South Dakota

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks uses information on fishing in selected small lakes and impoundments to 

determine the local economic impact of fishing activities on 

the surrounding communities. This study intends to estimate 

angler use and associated expenditures in several areas that 

are expected to require expensive habitat renovation projects 

to improve or maintain quality recreational services in the 

future. The economic information on the value of fishing can 

help managers prioritize decisions regarding expensive habitat 

renovation projects.

Valuing Wildlife in the United States

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Based in large part on the North American Model of 

Wildlife Conservation, free-ranging wildlife has always been 

considered a public trust resource and not a marketable commodity. Although there are many merits to this model, it is 

extremely difficult to economically value wildlife when necessary. This study is designed to conduct a preliminary assessment of the economic value of free-ranging wildlife resources 

in the United States. The research team plans to evaluate 

levels of participation, direct expenditures, indirect economic 

benefits, and expenditures of wildlife management. The goal 

is to provide a basic summary of the economic importance of 

wildlife resources for use in policy and management decisions.

120° 110° 100° 90°

50°

45°

40°

0 250 500 KILOMETERS

Map image is the intellectual property of Esri and is used herein under license. Copyright © 2014 Esri and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Lambert Conformal Conic projection. Standard parallels 33°N. and 45°N. Central meridian 96°W. North American Datum of 1983

MANITOBA

SASKATCHEWAN

ALBERTA

ONTARIO

BRITISH

COLUMBIA

MONTANA NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

IOWA

CANADA

UNITED STATES

Prairie pothole region

0 250 500 MILES

Location of the prairie pothole region. 

Prairie wetland at The Nature Conservancy’s Samuel 

H. Ordway Memorial Preserve, South Dakota. 

Photograph by W. Carter Johnson, U.S. Geological 

Survey.
Invasive Species 83

Invasive Species

The economic, environmental, and health-related costs of invasive 

species exceed those of all other natural disasters combined.

Development of Decision Analysis Tools for 

Controlling New Zealand Mudsnails in Fish 

Hatcheries

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The successful colonization of invasive New Zealand 

mudsnails in waters in Europe, Australia, Japan, and North 

America has caused concern for management agencies. Invasive New Zealand mudsnails can displace native macroinvertebrate communities and alter dynamics in rivers and streams. 

In the United States, Federal and State executive orders 

mandate risk assessments be conducted and measures be taken 

to limit the introduction of invasive species through operations 

and activities. Researchers plan to complete a draft decision 

control manual that summarizes the state of the science of 

invasive New Zealand mudsnails.

New Zealand mudsnail. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.

Publications

Bruce, R.L., and Moffitt, C.M., 2010, Quantifying risks 

of volitional consumption of New Zealand mudsnails 

by steelhead and rainbow trout: Aquaculture Research, 

v. 41, no. 4, p. 552–558, https://doi.org/10.1111/

j.1365-2109.2009.02351.x.

Bruce, R.L., Moffitt, C.M., and Dennis, Brian, 2009, 

Survival and passage of ingested New Zealand mudsnails 

through the intestinal tract of rainbow trout: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 71, no. 4, p. 287–301, 

https://doi.org/10.1577/A08-033.1.

Moffitt, C.M., and James, C.A., 2012, Response of 

New Zealand mudsnails Potamopyrgus antipodarum to 

freezing and near freezing fluctuating water temperatures: 

Freshwater Science, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1035–1041, 

https://doi.org/10.1899/11-160.1.

Stockton, K.A., and Moffitt, C.M., 2013, Disinfection of three 

wading boot surfaces infested with New Zealand mudsnails: 

North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 33, 

no. 3, p. 529–538, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2013.

768569.

Sampling Designs and Population Dynamics 

of Burbot in the Green River System: Tools for 

Management

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Although burbot are a species of high conservation concern over much of their distribution, they are an invasive species in the Green River, Wyoming, where they were illegally 

introduced. Researchers intend to evaluate a number of different sampling approaches across multiple systems and habitats 

to determine the best methods for removing burbot from the 

system. Results can provide managers with information on the 

distribution, habitat associations, and population dynamics of 

burbot in the Green River.

Synthesis of Measures for Controlling Invasive 

Mollusks at Hatcheries

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Aquatic invasive species, by their very definition, pose 

significant threats to the economy, environment, and personal 

health. An infestation of Asian clams in Lake Pend Oreille was 

identified in April 2012 near marinas in Ellisport Bay, Idaho. 

Rapid control or eradication of this infestation is critical to 

lake management, because infestations of Asian clams in other 

lakes have affected water column chemistry, nutrient dynamics, energy flow, and food web structure. This project can 

provide guidance documents for risk assessment and control 

measures for invasive mollusks in fish hatchery operations and 

synthesize tools used for control.
84 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Publications

Bruce, R.L., and Moffitt, C.M., 2010, Quantifying risks of 

volitional consumption of New Zealand mudsnails by 

steelhead and rainbow trout: Aquaculture Research, 

v. 41, no. 4, p. 552–558, https://doi.org/10.1111/

j.1365-2109.2009.02351.x.

Bruce, R.L., Moffitt, C.M., and Dennis, Brian, 2009, Survival 

and passage of ingested New Zealand mudsnails through 

the intestinal tract of rainbow trout: North American Journal 

of Aquaculture, v. 71, no. 4, p. 287–301, 

https://doi.org/10.1577/a08-033.1.

Moffitt, C.M., Barenberg, Amber, Stockton, K.A., and Watten, 

B.J., 2015, Efficacy of two approaches for disinfecting 

surfaces and water infested with quagga mussel veligers, 

chap. 30 of Hing, Wai, and Gerstenberger, S.L., Biology 

and management of invasive quagga and zebra mussels in 

the Western United States: Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, 

p. 467–477, https://doi.org/10.1201/b18447-38.

Nielson, R.J., Moffitt, C.M., and Watten, B.J., 2012, 

Hydrocyclonic separation of invasive New Zealand mudsnails from an aquaculture water source: Aquaculture, 

v. 326–329, p. 156–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.aquaculture.2011.11.035.

Nielson, R.J., Moffitt, C.M., and Watten, B.J., 2012, Toxicity 

of elevated partial pressures of carbon dioxide to invasive New Zealand mudsnails: Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry, v. 31, no. 8, p. 1838–1842, https://doi.

org/10.1002/etc.1877.

Stockton, K.A., and Moffitt, C.M., 2013, Disinfection of three 

wading boot surfaces infested with New Zealand mudsnails: 

North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 33, 

no. 3, p. 529–538, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2013.

768569.

Asian Carp Population Ecology in Tributaries of the 

Upper Missouri River

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Asian carp are expanding throughout the Upper Missouri 

River Basin and are of great concern because of their numerous impacts. Asian carp reproduce and grow quickly and 

compete with early life stages of native species and, thus, have 

reduced abundances of native and economically important 

species where the Asian carp have become established. The 

research team plans to investigate population ecology of Asian 

carp in the Upper Missouri River Basin. Specifically, the team 

intends to evaluate the influence of environmental conditions, 

population characteristics, and patterns of large-scale spatial 

synchrony of recruitment, growth, and reproduction. Natural 

resource managers in the Upper Missouri River Basin can 

use the study results to control the abundance and spread of 

Asian carp.

Asian carp breaking the water surface behind a research boat.

Wildlife Response to the Restoration of Tall-Grass 

Prairie Infested With Lespedeza cuneata

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Two factors in the long-term management of the Great 

Plains ecosystems are to assess the restoration of prairie and 

wetland ecosystems and to measure conservation benefits. 

This project is designed to measure wildlife response to restoration of grasslands infested with an invasive plant by using 

fire and grazing. Results from this and related studies can 

enable better quantification of the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Great Plains.

Marshbird Response to Invasive Cattail Control 

Using Grazing, Mowing, and Herbicide Application 

in the Prairie Pothole Region of Minnesota

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Secretive marshbirds are a group of birds that is poorly 

understood in North America and elsewhere. Many of the 

wetlands where they are found have been altered by invasive 

vegetation, and the effects of management to control invasive 

vegetation on marshbirds have not been studied extensively. 

This project is designed to evaluate the response of bird 

communities to the control of invasive vegetation by developing protocols to assess the effects of several treatments to 

remove invasive vegetation. Land managers can use the results 

to inform management of prairie wetlands across central 

North America.
Invasive Species 85

Contrasting the Thermal Ecology of the Native 

Coldwater Crayfish and the Native Ringed Crayfish: 

Do These Species Have Similar Thermal Tolerances 

and Preferences?

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Resource managers are interested in knowing if coldwater crayfish and native ringed crayfish have similar thermal 

tolerances and preferences. Researchers plan to investigate 

the thermal preference and tolerance of coldwater crayfish and 

native ringed crayfish in a laboratory setting to enhance the 

understanding of invasive species dynamics. This research can 

help inform decisions on invasive species management.

Annual Evaluation and Development of Benchmarks 

for Lake Trout Suppression in Yellowstone Lake

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The NPS’s Native Fish Conservation Plan proposed a 

framework for conserving native fish in Yellowstone National 

Park from 2011 to 2031. An important component of the 

Native Fish Conservation Plan is to continue suppression of 

nonnative lake trout in Yellowstone Lake for the conservation 

benefit of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout. The NPS desires 

to restore Yellowstone cutthroat trout abundance to the level 

present at the early stages of lake trout invasion. Targets for 

fishing efforts are included in the Native Fish Conservation 

Plan; however, results from population models that provide 

these targets change as new data are incorporated, so fishing 

targets must be evaluated annually. 

Effects of Water Chemistry on Lake Trout Embryos

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Introductions of nonnative lake trout into lakes of the 

Northwestern United States pose serious threats to native 

fish because lake trout are keystone predators that directly 

or indirectly affect all other fishes as well as other taxa. The 

illegal introduction of lake trout into Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park is the most highly publicized instance 

of this fishery resource issue. The native Yellowstone cutthroat 

trout of Yellowstone Lake are threatened with extirpation by 

the presence of this large piscivore. The objectives of this 

study are to conduct controlled laboratory and field experiments to evaluate the effects of chemical and mechanical 

methods on mortality of lake trout embryos.

Evaluation of Methods to Introduce Mortality in 

Lake Trout Embryos

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Lake trout have been intentionally or inadvertently introduced into many lakes throughout the West, and the establishment of nonnative lake trout populations often causes declines 

in native species abundance. For example, introduced lake 

trout threaten to extirpate native Yellowstone cutthroat trout 

in Yellowstone Lake. Gillnetting is the primary method used 

to suppress lake trout in Yellowstone Lake; however, some 

Yellowstone cutthroat trout are captured in gillnets and die. 

The exploration of alternative methods to suppress lake trout 

to minimize bycatch of the targeted species is gaining momentum. This project plans to evaluate the efficacy of the suction 

dredge in inducing mortality in lake trout embryos and help 

inform management decisions in Yellowstone National Park.

Identifying the Threats of Smallmouth Bass to 

Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Yellowstone 

River

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The current extant populations of Yellowstone cutthroat 

trout occupy less than 50 percent of the historical range for 

this species. This range and population reduction has largely 

been attributed to habitat degradation and displacement by 

nonnative salmonids; however, recently there has been growing concern of the effects of rapidly spreading invasive fishes 

such as smallmouth bass. Using radio telemetry and modeling, this project is designed to specifically identify the current 

and likely future threats of smallmouth bass to Yellowstone 

cutthroat trout in the Yellowstone River, a high priority 

conservation watershed. The results can help identify and 

prioritize potential management actions to control and reduce 

the effects of smallmouth bass, thus allowing more effective 

use of resources to enhance the conservation of Yellowstone 

cutthroat trout.

Mobile Tracking of Lake Trout on Yellowstone Lake

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Invasive lake trout in Yellowstone Lake have decimated 

the native Yellowstone cutthroat trout population, and lake 

trout removal has grown into a multimillion dollar operation. 

Targeting known spawning grounds has proven to be a successful strategy for removing large quantities of mature fish, 

but information is needed on spawning locations. This study 

intends to monitor the movements of lake trout in Yellowstone 

Lake with the objective of confirming previously unknown 

spawning locations. 

Pictured below: Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park. 

Photograph by Neal Herbert, National Park Service.
86 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

An Estimate of the Abundance and an Assessment 

of the Efficacy of Sterilization Techniques for the 

Control of Wild Burro Populations

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Feral burro populations have increased in numbers and 

are impacting fragile desert plant communities. Additionally, feral burros are reducing forage availability for domestic 

livestock and wildlife. The feral burros are seeking forage and 

water near human populations. Fort Irwin, California, has a 

relatively large population of burros (approximately 1,000) 

that enter into the cantonment area, which results in humanwildlife conflicts. This research is designed to estimate the size 

of the burro population, examine patterns of space use, and 

employ methods to reduce recruitment. Overall, the research is 

of particular interest to Fort Irwin personnel who can use the 

results for evaluating management options for the feral burro 

population to minimize conflicts.

Assessment of the Invasion of the Asian Swamp 

Eels in the Chattahoochee River National Recreation 

Area

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Asian swamp eel has been introduced into five broad 

areas of the United States (encompassing four States—Hawaii, 

New Jersey, Florida, and Georgia), primarily through the live 

food market or aquarium trade. The first introduced population in the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area 

has persisted for more than 20 years with recent captures of 

fish in marshes adjacent to the river, but it is unclear if these 

fish represent successful spawning in the marsh or emigration 

from connected ponds. The purpose of this study is to assess 

the extent and reproduction potential of this population. The 

data can enable managers to better understand the scope of the 

invasion and plan for future control or eradication measures.

Juvenile Asian swamp eel captured from a backwater marsh 

adjacent to the Chattahoochee River, Georgia. 

Preliminary Determination of Density and 

Distribution of Flathead Catfish in the Susquehanna 

River and Selected Tributaries

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Invasive flathead catfish have become established in the 

Susquehanna River, but little information exists on their abundance. The research team plans to develop models based on 

population vital rates and habitat use of the species. The goal 

of this project is to estimate the relative abundance and age 

and growth characteristics of flathead catfish. Additionally, the 

models can be developed to evaluate potential impacts to areas 

where flathead catfish have not yet invaded. The data can be 

used to inform management decisions throughout the Susquehanna River Basin.

Economic Impacts of Feral Hogs on Agriculture in 

South Carolina

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Feral hogs are an invasive species presently found in at 

least 36 States in the United States, including South Carolina, 

and can negatively affect native species, agricultural systems, 

domestic livestock, and human health. Researchers plan to 

conduct feral hog damage assessments on South Carolina 

farms. Information from this study should be important to 

natural resource managers who are developing management 

strategies.

Effects of Asian Carp Invasion on the Food Web of a 

Mussel Biodiversity Hotspot in Tennessee

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Asian carp continue to spread throughout the Mississippi 

River Basin and have recently become established in the lower 

Tennessee River watershed. Silver carp have now entered the 

Duck River, a tributary to the Tennessee River, which is a 

hotspot for fish, crayfish, and mussel biodiversity and is considered “North America’s richest river” in aquatic biodiversity 

by The Nature Conservancy. The research team plans to evaluate diet niche overlap between native mussels and silver carp 

in the Duck River over three seasons. The project results can 

inform Asian carp removal efforts across Tennessee.

Asian carp. 
Invasive Species 87

Invasive Asian Carp in Tennessee Rivers

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The invasive bighead carp and silver carp (collectively 

referred to as Asian carp) both were introduced into the United 

States in the 1970s to control algae blooms and improve water 

quality in aquaculture ponds and wastewater systems. Some 

Asian carp subsequently escaped and established wild populations throughout the Mississippi River Basin. Whereas other 

States (notably Mississippi, Illinois, and Arkansas) have initiated investigations into Asian carp biology, range expansions, 

and methods of control, no such work exists in Tennessee. 

The research team can evaluate population characteristics of 

Asian carp, initiate studies into recruitment mechanisms, and 

investigate how larvae relate to environmental factors such as 

river flows and water temperature.

Movements and Lock and Dam Passage of Asian 

Carp in the Tennessee River

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Silver carp are spreading in the Ohio River Basin and 

many of its tributaries which has created concerns for the five 

States that manage fisheries within the Tennessee River Basin. 

Populations of Asian carp have become well established in 

the lower reaches of the Tennessee River, especially below 

Pickwick Dam. Multiple agencies are interested in the movement of Asian carp in the Tennessee River Basin. The research 

team plans to use acoustic telemetry to study the movement of 

Asian carp. The results can inform removal efforts in the Tennessee River Basin and the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

Relative Population Densities of Asian Carp in the 

Tennessee River and Cumberland River Drainage 

Basins

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Asian carp are expanding in Tennessee river systems, 

and information is lacking on where to direct commercial 

fishing. Additionally, information is needed to slow the spread 

of carp and reduce their potential impact on native fish and 

mussel assemblages. The research team is investigating the 

density of Asian carp in the Tennessee River and Cumberland River drainage basins. Study results can assist fisheries 

managers who make decisions on Asian carp in two Tennessee River impoundments (Kentucky and Pickwick Lakes) and 

two Cumberland River impoundments (Lake Barkley and 

Cheatham Lake).

Pictured below: Silver carp below Barkley Dam on the Cumberland River.
88 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Assessing the Risk of Dreissenid Mussel Invasion in 

Texas on the Basis of Lake Physical Characteristics 

and Potential for Downstream Dispersal

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Zebra mussels were first reported in Lake Texoma, 

which is on the border between Texas and Oklahoma, in about 

2009 and have since spread further into the State of Texas. 

Researchers plan to assess the risk of the invasion of zebra 

mussel and a related invasive species, quagga mussel, in Texas 

by (1) predicting the general distribution of suitable habitat in 

Texas using Maxent models, (2) refining lake-specific predictions via collection of physiochemical data from identified 

high-risk lakes, and (3) assessing the potential for the downstream spread of zebra mussels by using eDNA. The results 

can provide information to help drive management decisions 

in Lake Texoma.

Distribution of the Golden Alga in Brazos River and 

Rio Grande Basins

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Golden algae release unique toxins that affect gillbreathing aquatic organisms, and information is needed to help 

resource managers control this highly toxic and harmful species. This study can determine the distribution of the golden 

alga in streams and reservoirs of the Brazos River and Rio 

Grande Basins (Texas and New Mexico), including ecologically key sites previously unexplored. Knowledge derived 

from this study may be useful for controlling the further 

spread of the highly toxic golden alga and for remediation of 

affected habitat.

Dead fish washed ashore during golden alga toxic bloom.

Influence of Environmental Variables on Growth of 

Toxigenic Golden Algae: A Laboratory Test of FieldGenerated Hypotheses

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Resource managers are interested in information on the 

influence of environmental variables on growth of toxigenic 

golden algae. Although new information has recently become 

available regarding the association of environmental variables 

with the highly toxic golden alga, this information is based 

mostly on descriptive observations in the field. The research 

team intends to conduct tests of field-generated hypotheses 

under the controlled environment of a laboratory. Knowledge 

obtained may be useful in efforts to curb the further spread 

and mitigate the toxic effects of golden algae on aquatic natural resources.

Effects of Treatments to Control Eurasian 

Watermilfoil on Fish and Zooplankton in Northern 

Wisconsin Lakes

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Eurasian watermilfoil is one of the most problematic 

aquatic invasive species in North America because it can 

outcompete native macrophytes, negatively affect fish and 

wildlife, and interfere with recreational activities. Herbicides, 

specifically 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), are 

commonly applied as a means to control or eradicate Eurasian 

watermilfoil, but little is known regarding the effects of 2,4-D 

on fish and zooplankton communities outside of a laboratory 

setting. This study plans to investigate the effects of 2,4-D on 

fish and zooplankton in lakes in northern Wisconsin. These 

data are important to fisheries managers across North America.

Eurasian watermilfoil. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.
Landscape Ecology 89

Landscape Ecology

Contemporary conservation challenges 

require inquiry and management in larger 

geographic scales. Landscape ecology is 

the field of science that explores spatial 

patterns and interrelations of ecological 

processes across ecosystems.

Dr. Mike Mitchell, Montana Cooperative 

Wildlife Research Unit.

Evaluating Moose on the Kanuit 

National Wildlife Refuge

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Unit

As the climate warms, particularly 

in arctic regions, resource managers 

are faced with the challenge of achieving preexisting management goals for 

important resources such as moose. 

Meeting this challenge should require 

AM strategies based on an improved 

understanding of changing environmental conditions and concomitant animal 

responses. The goal of this project is 

to evaluate the effect of fire history, 

plant community composition, and 

landscape characteristics on moose 

overwinter forage resources and use. 

Identifying changes in habitat quality 

over large areas and through time would enable land managers 

to predict and appropriately respond to consequent changes in 

moose populations.

Landscape-Climate-Riverine Linkages and Climate 

Change

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Reliable scientific information on landscape-climateriverine linkages and climate change is vital to decision making. This project is a synthesis that will tie together information on landscape change with changes in river flow and fish 

habitat on the Kenai River in Alaska.

Process-Based Model 

Assessment of Historical and 

Projected Changes in Carbon 

Storage in Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit

The dynamic organic soil version 

of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model 

is being used to assess historical 

(1960–2009) and projected (2010–99) 

changes in carbon storage in Alaska. 

Historical simulations are to be driven 

by downscaled climate information 

prepared by the International Arctic 

Research Center, University of Alaska 

Fairbanks, Scenarios Network for 

Alaska and Arctic Planning (SNAP), 

observed atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and historical 

observations of wildfire in Alaska. 

Projected simulations are to be driven 

by downscaled future scenarios of 

climate prepared by SNAP, associated 

atmospheric concentrations of carbon 

dioxide, and associated projections 

of wildfire simulated by the Alaska 

Frame Based Ecosystem Code, which 

is part of SNAP, and by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) First Order Fire Effects Model, which is a 

model that is used to predict fire effects. 

Social-Ecological Systems on the Kenai Peninsula

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Landscape changes associated with social-ecological 

systems on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska and the effects on 

salmon are being studied. The research team plans to investigate how land use and development affect fish and wildlife 

and relate those effects to social and economic needs of the 

human population in Alaska. These data are needed to inform 

and support the sound management and conservation of 

Alaska’s salmon.

Kenai National Wildlife 

Refuge celebrated 75 years 

of conservation in 2016. 

Image by U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.
90 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Quantification of Hydrologic Alteration and 

Relations to Biota in Arkansas Streams: 

Development of Tools and Approaches for Ungaged 

Streams

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Hydrologic alteration is an important issue affecting 

stream ecosystems globally, and the effects of flow alteration 

are likely to vary temporally and be flow regime dependent. 

This study is designed to examine flow alteration in seven 

natural flow regimes of the U.S. Interior Highlands. Additionally, the team plans to investigate temporal variation in flow 

alteration related to climate change. This study is important 

because altered hydrology is likely to affect ecosystem structure and the function of intermittent streams and may influence the vital role these streams play in material transport and 

biological connectivity.

Publication

Leasure, D.R., Magoulick, D.D., and Longing, S.D., 2016, 

Natural flow regimes of the Ozark-Ouachita Interior 

Highlands region: River Research and Applications, v. 32, 

p. 18–35, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2838.

Evaluating Dynamics of Grassland and Wetland 

Ecosystems in the Northern Great Plains

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Landscape modifications to support agriculture, habitat 

fragmentation, chemical runoff, climate change, and invasive 

species affect ecosystem health. The USGS Northern Prairie 

Wildlife Research Center (NPWRC) is engaged in ongoing 

research to better understand grassland, wetland, and riverine ecosystems and their associated biotic communities in 

the northern Great Plains. The NPWRC research programs 

specifically focus on identifying and understanding threats 

to northern Great Plains ecosystems and developing and 

evaluating conservation measures that can be implemented to 

abate those threats. This project encourages stakeholder collaboration to expand research efforts in these diverse prairie 

ecosystems.

Assessment of Field- and Landscape-Level Effects 

of NRCS Conservation Practices on Gopher Tortoise 

Habitat

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The NRCS Working Lands for Wildlife program provides financial incentives for private landowners to manage 

their lands in ways that enhance habitat suitability for wildlife 

species of conservation concern, including the gopher tortoise. This project is designed to assess habitat and population 

metrics of enrolled properties and develop enhancements in 

population assessment technology to more sensitively gauge 

how tortoise populations respond to conservation actions in 

short timeframes.

Bottomland Hardwood Composition Change 

as Controlled by Regeneration and Hydrologic 

Processes

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Bottomland hardwood forests are distributed along rivers 

and streams in the Southeastern United States, with the greatest concentration in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Recent 

research has indicated that hydrologic alterations are leading 

to broad-scale changes in forest species composition. In this 

study, the research team plans to quantify changes in selected 

bottomland hardwood forests and determine the effects of 

hydrologic processes on seed germination and seedling establishment of select tree species.

Evaluation of Representative Bird Species 

Landscape Capability Models

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

As part of the University of Massachusetts Designing 

Sustainable Landscapes project, researchers are evaluating the 

capability of the landscape in the North Atlantic LCC region to 

sustain wildlife populations under alternative climate change 

and urban growth scenarios. Researchers propose to evaluate 

In 2015, the USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research 

Center celebrated its 50th year of conducting research for 

the management of natural resources on the Great Plains.

The University of Massachusetts 

Designing Sustainable Landscapes 

Project is evaluating the capability of the landscape in the North 

Atlantic LCC region to sustain wildlife 

populations under alternative climate 

change and urban growth scenarios. 

Image by North Atlantic LCC.
Landscape Ecology 91

relations between the occurrence and abundance of recorded 

species in the study landscapes for a suite of forest birds and 

habitat data collected from the mixed coniferous-deciduous 

Acadian Forest Region of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont and the hardwood-dominated forests of Pennsylvania, 

Virginia, and West Virginia. Results from the project can be 

used to inform conservation and land-management planning.

Native Bees and Crop Production in Maine

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The increasing risk of relying on honey bees for crop pollination has led to growing interest in native bees as a potential 

alternative to honey bees for successful crop production. The 

team is leading research on bees found in powerline rightsof-way and examining the use of powerline easements for 

nesting and foraging by native bees. The research can enhance 

knowledge on the value of powerline rights-of-way for native 

bees in Maine’s blueberry crop landscape.

Small and Meso Mammals and Forest Community 

Dynamics

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Small and meso mammals are key components in forest 

communities, but information is needed on how mammals use 

forested habitats and how mammals affect forests. This study 

is designed to address how habitat context (structure, tree 

species composition, and seed-energy production) shapes the 

strength of interaction within and among the mammal community and, further, how the mammal community affects forest 

ecological processes. These results can inform management of 

Maine’s forests and address broad ecological questions.

Red squirrel eating a spruce pollen cone.

Small Mammal Community Stability

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The small mammal community is an integral part of 

Maine’s forest ecosystems, yet we know very little about the 

community’s overall ecological stability. Species decline can 

have dramatic effects on ecosystem function. Given a rapidly changing climate and increasing human demands on the 

land, it is important to understand how ecosystems respond to 

stress. This project intends to survey the small mammal community and the environments in which they are found along 

elevational gradients representing different climates in the 

mountains of Maine. Findings from this study can help inform 

the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and 

land managers in Maine of the stability of the small mammal 

community and the potential impacts of environmental change 

on key components of the larger ecosystem.

Small Natural Features With Large Ecosystem 

Functions in Urbanizing Landscapes

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The value of natural landscape features is not necessarily 

reflective in the size of the feature, and some small features 

play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity or providing 

ecosystem services. Developing tools that help reconcile property rights and rules of environmental protection across scales 

and jurisdictions provides unique opportunities for resource 

managers. The project team is prepared to investigate the 

biophysical and socioeconomic components of vernal pools. 

The results of this study can be used to improve strategies for 

conserving vernal pools and other small natural features with 

large ecosystem functions.

The Gulf of Maine Coastal Ecosystem Survey: 

An Integrated, Multidisciplinary Effort to Map 

Biological Hotspots in the Waters of Maine, New 

Hampshire, and Massachusetts

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Gulf of Maine coastal marine ecosystem is one of the 

most ecologically and economically productive ecosystems 

in the world. This coastal marine ecosystem faces threats on 

multiple levels, including climate change, wind energy development, and competing uses of the system’s natural resources. 

The research team plans to collect data needed to inform these 

immediate management needs and increase the understanding 

of the Gulf of Maine coastal marine ecosystem. Additionally, 

this information can support spatial planning efforts and onthe-ground habitat management by delineating ecologically 

important areas. 
92 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Understanding the St. Croix River Food Web

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In the past several hundred years, the St. Croix River in 

Maine has experienced considerable fluctuations in management and ecology. The construction of dams, fluctuating water 

levels, increased water temperature, restriction of upstream 

and downstream passage, conversion of riverine habitats to 

lakes, introduction of nonindigenous species, and industrial 

pollution represent impacts that have affected the system. 

The research team plans to provide a synthesis of species and 

model the food web to document conditions in the watershed. 

This information is needed because managers are conducting 

river herring reintroductions and other management actions.

Biological Effects of Urbanization and Impervious 

Cover on Massachusetts Streams

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Recent papers have synthesized the negative effects 

of urbanization and impervious cover on streams. Although 

these responses to urbanization are widely documented and 

often strong, there are so many possible mechanisms that 

specific proximate causes are often difficult to distinguish, 

partly because both natural and anthropogenic factors influence the responses at different locations and also because 

the specific stressors are poorly understood. The project is 

designed to investigate fish and macroinvertebrate responses 

to regional, local, and instream environmental factors. Overall, 

the research can help to better understand the mechanisms of 

impairment and stream response and recovery trajectories.

Stream surveying. 

Comparative Ecology and Conservation of Bears in 

North and South America

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The spectacled bear, also known as the Andean bear, is 

considered a representative landscape species; large-scale conservation benefits can result from conservation efforts for the 

species and areas it inhabits. The American black bear is also 

considered a representative landscape species. The research 

team plans to explore how land-use patterns have influenced 

population status and habitat use of Andean bears. In addition, 

researchers expect to investigate land-use change to provide 

input into the National Forest and Wildlife Service Andean 

Bear Conservation Plan in Peru. Conservation challenges associated with the two representative landscape species differ, and 

comparative analyses of landscape ecological factors affecting 

populations and distribution of both species can help inform 

management and strengthen the capacity of stakeholders to 

develop proactive conservation strategies.

An Integrated Population Model for the American 

Woodcock

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The American woodcock is a species of special conservation concern and a focal species for the USFWS. Woodcock 

are managed in two units—the Eastern and Central Management Regions—and have experienced population declines in 

both regions. Researchers are using radio-marked juveniles 

to assess juvenile survival with data from both regions being 

included in a single population model to help guide woodcock 

management. Results are being used by the USFWS to revise 

management plans on Federal lands with considerations for 

woodcock and other species that use early successional cover 

types and to provide guidance for monitoring woodcock populations at landscape scales. 

American woodcock. 
Landscape Ecology 93

Grasslands, Conservation Reserve Program 

Enrollments, and Greater Prairie-Chicken 

Populations in Minnesota

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The greater prairie-chicken is closely associated with the 

native prairies of central and eastern North America. These 

native prairies have largely disappeared, causing a dramatic 

reduction in greater prairie-chicken range and abundance. 

The CRP compensates farmers for removing sensitive land 

from agricultural production and installing native species to 

improve environmental quality. This project can examine the 

relation between grasslands, CRP enrollments, and greater 

prairie-chicken populations in northwest Minnesota.

Establishing Ground Cover in Reservoir Mudflats to 

Promote Recreational Fish Assemblages

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A limited number of research efforts has suggested that 

seeding exposed shorelines with annual terrestrial grasses can 

produce lush stands of vegetation that can grow through fall 

and winter. Researchers plan to seed 250–500 acres of mudflats of the flood control reservoirs of northwest Mississippi. 

Seeding is expected to include multiple plant species seeded at 

diverse time periods (such as, late summer, fall, or late winter 

just before mudflats are re-flooded) to promote plant survival 

and structural diversity. Researchers intend to seed selected 

plant species in monocultures and as suites of multiple harmonious species (polycultures) that have demonstrated synergistic effects on plant survival and growth or on the benefits the 

plants provide fish. This diversity of plantings can promote 

planting success and allow evaluation of best practices regarding the timing of planting and associated costs relative to the 

resulting improvement in the fish assemblages and in relation 

to water management strategies.

Inventory and Classification of Oxbow Lakes in the 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley includes about 

1,500 floodplain lakes that represent the largest concentration 

of oxbow lakes in North America. Water quality and environmental degradation are a primary concern in most of these 

lakes, stemming from disturbances associated with agriculture, 

regulation of discharges from major flood-control reservoirs, 

and stream channelization. To support restoration efforts, the 

research team plans to evaluate water quality and fish assemblages. The study results can be of value to various State and 

Federal agencies with jurisdiction over the alluvial valley.

Conservation and Management of Mid-Sized Rivers 

in Missouri: Development of Sampling Protocols 

and Application to Priority Watershed Rivers

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Substantial monitoring and research are conducted on 

large, main stem rivers, such as the Mississippi and Missouri, 

and on smaller, wadeable streams; however, little information exists for the mid-sized rivers in Missouri. These rivers 

can be important for fisheries management and conservation. 

This study can help determine the ecological role of mid-sized 

rivers. Knowing how mid-sized rivers are used by big-river 

and small-stream fishes and to what degree these rivers have 

their own unique fish communities should help the Missouri 

Department of Conservation identify important rivers to target 

for conservation and restoration.

Evaluation of Grassland Restoration Efforts on 

Invertebrate Communities in Missouri

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The tallgrass prairie is one of the most endangered 

ecosystems in North America, and as a result, thousands of 

acres of prairie reconstruction plantings have been established 

in Missouri to augment the remaining fragments of native 

grassland. It is unclear, however, how grassland invertebrates 

respond to prairie reconstruction and whether these invertebrates are capable of recolonizing restored prairies. The 

goal of this study is to compare invertebrate communities 

in restored prairies to nearby remnant prairies and evaluate 

the effects of restored prairie area and age of restoration on 

invertebrate species richness and community composition. 

Results of this research can provide information to managers 

on whether invertebrate communities in restored prairies are 

similar to those in remnant prairies and whether dispersal constraints may limit invertebrate colonization in restored prairies.

Science to Inform Management of Floodplain 

Conservation Lands Under Nonstationary Conditions

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Large tracts of Mississippi and Missouri River floodplains have recently been converted to conservation status 

through purchase or easements, and questions have arisen 

about how these lands can best be managed under land-use 

and climate change. Managers face uncertainties ranging 

from site-specific designs for water infrastructure to longterm land-acquisition strategies. The objective of this project 

is to formalize understanding of science information needs 

for management of conservation lands on large-river floodplains. The work is necessary to establish a firm foundation for 

development of cost-effective, relevant floodplain science to 

inform management.
94 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Publication

Bouska, K.L., Lindner, G.A., Paukert, C.P., and Jacobson, 

R.B., 2016, Stakeholder-led science—Engaging resource 

managers to identify science needs for long-term management of floodplain conservation lands: Ecology and Society, 

v. 21, no. 3, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08620-

210312.

Evaluating Sediment and Nutrient Contributions 

From Unpaved Forest Roads to Headwater Streams

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Unpaved forest roads remain a pervasive disturbance 

on public lands, and mitigating sediment from road networks 

remains a priority for management agencies. Landscape restoration is becoming increasingly important for many native 

coldwater fishes that disproportionately rely on public lands 

for persistence. Effectively targeting restoration opportunities 

requires a comprehensive understanding of the effects of roads 

across different ecosystems. As part of this indepth field study, 

researchers intend to investigate how roads and sediment 

delivery influence sediment and water quality in aquatic habitats. Study results can be used by the USFS in consideration 

of restoring roads in the 6,070 square-kilometer southwestern 

Crown of the Continent ecosystem in Montana.

Amphibian Occupancy, Functional Connectivity, and 

Resilience of Rainwater Basin Wetlands

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Both the quantity and quality of wetlands have declined 

globally. Many remaining wetlands exist in landscapes 

dominated by agricultural production. The Rainwater Basin in 

Nebraska is characterized by shallow wetlands in an agricultural matrix. This project is designed to assess how agricultural land use may affect resilience of a large wetland complex. Specifically, researchers plan to investigate occupancy 

of amphibians, functional connectivity of remaining wetlands, 

and acute and chronic effects to amphibians from commonly 

applied agrichemicals. This information can be used to facilitate conservation planning for amphibians in the Rainwater 

Basin.

Modeling Effects of Environmental Change on 

Crucial Wildlife Habitat

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change is adversely affecting biotic communities. 

Society is asking important questions about how future shifts 

in environmental conditions will affect areas prone to change 

in a variety of variables such as temperature, precipitation, 

housing density, and energy development. The primary objective of this project is to assess the impact that varying climate 

and land-use change scenarios for the South-Central United 

States is expected to have on the distribution of key species. 

The results of this assessment can be integrated into decision 

support tools.

Responses of Large Mammals to Forest Restoration 

Treatments in the Southwest Jemez Mountains, 

New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The responses of large mammals to forest restoration 

treatments in the southwest Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, 

is important to resource managers. The research team plans 

to monitor the responses of mule deer, elk, black bear, and 

mountain lion to forest restoration treatments associated with 

the USFS Southwest Jemez Mountains Collaborative Forest 

Landscape Restoration Project. Moreover, the team intends 

to assess resource selection and space use of large mammals 

in relation to forest restoration treatments to guide wildlife 

conservation across the Jemez Mountains.

The responses of large mammals to forest 

restoration treatments in the southwest Jemez 

Mountains, New Mexico, is important to natural 

resource decision makers. Photograph by Sally 

King, National Park Service.

Publications

Kindschuh, S.R., Cain, J.W., III, Daniel, David, and Peyton, 

M.A., 2016, Efficacy of GPS cluster analysis for predicting 

carnivory sites of a wide-ranging omnivore—The American 

black bear: Ecosphere, v. 7, no. 10, e01513, 17 p., https://

doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1513.

Roberts, C.P., Cain, J.W., III, and Cox, R.D., 2016, Application of activity sensors for estimating behavioral patterns: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 40, no. 4, https://doi.

org/10.1002/wsb.717.
Landscape Ecology 95

Landscape Conservation in the Choco-Andean 

Biological Corridor

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Ecuador’s famous cloud forests are home to the Andean 

bear and scores of other endangered animals and plants—yet 

more than 50 percent of these biodiversity hotspots are now 

deforested, threatening both habitats and rural livelihoods. 

Working with local stakeholders, researchers plan to develop 

a conservation program that connects existing forest reserves 

with the newly created Andean bear corridor. An optimal corridor design can ensure landscape connectivity for endangered 

species, while maintaining critical ecosystem services and 

sustainable ways of life for the human inhabitants of South 

America’s biodiversity epicenters.

Publication

Morin, D.J., Fuller, A.K., Royle, J.A., and Sutherland, Chris, 

2017, Model-based estimators of density and connectivity to inform conservation of spatially-structured populations: Ecosphere, v. 8, no. 1, e01623, 16 p., https://doi.

org/10.1002/ecs2.1623.

Sustainable Forest Communities: Integrated Land 

Stewardship Strategy for Native American Land 

Claims

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In partnership with the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, an 

integrated land stewardship strategy for existing and newly 

settled Native American lands in the Northern Forest is being 

developed. Specifically, the project can (1) undertake a comprehensive land-use study of existing lands and newly settled 

land claims of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe in the Northern 

Forest that is based on social-ecological mapping of hotspots 

where geographical areas of human and ecological values 

overlap; (2) develop an innovative, comprehensive, and culturally relevant stewardship strategy; and (3) create audiovisual 

curriculum material on sustainable forest management and 

land stewardship for use in high school and undergraduate 

environmental science education. This research combines 

Native American ecological knowledge and scientific understanding to achieve sustainable forest management.

Pictured below: Landscape conservation research in the 

Choco-Andean biological corridor.
96 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Research and Applications in Support of the 

National Gap Analysis Program

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The threats posed by climate change, urbanization, and 

invasive species underscore the need for proactive management. Conservation planning at regional and national extents 

has been limited by a lack of consistent, detailed, and current 

data, and decision makers can no longer consider management 

decisions without understanding a broader regional context. 

As part of the National GAP, researchers have been working to address this problem by creating national datasets to 

support analysis and resource management. Results from this 

project can help natural resource managers develop better 

monitoring protocols. 

Mapping Physical Characteristics of the Mouth of 

the Columbia River By Using Transmitters on Diving 

Waterbirds

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The mouth of the Columbia River, shared between 

Oregon and Washington, is a dynamic coastal environment 

where hydrological forces produce evolving physical characteristics. Enhancing the physical characterization at the 

mouth of the Columbia River is a primary objective of the 

New River Mouth and Inlet Departmental Research Initiative. The research team plans to investigate the use of diving 

water birds (double-crested cormorants and Brandt’s cormorant) as sensor platforms to collect physical oceanographic 

data. Waterbirds may offer unique sampling opportunities in 

coastal waters, including areas difficult to access. Nesting 

cormorants are attractive candidates for this type of sampling 

because archival tags can be recovered by recapturing the 

bird when it returns to the nest after foraging. Additionally, 

the team intends to map a variety of physical characteristics 

(for example, temperature, conductivity, depth, and bedform 

morphology) at the mouth of the Columbia River to inform 

management decisions.

A Macrosystems Ecology Framework for 

Continental-Scale Understanding and Prediction of 

Nutrients in Lakes

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

During the past decade, data on inland waters have 

changed. Researchers recognize ecosystems as significant 

hotspots for the storage and transformation of nitrogen, 

phosphorus, and carbon; however, there are substantial gaps in 

knowledge. New approaches are needed to reduce uncertainty 

in extrapolating site-level estimates to larger geographical 

scales. The goal of this research is to explore nutrient patterns for all continental U.S. lakes to inform estimates of lake 

contributions to continental and global cycles of nitrogen, 

phosphorus, and carbon. This research can improve the overall 

understanding of inland water nutrient cycling and provide 

locally valuable information about unsampled lakes.

The Effects of Cross-Scale Interactions on 

Freshwater Ecosystems Across Space and Time

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding cross-scale interactions is a critical 

research component in macrosystems ecology that extends 

across environmental science. A cross-scale interaction exists 

where a driver at one scale, such as local land use, interacts 

with a driver at another scale, such as regional climate. These 

cross-scale interactions can lead to nonlinear and unexpected 

relations between drivers and responses. Unfortunately, 

properties of cross-scale interactions, such as the conditions 

in which they occur, are largely unknown, partly because they 

have been quantified in only a few instances. Researchers plan 

to use lakes and their major nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, 

and organic carbon) as a model system, because lakes are 

affected by many drivers and because there is a wealth of 

existing data and knowledge from small-scale studies regarding possible mechanisms through which drivers could interact 

across scales. The project results can guide the management of 

freshwater ecosystems in Pennsylvania.

Dynamics of Wetland and Grassland Ecosystems in 

the Northern Great Plains

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Habitat fragmentation, climate change, invasive species, 

and how chemical and sediment runoff affects native plants 

and animals are a central focus of research across the United 

States. This project intends to use and update a historical 

dataset from the 1960s to quantify the dynamics of wetlands 

and plant communities in the northern Great Plains. Researchers plan to investigate drivers affecting the biota and function 

of wetland and grassland ecosystems, including land use and 

climate change. The project results can contribute to priority 

information needs and conservation programs, such as the 

Prairie Pothole and Northern Great Plains Joint Ventures.

Publication

Cressey, R.L., Austin, J.E., and Stafford, J.D., 2016, Three 

responses of wetland conditions to climatic extremes in the 

prairie pothole region: Wetlands, v. 36, supplement no. 2, 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0818-8.
Landscape Ecology 97

Evaluating Wetland Ecosystem Health in the Prairie 

Pothole Region of South Dakota Using Real-Time 

Nutrient Dynamics of Waterfowl

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wetland drainage and upland conversion for agriculture 

has significantly altered the landscape of the prairie pothole 

region of North America. Previous studies suggested that 

waterfowl are indicators of landscape or wetland condition. 

This project intends to use the blood plasma metabolites of 

blue-winged teal and lesser scaup as indicators of wetland and 

landscape condition. This large-scale approach would be the 

first of its kind to document the effects of agriculturally driven 

landscape change on waterbirds and wetlands and quantify the 

influence of consolidation drainage.

Understanding the Role of Muleshoe National 

Wildlife Refuge

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The role of Muleshoe NWR and the surrounding landscape in Texas is being assessed for the overwintering of sandhill cranes. Researchers intend to develop a model that incorporates the role of the refuge for species conservation in the 

context of a changing landscape related to climate change and 

its effects on land use in the High Plains. Information obtained 

can allow the assessment of what constitutes sustainable 

landscapes for sandhill cranes and what possible management 

strategies can be put into place to protect these landscapes. 

San Rafael River Restoration Science

Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Like many rivers in the Southwest, the San Rafael River 

in east-central Utah has been affected by hydrological alterations, habitat fragmentation, and nonnative woody riparian 

vegetation establishment. Three native species found in the 

San Rafael River—the bluehead sucker, flannelmouth sucker, 

and roundtail chub—are currently protected under a conservation agreement. However, the three species occur in low 

abundance in the lower river because of poor habitat quality 

and the presence of nonnative fish species. Researchers combined hydrological and geomorphological analyses of channel change with data on current fish distributions and habitat 

needs to help guide restoration efforts on the lower San Rafael 

River. The outcomes of the San Rafael restoration project can 

help inform restoration efforts throughout the Southwest.

West Virginia’s Corridor H Stream Monitoring Project

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Corridor H, a highway under construction in eastern West 

Virginia, is expected to affect streams in the area. As part of 

this study, the environmental impacts of road construction 

on streams within eastern West Virginia are to be monitored, 

with a focus on stream health and stream sedimentation within 

a before-after-control-impact study design. The results can 

provide an assessment of the effectiveness of mitigation strategies, erosion controls, and other BMPs for future large-scale 

highway projects. 

Pictured below: Sandhill cranes take flight at Muleshoe National 

Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Photograph by Christena Stephens, U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service.
98 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Density and Nest Success of Grassland Birds in 

Warm Season Conservation Reserve Program Fields 

in Southwestern Wisconsin

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The vast majority of land in the Central United States 

is privately owned and actively farmed. These lands provide 

small areas of protected grasslands, which are valuable habitats for many species of birds. Conservation Reserve Program 

grasslands serve as replacements for natural grasslands; 

however, CRP grasslands are becoming increasingly disturbed, 

and information regarding the value of CRP grasslands as bird 

habitats is needed. The research team plans to investigate the 

density and nest success of grassland birds in warm season 

CRP fields in southwestern Wisconsin. Information from this 

study can help decision makers manage grassland bird habitats 

in the face of potential large-scale habitat change.

Evaluating Wisconsin’s Bird Conservation Areas

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The Wisconsin Bird Conservation Initiative (WBCI) 

has created a strategic grasslands-implementation plan to use 

grassland bird conservation areas (BCAs) in focal grassland 

landscapes. The distribution of public lands and identification of BCAs on the landscape has provided an opportunity to 

evaluate and refine State management actions. Restoring and 

protecting BCAs are especially difficult in Wisconsin because 

most of the existing grassland bird habitat is on private land. 

The objective of this project is to design and implement 

an evaluation program for the WBCI strategic grasslandsimplementation plan. This evaluation plan can test assumptions behind BCAs and allow for the tracking of bird populations and habitat work within BCAs and focal landscapes.

Monitoring Wildlife Population Change and Data 

Management for the Chequamegon-Nicolet National 

Forest

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Wildlife inventory and monitoring (I&M) programs 

provide important data and tools to help assess how management may be influencing wildlife populations across distance 

and time. Conservation of species has shifted from single-site 

efforts to landscape-scale approaches due to the scale at which 

many drivers of change (for example, disturbance) operate. Researchers plan to work collaboratively with the USFS 

Northern Research Station to evaluate two long-term projects: 

amphibian use of ephemeral ponds and wetlands within forested systems and beaver colony activity along trout streams.

Publication

Donner, D.M., Ribic, C.A., Beck, A.J., Higgins, Dale, Eklund, 

Dan, and Reinecke, Susan, 2015, Woodland pond salamander abundance in relation to forest management and 

environmental conditions in northern Wisconsin: Journal 

of North American Herpetology, v. 2015, no. 1, p. 34–42, 

https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2015/nrs_2015_

donner_001.pdf.

Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Mule Deer Project

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Healthy ungulate populations are essential to sustaining the ecological, economic, and cultural values of western 

U.S. landscapes. Increasingly, scientists and wildlife managers 

are recognizing that the productivity of western herds of mule 

deer depends on the ability of the animals to migrate seasonally across vast expanses of public and private lands. Mule 

deer are especially important to the ecology and economy of 

northwest Wyoming. This project can help decision makers 

manage these high-value herds and assist conservation and 

easement planning efforts.

Identification of Priority Conservation Areas for 

Native Aquatic Species

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Establishing protected areas has long been an effective conservation strategy. The development of aquatic 

protected areas typically is based on more readily surveyed 

species such as fish, and the potential of any freshwater taxa 

to be a surrogate of other aquatic groups has not been fully 

explored. Researchers compiled occurrence data on 72 species 

of freshwater fish, amphibians, mussels, and aquatic reptiles 

for the Great Plains, Wyoming. The research team used hierarchical Bayesian multispecies mixture models and MaxEnt 

models to describe species distributions as well as program 

Zonation to identify conservation priority areas for each 

aquatic group. Researchers found that the development of conservation priorities based on a single freshwater aquatic group 

would protect common species in the other aquatic groups but 

not the rare species that often need the most protection.

Migration Corridors and Landscape Connectivity 

Project

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Human disturbances (such as grazing, oil and gas development, transportation, and rural development) affect migrating ungulates in the West. Scientists are conducting research 

using geospatial modeling to determine existing ungulate 

migration corridors, landscape connectivity, and integrity patterns throughout Wyoming. The research team plans to use a 
Landscape Ecology 99

combination of radio collar data and spatial data maintained 

by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Future considerations for this work include evaluation of how migration corridors are considered in energy, agriculture, and rural development management decisions in Wyoming.

Platte Valley Mule Deer Project

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Platte Valley mule deer herd is facing considerable stresses, and informational gaps challenge the efficient 

management of the mule deer by the Wyoming Game and Fish 

Department. Wildlife managers currently have insufficient 

information on the status and abundance of this herd. The 

purpose of this project is to provide land managers with data 

on the status and abundance of the Platte Valley herd. Changes 

in winter and summer habitat, predators, human development, 

migration barriers, competition from other ungulates, and 

diseases are all factors potentially influencing the Platte Valley 

herd. The Platte Valley herd is important to the State of Wyoming because of hunting interests, wildlife viewing opportunities, and proximity to major population centers. 

Relating Mule Deer Corridors to Sage-Grouse 

Conservation

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In the spring of 2010, USDA NRCS introduced the SageGrouse Initiative (SGI), a highly targeted and science-based 

landscape approach to delivering conservation practices to 

elicit a positive greater sage-grouse population response to 

management. This initiative has yielded substantial improvements benefiting greater sage-grouse on 2 million acres in 

2 short years. This project is designed to assess the outcomes 

of SGI benefits to mule deer and target existing Farm Bill 

resources to mutually benefit both deer and grouse. The SGI is 

committed to maintaining large and intact grazing landscapes 

capable of supporting world-class wildlife populations. 

Stable Isotopes to Delineate Seasonal Range Use 

for Wyoming Ungulates

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

For more than a century, wildlife ecologists have sought 

to describe animal movements and differentiate populations 

across the vast landscapes these animals occupy. Understanding the movement biology of terrestrial mammals, especially 

large ungulates, is important for conserving migratory corridors. The project team intends to develop a method to determine the migratory movement paths and seasonal range use 

of Wyoming ungulates by using the strontium isotope values 

recorded in the teeth of these animals. The analyses have the 

potential to decrease overall costs, manpower, and time associated with tracking and describing animal movement patterns.

The Wyoming Migration Initiative Assessment

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Wyoming Migration Initiative research team developed a migration assessment program, which seeks to conduct 

a detailed evaluation of big game migrations in Wyoming. 

This effort is patterned after the 150-mile “Red Desert to 

Hoback” mule deer migration assessment, which identified a 

top-10 list of threats (such as oil and gas leasing, road crossings, and areas of future rural development). This project seeks 

to assess the migration corridors of the elk herds that migrate 

into and out of Yellowstone National Park from winter ranges 

in Cody, Dubois, and Jackson, Wyoming. The assessments can 

be available to the public through the web and social media, 

and are intended to guide on-the-ground conservation for years 

to come.

Wyoming Migration Initiative

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Conserving ungulate migration routes is of considerable 

interest to wildlife managers in Wyoming and the West. Nearly 

Map area

MT

ID

UT

SD

NE

CO

WY

N

The Wyoming Migration Initiative 

is advancing the understanding, 

appreciation, and conservation 

of Wyoming’s migratory ungulates by conducting innovative 

research and sharing scientific 

information through public outreach. Colored lines represent 

migration paths of mule deer.
100 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

every State and Federal agency that manages wildlife in Wyoming, and the many environmental NGOs and land trusts that 

work in the State, list “conserving ungulate migration routes” 

as a top priority. Still, no comprehensive story has been 

developed for Wyoming’s extraordinary ungulate migrations. 

Researchers initiated a project to create the “Atlas of Wildlife 

Migration” to help draw attention to the amazing journeys of 

Wyoming’s migratory ungulates, synthesize disparate spatial 

data on migration, and elevate awareness of this ecological phenomenon as a means of advancing conservation and 

management efforts. The atlas is planned for publication as a 

large-format reference book and to be made accessible online 

in an interactive format. 

Wyoming Mule Deer Migration Patterns

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Most mule deer research efforts over the last decade and 

a half have been focused on does. Researchers learned a lot 

about the timing, distance, stopover use, and migration routes 

of mule deer does; however, data are lacking on the migration routes of bucks. The research team plans to evaluate 

how migrating deer respond to different types of fences. This 

project can lead to a comparison of the migration patterns of 

mule deer bucks and does, data that can be useful in refining 

the timing of hunting seasons. Additionally, the data can guide 

efforts to make fences more “mule deer friendly.”

Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Wyoming mule deer working group is one of the 

most active and productive working groups sponsored by 

the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. The 

overall goal of the Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project is to 

address important research and management needs identified 

by the mule deer working group. For this project, researchers 

plan to investigate the nutritional relations between mule deer 

population dynamics, energy development and disturbance, 

habitat conditions, and climate to provide a mechanistic 

approach to monitoring and management of mule deer.

Pictured at left: Scientists with the University of Wyoming and 

the Wyoming Game and Fish Department transport a captured 

mule deer in the Wyoming Range of Wyoming. The deer was fitted 

with a global positioning system tracking device, its body fat was 

assessed, and other biological samples were taken before the deer 

was released. Photograph by Mark Gocke, Wyoming Game and 

Fish Department. Used with permission.

Wyoming Red Desert-to-Hoback Migration 

Assessment

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Given increasing levels of energy development and recreation on public lands, sprawling housing development on private lands, and increasing traffic volumes on the roadways, the 

persistence of the longest mule deer migration ever recorded 

(and second longest land migration in North America), where 

deer travel a one-way distance of 150 miles from Wyoming’s 

Red Desert to the headwaters of the Hoback River, is uncertain. Migrations like this are unique to Wyoming’s undeveloped open spaces and are an important part of the cultural, 

hunting, and conservation heritage of the State. There is value 

in continuing to educate the public and policy makers on the 

biological value of intact migrations and the complexities of 

conserving such migration routes in areas outside of national 

parks. Although this work highlights the importance of Wyoming’s Red Desert landscape and the Big Sandy Foothills, the 

challenge of conserving long-distance migration is symbolic 

of public lands conservation and management across the West.

The Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

is studying deer, moose, pronghorn, elk, wolves, and bighorn 

sheep to understand the influences on these species from 

human disturbance, habitat conditions, climate change, and 

energy development.
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 101

Species of Greatest Conservation Need

State Wildlife Action Plans identify species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) in their State and identify information needs and 

management actions necessary to keep these species common. 

Photograph by Michael Park. Used with permission.

Determination of Species-Specific Dissolved 

Oxygen and Temperature Requirements for 

Nongame Riverine Fishes

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Southeastern United States has the richest aquatic 

biodiversity and highest degree of endemism in North America; the Southeast region also has some of the highest imperilment rates on the continent. In fact, more than 40 percent of 

the federally listed animals in the Southeast region are freshwater mussels, snails, and fishes that are found in Alabama. 

Large- and small-scale dams are prevalent on the landscape, 

many of which affect water quality. The research team plans to 

quantify the dissolved oxygen and temperature requirements 

of several nongame fish SGCN in order to identify patterns 

that can be used to increase the effectiveness of water-quality 

regulations and conditions below impoundments. 

Ecology of Smith’s Longspurs in Northern Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

is contributing to conservation strategies for Smith’s longspurs 

by further refining knowledge of their breeding ecology in 

Alaska. Using the unique availability of individually marked 

birds and baseline data at the Arctic NWR, this study is 

designed to document natal and breeding site fidelity, estimate and analyze nest survival and covariates that influence 

nest survival (for example, habitat and temporal factors), and 

collect and analyze life history information. Study results can 

allow managers to better understand breeding parameters such 

as breeding phenology, adult survival and movements, nesting 

chronology, habitat preferences, and nest site requirements, 

all of which are important when developing management 

alternatives.

Publications

Craig, H.R., Kendall, Steve, Wild, Teri, and Powell, A.N., 

2015, Dispersal and survival of a polygynandrous passerine: 

The Auk, v. 132, no. 4, p. 916–925, https://doi.org/10.1642/

AUK-15-41.1.

McFarland, H.R., Kendall, Steve, and Powell, A.N., 2017, 

Nest-site selection and reproductive success of an arcticbreeding passerine, Smith’s longspurs, in a changing 

climate: The Condor, v. 119, no. 1, p. 85–97, https://doi.

org/10.1650/condor-16-87.1.

Wild, T.C., Kendall, S.J., Guldager, Nikki, and Powell, A.N., 

2015, Breeding habitat associations and predicted distribution of an obligate tundra-breeding bird, Smith’s longspur: 

The Condor, v. 117, no. 1, p. 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1650/

CONDOR-14-77.1.

Migration Trends for King and Common Eiders and 

Yellow-Billed Loons Past Point Barrow in a Rapidly 

Changing Environment

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Most of the king and common eiders and yellow-billed 

loons that nest in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada 

migrate twice annually past Point Barrow, Alaska, during their 

northward spring migration and their southward fall migration. 

In 1996, spring and fall counts indicated both eider species 

experienced population declines of approximately 50 percent 

between 1976 and 1996. The Wildlife Conservation Society 

and the North Slope Borough, Alaska, successfully completed 

a spring count in 2015 and 2016. Researchers plan to assess 

migration trends of eider and loon populations. Such data are 

critically needed to assess the conservation needs of these 

A male Smith's longspur. Photograph by National Park Service. species now and in the future.
102 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Relation of Riparian and Instream Habitat With 

Presence of Native and Nonnative Fishes in 

Intermediate-Sized Arizona Rivers

Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Streams of the Southwestern United States contain some 

of the most unique and endangered fish species on the planet. 

Conserving these species requires knowledge of what physical 

and biological conditions enable them to live, even thrive, at 

a particular location. Researchers plan to analyze fish habitat 

use in the rivers traversing the Mogollon Rim, Arizona. The 

goal of this project is to identify specific physical and biological habitat needs of select native fish species that would allow 

for improved habitat management, provide information to aid 

in protection of instream flows, and contribute to recovery of 

endangered and sensitive native fish species. This knowledge 

is necessary to manage riparian areas, to inform fish stocking 

decisions, and to protect instream flow rights.

Graduate student holding a razorback sucker.

Effects of Wetland Management Strategies on 

Habitat Use of Fall Migrating Rails on Intensively 

Managed Wetland Complexes in Mississippi

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Migratory Shore and Upland Game Bird Support Task Force for 

rails and snipe identified priority information needs, one of 

which was “estimate vital rates to support population modeling, targeting the estimation of survival rates of rails, using the 

sora as a surrogate.” This project is designed to address key 

planning, management, and research questions that need to 

be addressed before vital rates can be estimated. In addition, 

the study is expected to lay the groundwork for developing a 

telemetry study that can be used to develop models focused on 

vital rates. 

Invasive Species Effects, Population Status, and 

Population Genetics of Crayfish: Species of Greatest 

Conservation Need in the Ozark Highlands of 

Arkansas and Mississippi

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Multiple crayfish SGCN are found in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Mississippi. The Mammoth Spring 

crayfish and the coldwater crayfish, two of the most geographically restricted stream crayfish, are considered imperiled in 

Arkansas and Mississippi—and globally—and are candidates 

for listing by the USFWS under the ESA. Hubbs’ crayfish 

is another narrow range endemic species occurring in northcentral Arkansas and south-central Mississippi. This study 

intends to determine the population status of crayfish SGCN 

by comparing abundance and occupancy rates from 1998 to 

1999 to those from a recent study from 2010 to 2011. The 

threat of an advancing invasive species, along with potential 

habitat loss and fragmentation, makes determining potential 

invasive species effects, population status, and the population 

genetics for these species extremely important for developing 

appropriate conservation measures.

Assessing Humboldt Marten Prey Availability and 

Predator Abundance in Advance of Population 

Restoration

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Humboldt marten, a subspecies of marten endemic 

to the redwood region of California, was detected for the first 

time in recent history in Redwood National and State Parks in 

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

graduate student, holding a Virginia rail.
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 103

2009 (after presumed extirpation from its historic range). In 

1996, the subspecies was detected in a national forest 20 miles 

east of the Redwood National and State Parks location. Longterm persistence of the population is likely to be successful 

with restoration of the Humboldt marten to currently suitable 

old-growth habitat in the short term and restoration of old forest characteristics preferred by the marten in extensive secondgrowth regions of Redwood National and State Parks over 

the coming decades. However, before steps can be taken to 

assist marten recolonization of suitable old-growth habitat and 

design restoration actions to accelerate the return of suitable 

habitat conditions for marten, prey availability and abundance 

and marten predator abundance must be assessed.

Export of Invertebrate Drift From Headwater Streams

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fishless headwater streams are critical components of a 

river network, serving as a source of sediments, water, woody 

debris, nutrients, and invertebrates for downstream waters. 

Unfortunately, resource managers rarely consider the importance of the invertebrate subsidies provided by fishless headwater streams. To address this issue, scientists plan to assess 

the role of fishless headwater streams as donors to downstream 

food supplies for coastal cutthroat trout in headwater systems 

of the lower Klamath River. A greater understanding of how 

these subsidies are used by fish and contribute to biological 

production in downstream reaches is needed to enhance management practices.

Giant Kangaroo Rat Population Monitoring in 

Panoche Valley

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Giant kangaroo rats are a keystone species throughout 

their range, including the Carrizo Plain; however, drought 

and the associated lack of vegetative growth have resulted in 

precipitous population declines. The objective of this project 

is to test the effectiveness of a supplemental feeding program 

to increase giant kangaroo rat survival and production in the 

Ciervo-Panoche Natural Area. If supplemental feeding is beneficial to giant kangaroo rat populations, the approach may be 

used to benefit other species, such as the San Joaquin kit fox 

and San Joaquin antelope squirrel.

Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat Statewide Assessment

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Townsend’s big-eared bat population has declined 

in recent years and is a species of conservation concern. The 

goal of this project is to quantify the current status of the 

Townsend’s big-eared bat in California. This project can provide the first statewide assessment of the number and status of 

Townsend’s big-eared bat colonies in California in more than 

two decades. The project can also provide a comprehensive 

report on the distribution, abundance, and condition of historically and currently occupied sites, a regional assessment of the 

species’ status, and suggestions for maintaining or enhancing 

existing populations, as well as a discussion of likely future 

threats. 

Pictured below: A headwater stream in California.
104 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Environmental Effect on Harbor Seal Movement and 

Resource Selection

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Harbor seals are found throughout the coastal waters of 

southern Alaska; however, seal populations have declined 

80–90 percent in past decades. Understanding how the environment motivates harbor seal resource selection and behavior 

is a critical step toward understanding the precipitous decline 

of the species and managing the species toward recovery. 

Researchers are investigating the effects of a dynamic environment on harbor seal movement and resource selection. This 

research can provide insights into the environmental drivers of 

harbor seal behavior.

Productivity of American Oystercatchers Nesting on 

Spoil Islands at the Cross Florida Greenway State 

Recreation and Conservation Area

Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

American oystercatchers are breeding at about 50 sites in 

Florida, with more than 90 percent of the population concentrated on the Gulf Coast. The spoil islands at the Cross 

Florida Greenway State Recreation and Conservation Area 

in Citrus County support the largest concentration of nesting 

oystercatchers along the Nature Coast region. The purpose 

of this project is to provide data on annual productivity of 

oystercatchers nesting in the area. Research data can inform 

decisions about the productivity of American oystercatchers 

nesting on spoil islands at the Cross Florida Greenway State 

Recreation and Conservation Area. 

Effects of Spring Cattle Grazing on Demographic 

Traits of Greater Sage-Grouse

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The greater sage-grouse was once widespread within the 

sagebrush-grassland ecosystems of western North America; 

however, populations have declined substantially. A major 

concern is the possible effect that spring cattle grazing may 

have on demographic parameters and habitat use. This project 

intends to evaluate the effects of spring cattle grazing on 

(1) sage-grouse demographic and behavioral traits, (2) the 

density and diversity of insects common in sage-grouse diets, 

and (3) nest concealment and other vegetation features that 

contribute to sage-grouse habitat suitability. Understanding 

the effects of spring cattle grazing on sage-grouse can allow 

managers to develop management and grazing strategies that 

minimize negative effects that are identified.

Identifying Migratory Routes and Wintering Grounds 

of Burrowing Owls That Breed on Department of 

Defense Installations in the Western United States

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The DoD is responsible for managing species found on 

DoD lands. The burrowing owl, a declining species, is found 

on numerous DoD installations throughout the Western United 

States, but scientific information on burrowing owls is needed 

to successfully manage owl populations. Researchers plan to 

attach “geolocators” to 200 burrowing owls on numerous DoD 

installations throughout the West to identify their migratory 

routes and wintering grounds. Study results can be used to 

identify priority management needs for this species and help 

reduce conflict with the military mission on DoD installations.

Burrowing owls. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Kokanee Population Dynamics, Mysid-Kokanee 

Interactions, and Sampling Techniques in Idaho 

Lakes

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Kokanee (land-locked sockeye salmon) suffered significant declines in the late 1960s in Lake Pend Oreille, but 

the exact cause or causes have not been identified. Despite 

considerable research, numerous questions remain regarding 

the appropriate management of kokanee in Idaho. The goals of 

the research are to (1) evaluate the biases of mid-water trawling, (2) investigate interspecific competition between mysids 

and kokanee, and (3) evaluate the performance of kokanee 

breeding groups (early run, late run) in Idaho. The results can 

be used to inform fisheries management decisions in Idaho.
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 105

Movement Dynamics, Distribution, Habitat Use, 

and Species Associations of Juvenile Burbot in 

Tributaries of the Kootenai River

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Although common in large portions of their range, the 

Kootenai River population of burbot has declined significantly in past years. The research team plans to investigate the 

survival, movement, and habitat use of burbot that are stocked 

in tributaries of the Kootenai River. In addition to using PIT 

tag detectors in a novel manner to answer research questions, 

the team plans to sample fish and habitat to understand the 

fish assemblage associations and habitat available for juvenile 

burbot. Results of this research can be used to guide stocking 

practices associated with the management and conservation of 

burbot in western river systems.

Population Dynamics of Alaskan Seabirds

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The remoteness of Alaska has not spared it from conservation threats related to climate change and other environmental stressors. The incredible biological productivity of 

the Aleutian and Bering Sea Islands region is reflected in the 

prolific commercial fisheries that account for 50 percent of the 

total U.S. seafood landings. The project team plans to analyze 

seabird population dynamics and environmental drivers at a 

regional scale to improve the understanding of complex linkages in the marine system and guide monitoring efforts.

Farmed and Conservation Reserve Enhancement 

Program Wetland Amphibian Populations in the 

Des Moines Lobe of Central Iowa

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Loss of habitat caused by land-use change has resulted 

in widespread declines in amphibian communities throughout 

the United States. The Des Moines Lobe in Iowa historically 

has contained a high density of small depressional wetlands 

embedded in a prairie grassland landscape, which typifies the 

prairie pothole region of North America. However, 95–99 percent of these wetlands have been lost since the conversion 

of Iowa’s landscape to intensive row-crop agriculture in the 

late 19th century. Remaining wetlands have been exposed to 

agricultural chemical inputs that represent a potential source 

of physiological stress for amphibians. Chytrid fungus, a 

disease that has been proposed as another contributing factor 

in worldwide amphibian declines, has also been documented 

in this region. The research team plans to compare several 

amphibian life history parameters and potential stressor 

covariates in CREP and natural wetlands. Understanding 

the potential utility of restored and constructed wetlands for 

amphibian conservation is important to land managers and to 

the agricultural community.

Habitat Improvement Projects for Stream and 

Oxbow Fish of Greatest Conservation Need

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Stream fishes are among Iowa’s most imperiled animals due primarily to habitat and water-quality degradation 

associated with the State’s extensive agricultural land use. 

This project plans to review habitat restoration efforts and 

the responses of stream fishes of greatest conservation need, 

specifically Topeka shiners and plains topminnows. An extensive geographic information system (GIS) analysis using a 

new, state-of-the-art framework is to be undertaken to assist in 

guiding current and future restoration efforts. Monitoring of 

the fish populations in an AM approach is necessary for ensuring fish are responding as expected to efforts to increase and 

improve their habitat.

A researcher identifies and counts fish collected in an oxbow lake.

Parasitemia, Health, and Reproduction in a 

Migratory Waterfowl

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Lesser scaup populations have been experiencing a 

continentwide decline since the 1980s. To identify factors 

that may be responsible for recent declines, it is important to 

have complete understanding of the critical factors influencing 

population growth and decline. The objectives of this research 

are to provide baseline information on scaup health and parasitemia and relate parasitemia prevalence and indices of health 

to body condition and breeding status. Results from this study 

can help managers better understand what factors are influencing the population dynamics of scaup.
106 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Effects of Forest Management Practices in the 

Acadian Northern Hardwood/Conifer Forests of 

Maine on Forest Bird Communities, With Emphasis 

on Species of Regional Conservation Priority and 

Concern

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Bay-breasted warbler, Blackburnian warbler, and 

Cape May warbler are affected by forest harvest practices. The 

goal of this study is to examine the effects of Maine’s forest harvest practices on diversity and abundance of the forest 

bird community. The research team plans to document bird 

communities within the larger landscape. The study results 

can improve the understanding of avian responses to stand 

age and structure as it relates to habitat quality. Furthermore, 

the results can provide guidance on managing forest stands to 

improve habitat conditions for species of conservation interest.

Conserving Wood Turtles and Associated Riparian 

Species

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The wood turtle is listed as an SGCN in the State Wildlife 

Action Plans (SWAPs) of all 13 of the northeastern States and 

has twice been proposed for Federal listing by independent 

petitioners. Researchers plan to investigate habitat loss, fragmentation, and other anthropogenic sources of mortality that 

contribute to population decline. Successful management of 

this highly sensitive and at-risk species is expected to require 

aggressive coordination and strategic planning, with a strong 

emphasis on sustained implementation. Successful conservation and management of riverine and riparian habitats for 

wood turtles can also benefit several dozen SGCN across the 

Northeast region.

A researcher is tracking the wood turtle, 

which is listed as a 

species of greatest 

conservation need 

in the State Wildlife 

Actions Plans of 

all 13 northeastern 

States and has twice 

been proposed 

for Federal listing 

by independent 

petitioners.

Rangewide Migratory Connectivity for Full-Cycle 

Conservation of the Golden-Winged Warbler, 

Climate Sensitive Songbird of the Highest 

Conservation Concern

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Golden-winged warblers are an SGCN because they have 

experienced dramatic population declines in the eastern portion of their breeding distribution, in spite of relatively high 

nest success. Migratory connectivity is a research frontier that 

is essential for understanding population dynamics, informing global conservation plans, and building a framework to 

address ecological questions about speciation, energetics, 

and disease transmission. This study is designed to evaluate 

movements and spatial affiliations of golden-winged warblers 

outside of the breeding season. The data from this research 

can facilitate targeted management efforts for full-life-cycle 

conservation plans.

Avian Conservation in Native and Afforested 

Habitats of North-Central Uruguay

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Rio de la Plata grasslands represent the most 

extensive grassland ecosystem of the Neotropics but have 

been severely modified by humans. These grasslands serve as 

breeding and (or) wintering grounds for a variety of migratory 

bird species of conservation concern that breed in the United 

States. This study is expected to quantify avian communities 

of grasslands, wetlands, native forests, and timber plantations 

in the northern Campos grasslands of Uruguay and develop 

bird/habitat relation models. Results from this project can 

establish the baseline of a long-term research and monitoring 

program for AM of bird responses to habitat conditions and 

silvicultural practices in native habitats and timber plantations 

in northern Uruguay.

Methods for Sampling Freshwater Mussels in 

Missouri: Evaluation of Factors Influencing Capture 

Probability, Occupancy Estimation, and Community 

and Population Metrics

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Southeastern United States is known worldwide as 

a hotspot for freshwater aquatic diversity, including native 

freshwater mussels. Missouri is steward to a particularly 

diverse mussel fauna, with 69 species within State boundaries, 

including 8 Ozark endemic species, 10 federally endangered 

or threatened species, and 29 species of conservation concern. Despite their status as the most endangered taxonomic 

group in the State, mussel ecology, distribution, and population numbers remain poorly understood. This project is 

designed to develop models that identify factors affecting the 

capture probability of individual mussel species and metrics 
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 107

of assemblage characteristics. This information is needed 

by managers to develop a statewide, strategic monitoring 

plan that maximizes the probability of detection of population and (or) distributional changes in mussel species while 

minimizing costs.

State-Level Mussel Management and Conservation: 

Current Status and a Strategic Path Forward

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A strategic framework is needed to guide State-level 

mussel conservation programs. Researchers intend to document current State-level management actions, strategies, and 

resources used to manage freshwater mussels through an 

online survey of personnel from State natural resource agencies. The information can be synthesized into a comprehensive mussel conservation assessment strategy with a proposed 

implementation plan for Missouri. Incorporating resource 

limitations and other challenges identified into the developed 

approach can improve the effectiveness of mussel conservation efforts through strategic planning and implementation of 

restoration actions.

Prairie Stream Inventory

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The pearl dace and the northern redbelly dace (hereafter 

hybrid dace) are both BLM-sensitive species and Montana 

Fish, Wildlife, and Parks species of special concern. These two 

species are facing existing threats, appear to have undergone 

substantial range contractions, and are at risk of extirpation 

from Montana. This research is intended to include inventory 

surveys that can identify the current distribution, threats, and 

habitat conditions of pearl dace and hybrid dace. This information can enable land managers to identify and prioritize 

potential areas and opportunities for long-term conservation.

Evaluation of the Effects of Rest-Rotation Grazing 

on Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat and Population 

Dynamics in Central Montana

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Grazing management enhances important components 

of sagebrush and grassland habitat for a wide range of species, but the scale and magnitude of benefits for avian species 

remain unclear, especially in the big sagebrush-steppe systems of eastern Montana. This project intends to evaluate the 

effects of rest-rotation grazing on greater sage-grouse habitat 

and population dynamics in central Montana. This project is 

a continuation of an ongoing, long-term study developed by 

the NRCS.

Wolverine Monitoring Analysis and Reporting

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Monitoring wolverines across large spatial areas is difficult. This research project plans to analyze a large body of 

data collected from a collaborative multi-State wolverine 

monitoring program. Researchers intend to analyze wolverine 

camera-trapping data to estimate occupancy and distribution 

as functions of environmental covariates and spatial autocorrelation. Understanding the density and distribution of 

wolverines across their range can provide critical information 

necessary for making management decisions.

Ecology of Swift Fox in Nebraska

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In Nebraska, shortgrass prairie is highly altered due to the 

removal of native grazers and natural fire regimes, the introduction of invasive species, and, more recently, the increasing 

exploration for oil, gas, and wind energy resources. As such, 

grassland-obligated species have experienced significant 

reductions in habitat availability and suitability, including the 

swift fox, identified by the Nebraska Natural Legacy Project 

Wolverine. Photograph by National Park Service.

Swift fox. 

Photograph by 

National Park 

Service.
108 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

as an SGCN. The swift fox currently occupies only 21 percent 

of its historical range and fails to occupy the 42 percent of 

Nebraska that continues to contain seemingly high-quality 

swift fox habitat. Researchers plan to conduct population and 

genetic studies to improve understanding of swift fox distribution, abundance, and conditions in Nebraska in order to 

develop BMPs for this species.

Impacts of Drought on Southwestern Cutthroat Trout: 

Influences of Changes in Discharge and Stream 

Temperature on the Persistence of Rio Grande 

Cutthroat Trout Populations

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Rio Grande cutthroat trout are the southernmost subspecies of cutthroat trout and currently occupy only 12 percent 

of its historical range. Loss of habitat due to competition and 

hybridization with introduced trout and habitat alteration has 

restricted the remaining 122 populations to small (5.8 kilometer median length) isolated habitat patches. Although Rio 

Grande cutthroat trout are not currently considered to be at 

immediate risk of extinction—recent 12-month finding by 

the USFWS determined listing under the ESA was not warranted—climate concerns, such as increasing air temperatures 

and drought, are expected to have significant impacts on 

the persistence of the subspecies. This research can inform 

stakeholders of short-term and long-term drought impacts on 

sensitive coldwater fishes.

Applying Downscaled Climate Projections to Inform 

Decisions on Strategic Habitat Conservation for 

Amphibians in Puerto Rico

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Key partners in the Caribbean LCC are implementing 

a habitat conservation strategy that ensures the long-term 

persistence of amphibians in the advent of climate change. 

The stakeholders seek to recover 4 species of amphibians with 

Federal or State designations and also prevent listing 14 additional species that might become at-risk. As part of the project, 

researchers plan to conduct an SDM process and focus on tree 

frogs and species with similar life history traits to determine 

how a changing climate affects species in Puerto Rico. 

Puerto Rican 

crested toad. 

Photograph by 

J.P. Zegarro, 

U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife 

Service.

Assessing the Effects of the National Park Service 

Predator and Vehicle Management Practices on 

Nesting Shorebirds at Cape Hatteras National 

Seashore

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The American oystercatcher is listed as a species of high 

concern by the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan; in North 

Carolina it is considered a species of special concern and is 

listed as threatened in Georgia and Florida. Disturbance during 

the breeding season can be particularly harmful to birds, and 

the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on breeding behavior 

and breeding success are particularly relevant for species of 

conservation concern, such as the American oystercatcher. 

Using the American oystercatcher as a focal species, this study 

is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of current predator 

and vehicle management practices at Cape Hatteras National 

Seashore, North Carolina. Findings can provide National 

Seashore managers with the information necessary for evaluating current management practices as required for the 5-year 

review of the NPS Off-Road Vehicle Management Plan.

The American oystercatcher is listed as a species of high 

concern in North Carolina.

Population Status and Genetic Structure of the 

Carolina Madtom

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The Carolina madtom is a small catfish endemic to a 

restricted range in the Neuse and Tar River Basins of North 

Carolina, and populations appear to be declining. This 

research seeks to define the distribution and populations of the 

Carolina madtom and quantify sampling bias and efficiency 

toward understanding and modeling the species distribution 

and abundance. The study can also estimate critical parameters 

of genetic isolation and diversity within and among populations. These findings can provide critical, timely information 

for the USFWS SSA, inform protective listing decisions, and 

guide conservation planning for the species.
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 109

Robust Redhorse Recovery and Habitat Restoration: 

Assessing Water-Quality Stressors and Food Web 

Contaminant Dynamics

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The robust redhorse is a rare and imperiled fish found in 

only three regulated river basins in the Southeastern United 

States. The robust redhorse has been negatively affected by 

habitat modification and fragmentation from hydroelectric 

dams, introduced species, sedimentation, and water pollution 

and is protected by State endangered status in Georgia and 

North Carolina. This study is designed to further elucidate the 

impact and potential threat of water quality and contaminant 

dynamics on the robust redhorse in the Pee Dee River of North 

Carolina and South Carolina. The data can help managers 

guide management objectives and goals for species recovery 

and habitat restoration.

Assessment of Genetic Integrity, Population Status, 

and Long-Term Viability of Isolated Populations of 

Shoal Bass in the Upper Chattahoochee River

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The shoal bass is an endemic species of black bass native 

to the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River system of 

Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The shoal bass is considered 

vulnerable to extinction throughout its distribution and, within 

the upper Chattahoochee River Basin, is known to inhabit this 

location. As part of this project, researchers are assessing the 

genetic integrity and population stability of shoal bass as the 

species is being influenced by fragmentation and nonnative 

congeners. Results of the assessment can support conservation 

efforts targeted at this endemic fish species.

This book’s 47 chapters 

cover the biological, 

ecological, genetic, and 

management concerns of 

endemic bass within the 

genus Micropterus.

Pigeon Guillemot Restoration Research in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The pigeon guillemot is now the only marine bird species 

injured by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill that is listed on the 

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council’s Injured Resources 

List as “not recovering.” Since 1989, the population of pigeon 

guillemots in PWS has declined by an alarming 47 percent, 

and there is no sign of population stabilization or recovery. 

The goal of this project is to conduct research to document the 

recovery of pigeon guillemots after suppression of the mink 

population on the Naked Island group (Naked, Storey, and 

Peak Islands). This research can inform recovery and restoration alternatives designed to facilitate the population recovery 

of pigeon guillemots.

Pigeon guillemots. Photograph by Ron LeValley, U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service.

Snowshoe Hare Habitat Relations in Response to 

Northern Forest Management

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The snowshoe hare is a species of conservation need in 

Pennsylvania’s SWAP due to its sensitivity to habitat changes 

and its importance for gene flow between States to the north 

and south in the Appalachian Mountains. The current limited 

distribution of snowshoe hares in western north-central Pennsylvania and the Pocono Mountains is thought to reflect the 

limited availability of critical habitat components in snowshoe 

hare range. This study intends to characterize hare habitats 

in northern hardwood forests in northwestern Pennsylvania 

and the scrub oak barrens in the Poconos region. These data 

can aid in developing a comprehensive spatial understanding of snowshoe hare habitat relations to better understand 

factors affecting snowshoe hare abundance and distribution in 

Pennsylvania.
110 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Analysis of Bird Population Count Data

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The black scoter is of special concern among the sea 

ducks because it is the least studied and least common of 

the three scoter species. Researchers are collaborating with 

USFWS to analyze the wintering distribution of black scoter 

from North Carolina to Georgia using previously collected 

aerial survey data. Tracking scoters through these aerial surveys and relating movements and distribution to habitat characteristics can provide new insights for managing the species.

South Carolina Alligator Adaptive Management 

Strategies: Population Dynamics, Habitat Use, and 

Conservation Threats

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Alligators are often simultaneously viewed as a keystone 

species of ecological importance, a controversial public safety 

nuisance, and a valuable economic resource. Intensive development on South Carolina’s coastal plain, within the alligator’s core range, presents challenges to effective conservation 

and management decision making to satisfy multiple stakeholder groups. This research is designed to estimate current 

population structure, abundance, and habitat requirements for 

American alligators in South Carolina. Results from this study 

can be used to develop a management strategy for alligators 

that accounts for tradeoffs to best meet the multiple objectives 

of the stakeholders.

Spatial Ecology of Brown Pelicans in the South 

Atlantic Bight

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Nearshore seabirds, such as brown pelicans, can serve as 

a valuable indicator species for ecosystem health in marine, 

coastal, and estuarine systems because they are transboundary 

in nature and integrate information across a range of trophic 

systems. Furthermore, pelicans are a species of conservation concern for most States in the Gulf region (as well as the 

southern Atlantic States). Prior to the Deepwater Horizon oil 

spill, however, little research effort was invested on examining the foraging ecology, reproductive success, movement 

patterns, or health of brown pelicans in the Gulf. This research 

can address information gaps relative to brown pelicans in the 

South Atlantic Bight and provide baseline ecological information for the species in the region.

Nearshore seabirds, such as brown pelicans, can serve as a 

valuable indicator species for ecosystem health.

Pictured below: Female alligator at 

Yawkey Wildlife Reserve, South Carolina.
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 111

Assessing the Current Status of Reintroduced Swift 

Fox in Southwestern South Dakota

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Plague is now evident within black-tailed prairie dog 

towns throughout western South Dakota. No information 

on the status of swift foxes in western South Dakota has 

been collected since 2011. Consequently, the status of swift 

fox in areas where prairie dog towns have been decimated 

by plague, including the Badlands region, is unknown. The 

purpose of this study is to determine the current status of 

swift fox as it relates to the Badlands National Park area and 

the historic population in Fall River County in southwestern 

South Dakota. Data collected can inform restoration efforts for 

the species.

Determining the Distribution of Imperiled Mussels 

in Tennessee Waters

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Tennessee is home to one of the most diverse freshwater 

fish and mussel communities in the world, including numerous 

endangered species. Unfortunately, freshwater mussels are one 

of the most endangered animals in North America. Fisheries 

managers are interested in improving the status of imperiled 

mussels in Tennessee waters. The purpose of this study is to 

assess sites throughout Tennessee that historically harbored 

at-risk mussel species to determine their current distribution. 

These data can inform management of fisheries conservation 

efforts throughout the State.

Accessing Occupancy and Reproductive Status of 

Golden Eagles at Historic Areas in Texas

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wind-energy development in areas of Texas occupied 

by golden eagles poses a unique challenge to land managers because of the vulnerability of the species to collisions 

with wind turbines and its sensitivity to human land use. The 

breeding population of golden eagles in the State is largely 

unknown. Researchers plan to compile detailed records of 

known historical golden eagle nest locations in Texas and collect occupancy data on nests. Agencies or industry concerned 

with assessing potential influences of wind energy development on eagles in the Trans-Pecos and southern Great Plains 

regions of the United States are expected to benefit from the 

research results. 

Golden eagle in flight. 

Photograph from Pixabay.

com, licensed under 

Creative Commons CC0.

Assessing the Effects of Flow Regime Variation on 

Blue Sucker Spawning Movements, Habitat Use, 

and Recruitment in the Lower Colorado River, Texas

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The blue sucker is a State-listed threatened species in 

Texas and is considered vulnerable throughout its range due 

to a combination of its habitat requirements and life-history 

traits. The life-history strategy of the blue sucker is poorly 

understood, but it has been hypothesized that its propensity 

to undertake long-distance upstream migrations to spawning 

habitat renders it particularly vulnerable to flow alterations. 

The primary objective of this research is to provide information to assess the effects of varied streamflow levels, as regulated by water releases from upstream reservoirs, on habitat 

use and reproductive success of the blue sucker in the lower 

Colorado River.

Recruitment Dynamics and Reproductive Ecology of 

Blue Sucker in Texas, With a Focus on the Big Bend 

Region of the Rio Grande

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Rio Grande blue sucker is identified as an SGCN in 

the Texas Conservation Action Plan. Although recent surveys 

suggest that blue suckers are consistently undertaking spawning migrations and accessing spawning habitats in the lower 

Sabine River, a successful attempt to characterize recruitment 

in this population has not been made. This study intends to 

provide data on current demographic characteristics, habitat 

use patterns, and recruitment dynamics of the Rio Grande blue 

sucker in the lower Sabine River. This information can be 

incorporated into conservation planning efforts for the species 

in Texas. 

Variation and Plasticity and Their Interaction With 

Urbanization in Guadalupe Bass Populations On and 

Off the Edwards Plateau

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Guadalupe bass is a native black bass species 

endemic to Texas. It is found primarily in the Edwards Plateau 

ecoregion, but its habitat also extends downstream into the 

Blackland Prairie and Coastal Plains ecoregions in the lower 

Colorado River. Guadalupe bass populations have declined 

across much of their range, and the species has been identified as an SGCN by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Researchers intend to investigate how urbanization and 

other anthropogenic factors have affected stream fishes and, 

in particular, Guadalupe bass. This information represents a 

significant information gap in the understanding of the threats 

to Guadalupe bass and can inform management strategies in 

the Edwards Plateau.
112 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Survey for Sensitive Species in Utah

Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Intermountain West is undergoing dynamic demographic changes accompanied by changing land uses and 

increasingly diverse and often conflicting demands on limited 

natural resources. The goal of this project is to gather information to better define the habitats of sensitive species in Utah 

and help in future surveys for rare plants throughout the State. 

The research team plans to use models to investigate rare and 

sensitive plant distributions and energy development in the 

Colorado Plateau region. This project can help improve the 

accuracy and efficacy of future sampling surveys and assist 

decision makers with establishing and prioritizing appropriate 

management activities.

The Colorado Plateau of western North America—especially 

Utah’s Uinta Basin—contains numerous rare and sensitive plant 

species.

Assessment of Stonecat Populations in the 

Missisquoi and LaPlatte Rivers of Vermont

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The stonecat, a North American catfish, is known to 

populate two rivers in Vermont—the Missisquoi and LaPlatte 

Rivers located in the Lake Champlain watershed—and is a 

State-listed endangered species and SGCN. Little is known 

about stonecat populations in Vermont, including their abundance and other population parameters in the Missisquoi and 

LaPlatte Rivers, distribution and habitat availability and use, 

and population viability and 

persistence. This project intends 

to assess stonecat populations in 

both rivers to estimate population parameters necessary for 

assessing risks to the populations. The project also plans to 

identify risk assessment models 

that can provide guidance on activities that mitigate possible 

sources of mortality and increase the likelihood of sustaining 

stonecat populations in Vermont.

Methods to Assess Lake Sturgeon Populations in 

Lake Champlain

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Lake sturgeon populations have declined because of factors including habitat loss and overfishing, and they are listed 

as extirpated, endangered, threatened, or of special concern in 

12 States. The State of Vermont listed the species as endangered in 1975 due to low abundances in Lake Champlain. Successful reproduction is occurring in multiple rivers in the Lake 

Champlain basin; however, an understanding of the current 

population status in the system is lacking. This study intends 

to document adult and juvenile movements, identify suitable 

spawning and nursery habitat, investigate age structure, and 

develop a method to estimate the population of lake sturgeon 

in Lake Champlain.

Movements of Lake Sturgeon After Upstream 

Passage Through Two Dams on the Menominee 

River

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Lake sturgeon populations in the Great Lakes have undergone major declines over the last two centuries for a variety 

of reasons, including dam construction. These declines led 

to closures of commercial, recreational, and Tribal subsistence fisheries and the listing of lake sturgeon as threatened, 

endangered, or a species of special concern in many States 

in the Great Lakes region. As a part of this study, acoustic 

telemetry is planned to be used in describing the movement of 

lake sturgeon in the Menominee River. Results from the study 

can provide fishery managers around the Great Lakes with 

information that can be used to formulate passage strategies 

and possibly help design passage facilities for lake sturgeon.

Avian Community Response in Grand Teton National 

Park

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Currently, little information is available on bird responses 

to restoration in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems. Although 

there are studies reporting restoration treatments of sagebrush 

steppe with the aim of creating or improving greater sagegrouse habitat, the actual effects of restoration on sage-grouse 

populations have seemingly not been fully evaluated. This 

research is expected to contribute to a better understanding 

of the effects of restoration treatments on sagebrush-steppe 

birds and their habitats; these data could be used in building 

state-and-transition models as a way of determining when 

ecological functions, such as the provision of wildlife habitat, 

are intact.

This new edition describes the techniques used to collect and analyze 

fisheries samples and data. Image 

from American Fisheries Society.
Species of Greatest Conservation Need 113

Black Rosy-Finch Distribution, Abundance, and 

Habitat Selection During the Breeding Season

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The black rosy-finch has a fairly restricted geographic 

range within the U.S. Intermountain West and is one of the 

most understudied avian species in North America. This finch 

has been designated an SGCN in Wyoming, reflecting the 

lack of information available on the species. This research 

project is being conducted to obtain data currently lacking 

on breeding habitat selection and requirements and to identify key characteristics of summer breeding habitat to build a 

predictive model. Results of the study can be used to address 

conservation actions as identified in the SWAP including the 

establishment of long-term monitoring sites, which could be 

used for tracking population trends and changes in habitat use. 

The black rosy-finch has 

been designated a species 

of greatest conservation 

need in Wyoming.

Boreal Toad Habitat Selection and Survival 

in Relation to Grazing Intensity and Disease 

Prevalence

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In Wyoming, boreal toads are found in the western and 

southern parts of the State and are listed as an SGCN. A large 

proportion of the Wyoming boreal toad species range is found 

in the Bridger-Teton National Forest. A better understanding 

of the effects of livestock grazing on boreal toads is needed 

to guide management. Researchers plan to evaluate boreal 

toad movement, habitat selection, survival, and disease status 

across a gradient of livestock grazing intensity to understand 

how grazing individually and in conjunction with disease may 

affect boreal toad populations. Results can provide a better 

understanding of boreal toad habitat use and quality in relation 

to grazing management practices and disease prevalence.

Columbia Spotted Frog 

Investigations in Wyoming

Wyoming Cooperative Fish 

and Wildlife Research Unit

The Columbia spotted frog 

was identified in the Wyoming 

SWAP as an SGCN. One of the 

conservation actions identified 

in the species account in the 

SWAP is “A systematic study of 

this species should be conducted 

with respect to distribution, 

abundance, habitat associations, 

and disease status within Wyoming.” This study is designed to 

meet this information need and be conducted in the Bighorn 

Mountains, where spotted frog populations are most susceptible to extirpation.

Conservation and Recovery of Hornyhead Chub

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The main threats to hornyhead chub populations are 

habitat degradation and interactions with nonnative species. 

In the Laramie River, hornyhead chubs coexist with nonnative 

salmonids that could prey on hornyhead chubs. The extent 

of predation by brown trout (and to a lesser extent rainbow 

trout and brook trout) on hornyhead chubs is not known. 

A better understanding of the potential role of predation on 

hornyhead chub populations is needed to ensure the success of 

management and restoration efforts. The goal of this project 

is to evaluate habitat suitability at potential introduction sites 

and explore the effects of predation by nonnative salmonids. 

Results from the study can aid the development of potential 

management strategies for hornyhead chub population restoration and expansion. 

Boreal toad with 

transmitter.

Columbia spotted frog.

Hornyhead chub from the Laramie River. 
114 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

LaBarge Creek Cutthroat Trout Investigations

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Hatchery-reared Colorado River cutthroat trout have 

failed to establish or reproduce in LaBarge Creek. Translocation success rates for cutthroat trout are often less than 50 percent, with habitat quantity and quality being the most common 

causes of failure. The goal of this project is to evaluate poststocking survival and emigration of hatchery-reared Colorado 

River cutthroat trout and determine factors contributing to 

low survival and establishment. Knowledge of stocked fish 

survival and movement post-stocking is needed to understand 

why Colorado River cutthroat trout are failing to establish in 

LaBarge Creek.

The main stem of LaBarge Creek, Wyoming. 

Resource Selection, Area Requirements, and 

Monitoring of Bighorn Sheep in Northwest 

Nebraska

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Although bighorn 

sheep are found throughout the Western United 

States, they often occur 

in small, isolated herds 

that are especially prone 

to periodic die-offs from 

disease, low genetic 

diversity, and random 

population fluctuations. 

These effects reduce 

the potential for sustained harvest and the 

long-term maintenance 

of viable wild bighorn 

sheep populations. The 

Nebraska Game and 

Parks Commission is 

interested in understanding the habitat 

requirements of sheep in northwest Nebraska, with the goal 

of growing larger, self-sustaining populations. This project 

plans to use data from individually identified sheep to understand habitat requirements, resource selection, and movement 

dynamics of Nebraska sheep. Indirect outcomes expected 

from this analysis include identifying future data needs and 

monitoring requirements for these populations and providing a 

framework (for example, databases, code) for quickly managing and analyzing data in the future.

Sage-Grouse: Effectiveness as an Umbrella 

for Nongame Sagebrush—Species of Greatest 

Conservation Need

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The greater sage-grouse is an umbrella species for the 

management of species within North American sagebrush 

steppe. Sage-grouse are well-studied habitat specialists that 

have large home ranges and are already the target of extensive 

conservation and management efforts. However, much less is 

known about other nongame, focal species that co-occur with 

sage-grouse. As part of this study, researchers plan to model 

the spatial and habitat overlap of nongame sagebrush focal 

species with proposed sage-grouse core areas and evaluate 

the reproductive success of the three other sagebrush-obligate 

birds (Brewer’s sparrow, sagebrush sparrow, sage thrasher) 

across habitats. The results can help inform the decision making of wildlife managers in Wyoming who use sage-grouse as 

an umbrella species.

Small Mammals (Species of Greatest Conservation 

Need): The Influence of Exotic Grassland Plants

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Grassland habitats and the species that occupy those 

habitats have become the focus of tremendous conservation 

concern due to widespread loss, fragmentation, and conversion 

to nonnative monocultures. As a result, many small mammal 

species that use grassland habitats are classified as SGCN in 

the Wyoming SWAP. Researchers plan to examine and compare small mammal abundance, diversity, reproductive status, 

sex ratios, population age structure, productivity, and morphometrics in native mixed-grass prairie compared to areas with 

exotic grass (cheatgrass) encroachment and develop recommendations for grassland management in eastern Wyoming.

Female desert bighorn sheep.

Prairie dog family.

Photograph by 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 115

Species Population, Habitat, and 

Harvest Management

The eft stage of a red-spotted newt in the Crockford-Pigeon 

Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Walker County, Georgia.

Deer Density and Recruitment in Alabama

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In Alabama, managers and wildlife biologists work 

to increase the white-tailed deer population density and 

improve harvest rates. The deer population densities have not 

responded as expected and harvest opportunities declined, 

leading to dissatisfaction among hunters. This study uses timelapse photography to estimate white-tailed deer demographic 

rates for use in a population model that can inform harvest 

management decisions.

Characterization of Resident Rainbow Trout 

Seasonal Habitats in Willow Creek, Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Rainbow trout are important ecological and fishery 

resources in the Alaska Susitna River Basin, yet the distribution of their seasonal habitats is poorly understood. The 

objective of this project is to assess the availability and use 

of seasonal habitats by rainbow trout and link the habitat 

characteristics (physical habitat, water temperature, and flow) 

to fish location and movement. Habitat availability is assessed 

by mapping geomorphic channel types and water temperature. 

The research results can be used to prioritize habitat protection 

efforts considering anticipated land use and climate change.

Chinook and Coho Salmon Productivity on the 

Unalakleet River

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Resource subsidies (for example, nutrients, prey, detritus) 

can significantly affect Alaskan freshwater ecosystems, and 

there are clear nutritional and growth benefits to consumers 

that have access to terrestrial and marine subsidies. Some 

salmon species indirectly and strongly affect the productivity and body condition of others. This project is designed to 

help better understand how marine subsidies from pink and 

chum salmon runs affect the productivity of Chinook and 

coho salmon. Results from this study can illustrate a broader 

and more cohesive understanding of how marine, freshwater, 

and terrestrial ecosystems are linked via resource subsidy 

exchanges among ecosystems and the role that prey and nutrients play in regulating food webs and fishes.

Pictured below: Rainbow trout. 

Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
116 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Development of an Alaska-Based Research 

Framework for Migratory Waterfowl

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The effects of climate and land use on the survival and 

productivity of migratory waterfowl breeding in Alaska vary, 

and population trends result from the cumulative effects 

of habitat quality and climate across the annual range. It is 

unlikely that the direction or strength of climate and habitat 

change are consistent across ranges and, as a result, it is difficult to determine the central influences on population size. 

A large-scale research framework or strategy is needed to 

ameliorate the complexities of this problem and improve the 

accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of research studies and 

resulting management strategies. Using intensive reviews of 

scientific literature to identify knowledge gaps and surveying 

the expert opinions of researchers and managers, this project 

identifies the types of information most critical for developing a focused, integrated, multiregional research program and 

determining the best ways for researchers and managers from 

seasonal ranges to communicate using common terms.

Distribution and Use of Rearing Habitats by Juvenile 

Chinook Salmon in the Chena River Basin, Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Most Chinook salmon in Alaska follow the stream-type 

life history, in which adults return from the ocean and spawn 

in summer and fall, eggs hatch in early spring, juveniles oversummer and over-winter in tributaries, and smolt outmigrations occur the following spring. The extent of movement and 

the distribution of rearing habitats in interior Alaska stream 

networks are not well-quantified. Digital models for predicting 

the distribution of rearing habitats are available for southern 

populations (the Columbia and Copper River Basins) but are 

not parameterized for interior Alaska. The researchers in this 

study conduct semicontinuous surveys in the main channel of 

the Chena River, sampling randomly selected channel units. 

The results can be used to predict the upstream and downstream limits of juvenile Chinook salmon rearing habitats. 

Expanding the habitat prediction models to interior Alaska 

allows managers to incorporate habitat availability into management strategies for those systems. 

Genetic Diversity and Population Relations of 

Resident Kokanee and Anadromous Salmon in 

Copper Lake (Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and 

Preserve)

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Copper Lake in the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and 

Preserve, Alaska, is thought to be the home of a population 

of kokanee salmon, a nonmigratory type of sockeye salmon. 

Field surveys identified small sockeye salmon specimens in 

reproductive condition; whether these fish belong to a selfperpetuating population of resident salmon or to a sockeye 

population that expresses both migratory and nonmigratory 

variants remains unclear. This project seeks to produce a 

baseline assessment of sockeye salmon genetic variability 

in Copper and Tanada Lakes using suites of genetic markers 

deployed widely for sockeye salmon assessments in the State. 

The resulting diversity measurements can be summarized by 

indices of variation within and between groups (specifically 

lakes, resident versus migratory, drainage), which, in turn, 

serve as estimates of genetic differentiation between groups.

Productivity of Black Oystercatchers in Southwest 

Alaska

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The black oystercatcher is a species of shorebird harmed 

by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The population within 

Kenai Fjords National Park has not recovered, and human 

disturbance from park visitors may limit population recovery 

by decreasing productivity. In general, shorebirds are sensitive to human disturbance through direct effects, as with nest 

abandonment, and indirect effects, as with reduced foraging and chick survival. Examining population dynamics and 

documenting visitor impacts to nesting oystercatchers can 

allow researchers to formulate management strategies for the 

protection of this bird species and of human backcountry use 

in the park.

Stikine and Taku River Chinook Salmon Distribution 

and Migration Patterns and Their Relation to Body 

Condition

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Stikine and Taku Rivers in southeast Alaska are 

major producers of Chinook salmon, which are an ecologically, culturally, and economically important species for the 

region. The salmon from these transboundary rivers, with their 

headwaters in Canada, are jointly managed and harvested by 

American and Canadian stakeholders. A radio telemetry study 

on these rivers can generate information on the behaviors of 

these fish, including spawning distribution, migration rates, 

temporal patterns, and dropout rates. A specific focus of this 

research is the success of fish passing a natural landslide that 

occurred on the Tahltan River, a tributary of the Stikine River, 

in which an estimated 50 percent of the Chinook salmon 

return. Results from this project can validate and inform current mark-recapture studies and escapement estimates, allowing fisheries managers to set more accurate harvest limits for 

Chinook salmon in both American and Canadian fisheries.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 117

Collaborative Fish and Wildlife Research With 

Southwestern State and Federal Agencies: 

Refinement of Standard Fisheries Sampling 

Techniques in Arizona

Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Management, monitoring, and research of fish and 

wildlife populations are increasingly conducted across large 

landscapes with collaborative efforts involving many agencies. 

Through the publication of the book “Standard Methods for 

Sampling North American Freshwater Fishes,” the American 

Fisheries Society (AFS), in partnership with 284 biologists 

from 107 State, Federal, and local agencies and NGOs, developed standard sampling procedures for freshwater ecosystems. 

As a part of this project, 4,092 datasets of common indices—for 15 common North American fishes collected using 

AFS standard techniques—were summarized. To improve the 

utility of this tool for Arizona fisheries biologists, specific, 

standardized data for bodies of water in Arizona must be collected and integrated with the datasets. An integrated dataset 

allows Southwestern fisheries biologists to regionally diagnose 

problems for fisheries and inform biologists and managers 

of habitat mitigation needs and management strategies for 

Arizona lakes. 

This important reference 

book provides standard 

sampling methods recommended by the American 

Fisheries Society for 

assessing and monitoring 

freshwater fish populations 

in North America.

Freshwater Predation on Chena River Juvenile 

Chinook Salmon

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Freshwater predation can limit the survival of juvenile 

salmon, but little is known about the predators of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Yukon River Basin and their potential role 

in recent declines. Yukon River Basin salmon long coexisted 

with many native piscivorous species; however, the relative 

importance of Chinook salmon predation mortality, and when 

and where predators inflict the greatest mortality, are poorly 

understood. This study takes important steps toward understanding the influence of freshwater predation on juvenile 

Chinook salmon productivity. This study can enable managers 

to understand how natural or harvest-driven changes in predator abundance affect the numbers of salmon consumed and 

allow prioritization of predator species for future research.

Migration Ecology of American Woodcock

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A species of conservation concern across eastern North 

America, the American woodcock has experienced long-term 

population declines in both the American woodcock Eastern 

and Central Management Regions, as documented through 

the Singing-Ground Survey. One poorly understood aspect of 

American woodcock life history is migration, especially patterns of migration, habitat use during migration, and survival 

during migration. Satellite transmitters deployed on American 

woodcock sites, in both their breeding and wintering ground 

throughout the American woodcock Central Management 

Region, can provide data on the timing of migration initiation 

and on migratory routes, which can then be used to fine-tune 

the determination of hunting season dates.

A Spatially Explicit Population Modeling 

Framework to Support Conservation Decision 

Making for Gopher Tortoises in Georgia

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Georgia currently lacks a systematic and objective means 

of targeting specific lands for conservation action that can sustain the statewide population of gopher tortoise. Further, population conservation objectives may not be achievable exclusively on the existing publicly owned land base. Through a 

combination of analysis and targeted fieldwork, researchers 

can construct models that combine spatially explicit population processes and landscape elements to predict the responses 

of gopher tortoise populations to conservation actions. Over 

time, as conservation actions are performed and the outcomes 

assessed, accumulated evidence can be made available to better inform modeling efforts.

Growth of Spotted and Largemouth Bass

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In the Southeastern United States, black bass are widely 

targeted by anglers, and two species—spotted and largemouth 

bass—potentially intermix and compete for resources. The 

research project can evaluate abundance, age, size, and mortality rates for bass populations in three Georgia reservoirs: Lake 

Lanier, Lake Chatuge, and Lake Nottely. Estimates of population parameters for these species can provide the Georgia 

Department of Natural Resources with insight into how these 

species interact in the wild and assist in developing speciesspecific management strategies.
118 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Impacts of Rabbit Hunting on Northern Bobwhite 

Demographics and Behavior

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Management of early successional habitat for northern 

bobwhites often provides habitat for other species with similar 

habitat preferences, such as rabbits. This positive byproduct creates additional opportunities for small-game hunters; 

however, the concurrent pursuit of two species with similar 

habitat requirements may create conflicts among hunters or 

affect the demography or behavior of one or both species. 

Rabbit hunting, in particular, can disrupt bobwhite movements 

and behavior given the traditional presence of large hunting 

parties and packs of dogs. This study focuses on the effects 

of hunting at one Georgia Department of Natural Resources 

Wildlife Management area, in which activities of the two 

types of hunters are separated in time; specifically, the study 

investigates whether rabbit-hunting activity disrupts bobwhite 

behavior sufficiently enough to change the demography and, 

consequently, bobwhite hunter satisfaction. The data from the 

project can inform management decisions on northern bobwhite and small game.

Statistical Support for National Park Service 

Southeast Region Inventory and Monitoring 

Networks

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The NPS introduced a service-wide I&M program to 

conduct long-term natural resource monitoring for numerous 

topical areas and scales (for example, water quality, vegetation, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) in the Nation’s 

parks. The objective of this project is to assist in creating sampling designs and guidance for the statistical analysis of data 

collected under long-term monitoring protocols developed (or 

in development) by I&M networks within the NPS Southeast 

Region. Scientists perform statistical analyses on pilot data 

collected by NPS and conduct power analyses for various 

sampling designs that are of interest to the I&M program. 

These analyses can inform NPS networks as they develop 

standardized operating procedures for on-the-ground monitoring programs.

Validating Gopher Tortoise Habitat and Population 

Predictions for Georgia

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In Georgia, an integral part of gopher tortoise management focuses on validating available habitat and population 

predictions. This project looks to collect fine-scale habitat 

data at sites occupied by gopher tortoises and at reference 

sites where tortoises are not found. This information allows 

researchers to assess the performance of current habitat prediction models and develop improvements using other spatial 

data products. The research can define relations between tortoise population size and habitat conditions and assess whether 

forest management practices can produce conditions favorable 

to increasing population sizes among tortoises.

Adult gopher tortoise. Photograph by Randy Browning, 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Assessing the Importance of Wetlands on 

Department of Defense Installations for the 

Persistence of Wetland-Dependent Birds

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

This project aims to develop detailed habitat models for 

rare and endangered wetland birds. Researchers plan to use 

the models to rank over 600 DoD installations regarding their 

importance to wetland birds, and they plan to conduct wetland 

bird surveys on a random subset of DoD installations to verify 

the models and provide abundance estimates for these rare 

species. Non-DoD wetlands within the breeding range of the 

endangered wetland birds on State and Federal listings can be 

ranked to document the value of DoD wetlands to the preservation of these species. This project enables the production of 

a first-of-its-kind inventory of the biological value of wetlands 

on DoD lands, detailed habitat models—which are not currently available—for each species, and baseline survey data on 

secretive marsh birds at a large subset of DoD installations.

Dispersal Behavior of Yuma Ridgway’s Rail

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Since 2005, the population of Yuma Ridgway’s rail, as 

detected across its range and measured using standardized 

surveys, has decreased by 52 percent. Most of this decline 

occurred at managed wetlands near the Salton Sea in California, but the reasons for the decline are unknown. After attaching transmitters to rails, researchers can determine dispersal 

distances, dispersal direction, and the conditions under which 
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 119

young birds move to find new habitat patches. This project can 

produce valuable information on factors driving the timing, 

direction, and magnitude of dispersal.

Microhabitat Use of Native and Nonnative Fishes in 

Kootenai River

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Kootenai River was heavily modified during the construction of dams, powerplants, and diversions, which require 

habitat restoration and management to preserve important fish 

populations. This step is the second phase of a multiphase 

project focused on understanding how habitat restoration 

activities in a large river system (Kootenai) influence fish 

assemblage structure and fish population dynamics. Researchers can use specialized techniques to analyze microhabitat use 

in the field and evaluate the varied ways that native fishes use 

habitat in the presence of nonnative species.

Movement, Mortality, and Habitat Use of Westslope 

Cutthroat Trout in the South Fork Clearwater River 

Watershed

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Westslope cutthroat trout are among the most popular 

sport fishes in Idaho. Although many river systems in northern 

Idaho support high densities of large individuals, Westslope 

cutthroat trout populations in the South Fork Clearwater River 

contain few large fish. The leading hypothesis suggests that 

high temperatures deleteriously affect the Westslope cutthroat 

trout. The purpose of this research is to provide insight on the 

movement and habitat use of Westslope cutthroat trout in the 

South Fork Clearwater River Basin using a combination of 

radio telemetry and snorkeling techniques. Results of the study 

can be used by managers to better manage fish and habitat in 

the system.

Population Dynamics of Lake Trout in Priest Lake, 

Idaho

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Lake trout are a nonnative species in Priest Lake, Idaho, 

that create management challenges. The lake trout population 

provides a popular fishery but may interact negatively with 

other fish species, most of which provide recreational opportunities in the Priest Lake system. Moreover, high densities of 

lake trout may contribute to low densities of threatened bull 

trout in the system. The purpose of this study is to provide 

managers with information on the population dynamics of lake 

trout for guiding management decisions at Priest Lake.

Rangewide Habitat Models for Predicting Habitat 

Suitability for Marsh Birds Throughout the United 

States

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wetlands are among the most imperiled ecosystems in 

North America. As a result, many marsh birds suffer population declines and local extinctions. This research uses the 

National GAP species distribution models for marsh birds to 

identify important threats and map variation in habitat across 

species’ ranges. Approaches developed by the project can 

inform resource managers who set conservation priorities for 

wetlands at the national scale.

Amphibian Occupancy and the Effects of Habitat 

Use on Chemical Exposure in Northern Leopard 

Frogs in Iowa Prairie Pothole Wetlands

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Loss of habitat from land-use change caused widespread 

declines in amphibian communities throughout the United 

States. The glacially formed Des Moines Lobe in Iowa historically contained a high density of small-depression wetlands 

embedded in a prairie grassland landscape, which typifies the 

prairie pothole region of North America. However, 95–99 percent of these wetlands were lost after the conversion of Iowa’s 

landscape to intensive row-crop agriculture in the late 19th 

century. This research assesses the utility of these wetlands for 

providing habitat and landscape connectivity to amphibians in 

the Des Moines Lobe by examining water quality, discerning 

the presence of amphibian disease, and estimating survival, 

reproduction, and stress levels in native frogs. Understanding 

the potential utility of restored and constructed wetlands for 

amphibian conservation is important to land managers and the 

agricultural community.

Loss of habitat caused by land-use change has resulted in widespread declines in amphibian communities throughout the United 

States. Northern leopard frog photograph from Pixabay.com, 

licensed under Creative Commons CC0.
120 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Estimating Breeding Populations of Canada Geese 

in the Midwest—A Model to Predict Canada Goose 

Breeding Pair Densities Using National Wetlands 

Inventory Data

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Mississippi Flyway Council States and Provinces have 

developed and refined methods for estimating giant Canada 

goose populations in the Flyway region since 1993, but estimates of giant Canada goose populations are imprecise. The 

goal of this project is to develop a model that predicts Canada 

goose breeding densities using National Wetlands Inventory 

data. Results from this study can provide more precise estimates of the breeding populations of these birds in the States 

and Provinces with resident populations, which is necessary 

for sound science-based management.

Canada goose.

Grassland Bird and Invertebrate Response to 

Grassland Diversity in Restored Plantings in 

Northwestern Iowa

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Land managers in the Midwest are interested in connections between diverse plant species, birds, and insects. A 

critical assumption in grassland management is that the fortyspecies grassland mix benefits grassland birds greater than the 

five-species mix or monotypic smooth-brome plantings. This 

research allows these assumptions to be tested by a design 

study to monitor grassland birds and insects in the planting 

treatments. The results can allow managers to understand the 

trade-offs of using different grassland mixes with birds and 

insect communities.

Monitoring Protocol for Otter and Bobcat in Iowa

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

River otters and bobcats recently recolonized Iowa; their 

populations are sufficient to allow harvest. Successful wildlife 

management requires that the Iowa Department of Natural 

Resources monitor the population status of these species. This 

project uses population models to determine age structure and 

population trends. The results can improve the understanding 

of population dynamics for these expanding species and guide 

harvest regulations.

Researchers collecting a DNA sample from a sedated bobcat.

Early Spawn and Natural Spawn Age-0 Largemouth 

Bass

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Largemouth bass are important predators and popular sport fish. However, adult survival can be poor because 

of size-structured interactions in the first year of life. For 

example, poor first-year survival can be linked to size during 

the first summer, with smaller fish developing slowly because 

they are too small to consume fish prey instead of invertebrate prey. By sampling largemouth bass in Hillsdale and 

Perry Lakes in Kansas, researchers can assess the food habits 

and size structure of young first-year bass. The results of this 
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 121

project can advance basic ecological knowledge about controls 

on first-year survival and growth for this important sportfish 

and provide attainable recruitment objectives for fisheries 

managers.

Plum Island Ecosystems Long Term Ecological 

Research

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding the role of striped bass in an ecosystem 

requires that researchers understand the regional-scale dynamics of this highly migratory species. This project focuses 

on how movements of a top fish predator affect ecosystem 

structure and function. Researchers used acoustic telemetry to 

document the seasonal movement patterns of striped bass in 

and around the Plum Island Ecosystems Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) site. The observed seasonal 

and spatial patterns can be incorporated into LTER models to 

generate a predictive understanding of the long-term response 

of coupled land-water ecosystems.

Implanting a 

transmitter in 

a striped bass.

Ring-Necked Pheasant Use of Cover Crops in 

Western Kansas

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

On the Great Plains, cover crops are grown between 

regular grain crops as a conservation practice. Cover crops can 

produce ecological benefits, such as the provision of previously unavailable wildlife habitat, but cover crops incur costs 

associated with planting and maintenance. As a result, producers need reliable information when considering the costs and 

benefits of using cover crops. The response by ring-necked 

pheasants to the establishment of cover crops in the agricultural landscape and a variety of seed mixes is unknown but 

recognized as a critical research need. This research involves a 

team testing the selection of cover crops by pheasants relative 

to the availability of other cover-crop types in the landscape. 

Given the economic and recreational value of pheasant hunting, evaluating pheasant responses to cover-crop practices 

can provide management with information that can be made 

available to agencies and landowners interested in increasing 

pheasant abundance.

Genomic Variation and Local Adaptation Among 

Natural Stocks of Eastern Oysters in Coastal 

Louisiana

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

For any fishery, natural genetic variation among stocks 

is of critical importance, as genetics affect the success of 

fisheries in a variety of critical areas: aquaculture production, 

restoration efforts, recovery from overharvesting, and the 

capacity to respond to environmental change. Nevertheless, 

there are no comprehensive data on genetic variation among 

or within Louisiana oyster stocks. This research addresses 

questions about genomic variation and local adaptation 

among natural stocks of eastern oysters in coastal Louisiana. 

These results can improve the ability of managers to choose 

stocks for aquaculture or to predict how stocks with varying environmental histories might differentially respond to 

environmental changes.

The Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is 

leading research on genomic variation and local adaptation 

among natural stocks of eastern oysters in coastal Louisiana.
122 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Improving Region-Specific Eastern Oyster Models 

by Quantifying Physiological Responses to Regional 

Environmental and Climatic Variability

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Because climate change affects fish and wildlife management, this study proposes to develop a dynamic energy budget 

(DEB) model for the eastern oyster in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico. The research team intends to investigate the carrying capacity for proposed regional aquaculture parks, identify 

areas for restoration, and predict oyster growth and production in response to several scenarios: water diversion, sea 

level rise, and climate change. This research can help resource 

managers predict oyster growth and harvests under specific 

environmental conditions. Ultimately, the generic DEB model 

could be parameterized for other regions and applied widely.

American Marten Population Ecology and Role in 

Forest Community Dynamics

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

American marten are an important furbearer to trappers 

in Maine and provide value to hikers, skiers, and wildlife 

watchers. Also, marten play key ecological roles as efficient 

predators of small mammals and as prey to larger carnivores. 

Marten require a component of mature forest and horizontal 

structure—features that are predicted to be limited on the 

Maine landscape in the future. This project plans to test various sampling designs and methodologies to derive the best 

unbiased predictor of population size and trends over time. 

Results from this research can assist managers in linking 

population processes to community-level dynamics, which 

can help link potential management or harvest scenarios to 

habitat availability.

Amphibian Use of Wetland-Limited Landscapes

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Amphibian populations face complex threats, and habitat 

loss or modification is contributing to amphibian declines 

globally. This project examines how vernal-pool-breeding 

amphibian species use wetland-limited landscapes in order to 

determine what factors might affect the persistence of these 

species in western and northern Maine. By monitoring the 

movements of postbreeding wood frogs with radio telemetry, 

the research team can combine habitat-use information gained 

from the telemetry studies with data from existing surveys. 

This information can be used to understand how the wetlands 

in Maine, and the surrounding high-elevation landscapes, are 

used throughout the year by pool-breeding species.

American marten require a component of mature forest and 

horizontal structure, features predicted to be limited on the 

Maine landscape in the future. Photograph by U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Dr. Cynthia Loftin, Maine Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit, collecting wood frog 

embryos in a vernal pool.

Biogeography and Conservation of Island 

Amphibians in Maine

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Amphibian extinction rates are among the highest for all 

vertebrates. A significant challenge to amphibian conservation 

is a lack of distribution data. Much of the scientific knowledge 

about amphibian distributions is centered on mainland habitats, and information about amphibian distributions on coastal 

islands is limited. Researchers in this study intend to conduct 

surveys of amphibians on coastal islands along the entire coast 

of Maine. The study results can yield valuable information 

about the role of islands in the natural history and conservation 

of amphibians in Maine.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 123

Commercial Harvest Influence on White Sucker 

Demographics

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Maine issues an unlimited number of commercial permits 

to harvest white sucker in Maine’s inland waters. The fishery 

provides a source of lobster bait to coastal communities at 

a time when other bait sources are scarce. The effect of the 

increasing number of permits and subsequent numbers of 

anglers on the white sucker population is unknown. The Maine 

Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MEDIFW) has 

closed several areas due to concerns that overfishing or incidental catch of other fish species may occur. The goal of this 

project is to determine the impacts of commercial fishing on 

white sucker populations and review the existing management 

structure to optimize the population size and commercial white 

sucker harvest in waters that are open. The results can allow 

the MEDIFW to determine if waters that are currently closed 

to harvest can be reopened to anglers.

Dam Removals in Sedgeunkedunk Stream and 

the Penobscot River—Changes in Resident and 

Migratory Communities

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Dams alter stream habitats and the distribution and 

abundance of stream fishes in those habitats by disrupting 

hydrology, temperature regime, and habitat connectivity. Dam 

removal is a common restoration tool, and dam removals in 

the Penobscot River watershed are central to restoring aquatic 

community systems in this area. Researchers plan to characterize the effects of dam removal over time. Information from 

this and related projects can inform river restoration decisions 

and long-term assessment of restoration effectiveness.

Sedgeunkedunk stream restoration efforts. 

Publications

Gardner, C., Coghlan, S.M., Jr., Zydlewski, J., and Saunders, 

R., 2011, Distribution and abundance of stream fishes in 

relation to barriers—Implications for monitoring stream 

recovery after barrier removal: River Research and Applications, v. 29, no. 1, p. 65–78, https://doi.org/10.1002/

rra.1572. 

Gardner, Cory, Coghlan, S.M., Jr., and Zydlewski, Joseph, 

2012, Distribution and abundance of anadromous sea 

lamprey spawners in a fragmented stream—Current status 

and potential range expansion following barrier removal: 

Northeastern Naturalist, v. 19, no. 1, p. 99–110, https://doi.

org/10.1656/045.019.0108.

Hogg, Robert, Coghlan, S.M., Jr., and Zydlewski, Joseph, 

2013, Anadromous sea lamprey recolonize a coastal river 

tributary after dam removal: Transactions of the American 

Fisheries Society, v. 142, no. 5, p. 1381–1394, https://doi.

org/10.1080/00028487.2013.811103.

Hogg, R.S., Coghlan., S.M., Jr., Zydlewski, Joseph, and 

Simon, K.S., 2014, Anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon 

marinus) are ecosystem engineers in a spawning tributary: 

Freshwater Biology, v. 59, no. 6, p. 1294–1307, https://doi.

org/10.1111/fwb.12349.

Hogg, R.S., Coghlan, S.M., Jr., Zydlewski, Joseph, and Gardner, Cory, 2014, Fish community response to a small-stream 

dam removal in a Maine coastal river tributary: Transactions 

of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 3, p. 467–479, 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1007164.

Using Otolith Microchemistry to Assess How 

American Shad and American Eel Use the 

Penobscot River Estuary 

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The American shad run in the Penobscot River is likely 

a small fraction of the historical size of the fish run due to 

extremely poor passage at the former Veazie Dam, where 

fewer than two dozen fish passed in more than two decades. 

American shad in the Penobscot River.
124 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Until recently, Federal managers in the State of Maine 

assumed that American shad were largely absent from the 

modern-day Penobscot River fish assemblage; recent work has 

shown otherwise. Historically, the American eel was the target 

species of a lucrative fishery, but the fishery collapsed over the 

course of the last few decades and eels are in decline worldwide. The research team plans to construct an inferred history 

of the use of freshwater, estuary, and seawater for American 

shad and American eel in the Penobscot River by using microchemical analysis of the otolith. This research can provide 

a baseline for the life-history patterns of American shad and 

American eel prior to the restoration of this fish in the upper 

reaches of the river.

Ecology of Urban and Rural Black Bears in 

Massachusetts

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The black bear population in Massachusetts is growing, 

and its range is expanding. Many bears now live in and around 

small to midsized towns and cities. The research team in this 

study is using GPS to track and monitor bears—in densely 

populated suburban areas, in urban areas, and in rural locations—in central Massachusetts. The data can inform management decisions about bears in areas across the State.

Black bear cub. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Effects of Dam Removal on Stream Ecosystems

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

In Massachusetts, over the last two decades, dam removal 

has increased alongside concerns about safety and interests 

in restoring stream connectivity. This research investigates 

the effects of dam removal on stream ecosystems. Researchers intend to measure dissolved oxygen and temperature at 

12 sites upstream, within, and downstream from impoundments. Eight of the sites were slated for dam removal in 2015 

and 2016, and the effects of the removals on dissolved oxygen, 

temperature, and other aspects of the stream ecosystem are to 

be quantified. Data can provide information on the extent to 

which dams impair stream ecosystems and quantify potential 

improvements in water quality following dam removal. Potential improvements can inform decisions about dam removal 

and help prioritize dam removals that might maximize ecological benefits.

Effects of Surface-Water-Supply Reservoirs on 

Streamflow and Biology in Small Massachusetts 

Watersheds

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

In 2010, the Massachusetts Sustainable Water Management Initiative was created to develop a water allocation 

program that satisfies human water needs while protecting 

aquatic ecosystem health. Because information about flow 

alteration due to surface-water withdrawals from reservoirs 

is lacking, this research intends to combine data on flows 

below surface-water withdrawal reservoirs with previous 

flow alteration data based on groundwater withdrawals. This 

information can then be used to inform water-supply permitting under the Water Management Act and assess the relation 

between instream flow and fish assemblages downstream from 

water-supply reservoirs.

Monitoring water withdrawals.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 125

Evaluating Freshwater Productivity and Sampling 

Approaches for Juvenile River Herring in 

Freshwater Lakes and Ponds

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Anadromous alewife declined in alarming numbers over 

the last two centuries. Reliable abundance estimates hinge on 

accurate early life-history data and remain a challenge. This 

study intends to evaluate the factors that influence freshwater 

productivity. A survey of 20 coastal lakes sampled in Massachusetts in 2014 is planned for expansion as to include nursery 

lakes with known alewife runs in Connecticut, Rhode Island, 

New Hampshire, and Maine. The results can inform future 

population models and provide direction for habitat restoration 

and management decisions.

Juvenile alewife caught at night with a pelagic purse seine.

Investigating the Effects of Winter Lake Drawdowns 

on Fish and Wildlife

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

In Massachusetts, approximately 200 small reservoirs are 

drawn down in the fall and refilled in the spring as a means 

of killing aquatic vegetation. The Massachusetts Division of 

Fisheries and Wildlife is interested in understanding the effects 

of drawdowns on the fish and wildlife that live in and use the 

lakes. Researchers are preparing an extensive literature review 

on the effects of lake drawdowns on fish and wildlife and 

intend to perform an assessment of the actual scope (location, 

timing, amount, and rate) of the drawdowns. The information obtained can improve the design of field experiments that 

assess the effects of drawdowns—like those in Massachusetts—on lake fish and wildlife. The results can also be used 

to develop drawdown strategies for Massachusetts that benefit 

fish and wildlife populations. 

Regeneration of Forest Vegetation in Response to 

Browsing by Moose and Deer

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Over the past 200 years, as southern New England 

became increasingly populated, human distribution, land 

cover, and wildlife habitats have diversified. Development, 

suburban fragmentation, and landscape degradation, concurrent with an increase in the moose population in southern New 

England in recent decades, led to interest and concern about 

how forest management affected moose populations. This 

research focuses on experimental enclosures for monitoring 

the response of forest vegetation to browsing by moose and 

deer and can advance the understanding of moose ecology, 

as they recolonize southern New England, and the potential 

effects on forest conservation. This information can then be 

used by regional management agencies to conserve and preserve flora and fauna unique to Massachusetts.

Pictured below: Goose Pond at Tyringham, Massachusetts, 

undergoing a winter drawdown.
126 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Delineating Sandhill Crane Populations in 

Minnesota

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Minnesota is home to two breeding populations of 

sandhill cranes: the Mid-Continent population in northwest 

Minnesota and the Eastern population in east-central Minnesota. Information about the boundary between these two 

populations is incomplete. Researchers plan to attach GPS 

transmitters to the sandhill cranes to better define the population boundary, learn more about movement patterns, gather 

information on their annual cycle, and gain insight into habitat 

use. Data derived from the study can inform harvest management strategies.

Sandhill cranes. Photograph by Tom Cooper, U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Resource Use of Arctic Peregrine Falcons Along the 

Colville River, Alaska

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

In 1977, the Colville River Special Area (CRSA) was 

designed to protect the nesting and foraging habitat of the 

then-endangered Arctic peregrine falcon. The CRSA is a 

2.44-million-acre area that provides nesting habitat for nearly 

one-fifth of Alaska’s Arctic peregrine falcon population, but 

information on current nesting success and occupancy are 

limited. Consequently, researchers intend to evaluate existing CRSA peregrine nesting data and implement additional 

data collection efforts with a focus on assessing nesting-area 

occupancy. This information can inform management practices 

involving Arctic peregrine falcons on the CRSA.

Restoration of Elk to Northeastern Minnesota

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is 

interested in evaluating the feasibility of elk restoration in 

northeastern Minnesota, but information is needed to inform 

decision making. The planned research builds upon existing 

eastern elk restoration research to address two research goals: 

(1) defining public support for a restored elk population by 

surveying citizens in and around prospective restoration sites 

and (2) determining where suitable habitat exists and how 

many elk it could sustain. The results of this study can provide 

information critical to the elk management and restoration 

efforts at the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is interested 

in evaluating the feasibility of elk restoration in northeastern 

Minnesota.

Estimation of Angler-Caused Mortality and 

Development of Live-Well Management Procedures 

to Improve the Survival of Largemouth Bass

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Black bass are the most popular sport fish in North 

America and are the target of more than 30,000 fishing 

tournaments annually, in addition to recreational angling. 

High-quality bass fishing results from intensive regulation and 

survival rates from voluntary live catch and release activities. 

Water temperature affects the survival of tournament bass, 

but the relation between temperature and bass survival across 

a range of temperatures is unknown. This research intends to 

measure the bass mortality that results from catch-and-release 

angling and tournaments, quantify the temperature and mortality relation for bass, and develop procedures for improving the 

survival rates for angler-caught bass. The results can advance 

the development of management procedures that minimize 

the mortality of angler-caught bass for both recreational and 

tournament anglers.

Reservoir Fish-Habitat Management

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The average age of reservoirs in the United States now 

exceeds 60 years, and local fish habitats are showing signs of 

degradation. This study is an analysis of reservoir fish habitats across the lower 48 States with the purpose of providing 

information to maintain or rejuvenate reservoir fish habitats. 

The study blends landscape-level descriptors obtained from 
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 127

GIS databases with in-lake impairment descriptors obtained 

by an online survey of field staff representing 48 States. 

Results from this study can (1) engender a status report for 

the Nation’s reservoirs and associated tailwaters; (2) allow 

development of a classification system suitable for guiding 

further research, management, and allocation of restoration 

funds; and (3) be used to identify major drivers of fish habitat 

impairment in reservoirs at multiple scales. The project results 

can also be used to inform decisions on reservoirs across the 

State of Mississippi.

Review, Revision, and Development of New 

Monitoring Protocols for Fisheries

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A major problem faced by resource managers is the 

absence of reliable techniques for obtaining and evaluating 

data. This research focuses on the development of stock 

assessment methods. The research team plans to (1) identify 

approaches for collecting and using data; (2) develop models 

for evaluating population dynamics; (3) predict the response 

of anglers to management actions; and (4) develop classification systems for organizing data about fish, fisheries, and the 

environment. The data and tools from this project can inform 

management agencies in formulating conservation plans.

A Spatial Assessment of the Status and Risks to 

Mussel Concentrations in the Meramec River 

Drainage Basin

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

A method for identifying risks and threats to mussels 

in the Meramec River drainage basin is needed and can aid 

in the development of a monitoring and conservation program. Researchers intend to use landscape models to identify 

potential core areas of mussel abundance in the Meramec 

River. The classification scheme used can let researchers 

develop monitoring plans and protocols for each classification based on their risk status. If successful in the Meramec River, this study can serve as a model for statewide 

conservation assessments.

Bat Occupancy Patterns as a Function of Wildlife 

and Forest Restoration Activities

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wildfire frequency and severity are increasing in the 

Western United States, and it is unknown how bats respond 

to habitats affected by fire. Researchers intend to evaluate the 

effects of fire severity, distance to fire, fire heterogeneity, habitat availability, and forest characteristics on the occupancy, 

distribution, and diversity of bat species in Missouri. Additionally, the research team plans to develop a protocol for acoustic 

monitoring in the Plumas National Forest. The project results 

can guide USFS restoration efforts in the Plumas National 

Forest and inform the postfire management of forests for bats 

across the Sierra Nevada.

Determining Electrofishing Immobilization 

Thresholds of Smallmouth Bass, Blue Catfish, 

and Flathead Catfish: A Critical Step to Develop a 

Standardized Sampling Protocol

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Black bass and catfish are popular sport fish in Missouri, 

with 1.1 million anglers spending about 15 million days on 

the water each year. Approximately 77 percent of that time is 

spent pursuing bass or catfish species, making them the two 

most popular groups of fishes among Missouri anglers. The 

ability to accurately assess bass and catfish populations is 

needed to evaluate special regulations and monitor population trends. Assessment is also critical for the ability of the 

Missouri Department of Conservation to make scientifically 

sound management decisions. This research offers biologists 

the tools and knowledge necessary to measure and adjust 

electrofishing output in the field and affords them the opportunity to sample these species in a standardized, efficient, and 

safe manner.

Development of Fish and Amphibian RapidAssessment Protocols

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Missouri wetland taxa—amphibians and fish—can be 

difficult to detect, meaning that monitoring these organisms 

must include sampling methods that target specific groups of 

species and provide a direct link between species response and 

management actions. The research team plans to evaluate the 

effectiveness of various sampling methods to determine their 

A method for identifying risks and threats to mussels in the 

Meramec River drainage basin is needed and can aid in the 

development of a monitoring and conservation program.
128 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

detection probability for amphibians and fish. The planned 

information outcomes from this project include a standardized 

assessment protocol, which can be used by State agencies to 

evaluate and inform amphibian and fish response to wetland 

management decisions.

Development of Reference Reaches for Missouri 

Streams

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Development and evaluation of cost-effective techniques 

to help conservation agencies make scientifically defensible 

decisions for conserving aquatic biota are needed in Missouri. 

An essential part of this task is identifying priority stream 

reaches for conservation. Researchers in this study intend to 

develop reference stream reaches based on physical habitat 

for the State of Missouri. Results from this study can inform 

decisions on aquatic resources and help managers prioritize 

conservation efforts.

Development of Stream Temperature Models for 

Selected Missouri Streams

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Urban and agricultural development grew immensely 

over the last two centuries, leading to highly degraded stream 

conditions and losses in aquatic biodiversity. The research 

team in this study is prepared to identify gaps in stream temperature data for Missouri and develop models that show the 

relation between streamflow and water temperature throughout 

the State. Information from this study can be used by the State 

to assess the effects of water withdrawals on fish habitats.

Life History of the Freckled Crayfish in Two Missouri 

Streams

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The vulnerable freckled crayfish is endemic to the 

Meramec River Basin of Missouri and has an exceptionally 

restricted range. Because key parts in the life history of the 

freckled crayfish are poorly understood, this study intends to 

document life history traits of freckled crayfish populations 

in two streams to account for possible variation due to local 

environmental conditions. The information resulting from this 

project can provide managers with the knowledge required for 

more effective conservation planning and management.

Linking Waterfowl Distribution and Abundance

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The 2007 NAWMP assessment found that although 

over $2 billion had been spent to fulfill NAWMP objectives, 

little research had gone into determining if habitat protection, 

management, and restoration outcomes were being achieved. 

To develop better performance metrics, the NAWMP National 

Science Support Team recommended that joint ventures 

should develop monitoring programs to track the direct influence of management actions on the quality and quantity of refuge areas and food resources. In this project, researchers plan 

to address the assessment recommendations and develop a 

waterfowl monitoring methodology. This research can inform 

decisions on waterfowl management across Missouri.

Which Geese Are Being Harvested? Body Condition 

of Lesser Snow and Ross’s Geese Harvested 

by Different Methods During the Light Goose 

Conservation Order

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The increase of midcontinent light goose populations 

over the past 30 years and the subsequent effects on Arctic 

and sub-Arctic habitats are well-documented. Uncertainty 

still exists, however, on whether changes in species composition, sex ratios, or overall condition of light goose populations 

have occurred as these populations increased. In this study, 

researchers plan to assess the body conditions of light geese 

harvested by varying methods and examine species, sex, and 

age composition. The results can be used to evaluate tradeoffs 

when considering alternative management scenarios, including 

potential strategies for reducing light goose populations.

Buffalo Bill Reservoir Walleye Suppression

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Buffalo Bill Reservoir and the North Fork Shoshone 

River are two popular fisheries in the Cody Region of Montana that are managed as wild trout fisheries. The illegal 

introduction of walleye, discovered in 2008, has the potential 

to negatively affect the existing trout fishery. Consequently, 

as part of a graduate research study, there is a plan to evaluate 

the recruitment success of walleye and determine food-web 

dynamics and per-capita consumption of wild trout by lake 

trout and walleye. Results from this study can complement 

an ongoing study to identify management actions, including suppressing the walleye population, that could ensure 

the long-term persistence of the Buffalo Bill Reservoir wild 

trout fishery.

Fort Peck Water Chemistry Analysis

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks agency annually 

stocks millions of walleye fry and fingerlings in Fort Peck 

Reservoir. However, the contribution of the stocked fish to 

the fishery remains poorly understood. Given suitable water 

chemistry variability, otolith microchemistry analysis should 

provide the information needed to quantify the proportion 
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 129

of stocked and wild walleye in the fishery and identify the 

movement and habitat use of walleye in the reservoir and its 

tributaries. The research team could subsequently provide 

research recommendations based on the water chemistry and 

otolith profiles. These data can help managers achieve a strategic stocking strategy.

Reproductive Readiness and Behavioral Ecology 

of Wild Hatchery-Reared Pallid Sturgeon in the 

Missouri River Above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

To understand the effect of stocking on recovery efforts, 

fisheries managers document reproduction and behavioral 

ecology of wild-hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon in the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana. This project 

intends to replicate previous research to determine if changes 

occurred in the home range size or habitat use of pallid sturgeon and assess whether the 1997 year-class became sexually 

mature. This information can be used by fisheries managers 

to understand the population ecology of sturgeon and develop 

successful restoration strategies.

Pallid sturgeon come from a genetic line that has survived for 

tens of millions of years.

Seasonal Movements of Rainbow Trout, Brown 

Trout, and Mountain Whitefish in the Smith River, 

Montana

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

To achieve multispecies management objectives, fisheries 

managers need information on the seasonal movements and 

habitat use of rainbow trout, brown trout, and mountain whitefish in the Smith River, Montana. As part of this study, plans 

have been made to identify spawning times and locations for 

these species, assess spawning-site fidelity, identify winter and 

summer habitat use, identify the degree of interchange of fish 

between the Smith and Missouri Rivers, and identify factors 

that limit fish abundance and distribution. The results can be 

used to understand the interactions of the species within the 

system and develop species-specific management actions that 

can optimize multispecies objectives.

Tenderfoot Creek Bair Ranch Foundation Research 

Project

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit is 

investigating the effects of timber harvest on water quality and 

water yield. The USDA contracted the research team to estimate survival rates, population sizes, and ages for fish populations. A detailed study of Tenderfoot Creek has been ongoing 

since 2009. The past 4 years of data collection produced an 

efficient data-collection process, detailed knowledge about the 

area, connections with local landowners and agencies, and an 

understanding of the dynamics of the Smith River Basin. With 

this experience and groundwork, researchers can add to the 

information already gathered by filling in the gaps where data 

are lacking and learn more about this system by investigating 

phenomena discovered over the course of the study.

Tenderfoot Creek brook trout.

Are Long Lives of Southern Temperate Songbirds 

Explained by Reduced Energy Expenditure of 

Parents Compared With Northern Temperate 

Species?

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Songbirds in the tropics and southern hemisphere commonly have long lives and small clutch sizes when compared 

with the northern temperate species. Regardless, understanding the causes underlying demographic strategies in southern 

regions remains poor. This research seeks to measure daily 

energy expenditure and resting metabolism during the nesting period for long-lived songbird species in South Africa. 

Additionally, the research team plans to measure these traits 

for short-lived species at a northern temperate site to capitalize on a unique opportunity to address long-standing questions 

about global patterns. Adult survival and longevity are often 

the most important influence on demography in songbirds, 
130 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

such that understanding the determinants of variation in adult 

survival can offer critical insight into the sensitivity of species 

to environmental perturbations, thereby acquiring knowledge 

essential for species management.

Assessing Migratory Avifauna Responses to 

Managed Land-Use Practices in a Sagebrush/

Grassland System

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Grazing management enhances important components of 

sagebrush and grassland habitat for a wide range of species, 

but little research has been done to evaluate the effects of prescribed grazing on migratory birds. The scale and magnitude 

of benefits for avian species remain unclear, especially in the 

big sagebrush-steppe systems of eastern Montana. This project 

builds on an existing research infrastructure to evaluate the 

effects of rest-rotational grazing management—implemented 

as part of the NRCS Sage-Grouse Initiative—on greater 

sage-grouse. This research can enable the BLM and USGS 

to inform sustainable, economically viable land-management 

practices that sustain habitat for migratory avifauna.

Bitterroot Elk Calf Survival and Population Modeling

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

For nearly 70 years, wildlife managers and the hunting public could harvest ungulates with minimal concern for 

large carnivores, which were largely extirpated or reduced 

in abundance throughout much of their historic range in the 

lower 48 States. Over the last two decades, the expansion 

of grizzly bear, mountain lion, and gray wolf populations 

throughout portions of western North America have coincided 

with declines in recruitment and abundance in some elk populations, leading to a polarizing debate between various public 

sectors over large carnivore management. The focus of this 

study is estimating calf survival and population modeling of 

the Bitterroot elk herd. The study includes input from resource 

managers, stakeholders, researchers, field technicians, and 

individuals in the local communities. Results from this study 

can be used to evaluate elk-harvest strategies in the presence 

of expanding predator populations.

Evaluating the Effects of Nutrition and Hunter 

Access on Elk Distribution in the Sapphire 

Mountains

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The Sapphire elk herd in the northern Bitterroot Valley 

of Montana is important for hunting and wildlife-watching 

opportunities, but in recent years, elk distribution has become 

a source of concern for local hunters and landowners. This 

research is designed to relate the distribution of elk to habitat quality, hunter access points, nutrition, road density, and 

security cover during hunting seasons. The results of the study 

can enable managers to predict how habitat treatments affect 

fall elk distributions and how habitat treatments could be 

manipulated to produce a more desirable distribution of elk.

Improving Ungulate Sampling Efficiency and 

Population Estimation in Idaho

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Ungulates play an important role in the economy of Idaho 

because of hunting-related expenditures. Managing ungulates to maintain desirable population characteristics (such 

as size and age distribution) requires accurate monitoring 

data. Researchers plan to analyze current ungulate sampling 

methods and propose revisions that can improve sampling 

efficiency and population estimations of ungulates in Idaho. 

The revised methods, coupled with the implementation of 

integrated population modeling, can lead to better information 

for managing this economically important natural resource for 

the State of Idaho.

Linking Resource Selection to Population Dynamics 

of Mule Deer in Idaho

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Mule deer occupy variable environments and display 

volatile population dynamics, making the effective management of this species challenging. The research team plans to 

investigate the ecological drivers of overwinter juvenile mule 

deer survival across a wide range of environmental conditions 

in Idaho. Using Bayesian hierarchical survival models and 

integrated population models, researchers can test whether 

density dependence or weather drives mule deer population 

dynamics. These integrated population models can provide 

managers with a means to estimate population dynamics with 

precision and flexibility.

Montana Wolf Monitoring Study

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The gray wolf population in the northern Rocky Mountains has grown to a sufficient size that the USFWS has 

removed these wolves from the endangered species list. Montana and Idaho were required to monitor wolves intensively 

for 5 years to demonstrate that their populations remained 

Gray wolf.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 131

above relisting levels. This multiple-objective project is 

designed to (1) improve estimations of wolf recruitment; 

(2) improve and maintain the calibration of wolf-abundance 

estimates generated through wolf-patch occupancy modeling; (3) develop a framework for dynamic, adaptive harvest 

management of wolves; and (4) design a targeted monitoring 

program for wolves that can provide the information needed to 

ensure robust estimates and reduce uncertainty in the adaptive harvest management paradigm over time. This applied 

research can lead to critical information on wolf recovery and 

management in the northern Rocky Mountains and lead to a 

novel, successful method of monitoring large carnivores on a 

broad scale.

Population Dynamics, Modeling, and Data Quality 

Advancements

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Harvest information is a vital component of mule deer 

population management. Easy access to harvest statistics 

provides managers with detailed information on harvest data 

organized by location and year. The research team in this 

study plans to develop an extension to the PopR software 

interface that queries, displays, and tabulates harvest statistics 

on the basis of user-specified criteria. Managers can use these 

integrated population models to help inform management 

decisions about mule deer. Some of these models are implemented in a framework hosted by the University of Montana 

and are designed to serve as a singular resource for population 

analysis and data visualization. 

Evaluating the Influence of Climate and Predation 

on the Survival of Rocky Mountain Elk: A Regional 

Synthesis Across Northwestern States

Montana and Wyoming Cooperative Research Units

Effective management decisions for Rocky Mountain 

elk are challenging because of changing habitat and the broad 

diversity of population dynamics that elk exhibit across their 

distribution. These facts cause confusion in efforts to understand the mechanisms behind the population dynamics of 

Rocky Mountain elk. The research team plans to evaluate 

the influence of climate and predation on the survival of elk 

and conduct a regional synthesis across Northwestern States. 

Furthermore, the research team intends to assess the influence 

of landscape-level variation in habitat, climate, predation, and 

human harvest on the survival and cause-specific mortality 

of adult female elk across five States in the Northwest. This 

research can enable managers to inform conservation decisions on habitat, population management, and climate.

Better Soil for Birds in the Niobrara Valley Preserve 

in Nebraska

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit is investigating how disturbance is used as a tool by managers to improve the quality of grasslands enrolled in the CRP 

in the Niobrara Valley Preserve in Nebraska. As part of this 

project, researchers are tracking soil, plant, insect, and bird 

attributes. The disturbances typically include burning, disking, interseeding, applying herbicide, or some combination 

thereof. The decision to use one or many of these approaches 

requires landowners to weigh economic, ecological, and social 

tradeoffs. By combining the ecological knowledge gained 

from field investigations with information generated from a 

statewide landowner survey, this work seeks to provide valuable information to private landowners, agency personnel, 

and scientists interested in supporting smart land-management 

decision making.

Habitat Decisions in Altered Landscapes: 

Behavioral and Physiological Consequences for 

Long-Distance Migrant Shorebirds

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Concern exists over agricultural intensity and habitat 

characteristics that influence shorebirds because of reduced 

food availability. Although shorebirds demonstrate dietary 

flexibility during migration, overall depression in food 

resources and limited habitat availability could induce further 

competition. The goals of this study are to examine (1) patterns of stopover habitat use by migratory shorebirds, (2) the 

habitat characteristics of stopover sites, and (3) how habitat 

characteristics might influence the condition and potential 

fitness for shorebirds during spring migration. This information can be used to develop management strategies that 

improve habitat quality for selected areas during the spring 

migration period.

Scientists survey for shorebirds in the Rainwater Basin, 

Nebraska.
132 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Publication

Gillespie, C.R., 2015, Shorebird migratory stopover responses 

to local and regional change—Habitat decisions in a vanishing landscape: Lincoln, Nebr., University of Nebraska, 

Master of Science thesis, 62 p., http://digitalcommons.unl.

edu/natresdiss/109/.

Implications of Perceived Predation Risk on Female 

Pheasant Reproductive Investment

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Ringed-neck pheasant hunters are limited to harvesting 

male pheasants. Female and male pheasants coexist, and hens 

likely perceive the presence of hunters and dogs as a threat. 

Furthermore, pheasant-hunting season in Nebraska is limited 

to the fall and winter, providing a gap between the perceived 

risk and the spring breeding season. During this 3-year 

study, researchers plan to track 60 hen pheasants using radio 

telemetry in eight study sites to assess clutch size and mass, 

incubation rhythms, potential physiological and morphological mechanisms driving hen reproductive investment (body 

condition, stress levels, and immune function), and hen habitat 

use. This research can provide information on how perceived 

predation risk affects hen pheasant reproductive strategy and 

subsequent brood production.

A researcher measuring eggs.

An Assessment of the Genetic Structure of an Urban 

Cooper’s Hawk Population

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

For species that are rare or difficult to study, researchers 

use models based on similar surrogate species to gain insights 

into the population ecology of the rare species. The research 

team plans to develop a model based on the demography and 

population ecology of Cooper’s hawk. The study offers a valuable opportunity to compare genetic estimates of population 

attributes with direct measures obtained through banding and 

radio telemetry, which can provide useful inference to other 

raptor populations, including golden eagles. This research can 

ultimately provide wildlife managers with reliable science for 

managing raptor populations.

Assessing the Response of Lesser Prairie-Chickens 

to Mesquite Removal, Prescribed Fire, and Grazing 

in the Shinnery Oak Prairie Ecoregion of Eastern 

New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The lesser prairie-chicken population has declined dramatically over the last century and now occupies a small portion of its former range across Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, 

Texas, and New Mexico. The primary cause of the decline is 

habitat loss following Western expansion. One top priority 

for habitat conservation in the shinnery oak ecoregion is the 

removal of honey mesquite and development of a prescribed 

fire program. Prescribed fire is believed to benefit the creation 

of different vegetation types needed by lesser prairie-chickens. 

Results from this study can contribute to a new prescribed 

fire program and ultimately lead to improved lesser prairiechicken populations and habitat.

Assessment of Nutrition and Predation as Limiting 

Factors for Mule Deer in New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Nutrition and predation might be limiting factors for 

mule deer in New Mexico. The research team intends to assess 

mule deer survival rates, determine mule deer pregnancy rates, 

Mule deer.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 133

assess nutrition, estimate prey composition, and determine 

how habitat selection by mule deer is influenced by habitat 

conditions and predation risk from mountain lions. The goal of 

this project is to determine which factors effectively limit mule 

deer in New Mexico. These data can contribute to the decision-making process of the State wildlife management agency.

Demography and Seasonal Movement Patterns of 

Band-Tailed Pigeons in New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Over the last 50 years, populations of band-tailed pigeons 

declined dramatically across their interior range. The pigeon 

inhabits mountain terrain, and there is little to no contemporary data on these populations. Band-tailed pigeons are 

believed to move across the landscape in response to changes 

in local food abundance. The research team plans to conduct 

a demographic analysis using band and PIT tag data. As a 

migratory game-bird species, it is critical for decision makers 

to have sound scientific data on the current demographic rates 

and space-use patterns. This project can inform current monitoring strategies and provide the demographic data needed to 

develop new science-based harvest and management goals that 

are adaptive to potential declines in this population.

Describing Seasonal Movement Patterns and 

Development of a Bioenergetics Model to Determine 

Carrying Capacity of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, 

New Mexico, for Wintering Sandhill Cranes

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

More than 90 percent of the Rocky Mountain population 

of greater sandhill cranes winter in southern New Mexico and 

to a lesser degree in southeastern Arizona. Declining annual 

population estimates and uncertainty about water availability 

due to long-term drought conditions in the Southwest have 

raised concerns that population objectives on the wintering 

grounds are too high for available habitat and food resources. 

The research team plans to investigate seasonal movement 

patterns and develop a model for determining the carrying 

capacity of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, for 

wintering sandhill cranes. Data from this study can inform 

larger predictive models using future water-availability scenarios to estimate how changes in land-use patterns ultimately 

affect crane populations.

Effects of Wildfire and Forest Restoration on Black 

Bear Habitat Selection

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Catastrophic wildfires in the Western United States 

have led to an increased need for forest restoration projects. 

Increased temperatures, drier winters, and earlier springs 

are likely to further increase wildfire activity. The research 

team plans to maintain a collared sample of 20 black bears 

throughout the duration of this project, which is scheduled to 

take place in the Santa Fe National Forest and on the Valles 

Caldera National Preserve. This research can assist managers 

in addressing larger project objectives on black bear responses 

to landscape-scale forest restoration.

Estimation of Black Bear Densities in New Mexico 

Using Noninvasive Genetic Analyses

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

One of the main challenges for wildlife management 

agencies is setting harvest levels that ensure the long-term 

persistence of populations. The primary objective of this 

project is to estimate the abundance and density of black 

bear. The researchers plan to use noninvasive sampling and 

mark-recapture estimation within two bear-management zones 

currently used by the New Mexico Department of Game and 

Fish. This information can be used to provide wildlife managers with reliable science for setting harvest levels, establishing 

harvest objectives, and managing bears in New Mexico. 

Estimation of Mountain Lion Density in New Mexico

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Obtaining the population or density estimates of mountain lions is challenging. This information is critical for 

properly managing harvested species. The goal of this study 

is to estimate mountain lion abundance and density across 

New Mexico. The research team plans to compare the habitat 

model with remote sensing camera data to estimate abundance 

and density. The results of this study can provide population 

and density data about mountain lions in New Mexico that 

can contribute to management plans developed by the New 

Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 

Influence of Stream Temperature, Intermittency, 

and Nonnative Fishes on the Current and Future 

Distribution of Fishes of Conservation Need in the 

Gila and Mimbres Drainage Basins

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Earth’s climate is expected to change during the 21st 

century and affect the distribution of native fish. The high 

number of native fishes of conservation concern in the Gila 

and Mimbres River drainage basins highlights the need for 

a greater understanding of how their distribution might be 

altered by changing climate and concurrent biotic interactions 

with nonnative species. The research team plans to investigate 

these distribution shifts, which are especially important for 

coldwater fishes. Assessment and characterization of stream 

temperature and intermittency regimes in the basins are important for the restoration and protection of critical habitat for 

native species. 
134 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Kirtland Air Force Base Mountain Lion Study

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Kirtland Air Force Base personnel want to better understand how mountain lions are distributed throughout the 

facility. The goal of this study is to provide information on 

basic life history and ecological attributes of the mountain 

lions occupying Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. The 

research team plans to investigate mountain lion territory 

locations, home range, and den sites; estimate survival; and 

determine cause-specific mortality. Additionally, the research 

team plans to develop a resource-selection model. The results 

can be used by resource managers when they plan activities on 

the base.

Population Trajectories and Extinction Probabilities 

for Populations of Large Ungulates

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding the importance of life history parameters is vital to managing wildlife populations. The goal of 

this research is to evaluate the minimum population size at 

which populations are unlikely to go extinct and the population persistence times of various ungulate species across the 

Southwest in relation to variation in observed demographic 

rates. The intent is to generate population models using a suite 

of observed demographic parameters (and their variability), 

thereby assisting in the management of multiple ungulate 

species across the Southwestern United States.

Publication

Gedir, J.V., Cain, J.W., III, Harris, Grant, and Turnbull, T.T., 

2015, Effects of climate change on long-term population 

growth of pronghorn in an arid environment: Ecosphere, 

v. 6, no. 10, p. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00266.1.

Population Trends and Predicted Trajectories of 

American Pronghorn in the American Southwest

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The American pronghorn population appears to be 

decreasing across much of its range. This research can determine how widespread the decline of the American pronghorn 

is in the Southwest and identify causal, climatic factors that 

can best explain these declines. The research team plans to 

use this information to forecast the trends and the geographic 

extent of the climatic factors over the next century based on 

climate-change models for the region. 

Publication

Gedir, J.V., Cain, J.W., III, Harris, Grant, and Turnbull, T.T., 

2015, Effects of climate change on long-term population 

growth of pronghorn in an arid environment: Ecosphere, 

v. 6, no. 10, p. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00266.1.

Pictured below: The American pronghorn population appears to be 

decreasing across much of its range in the Southwest.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 135

Predation Rates and Use of Habitats and Wildlife 

Drinkers by Mountain Lions

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

For decades, State and Federal wildlife management 

agencies built and supplied manmade water sources within 

desert landscapes, making surface water a consistent and 

stable feature of desert landscapes. This situation generates at 

least three concerns: (1) water could lure ungulates from preferable areas (such as escape terrain) thereby increasing their 

risk of predation; (2) predators might linger near water sources 

to increase their chances of killing a visiting ungulate; and 

(3) water requirements are undetermined for most carnivores, 

and it is unknown if they obtain sufficient water from the tissue of their prey or if they rely on free water, particularly in 

arid environments. The research team intends to build baseline 

information describing mountain lion use of Chihuahuan Desert habitats and quantify how mountain lions use Chihuahuan 

Desert landscapes. These data are sought by State fish and 

wildlife agencies.

Mountain lion. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Resource Selection and Movement of Mule Deer 

and Elk on the Jemez Pueblo

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wildlife managers are interested in the movement of 

mule deer and elk on the Jemez Pueblo in New Mexico. 

This project is part of an ongoing large mammal monitoring 

project on mortality and migration. The research team plans 

to describe the seasonal movements of deer and elk, estimate 

population size and survival rates, and estimate forage availability for mule deer and elk in relation to wildfire and forest 

restoration treatments. Additionally, the team plans to assess 

the resource-selection patterns of mule deer and elk in relation 

to forest restoration and wildfire. Understanding the movements and population demographics for these iconic species 

can allow wildlife managers to prioritize management actions 

to meet population management objectives.

Estimating the Distribution and Density of Fishers 

in an Expanding Population in New York Using 

Noninvasive Methods

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fisher populations in New York are expanding, and the 

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 

has received requests to open new areas to fisher trapping. 

Without knowledge of fisher occupancy or baseline-density 

estimates, the Department is unable to make adequate management decisions. This study plans to use noninvasive, genetic, 

spatially explicit capture-recapture techniques to estimate 

fisher density across the southern tier of New York. Study 

results can provide the first density estimate of fishers in New 

York and can be instrumental in helping the State of New York 

in their decision-making process regarding the potential for 

opening new areas to fisher trapping.

Publications

Conroy, M.J., and Peterson, J.T., 2013, Decision making 

in natural resource management—A structured, adaptive 

approach: Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 456 p.

Linden, D.W., Fuller, A.K., Royle, J.A., and Hare, M.P., 

in press, Examining the occupancy-density relationship 

for a low density carnivore: Journal of Applied Ecology, 

https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12883.

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit scientist 

with an elk calf captured in the Mexican Wolf Recovery Area in the 

Gila National Forest, New Mexico.
136 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Great Lakes Cisco Spawning Habitat Assessment

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Coregonids are an important native-forage species in the 

Great Lakes that have declined because of overfishing, habitat 

degradation, and invasive species. The research team intends 

to conduct a habitat assessment to document the quantity and 

distribution of suitable spawning habitat for Great Lakes cisco. 

Results from this work can assist in prioritizing population 

restoration efforts in the lower Great Lakes.

Novel Approaches to Big Problems: Integrating 

Citizen Science to Monitor and Estimate Black Bear 

Populations in New York

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Black bears are an important game species in New 

York, and the bear population is growing. Researchers in this 

study plan to describe a conceptual framework for joining 

noninvasive citizen-science efforts with telemetry, spatial 

capture-recapture, and occupancy methods into a single 

integrated population model for managing black bears. This 

integrated approach can be valuable for identifying patterns 

of black bear distribution, resource selections, and movement 

across a range of spatial scales.

Population Status of Carnivores

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Carnivores are notoriously difficult to study. In this study, 

the research team intends to develop models to evaluate the 

population status of select carnivorous species by using spatial 

capture-recapture methods and noninvasive genetic sampling. 

The methods represent a fundamental difference in the way 

managers previously estimated the abundance of wildlife 

populations. The research team expects to provide rigorous 

estimates of population demographics, which are necessary for 

the effective management of predator species.

Publications

Fuller, A.K., Sutherland, C.S., Royle J.A., and Hare, M.P., 

2016, Estimating population density and connectivity of 

American mink using spatial capture-recapture: Ecological Applications, v. 26, no. 4, p. 1125–1135, https://doi.

org/10.1890/15-0315.

Sutherland, Chris, Fuller, A.K., and Royle, J.A., 2014, Modelling non-Euclidean movement and landscape connectivity in highly structured ecological networks: Methods in 

Ecology and Evolution, v. 6, no. 2, p. 169–177, https://doi.

org/10.1111/2041-210X.12316.

Thresholds for Conservation and Management of 

Terrestrial Vertebrates

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Wildlife research has started to focus on identifying the 

conservation and management thresholds for terrestrial vertebrates by using camera-trapping data and analyzing trends 

in the data with the Wildlife Picture Index. The research team 

plans to use landscape-scale camera trapping for species of 

conservation or management interest. This approach is suitable 

for assessing trends in the status of biodiversity or endangered species in areas undergoing rapid declines (for example, 

Andean bears in Ecuador), as well as for species of localized 

conservation or management concern in New York, such as 

fisher, bobcat, marten, and black bear. 

Black bear with 

global positioning 

system collar.

Advancing the Use and Application of Diverse Data 

Sources and Species Distribution Models

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Change in land-use patterns and climate are factors 

influencing avian species status and trends in North America. 

Stakeholders are increasingly challenged to find a means to 

respond to changes in species distribution reliably. With this 

research, the team plans to develop an analytical framework 

that integrates multiple data sources to efficiently and effectively understand current and future avian distribution patterns 

and the potential for sustaining populations. Ultimately, the 

research goal is to provide a framework to inform decisions 

germane to conservation.

American Eel Age and Growth Assessment in the 

Roanoke River, North Carolina

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Despite an extensive distribution and the ability to 

tolerate a broad variety of aquatic habitats, concern about the 

status of the American eel has risen due to declining trends in 

commercial harvest and anthropogenic threats to their habitat. 
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 137

The loss of freshwater-habitat access attributable to dams and 

other barriers to migration has been estimated to be as high 

as 44 percent in U.S. watersheds alone and up to 84 percent 

within watersheds on the U.S. East Coast. The team plans to 

sample American eels in the Roanoke River in North Carolina. 

Information from these samples can be synthesized to provide 

a better understanding of the American eel and inform fishery 

management decisions.

Factors Influencing Native Aquatic Plant 

Revegetation Success for Enhanced Sport Fish 

Habitat in North Carolina Piedmont Reservoirs

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Sport fish managers need to know more about the factors influencing native aquatic plant revegetation success 

for enhanced sport fish habitat in North Carolina piedmont 

reservoirs. This research involves field experiments to assess 

the relative habitat use of native and invasive plants by sport 

fish at multiple spatial scales. This research can determine the 

factors contributing most to aquatic vegetation establishment, 

the costs of vegetation establishment, and the habitat value 

provided to sport fish on both micro- and macro-habitat scales. 

The project data can inform decisions on sport fish management plans in the North Carolina piedmont reservoirs.

Stocked Trout Survival, Behavior, and Ecology in 

North Carolina Streams

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Fisheries managers are faced with the challenge of 

conserving native species, balancing the management of 

recreational fisheries, and preserving ecological integrity. 

The goal of this research is to document the extent of stocked 

trout migration and mortality among species. The project 

team intends to document the persistence of stocked trout in 

designated streams and model persistence with environmental 

and biological variables. Additionally, the team plans to monitor fish behavior and ecology to gain an understanding of the 

factors that might affect stocked fish growth, condition, and 

survival. The results can be used to inform and guide management actions to improve resource-management strategies and 

educate fishery constituents and the public.

Assessing the Potential for Rainbow Trout 

Reproduction in Tributaries of the Mountain Fork 

River Below Broken Bow Dam

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The tailwater trout fishery in the Mountain Fork River 

below Broken Bow Dam is one of only two year-round trout 

streams in Oklahoma. Rainbow trout are stocked in the Mountain Fork River below Broken Bow Reservoir because the 

water released from the bottom of the dam is cold enough to 

Pictured below: Weir used to monitor upstream and downstream 

fish migration.
138 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

support them. The research team plans to investigate whether 

the small tributaries near the dam support rainbow trout reproduction. Results from this study can be used to inform future 

stocking decisions.

Researcher with a rainbow trout captured from a Mountain Fork 

River tributary.

Assessing Wild Juvenile Trout Ecology in the Lower 

Mountain Fork

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Tail waters are highly limited resources in the Southern 

United States and have disproportionate economic value in 

recreational angling. For example, the tailwater trout fishery in the Mountain Fork River below Broken Bow Dam in 

Oklahoma generates approximately $25 million in economic 

benefits annually. Little is known about the dynamics of 

natural reproduction for trout in these systems because so 

few instances exist where natural reproduction is sufficient 

to provide a fishery. The purpose of this study is to determine 

baseline population-level parameters (hatching times, growth, 

survival, invertebrate prey use, and availability) of wild juvenile trout in the lower Mountain Fork River. This information 

can be used by fisheries managers when making management 

decisions for this important fishery.

Assessment of Prey Consumption and Body 

Condition of Missouri River Age-0 Scaphirhynchus

Sturgeon

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The USACE Habitat Assessment and Monitoring Program is testing hypotheses regarding responses by juvenile 

fishes to shallow-water habitat restoration goals in the lower 

Missouri River. A central assumption is that shallow-water 

habitat is lacking, negatively affecting recruitment. The 

purpose of this study is to assess prey use and lipid content of 

age-0 sturgeon along a linear gradient of the lower Missouri 

River in relation to previously studied reaches. This research is 

being used to guide shallow-water habitat restoration efforts.

Developing Standard and Efficient Methods for 

Sampling Fish in Oklahoma Streams

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Reliable scientific data are critical for managing water 

resources. Oklahoma is developing environmental flow criteria 

for streams statewide that can protect fish and support economic and social uses. The research team plans to establish 

a stream-sampling protocol that includes the collection of 

monitoring data to support environmental flow standards. 

Decision makers can use the long-term results to manage 

fish assemblages.

The tail water trout fishery in the Mountain Fork River below 

Broken Bow Dam in Oklahoma generates approximately 

$25 million in economic benefits annually.

Measurements are made across stream transects to support 

hydraulic models.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 139

Evaluation of Northern Bobwhite in Western 

Oklahoma

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Northern bobwhite quail populations experienced 

a general decline across most of their range over the last 

40–50 years, with populations declining by an average rate of 

3 percent per year. This project is designed to determine the 

major factors driving long-term changes in bobwhite populations, particularly for reproduction and survival relative to the 

interaction of fire and grazing, arthropod availability (particularly during nesting and brood-rearing), aerial and terrestrial 

predation, and aflatoxins and their effects on reproduction and 

survival. This information is critical to managers developing 

conservation strategies for quail. 

Bobwhite at Cooper Wildlife Management Area.

Reevaluation of the Status of Black Bears in 

Southeastern Oklahoma

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Black bears, once extirpated from the south-central Great 

Plains, are expanding westward from the forests of western 

Arkansas into eastern Oklahoma. Previous studies examined the ecology of recolonizing black bears in southeastern 

Oklahoma. The current effort is designed to reevaluate the 

population status relative to the initiation of a black bear hunting season. The results can provide wildlife managers with 

information needed for evaluating the effects of harvesting and 

assist with the future management of black bears in Oklahoma.

Status and Distribution of Black Bears in EastCentral and Northeastern Oklahoma

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Indications suggest that black bear populations are 

increasing and expanding in east-central and northeastern 

Oklahoma. In fact, black bear can currently be hunted in 

four counties in southeastern Oklahoma. This research is 

designed to assess the status and distribution of black bears 

in east-central and northeastern Oklahoma and can provide 

the basis for development of appropriate management actions 

for this growing resource, which could include enhanced 

hunting opportunities in areas where bears are determined to 

be thriving.

Black bears, once extirpated from the 

south-central Great Plains, are expanding westward from the forests of western 

Arkansas into eastern Oklahoma.

Columbia River Fish Monitoring and Evaluation 

Studies

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Downstream passage of juvenile fish through USACE 

projects in the Upper Willamette River is a high priority 

because most spawning habitat for anadromous salmonids is 

upstream from the projects. Therefore, juveniles must be able 

to navigate reservoirs and pass through dams successfully. 

The use of PIT and active tags, such as the Juvenile Salmonid 

Acoustic Telemetry System, are important tools for evaluating 

juvenile passage and adult return. This research can inform 

decisions on suitable downstream fish-passage solutions.

The white sturgeon is the largest freshwater species in North 

America. A juvenile is pictured above.
140 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Intraguild Predator Dynamics: The Effects of 

Recolonizing Gray Wolf Populations on Cougars in 

Northeast Oregon

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Since the reintroduction of wolves in Idaho, Montana, 

and Wyoming in 1996, recovering wolf populations have 

expanded their distributions into Oregon, and other Western 

States, where they had been largely extirpated. Since the near 

extirpation of cougars in Oregon in the 1960s, cougar populations have recovered to stable levels throughout the State, and 

their ecology and population dynamics before the arrival of 

wolves are well-studied. The recolonization of wolves into 

Oregon raises important questions about their effect on prey 

populations (deer and elk), livestock depredation, and interspecific competition with cougars. In this project, researchers 

plan to study the effects of recolonizing gray wolf populations 

on cougars in northeast Oregon.

Survival of Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The primary causes of early life-history mortality in 

fishes are advection from nursery grounds, starvation, and predation. Knowledge of pathogen dynamics can provide insight 

into effective restoration strategies, such as avoiding parasiteassociated effects. The research strategy in this project is to 

identify parasites in Upper Klamath Lake suckers by using 

molecular techniques. Such knowledge is likely to be important for recently initiated efforts to develop decision models 

for adaptively managing Upper Klamath Lake suckers.

Deer Abundance and Its Relation to Factors That 

Affect Forest Vegetation Conditions

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Over the last decade, white-tailed deer densities were 

reduced in many wildlife management units in Pennsylvania. 

The decisions to reduce deer densities assumed that forest conditions, especially regeneration, would improve with 

lower deer populations. This research proposes to stabilize 

deer populations at different densities in the study areas and 

quantify changes in vegetation with respect to other forest 

conditions. Study results can provide decision makers with a 

better understanding of how vegetation responds to changes 

in deer density in the context of existing monitoring programs 

and management activities.

Fall Harvest Rates of Female Wild Turkeys in 

New York

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The primary form of population management for wild 

turkey is a fall either-sex harvest, but current fall harvest rates 

in New York are unknown. Harvesting more than 10 percent of the fall population is believed to cause a decrease in 

subsequent turkey population abundance levels. This research 

can determine the fall survival rate of hen turkeys by using an 

estimator based on a sample of hens fitted with radio transmitters to estimate the survival rate between tagging and harvest. 

Knowing the rate at which hen turkeys are harvested in the fall 

can allow the effective management of wild turkeys without 

an overharvesting problem.

Modeling Potential Habitat for Pheasant Population 

Restoration

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Pennsylvania Game Commission established several 

wild pheasant restoration areas with specific populationdensity goals (10 hen pheasants per square mile). The research 

being conducted in these areas is focused on identifying the 

habitat conditions that resulted in wild pheasant populations 

meeting or exceeding established pheasant-density goals. 

These results can generate a predictive model that can be 

applied to existing landscapes to determine if pheasant restoration is possible or what habitat changes would be required to 

ensure the success of proposed wild pheasant restoration areas.

Modeling Bat Habitat Use Across Big South Fork 

National River and Recreation Area: Potential 

Effects of Prescribed Fire

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Decision makers are interested in the potential effects 

of prescribed fire on bats across Big South Fork National 

River and Recreation Area. Seven prescribed fires have been 

conducted since 2005, and these sites are to be sampled along 

with some unburned sites. The project team plans to investigate year-round bat activity on Big South Fork National River 

and Recreation Area and relate the presence and activity of 

bats to environmental conditions such as temperature, rainfall, 

forest type, forest structure, and management history. The 

study results can guide the area fire-management plan for variWhite-tailed deer. ous bat species.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 141

Use of Horseshoe Crab Eggs by Migratory 

Shorebirds

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Migratory shorebird populations have declined in recent 

years, in part due to threats such as human disturbance, predation, loss of beaches and roost sites, and declines in food availability. The goal of this research is to enhance the understanding of the relations between migratory shorebirds, particularly 

red knots, and spawning horseshoe crab at key locations in 

South Carolina. These data can provide a sound scientific basis 

for decisions on horseshoe harvest, red knot endangered species status, and strategic-habitat conservation.

Horseshoe crab and red knots.

Effectiveness of Alfalfa for Nesting Habitat and 

Seedbed Preparation

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Due to the loss of conservation reserve program lands, 

many South Dakota grasslands were converted to agricultural 

production. Consequently, there is a strong emphasis on managing remaining grasslands to ensure the success of uplandnesting game birds. Ring-necked pheasant and waterfowl 

populations provide recreational opportunities for resident and 

nonresident sportsmen in South Dakota and provide an important source of revenue for local economies. The economic 

component provides strong incentives for the maintenance and 

sustainability of game bird populations. This study is designed 

to evaluate the use of a new technique that uses alfalfa to 

prepare seedbeds for grassland restoration. The results can 

provide land managers with information on the efficacy of the 

new approach for managing grasslands that can benefit and 

sustain upland-nesting game bird populations.

Growth Potential and Genetic Diversity of Yellow 

Perch in South Dakota

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Yellow perch are an important sport fish and prey component of fish communities in many South Dakota lakes. Two 

distinct yellow perch populations exist within eastern South 

Dakota. The South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks department identified the high natural mortality of yellow perch in 

some natural lakes as an issue for eastern South Dakota. This 

research is designed to identify potential causes of observed 

mortality.

Influence of Fish Density on Growth Rate of Brown 

Trout in Spearfish Creek, South Dakota

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Drought conditions, angler harvest, habitat modification, 

fish movements, and a nuisance algal species are possible contributors to the changes observed in the biomass and size of 

brown trout in streams in the Black Hills, South Dakota. This 

study is designed to evaluate the temporal patterns in stream 

discharge and mean summer water temperature over a period 

of 8 years at two drought-affected streams in the Black Hills. 

The data can help fisheries managers consider habitat limitations and available water in the streams they manage. Additionally, fisheries managers could collaborate with dam operators and their constituents to develop minimum-discharge 

thresholds that would satisfy the needs of both fishery managers and dam operators during low-water conditions.

Settling Dynamics of Breeding Ducks in the 

U.S. Prairie Pothole Region, 1987–2011

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The USFWS conducts surveys to estimate the effects that 

lands in the NWR system have on waterfowl breeding populations and production. This research plans to use the long-term 

4-square-mile duck breeding-pair survey to investigate local 

and landscape factors influencing the settling of birds in this 

important ecoregion. The project is anticipated to be one of 

the first to use this detailed, large-scale dataset to understand 

associations between setting patterns of breeding waterfowl 

and local and landscape features. Results from this study have 

drawn interest from the USFWS, which can use the information in conservation planning.

Ring-necked 

pheasant in 

flight at Sand 

Lake National 

Wildlife Refuge, 

South Dakota. 

Photograph by 

U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.
142 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Survival, Distribution, and Relative Predation of 

Naturally Produced Rainbow Trout in the Deerfield 

Reservoir System

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Rainbow trout are an important sport fish species in the 

Black Hills of South Dakota. Information is lacking on the 

spawning habitats used by rainbow trout in this region. As 

part of this study, researchers plan to assess the production, 

survival, and distribution of naturally produced rainbow trout 

and evaluate the diet composition of piscivorous fishes to 

quantify potential predation on rainbow trout in Deerfield Reservoir. The study results can provide managers with a better 

understanding of the life history of this unique rainbow trout 

population and help decision makers manage this stock.

Sampling and Managing Catfish Stocks in 

Tennessee

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Information is needed to effectively manage catfish 

stocks in Tennessee. The objectives of this study are to 

(1) develop unbiased catfish sampling protocols using trotlines, low-frequency electrofishing, tandem hoop nets, or 

a combination of these three approaches; (2) assemble a 

statewide database of commercial and recreational harvests 

of catfish species and examine historical trends in terms of 

yield; (3) examine the response of catfish populations to different management scenarios; and (4) assess the potential for 

growth and recruitment overfishing in several Tennessee reservoirs. This research can guide wildlife conservation across 

Tennessee.

Evaluating the Effects of Drought and Anthropogenic 

Influences on the Growth of Stream Fishes on the 

Edwards Plateau

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Climate change and increasing water demands from 

population growth are affecting stream fishes on the Edwards 

Plateau in central Texas. Alterations of stream-channel 

morphology and flow regime have the potential to affect fish 

growth. This project intends to evaluate the effects of drought 

and anthropogenic influences on the growth of stream fishes 

on the Edwards Plateau in Texas. Results from this study can 

provide biologists with a better understanding of how drought, 

coupled with anthropogenic alterations, affects the growth 

rate of stream fishes, and can also improve decision making in 

the management and conservation of stream fishes in similar 

river systems.

Structure and Connectivity of Mid-Continental 

Snowy Plovers

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Midcontinental snowy plovers occurring east of the 

Rocky Mountains and within the Great Plains have attained 

threatened status under the ESA and are now considered a 

focal species among the USFWS, the Playa Lakes Joint Venture, and the Great Plains LCC. Rangewide, snowy plovers 

are experiencing increased pressures from altered precipitation 

patterns, groundwater removal, exotic invasive species, elevated predation, and anthropogenic disturbances at all spatial 

scales. The problem is that plovers breeding and wintering in 

wetland and coastal habitats within the midcontinental United 

States have received only a fraction of the research, conservation, and management focus of Pacific Coast populations. The 

goal of this research is to estimate age/sex-specific survival 

and connectivity of midcontinental snowy plovers via consistent, long-term banding efforts at interior snowy plover nesting 

locations in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 

Snowy plover. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Cutthroat Population Conditions Within the Logan 

Watershed

Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Most subspecies of cutthroat trout are imperiled or extinct 

because of the combined effects of habitat degradation and 

interactions with exotic species. To quantify abundance and 

vital rates, researchers selected a large population of Bonneville cutthroat trout from the Logan River of northern Utah, 

a river characterized by high-quality and connected habitat. 

Over a 15-year period, scientists conducted a comprehensive 

population assessment, including depletion-based abundance 

estimates and a mark-recapture study (2,000 tagged fish) of 

site fidelity, growth, and survival. These study results provide 

important conservation and recovery benchmarks for identifying rangewide limiting factors of cutthroat trout.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 143

Phenology and Habitat Use of Larval Darters in the 

Upper Roanoke River Basin

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Little is known about the timing of emergence, habitat 

use, or distribution of larval Roanoke logperch or other darters inhabiting the upper Roanoke River Basin. The research 

team is documenting patterns of larval darter abundance and 

test-capture efficacy for three gear types. The researchers are 

also able to produce an identification key using photographs of 

larvae that describe developmental changes and growth rates. 

This research can advance the scientific understanding of the 

early life history of Roanoke logperch, and project results can 

be used by managers to identify areas critical for successful 

recruitment of logperch and identify the most efficient gear for 

sampling the species.

Researcher measuring water quality in the Roanoke River Basin.

White-Tailed Deer Influence and Vegetative 

Response in the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, 

and Appalachian Plateau of Virginia in Relation to 

Landscape and Land-Ownership Characteristics

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Understanding white-tailed deer relations with biodiversity is a high priority for the Virginia Department of Game 

and Inland Fisheries for their deer management program. The 

Virginia Deer Management Plan recognizes that practical and 

efficient assessments that connect deer population goals to 

ecosystem impacts need to be developed. Data from this work 

can be important for maintaining and improving deer habitat 

quality and quantity, consistent with the goals of the plan.

Assessments and Evaluations of Three Regional 

Restoration Sites

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The University of Washington and the USACE are collaborating on a project to assess and evaluate the success of 

restoration sites in western Washington. The research team 

plans to collect data on Chinook salmon. The overall goal 

of this multiyear research effort is to provide data that can 

enhance the understanding of the factors that govern the success of different restoration strategies, thus informing future 

restoration efforts within an AM framework.

Moose Demography in Northeast Washington State

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Moose are an ecologically and economically important 

game species in the State of Washington, but the ability to 

make sound management decisions regarding moose harvests 

is inhibited by a lack of information on survival rates. The 

goal of this research is to document the survival rates of adult 

moose cows and calves for input into statistical-reconstruction 

models, demographic-projection models, and allowableharvest models. These models can be used to test whether 

survival rates of adult cows and calves differ in areas of high 

versus low wolf density, old versus young forest-age structure, and other habitat characteristics that can be quantified 

using remote sensing. This information can provide a stronger 

scientific basis for making management decisions about moose 

in Washington.

Population Assessment of Wrangel Island, Russia, 

Snow Geese by Using Satellite Imagery

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Pacific Flyway Council and NAWMP use the annual 

Wrangel Island snow goose spring population estimate to 

measure the status of the population relative to objectives and 

harvest management parameters. The Canadian Wildlife Service recently declared the western Arctic population of lesser 

snow geese overabundant, and several Pacific Flyway States 

recently increased their harvest, which could affect western 

Arctic snow geese in key mixing areas. An accurate population 

estimate is needed to assess the potential effects of increased 

harvest on this population, which is the only snow goose 

population in Russia and the only Russian goose population 

that winters in North America. The team plans to analyze 

high-resolution satellite photographs for the beginning and 

Understanding white-tailed 

deer relations to biodiversity is a high priority for the 

Virginia Department of Game 

and Inland Fisheries.
144 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

end of nesting season periods on Wrangel Island. This project 

could provide a replacement for traditional ground-transect 

surveys by using high-definition satellite imagery sampling 

techniques, which can provide more accurate results with variance estimates.

Cerulean Warbler and Associated Species 

Response to Silvicultural Prescriptions in the 

Central Appalachian Region

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Cerulean warblers benefit from forest management practices that promote a heterogeneous canopy structure. However, 

questions remain regarding factors such as the minimum effective block size, the timing and proximity of multiple harvested 

blocks, the longevity of positive bird responses, and the need 

for intermediate treatments. This research can quantify relative abundance and territory density of cerulean warblers and 

associated avian species to environmental parameters within 

the context of applied forest management activities such as 

thinning and firewood harvests. Results can be used to generate management practices to improve habitat conditions for 

cerulean warblers and associated species.

Researchers 

recently completed a 6-year 

study with the 

objective of 

identifying forestmanagement 

approaches that 

are compatible 

with cerulean warbler conservation. 

Creation and Development of Early Successional 

Habitat and Wildlife Utilization

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Human disturbances—timber harvesting, mining, recreation, development—can affect wildlife populations in many 

ways. Quantifying the effect of human disturbance on habitats critical to the life-history requirements of a species can 

help land managers address the collective needs of wildlife 

populations. This study examines various methods for creating 

young forest habitat for early successional-dependent species. 

The results can provide land managers with information to 

optimize forest management activities that fulfill critical lifehistory needs for a variety of species.

Golden-Winged Warbler Ecology and Management 

on High Elevation Grazing Allotments, Monongahela 

National Forest, West Virginia

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Golden-winged warblers are the fastest-declining early 

successional songbird and are being reviewed for listing under 

the ESA. The research team is collaborating with another 

team on the rangewide study of golden-winged warbler 

habitat-management strategies that can help guide the management activities of State and Federal agencies. This project 

also quantifies associated species to broaden the application 

of management actions to a larger group of game and nongame species. The research results have contributed to the 

golden-winged warbler status assessment, a conservation 

plan, Appalachian region management guides, and NRCS 

management activities.

Golden-winged 

warblers are the 

fastest-declining early 

successional songbird and are being 

reviewed for listing 

under the Endangered 

Species Act.

Publications

Aldinger, K.R., Terhune, T.M., II, Wood, P.B., Buehler, D.A., 

Bakermans, M.H., Confer, J.L., Flaspohler, D.J., Larkin, 

J.L., Loegering, J.P., Percy, K.L., Roth, A.M., and Smalling, C.G., 2015, Variables associated with nest survival of 

golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) among 

vegetation communities commonly used for nesting: Avian 

Conservation and Ecology, v. 10, no. 1, article no. 6, 12 p., 

https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-00748-100106.

Aldinger, K.R., and Wood, P.B., 2014, Reproductive success and habitat characteristics of golden-winged warblers in high-elevation pasturelands: The Wilson Journal 

of Ornithology, v. 126, no. 2, p. 279–287, https://doi.

org/10.1676/13-114.1.

Aldinger, K.R., and Wood, P.B., 2015, Variables associated 

with detection probability, detection latency, and behavioral 

responses of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera): The Condor, v. 117, no. 3, p. 364–375, https://doi.

org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-142.1.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 145

Assessing Neutral and Adaptive Differentiation in 

Cisco Populations Across Wisconsin Using RAD–

Sequencing

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Cisco are an important sentinel species that support 

recreational fisheries and prey for game fish such as muskellunge and walleye. The Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources conducted a large survey of cisco populations 

to better understand the spatial distribution and dynamics 

of these populations in Wisconsin. Because cisco vary in a 

number of morphological characteristics and contain multiple 

morphotypes (dwarf and normal), the goal of the project is 

to extend the survey work of the Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources by investigating the spatial genetic structure of cisco populations across Wisconsin. The results can be 

used to manage cisco across their range in Wisconsin and help 

managers understand the links between the morphotypes seen 

at different locations and their underlying genetics.

Assessment of Walleye Population Characteristics 

in Stevens Point Flowage Using Passive Integrated 

Transponders

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The Wisconsin River supports some of the most prominent walleye fisheries in Wisconsin, but information on these 

populations is often lacking because of other sampling responsibilities. The central objective of this research is to develop 

population models that allow estimations of abundance, 

growth, and mortality metrics for walleye in the Stevens Point 

Flowage. A larger goal of this research is to determine whether 

such an approach is useful for other populations where annual 

sampling does not occur and the sacrifice of fish for otoliths is 

not desirable.

Brook Trout Movements in the West Branch of the 

Wolf River, Wisconsin

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The West Branch of the Wolf River supports a naturally 

reproducing population of native brook trout. The sustainability of this population is important because little is known 

about the movements of brook trout, and these movements 

could have important implications for brook trout management. The research team plans to determine if brook trout 

in the West Branch of the Wolf River use multiple river 

segments during the year. Additionally, the team intends to 

investigate the percentage of brook trout that enter the Bass 

Lakes and Neopit Mill Pond and the percentage of brook trout 

that return to the West Branch of the Wolf River after entering the Bass Lakes and Neopit Mill Pond. The project results 

can enable managers to develop strategies to account for 

emigration losses.

Electrofishing Catchability of Juvenile Muskellunge 

in Northern and Southern Wisconsin Lakes

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

To assess the effectiveness of muskellunge stocking, 

biologists conduct electrofishing surveys in the fall to estimate catch per effort (CPE) and the relative contribution of 

stocked fish. Inherent assumptions of this sampling are that 

wild and stocked fish have an equal probability of capture and 

that changes in CPE reflect changes in actual abundance. The 

initial results suggest that most hatchery fish remained near the 

release location. On the basis of these results, biologists could 

improve sampling protocols for evaluating muskellunge stocking success by stratifying sampling efforts so that more time is 

spent sampling where the fish are located.

Evaluation of Methods Used to Estimate Population 

Metrics for Adult Muskellunge in Northern 

Wisconsin Lakes

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The muskellunge is an important game fish in Wisconsin, 

and fisheries managers require information on muskellunge 

abundance within Wisconsin lakes. The purpose of this project 

is to evaluate the methods used to estimate population metrics 

for adult muskellunge in northern Wisconsin. Specifically, 

researchers want to provide an improved method for predicting muskellunge abundance when recent population estimates 

are unavailable, evaluate temporal variation in adult populations, and obtain estimates of survival and growth. The study 

can allow for comparison of gear selectivity and catchability 

between sexes.

Identifying Recruitment Bottlenecks for Walleye in 

Northern Wisconsin Lakes

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Recruitment failure has been observed in some northern Wisconsin walleye populations that formerly supported 

moderate to high levels of recruitment. Increased abundance 

of other species (for example, black crappies and bluegills) 

concurrent with decreased walleye abundance suggests that 

predation of walleye by littoral-zone fishes could be limiting 

recruitment. In collaboration with the Wisconsin Department 

of Natural Resources, researchers are initiating an intensive 

study of walleye early life history across a range of walleye 

populations, including those that recently exhibited recruitment failure and populations that exhibit high levels of 

recruitment on a relatively consistent basis. Results from this 

research can elucidate factors limiting walleye recruitment and 

provide managers with potential actions to increase walleye 

populations in selected water bodies. 
146 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Population Characteristics and Movements of 

Smallmouth Bass in the Menominee River

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

The Menominee River supports popular, high-quality 

fisheries for smallmouth bass in Wisconsin and Michigan, 

and maintaining these fisheries is an important goal for the 

Wisconsin and Michigan Departments of Natural Resources. 

The Menominee River provides an excellent opportunity for 

researchers to evaluate dietary interactions between smallmouth bass and walleye in a system that supports healthy 

populations of both species. Examining diets can allow biologists to better understand which prey species are important to 

smallmouth bass and walleye within the river. More information is needed to determine if current management strategies 

are appropriate for maintaining the quality of these smallmouth bass fisheries in the future.

Statewide Evaluation of Calcified Structures Used 

to Estimate Ages of Largemouth Bass and Northern 

Pike

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Efforts to compare the age and growth of fishes across 

waterbodies are hampered when different methods are used 

to collect, prepare, and age structures. The project team is 

collaborating with the Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources Fish Age Task Group to develop statewide protocols for estimating the age of species of management interest. 

The results from the project can guide biologists in the selection and preparation of calcified structures from largemouth 

bass and northern pike.

Wild Age-0 Salmonid Abundance and Outmigration 

in Wisconsin Tributaries to Lake Michigan

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Introduced salmonids (specifically Chinook and coho 

salmon; rainbow and brown trout) support important recreational fisheries within the Lake Michigan ecosystem. These 

fisheries are primarily supported by stocking, but natural 

reproduction is known to occur within some tributary systems. 

This study plans to compare the mark-recapture methods used 

to estimate wild age-0 salmonid abundance—to determine if a 

single sampling event following stocking of marked fish yields 

similar estimates—with estimates derived from multiple sampling events. These data can help recreational fishery managers across Wisconsin.

Deer-Elk Ecology Project

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Mule deer are an integral part of the outdoor heritage of 

western North America—a relished species of pursuit among 

big-game hunters throughout the country—and a key component of the landscape of the West. Nevertheless, mule deer 

populations have declined across much of their range during 

the last two decades, with many factors potentially contributing to those declines. Coincident with waning populations 

of mule deer, populations of elk have burgeoned throughout 

much of their range through growth in abundance and range 

expansion. Quantifying the net effects of competition on nutritional condition, survival, productivity, and population growth 

is a difficult endeavor and one that has been inadequately 

addressed. This study strives to better understand the factors 

regulating the growth of struggling mule deer populations 

and identifying what, if any, effect elk have on mule deer. 

This information is key to knowing what management and 

conservation actions can enhance mule deer populations while 

Pictured below: White-tailed deer fawn. maintaining robust elk populations.
Species Population, Habitat, and Harvest Management 147

Determining Stream of Origin and Spawning-Site 

Fidelity of Salmonids in the Upper North Platte River 

Drainage Basin by Using Otolith Microchemistry

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Upper North Platte River watershed supports a 

nationally recognized and important wild trout fishery. In 

Wyoming, there are 76 miles of the North Platte River and 

11 miles of the Encampment River, both of which are classified as Blue Ribbon streams. Trout species present, including 

rainbow, brown brook, and cutthroat trout, have been managed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department as a wild 

fishery since the early 1980s. This research intends to identify 

the tributary streams most important for trout spawning in 

the watershed and maintain or enhance the productivity of 

this fishery.

Understanding tributary use of fish in the North Platte River is 

crucial for successful management of a Blue Ribbon wild trout 

fishery. 

Evaluating the Influence of Beetle Kill on Sierra 

Madre Elk

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit is evaluating how hunters and elk change their use of the 

forest as trees die, as dead trees begin to fall, and as beetle-kill 

management is implemented. Most of the beetle-killed trees 

in this study area of the Sierra Madre mountains are infected 

and dying but have not yet fallen over. This study can provide 

an assessment of elk movement and forest use before, during, 

and after massive tree falls. The research can also produce 

documentation on how hunters change their use of the forest 

and where they choose to hunt elk throughout all stages of the 

beetle kill and tree fall. This information can be used by managers to predict elk distributions and set harvest regulations in 

beetle-kill areas in the future.

Harvest Records: Implications for Understanding 

Factors Affecting Horn and Antler Size in Ungulates

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

All harvested bighorn and thinhorn sheep are required by 

the Wyoming Game and Fish Department to be inspected and 

have their horns permanently marked with a small identification plug. Consequently, most western natural-resource management agencies maintain harvest records that include the size 

and age of all sheep harvested. These agency harvest records 

represent a valuable resource for assessing trends in size and 

the factors responsible for those patterns on a more regional 

basis. These records can also provide a more robust test of 

hypotheses and the effects of specific management practices. 

The goal of this project is to use two sources of sheep-harvest 

data to document long-term trends in horn size and the ages of 

bighorn sheep, Dall’s sheep, and Stone’s sheep at a regional 

level. This information can be used to manage sheep populations and potentially increase the number of trophy sheep.

Mule Deer Fawn Survival on the Wyoming Range

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

This research is part of the larger Wyoming Range Mule 

Deer Project investigating the nutritional relations between 

mule deer population dynamics, energy development and disturbance, habitat conditions, and climate to provide a mechanistic approach to the monitoring and management of mule 

deer. This specific research component is designed to quantify 

the effects of predation on fawn survival, a study objective 

that is often cost prohibitive to achieve or measure properly. 

Examining survival and cause-specific mortality of a Wyoming ungulate is unprecedented and can be a valuable addition 

to the larger Wyoming Range Mule Deer Project.

Nutritional Dynamics and Interactions With Disease 

in Bighorn Sheep

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Pneumonia in bighorn sheep continues to be one of the 

most poorly understood diseases to threaten wildlife in North 

America. Bighorn sheep populations often exhibit sporadic 

fluctuations in abundance with periods of rapid growth, followed by massive declines. Consequently, unraveling the 

interplay among density, nutrition, and disease are important to understanding population dynamics in bighorn sheep 

populations. The project team plans to explore the interface 

between density, nutritional conditions, individual survival 

and reproduction, and disease susceptibility to better understand how herd density, nutrition, and harvest management 

interact with pneumonia and seek alternatives for helping 

manage the disease. This study can yield insight into the evercomplicated relations between disease, density, and population performance in bighorn sheep populations across western 

North America.
148 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Population Dynamics of Moose in the Snowy Range

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Managers have anecdotally considered the recently 

introduced Snowy Range moose herd to be performing well. 

However, a lack of information on the status of the population 

and the influence of harvesting has created considerable uncertainty in how these moose should be managed (specifically 

harvest levels) over the long term. Further, questions remain 

on how to maintain productivity and reduce the probability of 

a population decline, which has been documented for Shiras 

moose across much of their range. The overall goal of this 

project is to characterize the population trajectory of moose in 

the Snowy Range to determine if the population is increasing 

or decreasing under current management. Additionally, the 

research intends to determine the primary factors influencing 

population performance (with an emphasis on nutrition) and 

develop cost-effective tools to aid in long-term monitoring 

and management.

Female, collared moose, that were pregnant early in the year, 

are visited in July and late August each year to determine the 

number of calves-at-heel. 

Statewide Moose Habitat Project

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

For declining Shiras moose herds, habitat deterioration, 

regional variation in food quality, and other disturbances, such 

as severe wildfire or bark beetle outbreaks, are common. A 

newly emergent disease, the carotid artery worm, appears to be 

prevalent in Wyoming. Unfortunately, researchers do not yet 

understand the effects of this disease on the nutritional condition and survival of moose. A statewide habitat evaluation can 

serve as a benchmark for defining the relation between moose 

habitat and population performance and can provide the Wyoming Game and Fish Department with early-warning metrics 

to predict where and when declines are likely to occur as well 

as improve the scientific basis of moose population objectives.

Updating Temperature Criteria for Wyoming Surface 

Waters

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Tiered aquatic life use is a method of classifying rivers 

and streams on the basis of what fish and invertebrates are 

expected to be present in healthy streams. The goal of this 

project is to provide suggestions to the Wyoming Department 

of Environmental Quality for new aquatic life use tiers and 

temperature criteria. The specific objectives are to identify 

enough aquatic life use tiers to protect the aquatic communities present in the waters in Wyoming, identify thermal tolerances for species within each aquatic life use tier, and evaluate 

the newly developed aquatic life use tiers against fish distribution data.

Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Hybridization in the 

North Fork Shoshone River

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Fisheries managers in Yellowstone National Park are 

interested in information on Yellowstone cutthroat trout 

hybridization in the North Fork Shoshone River. The goal of 

this project is to identify priority tributaries and determine 

the conservation potential of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in 

the North Fork Shoshone River drainage basin. The project is 

designed to examine the extent of population genetic structures among tributaries to assess the degree of spawning, evaluate environmental variables (temperature, discharge, slope), 

and determine the extent of hybridization. This information 

can be valuable for identifying stream reaches that might provide genetically pure source stock and warrant efforts to limit 

the potential immigration of species likely to hybridize with 

Yellowstone cutthroat trout. 

Brown trout are found in some of the coldest waters along the 

Laramie River. 
Wildlife Health and Disease 149

Wildlife Health and Disease

Populations of bats diminished by white-nose syndrome, a disease 

of hibernating bats, are unlikely to return to healthy levels in the 

near future, according to new U.S. Geological Survey research. 

Photograph by Nancy Heaslip, New York Department of 

Environmental Conservation.

Effects and Sources of Strontium in Lesser Scaup

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Scaup populations have declined substantially since the 

1980s, reaching a low of 3.25 million birds in 2006, which is 

48 percent below the NAWMP goal; the population remains 

33 percent below this goal. To date, no single factor fully 

explains this decline. The research team intends to investigate 

strontium in scaup eggs at several sites within the boreal forest 

region of interior Alaska. The data from this research can support efforts to manage diverse waterfowl species.

Scaup populations have declined substantially since the 1980s 

and reached a low of 3.25 million birds in 2006, 48 percent below 

the North American Waterfowl Management Plan goal. 

Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in 

the Upper Conasauga River, Georgia

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Upper Conasauga River in northwestern Georgia and 

southern Tennessee harbors an exceptional diversity of aquatic 

fauna, including more than 90 fish and 42 mussel species; 

however, many of these species are imperiled. To preserve 

this watershed and improve populations of these species, 

conservation partners proposed the creation of a Conasauga 

River NWR. Maximizing benefits for an established refuge 

requires information on potential threats to the aquatic fauna 

in the river system. The goal of this project is to evaluate the 

prevalence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the 

upper Conasauga River. The project results can inform managers trying to identify reasons for the recent extirpation of some 

fish species and declines in others within the basin.

Effects of Sylvatic Plague on Northern Idaho Ground 

Squirrels

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Sylvatic plague is a bacterial disease acquired by wild 

rodents and transmitted by fleas. This study is documenting whether sylvatic plague reduces the survival rates of the 

federally threatened northern Idaho ground squirrel. This 

project complements an existing 10-year study to evaluate 

the effectiveness of habitat-restoration treatments attempting 

to increase populations of the squirrel. Study results can help 

managers working to reduce a potential threat—a plague—that 

might prevent population increases and thereby prevent recovery and delisting.

Factors Affecting Mercury Concentrations in Iowa 

Fishes

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems is a global 

concern because mercury bioaccumulates in fish. Mercury 

can reach levels that are harmful to humans when consumed. 

Mercury concentrations in fish tissue tend to increase with 

the age and size of the fish, although concentrations can be 

highly variable due to other factors. This study is quantifying 

mercury concentrations in several species of fish consumed by 

anglers, along with a suite of fish and environmental characteristics to develop a model that can accurately predict mercury 

concentrations in fish tissue. Results can be used by the Iowa 

Department of Natural Resources to set consumption advisories and benefit human health.
150 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Conserving Snake Species of Greatest Conservation 

Need Threatened by an Emerging Fungal Skin 

Disease

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

A suspected fungal skin disease has emerged as a threat 

to snakes, including SGCN, such as the massasauga and the 

timber rattlesnake, in multiple Eastern and Midwestern States. 

Using data obtained from a regional snake species assessment, 

scientists and partners plan to use an AM framework for the 

development of long-term conservation strategies for as many 

as 40 of the snake species potentially affected by the disease. 

Other conservation actions include evaluation of treatment 

options, experimental treatment with antifungal agents, captive 

rearing, and monitoring.

The eastern massasauga rattlesnake has been listed as 

a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. 

Photograph by Joe Crowley, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Insecticide Exposure Risk for Grassland Wildlife on 

Public Lands

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Grassland habitat loss due to agriculture might be one 

of the primary reasons for the decline of many grasslanddependent wildlife species, but concerns are increasing about 

the effects of pesticides on birds and other wildlife in agricultural landscapes. Evidence exists that acute toxicity to 

pesticides might be more relevant than agricultural intensity 

in explaining grassland bird declines in the United States. 

This study is assessing the environmentally relevant exposure 

risk of grassland wildlife to common soybean aphid insecticides, especially chlorpyrifos, in the farmland region of 

Minnesota. Results from this study can be used to inform the 

public about BMPs for controlling crop pests and conserving 

grassland wildlife.

Patterns and Trends in Concentrations of Lead in 

Bald Eagles in the Upper Midwest

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Bald eagles experienced significant population declines 

because of exposure to environmental contaminants, particularly DDT. In addition to DDT, chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, and lead also accumulate in 

bald eagles, but the extent to which lead affected breeding 

populations is not well-documented. Working with an existing 

dataset coordinated by the NPS, scientists are assessing relations between lead concentrations in eagles and reproduction 

throughout NPS holdings in the western Great Lakes region. 

The assessment can help managers understand the effects of 

environmental lead on bald eagles and identify areas of conservation concern.

Determining Concentrations and Persistence of 

Imidacloprid, Clothianidin, and Thiamethoxam in 

Terrestrial Agricultural Settings on Missouri Public 

Areas

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit is conducting a study to determine the concentrations and 

persistence of a new class of chemical insecticides known as 

neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides used 

as preplanting treatments on crop seeds to control agricultural 

insect pests. Neonicotinoids are selectively more toxic to 

invertebrates than vertebrates. The results of this project can 

inform BMPs on Missouri public lands.

Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the 

Health of Aquatic Organisms

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a nationwide issue 

affecting populations of fish and wildlife. EDCs are chemicals 

that interfere with biochemical and physiological processes by 

disrupting the normal homeostasis of endocrine systems and 

function. The assessment of the biological effects of EDCs on 

populations of fish and wildlife, and, in particular, those populations that are trust resources of the DOI, has lagged behind 

the chemical measurements of EDCs in the environment. 

Researchers plan to evaluate how risk estimates of EDCs to 

wildlife populations translate from physiological indicators to 

population level outcomes.

Pictured below: Grassland. Photograph by Georgiana L. Wingard, 

U.S. Geological Survey.
Wildlife Health and Disease 151

Prevalence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides 

on Intensively Managed Wetland Areas and 

Surrounding Landscapes With a Focus on Effects 

on Aquatic Invertebrates

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Neonicotinoid insecticides are a new class of chemical insecticide used widely as preplanting treatments on crop 

seeds to control insect agricultural pests. Given the high use 

of neonicotinoid insecticides in the Midwest and their inherent characteristics—acute toxicity to insects, relatively long 

half-lives in soil, and high water solubility—it is imperative to 

determine if these chemicals are present in Missouri wetlands 

in concentrations that can cause harm to beneficial, nontarget 

aquatic invertebrates and other taxa. Data from this study 

can help managers understand the prevalence of neonicotinoid insecticides on intensively managed wetland areas and 

the surrounding landscapes with a focus on how it affects 

aquatic invertebrates.

Neonicotinoid insecticides are a relatively new class of chemical insecticide widely used as a preplanting treatment on crop 

seeds to control insect agricultural pests. 

Linking Exposure to 

Sublethal Stressors 

to Individual Vital 

Rates and Population 

Abundance

Montana Cooperative 

Wildlife Research Unit

The Williston Basin of 

Montana and North Dakota is 

a leading source of domestic 

oil and gas production. The 

primary goal of this project 

is to develop a tool that links 

stressors to vital rates—

growth and survival, and 

population—for amphibians 

in the Williston Basin. The 

researchers plan to explore 

the wetlands and use methods such as radio telemetry 

to estimate the survival of 

amphibians. The resulting 

data can demonstrate a novel 

approach to investigating the 

potential effects of exposures 

to contaminants on individuals and how those effects 

scale up to populations and 

communities.

110° 100° 90°

50°

45°

0 150 300 MILES

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, various scales, variously dated 0 150 300 KILOMETERS

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14

North American Datum of 1983

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA ONTARIO

MONTANA NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

IOWA

CANADA

UNITED STATES

Prairie Pothole region

Williston Basin boundary

Bakken Formation boundary

EXPLANATION

The Williston Basin of Montana and North Dakota is a leading source of domestic oil and gas 

production.
152 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

The Ecological Web Contributing to a Sarcoptic 

Mange Epizootic in Coyotes of the Mojave Desert, 

Fort Irwin, California

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

There is concern over the ecological web contributing to 

sarcoptic mange in coyotes of the Mojave Desert, Fort Irwin, 

California. To minimize the human-wildlife conflict at Fort 

Irwin, the goal of this study is to estimate the coyote population inhabiting the base, explore the potential factors contributing to sarcoptic mange, and check for other parasites and 

diseases. Through this process, researchers hope to identify 

and suggest mitigation strategies that can be adopted by the 

base administration to reduce the size of the resident coyote 

population and enhance its health, thereby reducing humanwildlife conflict and the potential for the spread of disease to 

humans and pets.

Density Estimation of Moose in New York State: 

Investigations Into Apparent Decline

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The apparent decline in the moose population within 

New York is being investigated by the use of a spatial capturerecapture approach to estimate moose population density. 

Researchers plan to make suggestions regarding efficient 

survey designs. The project, in collaboration with the New 

York State Department of Environmental Conservation and 

The Wildlife Conservation Society, also intends to focus on 

developing broader management and population goals for 

moose in New York, including the characterization of stakeholder concerns for population-level thresholds.

A Comprehensive Examination of Endocrine 

Disrupting Chemicals and Intersex Fish in North 

Carolina Water Bodies

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Unit

Endocrine disrupting chemicals can interfere with 

fish reproduction and negatively affect fisheries. Consequently, fishery managers in North Carolina need to 

understand the distribution and quantity of EDCs in the 

water bodies within North Carolina. The goal of this 

research is to develop a GIS-based map of EDCs, conduct 

surveys for the presence of EDCs, conduct intensive 

field research in the Pee Dee River Basin, and conduct 

laboratory assessments of EDCs in the Pee Dee River. 

The results can provide a comprehensive understanding 

of the distribution and potential effect of EDCs on North 

Carolina fisheries.

84° 80° 76°

36°

34°

VIRGINIA

NORTH CAROLINA

SOUTH CAROLINA

WEST

VIRGINIA

GEORGIA

0 50 100 MILES

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, various scales, 0 50 100 KILOMETERS

variously dated

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17

North American Datum of 1983

Pee Dee River YadkinRiver

ATLANTIC OCEAN

EXPLANATION

Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin

Portion of the watershed within Randolph County

Portion of the watershed within Montgomery County

Location of the 

Pee Dee River 

Basin in North 

Carolina. 

Environmental Determinants of Sex in Fishes: 

Endocrine Disruptors and Water Temperature

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

The mechanisms of sex determination in fishes are wellunderstood, but the process can be easily altered by the environment. Compounds within the water, or the quality of the 

water itself, can directly influence fish physiology and disrupt 

or alter the normal hormonal cascade that leads to phenotypic 

sex. This research project intends to document the presence 

of anthropogenic chemicals, EDCs, and intersex at selected 

sites and determine whether southern flounder in two brackish 

water nursery areas have skewed sex ratios based on temperature. This work can provide critical insight into the role 

of EDCs and natural temperature variations on an important 

aquatic species.

Response of Desert Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave 

National Preserve to Respiratory Disease

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

The Mojave National Preserve and adjacent mountain 

ranges support a large metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep, 

which is central to the most extensive array of naturally persisting bighorn herds in North America. A recently discovered 

outbreak of epizootic pneumonia in the deserts of southeastern 

California caused a substantial die-off of desert bighorn sheep 

in the largest and most important population in the preserve. 

This outbreak was likely caused by pathogens transmitted 

from domestic sheep or goats. This study is using both existing 
Wildlife Health and Disease 153

and new data to evaluate adult and juvenile survival over multiple years and across populations where pneumonia is present. 

This study can establish the demographic consequences of the 

current disease outbreak.

An Investigation Into the Role of Groundwater 

as a Point Source of Emerging Contaminants to 

Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

There is a current paucity of information on the role of 

groundwater discharge into surface waters as point sources 

of contaminants from polluted aquifers. This information is 

critically needed because groundwater seeps are important for 

smallmouth bass during the spawning season, and exposure 

to EDCs during the critical life stage of egg development 

could have detrimental short- and long-term consequences 

on immune function and fish health. This research aims to 

investigate the role of groundwater as a point source of emerging contaminants to smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna 

River Basin.

Establishing a Strategy for Assessing Risk of 

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals to Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Organisms

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a national and global 

concern that affect fish, wildlife, and human populations. 

Through interactions with neural, endocrine, and immune systems, EDCs can influence growth, development, reproduction, 

disease, and mortality, with adverse outcomes for populations, 

communities, and ecosystems. Within the Chesapeake Bay, 

understanding the effects of EDCs on fish and wildlife populations has been identified as a priority to help inform natural 

resource management. This research intends to help identify 

the short- and long-term effects of compounds or classes of 

chemicals of concern, potential environmental conditions and 

stressors that might mediate the effects of EDCs, and how 

land-use management practices can reduce exposure to EDCs.

Landscape Genetics of White-Tailed Deer to Assess 

Population Structure for Surveillance of Chronic 

Wasting Disease

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Research on surveillance strategies that consider demographic and environmental factors is lacking in most States 

where chronic wasting disease (CWD) has not been found. 

Developing surveillance strategies to maximize the efficiency 

of sampling white-tailed deer was suggested but requires 

knowledge of deer behavior, movements, and the spatial connectivity of populations. This study uses landscape genetics to 

provide the necessary framework for understanding landscape 

features, the dispersal characteristics of deer, and the transmission and spread of CWD through assessment of population 

structures throughout the region. The results can improve the 

ability of resource managers to focus surveillance so that it 

accounts for CWD and predicts spreading or occurrences.

Linking Fish Health, Contaminants, and Population 

Dynamics of Smallmouth Bass Populations in the 

Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Since 2005, diseased smallmouth bass have been detected 

throughout the Susquehanna River and its tributaries, raising 

concerns about the overall health of smallmouth bass and the 

Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania. This collaborative 

project aims to investigate a wide range of variables—fish 

health analysis, contaminants, population modeling, radio 

telemetry, and others—to better understand the factors that 

could relate to disease in smallmouth bass. The research is 

focused on identifying focal points for future research needs 

with a fish-health emphasis on the young-of-the-year smallmouth bass.

Smallmouth bass. Photograph by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Evaluating the Effect of White-Nose Syndrome 

on Bats

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research 

Unit

Research has revealed that in addition to the direct effect 

of WNS-induced mortality on many cave-roosting species, 

broader bat-community structure was altered following WNS. 

In New York, the researchers found that the big brown bat 

was more likely to occur in riparian areas heavily used by 

the formerly most abundant bat species, the little brown bat, 

post-WNS, suggesting a relaxation of spatial-niche partitioning between these species. Researchers plan to build on these 
154 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

recently published findings from New York to evaluate the 

generality of altered community structures and assemblage 

post-WNS. 

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Global Warming, 

and Reproductive Health in Fishes

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Environmental stressors such as EDCs and globally rising 

temperatures can affect gonadal sex and gamete production 

in vertebrates. Although data from the laboratories and other 

sources suggest that the action of these stressors in teleost 

fishes can be mediated by disrupting the thyroid hormone, 

stress hormone, and melatonin production pathways, the 

physiological-molecular mechanisms of these pathways and 

their interaction with the classical hypothalamus-pituitarygonad axis are not well-understood. This pilot study intends 

to gather the available information on the effects of EDCs and 

thermal stress on thyroid and melatonin signaling in teleosts. 

Results of this project are relevant to an assessment of the 

effects of EDCs and global warming on the reproductive 

health of wild fishes.

Evaluating the Effect of White-Nose Syndrome on 

Long-Term Bat Community Structure and Remnant 

Bat-Population Ecology

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Research from the Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Unit shows that in addition to the direct effect of 

WNS-induced mortality on many cave-roosting species, 

broader bat-community structure was altered post-WNS. This 

project builds on recently published findings from New York 

to evaluate the generality of altered community structure and 

assemblage post-WNS. The team plans to revisit sites that 

were intensively monitored acoustically for bat activity before 

the onset of WNS across a wide geographic area in the Eastern 

United States. By synthesizing historical data and adding 

additional monitoring data, this project can serve as a leading 

database for potential long-term monitoring of the effects of 

WNS and other disturbances on bat communities in the Eastern United States. 

Post-White-Nose-Syndrome Bat Ecology in the 

Eastern United States

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

White-nose syndrome is a fungal disease of hibernating 

bats that spread from the Northeastern to Central United 

States at an alarming rate. The ecological consequences of 

large-scale population reductions of hibernating bats are not 

yet known. This research team plans to radio-tag and track 

northern long-eared and endangered Indiana bats to investigate 

the foraging ecology, roosting ecology, and distribution of bats 

in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast, post-WNS. This project is 

part of a larger multipartner effort to examine the effects of 

WNS on bats and assist managers in understanding population 

responses as the disease spreads.

Brown bat with 

white-nose syndrome. Photograph 

by U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

Northern long-eared bat

Adaptation of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis 

Virus to Pacific Northwest Chinook Salmon and 

Effects on Other Salmonids

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Viruses cause many of the most important infectious 

diseases in both wild and cultured fish. Researchers plan to 

investigate the cause of the observed adaptation of infectious 

hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) to Chinook salmon in 

the Columbia River Basin and the potential effects on other 

salmonid species of the Pacific Northwest. The team plans to 
Wildlife Health and Disease 155

investigate historical and recent IHNV and landscape patterns and conduct genetic analysis. Collectively, these studies 

can advance the understanding of how fish viruses function 

in nature, what determines their host range and geographic 

distribution, and how they might change over time in response 

to natural or anthropogenic factors. The goal of this work is 

to provide scientifically sound data for informed management 

decisions aimed at the control of fish viruses and the mitigation of fish diseases.

Development and Application of a Juvenile 

Salmonid Health Index at Selected National WaterQuality Assessment Project Sites

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

There is no clear consensus method for assessing the 

overall health of individual juvenile salmonids during their 

freshwater life stage. This research project seeks to begin the 

development of a standardized method for assessing juvenile 

salmonid health. The focus of this project is to develop and 

test a standardized assessment tool that addresses the health 

of individual, feral salmonids collected at defined locations 

around Puget Sound. A standardized protocol for individual, 

juvenile salmonid assessment, combining metrics from various 

lines of assessment evidence, is to be developed and tested 

with the broader goal of independent use by various management agencies that could incorporate future modifications or 

additions into the metric.

Fish-Virus Ecology, Molecular Epidemiology, and 

Evolution

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Many of the most important and destructive pathogens 

among finfish are viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae. The 

rhabdovirus IHNV is the most significant viral pathogen of 

salmonid fish in North America. The team plans to focus 

its research on recent emergence and displacement events 

observed with IHNV in salmonid fish in the Pacific Northwest. 

Specifically, the team plans to investigate the basic processes 

that drive the ecology and evolution of IHNV. The goal of this 

work is to provide scientifically sound information that can 

be used to direct management decisions that prevent further 

spread of the virus. 

Chesapeake Bay Priority Ecosystems Fish-Health 

Studies Molecular Pathology

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit

Major fish kills in the Potomac River Basin were first 

reported in 2003. Research on the health of fish populations 

and their exposure to toxic contaminants that contribute to 

reduced health is ongoing. The research team, in collaboration with the USGS Leetown Science Center, plans to identify 

gene sequences and develop techniques to better understand 

the underlying mechanisms and (or) pathogens associated with 

certain identified fish-health issues. This research supports the 

USGS Chesapeake Bay Science Plan.

Indicators of Endocrine Disruption in the 

Chesapeake Bay Watershed

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Various chemicals are affecting fish health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and require further study; therefore, a 

central goal of this research is to determine sources of EDCs, 

evaluate the environmental movement of these chemicals, 

and quantify the potential exposure of wildlife and humans. 

Researchers plan to synthesize current data, measure hormone 

activity, and provide land-use and land-cover data. Identifying releases and subsequent exposures to environmental 

contaminants from different sources is crucial for (1) determining the relative importance of various sources of EDCs in 

terms of fish health and (2) identifying those sources that can 

be managed.

Chesapeake Bay watershed, outlined in blue.
156 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Support of Chemical Sampling for Sources, 

Transport, and Distribution of Endocrine Disrupting 

Chemicals of the Chesapeake Bay Endocrine 

Disrupting Chemicals Science Plan

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit

2016 is the second year of an ongoing effort to understand the sources, transport, and distribution of chemical 

contaminants responsible for the adverse biological effects 

(intersex, diseases) observed within the Chesapeake Bay 

watershed. This project is part of the overall Chesapeake Bay 

EDC plan, in which the focus is on agricultural landscapes 

during the first 3 years and urban/suburban landscapes in the 

last 2 years. Sites for intensive monitoring are to be subject 

to stream-water sampling 13–18 times per year. This research 

supports efforts in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, primarily 

the Potomac and Susquehanna watersheds, and is expected to 

lead to a synthesis of chemical and biological data.

Investigating the Relation Between Gill Lice 

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity in Brook Trout 

Across Wisconsin

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit

Gill lice are a major threat to brook trout populations 

throughout Wisconsin. Previous studies suggest a link between 

genetic diversity and the prevalence of pathogens such as gill 

lice. Specifically, multiple studies correlate pathogen prevalence with diversity at the genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) or with certain alleles at this gene; the 

MHC is an important component of the vertebrate immune 

system that is involved in the recognition of pathogens. The 

goal of this research is to investigate the possible relation 

between MHC variation and the prevalence of gill lice in 

brook trout.

Chronic Wasting Disease Deposition and 

Environmental Reservoirs

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Potential management of CWD is hindered by the lack 

of key information about disease transmission. First, little 

information exists about when and in what amounts infected 

animals shed the CWD agent, thereby infecting other animals 

and depositing the infectious agent into the environment. 

Second, although the environmental route of transmission is 

known to be important in captive deer, no information exists 

on potential environmental deposition by infectious deer 

or potential environmental reservoirs of CWD infection for 

susceptible wild deer. The primary reason these issues have 

not been addressed is the lack of robust and sensitive methods 

to detect CWD in animal or environmental samples. The goal 

of this project is to evaluate the presence and level of CWD 

prions at mineral licks frequented by deer, at deer scrape sites, 

and in the feces of wild deer. The purpose of these evaluations 

is to identify and determine the relative importance of alternative environmental sources of CWD that function as potential 

reservoirs for infection in deer or other domestic animals that 

contact these reservoirs.

Effects of Climate Change on Plague Exposure 

Pathways and Resulting Disease Dynamics

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

Periodic outbreaks of sylvatic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis has led to near-catastrophic effects on 

prairie dogs and the endangered black-footed ferret. Although 

human plague cases in the United States are infrequent, the 

disease can be fatal, and its occurrence generates considerable 

public concern and media attention. Sylvatic plague is relevant 

to the DoD, as prairie dogs, ground squirrels, and other susceptible rodents are present on military installations in several 

Western States, and the occurrence of plague has curtailed 

military exercises in the past. Furthermore, plague still occurs 

in many parts of the world where troops might be deployed, 

and Y. pestis has the potential for development as a biological 

weapon. Through a combination of field and laboratory work, 

along with data-driven modeling, this research project plans 

to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on plague 

exposure pathways in prairie dogs and other rodents and guide 

DoD partners regarding the potential for future outbreaks.

Vulnerability of Hawaiian Forest Birds to Climate 

Change

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

The introduction of mosquito vector and avian malaria 

are considered primary factors in population declines and 

changes in the distribution of many native Hawaiian forest 

birds. Avian malaria dynamics are strongly influenced by rainfall and temperature, and successful conservation of Hawaiian 

The Hawaiian ‘I‘iwi, a native forest bird species only found in 

the Hawaiian Islands. Photograph by Robby Kohley. Used with 

permission.
Wildlife Health and Disease 157

birds requires strategies that consider future disease risks 

posed by climate change. This project is prepared to evaluate 

predicted temporal and spatial changes in avian malaria as a 

result of anticipated climatic changes, evaluate the potential 

for additional species extinctions, consider genetic adaptation 

to malaria, and evaluate the effectiveness and costs of conservation strategies to mitigate anticipated population changes. 

Study results can provide the first quantitative assessment of 

the long-term effects of climate change on avian malaria distribution and its effect on endemic Hawaiian forest birds, and it 

can provide a crucial tool for adaptively managing population 

recovery and promoting disease resistance.

Investigating Elk Movement and Winter-Range 

Connectivity to Predict the Spread of Brucellosis

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of wild 

and domestic mammals worldwide. In the United States, the 

disease has been largely eradicated, except for the wild elk and 

bison populations around the greater Yellowstone ecosystem, 

where it occasionally spills over from infected elk into livestock. The research team plans to investigate elk movement 

and connectivity during the transmission period. This investigation is paramount for understanding future cattle risks and 

the spread of disease among elk. Estimating elk movement and 

connectivity during the transmission period, and predicting 

where and how fast brucellosis might spread in elk populations could help managers and biologists achieve management 

goals. Study results can highlight areas where local efforts 

might need proactive management and might be useful as a 

tool for communicating with landowners in this process.

Wildlife-Livestock Disease Transmission in a 

Changing Climate

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Brucellosis is a chronic bacterial disease that affects 

livestock, wildlife, and even humans on a worldwide scale. In 

the United States, the last reservoirs of brucellosis are supported by elk and bison in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. 

When domestic cattle become infected with brucellosis, costly 

testing restrictions can be imposed on producers throughout 

an entire State. The goal of this project is to develop a framework for understanding the ecology of elk-cattle commingling. 

Understanding how elk migrate between seasonal ranges can 

provide crucial information for predicting commingling risk 

and proactively reducing brucellosis transmission between elk 

and cattle.

When cattle and elk commingle, there is a risk of disease transmission from elk to cattle. 
Activities related to healthy, well-managed fish and wildlife populations generate $147.7 billion in 

direct expenditures according to 2011 data from the Departments of Commerce and the Interior.
List of Species 159

List of Species

Common name Scientific name

Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae

alewife Alosa pseudoharengus

American alligator Alligator mississippiensis

American black bear Ursus americanus

American eel Anguilla rostrata

American golden-plover Pluvialis dominica

American marten Martes americana

American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus

American pika Ochotona princeps

American pronghorn Antilocapra americana

American shad Alosa sapidissima

American woodcock Scolopax minor

Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus

Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius

Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys spp.

Asian clam Corbicula fluminea

Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus

Asian tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus

band-tailed pigeon Patagioenas fasciata

barred owl Strix varia

Bay-breasted warbler Setophaga castanea

big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus 

bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis

bison Bison bison

black abalone Haliotis cracherodii

black bass Micropterus spp.

black bear Ursus americanus

Blackburnian warbler Setophaga fusca

black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus

black-footed albatross Phoebastria nigripes

black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes

black oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani

black rosy-finch Leucosticte atrata

black scoter Melanitta americana

black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus

blueback herring Alosa aestivalis

blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus

bluegill Lepomis macrochirus

Common name Scientific name

bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus

blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus

blue-winged teal Anas discors

bobcat Lynx rufus

Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhyncus clarkii utah

bonytail chub Gila elegans

boreal toad Bufo boreas boreas

Brandt’s cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Brewer’s sparrow Spizella breweri

broad whitefish Coregonus nasus

broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus brunnescens

brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis

brown trout Salmo trutta

bull trout Salvelinus confluentus

burbot Lota lota

burrowing owl Athene cunicularia

Canada goose Branta canadensis

Canada lynx Lynx canadensis

Cape May warbler Setophaga tigrina

caribou Rangifer tarandus

Carolina madtom Noturus furiosus

carotid artery worm Elaeophora schneideri

Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia

cerulean warbler Setophaga cerulea

Chinese crested tern Thalasseus bernsteini

Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Chiricahua leopard frog Lithobates chiricahuensis

chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta

cisco Coregonus artedi

coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch

coldwater crayfish Orconectes eupunctus

Colorado River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus

Columbia spotted frog Rana luteiventris

common eider Somateria mollissima

common reed Phragmites australis

Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperii

cougar Puma concolor

coyote Canis latrans

cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii

Dakota skipper Hesperia dacotae
160 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

List of Species—Continued

Common name Scientific name

Dall’s or thinhorn sheep Ovis dalli

desert bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni

diamond darter Crystallaria cincotta

double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus

eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna

eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

eastern wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo silvestris

elk Cervus canadensis

Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum

feral burro Equus asinus

feral hog Sus scrofa

fisher Martes pennanti

flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis

flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris

Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus

freckled crayfish Cambarus maculatus

geoduck Panopea generosa

giant Canada goose Branta canadensis maxima

giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens

gill lice Salmincola spp.

golden alga Prymnesium parvum

golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos

golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera

gopher frog Rana capito

gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus

gray wolf Canis lupus

greater prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido

greater sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus

greater sandhill crane Grus canadensis tabida

green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris

grizzly bear Ursus arctos

Guadalupe bass Micropterus treculii

harbor seal Phoca vitulina

headwater chub Gila nigra

honey bee Apis mellifera

hornyhead chub Nocomis biguttatus

horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus

Hubbs’ crayfish Cambarus hubbsi

Humboldt marten Martes caurina humboldtensis

humpback chub Gila cypha

humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae

Common name Scientific name

ʻIʻiwi Vestiaria coccinea

Indiana bat Myotis sodalis

Key Largo woodrat Neotoma floridana smalli

king eider Somateria spectabilis

Kirtland’s warbler Setophaga kirtlandii

lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens

lake trout Salvelinus namaycush

largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

Laysan albatross Phoebastria immutabilis

Leach’s storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa

lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus

lesser scaup Aythya affinis

light goose Chen spp.

little brown bat Myotis lucifugus

loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta

longnose darter Percina nasuta

Louisiana waterthrush Parkesia motacilla

lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium

Lower Keys marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris hefneri

Mammoth Spring crayfish Orconectes marchandi

marten Martes americana

massasauga Sistrurus catenatus

mink Neovison vison

monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus

moose Alces alces

mottled sculpin Cottus bairdii

mountain lion Puma concolor

mountain sucker Catostomus platyrhynchus

mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni

mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa

mule deer Odocoileus hemionus

muskellunge Esox masquinongy

Neosho madtom Noturus placidus

New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Niangua darter Etheostoma nianguae

northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus

northern Idaho ground squirrel Urocitellus brunneus

northern leopard frog Lithobates pipiens

northern long-eared bat Myotis septentrionalis

northern pike Esox lucius

northern red-bellied cooter Pseudemys rubriventris
List of Species 161

List of Species—Continued

Common name Scientific name

northern redbelly dace Chrosomus eos

northern spotted owl Strix occidentalis caurina

Pacific golden-plover Pluvialis fulva

pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus

pearl dace Margariscus margarita

pigeon guillemot Cepphus columba

pink mucket Lampsilis abrupta

pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

plains topminnow Fundulus sciadicus

Poweshiek skipperling Oarisma poweshiek

prairie dog Cynomys spp.

Puerto Rican crested toad Peltophryne lemur

purple cat’s paw pearlymussel Epioblasma obliquata obliquata

quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis

rainbow or steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus

red knot Calidris canutus

red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens 

viridescens

red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

Redwood Creek coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch

regal fritillary Speyeria idalia

ringed crayfish Orconectes neglectus

ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Rio Grande blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus

Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis

river herring Alosa spp.

river otter Lontra canadensis

Roanoke logperch Percina rex

robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum

Rocky Mountain elk Cervus canadensis nelsoni

roundtail chub Gila robusta

sagebrush sparrow Artemisiospiza nevadensis 

sage thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus

sandhill crane Grus canadensis

sand shinnery oak Quercus havardii

San Joaquin antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni

San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis 

sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei

scaled quail Callipepla squamata

sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Common name Scientific name

semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla

sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus venator

Shiras moose Alces alces shirasi

shoal bass Micropterus cataractae

shorthead redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum

shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

sicklefin redhorse Moxostoma sp.

silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu

Smith’s longspur Calcarius pictus

Snake River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii behnkei

snow goose Chen caerulescens

snowshoe hare Lepus americanus

snowy plover Charadrius nivosus

snuffbox Epioblasma triquetra

sockeye or kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Sonoran desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai

sora Porzana carolina

southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma

southern hognose snake Heterodon simus

speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus

spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus

spectacled eider Somateria fischeri

spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus

spruce-fir moss spider Microhexura montivaga

Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus

Steller’s eider Polysticta stelleri

stonecat Noturus flavus

Stone’s sheep Ovis dalli stonei

striped bass Morone saxatilis

striped newt Notophthalmus perstriatus

Swainson’s hawk Buteo swainsoni

swift fox Vulpes velox

sylvatic plague (bacterium) Yersinia pestis

tidewater goby Eucyclogobius newberryi

timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus

Topeka shiner Notropis topeka

Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii

tree frog Eleutherodactylus coqui

tri‐colored bat Perimyotis subflavus

Virginia rail Rallus limicola
162 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

List of Species—Continued

Common name Scientific name

walleye Sander vitreus

Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi

white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus

white sucker Catostomus commersonii

white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus

whooping crane Grus americana

wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo

wolf or gray wolf Canis lupus

wolverine Gulo gulo

wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus

wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta

yellow-billed loon Gavia adamsii

yellow perch Perca flavescens

Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri

yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens

Yuma Ridgway’s rail Rallus obsoletus yumanensis

zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Pictured above: Desert bighorn sheep.
Contact Information 163

Contact Information for Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units

Cooperative Research Unit Email address Phone number

Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitAL@usgs.gov (334) 844–4796

Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitAK@usgs.gov (907) 474–7661

Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitAZ@usgs.gov (520) 621–1959

Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitAR@usgs.gov (479) 575–6709

California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitCA@usgs.gov (707) 826–3268

Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitCO@usgs.gov (970) 491–5396

Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitFL@usgs.gov (352) 846–0534

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitGA@usgs.gov (706) 542–5260

Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitHI@usgs.gov (808) 932–7575

Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitID@usgs.gov (208) 885–6336

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitIA@usgs.gov (515) 294–3056

Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitKS@usgs.gov (785) 532–6070

Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitLA@usgs.gov (225) 578–4179

Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitME@usgs.gov (207) 581–2907

Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitMA@usgs.gov (413) 545–0398

Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitMN@usgs.gov (612) 624–3421

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitMS@usgs.gov (662) 325–2643

Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitMO@usgs.gov (573) 882–3634

Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitMTF@usgs.gov (406) 994–4549

Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitMTW@usgs.gov (406) 243–5372

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitNE@usgs.gov (402) 472–0449

New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitNM@usgs.gov (575) 646–6053

New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitNY@usgs.gov (607) 255–2839

North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitNC@usgs.gov (919) 515–2631

Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitOK@usgs.gov (405) 744–6342

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitOR@usgs.gov (541) 737–1938

Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitPA@usgs.gov (814) 865–4511

South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitSC@usgs.gov (864) 656–0168

South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitSD@usgs.gov (605) 688–4785

Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitTN@usgs.gov (931) 372–3094

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitTX@usgs.gov (806) 742–2851

Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitUT@usgs.gov (435) 797–7565

Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitVT@usgs.gov (802) 656–3011

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitVA@usgs.gov (540) 231–4934

Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitWA@usgs.gov (206) 543–6475

West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitWV@usgs.gov (304) 293–3794

Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitWIF@usgs.gov (715) 346–2178

Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitWIW@usgs.gov (608) 263–4519

Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit GS-B-CoopunitWY@usgs.gov (307) 766–5415
164 U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts

Additional Contact Information

Anne E. Kinsinger, USGS Associate Director for Ecosystems

akinsinger@usgs.gov

John F. Organ, Chief, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units

jorgan@usgs.gov

John D. Thompson, Deputy Chief, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units

jthompson@usgs.gov

Kevin Whalen, Unit Supervisor (West), Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units

kwhalen@usgs.gov

Michael Tome, Unit Supervisor (North), Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units 

mtome@usgs.gov

James (Barry) Grand, Unit Supervisor (South), Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units 

barry_grand@usgs.gov

Shana L. Coulby, Administrative Officer, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units 

scoulby@usgs.gov

Donald E. Dennerline, Biologist, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units

don_dennerline@usgs.gov

Dawn E. Childs, Information Specialist, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units

dchilds@usgs.gov

Pictured below: 

American bison.
Prepared by the USGS Science Publishing Network 

Reston and Rolla Publishing Service Centers 

Edited by Kay P. Naugle and Stokely J. Klasovsky

Layout by Suzanne C. Roberts

For additional information regarding this publication, please contact:

Donald E. Dennerline 

don_dennerline@usgs.gov 

John F. Organ 

jorgan@usgs.gov

Dawn E. Childs

dchilds@usgs.gov 

Or visit the USGS Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program 

https://www.coopunits.org/
Dennerline and Childs, eds.—U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units Program—2016 Research Abstracts—Circular 1427

ISSN 1067-084X (print)

ISSN 2330-5703 (online)

https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1427