PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 989590 50_40_ 30. 21 5 2 1 5 2 05
300; — rt .

er

Cumulative Distribution of the | +4
Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer

BALBOA

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
8
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

Oo 0.4.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Balboa, Canal Zone

08-56 N, 79-34 W. 9 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LST)
1/51 - 6/57
0000 and 12002 (1900 and 0700 LST)
7/57 - 12/57
Temperature (°F): January 89/74; July 87/75
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 71; July 74
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 59.3; November 9.78; March 0.68

Located on the Pacific coast side of the Panama Canal Zone. A hot, humid
maritime tropical climate with wet and dry seasons.

35


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
rae 999998 99 98950 BO 50 40 30 20S kt OO
——

———— oo:
Cumulative Distribution of the
2001 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /0O-meter Layer
45

Soo BROWNSVILLE Q
3 February ———May 4st ge
See lee August +7 “November g
Sg 1 2
= 4133
© 9 3
g 8
iS N.

9 SR o §
S -200 > iS
» =
iS S im ©
> -300] : ¥
iS {N iv &
x ok te
= ‘ ry
i -409 4 &
& q

~500

600!
oO 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S EXCEEDED

Brownsville, Texas

25-55 N, 97-28 W. 6 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2100 and 0900 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 71/52; July 93/76

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 55; July 73

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 26.8; September 4.99; March 1.04

Located in a relatively flat area in the Rio Grande valley; the Gulf of
Mexico is only 18 miles to the east, with intervening tidal marshlands.
The prevailing winds are from the Gulf. There are low mountains about
100 miles to the west, and extensive irrigated croplands in the vicinity.
Humid sub-tropical climate

40


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Pr 999998 99 989590 B50 40 30 20S kt OS
I I

——— <a 1
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer 5
x wo a BARROW e
8 N February ———May 4 ge
S a a a ee ee August November £
> 9 ~J |g
= 4133
eS 8
= -l00 3
g x
5 ye
S -200 : =
S ie = z
= 730 bh 41, %
8 5
e fy
% a &
& g
“50
~600
oO 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 1 2 30 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99 998999 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Barrow, Alaska

71-18 N, 156-47 W 4 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1700 and 0500 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January -9/-23; July 45/33

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January -25; July 37

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 4.3; August 0.90; March and April 0.11

The Arctic Ocean lies to the north, east, and west; level tundra stretches
200 miles to the south. There are no natural wind barriers nearby. Tem-
peratures are below freezing most of the year, but inversions are not as
marked as in the interior of Alaska. The ocean generally becomes ice-free
in late July or early August. There is considerable fog in summer.

37


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999 99.8 9998 95 908070 0 50 40 30 20S 201 5 2 10501
300; EY SY A
m= — Cumulative Distribution of the
200 SS Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based |00-meter Layer 5
nl BANGUI [
——— My 4.87
; ‘November
|
5133
—— ee
-100
SRK
=o

200} Vit

~30

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

50

600!
O 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Bangui, Central African Republic

04-23 N, 18-34 E. 385 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300Z (0400 LsT): 8/52 - 2/53
0400Z (1500 LST): 5/53 - 11/55
0500Z (0600 LST): 2/56 - 11/59
0600Z (0700 LST): 2/60 8/60
Note: Last 3 periods observations only every other day.

Temperature (°F): January 91/67; July 86/69
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 69; July 73

Precipitation (inches): Annual 61.4; August 8.86; January 0.83

Located on the Ubangi River; a wooded, hilly area but some marshy areas in
vicinity. A hot and humid monsoon climate with June-October rainy season
in southwest monsoon and the dry season October-March in the northeast
trade winds.

36


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
fin 999998 99 989590 O70 50 40 30 2 5 21 5 21.05
= I =

—: ——r

Cumulative Distribution of the

Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer

BORDEAUX
February ———May

35133

~300)

tT

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

-400 \

00!
OH O12 5 1 2 5 10 20-30 40 50 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Bordeaux, France

Data: Radiosonde. 0200Z (0200 LsT)
2/56 - 2/57
0000Z (0000 LST)
5/57 - 11/60
Temperature (°F): January 48/35; July 80/58
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 36; July 57
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 32.7; Nov., Dec. 3.90; August 1.90

Located in southwest France just above the confluence of the Garonne and
Dordogne rivers; about 30 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. A relatively

mild maritime climate.

39


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
we 999998 99 9895908) 80 40 30 00S SC] SS
I CT

Se
Cumulative Distribution of the oS
200) Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient | |
in the Ground-based 00 -meter Layer ;
= AOULEF tT
Xx 100 Her
9 February —-——May +
= A NAA a August ‘November \
= = 133
iS
7 =
5 100)
$ oO
§ -200
x
Ss
S.
& 30 41
&
-400]
ec
-500)

00)
O O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99  sasga9 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Aoulef, Algeria

26-58 N, 01-05 E. 290 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 14002 (1400 LsT)

2/57

1200Z (1200 LsT)

5/57 - 2/62
Temperature (°F): January 71/44; July 113/85
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 31; July 36

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 0.6; November 0.20; July 0.01

An oasis in the Sahara; a desert climate with scanty rainfall and very
hot summers.

31

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED
Pd 99999899 989590 BD 040 30 20S OC
I I

I Ltt I | a | It
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer 5

=, BITBURG ie
\ 487 os
o : ce
= s
Ss 9 ' 2
2 ae She ah 33 g
E <R:

& 7100 St s
s Ny z
x y Cy

S 2 N RS
; ;
> 2 w
R300 41 3
3 5
& wy
-409) a
: fs

“5

00!
OH O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Bitburg, Germany (Federal Republic)

49-57 N, 06-31 E. 374 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (0300 and 1500 LST)
12/54 - 12/55

Temperature (°F): January 35/27; July 69/53

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 27; July 53

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 24.9; July 2.77; April 1.48

Located in rolling terrain of western Germany, about 15 miles from the
Moselle River. A cool continental climate modified by frequent exposure
to maritime air masses.

38


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED
pe gago98 99 989590 B70 50 40 30 00 SCO

=r — oe aoe soe oe ee
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based |0O-meter Layer
35
= eo 7 ATLANTA x
BS *. February ——— May 4ST ge
S i” < —-—-— August --+ ++ November gs
> 4 SEE |g
BS = - 413 ¢
re 3
= -100 s
8 q
§ oa
S 200) =
s §
= 7300 < + 8
S : 5
& wy
Ke -400) w
ry ry
500
|

600!
O 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Atlanta, Georgia

33-39 N, 84-26 W. 315 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500zZ (2100 and 0900 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 52/37; July 87/71

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 35; July 68

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 47.1; March 5.37; October 2.44

Located at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains; rolling to hilly terrain
nearby. Generally mild temperate climate, approaching humid sub-tropical
in summer.

34


REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 989590 7 50 40 0 0, kt ZO
300; — I

T Se se

+ Cumulative Distribution of the

200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
\ in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer ;
‘ ATHINAI ;
rT) \ «
|| February ———May 4 €
rr} 7 — = August sess «November qR
: el 1 8
fa, &
“=n 4133 Q
-100 + =f 3
\ &
qo <
~ i~
200) 7 g
4 a
z I w
300) i S-| =
[: 5
i e
~400)

| &

4

i

T

i

!

L

00! 7
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 3 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Athinai (Athens), Greece

37-58 N, 23-43 E. 27 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 00002 (0200 LST)

8/58 - 5/63
Temperature (°F): January 54/42; July 90/72
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 37; July 58

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 15.9; Nov., Dec. 2.80; July 0.20

Located near the Saronic Gulf on the Attic plain; enclosed on three sides
by hills. Temperate climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers.

33


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED
ae 999998 99-9895 90870 50 40 30 0 a
oe

TT
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
ARGENTIA
10
4.87
0 = |
i— x 3133
-100}
©

-200

30 : .,

~400}

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

-500}

oy 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Argentia, Newfoundland

47-18 N, 54-00 W. 17 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2300 and 1100 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 34/24; July 62/53

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 25; July 53

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 42.6; November 4.98; June 2.41

Located on a peninsula extending into Placentia Bay in southwest Newfound-
land. It is a maritime location but the climate is essentially continen-
tal because air masses affecting the area usually come from the west.

32