TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

ON REMAND

NO. 03-15-00332-CR

Terri Regina Lang, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE 424TH DISTRICT COURT OF BURNET COUNTY

NO. 42185, THE HONORABLE EVAN C. STUBBS, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

A jury convicted appellant Terri Regina Lang of the offense of organized retail 

theft involving merchandise valued at $500 or more but less than $1,500, see Tex. Penal Code 

§ 31.16(b)(1), (c)(3), and the trial court assessed her punishment at confinement for 20 months in 

a state jail facility, see id. §§ 31.16(c)(3), 12.35. On original submission, this Court rejected 

appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her conviction, concluding 

that the organized retail theft statute permitted conviction of a person engaged in ordinary 

shoplifting acting alone. Lang v. State, No. 03-15-00332-CR, 2017 WL 1833477, at *3–7 (Tex. 

App.—Austin May 5, 2017) (mem. op., not designated for publication), rev’d and remanded,

561 S.W.3d 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
2

On discretionary review, the Court of Criminal Appeals disagreed and concluded 

that “the organized retail theft statute was not intended to apply to the conduct of an ordinary 

shoplifter acting alone” and, therefore, “requires proof of conducting, promoting, or facilitating 

some activity distinct from the mere activity inherent in the ordinary shoplifting of retail items 

by a single actor.” Lang v. State, 561 S.W.3d 174, 183 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). Because no 

such evidence was presented in this case, the court held that the evidence was legally insufficient 

to support appellant’s conviction for the offense of organized retail theft, reversed our judgment, 

and remanded the case for this Court “to consider whether the judgment of conviction should be 

reformed to any lesser included offense.” Id. at 184. On remand, we will reverse the trial court’s 

judgment of conviction and render an acquittal.

DISCUSSION1

When evidence has been found to be insufficient to support a conviction, 

reformation of the judgment of conviction to a lesser-included offense is required when: (1) in 

the course of convicting appellant of the greater offense, the jury necessarily found every 

element needed to convict the appellant of the lesser-included offense, and (2) the evidence that 

was presented at the appellant’s trial is sufficient to support a conviction on that lesser-included 

offense. Rabb v. State, 483 S.W.3d 16, 21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Thornton v. State, 

425 S.W.3d 289, 299–300 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

 

1

 The factual background of this case was fully discussed in the prior opinion of this 

Court, see Lang v. State, No. 03-15-00332-CR, 2017 WL 1833477, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin 

May 5, 2017) (mem. op., not designated for publication), rev’d and remanded, 561 S.W.3d 174 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2018), as well as in the opinion of the Court of Criminal Appeals, see Lang 

v. State, 561 S.W.3d 174, 176–77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018), and will not be repeated here.
3

As an initial matter, we observe that when the evidence is found to be insufficient 

for the convicted offense, this Court’s authority to reform a judgment of conviction is limited to 

lesser-included offenses of the offense of conviction. See Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 298–99 

(observing that appellate courts “should limit the use of judgment reformation to those 

circumstances when what is sought is a conviction for a lesser offense whose commission can be 

established from facts that the jury actually found”) (emphasis added); cf. Arteaga v. State, 

521 S.W.3d 329, 340 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (recognizing that rationale for Bowen and its 

progeny is that “a defendant should not receive the unjust windfall of an outright acquittal when 

there is legally sufficient evidence to prove that he is guilty of a lesser-included offense”) 

(emphasis added). Thus, before we address the two inquiries relevant to determining whether to 

reform the judgment of conviction in this case, see Rabb, 483 S.W.3d at 21; Thornton, 

425 S.W.3d at 299–300, we must examine whether the proposed offenses are lesser-included 

offenses.

2

 In our analysis, we consider judgment reformation for two offenses: attempted 

organized retail theft and theft of property.

 

2 While not expressly stated by the Court of Criminal Appeals as part of the judgmentreformation analysis, the determination of whether the offense for which a reformed judgment of 

conviction is sought is a lesser-included offense of the convicted offense is necessarily part of 

the analysis, as a trial court has no jurisdiction to convict a defendant of an offense not charged 

in the charging instrument unless that offense is a lesser-included offense of the crime charged. 

See In re D.D., 101 S.W.3d 695, 696 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.); Hall v. State, 

81 S.W.3d 927, 929 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002), aff’d, 225 S.W.3d 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); 

McLeod v. State, 56 S.W.3d 704, 708 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.); see, e.g., 

Ex parte Sewell, 606 S.W.2d 924, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (concluding that conviction for 

theft was void because offense was not lesser-included offense of burglary charged in 

indictment); Houston v. State, 556 S.W.2d 345, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (concluding that 

conviction for rape was void because offense was not lesser-included offense of burglary with 

intent to commit rape charged in indictment); Murray v. State, 261 S.W.3d 255, 260–61 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008), aff’d, 302 S.W.3d 874 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (concluding 

that conviction for forgery of writing was void because offense was not lesser-included offense 

of offense of making false statement to obtain credit charged in indictment); Hall, 81 S.W.3d at 
4

Attempted Organized Retail Theft

A person commits the offense of criminal attempt “if, with specific intent to 

commit an offense, he does an act amounting to more than mere preparation that tends but fails 

to effect the commission of the offense intended.” Tex. Penal Code § 15.01(a). As a matter of 

law, criminal attempt is a lesser-included offense of a completed offense. See Tex. Code Crim. 

Proc. art. 37.09(4) (“An offense is a lesser included offense if it consists of an attempt to commit 

the offense charged or an otherwise included offense.”). However, when considering judgment 

reformation, appellate courts must still analyze whether, in the course of convicting the appellant 

of the greater offense, the jury necessarily found every element necessary to convict the 

appellant for the lesser-included offense. Rabb, 483 S.W.3d at 22; see Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 

300–01. The parties agree, though for different reasons, that reformation of the judgment of 

conviction in this case to the lesser-included offense of attempted organized retail theft is not 

appropriate. We agree.

No evidence in this case demonstrates that, with specific intent to commit “some 

activity undertaken with respect to stolen retail merchandise that goes beyond the conduct 

inherent in ordinary shoplifting,” see Lang, 561 S.W.3d at 183, appellant committed an act that 

tended but failed to effect the commission of organized retail theft. That is, there is no evidence

 

931 (concluding that judgment of conviction for aggravated assault by threat was void because 

offense was not lesser-included offense of murder charged in indictment).

If the trial court lacks jurisdiction to convict, the judgment of conviction rendered is void. 

See Sewell, 606 S.W.2d at 925; Houston, 556 S.W.2d at 347; Murray, 261 S.W.3d at 260. 

Consequently, an appellate court could not render such a judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(c) 

(authorizing court of appeals to reverse trial court’s judgment in whole or in part and “render the

judgment that the trial court should have rendered”), 43.3 (requiring court of appeals to “render 

the judgment that the trial court should have rendered” when reversing trial court’s judgment).
5

in this case that appellant’s actions tended but failed to effect the commission of any activity 

“distinct from the mere activity inherent in the ordinary shoplifting of retail items by a single 

actor.” See id. Consequently, the record does not support a finding that in the course of 

convicting appellant of organized retail theft, the jury necessarily found every element needed to 

convict appellant of attempted organized retail theft. Further, the evidence that was presented at 

appellant’s trial was not sufficient to support a conviction for attempted organized retail theft. 

Because the answer to both judgment-reformation inquiries is no, we are not authorized to 

reform the judgment of conviction in this case to reflect a conviction for attempted organized 

retail theft. See Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 300.

Theft of Property

Appellant concedes that, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the 

evidence—which showed that she stole items from HEB by placing them in her reusable 

shopping bag, failing to pay for those items in the checkout line, and then attempting to leave the 

store while still possessing the items—is sufficient to show that she committed the offense of 

theft of property. See Tex. Penal Code § 31.03(a). The question, however, is whether theft of 

property is a lesser-included offense of organized retail theft.

To determine whether an offense qualifies as a lesser-included offense, we 

employ the cognate-pleadings approach. Bien v. State, 550 S.W.3d 180, 185 (Tex. Crim. App.), 

cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 646 (2018); see Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). Under this approach, we compare the elements of the greater offense as pled to the 

statutory elements of the potential lesser-included offense in the abstract. Safian v. State, 

543 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535. We ask “whether the 
6

lesser-included offense is included within the proof necessary to establish the offense charged.” 

Safian, 543 S.W.3d at 219–20 (quoting Rice v. State, 333 S.W.3d 140, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2011)); Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.09(1) (“An offense is a lesser 

included offense if it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to 

establish the commission of the offense charged[.]”). This analysis is a question of law and does 

not depend on the evidence to be produced at trial. Safian, 543 S.W.3d at 220; Ex parte Castillo, 

469 S.W.3d 165, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Rice, 333 S.W.3d at 144.

An offense is a lesser-included offense of another offense if the indictment for the 

charged offense “either: (1) alleges all of the elements of the lesser-included offense, or 

(2) alleges elements plus facts (including descriptive averments, such as non-statutory manner 

and means, that are alleged for purposes of providing notice) from which all of the elements of 

the lesser-included offense may be deduced.” Safian, 543 S.W.3d at 220 (quoting Ex parte 

Watson, 306 S.W.3d 259, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (op. on reh’g) (per curiam)); Rice, 

333 S.W.3d at 144. “[T]he elements of the lesser-included offense do not have to be pleaded in 

the indictment if they can be deduced from facts alleged in the indictment.” Safian, 543 S.W.3d 

at 220 (quoting State v. Meru, 414 S.W.3d 159, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); accord Bien, 

550 S.W.3d at 185–86.

When there are allegations in the indictment that are not identical to the elements 

of the lesser offense, a court should apply the functional-equivalence test to determine whether 

elements of the lesser offense are functionally the same or less than those required to prove the 

charged offense. Safian, 543 S.W.3d at 220; Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 384 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2012); see Bien, 550 S.W.3d at 186. An element of the lesser-included offense is 

functionally equivalent to an allegation in the charged greater offense if the statutory elements of 
7

the lesser offense can be deduced from the elements and descriptive averments in the indictment 

for the charged greater offense. Safian, 543 S.W.3d at 220; McKithan v. State, 324 S.W.3d 582,

588–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

As charged in this case, a person commits the offense of organized retail theft “if 

the person intentionally conducts, promotes, or facilitates an activity in which the person 

receives, possesses, conceals, [or] stores . . . stolen retail merchandise.” Tex. Penal Code 

§ 31.16(b)(1). Theft of property occurs when an individual unlawfully appropriates property 

with intent to deprive the owner of the property. Id. § 31.03(a); see Johnson v. State, 

560 S.W.3d 224, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). In comparing the statutory elements of theft with 

the elements of the charged offense of organized retail theft, several elements of theft are not 

included in the alleged organized retail theft: unlawful appropriation, the intent to deprive the 

owner of property, and the identity of the owner of the property. We must determine whether 

these missing elements can be deduced from the elements of the charged offense or the 

descriptive averments in the indictment.

“Appropriate” includes both acquiring or otherwise exercising control over 

property.3 Tex. Penal Code § 31.01(4)(B). Appropriation is unlawful when (1) it is without the 

owner’s effective consent; or (2) the property is stolen, and the actor appropriates the property 

 

3

 The Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized the two distinct ways one can 

“appropriate” property and discussed the misunderstanding of the two:

There is a continuing misconception among the bench and bar that the word 

“appropriate” means (or at least connotes) some sort of “taking” or “transfer” of 

property (other than real property). It does not. “Appropriate” means any

“exercise of control over” the personalty in question; it is more akin to 

“possession” than to a “transfer” under the 1974 penal code.

McClain v. State, 687 S.W.2d 350, 353 & n.7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Appellant’s arguments in 

her brief address only the acquisition of the merchandise.
8

knowing it was stolen by another. Id. § 31.03(b). Given the statutory definition of 

“appropriate,” when the State shows that a person knowingly exercised control over stolen 

property, the State demonstrates theft. Chavez v. State, 843 S.W.2d 586, 588 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1992); McClain v. State, 687 S.W.2d 350, 353 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).

“Functional equivalent” means “that the language of the indictment explicitly 

operates to commit the State to prove the greater offense in such a way that it will also 

necessarily prove the element required by the statute defining the lesser offense.” Meru, 

414 S.W.3d at 170; see McKithan, 324 S.W.3d at 593 (“The relevant inquiry is not what the 

evidence may show but what the State is required to prove to establish the charged offense.”). 

As indicted here, to prove organized retail theft, the State was required to prove that appellant 

conducted, promoted, or facilitated an activity in which she received, possessed, concealed, or 

stored stolen retail merchandise. Tex. Penal Code § 31.16(b)(1). When the State is required to 

prove that a person receives, possesses, conceals, or stores stolen retail merchandise, the State 

must necessarily prove that the person “exercised control” over stolen property. See Stewart 

v. State, 44 S.W.3d 582, 588–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (“Anyone who is in a position to take 

some action that deprives the owner of property is in a position to exercise control.”). 

Moreover, as the Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized,

It is logically apparent that one way to prove the actor had “knowledge” that his 

exercise of control over property was “without the owner’s consent” is to prove 

that at some point during his exercise of control he “knew it was stolen by 

another.” Thus, knowing the property possessed “was stolen by another” is

merely a subset of knowing the possession is “without the owner’s consent.”

McClain, 687 S.W.2d at 354 (internal footnote omitted) (emphasis omitted); see id. at 354 n.15 

(“It simply cannot be argued with any logic that a person who exercises control over property he 
9

knows was stolen by another does not know his exercise is without the true owner’s consent.”). 

So, when the State is required to prove that a person receives, possesses, conceals, or stores 

stolen retail merchandise, the State must necessarily prove that the person “exercised control” 

over the property without the owner’s consent. See Chavez, 843 S.W.2d at 588 (“Receiving 

property from another, knowing it to be stolen by him, establishes the offense [of theft] because 

it is . . . a knowing exercise of control without consent of the owner.”).

Thus, the alleged conduct of conducting, promoting, or facilitating an activity in 

which the person (appellant) received, possessed, concealed, or stored stolen retail merchandise 

is the functional equivalent of the theft element of unlawful appropriation of property—both 

exercising control over stolen property as well as exercising control over property without the 

owner’s effective consent.

Another theft element missing from the indictment for organized retail theft is the 

intent to deprive the owner of property. “A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect 

to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or 

desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(a). “Deprive” is 

statutorily defined and means “to withhold property from the owner permanently or for so 

extended a period of time that a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the property is lost to

the owner.” Id. § 31.01(2)(A); Taylor v. State, 450 S.W.3d 528, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) 

(“An intent to deprive an owner of his property means an intent ‘to withhold the property from 

the owner permanently or for so extended a period of time that a major portion of the value or 

enjoyment of the property is lost to the owner.’” (quoting Penal Code definition of deprive)).

Organized retail theft does not explicitly require the intent to deprive the owner of 

property. However, the statute (and the indictment in this case) explicitly requires that the 
10

defendant intentionally conduct, promote, or facilitate an activity that involves stolen property. 

See Tex. Penal Code § 31.16(b)(1); Lang, 561 S.W.3d at 181 (“By its use of the past participle of

steal (e.g., ‘stolen’), the statute indicates that whatever ‘activity’ is covered takes place with 

respect to retail merchandise that has already been stolen.”). Common sense dictates that any 

activity involving stolen property—other than returning it to its owner—necessarily involves an 

intent to deprive the owner of that property.

The functional equivalence test is “synonymous with the concepts of ‘necessary 

inclusion’ or ‘subsumption of elements.’” Meru, 414 S.W.3d at 166 (quoting McKithan, 

324 S.W.3d at 588 n.15). Even though the specific intent to deprive the owner of the property is 

not explicitly stated as an element of organized retail theft (or explicitly alleged in the indictment 

in this case), such intent is necessarily included in the conduct required for organized retail theft 

and, therefore, it is subsumed by an allegation of organized retail theft. Under the functional 

equivalence analysis, the theft element of the intent to deprive the owner of property can be 

deduced by the conduct targeted by the statute and alleged in the indictment in this case, which 

necessarily deprives the owner of the property. See Lang, 561 S.W.3d at 183 (observing that 

“the statute was enacted for the purpose of targeting professional theft rings involved in the

large-scale theft, transfer, repackaging, and reselling of stolen retail merchandise”).

The final theft element missing from the indictment for organized retail theft is 

the identity of the property owner. “Owner” is defined as “a person who has title to the property, 

possession of the property, whether lawful or not, or a greater right to possession of the property 

than the actor[.]” Tex. Penal Code § 1.07(35)(A); see Garza v. State, 344 S.W.3d 409, 413 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2011) (observing that legislature gave “expansive meaning” to definition of “owner” 

“to give ownership status to anyone with a rational connection to the property”).
11

The formal name of the person or entity owning the property is not a substantive 

element of theft. Garza, 344 S.W.3d at 413; Byrd v. State, 336 S.W.3d 242, 251 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2011). However, the existence of the property owner is an element of theft that must be 

proven by the State. Byrd, 336 S.W.3d 251–52; see id. at 252 (“Although the name of the owner 

is not a substantive element of theft, the State is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, 

that the person (or entity) alleged in the indictment as the owner is the same person (or entity)—

regardless of the name—as shown by the evidence.”). So, we must determine whether the

existence or identity of the owner of the property—the owner of the stolen retail merchandise 

described in the indictment—can be deduced from the elements of the charged offense or the 

descriptive averments in the indictment.

The State argues that the existence of the specific owner of the property is 

inherent in the charged elements of organized retail theft. The State observes that the property at 

issue in the indictment (and in the statute) is “stolen retail merchandise” and, relying on the 

statutory definition of “retail merchandise,” argues that the proof necessary to establish that the 

property at issue was “stolen retail merchandise” “necessarily includes proof that the retail 

establishment is an owner of the property.” See Tex. Penal Code § 31.01(11) (“‘Retail 

merchandise’ means one or more items of tangible personal property displayed, held, stored, or 

offered for sale in a retail establishment.”); see also id. § 31.01(7) (“‘Steal’ means to acquire 

property or service by theft.”).

However, while it is true that the offense of organized retail theft involves stolen 

retail merchandise, the general status of the property as stolen retail merchandise does not 

designate or specify the particular retail establishment from which the merchandise came. The

identity of the particular retail establishment from which the merchandise came—that is, the 
12

owner of the stolen retail merchandise—is not a required element of the offense of organized 

retail theft. It matters not which retail establishment the merchandise came from (HEB, Target, 

Walmart, etc.); the State must only prove that the property at issue is stolen retail merchandise. 

While the State could prove the identity of the particular retail establishment from which the 

merchandise was stolen in order to show that the retail merchandise at issue is stolen—as the 

State did here by showing that appellant stole the items from HEB—the State is not required to 

do so. See Farrakhan v. State, 263 S.W.3d 124, 139 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006), 

aff’d, 247 S.W.3d 720 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (“That the State could and did present evidence of 

[facts related to lesser offense] does not mean that the State was required to do so.”). The 

“relevant inquiry is not what the evidence may show but what the State is required to prove to 

establish the charged offense.” Rice, 333 S.W.3d at 145–46 (quoting McKithan, 324 S.W.3d 

at 593).

Further, the identity of the property owner cannot be deduced from any 

descriptive averments in the indictment. The indictment contains a description of the stolen 

property—“groceries, herbal supplements, energy drinks and animal treats” with a total value of 

“greater than $500 but less than $1500”—but that description does not identify the retail 

establishment from which the property was taken. Although the evidence at trial demonstrated 

that HEB was the owner of the stolen retail merchandise in this case, the determination of 

whether an offense is a lesser-included offense of the alleged offense under the cognate 

pleadings approach is a question of law and does not depend on the evidence to be produced at 

the trial. Safian, 543 S.W.3d at 220; Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535.

Nothing in the indictment in this case is functionally equivalent to the theft 

element of identify of the property owner. There is no allegation in the indictment, express or 
13

implied, reflecting the identity of the owner of the property at issue in this case or from which 

the identity could be deduced. This theft element cannot be deduced from the elements of the 

charged offense or the descriptive averments in the indictment. Thus, theft of property is not a 

lesser-included offense of the charged offense in this case. See DeLeon v. State, — S.W.3d—, 

No. 03-18-00268-CR, 2018 WL 6837742, at *3–*5 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 28, 2018, pet. 

ref’d) (concluding that theft of firearm was not lesser-included offense of charged burglary of 

habitation where indictment failed to allege that stolen property was firearm and that theft 

element could not be deduced from burglary indictment); see, e.g., Rice, 333 S.W.3d at 146–47 

(holding that reckless driving was not lesser-included offense of charged offense of aggravated 

assault with deadly weapon because, although indictment included phrases “did use and exhibit a 

deadly weapon, to-wit: a motor vehicle” and “that in the manner of its use and intended use,” 

there was no allegation, express or implied, that appellant was driving); McKithan, 324 S.W.3d 

at 589–90 (holding that offensive-contact assault was not lesser-included offense of charged

offense of aggravated sexual assault because “physical force and violence” allegation of 

indictment was not functional equivalent of physical contact and State was not required to prove 

physical contact to establish “physical force and violence” allegation); Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536–

37 (concluding that aggravated assault by threat was not lesser-included offense of murder 

committed by shooting victim with firearm because, although trial evidence may have supported 

that defendant threatened by displaying gun, indictment alleged neither threat nor display). 

Because theft of property is not a lesser-included offense of the charged organized retail theft, we 

are not authorized to reform the judgment to reflect a conviction for theft. See Thornton, 

425 S.W.3d at 298–99.
14

CONCLUSION

The Court of Criminal Appeals remanded this case to this Court to consider 

whether the judgment of conviction should be reformed. See Lang, 561 S.W.3d at 184. We 

conclude that it should not.

First, the record does not support reformation to the lesser-included offense of 

attempted organized retail theft. Second, while the record reflects that the State proved that 

appellant committed theft of property valued at $500 or more but less than $1,500 by taking the 

alleged items from HEB, we conclude that theft of property is, in this case, not a lesser-included 

offense of the charged organized retail theft. Thus, we do not have authority to reform the 

judgment of conviction to reflect a conviction for either attempted organized retail theft or theft 

of property. See Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 300.

Lacking authority to reform the judgment of conviction, we reverse the judgment 

of conviction and render a judgment of acquittal.

__________________________________________

Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Baker, and Kelly

Reversed and Rendered on Remand

Filed: September 27, 2019

Publish