I

 A BOATER’S GUIDE TO THE 

FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS 

FOR RECREATIONAL BOATS

AND SAFETY TIPS

New in this Edition:

	 Navigation	Locks

	 Trailer	Safety

	 Digital	Selective	Calling

	 Rescue	21

	 Naval	Vessel	Protection	

Zones

	 America’s	Waterway	

Watch
II 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

WELCOME	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

	 Conversion	Table	(U .S ./Metric)		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

REGISTRATION	AND	DOCUMENTATION		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

EQUIPMENT	REQUIREMENTS	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

	 Life	Jackets		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

	 Visual	Distress	Signals	 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

	 Fire	Extinguishers		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

	 Ventilation		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

	 Backfire	Flame	Control	 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

	 Sound	Producing	Devices 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

	 Navigation	Lights 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

	 Pollution	Regulations	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

	 Marine	Sanitation	Devices		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

OPERATING	PROCEDURES	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

	 Navigation	Rules	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

	 Aids	to	Navigation		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

QUICK	REFERENCE	CHART:	Required	Equipment		 . . . . . . . . .42

	 Nautical	Charts	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

	 Dams	and	Navigation	Locks		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

LAW	ENFORCEMENT	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

	 Negligent	Operation	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

	 Boating	Under	the	Influence	(BUI)	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

	 Termination	of	Use	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

	 Reporting	Boating	Accidents 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

	 Rendering	Assistance	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

	 Requesting	Assistance	(Non-Distress)	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

	 U .S .	Coast	Guard	Boarding	Policy	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

VESSEL	SAFETY	CHECK		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
2 3

SAFETY	AND	SURVIVAL	TIPS 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

	 Safe	Boating	Education 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

	 Operator’s	Responsibilities		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

	 Carbon	Monoxide	Hazards		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

	 Overloading		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

	 Anchoring		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

	 Vessels	Operating	Off	Shore		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

	 Small	Boats,	Hunters,	Anglers,	and	Paddlers		 . . . . . . . . . .62

	 Staying	Afloat		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

	 Cold	Water	Survival		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

	 Trailering	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

	 Fueling	Precautions	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

	 Propeller	Blade	Warning		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

	 Weather		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

	 Float	Plans		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

BOATER’S	PRE-DEPARTURE	CHECKLIST	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

SAMPLE	FLOAT	PLAN	FORM	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

EMERGENCY	NOTIFICATION/COMMUNICATION		 . . . . . . . . .75

	 Satellite	EPIRBs	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

	 Radio	Regulations		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

	 VHF	Marine	Radio	Channels		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

	 Digital	Selective	Calling	(DSC)	 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

	 Rescue	21		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

	 SOS:	Ships	in	Distress	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

OTHER	RESPONSIBILITIES	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

	 Regulated	Navigation	Areas/Limited	Access	Areas	 . . . . . .81

	 Naval	Vessel	Protection	Zones	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

	 Commercial	Shipping	Safety	Zones	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

	 Bridges	and	Shipping	Channels	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

	 America’s	Waterway	Watch		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

USCG	INFORMATION		 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-III

RECREATIONAL	BOATING	SAFETY	SPECIALISTS		 	 . . . . . C-III

BOATING	SAFETY	PARTNERS	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-IV

WELCOME 

As	a	boat	operator,	you	are	expected	to	make	sure	that	your	vessel	

carries	the	required	safety	equipment	(carriage	requirement)	and	is	in	

compliance	with	federal	

and	state	regulations	

for	such	things	as	numbering	and	operation .		

A	Quick	Reference	

Chart	on	page	42 will	

help	you	determine	the	

minimum	federal	safety	

equipment	requirements	for	your	vessel .	

This	publication	contains	information	about	federal	laws	and	equipment	

carriage	requirements	for	recreational	vessels	of	the	United	States .		It	

is	important	that	you	understand	that	federal	equipment	requirements	

are	minimum	requirements	and	do not guarantee	the	safety	of	your	

vessel	or	its	passengers .	In	the	following	sections,	we	have	also	provided	recommendations	for	additional	safety	equipment	you	may	wish	

to	have	on	board .	

In	addition	to	the	requirements	stated	in	this	pamphlet,	the	owner/

operator	may	be	required	to	comply	with	additional	regulations	and/or	

laws	specific	to	the	state	in	which	the	vessel	is	registered	or	operated .	

To	ensure	compliance	with	state	boating	laws,	you	should	contact	the	

appropriate	boating	agency	in	your	area .	A	vessel	in	compliance	with	

the	laws	of	the	state	of	registration	may	not	meet	the	requirements	of	

another	state	where	the	vessel	is	being	operated .	
4 5

Other	equipment	recommended	for	your	safety	and	the	safety	of	your	

passengers	is	noted	in	the	section	on	Vessel	Safety	Checks	on	page	

52	and	in	the	Boater’s	Pre-Departure	Checklist	on	page	70 .	

Remember,	drowning	is	the	Number	One	cause	of	boating	fatalities	

and	the	most	preventable .		The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	recommends	that

you	always	wear	a	life	jacket	and	require	your	passengers	to	do	the	

same .

Conversion of Metric to U.S. Units 

REGISTRATION (33 CFR 173) AND 

DOCUMENTATION (46 CFR 67) 

There	are	two	methods	of	registration	for	U .S .	recreational	vessels .

•	 Vessel	Registration:	state-issued	Certificate	of	Number .

•	 Vessel	Documentation:	federally	documented	with	the		

U .S .	Coast	Guard .

Vessel	Registration:	All	undocumented	vessels	equipped	with	propulsion	machinery	must	be	registered	in	the	state	of	principal	use .	A	

Certificate	of	Number	will	be	issued	upon	registration	and	the	number	

must	be	displayed	on	your	vessel .	The	owner/operator	of	a	vessel	must	

also	carry	the	valid	Certificate	of	Number	whenever	the	vessel	is	in	use .	

When	a	vessel	is	moved	to	a	new	state	of	principal	use,	the	Certificate	

remains	valid	for	60	days .	Check	with	your	state	boating	authority	for	

registration	requirements .	Some	states	require	all	vessels	to	be	registered,	including	vessels	that	are	manually	propelled	and	those	that	are	

Coast	Guard	documented .	

Display of Numbers

Numbers	must	be	painted	or	permanently	attached	to	each	side	of

the	forward	half	of	the	vessel .	The	numbers	must	be	read	from	left	to	

right,	and	of	a	color	that	is	contrasting	with	the	background	color;	for	

example,	black	numbers	on	a	white	hull .	The	validation	sticker(s)	must	

be	affixed	within	six	inches	of	the	registration	number .	No	other	letters	

or	numbers	may	be	displayed	nearby .

Lettering	must	be	in	plain,	vertical	block	characters	of	not	less	than	3	

inches	in	height .	Spaces	or	hyphens	between	letter	and	number	groupings	must	be	equal	to	the	width	of	a	letter	other	than	“I”	or	a	number	

other	than	“1” .

Metric Measure 

50 .0	m	

20 .0	m	

12 .0	m

10 .0	m	

8 .0	m

7 .0	m	

6 .0	m	

5 .0	m	

4 .0	m	

2 .5	m	

1 .0	m	

Feet in Decimals

164 .0	ft .	

65 .6	ft .	

39 .4	ft .	

32 .8	ft .	

26 .3	ft .	

23 .0	ft .	

19 .7	ft .	

16 .4	ft .	

13 .1	ft .	

8 .2	ft .	

3 .3	ft .	

Feet and Inches 

164'	1/2"	

65'	71/2"	

39'	4	1/2"	

32'	9	3/4"	

26'	3”	

22'	11	1/2"	

19'	8	1/4"	

16'	4	3/4"	

13'	11/2"	

8'	21/2"	

3'	3	1/3"	

FL 1234 AB 3" FL 1234 AB

FL 1234 AB FL 1234 AB

FL 1234 AB

State Validation Sticker

Place	before	OR	after	the	numbers,		

according	to	your	state	requirements .
6 7

Notification of Changes to a Numbered Vessel 

The	owner	of	a	vessel	must	notify	the	agency	that	issued	the	Certificate	

of	Number	within	15	days	if:

•	 The	vessel	is	transferred,	destroyed,	abandoned,	lost,	stolen,		

or	recovered .

•	 The	Certificate	of	Number	is	lost,	destroyed,	or	the	owner’s		

address	changes .

If	the	Certificate	of	Number	becomes	invalid	for	any	reason,	it	must	be	

surrendered	to	the	issuing	authority	within	15	days .

Vessel Documentation

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Certificate	of	Documentation	is	a	national	form	

of	registration	dating	back	to	the	11th	Act	of	the	First	Congress .		It	

serves	as	evidence	of	a	vessel’s	nationality	for	international	purposes,	

provides	for	unhindered	commerce	between	the	states,	and	admits

vessels	to	certain	restricted	trades,	such	as	coastwise	trade	and	the	

fisheries .		Since	1920,	vessel	financing	has	been	enhanced	through	the	

availability	of	preferred	mortgages	on	documented	vessels .		

Recreational	vessels	are	eligible	to	be	documented	if	they	are	wholly	

owned	by	a	citizen	or	citizens	of	the	United	States	and	measure	at	least	

five	net	tons .		Net	tonnage	is	a	measure	of	a	vessel’s	volume .		Most	

vessels	more	than	25	feet	in	length	will	measure	five	net	tons	or	more .		

A	documented	vessel	is	not	exempt	from:

•	 Applicable	state	or	federal	taxes .

•	 Compliance	with	state	or	federal	equipment	carriage		

requirements .

A	documented	vessel	may	also	be	required	to	pay	a	registration	fee	

and	display	a	validation	sticker	from	the	state	of	principal	use .		

Boaters	should	check	with	their	state	boating	agency .

To	be	in	compliance	with	federal	documentation	requirements,	a		

Certificate	of	Documentation	must	be:

•	 The	original	document	(photocopy	not	acceptable) .

•	 On	board	the	vessel .

•	 Current	(not	expired) .

•	 Signed	by	the	Director	of	the	National	Vessel	Documentation	

Center .

Documented Vessel Marking Requirements

Hull Display

A	documented	recreational	vessel	hull	display	must:

•	 Have	the	name	and	hailing	port	of	the	vessel	together	in	one	

place	on	the	hull	(usually	on	the	stern) .

•	 Be	in	letters	not	less	than	4	inches	in	height .

•	 Be	clearly	readable .	

MISTER JOHN

MISTER JOHN

FRANKLIN, TN

MISTER JOHN

FRANKLIN, TN

4"

4"

Letters not less than 4 inches high
8 9

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS 

The	United	States	Coast	Guard	sets	minimum	standards	for		

recreational	vessels	and	associated	safety	equipment .	To	meet	these	

standards,	required	equipment	must	be	U .S .	Coast	Guard	“approved”	

or	“certified .”	This	means	that	it	meets	U .S .	Coast	Guard	specifications,	

standards,	and	regulations	for	performance,	construction,	or	materials .	

Life Jackets (33 CFR 175) 

You may have heard reference to Type I, II, III, IV, and V “Personal 

Flotation Devices” (PFDs). The term PFD is used in a strictly regulatory 

sense. For greater clarity, this publication will use the term “wearable 

life jacket” and “throwable device.” Understand that Type and Number 

refer to the same equipment, whether called a PFD or life jacket, and 

that any PFD is approved for use anywhere.

All	recreational	vessels	must	carry	

one	wearable	life	jacket	for	each	

person	on	board .	Any	boat	16	

feet	and	longer	(except	canoes	

and	kayaks)	must	also	carry	

one	throwable	(Type	IV)	device .	

Life	jackets	should	be	worn	at	

all	times	when	the	vessel	is	underway .		A life jacket can save your 

life, but only if you wear it. 

Always	check	and	read	the	manufacturer’s	information	booklet	and	

label	provided	with	all	life	jackets .	They	will	provide	valuable	information,	including	size,	type,	intended	use,	and	Coast	Guard	approval	

information .

Life	jackets	must	be:	

•	 U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	(check	the	label) .

•	 In	good	and	serviceable	condition .

•	 Appropriate	size	and	type	for	the	intended	user .

•	 Properly	stowed .

Some	items	that	are	not	required	but	are	a	good	idea	to	have	with	your	

life	jacket	are	a	whistle	and	an	emergency	light .

The	marking	requirements	for	a	documented	recreational	vessel	state	

“together	in	one	place	on	the	hull .”		Many	recreational	vessels	will	place	

the	vessel	name	and	hailing	port	on	the	stern,	and	vessel	name	on	both	

sides	of	the	bow,	which	is	required	for	a	commercial	vessel .		Although	

not	required	for	a	recreational	vessel,	this	is	an	acceptable	option .

Interior Display (Recreational and Commercial)

In	addition,	the	vessel	must	have	the	official	number	permanently		

affixed	in	block-type	Arabic	numerals	of	not	less	than	3	inches	in	

height,	preceded	by	the	letters	“NO .”	on	some	clearly	visible	interior	

integral	structural	part	of	the	vessel .

Arabic numerals are the most common symbolic representation of 

numbers in the world. Permanently affixed means that the numbers 

must be affixed to the vessel so that alteration, removal, or replacement 

would be obvious. Numbers can be painted, carved, or welded.

 

For more information on documented vessels, contact the U.S. Coast 

Guard National Vessel Documentation Center at (800) 799-8362 or

online at www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/nvdc.

NO.1234567 3"

Interior display (recreational and commercial). 

Numbers must be no less than 3 inches high.
10 11

Stowage 

•	 Wearable	life	jackets	must	be	readily	accessible .

•	 You	should	be	able	to	put	them	on	in	a	reasonable	amount	of	

time	in	an	emergency	(vessel	sinking,	on	fire,	etc .)

•	 They	should	not	be	stowed	in	plastic	bags,	in	locked	or	closed	

compartments,	or	have	other	gear	stowed	on	top	of	them .	

•	 Throwable	devices	must	be	immediately	available	for	use .	They	

should	be	on	the	main	deck	within	arm’s	reach,	hanging	on	a	

lifeline,	or	other	easily	reached	location .

Inflatable Life Jackets

•	 U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	inflatable	life	jackets	are	authorized	

for	use	by	persons	16	years	of	age	and	older	(check	the	label) .	

•	 Inflatable	life	jackets	require	regular	maintenance	and	attention	to	

the	condition	of	the	inflator .	

•	 They	must	have	a	full	cylinder	and	all	status	indicators	on	the	

inflator	must	be	green	or	the	device	is	not	serviceable	and	does	

not	satisfy	the	legal	requirement	for	the	wearable	life	jacket	

carriage	requirement .

•	 Inflatable	life	jackets	are	more	comfortable,	encouraging	regular	

use .		The	best	life	jackets	are	ones	the	user	will	wear .	

Child Life Jacket Requirements 

On	a	vessel	that	is	underway,	children	under	13	years	of	age	must	

wear	an	appropriate	U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	life	jacket	unless	they	

are	1)	below	deck,	or	2)	within	an	enclosed	

cabin .	If	a	state	has	established	a	child	life	

jacket	wear	requirement	that	differs	from	

the	Coast	Guard	requirement,	the	state	

requirement	will	be	applicable	on	waters	

subject	to	that	state’s	jurisdiction .	

Children’s	life	jackets	are	approved	for	

specific	weight	categories .	Check	the	“User	

Weight”	on	the	label	and	for	an	approval	

statement	that	will	read	something	like:

Approved for use on recreational boats and uninspected commercial 

vessels not carrying passengers for hire by persons weighing “less 

than 30, lbs.,” “30 to 50 lbs.,” “less than 50 lbs.,” or “50 to 90 lbs.” 

Life Jacket Requirements for Specific Activities 

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	recommends	–	and	many	states	require	–		

wearing	life	jackets	when	engaged	in	the	following	activities:	

•	 Water	skiing	and	other	towed	activities	(use	a	type	designed	for	

water	skiing .)

•	 Operating	a	Personal	Watercraft,	or	PWC	(use	a	type	designed	

for	water	skiing	or	PWC	use .)

•	 Whitewater	boating	activities .

•	 Sailboarding .

Check	with	your	state	boating	agency	for	the	laws	that	apply .	

Federal	law	does	not	require	life	jacket	use	on	racing	shells,	rowing	

sculls,	racing	canoes,	and	racing	kayaks;	state	laws	vary,	however .	

Check	with	your	state	boating	agency .	

Note	that	if	you	are	boating	in	an	area	under	the	jurisdiction	of	the	U .S .	

Army	Corps	of	Engineers,	or	a	federal,	state,	or	local	park	authority,	

other	rules	may	also	apply .

The U.S. Coast Guard recommends that you always wear a life jacket 

while underway on a boat and require passengers to do the same.

Life Jacket Flotation 

The	five	types	of	life	jackets	are	based	on	three	kinds	of	flotation	and	

can	be	characterized	as	follows:	

Inherently Buoyant (Primarily Foam)

•	 The	most	reliable .

•	 Come	in	Adult,	Youth,	Child,	and	Infant	sizes .

•	 Designed	for	swimmers	and	non-swimmers .

•	 Come	in	wearable	and	throwable	styles .

•	 Special	designs	available	for	water	sports .

Inflatable 

•	 The	most	compact .

•	 Lightweight	and	comfortable .

•	 Sized	only	for	adults .

•	 Only	recommended	for	swimmers .

•	 Wearable	styles	only .

•	 Some	have	the	best	in-water	performance .
12 13

Hybrid (Foam and Inflation) 

•	 Reliable .

•	 Provides	Inherent	and	Inflatable	Buoyancy .	

•	 Adult,	Youth,	and	Child	sizes .	

•	 For	swimmers	and	non-swimmers .	

•	 Wearable	styles	only .	

•	 Some	designed	for	water	sports .

 BUOyANCy RATING: HyBRID

 Wearable Inherent Inflated 

 Size Type Buoyancy Total Buoyancy

Adult			 II	&	III				 10	lbs .				 22	lbs .			

		 V				 		7 .5	lbs .			 22	lbs .			

Youth			 II	&	III			 		9	lbs .				 15	lbs .			

		 V			 		7 .5	lbs .				 15	lbs .			

Child				 II			 		7	lbs .			 12	lbs .

			

 BUOyANCy RATING: INFLATABLE

Wearable Size Type Inflatable Buoyancy 

Adult	 I	&	II	 34	lbs .

III	 22 .5	lbs .

V	 22 .5	to	34	lbs .

 BUOyANCy RATING: FOAM

Wearable Size Type Inherent Buoyancy 

Adult				 I					 22	lbs .			

II	&	III		 15 .5	lbs .			

		 V						 15 .5	to	22	lbs .			

Youth				 II	&	III						 11	lbs .					

V						 11	to	15 .5	lbs .			

Child	and	Infant				 II				 		7	lbs .			

Throwable: 

Cushion				 IV						 20	lbs .					

Ring	Buoy								 	 16 .58 .	32	lb .

Types of Life Jackets 

A Type I, Off-Shore Life Jacket provides	the	most	buoyancy .	It	is	

effective	for	all	waters,	especially	open,	rough,	or	remote	waters		

where	rescue	may	be	delayed .	It	is	designed	to	turn	an	unconscious	

wearer	to	a	face-up	position	in	the	water .	

A Type II, Near-Shore Buoyancy Vest is	intended	for	calm,	inland	

waters	or	where	there	is	a	good	chance	of	quick	rescue .	Inherently	

buoyant	life	jackets	of	this	type	will	turn	some	unconscious	wearers	to	

a	face-up	position	in	the	water,	but	the	

turning	is	not	as	pronounced	as	with	a	

Type	I .	This	type	of	inflatable	turns	as	

well	as	a	Type	I	foam	jacket .	

Uninflated	

Inflated
14 15

A Type III, Flotation Aid	is	good	for	users	in	calm,	inland	waters,	or	

anywhere	there	is	a	good	chance	of	quick	rescue .	The	wearer	may

have	to	tilt	their	head	back	to	remain	in	a	face-up	position	in	the	water .	

The	Type	III	foam	vest	has	the	same	minimum	buoyancy	as	a	Type	II .	

It	comes	in	many	styles,	colors,	and	sizes	and	is	generally	the	most	

comfortable	type	for	continuous	wear .	Float	coats,	fishing	vests,	and	

vests	designed	with	features	suitable	for	various	sports	activities	are	

examples	of	this	type .	This	type	of	inflatable	turns	as	well	as	a	Type	II	

foam	vest .	

A Type IV, Throwable Device is	intended	for	use	anywhere .		It	is	designed	to	be	thrown	to	a	person	in	the	water	and	grasped	and	held	by	

the	user	until	rescued .	It	is	not	designed	or	intended	to	be	worn .	Type	

IV	devices	include	buoyant	cushions,	ring	buoys,	and	horseshoe	buoys .	

There	are	no	Coast	Guard-approved	inflatable	Type	IV	devices .

A Type V, Special-Use Device	is	intended	

for	specific	activities	and	may	be	carried	

instead	of	another	life	jacket	only	if	used	

according	to	the	condition(s)	for	which	it	is	

approved,	as	shown	on	its	label .	A	Type	V	

provides	the	performance	of	a	Type	I,	II,	

or	III	(as	marked	on	its	label) .	If	the	label	

says	the	life	jacket	is	“approved	only	when	

worn,”	the	life	jacket	must	be	worn	(except	

by	persons	in	enclosed	spaces)	and	used	

in	accordance	with	the	approval	label	to	

meet	carriage	requirements .	Some	Type	

V	devices	provide	significant	hypothermia	

protection .	Varieties	include	deck	suits,	work	

vests,	sailboarding	vests,	and	sailing	vests	

with	a	safety	harness .	

An Inflatable with Safety Harness is	approved	only	as	a	Type	V,	

Special-Use	Device	because	its	use	to	prevent	falls	overboard	presents	

several	risks .	The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	has	not	assessed	its	potential	for	

injury	from	suddenly	stopping	a	fall	and,	in	case	of	capsizing	or	sinking,	

the	boat	may	take	the	wearer	down,	resulting	in	death . Do not attach	

the	harness	to	the	boat	unless	it	is	being	worn	with	a	tether	of	less	than	

6 .5	feet	in	length	with	quick-release-under-load	hardware .	Read the 

safety harness section of the owner’s manual for intended use. Under 

no circumstances should the safety harness be used for any climbing 

activity. U.S. Coast Guard approval does not apply to this harness used 

under those circumstances.

Finding the Right Life Jacket for you 

Life	jackets	come	in	many	designs,	colors,	styles,	and	materials .	Some	

are	made	to	stand	up	to	rugged	water	sports,	others	to	protect	the	

wearer	from	cold-water	temperatures .		Be	sure	to	choose	one	that	is	

appropriate	for	your	body	size,	planned	activities,	and	the	water		

conditions	you	expect	to	encounter .	
16 17

Test the Fit

Start	with	a	life	jacket	that	is	U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved .		Try	it	on .		

It	should	fit	comfortably	snug .		Then	give	it	this	test:	with	all	straps,	

zippers,	and	ties	securely	fastened,	raise	your	arms	over	your	head .		

The	jacket	should	stay	in	place	and	not	ride	up .		Next,	have	someone	

lift	your	life	jacket	straight	up	at	the	shoulders .	Again,	the	jacket	should	

stay	in	place .	If	the	zipper	touches	your	nose	or	the	jacket	almost	

comes	off,	it	is	too	loose .

Test the Buoyancy of your Life Jacket

In	shallow	water	or	a	swimming	pool,	under	supervision	and	with	all	

straps,	zippers,	and	ties	fastened,	see	how	the	life	jacket	floats	you .	

Relax	your	body	and	let	your	head	tilt	back .	Your	chin	should	remain	

above	water	so	that	you	can	breathe	easily .	If	not,	you	may	need	a	

different	size	or	model,	one	that	provides	more	buoyancy .	

Choosing a Child’s Life Jacket

Be	sure	to	choose	a	child’s	life	jacket	that	is	U .S .	Coast	Guardapproved .	Check	to	make	sure	your	child’s	weight	falls	within	the	range	

shown	on	the	label .	While	some	children	in	the	30-50	pound	weight	

range	who	can	swim	may	ask	for	the	extra	freedom	of	movement	

that	a	Type	III	provides,	note	that	most	children	in	this	weight	range,	

especially	those	who	cannot	swim,	should	wear	a	Type	II .	To	check	for	

a	good	fit,	pick	the	child	up	by	the	shoulders	of	the	life	jacket .	If	it	fits	

correctly,	the	child’s	chin	and	ears	will	not	slip	through .	

A	child’s	life	jacket	should	be	tested	in	the	water	immediately	after	

purchase .	Children	may	panic	when	they	fall	into	the	water	suddenly .		

Float	testing	not	only	checks	the	fit	and	buoyancy	but	also	provides	an	

important	opportunity	to	teach	them	to	relax	in	the	water .	

Be Safe. Wear your Life Jacket.

Most	deaths	from	drowning	occur	near	shore	in	calm	weather,	not	out	

at	sea	during	a	storm;	9	out	of	10	drowning	fatalities	occur	in	inland		

waters,	most	within	a	few	feet	of	safety .	Worse	still,	many	of	these	

victims	owned	life	jackets	and	may	have	survived	had	they	been	worn .	

Wear your life jacket. 

When you don’t, you’re risking your life.

Visual Distress Signals (33 CFR 175.101) 

Vessels	operating	on	U .S .	coastal	waters,	the	Great	Lakes,	and	

territorial	seas,	as	well	as	those	waters	connected	directly,	up	to	a	

point	where	the	waterway	is	less	than	two	nautical	miles	wide,	must	

be	equipped	with	U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	visual	distress	signals	

(VDS) .	Vessels	owned	in	the	United	States	and	operating	on	the	high	

seas	must	also	be	equipped	with	U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	visual	

distress	signals .	

The	following	vessels	are	not	required	to	carry	day	signals,	but	must	

carry	night	signals	when	operating	from	sunset	to	sunrise:	

•	 Recreational	boats	less	than	16	feet	in	length .

•	 Boats	participating	in	organized	events,	such	as	races,	regattas,	

or	marine	parades .	

•	 Open	sailboats	less	than	26	feet	in	length	that	are	not	equipped	

with	propulsion	machinery .	

•	 Manually	propelled	boats .

Remember: The carriage requirement is only applicable in areas 

where VDS are required.

Pyrotechnic Devices 

Pyrotechnic	visual	distress	signals	must	be	U .S .	Coast		

Guard-approved,	in	serviceable	condition,	and	readily	accessible .	

Check	the	expiration	date .	Expired	signals	may	be	carried	as	extra	

equipment,	but	cannot	be	counted	toward	meeting	the	visual	distress	

signal	requirement .

Less	than	

2	miles

Open	Water

River

Bay

VDS 

REQUIRED

VDS 

NOT REQUIRED
18 19

Launchers	manufactured	before	January	1,	1981,	and	intended	for

use	with	approved	signals,	are	not	required	to	be	U .S .	Coast	Guardapproved	as	long	as	they	remain	in	serviceable	condition .		

If	pyrotechnic	devices	are	selected,	a	minimum	of	three	signals	are	

required	for	day	use	and	three	signals	for	night	use .	Some	pyrotechnic	

signals	meet	both	day	and	night	use	requirements	(combination	flares) .		

Pyrotechnic	devices	should	be	stored	in	a	cool,	dry	place,	if	possible .	

A	watertight	container	painted	red	or	orange	and	prominently	marked	

“DISTRESS	SIGNALS”	or	“FLARES”	is	recommended .	

U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	pyrotechnic	visual	distress	signals	and	

associated	devices	include:	

•	 Pyrotechnic	red	flares,	hand-held	or	aerial	(day/night	use .)	

•	 Pyrotechnic	orange	smoke,	hand-held	or	floating	(day	use .)		

•	 Launchers	for	aerial	red	meteors	or	parachute	flares .		

Each	of	these	devices	has	a	different	operating/burning	time .	Check	the	

label	to	see	how	long	each	pyrotechnic	device	will	remain	illuminated .		

Choose	a	device	best	suited	to	the	conditions	in	the	area	where	your	

vessel	is	typically	used .	

Non-Pyrotechnic Devices 

Non-pyrotechnic	visual	distress	signals	must	be	in	serviceable	condition,	readily	accessible,	and	certified	by	the	manufacturer	as	complying	

with	U .S .	Coast	Guard	requirements .	These	signals	include:	

Orange Distress Flag 

•	 Used	as	a	day	signal	only .	

•	 Must	be	at	least	3	x	3	feet	with	

a	black	square	and	ball	on	an	

orange	background .	

•	 Must	be	marked	with	an	indication	

that	it	meets	U .S .	Coast	Guard	

requirements	in	46	CFR	160 .072 .	

•	 Most	visible	when	attached	and	

waved	on	a	paddle	or	boat	hook,	or	flown	from	a	mast .	

•	 May	be	incorporated	into	devices	designed	to	attract	attention	in	

an	emergency,	such	as	balloons,	kites,	or	floating	streamer .

Electric Distress Light 

•	 Acceptable	for	night	use	only .	

•	 Automatically	flashes	the		

international	SOS	distress	signal		

(	•	•	•	–	–	–	•	•	•	) .

•	 Must	be	marked	with	an	indication	that	it	meets	U .S .	Coast	Guard	requirements	in		

46	CFR	161 .013 .	

Under	Inland	Navigation	Rules,	a	high-intensity	white	light	flashing	at	

regular	intervals	from	50-70	times	per	minute	is	considered	a	distress	

signal .	Such	devices,	however,	do not meet	the	Visual	Distress	Signal	

carriage	requirement .	

Regulations	prohibit	display	of	visual	distress	signals	on	the	water	

under	any	circumstances,	except	where	assistance	is	needed	because	

of	immediate	or	potential	danger	to	persons	on	board	a	vessel .	

All	distress	signals	have	distinct	advantages	and	disadvantages .	No	

single	device	is	ideal	under	all	conditions	or	suitable	for	all	purposes .	

Pyrotechnics	are	universally	recognized	as	excellent	distress	signals,	

but	there	is	potential	for	injury	and	property	damage	if	not	handled	

properly .	These	devices	produce	a	very	hot	flame	with	the	potential	to	

cause	burns	and	ignite	flammable	materials .	

Pistol-launched and hand-held parachute flares and meteors have many

characteristics of	a	firearm and must be handled with extreme caution .	

In some states and Canada they may be considered	a	firearm and

prohibited from use .		Be sure to check with your state boating agency .		

photo Orange Flag (day only)

Electric Distress Signals 

(night only) 
20 21

The	following	are	just	a	few	of	the	many	combinations	of	devices	that	

will	meet	the	requirements:	

•	 3	hand-held	red	flares	that	are	approved	for	day/night	use .

•	 1	hand-held	red	flare	and	2	parachute	flares	for	day/night	use .

•	 1	hand-held	orange	smoke	signal	and	2	floating	orange	smoke	

signals	for	day,	and	1	electric	distress	light	for	night .	

All	boaters	should	be	able	to	signal	for	help .	Boaters	must	have	

U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	day	and	night	signals	for	vessels	when	

required .	Signaling	devices	are	recommended	when	operating	on	all	

open	bodies	of	water .

Fire Extinguishers (46 CFR 25)

U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved,	marine-type	fire	extinguishers	are	required	

on	boats	where	a	fire	hazard	could	be	expected	from	the	engines	or	

fuel	system .	Extinguishers	are	classified	by	a	letter	and	number	symbol .	

The	letter	indicates	the	type	of	fire	the	unit	is	designed	to	extinguish .	

Type	B,	for	example,	is	designed	to	extinguish	flaming	liquids,	such	as	

gasoline,	oil,	and	grease .	The	number	indicates	the	amount	of	the	extinguishing	agent	contained	in	the	extinguisher;	the	higher	the	number,	

the	greater	the	amount	of	agent	in	the	

extinguisher .	

U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	extinguishers	required	for	boats	are	

hand-portable,	have	either	B-I	or	B-II	

classification,	and	must	be	provided	with	

a	mounting	bracket .	While	not	required,	

it	is	recommended	that	the	extinguishers	be	mounted	in	a	readily	accessible	

location .	Consider	locations	where	the	

extinguisher	can	be	reached	easily;	for	example,	at	or	near	the	steering	

station	or	in	the	galley	or	engine	room,	but	away	from	locations	where	a	

fire	may	likely	start .

Extinguisher	markings	can	be	confusing	because	one	extinguisher

can	be	approved	for	several	different	types	of	fires	(A,	B,	or	C) .	For	

example,	an	extinguisher	marked	“Type	A,	Size	II;	Type	B;	C,	Size	I”	is	

acceptable	as	a	Type	B-I	extinguisher .

Look	for	the	section	of	the	label	that	states	“Marine	Type	USCG,	Type	

A,	Size	II;	Type	B;	C	Size	I .”	(It	will	also	contain	a	USCG	approval	

number .)	Make	sure	Type	B	is	indicated .		Hand-portable	extinguishers	

will	be	either	a	Size	I	or	II .	

Size	III	and	larger	are	too	big	for	use	on	most	recreational	boats .	

Foam CO2

 Dry Chemical 

 Classes (gals) (lbs) (lbs)

				B-I	(Type	B,	Size	I)		 1 .75	 4	 2

				B-II	(Type	B,	Size	II)		 2 .5	 15	 10

Parachute Flare Fire Extinguishers (day and night) 

Red Flare 

(hand-held 

day and night)

Orange Smoke Signal 

(hand-held/day only) 

Floating Orange 

Smoke Signal 

(day only) 

Red Meteor 

(day and night) 

Pyrotechnic Devices:

Non-Pyrotechnic Devices:

Electric Distress Signals 

(night only) 

Orange Flag 

(day only) 
22 23

Fire	extinguishers	are	required	on	boats	when	any	of	the	following	

conditions	exist:	

•	 There	are	closed	compartments	and	compartments	under	seats	

where	portable	fuel	tanks	may	be	stored .	

•	 There	are	double	bottoms	not	sealed	to	the	hull	or	that	are	not	

completely	filled	with	flotation	materials .	

•	 There	are	closed	living	spaces .	

•	 There	are	closed	stowage	compartments,	in	which	combustible	or	

flammable	materials	are	stored .	

•	 There	are	permanently	installed	fuel	tanks .	(Fuel	tanks	secured	

so	they	cannot	be	moved	in	case	of	a	fire	or	other	emergency	

are	considered	permanently	installed .	Also,	if	the	weight	of	a	fuel	

tank	is	such	that	persons	on	board	cannot	move	it,	the	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	may	consider	it	permanently	installed .)

Fire Extinguisher Maintenance 

Inspect	extinguishers	monthly	to	make	sure	that:

•	 Seals	and	tamper	indicators	are	not	broken	or	missing .	

•	 Pressure	gauges	or	other	indicators,	if	so	equipped,	read	in		

the	operable	range	as	described	on	the	extinguisher .

•	 There	is	no	obvious	physical	damage,	rust,	corrosion,		

leakage,	or	clogged	nozzles .	

If	the	minimum	weight	is	stated	on	the	extinguisher	label,	weigh	extinguishers	annually	to	check .

Fire	extinguishers	that	do	not	satisfy	the	above	requirements	or	that	

have	been	partially	emptied	must	be	replaced	or	taken	to	a	qualified	fire	

extinguisher	servicing	company	for	recharge .	

Required Number of Fire Extinguishers 

The	following	chart	lists	the	number	of	fire	extinguishers	that	are	

required	on	recreational	vessels .	If	a	U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved	fixed	

fire	extinguishing	system	is	installed	for	the	protection	of	the	engine	

compartment,	the	required	number	of	extinguishers	may	be	reduced	in	

accordance	with	the	chart .	

It	is	recommended	that	hand	portable	extinguishers	be	mounted	in	a	

readily	accessible	location .	

Minimum Number of Hand-Portable Fire Extinguishers Required 

No With approved 

Vessel length Fixed System Fixed Systems

Less than 26’ 	 1 B-I		 0

26’ to less than 40’ 	 2 B-l or	1	B-II		 1	B-I

40’ to 65’		 3	B-I or	1	B-II and	1	B-I	 2 B-l or	1	B-II

Ventilation (33 CFR 175/183, 46 CFR 25) 

Boats	that	use	gasoline	for	electrical	generation,	mechanical	power,	or	

propulsion	are	required	to	be	equipped	with	a	ventilation	system .	

A	natural ventilation system is required for each compartment in	a	boat that:

•	 Contains	a	permanently	installed	gasoline	engine .	

•	 Has	openings	between	it	and	a	compartment	that	requires		

ventilation .	

•	 Contains	a	permanently	installed	fuel	tank	and	an	electrical	

component	that	is	not	ignition-protected .	

•	 Contains	a	fuel	tank	that	vents	into	that	compartment		

(including	a	portable	tank .)

•	 Contains	a	non-metallic	fuel	tank .

A	natural	ventilation	system	consists	of:	

•	 A	supply	opening	(duct/cowl)	from	the	outside	air	(located	on	the	

exterior	surface	of	the	boat),	or	from	a	ventilated	compartment,	or	

from	a	compartment	that	is	open	to	the	outside	air .

•	 An	exhaust	opening	into	another	ventilated	compartment	or	an	

exhaust	duct	to	the	atmosphere .	

BILGE AREA

AIR FLOW

INTAKE 

COWL

COLLECTOR 

BOAT BOX 

UNDER 

POWER

DUCT ENGINE COLLECTOR 

BOX 

EXHAUST 

COWL 

All blower motors installed in exhaust ducts must be in working

condition regardless of date of manufacture. 
24 25

Each	exhaust	opening	or	exhaust	duct	must	originate	in	the	lower	onethird	of	the	compartment .	Each	supply	opening	or	supply	duct	and	each	

exhaust	opening	or	duct	in	a	compartment	must	be	above	the	normal	

accumulation	of	bilge	water .	

A	powered	ventilation	system	is	required	for	each	compartment	in	a	

boat	that	has	a	permanently	installed	gasoline	engine	with	a	cranking	

motor	for	remote	starting .	

A	powered	ventilation	system	consists	of	one	or	more	exhaust	blowers .	

Each	intake	duct	for	an	exhaust	blower	must	be	in	the	lower	one-third	

of	the	compartment	and	above	the	normal	accumulation	of	bilge	water .	

For	boats	built	prior	to	1980,	there	was	no	requirement	for	a	powered	

ventilation	system;	however,	some	boats	were	equipped	with	a	blower .	

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Ventilation	Standard,	a	manufacturer	requirement,	applies	to	all	boats	built	on	or	after	August	1,	1980 .	Some	

builders	began	manufacturing	boats	in	compliance	with	the	Ventilation	

Standard	as	early	as	August	1978 .	If	your	boat	was	built	on	or	after	

August	1,	1978	it	might	have	been	equipped	with	either	(1)	a	natural	

ventilation	system,	or	(2)	both	a	natural	ventilation	system	and	a	

powered	ventilation	system .	If	your	boat	bears	a	label	containing	the	

words	“This	boat	complies	with	U .S .	Coast	Guard	safety	standards,”	

you	can	assume	that	the	design	of	your	boat’s	ventilation	system	meets	

applicable	regulations .	

Boats	built	after	1980	with	remote	starters	are	required	to	display	a	

label	that	contains	at	least	the	following	information:	

All	boat	owners	are	responsible	for	keeping	their	vessel’s	ventilation	

systems	in	operating	condition .	This	means	making	sure	openings	are	

free	of	obstructions,	ducts	and	ducting	are	not	blocked	or	torn,	blowers	

operate	properly,	and	worn	components	are	replaced	with	equivalent	

marine-type	equipment .	

Backfire Flame Control (46 CFR 25/58)

Gasoline engines installed in	a	motorboat or motor vessel after		

April 25, 1940, except outboard motors, must be equipped with an

acceptable means of backfire flame control .	The backfire flame arrestor (BFA) must be suitably secured to the air intake with	a	flame-tight

connection, and is required to be either	U .S .	Coast Guard-approved or

comply with SAE J-1928 or UL 1111 standards and marked accordingly .	

Other	acceptable	means	of	backfire	flame	control	include:	air	and	fuel	

induction	systems	usually	found	on	personal	watercraft,	velocity	stacks	

(attachments	to	carburetors),	and	reed-type	(found	in	outboards .)

Sound Producing Devices (33 CFR 83)

Navigation	Rules	require	sound	signals	to	be	made	under	certain

circumstances .	Meeting,	crossing,	and	overtaking	situations,	described	

in	the	Navigation	Rules	beginning	with	Rule	32,	are	examples	of	

circumstances	in	which	sound	signals	are	required .	Recreational		

vessels	are	also	required	to	use	sound	signals	during	periods	of	

reduced	visibility	and	while	at	anchor .	

Mesh BFA

Carburetor

Intake Valve 

(Open)

Intake Manifold

Not Equipped with BFA Equipped with BFA

Warning

Gasoline vapors can explode. Before starting engine, 

operate blower at least four minutes and check the engine 

compartment bilge for gasoline vapors.
26 27

The	following	matrix	provides	the	sound	producing	devices	required	for	

vessels:

International Waters

	 Vessel	Length	 Whistle	 Bell	 Gong

	 12	meters	or	more	

	 (39 .4	ft .)	 X

	 20	meters	or	more	

	 (65 .6	ft .)	 X X

	 100	meters	or	more	

	 (328 .1	ft .)	 X X X

Inland Waters*

	 Vessel	Length	 Whistle	 Bell	 Gong

	 12	meters	or	more	

	 (39 .4	ft)	 X

	 20	meters	or	more	

	 (65 .6	ft .)	 X X

	 100	meters	or	more	

	 (328 .1	ft .)	 X X X

*There have been changes to the Collision Regulations (COLREGS)

and a regulatory change is forthcoming that will align the Inland 

Navigation Rules with the COLREGS. The Coast Guard is exercising 

its discretion not to enforce the provisions of the inland rules until the 

regulatory change is enacted.

Navigation Lights (33 CFR 83) 

Recreational	vessels	are	required	to	display	navigation	lights	between	

sunset	and	sunrise	and	during	periods	of	restricted	visibility	(fog,	rain,	

haze,	etc .)	The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Navigation	Rules,	International-Inland,	specifies	lighting	requirements	for	every	description	of	watercraft .	

The	information	provided	below	is	for	power-driven	and	sailing	vessels	

less	than	65 .5	feet	(20	meters)	in	length .	

Power-Driven Vessels 

Note that a sail vessel under machine propulsion is considered a 

power-driven vessel.

If	your	power-driven	vessel	is	less	than	164	feet	(50	meters)	in	length,		

it	must	display	navigation	lights	as	shown	in	Figure	1 .	

If	your	power-driven	vessel	is	less	than	39 .4	feet	(12	meters)	in	length,	

then	it	may	display	navigation	lights	as	shown	in	Figure	2 .	

Signaling Devices

Figure 1 

Figure 2 
28 29

If	your	power-driven	vessel	is	less	than	23	feet	(7	meters)	in	length	

and	its	maximum	speed	does	not	exceed	7	knots,	then	it	may	display	

an	all-round	white	light	and,	if	possible,	sidelights,	instead	of	the	lights	

prescribed	previously .	(International	Rules	only .)	

For	power-driven	vessels	less	than	39 .4	feet	(12	meters)	in	length,	the	

masthead	or	all-round	white	light	must	be	at	least	3 .3	feet	(1	meter)	

above	the	sidelights .	

In	a	vessel	of	less	than	65 .6	feet	(20	meters)	in	length,	sidelights	may	

be	displayed	in	a	combination	light	as	shown	in	Figure	2 .	

Sailing Vessels 

If	your	sailing	vessel	is	less	than	65 .6	feet	(20	meters)	in	length,	then	it	

must	display	navigation	lights	as	shown	in	Figures	3,	4,	or	5 .	

A	sailing	vessel	of	less	than	23	feet		

(7	meters)	in	length	shall,	if	practicable,	

exhibit	lights	as	shown .	(Figures	3	or	

4 .)	If	it	does	not,	it	shall	have	ready	at	

hand	an	electric	torch	or	lighted	lantern	

(flashlight)	showing	white	light	that	shall	

be	exhibited	in	sufficient	time	to	prevent	

collision .	(See	Figure	6 .)	

Vessel Under Oars 

A	vessel	under	oars	may	exhibit	the	

lights	for	a	sailboat .	If	it	does	not,	it	shall	

have	ready	at	hand	an	electric	torch	

(flashlight)	or	lighted	lantern	showing	

a	white	light	that	shall	be	exhibited	in	

sufficient	time	to	prevent	collision .	(See	

Figure	7 .)

Lights and Shapes 

To	alert	other	vessels	of	conditions	that	may	be	hazardous,	there	are	

requirements	to	display	lights	at	night	and	shapes	during	the	day .

Anchored Vessels 

At night:	All	vessels	at	anchor	must	display	anchor	lights .	If	your	

vessel	is	less	than	164	feet	(50	meters)	in	length,	then	its	anchor	light	

is	an	all-round	white	light	visible	where	it	can	best	be	seen	from	all	

directions .	(See	Figure	8 .)	

Figure 3 

Figure 8

Figure 4

Figure 5 

Figure 6

Figure 7
30 31

During the day: All	vessels	at	anchor	must	display	forward,	where	it	

can	be	best	seen,	a	black	ball	shape .	(See	Figure	9 .)	

ExcEPTIONS: If	your	vessel	is	less	than	23	feet	(7	meters)	in	length,	it	

is	not	required	to	display	an	anchor	light	or	shape	unless	it	is	anchored	

in	or	near	a	narrow	channel,	fairway,	or	anchorage,	or	where	other	

vessels	normally	navigate .	

If	your	vessel	is	less	than	65 .6	feet	(20	meters)	in	length,	it	is	not	

required	to	display	an	anchor	light	if	it	is	anchored	in	inland	waters	in	a	

special	anchorage	designated	by	the	Secretary	under	which	the	Coast	

Guard	is	operating .

Sailing Vessels Under Power

During	the	day,	vessels	under	sail	that	

are	also	being	propelled	by	machinery,	

must	exhibit	forward,	where	it	can	best	

be	seen,	a	black	conical	shape	with	the	

apex	pointing	down .	(See	Figure	10 .)	

ExcEPTION:	If	your	vessel	is	less	

than	39 .4	feet	(12	meters)	in	length,	

then	it	is	not	required	to	display	the	

shape	in	inland	waters .	

Reminder: If you are operating your sailing vessel at night using machinery, or sail and machinery, then your vessel must display the lights 

required for a power-driven vessel. (See Figures 3, 4, and 5.) 

Vessels Restricted in their Ability to Maneuver 

Navigation	Rules	require	vessels	restricted	in	their	ability	to	maneuver	

to	display	appropriate	day	shapes	(ball/diamond/ball)	or	lights .	If	the	

size	of	the	vessel	engaged	in	diving	activities	during	the	day	make	it	

impractical	to	display	the	day	shapes,	then	it	must	exhibit	a	rigid	replica	

of	the	international	code	flag	“Alpha”	not	less	than	3 .3	feet	(1	meter)	in	

height	to	meet	this	requirement .	If	the	diving	activities	are	at	night,	then	

your	vessel	must	display	the	navigation	lights	shown	in	Figure	11 .	This	

requirement	does	not	affect	the	use	of	a	red	and	white	Divers	Flag,	

which	may	be	required	by	state	or	local	law	to	mark	a	diver’s	location .	

The	“A”	flag	is	a	navigation	signal	indicating	your	vessel’s	restricted	

maneuverability	and	does	not	pertain	to	the	location	of	the	diver .	

Figure 9

Figure 11

Figure 10
32 33

Report	the	following	information:	

•	 Location	of	the	incident .

•	 Size/quantity	(estimated	amount	of	material	released) .	

•	 Description,	color,	consistency,	odor .

•	 Date	and	time	observed .

•	 Source	and	cause	of	the	release,	if	known .	

•	 Substance,	if	known .		

•	 Weather	and	any	other	information	that	may	help	emergency	

personnel	respond	to	the	incident .	

Discharge of Garbage 

The	Act	to	Prevent	Pollution	from	Ships	(MARPOL	ANNEX	V)	places

limitations	on	the	discharge	of	garbage	from	vessels .	It	is	illegal	to	

dump	plastic	trash	anywhere	in	the	ocean	or	navigable	waters	of	the	

United	States .	It	is	also	illegal	to	discharge	garbage	in	the	navigable	

waters	of	the	United	States,	including	the	inland	waters	and	anywhere	

in	the	Great	Lakes .	The	discharge	of	other	types	of	garbage	is	permitted	outside	of	specific	distances	offshore	as	determined	by	the	nature	

of	that	garbage .	(See	chart	next	page .)	

Pollution Regulations (33 CFR 151/155) 

Annex	V	of	MARPOL	73/78	prohibits	throwing,	discharging,	or	depositing	any	refuse	matter	of	any	kind	(including	trash,	garbage,	oil,	and	

other	liquid	pollutants)	into	the	waters	of	the	United	States .	

The	Federal	Water	Pollution	Control	Act	prohibits	the	discharge	of	oil	or	

hazardous	substances	that	may	be	harmful	into	U .S .	navigable	waters .	

Vessels	26	feet	and	greater	in	length,	with	machinery	spaces,	must	

display	a	placard	at	least	5	by	8	inches,	made	of	durable	material,	fixed	

in	a	conspicuous	place	in	the	machinery	spaces,	or	at	the	bilge	pump	

control	station,	stating	the	following:	

Regulations	issued	under	the	Federal	Water	Pollution	Control	Act	require	all	vessels	with	propulsion	machinery	to	have	a	capacity	to	retain	

oily	mixtures	on	board	and	be	equipped	with	a	fixed	or	portable	means	

to	discharge	these	oily	mixtures	to	a	reception	facility .		On	recreational	

vessels,	a	bucket,	oil	absorbent	pads,	and	heavy-duty	plastic	bag,	

bailer,	or	portable	pump	are	some	of	the	suitable	means	that	meet	the	

requirement	for	retention	on	board	until	transferring	the	oily	mixture	to	

a	reception	facility .	No	person	may	intentionally	drain	oil	or	oily	waste	

from	any	source	into	the	bilge	of	any	vessel .	You	must	immediately	

notify	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	if	your	vessel	discharges	oil	or	hazardous	

substances	in	the	water .		Call	the	Coast	Guard	National	Response	

Center	toll-free	(800)	424-8802,	or	(202)	267-2675 .

Discharge of Oil Prohibited 

The	Federal	Water	Pollution	Control	Act	prohibits	the	discharge

of	oil	or	oily	waste	upon	or	into	any	navigable	waters	of	the	

United	States .	This	prohibition	includes	any	discharge	that	

causes	a	film	or	discoloration	of	the	surface	of	the	water,	or	

causes	a	sludge	or	emulsion	beneath	the	surface	of	the	water .	

Violators	are	subject	to	substantial	civil	and/or	criminal	sanctions,	including	fines	and	imprisonment .

 .	
34 35

Note:	state	and	local	laws	may	place	further	restrictions	on	the	disposal	

of	garbage .

United	States	vessels	of	26	feet	or	longer	must	display	in	a	prominent	

location,	a	durable	placard	at	least	4	by	9	inches	notifying	the	crew	and	

passengers	of	the	discharge	restrictions .	

United	States	ocean-going	vessels	of	40	feet	or	longer	that	are	engaged	in	commerce	or	equipped	with	a	galley	and	berthing	must	have	

a	written	waste	management	plan	describing	the	procedures	for	collecting,	processing,	storing,	and	discharging	garbage,	and	must	designate	

the	person	in	charge	of	carrying	out	the	plan .	

Marine Sanitation Devices (33 CFR 159)

All	recreational	boats	with	installed	toilet	facilities	must	have	an	operable	marine	sanitation	device	(MSD)	on	board .	Vessels	65	feet	and	

under	may	use	a	Type	I,	II,	or	III	MSD .	Type	I	and	Type	II	are	“flowthrough”	devices,	while	a	holding	tank	is	a	Type	III	device .	Vessels	over	

65	feet	must	install	a	Type	II	or	III	MSD .	All	installed	MSDs	must	be	

U .S .	Coast	Guard-certified .	U .S .	Coast	Guard-certified	devices	are	so	

labeled,	except	for	some	holding	tanks,	which	are	certified	by	definition	

under	the	regulations .	

The	discharge	of	treated	sewage	is	allowed	within	3	nautical	miles	of	

shore	except	in	designated	“No	Discharge	Zone”	areas .		(Untreated	

sewage	may	be	discharged	beyond	3	nautical	miles .)

A “No Discharge Zone” is a body of water where the discharge of

treated or untreated sewage is prohibited. When operating a vessel 

in a No Discharge Zone, the operator must secure the device in a 

manner that prevents any discharge. Some acceptable methods are: 

padlocking overboard discharge valves in the closed position, using 

a non-releasable wire tie to hold overboard discharge valves in the 

closed position, closing overboard discharge valves and removing 

the handle, and locking the door to the space enclosing the toilets. 

Note: these methods for preventing the overboard discharge are only 

required when operating in a No Discharge Zone. State and local laws 

may place further restrictions on overboard discharges. 

Garbage Type 

Plastics	–	includes	synthetic	ropes,	

fishing	nets,	and	plastic	bags	

Comminuted	or	ground	food	waste,	

paper,	rags,	glass,	etc .

Food waste, paper, rags, glass, metal,

bottles,	crockery,	and	similar	refuse

Floating	dunnage,	lining,	and	packing	

materials	

Discharge 

Prohibited	in	all	areas

Prohibited	less	than	3	miles	

from	nearest	land

Prohibited	less	than	12	miles	

from	nearest	land

Prohibited	less	than	25	miles	

from	nearest	land	
36 37

OPERATING PROCEDURES 

Navigation Rules

Boaters	call	navigation	rules	–	the	basic	laws	governing	the	steering	

or	sailing	of	a	boat	–	“The	Rules	of	the	Road .”		These	Rules	define	the	

roles	and	responsibilities	of	vessel	operators .		If	all	operators	followed	

these	rules,	most	accidents	could	be	avoided .	

The	Rules	are	divided	into	two	parts,	Inland	and	International .	Inland	

Rules	apply	to	vessels	operating	inside	the	line	of	demarcation,	while	

International	Rules	apply	outside	that	line .	Demarcation	lines	are	

printed	on	most	navigational	charts	and	are	listed	in	the	Navigation	

Rules .

Print	copies	of	the	rules	can	be	obtained	from	the	Superintendent	of	

Documents,	U .S .	Government	Printing	Office,	P .O .	Box	979050,	St .	

Louis,	MO	63197-9000 .	Tel .	(202)	512-1800,	or	you	can	download	a	

copy	from	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard,	Boating	Safety	Division	website	at	

www .uscgboating .org .

The	operator	of	a	vessel	39 .4	feet	(12	meters)	or	greater	is	responsible	

for	having	and	maintaining	a	copy	of	the	Navigation	Rules	on	board	

while	operating	on	U .S .	inland	waters .	

The	Rules	vary	slightly	depending	on	whether	you	are	boating	on

inland	or	on	international	waters .		As	an	example,	when	operating	on	

inland	waters,	sound	signals	are	signals	of	intent;	when	operating	on	

international	waters,	they	are	signals	of	action .	

Post a lookout.	Designate	someone	to	watch	for	dangers	that	may	

come	from	any	direction .

Maintain a safe speed.	Except	where	speed	is	restricted	by	regulation,	

or	the	waterway	is	marked	as	a	“No	Wake”	or	“Slow	Speed”	area,	you	

must	judge	safe	speed	for	yourself,	taking	into	account	visibility,	vessel	

traffic,	your	boat’s	ability	to	maneuver,	and	the	weather	conditions .

Avoid a collision. The	Rules	of	the	Road	include	the	actions	to	take	

when	encountering	another	vessel	on	the	water .	Some	of	the	most

common	situations	you	may	encounter	are:	overtaking,	meeting	

head-on,	and	crossing	the	bow	of	another	vessel .		In	each	case,	the	

boat	designated	as	the	“give-way”	vessel	is	required	to	yield	to	the	

other	boat,	while	the	boat	designated	as	the	“stand-on”	vessel	should	

maintain	its	course	and	speed .

The	following	diagrams	describe	the	whistle	signals	and	actions	to	be	

taken	by	vessels	in	a	crossing,	meeting,	or	overtaking	situation	while	

operating	in	inland	waters .	These	are	basic	examples;	for	additional	

information,	consult	the	Navigation	Rules .

Crossing Situations 

Overtaking Situation

Give-Way Vessel

should	alter	course	to	pass	

astern	(behind)

1	short	blast	(1	sec .)

Stand-On Vessel

should	maintain	its	course	

and	speed

1	short	blast	(1	sec .)

2	short	blasts

(1	sec .	each)

2	short	blasts

(1	sec .	each)

1	short	blast

(1	sec .)

1	short	blast

(1	sec .)

Stand-On Vessel

Overtaken

Give-Way Vessel

Overtaking

(keep	clear)
38 39

Meeting Head-On Aids to Navigation 

Navigation	buoys	and	beacons	are	placed	along	coastal	and	navigable	

waters	as	guides	to	mark	safe	water	and	hidden	dangers,	as	well	as	

to	assist	boat	operators	in	determining	their	position	in	relation	to	land .	

Each	aid	to	navigation	provides	specific	information .	

Several	Aids	are	usually	used	together	to	form	a	local	system	that	helps	

the	boat	operator	follow	natural	and	improved	channels .	Such	Aids	also	

provide	a	continuous	system	of	charted	markers	for	coastal	piloting .	

Individual	Aids	are	used	to	mark	landfall	from	seaward,	and	to	mark	

isolated	dangers .	

Lateral	markers	are	buoys	or	beacons	that	indicate	the	port	and

starboard	sides	of	a	route	to	be	followed .	Virtually	all	U .S .	lateral	marks	

follow	the	traditional	3-R	principle	of	“Red,	Right,	Returning .”	This	

means	that	when	returning	from	seaward,	keep	the	red	markers	on	the	

right-hand	(starboard)	side	of	the	vessel .	

Boat	operators	should not rely	on	Aids	to	Navigation	alone	for	determining	their	position .	Storms	and	wave	action	can	move	buoys	out	of	

place .	

1	short	blast	(1	sec .) 1	short	blast	(1	sec .)

Port-to-Port	Passing	(preferred)

2	short	blasts	(1	sec .	each) 2	short	blasts	(1	sec .	each)

Starboard-to-Starboard	Passing
40 41

Lateral Aids 

Lateral	aids	marking	the	sides	of	channels,	as	seen	when	entering	from	

seaward .	

Do not	tie	up	your	boat	to	Aids	to	Navigation;	it	is	dangerous	and	

illegal .

Information and Regulatory Markers 

These	orange-and-white	Aids	are	used	to	alert	vessel	operators		

to	various	warnings	and	regulations .	

 .	

Information 

Marks	with	

a	square	

provide	helpful	

information	

such	as	

directions,	

distances,	and	

locations

Restricted 

Operations 

Marks	with	a	

circle	indicate	

areas	with	

regulated	

operations

Danger

A	diamond	

shape	alerts	

boaters	to	

hazards

Exclusion 

A	diamond	

shape	with	a	

cross	means	

boats	are	

prohibited	

from	the	area

Symbol

DANGER

GAS

DOCK

NO WAKE

IDLE SPEED

BOATS 

KEEP OUT

BOAT

RAMP

SWIM AREA

ROCK

mph

5

Meaning Examples

characteristics

•	 White	with	an	orange	horizontal	band	at	both	top	and	bottom .

•	 Black	text	within	or	around	an	orange	square,	circle,	or	diamond;	

or	black	text	outside	a	diamond	with	an	orange	cross .

•	 May	be	buoys	or	beacons .

•	 If	lit,	the	light	will	be	white	and	may	have	any	light	rhythm	except	

quick	flashing,	flashing	(2),	or	Morse	code	“A .”

•	 The	chart	symbol	for	this	type	of	buoy	is:

W	Or
42 43 Vessel Length (in feet) <16 16<26 26<40 40<65 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X 	 X Page556917212325252732343536 Equipment Certificate of Number (State Registration) State Numbering Certificate of Documentation Life Jackets Visual Distress Signals (VDS) Fire Extinguishers Ventilation Sound Producing Devices Backfire Flame Arrestor Navigational Lights Oil Pollution Placard Garbage Placard Marine Sanitation Devices Navigation Rules (Inland Only) QUICK REFERENCE CHART Requirement All	undocumented	vessels	equipped	with	propulsion	machinery	must	be	state	registered .	Certificate	of Number	must	be	on	board	when	the	vessel	is	in	use .	Note	that	some	states	require	all	vessels	to	be	 registered . (a)	 Plain	block	letters/numbers,	not	less	than	3	inches	in	height,	must	be	affixed	on	each	side	of	the	forward	half	 of	the	vessel,	in	a	contrasting	color	to	the	background,	and	read	from	left	to	right . (b)	 State	validation	sticker(s)	must	be	affixed	within	6	inches	of	the	registration	number .	Note:	check	with	your	 local	boating	agency	for	specific	state	requirements .	 Applies	only	to	“Documented”	vessels:							 (a)	 Original	and	current	certificate	must	be	on	board .					 (b)	 Vessel	name/hailing	port	must	be	marked	on	exterior	part	of	hull	in	letters	not	less	than	4	inches	in	height .			 (c)	 Official	Number	must	be	permanently	affixed	on	interior	structure	in	numbers	not	less	than	3	inches	in	height . (a)	 One	Type	I,	II,	III,	or	V	wearable	life	jacket	for	each	person	on	board .		Must	be	U .S .	Coast	Guard-approved .			 (b)	 In	addition,	must	carry	one	Type	IV	throwable	device .				 (a)	 One	electric	distress	light,	or	three	combination	day/night	red	flares .		Note:	only	required	to	be	carried	on	 board	when	the	vessel	is	operating	between	sunset	and	sunrise .	 (b)	 Three	combination	day/night	red	flares	–	hand-held,	meteor,	or	parachute-type,	or	one	orange	distress	flag,	or	 one	electric	distress	light,	or	three	hand-held	or	floating	orange	smoke	signals	and	one	electric	distress	light . (a)	 One	B-I	(when	enclosed	compartment) .							 (b)	 One	B-II	or	two	B-I .	Note:	fixed	system	equals	one	B-I .	 (c)	 One	B-II	and	one	B-I,	or	three	B-I .		Note:	fixed	system	equals	one	B-I .	 (a)	 All	vessels	built	after	April	25,	1940	that	are	gasoline-fueled	with	enclosed	engine	and/or	fuel	tank		 compartments	must	have	natural	ventilation	(at	least	two	ducts	fitted	with	cowls) .					 (b)	 In	addition,	a	vessel	built	after	July	31,	1980	must	have	a	rated	power	exhaust	blower .					 (a)	 A	vessel	of	less	than	39 .4	feet	(12	meters)	must,	at	a	minimum,	have	some	means	of	making	an	efficient	 sound	signal	–	i .e .,	handheld	air	horn,	athletic	whistle .		A	human	voice/sound	is	not	acceptable .					 (b)	 A	vessel	39 .4	feet	(12	meters)	or	greater,	must	have	a	sound-signaling	appliance	capable	of	producing		 an	efficient	sound	signal,	audible	for	1/2	mile,	with	a	4-	to	6-second	duration .	 Required	on	gasoline	engines	installed	after	April	25,	1940,	except	outboard	motors .	 Required	to	be	displayed	from	sunset	to	sunrise	and	in	areas	of	restricted	visibility .					 (a)	 Placard	must	be	at	least	5	by	8	inches	and	made	of	durable	material .						 (b)	 Placard	must	be	posted	in	each	machinery	space	or	at	the	bilge	control	station . (a)	 Placard	must	be	at	least	4	by	9	inches	and	made	of	durable	material .					 (b)	 Displayed	in	a	conspicuous	place	notifying	all	on	board	of	the	discharge	restrictions .					 If	there	is	an	installed	toilet,	the	vessel	must	have	an	operable	MSD	Type	I,	II,	or	III .		 The	operator	of	a	vessel	39	 .4	feet	(12	meters)	or	greater	while	operating	on	U .S .	inland	waters	must	have	 on	board	a	copy	of	these	rules .	
44 45

Safe Water Markers

These	Aids	are	used	to	mark	fairways,	mid-channels,	and	offshore	

approach	points .		They	have	unobstructed	water	on	all	sides .		A	buoy,	

lighted	or	unlighted,	may	show	a	red	topmark .		An	appropriate	nautical	

chart	must	be	consulted	to	determine	exact	position

Nautical Charts 

One of the most important tools for safely navigating waterways is	a	

Nautical Chart .		Today, many recreational boaters use GPS receivers

and perform electronic waypoint navigation .		Although	a	GPS can tell you

where you are in terms of latitude and longitude, it cannot show what is

around or beneath the boat, or what obstacles may be in the way .

Nautical charts show the nature and shape of the coast, including water

depths, marine hazards, general configuration and character of the

bottom, and Aids to Navigation, as well as prominent landmarks, port

facilities, and other relevant information .	Changes brought about by

people and nature require that nautical charts be constantly maintained

and updated to aid safe navigation .

To meet the needs of the boating public, the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration’s National Ocean Service (NOS) produces	a	

variety of nautical charts and related products .	Nautical charts can vary in

scale and format .	Chart scale refers to	a	measurement of an area, not the

distance .	A	chart covering	a	relatively large area is called	a	“small scale”

chart;	a	“large scale” chart will cover	a	relatively small area and show

much greater detail .		Having the most current chart is important .	That is

why the publication date is critical .	Storms and wave action can alter the

coastline, so only up-to-date charts should be used for navigation .	For

all navigation, boat operators should also use the chart that provides the

level of detail needed .	

NOS nautical charts may be purchased directly by mail from the NOS

Distribution Branch or through an authorized agent .		There are more

than 1,700 nautical chart agents that sell NOS charts .	Use the address

and contact numbers below to obtain	a	list of agents near you or to

request	a	free catalog:

 FAA, National Aeronautical Charting Office

	 Distribution	Division,	AJW-3550

	 10201	Good	Luck	Road

	 Glendale,	MD	20769-9700

	 Tel:	(301)	436-8301	or		(800)	638-8972

	 Fax:	(301)	436-6829

	 E-mail:	9-AMC-chartsales@faa .gov	

	 Website:	www .naco .faa .gov/ecomp

Updated	chart	information	can	be	obtained	from	“Local	Notice	to		

Mariners,”	updated	weekly	by	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	and	available

online	at	www .navcen .uscg .gov/lnm/default .htm .

N

A G

N

N

RW	“N”

Unlighted		

with	or	w/o	

sound

N

A G

N

N

MR

RW	“A”

N

A G

N

N

Spherical

SP	“G” N

A G

N

N

Can

RW	“N”

G

N

N

RW	“N”

Mo	(A)

Lighted		

with	or	w/o	

sound

Characteristics

•	 White	and	red	vertical	stripes .

•	 A	variety	of	shapes .

•	 May	be	lettered .

•	 Buoy	may	have	red	topmark .

•	 If	lit:

(Morse	Code	“A”)
46 47

Dams and Navigation Locks

Low-head Dams

Those boating on rivers need

to be aware of their location in

regard to dams in their boating

area .		Low-head, or “fixed crest,”

dams can be difficult to see from

small vessels moving downriver .	They can be extremely

dangerous to small boats and swimmers; so much so they have been

nicknamed “drowning machines .”		Be aware that buoys are not in the

river year round and even when they are they can be moved off station

by the current .	Keep	a	lookout for “Danger Dam” signs .		It is strongly

recommended that boaters use navigation charts,	which provide valuable information on the location of dams and other hazards in the river .

Navigation Locks

A	lock	is	an	engineered	structure	that	enables	vessels	to	move	

between	waterways	of	differing	heights .		There	are	specific	procedures	

in	place	for	navigating	through	locks .		Specifics	may	vary	in	certain	

regions,	but	in	general:

•	 Stay between the red and green buoys that mark the river’s navigable channel .

•	 Request an opening using your marine radio, cell phone, or with

a	sound signal consisting of one prolonged blast (4-6 seconds)

and one short blast (1 second) within one mile of the lock .		Sound

signals can be made by using the lock’s pull-cord or your whistle,

horn, megaphone, or hailer .

•	 Wait for the lock operator to signal you with horn blasts; additional

signals may include traffic lights or flashing lights .

•	 Enter the lock at reduced speed .

•	 Make sure all passengers remain seated and wear their life jackets .

•	 Tie your craft to the mooring devices after entering;	a	minimum of

50 feet of line is recommended .

•	 Use fenders to avoid damage to your vessel and the lock walls .

•	 When through, wait for the lock operator’s signal (horn and/or

lights), then leave the lock at idle speed .

There	is	a	specific	order	of	lockage	priority	among	vessels .	Military		

and	most	commercial	vessels	have	priority	over	recreational	vessels .

LAW ENFORCEMENT

A	vessel	underway	when	hailed	by	a	Coast	Guard	vessel	is	required	

to	heave	to	or	maneuver	as	directed	so	as	to	permit	a	boarding	team	

to	come	aboard .	(See	“U .S .	Coast	Guard	Boarding	Policy:	What	to

Expect”	page	50 .)

Other	federal,	state,	and	local	maritime	law	enforcement	officials	may	

also	board	and	examine	your	vessel,	whether	it	is	numbered,	unnumbered,	or	documented .	U .S .	Coast	Guard	law	enforcement	personnel	

work	with	and	may	also	be	found	aboard	other	agencies’	enforcement	

vessels .

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	may	impose	a	civil	penalty	for	failure	to:	

•	 Comply	with	equipment	requirements .

•	 Report	a	boating	accident .	

•	 Comply	with	other	federal	regulations .

•	 Comply	with	Navigation	Rules .	

Negligent Operation (46 USC 2302 (a) (b))

Federal	law	prohibits	the	negligent	or	grossly	negligent	operation	of	a	

vessel	and/or	interference	with	the	safe	operation	of	a	vessel	so	as	to	

endanger	lives	and/or	property .	The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	may	impose	a	

civil	penalty	for	negligent	operation .	Grossly	negligent	operation	is	a	

criminal	offense	and	an	operator	may	be	fined	up	to	$5,000,	imprisoned	

for	one	year,	or	both .	

Some	actions	that	may	constitute	negligent	or	grossly	negligent		

operation	are:	

•	 Operating	a	boat	in	a	designated	swimming	area .	

•	 Excessive	speed	in	the	vicinity	of	other	boats	or	in	regulated	

waters .	

•	 Hazardous	water	skiing	or	other	water	sports	practices .

•	 Bowriding,	or	riding	on	seatback,	gunwale,	or	transom .

•	 Operating	a	boat	while	under	the	influence	of	alcohol	or	drugs .

Backwash

Boil

Escape Route Low-head Dam
48 49

Boating Under the Influence (BUI) (46 USC 2302 (c)/33 CFR 95)

Operating	a	vessel	while	intoxicated	is	dangerous	and	a	federal	offense .		If	an	operator	of	a	recreational	boat	has	a	blood	alcohol	content	

of	 .08	( .10	in	some	states)	or	greater,	the	operator	is	subject	to	a	civil	

penalty	not	to	exceed	$1,000	a	criminal	penalty	not	to	exceed	$5,000,	

or	a	one-year	imprisonment,	or	both .		Intoxicated	operators	who	are	

cited	by	the	Coast	Guard	may	also	be	cited	by	other	state	or	local	law	

enforcement	officials .	State	criminal	penalties	may	vary	and	could	

include	arrest,	fines,	and/or	loss	of	motor	vehicle	driving	privileges .

Termination of Use (46 USC 4308/33 CFR 177.05)

A	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Boarding	Officer	who	observes	a	vessel	being

operated	in	an	unsafe	condition,	specifically	defined	by	law	or	regulation,	and	determines	that	an	especially	hazardous	condition	exists	that	

cannot	be	corrected	on	the	spot,	may	terminate	the	vessel’s	voyage	

and	direct	the	operator	to	return	to	port .

Termination	for	unsafe	use	may	be	imposed	for:

•	 Insufficient	life-saving	devices .

•	 Insufficient	fire	extinguishers .

•	 An	overloaded	vessel .

•	 Improper	display	of	navigation	lights .

•	 Improper	ventilation	of	fuel	tanks	and	engine	spaces .

•	 Fuel	leak	or	accumulation	of	fuel	in	the	bilges .

•	 Inadequate	backfire	flame	control .

•	 Operating	in	regulated	boating	areas	during	predetermined		

adverse	conditions	(applies	only	to	Thirteenth	USCG	District:	

Idaho,	Montana,	Oregon,	Washington) .

•	 A	manifestly	unsafe	voyage .

An	operator	who	refuses	to	comply	with	the	directions	of	a	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	Boarding	Officer	to	terminate	the	unsafe	use	of	a	recreational	

vessel	can	be	cited	for	failure	to	comply	with	the	Boarding	Officer’s	

instruction,	as	well	as	for	the	specific	violation	that	was	the	basis	for	the	

termination	order .	Violators	may	be	fined	up	to	$1,000,	or	imprisoned	

for	up	to	one	year,	or	both .

Reporting Boating Accidents (33 CFR 173.55) 

The	operator	or	owner	of	any	recreational	boat	is	required	to	file	a	

Boating	Accident	Report	if	the	boat	is	involved	in	an	accident	that	

results	in	any	of	the	following:	

•	 Loss	of	life .

•	 A	person	disappears	from	the	vessel	under	circumstances		

that	indicate	death	or	injury .	

•	 Personal	injury	that	requires	medical	treatment	beyond		

basic	first	aid .	

•	 Damage	to	the	boat	and	other	property	damage	of	$2,000	or	

more .

•	 Complete	loss	of	the	boat .

Boat	operators	are	required	to	report	their	accident	to	local	authorities	

in	the	state	where	the	accident	occurred .	

Fatal Accidents 

Immediate	notification	is	required	for	fatal	accidents .	If	a	person	dies	or	

goes	missing	as	a	result	of	a	recreational	boating	accident,	the	nearest	

state	boating	authority	must	be	notified	without	delay .	The	following	

information	must	be	provided:	

•	 Date,	time,	and	exact	location	of	the	accident .

•	 Name	of	each	person	who	died	or	went	missing .

•	 Number	and	name	of	the	vessel .	

•	 Name	and	address	of	the	owner	and	operator .

Reporting Timelines 

If	a	person	dies,	goes	missing	from	the	boat,	or	receives	injuries	requiring	medical	treatment	beyond	basic	first	aid,	a	formal	report	must	be	

filed	within	48	hours	of	the	accident .	

For	accidents	involving	property	damage	of	$2,000	or	more,	or	the	

complete	loss	of	a	vessel,	a	formal	report	must	be	made	within	10	days .	

Note	that	state	requirements	for	reporting	boating	accidents	may	be	

more	stringent	than	federal	requirements .	Some	states,	for	example,	

may	require	that	all	boating	accidents	be	reported	immediately .	Check	

with	the	local	marine	patrol	or	the	Boating	Law	Administrator	in	the	

state	where	the	accident	occurred	for	the	reporting	procedures	that		
50 51

apply .	To	download	a	Reference	Guide	to	State	Boating	Laws	and	

find	more	information	regarding	accident	reporting,	visit	the	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	Boating	Safety	Division	website	at	www .uscgboating .org .

Rendering Assistance (46 USC 2304) 

The	master	or	person	in	charge	of	a	vessel	is	obligated	by	law	to	

provide	assistance	that	can	be	safely	provided	to	any	individual	in	

danger	at	sea .	The	master	or	person	in	charge	is	subject	to	a	fine	and/

or	imprisonment	for	failure	to	do	so .	

Requesting Assistance (Non-Distress Call) 

If	a	boater contacts the	U .S .	Coast Guard on Channel 16 VHF-FM or

Channel 70 DSC and the situation is determined to be non-distress, the

Coast Guard will offer to contact any assistance provider (commercial or

friend) the boater requests .	If the boater has no preference, the Coast

Guard will issue	a	Marine Assistance Request Broadcast (MARB) .	The

boater may then be contacted directly by another boater “Good Samaritan” or by	a	commercial assistance provider with an offer of help .

U.S. Coast Guard Boarding Policy

Title 14, Section 89, of the United States Code authorizes the U. S. 

Coast Guard to board vessels subject to the jurisdiction of the United 

States, anytime upon the high seas and upon waters over which the 

United States has jurisdiction, to make inquiries, examinations, inspections, searches, seizures, and arrests. 

What to Expect

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	is	a	multi-mission	agency .	Although	its	legacy	

mission	of	saving	lives	at	sea	remains	a	priority,	enforcement	of	maritime	laws	and	homeland	security	has	become	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard’s	

–	and	the	nation’s	–	focus .		The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	conducts	nearly	

70,000	boardings	a	year	in	its	multiple	roles:	enforcing	the	law,	providing	search	and	rescue	services,	promoting	boating	safety,	preventing	

damage	to	marine	environments,	and	helping	to	secure	the	nation’s	

borders .	The	more	time	a	boater	spends	on	the	water,	the	more	likely	

he	or	she	will	experience	a	U .S .	Coast	Guard	boarding .	

During	law	enforcement	boardings,	the	scope	of	the	vessel	inspection	

is	to	determine	the	vessel’s	status	(commercial,	recreational,	passenger,	cargo,	and/or	commercial	fishing)	and	to	check	for	compliance		

with	all	applicable	federal	laws	and	regulations .	

The	decision	to	board	may	be	based	on	a	vessel’s	activity,	location,	

and,	in	some	circumstances,	obvious	violations,	such	as	operating	

at	night	without	navigation	lights,	or	improper	display	of	registration	

numbers .	The	Coast	Guard	vessel	will	usually	radio	a	series	of	preboarding	questions,	such	as:	What	was	the	vessel’s	last	port	of	call	

and	what	is	its	next	port	of	

call?		How	many	persons	

are	on	board?	What	is	the	

purpose	of	your	voyage?	

If	the	Coast	Guard	

decides	to	board,	consider	

it	an	important	opportunity	to	learn	something	

new	about	safety	equipment	and	safe	boating	practices .	Typically,	a	

uniformed	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Boarding	Team	of	two	to	four	officers	

will	come	aboard,	introduce	themselves,	and	state	the	reason	for	the	

boarding .	Like	all	law	enforcement	officers,	they	will	be	armed .	The	

officer	in	charge	will	ask	if	you	have	any	weapons	aboard;	if	so,	they	

will	usually	secure	all	weapons	for	the	duration	of	the	boarding .	They	

will	conduct	an	initial	safety	inspection	to	identify	any	obvious	safety	

hazards	and	to	verify	the	general	seaworthiness	of	your	vessel .

The	officer	will	then	ask	to	see	the	vessel’s	registration	or	other	documentation	and	proceed	to	a	more	detailed	inspection	of	your	required	

safety	equipment:	life	jackets,	fire	extinguishers,	flares,	etc .	You	should	

know	that	the	Boarding	Officer	will	check	every	aspect	of	each	item	

on	the	list .	For	example,	with	life	jackets	–	the	item	most	frequently	

cited	for	violations	–	the	officer	will	check	to	see	if	you	have	U .S .	Coast	

Guard-approved	life	jackets	on	board,	in	good	and	serviceable	condition,	properly	stowed,	and	the	correct	size	for	the	intended	wearers .		

When	the	boarding	is	complete,	the	officer	will	provide	you	with	a	report	

of	the	boarding,	noting	the	results	of	the	inspection	of	your	vessel .		In	

the	event	of	a	violation,	the	Boarding	Officer	will	explain	the	results	and	

the	procedures	you	will	need	to	follow	to	bring	your	vessel	into	compliance .	If	you	have	any	questions,	ask	the	Boarding	Officer	before	the	

team	departs .	
52 53

VESSEL SAFETy CHECK 

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	would	like	to	see	all	

vessels	in	compliance	with	equipment	carriage	

requirements	and	safely	operated .	If	you	are	

uncertain	about	the	safety	requirements	for	

your	vessel,	one	way	to	make	sure	you	are	in	

compliance	is	to	schedule	a	Vessel	Safety	Check	(VSC),	offered	as	

a	free	public	service	by	the	United	States	Coast	Guard	Auxiliary	and	

United	States	Power	Squadrons®,	volunteer	organizations	dedicated	

to	assisting	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	in	promoting	boating	safety .	Other	

federal	and	state	agencies	may	also	conduct	these	Vessel	Safety

Checks .		(Find	out	more	at	www .safetyseal .net .)	

A	VSC	is	not	a	law	enforcement	action;	however,	in	some	states	

qualified	marine	law	enforcement	personnel	may	conduct	Vessel	Safety	

Checks .	Qualified	examiners	will	come	to	your	vessel	and	conduct	

a	courtesy	examination	of	safety	equipment	carried	or	installed	and	

certain	aspects	of	the	vessel’s	overall	condition .	VSC	requirements	

parallel	federal	and	state	requirements	with	regard	to	equipment	and	

vessel	condition .	Those	vessels	that	pass	will	be	awarded	a	VSC	decal	

indicating	a	successful	check .	

The	items	checked	during	a	VSC	are:	

•	 Navigation	lights .	

•	 Sound	producing	devices/bell .	

•	 Voice	communications .

•	 Life	jackets	and	throwable	flotation	devices .	

•	 Fire	extinguishers .	

•	 Visual	distress	signals .	

•	 Backfire	flame	control .	

•	 Overall	vessel	condition,	including	electric-fuel	systems,		

galley-heating	systems,	deck	free	of	hazards/clean	bilge .	

•	 Ventilation .	

•	 Proper	display	of	numbers .

•	 Pollution	placard	(oily	waste	discharge) .	

•	 MARPOL	trash	placards	(garbage	dumping	restriction) .	

•	 Marine	sanitation	device .	

•	 Registration/documentation .

•	 Navigation	Rules	book .	

•	 State	and/or	local	requirements .	

Other recommended equipment

While	not	required,	the	following	are	also	strongly	recommended:

•	 VHF-FM	Marine	Radio	with	Digital	Selective	Calling	System .

•	 Dewatering	Device	and	Backup .

•	 Mounted	Fire	Extinguishers .

•	 Anchor	and	Line .

•	 First	Aid	Kit .

•	 Person-in-Water	(PIW)	Kit .

•	 Capacity	Plates .

During	the	Vessel	Safety	

Check,	the	vessel	examiner	

will	discuss	with	the	recreational	boater	the	purpose	of	

specific	marine	safety	equipment,	will	clarify	federal	and	

state	regulations,	will	discuss	

certain	safety	procedures,	and	

will	answer	any	boating-related	

questions .	Some	of	the	topics	discussed	are:		

•	 Accident	reporting/owner	responsibility .	

•	 Charts	and	Aids	to	Navigation .	

•	 Offshore	operation .

•	 Inflatable	life	rafts .

•	 Immersion	suits .	

•	 Survival	tips .

•	 First	aid .	

•	 Float	plans .	

•	 Weather	and	sea	conditions .	

•	 Insurance	considerations .

•	 Fueling	and	fuel	management .	

•	 Boating	checklist .	

•	 Availability	of	boating	safety	classes .	

•	 America’s	Waterway	Watch .

For More Information 

To	schedule	a	Vessel	Safety	Check,	or	for	more	information	on	the	

Vessel	Safety	Check	Program,	contact	your	local	U .S .	Coast	Guard	

Auxiliary	or	United	States	Power	Squadrons,	state	boating	agency,	or	

visit	the	Vessel	Safety	Check	website	at	www .safetyseal .net .		
54 55

SAFETy AND SURVIVAL TIPS

Safe Boating Education

Training	is	important	for	boaters	of	all	experience	levels,	but	especially	

for	the	beginning	boater .	In	a	typical	year,	approximately	70	percent	of	

accidents	involving	fatalities	occur	on	boats	where	the	boat	operator	

has	had	no	formal	instruction	on	

how	to	operate	the	vessel .	As	a	

result,	more	than	half	of	all	states	

have	enacted	legislation	mandating	boater	safety	education	as	a	

requirement	for	boat	operators .	

Boating	safety	is	no	accident .	

To	further	develop	your	boating	

knowledge,	proficiency,	and	

confidence,	take	a	boating	safety	

course .	

To	locate	local	course	offerings,	or	for	more	information	on	recreational	

boating	and	boating	safety,	contact	your	state	boating	agency,	U .S .	

Coast	Guard	District	office,	or	one	of	the	organizations	listed	below:		

Operator’s Responsibilities 

Your	degree	of	enjoyment	on	the	water	depends	on	you,	your		

equipment,	and	other	people	who,	like	yourself,	boat	responsibly .		

As	a	boat	operator,	you	should:	

•	 Make	sure	that	everyone	on	board	is	wearing	a	U .S .	Coast	

Guard-approved	life	jacket	at	all	times	while	on	the	water .

•	 Take	a	boating	safety	course .

•	 Never	operate	a	vessel	while	under	the	influence	of	alcohol	or	

dangerous	drugs .

•	 Make	sure	your	boat	is	in	top	operating	condition .		It	should	be	

free	of	tripping	hazards	and	fire	hazards,	and	have	clean	bilges .

•	 Make sure the required safety equipment is on board, maintained in

good working order, and that you know how to use these devices .

•	 Always	file	a	float	plan	with	a	relative	or	friend .	

•	 Have	a	complete	understanding	of	the	operation	and	handling	

characteristics	of	your	boat .

•	 Know	your	location,	where	you	are	going,	and	how	to	return .	

•	 Maintain	a	safe	speed	at	all	times	to	avoid	collision .	

•	 Keep	an	eye	out	for	changing	weather	conditions,	and	act		

accordingly .	

•	 Know	and	follow	the	“Rules	of	the	Road”	(Navigation	Rules .)

•	 Know and obey federal and state regulations and waterway

markers .

•	 Be	sure	to	maintain	a	proper	lookout .	Scan	the	water	back	and	

forth .	Stay	alert .	Most	boating	accidents	are	caused	by	operator	

inattention .

Remember, you are the key to safe boating!

Carbon Monoxide Hazards 

Carbon	Monoxide	(CO)	can	be	a	silent	killer	on	houseboats	and	other	

recreational	vessels .	Each	year,	boaters	are	injured	or	killed	by	carbon	

monoxide .	Virtually	all	such	poisonings	are	preventable .	

Carbon	monoxide	is	a	by-product	of	the	combustion	of	carbon-based	

material,	such	as	gasoline,	propane,	charcoal,	or	wood .	Common	

sources	aboard	boats	include	main	and	auxiliary	engines,	generators,	

cooking	ranges,	space	heaters,	and	water	heaters .	Note	that	cold	

and	poorly	tuned	engines	produce	more	carbon	monoxide	than	warm,	

properly	tuned	engines .	

Take Time to Reflect on Safety 

Safe Boating Begins Here ... with You!

United States Coast Guard 

Auxiliary

National	Headquarters	

www .cgaux .org		

United States Power 

Squadrons®

National	Headquarters	

(888)	367-8777	

www .usps .org	

National Association 

of State Boating Law 

Administrators 

(859)	225-9487	

www .nasbla .org	

National Safe Boating Council 

(703)	361-4294		

www .safeboatingcouncil .org	

BoatU.S. Foundation 

(800)	245-2628	

www .boatus .com/foundation

U .S .	Coast	Guard	District	Offices	

are	listed	on	the	inside	back	

cover .
56 57

CO	can	collect	within	a	boat	in	a	variety	of	ways .	Exhaust	leaks	–	the	

leading	cause	of	carbon	monoxide	fatalities	–	can	allow	CO	to	migrate	

throughout	the	boat	and	into	enclosed	areas .	Even	properly	vented	exhaust	can	re-enter	a	boat	if	it	is	moored	too	close	to	a	dock	or	another	

boat,	or	if	the	exhaust	is	pushed	back	by	prevailing	winds .	Exhaust	can	

also	re-enter	boats	when	cruising	under	certain	conditions,	especially	

with	canvas	in	place,	which	produces	the	“station	wagon”	effect .		Exhaust	can	also	collect	in	enclosed	spaces	near	the	stern	swim	platform .	

What To Do 

Schedule	regular	engine	and	exhaust	system	maintenance	inspections	

by	experienced	and	trained	mechanics .	

Be	aware	that	dangerous	concentrations	of	CO	can	accumulate	when	

a	boat,	generator,	or	other	fueled	device	is	operated	while	the	boat	is	at	

a	pier,	near	a	seawall,	or	alongside	another	boat .	Do	not	run	engines	or	

equipment	for	extended	periods	of	time	under	these	conditions	without	

continuous	monitoring .	

Keep	forward-facing	hatches	open	to	allow	fresh	air	to	circulate	in	accommodation	spaces,	even	in	inclement	weather .	

Keep	people	clear	of	the	rear	deck	area	and	swim	platform	of	the	boat	

while	the	generator	or	engines	are	running .	Always	monitor	the	swimming	area .

Another	dangerous	practice	to	avoid	is	the	towed	water	sport	of	“teak”	

surfing	(also	referred	to	as	“drag”	or	“platform”	surfing) .		Teak	surfing	is	

an	activity	where	participants	hang	on	to	the	boat’s	swim	platform	while	

the	boat	moves	forward	slowly	through	the	water	and	the	participants	

surf	in	its	wake .		This	is	dangerous	on	two	levels:	it	places	individuals	in	close	proximity	to	the	vessel’s	propeller,	and	it	exposes	them	to	

dangerously	high	levels	of	carbon	monoxide	created	by	the	vessel’s	

exhaust .	Individuals	can	lose	consciousness	in	seconds .	Teak	surfing	

is	a	dangerous	practice	that	has	been	prohibited	by	law	in	many	states .

Do	not	confuse	carbon	monoxide	poisoning	with	seasickness	or	intoxication .	lf	someone	on	board	complains	of	irritated	eyes,	headaches,	

nausea,	weakness,	or	dizziness,	immediately	move	the	person	to	fresh	

air,	investigate	the	cause,	and	take	corrective	action .	If	necessary,	seek	

medical	attention .	

Install	a	carbon	monoxide	detector	in	each	accommodation	space	on	

your	boat .	Check	the	detectors	periodically	to	be	sure	they	are		

functioning	properly .	

Carbon Monoxide Checklist

Each	Trip:	

•	 Make	sure	all	exhaust	clamps	are	in	place	and	secure .	

•	 Look	for	exhaust	leaking	from	the	exhaust	system	components,	

as	evidenced	by	rust	and/or	black	streaking,	water	leaks,	or	corroded	or	cracked	fittings .	

•	 Inspect	rubber	exhaust	hoses	for	burned	or	cracked	sections .	All	

rubber	hoses	should	be	pliable	and	free	of	kinks .	

•	 Confirm	that	cooling	water	flows	from	the	exhaust	outlet	when	the	

engines	and	generator	are	started .	

•	 Listen	for	any	change	in	exhaust	sound	that	could	indicate	a	

failure	of	an	exhaust	component .	

•	 Test	the	operation	of	each	carbon	monoxide	detector .

•	 Do not operate	the	vessel	if	any	of	these	problems	exist .	

Annual	Maintenance	to	be	Performed	by	a	Qualified	Marine	Technician:	

•	 Replace	exhaust	hoses	if	any	evidence	of	cracking,	charring,	or	

deterioration	is	found .		

•	 Inspect	each	water	pump	impeller	and	inspect	the	condition	of	

the	water	pump	housing .	Replace	if	worn	or	cracked	(refer	to	the	

engine	and	generator	manuals	for	further	information) .	

•	 Inspect	each	of	the	metallic	exhaust	components	for	cracking,	

rusting,	leaking,	or	looseness .	Pay	particular	attention	to	the

cylinder	head,	exhaust	manifold,	and	water	injection	elbow .	

•	 Clean,	inspect,	and	confirm	the	proper	operation	of	the	generator	

cooling	water	anti-siphon	valve	(if	so	equipped) .	

Regular	maintenance	and	proper	operation	of	the	boat	are	the	best	

defenses	against	poisoning	from	carbon	monoxide .	To	find	out	more	

about	how	you	can	prevent	carbon	monoxide	poisoning	on	recreational	

boats,	visit	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Boating	Safety	Division	website	at	

www .uscgboating .org/command/co .htm .
58 59

Overloading 

Never	load	your	boat	with	passengers	and	cargo	beyond	its	safe	

carrying	capacity .	Too	many	people	and/or	too	much	gear	can	cause	

the	boat	to	become	unstable .	Always	balance	the	load	so	that	the	boat	

maintains	proper	trim .	When	loading	your	boat:	

•	 Distribute	the	load	evenly	fore	and	aft	and	from	side	to	side .	

•	 Keep	the	load	low	in	the	boat .	

•	 Keep	passengers	seated;	avoid	standing	in	small	boats .	

•	 Secure	gear	to	prevent	shifting .	

•	 Do	not	exceed	the	load	specified	in	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Maximum	Capacities	information	label,	commonly	called	the	“capacity

plate,”	required	by	federal	law	on	motorized	mono-hull	boats	less	

than	20	feet	in	length .

If	there	is	no	capacity	plate,	use	the	following	formula	as	a	guide	to	determine	the	maximum	number	of	persons	you	can	safely	carry	in	calm	

weather .	The	formula	is	applicable	only	to	mono-hull	boats	less	than	

20	feet	(12	meters)	in	length .	A	mono-hull	is	a	boat	that	makes	a	single	

“footprint”	in	the	water	when	loaded	to	its	rated	capacity;	catamarans,	

trimarans,	and	pontoon	boats	are	not	mono-hull	boats .

Anchoring 

Anchoring	is	done	for	two	principal	reasons:	1)	to	stop	for	fishing,		

swimming,	lunch,	or	an	overnight	stay,	and	2)	to	keep	the	boat	from	

running	aground	in	bad	weather	or	as	a	result	of	engine	failure .			

Anchoring	can	be	a	simple	task	if	you	follow	these	guidelines:	

•	 Make	sure	you	have	the	proper	type	of	anchor	(Danforth/Plow/

Mushroom) .	

•	 Attach	a	3-6	foot	length	of	galvanized	chain	to	the	anchor .		A	

chain	will	withstand	abrasion	by	sand,	rock,	or	mud	on	the	bottom	

much	better	than	a	fiber	line .	

•	 Attach	a	length	of	nylon	anchor	line	to	the	end	of	the	chain	using	

an	anchor	swivel,	a	combination	called	the	“Rode .”		The	nylon	

will	stretch	under	the	

impact	of	heavy	waves	

or	wind,	cushioning	the	

strain	on	the	boat	and	

the	anchor .	

•	 Select	an	area	that	

offers	maximum	protection	from	wind,	current,	

and	boat	traffic .	

•	 Determine	the	water	

depth	and	type	of	bottom	(preferably	sand	or	mud) .

•	 Calculate	the	amount	of	anchor	line	you	will	need	to	let	out .	The	

general	rule	is	five	to	seven	times	as	much	line	as	the	depth	of	

water	plus	the	distance	from	the	surface	of	the	water	to	where	the	

anchor	will	attach	to	the	bow .	For	example,	if	the	water	is	eight	

feet	deep	and	it	is	two	feet	from	the	surface	of	the	water	to	your	

bow	cleat,	you	would	multiply	10	feet	by	5	or	7	to	get	the	amount	

of	anchor	line	to	put	out .	(See	diagram	below .)	

MAXIMUM HORSE POWER

MAXIMUM PERSONS CAPACITY (POUNDS)

MAXIMUM WEIGHT CAPACITY

THIS BOAT COMPLIES WITH U.S. COAST GUARD SAFETY 

STANDARDS IN EFFECT ON THE DATE OF CERTIFICATION

PERSONS MOTOR & GEAR (POUNDS)

MODEL NO. SERIAL NO.

MFO. BY

U.S. COAST GUARD CAPACITY INFORMATION

Boat Width (in feet)

2.5

1

1

2

2

3

3

3

1

2

2

3

3

4

3.5

2

2

3

3

4

4

4

2

3

3

4

4

5

4.5

3

3

4

4

5

5

5

3

4

4

5

5

6

5.5

4

4

5

5

6

6

6

4

5

5

6

6

7

Boat Length 

(in feet)

6

8

10

12

14

16

Maximum	Number	of	Persons		= 	Boat	Length		X		Boat	Width	

				 			15

DEPTH

OF WATER LENGTH OF ANCHOR LINE: 50-70 FEET

8 FEET

SCOPE 7:1

Scope above

waterline: 2 feet

1 .	SCREW	PIN	SHACKLE

2 .	SWIVEL

3 .	THIMBLE

4 .	CHAFING	CHAIN

5 .	ANCHOR	SHANK

1

2

3

5

4
60 61

•	 Secure	the	anchor	line	to	the	bow	cleat	at	the	point	you	want	it	to	

stop .	

•	 Bring	the	bow	of	the	vessel	into	the	wind	or	current .	

•	 When	you	get	to	the	spot	you	want	to	anchor,	place	the	engine	in	

neutral .	

•	 When	the	boat	comes	to	a	stop,	slowly	lower	the	anchor .	Do	not	

throw	the	anchor	over,	as	throwing	tends	to	foul	the	anchor	line .	

•	 When	all	of	the	line	has	been	let	out,	back	down	on	the	anchor	

with	the	engine	in	idle	reverse	to	help	set	the	anchor	firmly	on	the	

bottom .	

•	 When	the	anchor	is	set,	take	note	of	reference	points	(landmarks)	

in	relation	to	the	boat .		Check	these	points	frequently	to	make

sure	you	are	not	drifting .		

Do not	anchor	from	the	stern!!	

Anchoring	by	the	stern	has	caused	many	boats	–	small	boats	especially	–	to	capsize	and	sink .	The	reason	is	that	the	transom	is	usually	

squared	off	and	has	less	freeboard	than	the	bow .	In	addition,	the	stern	

may	be	carrying	the	added	weight	of	a	motor,	fuel	tank,	or	gear	brought	

on	board .		In	a	strong	current,	the	force	of	the	water	can	pull	the	

stern	under .	Anchoring	at	the	stern	also	makes	the	boat	vulnerable	to	

swamping	by	wave	action .	

Vessels Operating Offshore

If	you	operate	your	vessel	offshore,	you	should	consider	carrying	additional	safety	equipment	beyond	the	minimum	federal	requirements .	

This	equipment	should	include	appropriate	communications	gear,	an	

inflatable	life	raft,	an	Emergency	Position	Indicating	Radio	Beacon	

(EPIRB),	and	a	means	of	accurately	determining	your	location .	In	cold	

waters,	you	should	also	carry	an	immersion	suit	for	everyone	on	board .	

Do	not	underestimate	the	danger	of	hypothermia .		

Communications 

Carry communications gear	–	a	marine VHF-FM and/or HF transceiver(s)

–	appropriate	to	your	operating	area .	Cellular	phone	coverage	is	available	in	many	coastal	areas,	but	should not be	considered	a	substitute	

for	VHF-FM	marine	band	radios	for	emergency	purposes .

Improper	use	of	a	radio-telephone	is	a	criminal	offense .		The	use	of	

obscene,	indecent,	or	profane	language	during	radio	communications		

is	a	federal	offence .	Penalties	exist	for	misuse	of	a	radio,	such	as		

issuing	a	false	distress	call .	

Channel	16	is	the	primary	VHF-FM	marine	radio	calling	and	distress	

channel .		It	is	not	to	be	used	for	general	conversation	or	radio	checks .	

Such traffic should be conducted on another authorized working channel .	

Inflatable Life Rafts 

An	inflatable	life	raft	can	

provide	a	survival	platform	

for	an	extended	period	of	

time .	Make	sure	the	life	

raft	is	large	enough	for	

everyone	on	board	when	

the	boat	operates	offshore .	

It	should	have	the	appropriate	emergency	equipment	pack,	and	should	be	professionally	serviced	

periodically,	according	to	the	manufacturer’s	instructions .	U .S .	Coast	

Guard-approved	life	rafts	must	meet	a	number	of	stringent	material	and	

performance	standards .	

Satellite EPIRBs

406	MHz	Satellite	Emergency	Position	Indicating	Radio	Beacons	

(EPIRBs)	are	designed	to	quickly	and	reliably	alert	rescue	personnel,	

indicate	an	accurate	distress	position,	and	guide	rescue	units	to	the	distress	scene,	even	when	all	other	communications	fail .	(See	page	75 .)

Life Raft 

RESCUE

COORDINATION CENTER

SARSAT

MISSION CONTROL

GROUND

STATION

VESSEL IN TROUBLE

EPRIBs

SATELLITE

SEARCH & RESCUE

position,

other communications

SATELLITE
62 63

Immersion Suits 

Immersion	suits	will	delay	the	effects	of	hypothermia	in	cold	water .	

(See	page	63 .)	They	should	be	properly	stowed	and	maintained	in	accordance	with	the	manufacturer’s	instructions .	

Determining your Location

It	is	advisable	to	carry	on	board	a	device	to	determine	your	position,	

such	as	a	Global	Positional	System	(GPS) .	These	devices	can	be	

mounted	or	hand-held	and	will	provide	the	boater	with	an	accurate	

location	to	aid	rescue	agencies	in	the	event	of	an	emergency .	

Small Boats, Hunters, Anglers, and Paddlers 

Many	hunters,	anglers,	and	paddlers	do	not	think	of	themselves	as	

boaters,	yet	they	use	semi-V	hull	vessels,	flat-bottom	jon	boats,	or	canoes	and	kayaks	in	pursuit	of	their	sport .		These	boats	tend	to	be	less	

stable	and	can	easily	capsize .	Capsizings,	sinkings,	or	falls	overboard	

from	small	boats	account	for	70	percent	of	all	boating	fatalities .	Operators	need	to	be	fully	aware	of	their	boat’s	limitations	and	possess	the	

skill	and	knowledge	to	overcome	them .		

Standing	in	a	small	boat	raises	the	center	of	gravity	and	risks	capsizing	

the	boat .		Standing	for	any	reason,	even	changing	seating	position,	

can	be	dangerous,	as	is	sitting	on	the	gunwales	or	seat	backs,	or	on	a	

pedestal	seat	while	underway .	A	raised	center	of	gravity	means	that	a	

wave,	wake,	or	sudden	turn	can	capsize	the	boat	or	result	in	a	person	

falling	overboard .			

Staying Afloat

If	the	boat	capsizes,	or	you	fall	overboard,	follow	these	rules	to	stay	

afloat:	

•	 Remain	calm:	do	not	thrash	about	or	try	to	remove	clothing	or	

footwear .	It	is	a	common	belief	that	persons	dressed	in	heavy	

clothing	or	waders	will	sink	immediately	if	they	fall	overboard .		

This	is	not	true .	Air	trapped	in	clothing	provides	considerable

flotation,	and	bending	the	knees	will	trap	air	in	waders,	providing	

additional	flotation .	Thrashing	in	the	water	leads	to	exhaustion	

and	increases	the	loss	of	air	that	keeps	you	afloat .	

•	 If	you	are	wearing	a	life	jacket,	keep	it	on .	

•	 Keep	your	knees	bent .	

•	 Float	on	your	back	and	paddle	slowly	to	safety .	

Cold-Water Survival

Sudden	immersion	in	cold	water	can	induce	rapid,	uncontrolled	breathing,	cardiac	arrest,	and	other	physical	conditions	that	can	result	in	

drowning .	In	an	unexpected	plunge,	or	in	situations	where	you	must	

enter	cold	water,	here	are	a	few	guidelines	to	follow:

•	 Button	up	your	clothing .	

•	 Cover	your	head	if	possible;	about	50	percent	of	body	heat	is	lost	

from	the	head .		

•	 If	entering	the	water	voluntarily,	enter	slowly .	

•	 Keep	your	head	out	of	the	water	if	possible .	

•	 If	you	cannot	immediately	get	out	of	the	water	and	rescue	is	

not	imminent,	draw	your	

knees	to	your	chest	and	

wrap	your	arms	across	

your	chest,	hugging	your	

life	jacket	in	the	Heat	

Escape	Lessening	Posture	

(H .E .L .P .)	This	will	protect	

the	major	areas	of	your	

body	from	heat	loss .	

•	 If	your	boat	has	capsized	

and	there	are	others	in	

the	water	with	you,	huddle	together	with	your	arms	around	each	

other .	These	huddles	are	good	for	morale,	keep	everyone	together,	and	make	a	larger	target	to	spot	in	the	water	–	all	of	which	

increase	your	chances	of	being	seen	and	rescued .		

Hypothermia

Immersion	in	cold	water	speeds	the	loss	of	body	heat	and	can	lead	to	

hypothermia .	Hypothermia	is	the	abnormal	lowering	of	internal	body	

temperature .		If	your	vessel	capsizes,	it	will	likely	float	on	or	just	below	

the	surface .		Outboard-powered	vessels,	built	after	1978,	are	designed	

to	support	you	even	if	full	of	water	or	capsized .		To	reduce	the	effects	

of	hypothermia,	get	in	or	on	the	boat .	Try	to	get	as	much	of	your	body	

out	of	the	water	as	possible .		If	you	do	not	get	in	the	boat,	a	life	jacket	

will	enable	you	to	keep	your	head	out	of	the	water .		This	is	important	

because	about	50	percent	of	body	heat	loss	is	from	the	head .

H.E.L.P. Position 
64 65

Cold	water	survival	can	be	broken	down	into	three	phases:

•	 cold Shock:	an	initial	deep	and	sudden	gasp	followed	by	hyperventilation .		Cold	shock	will	pass	in	about	one	minute .

•	 cold Incapacitation:	in	the	next	10	minutes	you	will	lose	the	

effective	use	of	your	fingers,	arms,	and	legs	for	any	meaningful	

movement .		Concentrate	on	self-rescue .

•	 Hypothermia: Depending	on	the	temperature	of	the	water,	loss	of	

consciousness	may	occur	in	as	little	as	one	hour .

For	more	information,	see	Cold	Water	Boot	Camp	at		

www .watersafetycongress .org .

It	may	be	possible	to	revive	a	drowning	victim	who	has	been	under	

water	for	considerable	time	and	shows	no	signs	of	life .		Numerous	

documented	cases	exist	where	victims	have	been	resuscitated	with	no	

apparent	harmful	effects	after	long	immersions .		Start	CPR	immediately	

and	get	the	victim	to	a	hospital	as	quickly	as	possible .

The	Danger	Zone	indicates	conditions	where	safety	precautions	and	

appropriate	behavior	(adopting	H .E .L .P .)	can	make	the	difference	

between	death	and	survival .	

Trailering 

Legal Requirements

Be	sure	your	boat	trailer	has	current	state	registration	and	license	

plates,	and	working	lights .		Also,	if	your	boat	is	more	than	8 .5	feet	wide,	

it	may	require	a	special	permit	from	your	state	Department	of	Transportation	before	transporting	it	on	the	highway .

Safety

A	boat	hull	is	designed	for	even	support	on	the	water .	When	transported	on	a	trailer,	your	boat	should	be	supported	as	evenly	as	possible	

across	the	hull	to	allow	for	even	distribution	of	the	weight	of	the	boat	

and	any	contents .	Your	trailer	should	be	long	enough	to	support	the	full	

length	of	the	hull,	but	short	enough	to	allow	the	boat	engine	–	secured	

and	in	the	full	“up”	position	–	to	extend	freely .	

Before	towing:

•	 Be	sure	the	tow	ball	and	coupler	are	the	same	size	and	that	all	

bolts	with	washers	are	tightly	secured .	The	coupler	should	be	

completely	over	the	ball	and	the	latching	mechanism	locked .

•	 Balance	the	load	evenly	from	front	to	rear	and	side-to-side .	Too	

much	weight	on	the	hitch	will	cause	the	rear	wheels	of	the	tow	

vehicle	to	drag	and	may	make	steering	difficult .	Too	much	weight	

on	the	rear	of	the	trailer	will	cause	the	trailer	to	“fishtail .”

•	 Check	that	safety	chains	are	attached,	trailer	lights	function	properly,	tires	(including	the	spare)	are	adequately	inflated,	brakes	are	

fully	functional,	and	side	mirrors	are	large	enough	to	provide	an	

unobstructed	view	on	both	sides	of	the	vehicle .

•	 Secure	all	equipment	inside	the	boat .		Secure	the	boat	cover,	if	

used,	so	that	it	will	not	blow	off	or	tear	while	towing .

Pre-Launching Preparations

•	 To	save	time,	prepare	your	boat	for	launching	away	from	the	

ramp .	Remove	engine	supports	and	tie-downs,	and	make	sure	the	

winch	is	properly	attached	to	the	bow	eye	and	locked	in	position .	

Disconnect	the	trailer	lights	to	prevent	shorting	of	the	electrical	

system	or	burning	out	a	bulb .

•	 Install	the	drain	plug .	Make	ready	dock	lines,	fenders,	and	boat	

hooks .	Attach	a	line	to	the	bow	and	the	stern	of	the	boat	so	the	

Duration of Immersion (Hours)

Water Temperature (°F)

30°										40°										50°										60°										70°

5

4

3

2

1

High Probability 

of Death

Low Probability 

of Death

Danger Zone
66 67

boat	cannot	drift	away	after	launching	and	can	be	easily	maneuvered	to	the	docking	area .

•	 Visually	inspect	the	launch	ramp	for	hazards,	such	as	a	steep	

drop	off,	slippery	area,	and	sharp	objects .		Proceed	slowly	to	the	

ramp,	remembering	that	your	boat	is	just	resting	on	the	trailer	and	

attached	only	at	the	bow .	Have	one	person	in	the	boat	and	one	at	

the	water’s	edge	to	help	guide	the	driver	of	the	tow	vehicle .

•	 Double-check	that	you	have	installed	the	drain	plug .

Launching

•	 Keep	the	trailer’s	rear	wheels	(and	the	boat’s	exhaust	pipes)	out	

of	the	water .	If	the	exhaust	pipes	become	immersed	in	the	water,	

the	engine	may	stall .

•	 Set	the	parking	brake	and	place	tire	chocks	behind	rear	wheels .	

Check	boat	systems,	blower,	bilge,	pumps,	and	lights .	Lower	

the	motor .	Start	the	boat	engine	and	make	sure	water	is	passing

through	the	engine	cooling	system .

•	 Make	sure	someone	on	shore	is	holding	the	lines	attached	to	the	

boat .	Release	the	winch	and	disconnect	the	winch	line	from	the	

bow	when	the	boat	operator	is	ready .		Launch	with	a	light	shove

or	by	backing	off	the	trailer	under	power .	

Retrieval

•	 As	you	approach	the	takeout	ramp,	note	any	changes	in	the	

current,	tide,	wind	direction	and/or	velocity,	and	any	increases	in	

boating	traffic	that	could	make	retrieval	more	difficult .	Maneuver	

the	boat	carefully	to	the	submerged	trailer	and	raise	the	lower	unit	

of	the	engine .	

•	 Winch	the	boat	onto	the	trailer	and	secure	it .	Drive	the	trailer	with	

boat	aboard	carefully	out	of	the	ramp	to	a	designated	parking	

area	for	cleanup,	reloading,	and	an	equipment	safety	check .	

•	 Remove	the	drain	plug .	Wash	the	trailer	and	boat,	and	flush	

the	engine	with	fresh	water .		This	will	help	prevent	the	transfer	

or	spread	of	invasive	species .		In	some	areas	special	washing	

stations	are	provided	and	must	be	used .		Check	with	your	local	

marine	patrol	agencies .

Fueling Precautions 

Most	fires	and	explosions	happen	during	or	shortly	after	fueling .	To	

avoid	an	accident,	follow	these	safety	guidelines .

•	 Refuel	any	portable	tanks	ashore .	

•	 Close	all	hatches	and	other	openings	before	refueling .	Extinguish	

all	smoking	materials .		Turn	off	engines,	all	electrical	equipment,	

radios,	stoves,	and	other	appliances .	Remove	all	passengers .	

•	 Keep	the	fill	nozzle	in	contact	with	the	tank	and	wipe	up	any	

spilled	fuel .	

•	 After	fueling,	open	all	ports,	hatches,	and	doors	to	ventilate .	Run	

the	blower	for	at	least	four	minutes .	Check	the	bilges	for	fuel

vapors	before	starting	the	engine .	Do	the	“sniff	test”	to	make	sure	

there	is	no	odor	of	gasoline	anywhere	in	the	boat .	

Do not start the engine until all traces of fuel vapors are eliminated!

Fuel Management 

Practice	the	“One-Third	Rule”	by	using:

•	 One-third	of	the	fuel	to	go	out .

•	 One-third	to	get	back .

•	 One-third	held	in	reserve .	

Propeller Blade Warning 

Never	forget	the	danger	to	persons	in	the	water	and	injuries	that	boat	

propellers	can	inflict .		Most	propeller	injuries	and	fatalities	involve	open	

motorboats	from	16	to	25	feet	in	length	and	result	from	operator	inattention,	inexperience,	and	carelessness .	
68 69

Be	alert!	Remember	to	shut	off	your	engines	when	approaching	

swimmers	or	other	persons	in	the	water .		Keep	those	in	the	water	on	

the	operator’s	side	of	the	boat,	always	in	view .		Propeller	guards	are	

helpful	but	are	not	suitable	for	all	types	of	boats .	The	best	and	safest	

action	when	people	are	in	the	water	near	your	boat	is	to	shut off your	

engines .	

Weather

You	should	never	leave	the	dock	without	first	checking	the	local	

weather	forecast .		You	can	get	the	weather	information	from	the	TV,	

radio,	local	newspaper,	online,	or	from	one	of	the	weather	channels	on	

your	VHF-FM	radio .

At	certain	times	of	the	year,	weather	can	change	rapidly	and	you	

should	continually	keep	a	“weather	eye”	out .		While	you	are	out	in	a	

boat,	here	are	a	few	signs	you	can	look	for	that	indicate	an	approaching	

weather	change:

•	 Flat	clouds	getting	lower	and	thicker .

•	 Puffy,	vertically	rising	clouds	getting	higher .

•	 Dark,	threatening	clouds,	especially	to	the	west/southwest

•	 A	sudden	drop	in	temperature .

•	 A	halo	around	the	sun	or	moon .

•	 Increasing	wind	or	a	sudden	change	in	wind	direction .

•	 Flashes	on	the	horizon .

•	 Seas	becoming	heavy .

•	 Heavy	AM	radio	static,	which	can	indicate	nearby	thunderstorm	

activity .

If	you	have	a	barometer	on	board,	check	it	every	two	to	three	hours .		

A	rising	barometer	indicates	fair	weather	and	a	rise	in	wind	velocity;	a	

falling	barometer	indicates	rain	approaching .

What to Do in Severe Weather

•	 Reduce	speed,	keeping	just	enough	power	to	maintain	headway .

•	 Make	sure	everyone	on	board	is	wearing	their	life	jacket .

•	 Turn	on	your	running	lights .

•	 If	possible,	head	for	the	nearest	shore	that	is	safe	to	approach .

•	 Head	the	boat	into	the	waves	at	a	45	degree	angle .

•	 Keep	the	bilges	free	of	water .

•	 Seat	any	passengers	on	the	bottom	of	the	boat,	near	the	center	

line .

•	 If	the	engine	fails,	trail	a	sea	anchor	from	the	bow	of	the	boat	

to	keep	it	headed	into	the	waves		(A	bucket	can	work	as	a	sea	

anchor	in	an	emergency .)

•	 Anchor	the	boat,	if	necessary .

Float Plans

Play	it	safe;	keep	a	stack	of	Float	Plan	forms	on	hand .		Leave	a	copy	

with	a	friend,	relative,	or	the	local	marina	before	heading	out	on	the	water .	In	case	of	an	emergency,	pertinent	information	will	be	right	at	their	

fingertips	to	enable	them	to	contact	the	local	marine	police	or	Coast	

Guard	with	necessary	details .	A	world	of	caution:	if	you	are	delayed	

and	it	is	not	an	emergency,	inform	those	with	your	Float	Plan,	and	be	

sure	to	notify	them	when	you	return	so	the	Float	Plan	can	be	“closed	

out”	and	an	unnecessary	and	costly	search	avoided .		A	sample	Float	

Plan	Form	is	provided	on	page	73 .		The	Coast	Guard	also	makes	Float	

Plan	Forms	available	online	at	www .uscgboating .org .	

WARNING

EXPOSED PROPELLER BLADES

People in the water can be severely injured or killed! 
70 71

BOATER’S PRE-DEPARTURE CHECKLIST 

Know	your	vessel .	Before	departure,	always	be	sure	your	vessel	is	

in	good	working	order	and	properly	equipped	for	emergencies .	Avoid	

inconvenience	and	potential	danger	by	taking	a	few	minutes	to	check	

the	following:

Minimum Federal Required Equipment Page yes No 

State	Registration	(Certificate	of	Number)	 5	

State	Numbering	Display		 5

Certificate	of	Documentation		 6

Life	Jackets:	one	for	each	person	on	board			 9

Throwable	Type	IV	Device		 14

Visual	Distress	Signals		 17

Fire	Extinguisher	(Fully	Charged)		 21

Proper	Ventilation		 23

Backfire	Flame	Control		 25

Sound	Producing	Device		 25

Navigation	Lights		 27

Oil	Pollution	Placard		 32

Garbage	Placard		 34

Marine	Sanitation	Device		 35

Copy	of	Navigation	Rules	(Inland	Waters)		 36

Any	Additional	State	Requirements	

Besides	meeting	the	federal	requirements,	prudent	boaters	carry	additional	safety	equipment	and	supplies .	The	following	additional	items	are	

suggested	depending	on	the	size,	location,	and	use	of	your	boat:	

Recommended Equipment and Supplies yes No N/A 

VHF-FM	Marine	Radio

EPIRB/PLB

Anchor	and	Line	

Chart(s)	of	the	Area	and	Navigation	Tools	

Magnetic	Compass	

Fenders	and	Boat	Hook	

Mooring	Lines	and	Heaving	Line	

Manual	Bilge	Pump	or	Bailing	Device	

Tool	Kit

Spare	Parts	(Fuses,	Spark	Plugs,	Belts,	etc .)	

Spare	Battery	(Fully	Charged)	

Spare	Propeller/Shear	or	Cotter	Pins		

Extra	Fuel	and	Oil	

Alternate	Propulsion	(Paddles/Oar)	

Flashlight	and	Batteries	

Search	Light	

First	Aid	Kit				

Sunscreen	(SPF	30+)				

Mirror				

Food	and	Water	

Extra	Clothing/Foul	Weather	Gear		

AM-FM	Radio	

Cellular	Phone	

Binoculars	
72 73

Safety Checks and Tests yes No N/A 

Test	VHF	Marine	Radio	(Voice	Call)	

Test	Navigation	and	Anchor	Lights	

Test	Steering	(Free	Movement)	

Test	Tilt/Trim	

Test	Bilge	Pump	

Check	for	Excessive	Water	in	Bilges	

Check	Fuel	System	for	Leaks	

Check	Engine	Fluids	

Ensure	Boat	Plug	is	Properly	Installed				

Check	Electrical	System			

Check	Galley/Heating	Systems	

Check	Gauges	(i .e .,	Battery)	

Check	Fuel	Amount				

Ensure	Anchor	is	Ready	for	Use	

Check	Load	of	Vessel	and	Secure	Gear	

Ensure	Passengers	Know	Emergency	Procedures		

and	Equipment	Location					

Check	that	all	Life	Jackets	Fit	Properly			

Check	the	Weather	Forecast	

File	a	Float	Plan	with	Relative	or	Friend	

You	can	also	download	a	Pre-Departure	Checklist	from	the	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	website	at	www .uscgboating .org .

SAMPLE FLOAT PLAN

The	Coast	Guard	makes	Float	Plan	forms	available	online	at		

www .uscgboating .org .	Complete	a	Float	Plan	before	boating	and	leave	

it	with	a	person	who	can	be	depended	upon	to	notify	the	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	or	other	marine	rescue	organization,	should	you	not	return	as	

scheduled .	

Remember: Do not file this plan with the U.S. coast Guard. 

Contact	your	friend	in	case	of	a	delay,	and	always	when	you	return .		

1. Person Reporting Vessel Overdue 

Name			 	 									Phone		

Address

2. Description of Boat 

Name	

Registration/Documentation	No .			 	 Length

Make		 	 	 	 Type	

Hull	Color			 	 Trim	Color	

Fuel	Capacity		 	 Engine	Type			 	

No .	of	Engines

Distinguishing	Features	

3. Operator of Boat 

Name			 	 	 	 	 Age

Health		 	 	 	 Phone		

Address	

Operator’s	Experience	

4. Survival Equipment (Check as Appropriate) 

						#___Life	Jackets	 						Flares		 						Mirror	

						Smoke	Signals		 						Paddles		 						Raft	or	Dinghy	

						Flashlight		 						Water		 						Food	

						Anchor		 						EPIRB	

						Others	
74 75

5. Marine Radio: yes No 

Type		 	 	 Freqs .

Digital	Selective	Calling	(DSC):						Yes							No	

6. Trip Expectations 

Depart	from	

Departure	Date		 	 Time	

Going	to	

Arrival	Date		 	 	 Time	

If	operator	has	not	arrived/returned	by:	Date		 Time	

call	the	Coast	Guard	or	local	authority	at	the	following	number:	

7. Vehicle Description 

License	No .		 	

Make		 	 	 Model	Color	

Where	is	vehicle	parked?		

8. Persons on Board 

Name		 	

Age		 	 Phone		 	

Medical	Conditions	

9. Additional Information 

EMERGENCy NOTIFICATION/COMMUNICATION 

Satellite EPIRBs (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons)

Emergency	distress	beacons	are	essentially	specialized	radio	transmitters	that	are	designed	for	use	in	situations	of	grave	or	imminent	danger	

or	when	lives	are	at	risk .

How the System Works 

EPIRBs	operate	as	part	of	a	worldwide	distress	system .	An	international	satellite	constellation	maintains	a	vigilant,	global	“listening”	watch	for	

satellite	EPIRB	distress	signals .	The	National	Oceanic	and	Atmospheric	Administration	(NOAA)	operates	satellites,	ground	stations,	and	an	

alert-distribution	system	serving	the	United	States	and	a	large	segment	

of	the	international	community .	

When	activated,	the	satellite	EPIRB	transmits	a	distress	signal	with	

a	beacon-unique	identifying	code .	The	system	detects	the	signal,	

calculates	an	accurate	distress	position,	checks	the	unique	identifying	code	against	the	EPIRB	registration	database	(vessel	and	point	of	

contact	information	supplied	by	the	owner)	and	routes	the	distress	alert	

with	registration	information	to	the	responsible	U .S .	Coast	Guard	(or	

international)	Rescue	Coordination	Center	(RCC) .	

406	MHz	EPIRBs	with	GPS	capability	–	either	internally	or	externally	

supplied	positional	information	–	also	provide	an	immediate	GPS	position	in	the	information	passed	to	the	RCC	and	geostationary	satellites	

make	detection	almost	immediate .	If	the	EPIRB	does	not	have	the	ability	to	provide	a	GPS	position,	the	process	to	determine	a	position	takes	

about	one	hour	on	average	and	almost	always	less	than	two	hours .
76 77

Satellite	EPIRBs	also	include	a	homing	beacon	and	strobe	to	help	

rescue	forces	quickly	locate	the	distress	scene .	Satellite	beacons	have	

significant	coverage,	with	alerting	timeliness,	position	accuracy,	and	

signaling	advantages	over	other	devices .		Before	purchasing	or	using	

other-than	a	406MHz	EPIRB,	be	sure	you	understand	its	capabilities	

and	limitations .	

Mount	the	EPIRB	to	float	free,	according	to	the	manufacturer’s	instructions,	if	possible .	Otherwise,	make	sure	it	is	readily	accessible .	Register	

the	EPIRB	with	NOAA,	according	to	the	instructions	provided	with	the	

beacon	or	at	the	NOAA	website:	www .sarsat .noaa .gov .		Registration	is	

mandatory,	improves	response	time,	and	reduces	false	alarms .	

Radio Regulations 

Most	recreational	vessels	less	than	65 .6	feet	(20	meters)	in	length	are	

not	required	to	carry	a	marine	radio .	Any	vessel	that	carries	a	marine	

radio	must	follow	the	rules	of	the	Federal	Communications	Commission	

(FCC) .	

Licensing 

The	FCC	does	not	require	most	operators	of	recreational	vessels	to	

carry	a	radio	or	to	have	an	individual	license	to	operate	VHF-FM	marine	

radios,	EPIRBs,	or	any	type	of	radar .	Operators	must	however	follow	

the	procedures	and	courtesies	that	are	required	of	licensed	operators	specified	in	the	FCC	rules .	You	may	use	the	name	or	registration	

number	of	your	vessel	to	identify	your	ship	station .	

Recreational	Vessels	that	may	be	required	to	be	licensed:	

•	 Power-driven	driven	vessels	more	than	65	feet	(20	meters)	in	

length .

•	 Any	vessel,	including	a	recreational	vessel,	on	an	international	

voyage .

Radio Listening Watch 

Vessels	not	required	to	carry	a	marine	radio	–	for	example,	recreational	

vessels	less	than	65 .6	feet	(20	meters)	in	length,	but	which	voluntarily	

carry	a	radio	–	must	maintain	a	watch	on	Channel	16	(156 .800	MHz)	or	

VHF	Channel	9	(156 .450	MHz),	the	boater-calling	channel,	whenever	

the	radio	is	operating	and	not	being	used	to	communicate .	

VHF Marine Radio Channels 

The	chart	below	contains	a	partial	listing	of	channels	recreational		

boaters	should	be	familiar	with .	For	a	complete	listing	of	VHF		

channels	and	frequencies	visit	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	Navigation		

Center	website	at	www .navcen .uscg .gov .

Channel Type of Message and Use 

06		 Inter-ship Safety:	Used	for	ship-to-ship	safety	messages	

and	search	messages	and	for	ships	and	aircraft	of	the	

Coast	Guard .	

09		 Boater Calling: the	FCC	has	established	this	channel	as	

a	supplementary	calling	channel	for	recreational	boaters	

in	order	to	relieve	congestion	on	VHF	Channel	16 .	

13,	67		 Navigation Safety (also known as the Bridge-toBridge Channel): Ships	greater	than	20	meters	in	length	

maintain	a	listening	watch	on	this	channel	in	U .S .	waters .	

This	channel	is	available,	to	all	ships .	Messages	must	

be	about	ship	navigation	–	i .e .,	passing	or	meeting	other	

ships .	You	must	keep	your	messages	short .	Your	power	

output	must	not	be	more	than	one	watt .	This	is	also	the	

main	working	channel	at	most	locks	and	drawbridges .	

Channel	67	is	for	the	lower	Mississippi	River	only .

16		 International Distress, Safety, and Calling: Use	this	

channel	to	get	the	attention	of	another	station	(calling)	or	

in	emergencies .	Ships	required	to	carry	a	radio	maintain	

a	listening	watch	on	this	channel .	The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	

and	most	coast	stations	also	maintain	a	listening	watch	on	

this	channel .	

21A,	23A,			 U.S. Coast Guard only .

83A

22A		 U.S. Coast Guard liaison and Maritime Safety Information Broadcasts: Announcements of urgent marine

information broadcasts and storm warnings on Channel 16 .	

24,25,			 Public Correspondence (Marine Operator): Use	these

26,27	 channels	to	call	the	marine	operator	at	a	public	station .	By	

28,	84	 contacting	a	public	coast	station,	you	can	make	and	

85,	86	 receive	calls	from	telephones	on	shore .	Except	for	distress	calls,	public	stations	usually	charge	for	this	service .	

70		 Digital Selective Calling: Use	this	channel	for	distress	

and	safety	calling	and	for	general	purpose	calling,	using	

only	digital	selective	calling	(DSC)	techniques .	
78 79

Digital Selective Calling (DSC)

Digital	Selective	Calling	(DSC),	allows	boaters	to	instantly	send	an	

automatically	formatted	distress	alert	to	the	Coast	Guard	or	other	

rescue	authority	anywhere	in	the	world .	Digital	Selective	Calling	also	allows	boaters	to	initiate	or	receive	distress,	urgency,	safety,	and	routine	

radiotelephone	calls	to	or	from	any	similarly	equipped	vessel	or	shore	

station,	without	requiring	either	party	to	be	near	a	radio	loudspeaker .	

DSC	acts	like	the	dial	and	bell	of	a	telephone,	allowing	you	to	“direct	

dial”	and	“ring”	other	radios,	or	allowing	others	to	“ring”	you,	without	

having	to	listen	to	a	speaker .	New	VHF	and	HF	radiotelephones	have	

DSC	capability .

All	DSC-equipped	radios,	and	most	GPS	receivers,	have	a	data	

interface	connector .	The	interface	allows	most	models	of	GPS	to	be	

successfully	interconnected	to	DSC-capable	radios,	regardless	of	

manufacture .	The	Coast	Guard	recommends	that	you	interconnect	

your	GPS	and	DSC-equipped	radio .		Doing	so	may	save	your	life	in	an	

emergency	situation .

Users	of	a	VHF-FM	marine	radio	equipped	with	Digital	Selective	Calling	

will	also	need	to	obtain	a	Maritime	Mobile	Service	Identity	(MMSI)	

number .	These	are	available	from	BoatU .S .,	Sea	Tow,	the	FCC	and	the	

United	States	Power	Squadrons® .	More	information	on	Digital	Selective	Calling	is	available	online	at	www .navcen .uscg .gov/MARCOMMS/

gmdss/dsc .htm .

When	properly	registered	with	an	MMSI	number	and	interfaced	with	

GPS,	the	DSC	radio	signal	transmits	vital	vessel	information	in	an	

emergency .	With	one	push	of	a	button,	your	DSC	radio	sends	an	automated	digital	distress	alert	containing	your	MMSI	number,	position,	and	

the	nature	of	the	distress	(if	entered)	to	other	DSC-equipped	vessels	

and	rescue	facilities .

Rescue 21

Rescue	21	is	the	advanced	command,	control,	and	communications	

system	created	to	improve	search	and	rescue	with	stronger	VHF-FM	

marine	radio	signals,	direction-finding	capabilities,	tracking	of	ships	

and	aircraft,	and	better	communications	with	state	and	local	firstresponders .	The	system	is	currently	being	installed	in	stages	across	

the	contiguous	48	states,	Alaska,	Hawaii,	Guam,	Puerto	Rico,	and	the	

Great	Lakes .	When	fully	deployed,	it	will	form	the	backbone	of	the	U .S .	

Coast	Guard’s	short-range	communications	system .

With	increased	communications	coverage,	advanced	direction	finding	

capabilities,	and	Digital	Selective	Calling,	Rescue	21	helps	take	the	

“search”	out	of	search	and	rescue .		

Capabilities:	

•	 Incorporates	direction-finding	equipment	to	improve	locating	vessels	in	distress .

•	 Enhances	the	clarity	of	distress	calls .

•	 Upgrades	playback	and	recording	feature	of	distress	calls

•	 Allows	simultaneous	channel	monitoring .

•	 Provides	full	coverage	out	to	20	nautical	miles	from	the	coastline

•	 Reduces	coverage	gaps	for	coastal	communications	and	along	

navigable	rivers	and	waterways .

•	 Supports	Digital	Selective	Calling .

•	 Portable	towers	for	restoration	of	communications	during	emergencies	or	natural	disasters .

•	 Improves interoperability among federal, state, and local agencies .

To	take	full	advantage	of	Rescue	21,	boat	operators	should	upgrade	to	

a	DSC-capable	VHF-FM	marine	radio,	obtain	a	Maritime	Mobile	Service	

Identity	(MMSI)	number,	enter	the	number	into	their	radio,	and	connect	

the	radio	to	a	GPS	receiver .	

For Vessels Equipped with DSC-Capable Radios

If	your	vessel	is	equipped	with	a	DSC-capable	radio,	and	you	have	

obtained	and	registered	an	MMSI	number	and	it	is	properly	connected	

to	a	GPS	receiver,	you	need	only	press	the	red	DSC	Emergency	

Call	Button	for	5	seconds .		Your	vessel	information	and	position	will	

automatically	be	transmitted,	including	the	nature	of	the	distress	(if	

entered),	and	a	DSC	reply	should	be	received .		Upon	receipt	of	this	

acknowledgement,	your	radio	should	automatically	shift	to	Channel	16	

to	continue	voice	communications	with	rescue	assets .		If	no	reply	is	

received,	switch	the	Channel	16	and	use	the	procedures	below .

SOS: Ships in Distress

Channel	16	is	the	primary	radio	channel	for	ships	in	distress .		To	make	

a	distress	call	on	marine	VHF-FM	Channel	16:

1 .	Make	sure	radio	is	on .	

2 .	Select	Channel	16	for	standard	marine	VHF .	

3 .	Press/hold	the	transmit	button .	

4 .	Clearly	say:	MAYDAY,	MAYDAY,	MAYDAY .	
80 81

5 .	Also	give:	

	 •	Vessel	name,	number	and/or	description .

	 •	Position	and/or	location .

	 •	Nature	of	emergency .

	 •	Number	of	people	on	board .

6 .	Release	transmit	button .	

7 .	Wait	for	10	seconds .		If	no	response,	repeat	“MAYDAY”	call	as	

above .	

***Make sure all persons are wearing their life jackets***

Maritime Search and Rescue

To	report	Maritime	Search	and	Rescue	Emergencies,	call	the	following	

numbers:

	 For	the	Great	Lakes,	Gulf	and	East	Coasts:

	 Atlantic	Area	Command	Center:	

	 (757)	398-6700

	 For	the	Hawaiian,	Alaskan	and	Pacific	Coasts:

	 Pacific	Area	Command	Center:	

	 (510)	437-3701

False Distress Alerts 

It	is	unlawful	to	intentionally	transmit	a	false	distress	alert,	or	to	unintentionally	transmit	a	false	distress	alert	without	taking	steps	to	cancel	

that	alert .	Boaters	who	transmit	a	false	distress	alert	are	required	to	

immediately	cancel	the	alert .	

If	you	inadvertently	transmit	a	false	DSC	alert:

1 .	Reset	the	equipment	immediately .

2 .	Tune	for	radiotelephony	on	the	associated	distress	and	safety	

frequency	in	each	band	in	which	a	false	distress	alert	was	transmitted .	

3 .	Transmit	a	broadcast	message	to	“All	Stations”	giving	the	ship’s	

name,	call	sign,	time	the	alert	was	transmitted	and	MMSI,	and	

cancel	the	false	alert	on	the	distress	and	safety	frequency	in	each	

band	in	which	the	false	distress	alert	was	transmitted .	

Please post these guidelines near your radio.

OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES

Regulated Navigation Areas/Limited Access Areas (33 CFR 165)

In	the	aftermath	of	the	September	11,	2001,	terrorist	attacks	on	the	

World	Trade	Center	and	the	Pentagon,	and	the	earlier	attack	on	the	

USS	Cole	in	Aden	Harbor,	Yemen,	the	United	States	Coast	Guard	

established	Safety	and	Security	Zones	to	prevent	further	attacks	on	

U .S .	Naval	vessels,	cruise	ships	and	commercial	vessels,	and	critical	

infrastructure	–	such	as	petroleum	facilities	and	nuclear	power	plants	

situated	on	or	near	the	water .	As	a	boater,	not	knowing	how	to	act	in	

certain	areas	or	situations	may	put	you	in	legal	jeopardy	or,	worse,	at	

risk	of	personal	injury .	

Help	protect	our	country	by	learning	the	new	rules:

Naval Vessel Protection Zones

Do	not	approach	within	100	yards,	and	slow	to	minimum	speed	within	

500	yards,	of	any	U .S .	Naval	vessel .	If	you	need	to	approach	within	100	

yards	in	order	to	ensure	a	safe	passage	in	accordance	with	the	Navigation	Rules,	you	must	contact	the	U .S .	Naval	vessel	or	the	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	escort	vessel	on	your	VHF	radio	(Channel	16)	for	authorization .

If	a	Naval	vessel	is	passing	near	where	you	are	operating	your	boat,	

you	may	be	asked	to	move	your	vessel	to	maintain	the	100-yard	

distance .		The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	will	make	an	announcement	ahead	of	

time	to	alert	boaters	in	the	area .

Violations	of	the	Naval	Vessel	Protection	Zone	are	a	felony	offense,	

punishable	by	up	to	6	years	in	prison	and/or	up	to	$250,000	in	fines .

Be	aware	that	both	the	U .S .	Navy	and	the	U .S .	Coast	Guard	are	authorized	to	use	deadly	force	to	protect	themselves .

OPERATE AT MINIMUM SPEED

KEEP OUT KEEP	OUT100	YARDS

500	YARDS
82 83

Commercial Shipping Safety Zones

In	addition	to	the	Naval	Vessel	Protection	Zone	requirements,	you	must	

also	avoid	operating	your	vessel	near	all	military	vessels,	cruise	liners,	

and	certain	commercial	vessels .		

Observe	and	avoid	all	security	zones	and	commercial	port	operations .		

Areas	that	have	large	marine	facilities	–	including	military,	commercial/

cruise,	or	petroleum	facilities	–	should	be	avoided .		There	are	also	

restrictions	near	most	dams,	power	plants,	and	other	facilities	located	

near	water .

Bridges and Shipping Channels

Do	not	stop	or	anchor	beneath	bridges	or	in	shipping	channels .		If	you	

do,	you	can	expect	to	be	asked	to	move	and/or	be	boarded	by	law

enforcement	officials .

America’s Waterway Watch

If	you	operate	a	towboat,	marina,	recreational	vessel,	fishing	vessel,	or	

otherwise	live,	work,	or	engage	in	recreational	activities	on	or	near	the	

nation’s	waterways,	the	United	States	Coast	Guard	would	like	your	help	

in	keeping	these	areas	safe	and	secure .	You	can	do	this	by	participating	in	America’s	Waterway	Watch	(AWW),	a	nationwide	initiative	similar	

to	the	well-known	and	successful	Neighborhood	Watch	program	that	

asks	community	members	to	report	suspicious	activities	to	local	law	

enforcement	agencies .

We	ask	boaters	to	call	877-24WATCH	if	they	notice	suspicious	activity	

or	behavior	on	or	near	the	water .		Things	to	report	include:

•	 Someone	taking	pictures,	video,	or	making	sketches	of	facilities	

like	bridges,	tunnels,	ferry	transport	systems,	fuel	docks,	or	power	

plants .

•	 Someone	asking	questions	about	access	to	one	of	these	facilities .
84 III

USCG INFORMATION

United States Coast Guard

Boating Safety Division (CG-5422)

2100 2nd Street SW, STOP 7581

Washington, D.C. 20593-7581

(202) 372-1062 

www.uscgboating.org 

District Recreational Boating Safety Specialists:

First District:	Connecticut,	Maine,	Massachusetts,	

New	Hampshire,	New	York,	Rhode	Island,	Vermont

(617)	223-8464	

Fifth District:	Delaware,	Maryland,	New	Jersey,	

North	Carolina,	Pennsylvania,	Virginia,	

District	of	Columbia	

(757)	398-6204	

Seventh District:	Florida,	Georgia,	South	Carolina,	

Puerto	Rico,	U .S .	Virgin	Islands

(305)	415-7057	

Eighth District:	North	Dakota,	South	Dakota,	Wyoming,	

Nebraska,	Minnesota,	Iowa,	Illinois,	Indiana,	Ohio	(shared	

with	Ninth	District),	Pennsylvania,	West	Virginia,	Kentucky,	

Tennessee,	Mississippi,	Alabama,	Georgia,	Florida	(shared	

with	Seventh	District)	Louisiana,	Arkansas,	Missouri,	

Oklahoma,	Kansas,	New	Mexico,	Colorado,	Texas .

(504)	671-2157	

Ninth District:	Michigan,	Minnesota,	Ohio,	Wisconsin

(216)	902-6094	

Eleventh District:	Arizona,	California,	Nevada,	Utah

(510)	437-5364	

Thirteenth District:	Idaho,	Montana,	Oregon,	Washington

(206)	220-7257	

Fourteenth District: Hawaii,	Guam,	American	Samoa,	

Northern	Marianas

(808)	535-3424

Seventeenth District: Alaska

(907)	463-2297

•	 Someone	anchoring,	fishing,	or	diving	in	an	area	not	typically	

used	for	that	activity .

•	 Unattended	vessels	in	unusual	locations .

•	 Unusual	transfer	of	personnel	or	cargo	while	underway .

•	 Seeing	a	hole	in	a	security	fence	around	an	industrial	facility .

Do not take	matters	into	your	own	hands .		Call	877-24WATCH .		In	

cases	of	immediate	danger	to	life	or	property,	call	the	Coast	Guard	on	

Channel	16	VHF-FM,	or	dial	911	for	emergencies .

America’s	coasts,	rivers,	bridges,	tunnels,	ports,	ships,	military	bases,	

and	waterside	industries	may	be	targets	for	terrorist	activity .	Although	

waterway	security	is	better	than	ever,	with	more	than	95,000	miles	of	

shoreline	and	more	than	290,000	square	miles	of	water,	the	U .S .	Coast	

Guard	and	local	first	responders	cannot	do	the	job	alone .

To	find	out	how	you	can	become	involved,	visit	the	America’s	Waterway	

Watch	website	at	www .americaswaterwaywatch .org .
IV

For	more	information,	please	contact:

The	U .S .	Coast	Guard	thanks

the	following	partners	for	their	support:

U .S .	Coast	Guard	Auxiliary

www .cgaux .org

United	States	Power	Squadrons®

(888)	367-8777

www .usps .org

National	Association	of

State	Boating	Law	Administrators

(859)	225-9487

www .nasbla .org

National	Safe	Boating	Council

(703)	361-4294

www .safeboatingcouncil .org

National	Water	Safety	Congress

(440)	209-9805

www .watersafetycongress .org