NCES 2009-154 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Employees in Postsecondary Institutions, 

Fall 2007, and Salaries of Full-Time 

Instructional Faculty, 2007-08

First Look
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NCES 2009-154

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Employees in Postsecondary Institutions, 

Fall 2007, and Salaries of Full-Time 

Instructional Faculty, 2007-08

First Look

DECEMBER 2008

Laura G. Knapp 

Janice E. Kelly-Reid

Scott A. Ginder

RTI International
U.S. Department of Education

Margaret Spellings

Secretary

Institute of Education Sciences

Sue Betka

Acting Director

National Center for Education Statistics

Stuart Kerachsky

Acting Commissioner 

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting 

data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, 

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Please direct your comments to

National Center for Education Statistics

Institute of Education Sciences

U.S. Department of Education

1990 K Street NW

Washington, DC 20006-5651

December 2008

The NCES World Wide Web Home Page address is http://nces.ed.gov

The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch

Suggested Citation

Knapp, L.G., Kelly-Reid, J.E., and Ginder, S.A. (2008). Employees in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2007, and Salaries of FullTime Instructional Faculty, 2007-08 (NCES 2009-154). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Content Contact

Aurora D’Amico

(202) 502-7334

aurora.d’amico@ed.gov
iii

Foreword 

This First Look presents findings from the Human Resources (HR) Component of the Integrated 

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) winter 2007-08 data collection. The HR 

component consists of the following three sections: Employees by Assigned Position (EAP) and 

Fall Staff (S) for fall 2007 and Salaries (SA) for academic year 2007-08. All three sections of the 

HR component were required for the winter 2007-08 collection. The HR data were collected 

through the IPEDS web-based data collection system. 

The data on which this report is based are available to researchers and the public through the 

IPEDS Peer Analysis System, which can be found at http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. This First Look

report continues the series of First Look reports based on the collection of data from more than 

6,500 postsecondary education institutions that participate in Title IV federal student financial 

aid programs. 

We hope that the information provided in the report will be useful to a wide range of interested 

readers. Further, we hope that the results reported here will encourage researchers and others to 

make full use of the IPEDS data for analysis, perform peer comparisons, or help answer 

questions about postsecondary education institutions. 

Stuart Kerachsky 

Acting Commissioner 

National Center for Education Statistics 

Thomas Weko 

Associate Commissioner 

Postsecondary Studies Division 
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v

Acknowledgments 

The information presented in this publication was provided by either state coordinators for the 

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) or officials at individual institutions. 

In addition, these persons provided assistance in resolving questions about the data, which 

resulted in more accurate information. Although it is not possible to list the names of all these 

people, their assistance was invaluable and is much appreciated. 

The U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and the 

Office for Civil Rights, with the approval of the Office of Management and Budget, cooperate in 

the collection of racial/ethnic and gender information from all postsecondary institutions that 

participate in the Human Resources component of IPEDS. In this collaboration, data provided by 

postsecondary institutions are designated as Compliance Reports pursuant to the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964 (34 CFR 100.6(b)). 

The authors appreciate the thoughtful review provided by Mary Schifferli, Office for Civil 

Rights, and Victor Borden, Indiana University. 
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vii

Contents 

Page 

Foreword....................................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................v

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii

Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

IPEDS 2007-08.............................................................................................................................1 

Human Resources: Employees by Assigned Position, Fall Staff, and Salaries............................1 

Focus of This Report.....................................................................................................................2 

Selected Findings............................................................................................................................3

Staff at Title IV Institutions and Administrative Offices .............................................................3 

Salaries and Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty at Title IV Degree-Granting 

Institutions..................................................................................................................................3 

Appendix A: Survey Methodology .......................................................................................... A-1

Overview.................................................................................................................................. A-1 

Terminology Used in the IPEDS Web Collection................................................................... A-1 

Universe, Institutions Surveyed, and Response Rates............................................................. A-2 

Survey Procedures ................................................................................................................... A-5 

Survey Sections........................................................................................................................ A-8 

Edit Procedures...................................................................................................................... A-11 

Imputation Procedures ........................................................................................................... A-11 

Data Perturbation and Confidentiality ................................................................................... A-15 

Appendix B: Glossary of IPEDS Terms...................................................................................B-1
viii

List of Tables 

Table Page 

1. Staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, 

medical school staff status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational 

activity: United States, fall 2007..........................................................................................4 

2. Full-time professional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions and 

administrative offices, by control of institution, medical school staff status, level of 

institution, and faculty status: United States, fall 2007 .......................................................6 

3. Staff and new hires at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by 

employment status, gender, and primary function/occupational activity: United 

States, fall 2007....................................................................................................................7 

4. Full-time faculty at Title IV degree-granting institutions and administrative offices, 

by faculty status, sector of institution, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, fall 

2007......................................................................................................................................8 

5. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by academic rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United 

States, academic year 2007-08.............................................................................................9 

A-1. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the 

IPEDS winter 2007-08 data collection, by survey component or section, degreegranting status, and level and control of institution: United States and other 

jurisdictions..................................................................................................................... A-3 

A-1a. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the 

IPEDS winter 2007-08 data collection, by survey component or section, degreegranting status, and level and control of institution: United States ................................ A-6 

A-2. Number of staff, number of staff imputed, and percentages imputed for all Title IV 

institutions and administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, 

primary function/occupational activity, degree-granting status, and medical school 

staff status: United States, fall 2007 ............................................................................. A-13 

A-3. Number of staff and new hires, number of staff and new hires imputed, and 

percentages imputed for Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by control of 

institution, employment status, primary function/occupational activity, gender, and 

degree-granting status: United States, fall 2007 ........................................................... A-14 

A-4. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed for Title IV 

degree-granting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, gender, and 

academic rank: United States, academic year 2007-08 ................................................ A-16 

A-5. Fringe benefit expenditures, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed 

for Title IV degree-granting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, 

and benefit type: United States, academic year 2007-08.............................................. A-17 
1

Introduction 

The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) collects institution-level data 

from postsecondary institutions in the United States (50 states and the District of Columbia) and 

other jurisdictions, such as Puerto Rico.1

 For IPEDS, a postsecondary institution is defined as an 

organization open to the public that has as its primary mission the provision of postsecondary 

education (i.e., formal instructional programs with a curriculum designed primarily for students 

who are beyond the compulsory age for high school). This definition includes academic, 

vocational, and continuing professional education programs and excludes institutions that offer 

only avocational (leisure) and adult basic education programs. 

IPEDS 2007-08 

Participation in IPEDS was a requirement for the 6,706 institutions that participated in Title IV 

federal student financial aid programs, such as Pell Grants or Stafford Loans, during the 2007-08 

academic year.2

 Title IV institutions include traditional colleges and universities, 2-year 

institutions, and for-profit degree- and non-degree-granting institutions (such as schools of 

cosmetology), among others. In addition, 84 administrative offices (central and system offices) 

listed in the IPEDS universe were expected to participate in the Human Resources (HR) 

component. Four of the U.S. service academies are included in the IPEDS universe as if they 

were Title IV institutions.3 Other institutions that do not participate in Title IV programs may 

participate in the IPEDS data collection on a voluntary basis. For the 2007-08 HR component, 85 

non-Title IV institutions provided data. 

Subsequent to participating in the IPEDS fall 2007 data collection, 18 institutions closed, leaving 

6,688 institutions and 84 administrative offices in the United States and other jurisdictions that 

were required to complete the 2007-08 Human Resources Component. 

Human Resources: Employees by Assigned Position, Fall Staff, and Salaries 

The HR component consists of three sections: Employees by Assigned Position (EAP), Fall 

Staff, and Salaries. 

• The EAP section was required of all 6,772 Title IV institutions and administrative offices, 

and 6,767, or 99.9 percent, responded (table A-1). 

• The Fall Staff section was required of all 6,772 Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices, and 6,765, or 99.9 percent, responded (table A-1).4

 

 

1

 The other jurisdictions include American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, 

the Northern Marianas, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 

2 Institutions participating in Title IV programs are accredited by an agency or organization recognized by the 

Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education, have a program of more than 300 clock hours or 8 credit hours, have 

been in business for at least 2 years, and have a signed Program Participation Agreement (PPA) with the Office of 

Postsecondary Education (OPE), U.S. Department of Education.

3

 The four U.S. service academies that are not Title IV eligible are the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Military 

Academy, the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Air Force Academy. One academy, the U.S. Merchant 

Marine Academy, is Title IV–eligible. Data for all five institutions are included in the tables and counts of 

institutions. 

4

 Fall Staff data are required every 2 years, in odd-numbered reporting years. 
2

• The Salaries section was required of 4,311 Title IV entities, and 4,308, or 99.9 percent, 

responded (table A-1).5

 

Please refer to appendix A for a detailed description of the sections of the HR component. 

Focus of This Report 

Tabulations in this report present selected data items collected in winter 2007-08 from 6,614 

institutions and administrative offices in the United States (excluding those in other jurisdictions) 

that were eligible for the HR component (table A-1a). This included 6,533 Title IV institutions 

and 81 administrative offices. Further HR data is available through the various IPEDS web tools, 

such as the Peer Analysis System.6 

Because the purpose of this report is to introduce new NCES data through the presentation of 

tables containing descriptive information, only selected findings are presented. These findings 

have been chosen to demonstrate the range of information available from the IPEDS rather than 

to discuss all of the observed differences; they are not meant to emphasize any particular issue. 

 

5

 The Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all 

instructional faculty were part-time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical 

medicine. Five degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for two non-degreegranting institutions and three administrative offices because the data could not be separated by degree-granting 

status. The five additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. 

6

 See http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. 
3

Selected Findings 

Staff at Title IV Institutions and Administrative Offices 

Employees by Assigned Position 

• Title IV institutions in the United States reported employing 3.6 million individuals in fall 

2007 (table 1). Of the 3.6 million individuals, slightly more than 2.3 million were reported to 

be employed full time and about 1.3 million were reported to be employed part time. 

• Public Title IV institutions reported employing 2.4 million individuals, while private not-forprofit Title IV institutions reported employing about 1.0 million individuals and private forprofit Title IV institutions reported employing about 213,000 individuals (table 1). 

• Of the 1.3 million full-time professionals reported to be employed at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions7

 (excluding medical schools), 47 percent had faculty status; including 21 percent 

with tenure, 9 percent on tenure track, 10 percent not on tenure track, and 6 percent who were 

employed by institutions without a tenure system (table 2). Institutions reported that the 

remaining 53 percent of full-time professionals did not have faculty status. 

Fall Staff 

• Title IV degree-granting institutions8 reported that 66 percent of full-time faculty with tenure 

were men and 34 percent of full-time faculty with tenure were women (table 4). 

• Eighty-three percent of full-time faculty with tenure reported by Title IV degree-granting 

institutions were White, non-Hispanic; 7 percent were Asian/Pacific Islander; 5 percent were 

Black, non-Hispanic; and 3 percent were Hispanic (table 4). 

• Title IV degree-granting institutions8 in the United States reported hiring 149,000 new fulltime employees in the four-month period ending October 31, 2007 (table 3). About 33 

percent of the new hires9 were faculty. 

Salaries of Full-Time Instructional Faculty at Title IV Degree-Granting Institutions 

• Based on adjusted 9-month average salaries,10 Title IV degree-granting institutions reported 

that professors earned $98,020, associate professors earned $70,744, assistant professors 

earned $59,283, instructors earned $51,633, lecturers earned $51,552, and those with no 

academic rank earned $51,966 (table 5). 

 

7

 Data are for degree-granting institutions and administrative offices. 

8

 Data are for degree-granting institutions and administrative offices with 15 or more full-time staff. 9

 New hires include full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between July 1 and 

October 31, 2007, either for the first time (new to the institution) or after a break in service AND who are still on the 

payroll of the institution as of November 1, 2007. New hires do not include persons who have returned from 

sabbatical leave or full-time faculty working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. New hires are included 

in the counts of all staff. 

10 Total salary outlays for full-time instructional faculty (by rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-

month outlays by multiplying the outlay for 11/12-month contracted faculty by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were 

then added to the outlays for 9/10-month faculty, and the resulting sum was then divided by the total number of 

faculty to determine an average salary for each rank. Salaries for faculty on less-than-9-month contracts were not 

collected. 
4

Table 1. Staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, medical school staff status, 

control of institution, and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2007 

Total Full time Part time 

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity Total 

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

 Total 

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

 

Total 3,630,956 3,285,913 345,043 2,328,985 2,044,660 284,325 1,301,971 1,241,253 60,718

 

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or public 

service 1,407,467 1,295,371 112,096 722,799 627,809 94,990 684,668 667,562 15,634

Primarily instruction 1,076,434 1,041,154 35,280 470,467 442,335 28,132 605,967 598,819 7,148

Instruction/research/public service 251,466 200,640 50,826 189,700 144,852 44,848 61,766 55,788 5,978

Primarily research 57,214 39,544 17,670 46,859 31,697 15,162 10,355 7,847 2,508

Primarily public service 22,353 14,033 8,320 15,773 8,925 6,848 6,580 5,108 1,472

Executive/administrative/managerial 225,778 207,779 17,999 218,038 200,861 17,177 7,740 6,918 822

Other professional (support/service) 720,990 614,178 106,812 621,393 527,521 93,872 99,597 86,657 12,940

Graduate assistants2

 328,979 308,623 20,356 † † † 328,979 308,623 20,356

Technical and paraprofessionals 195,502 162,691 32,811 154,578 126,111 28,467 40,924 36,580 4,344

Clerical and secretarial 453,798 407,359 46,439 356,236 314,096 42,140 97,562 93,263 4,299

Skilled crafts 62,342 61,108 1,234 59,609 58,418 1,191 2,733 2,690 43

Service/maintenance 236,100 228,804 7,296 196,332 189,844 6,488 39,768 38,960 808

 

Public 2,384,000 2,186,940 197,060 1,494,136 1,337,675 156,461 889,864 849,265 40,599

 

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 890,559 826,983 63,576 473,329 419,563 53,766 417,230 407,420 9,225

Primarily instruction 661,620 640,232 21,388 300,794 283,212 17,582 360,826 357,020 3,806

Instruction/research/public service 177,302 148,272 29,030 133,063 108,036 25,027 44,239 40,236 4,003

Primarily research 35,786 25,932 9,854 28,740 20,302 8,438 7,046 5,630 1,416

Primarily public service 15,851 12,547 3,304 10,732 8,013 2,719 5,119 4,534 585

Executive/administrative/managerial 109,936 103,208 6,728 106,219 99,926 6,293 3,717 3,282 435

Other professional (support/service) 477,603 409,159 68,444 407,200 348,554 58,646 70,403 60,605 9,798

Graduate assistants2

 266,429 251,279 15,150 † † † 266,429 251,279 15,150

Technical and paraprofessionals 144,731 129,023 15,708 111,787 98,588 13,199 32,944 30,435 2,509

Clerical and secretarial 291,023 266,970 24,053 219,309 197,749 21,560 71,714 69,221 2,493

Skilled crafts 46,894 46,371 523 44,952 44,462 490 1,942 1,909 33

Service/maintenance 156,825 153,947 2,878 131,340 128,833 2,507 25,485 25,114 371

 

Private not-for-profit 1,033,557 885,574 147,983 726,891 599,027 127,864 306,666 286,547 20,119

 

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 388,511 339,991 48,520 218,567 177,343 41,224 169,944 162,648 6,409

Primarily instruction 289,100 275,208 13,892 140,608 130,058 10,550 148,492 145,150 3,342

Instruction/research/public service 71,605 49,809 21,796 54,899 35,078 19,821 16,706 14,731 1,975

Primarily research 21,403 13,587 7,816 18,098 11,374 6,724 3,305 2,213 1,092

Primarily public service 6,403 1,387 5,016 4,962 833 4,129 1,441 554 887

Executive/administrative/managerial 95,752 84,481 11,271 92,315 81,431 10,884 3,437 3,050 387

Other professional (support/service) 208,500 170,132 38,368 181,222 145,996 35,226 27,278 24,136 3,142

Graduate assistants2

 62,440 57,234 5,206 † † † 62,440 57,234 5,206

Technical and paraprofessionals 47,601 30,498 17,103 40,425 25,157 15,268 7,176 5,341 1,835

Clerical and secretarial 139,737 117,351 22,386 117,136 96,556 20,580 22,601 20,795 1,806

Skilled crafts 15,177 14,466 711 14,475 13,774 701 702 692 10

Service/maintenance 75,839 71,421 4,418 62,751 58,770 3,981 13,088 12,651 437

 

See notes at end of table. 
5

Table 1. Staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, medical school staff status, 

control of institution, and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2007—Continued 

Total Full time Part time 

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity Total 

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

 Total 

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

 

Private for-profit 213,399 213,399 † 107,958 107,958 † 105,441 105,441 †

 

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 128,397 128,397 † 30,903 30,903 † 97,494 97,494 †

Primarily instruction 125,714 125,714 † 29,065 29,065 † 96,649 96,649 †

Instruction/research/public service 2,559 2,559 † 1,738 1,738 † 821 821 †

Primarily research 25 25 † 21 21 † 4 4 †

Primarily public service 99 99 † 79 79 † 20 20 †

Executive/administrative/managerial 20,090 20,090 † 19,504 19,504 † 586 586 †

Other professional (support/service) 34,887 34,887 † 32,971 32,971 † 1,916 1,916 †

Graduate assistants2

 110 110 † † † † 110 110 †

Technical and paraprofessionals 3,170 3,170 † 2,366 2,366 † 804 804 †

Clerical and secretarial 23,038 23,038 † 19,791 19,791 † 3,247 3,247 †

Skilled crafts 271 271 † 182 182 † 89 89 †

Service/maintenance 3,436 3,436 † 2,241 2,241 † 1,195 1,195 †

† Not applicable. 

1

Medical schools are defined as those with M.D. and/or D.O. programs. Also includes health or allied health schools or departments that are affiliated 

with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical school. 

2

By definition, all graduate assistants are part-time. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 

Winter 2007-08, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section. 
6

Table 2. Full-time professional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions and administrative offices, 

by control of institution, medical school staff status, level of institution, and faculty status: 

United States, fall 2007 

Number Percent 

Medical school staff status, level of 

institution, and faculty status Total Public 

Private 

not-forprofit 

Private 

forprofit Total Public 

Private 

not-forprofit 

Private 

forprofit 

 

Total staff 1,526,823 978,150 487,259 61,414 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

 

Staff (except those in medical 

schools1

) 1,320,784 859,445 399,925 61,414 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

 

With faculty status 627,054 432,283 174,160 20,611 47.5 50.3 43.5 33.6 

With tenure 283,786 207,265 76,303 218 21.5 24.1 19.1 0.4 

On tenure track 121,303 85,568 35,630 105 9.2 10.0 8.9 0.2 

Not on tenure track 136,704 97,037 39,542 125 10.4 11.3 9.9 0.2 

No tenure system 85,261 42,413 22,685 20,163 6.5 4.9 5.7 32.8 

Without faculty status 693,730 427,162 225,765 40,803 52.5 49.7 56.5 66.4 

 

4-year 1,112,255 672,316 396,789 43,150 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

With faculty status 500,514 316,743 172,403 11,368 45.0 47.1 43.4 26.3 

With tenure 236,303 160,018 76,157 128 21.2 23.8 19.2 0.3 

On tenure track 104,217 68,578 35,548 91 9.4 10.2 9.0 0.2 

Not on tenure track 125,305 85,835 39,362 108 11.3 12.8 9.9 0.3 

No tenure system 34,689 2,312 21,336 11,041 3.1 0.3 5.4 25.6 

Without faculty status 611,741 355,573 224,386 31,782 55.0 52.9 56.6 73.7 

 

2-year 208,529 187,129 3,136 18,264 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

With faculty status 126,540 115,540 1,757 9,243 60.7 61.7 56.0 50.6 

With tenure 47,483 47,247 146 90 22.8 25.2 4.7 0.5 

On tenure track 17,086 16,990 82 14 8.2 9.1 2.6 0.1 

Not on tenure track 11,399 11,202 180 17 5.5 6.0 5.7 0.1 

No tenure system 50,572 40,101 1,349 9,122 24.3 21.4 43.0 49.9 

Without faculty status 81,989 71,589 1,379 9,021 39.3 38.3 44.0 49.4 

 

Medical school staff1

 206,039 118,705 87,334 † 100.0 100.0 100.0 † 

 

With faculty status 91,596 53,575 38,021 † 44.5 45.1 43.5 † 

With tenure 21,568 13,654 7,914 † 10.5 11.5 9.1 † 

On tenure track 16,377 7,138 9,239 † 7.9 6.0 10.6 † 

Not on tenure track 53,186 32,783 20,403 † 25.8 27.6 23.4 † 

No tenure system 465 0 465 † 0.2 0.0 0.5 † 

Without faculty status 114,443 65,130 49,313 † 55.5 54.9 56.5 † 

† Not applicable. 

1

Medical schools are defined as those with M.D. and/or D.O. programs. Also includes health or allied health schools or 

departments that are affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical school. 

NOTE: Full-time professional staff include those staff in the following positions: primarily instruction, instruction combined with 

research and/or public service, primarily research, primarily public service, executive/administrative/managerial, and other 

professional (support/service). Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2007-08, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section. 
7

Table 3. Staff and new hires at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, gender, and 

primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2007 

Total Full time Part time Men Women 

Primary function/occupational activity Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

 

 Total (degree-granting and non-degree-granting institutions and administrative offices)1

 

Total, all institutions 3,630,956 100.0 2,328,985 100.0 1,301,971 100.0 1,674,034 100.0 1,956,922 100.0

 

All staff 

Professional staff 2,683,214 73.9 1,562,230 67.1 1,120,984 86.1 1,321,245 78.9 1,361,969 69.6

Faculty2

 1,407,467 38.8 722,799 31.0 684,668 52.6 757,537 45.3 649,930 33.2

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 225,778 6.2 218,038 9.4 7,740 0.6 105,223 6.3 120,555 6.2

Other professional (support/ 

service) 720,990 19.9 621,393 26.7 99,597 7.6 285,364 17.0 435,626 22.3

Graduate assistants3

 328,979 9.1 † † 328,979 25.3 173,121 10.3 155,858 8.0

 

Nonprofessional staff 947,742 26.1 766,755 32.9 180,987 13.9 352,789 21.1 594,953 30.4

Technical and paraprofessionals 195,502 5.4 154,578 6.6 40,924 3.1 80,152 4.8 115,350 5.9

Clerical and secretarial 453,798 12.5 356,236 15.3 97,562 7.5 66,826 4.0 386,972 19.8

Skilled crafts 62,342 1.7 59,609 2.6 2,733 0.2 58,336 3.5 4,006 0.2

Service/maintenance 236,100 6.5 196,332 8.4 39,768 3.1 147,475 8.8 88,625 4.5

 

 Degree-granting institutions and administrative offices with 15 or more full-time staff only 

 

New hires (full time only)4

 149,392 100.0 149,392 100.0 † † 64,963 100.0 84,429 100.0

 

Professional staff 104,335 69.8 104,335 69.8 † † 48,911 75.3 55,424 65.6

Faculty2

 50,041 33.5 50,041 33.5 † † 25,881 39.8 24,160 28.6

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 9,327 6.2 9,327 6.2 † † 4,384 6.7 4,943 5.9

Other professional (support/ 

service) 44,967 30.1 44,967 30.1 † † 18,646 28.7 26,321 31.2

 

Nonprofessional staff 45,057 30.2 45,057 30.2 † † 16,052 24.7 29,005 34.4

Technical and paraprofessionals 9,974 6.7 9,974 6.7 † † 3,963 6.1 6,011 7.1

Clerical and secretarial 22,541 15.1 22,541 15.1 † † 3,652 5.6 18,889 22.4

Skilled crafts 1,695 1.1 1,695 1.1 † † 1,572 2.4 123 0.1

Service/maintenance 10,847 7.3 10,847 7.3 † † 6,865 10.6 3,982 4.7

† Not applicable. New hires data are only for full-time staff. 

1

Beginning with the 2007-08 data collection, institutions with fewer than 15 full-time staff were required to complete the Fall Staff section of the Human 

Resources component. Therefore, data represent degree-granting institutions (regardless of number of staff), non-degree-granting institutions, and 

administrative offices. 

2

Staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service. 3

By definition, all graduate assistants are part-time. 

4

New hires include full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between July 1 and October 31, 2007, either for the first 

time (new to the institution) or after a break in service AND who are still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1, 2007. New hires do not 

include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time faculty working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. New hires are 

included in the counts of all staff. 

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2007-08, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. 
8

Table 4. Full-time faculty at Title IV degree-granting institutions and administrative offices, by faculty status, sector of 

institution, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, fall 2007 

 Staff with faculty status 

Total faculty1 With tenure 

On tenure 

track 

Not on tenure 

track 

No tenure 

system 

Staff without 

faculty status Sector of institution, 

gender, and 

race/ethnicity Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 

 

Total 702,491 100.0 290,581 100.0 134,826 100.0 171,144 100.0 80,217 100.0 25,723 100.0 

 

Sector of institution 

Public 4-year 354,289 50.4 163,041 56.1 73,847 54.8 104,318 61.0 2,257 2.8 10,826 42.1 

Public 2-year 112,846 16.1 46,024 15.8 16,559 12.3 10,260 6.0 39,189 48.9 814 3.2 

Private not-forprofit 4-year 215,100 30.6 81,203 27.9 44,258 32.8 56,370 32.9 19,289 24.0 13,980 54.3 

Private not-forprofit 2-year 1,422 0.2 129 # 77 0.1 106 0.1 1,104 1.4 6 # 

Private for-profit 

4-year 10,746 1.5 107 # 77 0.1 87 0.1 10,448 13.0 27 0.1 

Private for-profit 

2-year 8,088 1.2 77 # 8 # 3 # 7,930 9.9 70 0.3 

 

Gender 

Men 408,506 58.2 192,069 66.1 72,843 54.0 87,531 51.1 40,683 50.7 15,380 59.8 

Women 293,985 41.8 98,512 33.9 61,983 46.0 83,613 48.9 39,534 49.3 10,343 40.2 

 

Race/ethnicity 

White, nonHispanic 539,646 76.8 240,911 82.9 93,745 69.5 125,207 73.2 65,919 82.2 13,864 53.9 

Black, nonHispanic 37,862 5.4 13,388 4.6 8,713 6.5 9,171 5.4 5,879 7.3 711 2.8 

Hispanic 24,956 3.6 9,568 3.3 5,710 4.2 5,896 3.4 2,916 3.6 866 3.4 

Asian/Pacific 

Islander 53,615 7.6 20,440 7.0 13,159 9.8 14,430 8.4 2,464 3.1 3,122 12.1 

American 

Indian/Alaska 

Native 3,337 0.5 1,268 0.4 605 0.4 680 0.4 720 0.9 64 0.2 

Race/ethnicity 

unknown 11,863 1.7 2,158 0.7 3,121 2.3 3,462 2.0 1,963 2.4 1,159 4.5 

Nonresident alien 31,212 4.4 2,848 1.0 9,773 7.2 12,298 7.2 356 0.4 5,937 23.1 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

Staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service. 

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Data are for degree-granting institutions and administrative offices with 15 or more full-time staff. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2007-08, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section.
9

Table 5. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty at Title IV degree-granting institutions, by 

academic rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United States, academic year 

2007-08 

Control and level of 

institution, and gender All ranks Professor

Associate 

professor

Assistant 

professor Instructor Lecturer 

No academic 

rank1

 

Adjusted 9-month 

average salaries2

 $69,698 $98,020 $70,744 $59,283 $51,633 $51,552 $51,966

 

Public 69,288 95,665 70,860 59,717 55,849 50,866 52,272

4-year 73,715 100,133 72,718 61,101 44,281 50,957 49,255

Men 79,686 102,969 74,558 63,051 45,162 53,938 50,928

Women 64,822 91,592 69,939 58,938 43,699 48,453 47,683

2-year 58,522 69,005 58,005 51,270 60,950 48,002 52,981

Men 59,800 70,798 58,918 51,995 61,992 48,162 54,001

Women 57,402 67,173 57,205 50,699 60,031 47,884 52,121

 

Private not-for-profit 74,280 103,687 70,885 58,610 43,902 53,634 57,778

4-year 74,576 103,784 70,986 58,707 44,088 53,649 58,435

Men 80,689 107,250 72,946 60,706 44,019 56,931 61,269

Women 65,639 94,141 68,131 56,718 44,143 50,802 54,818

2-year 43,098 52,036 49,250 44,612 40,985 33,537 39,031

Men 39,307 54,154 45,817 39,701 36,499 32,500 37,555

Women 45,481 50,437 50,851 46,356 44,277 34,229 40,374

 

Private for-profit 38,220 51,741 47,823 47,356 37,629 26,241 31,215

4-year 40,539 52,607 48,464 48,185 40,581 24,429 30,697

Men 41,217 54,104 47,709 48,177 41,755 30,274 29,315

Women 39,578 49,684 49,627 48,195 38,981 20,046 32,618

2-year 35,183 30,862 36,434 33,659 35,247 28,354 34,473

Men 36,702 33,991 36,270 34,659 36,751 † 36,061

Women 33,690 27,993 36,509 33,047 33,743 28,354 33,247

† Not applicable. 

1

Includes faculty at institutions without standard academic ranks. 

2

Total salary outlays for full-time instructional faculty (by rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-month outlays by 

multiplying the outlay for 11/12-month contracted faculty by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were then added to the outlays for 9/10-

month faculty, and the resulting sum was then divided by the total number of faculty to determine an average salary for each rank. 

Salaries for faculty on less-than-9-month contracts were not collected. 

NOTE: Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all 

instructional faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, five 

degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three

administrative offices because the data could not be separated by degree-granting status. The five additional entities are included 

in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. Instructional faculty are those members of the instruction/ 

research staff who are employed full time and whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing 

instruction or teaching, including those with released time for research. Full-time instructional faculty also include those for whom it 

is not possible to differentiate between instruction or teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an 

integral component of their regular assignment. They are reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction combined with research 

and/or public service” in the full-time non-medical school part of the Employees by Assigned Position section. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2007-08, Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
Page left intentionally blank. 
A-1

Appendix A: 

Survey Methodology 

Overview 

IPEDS defines a postsecondary institution as an organization that is open to the public and has a 

primary mission of providing education or training beyond the high school level. The primary 

focus of the IPEDS winter 2007-08 data collection was to collect data from Title IV institutions. 

These institutions have Program Participation Agreements (PPAs) with the Office of 

Postsecondary Education (OPE) within the U.S. Department of Education and thus are eligible to 

participate in Title IV student financial aid programs. There were 6,790 Title IV institutions1

 and 

administrative offices located in the United States and the other jurisdictions2

 of the United 

States, such as Puerto Rico, at the beginning of the 2007-08 academic year. Eighteen institutions 

closed before the winter 2007-08 data collection began, leaving 6,688 institutions and 84 

administrative offices. 

The winter 2007-08 data collection was entirely web-based. Institutions in the universe were 

asked to enter their survey responses using the IPEDS data collection website. The winter 2007-

08 IPEDS data were collected between December 5, 2007, and January 23, 2008. The collection 

of the Human Resources (HR) component had three sections: Employees by Assigned Position 

(EAP), Fall Staff (S), and Salaries (SA). These three sections were previously separate 

components but were merged into the single HR component beginning with the winter 2005-06 

data collection to simplify reporting and ensure data consistency and accuracy. During the winter 

2005-06 data collection, the glossary and instructions were also restructured based on the new 

design to improve consistency of reporting between sections. For example, prior to 2005-06, 

institutions could classify librarians and counselors as either “Faculty” or “Other professional 

(support/service)”; however, beginning with 2005-06, institutions were instructed to classify 

librarians and counselors as “Other professional (support/service)” only. (For detailed 

information on the primary functions/occupational activities, refer to appendix B, Glossary.) 

Beginning with HR 2005-06, the term “faculty” was changed to “staff whose primary 

responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service,” but for purposes of this report, the 

term “faculty” will continue to be used. Also, beginning with HR 2005-06, the term “full-time 

instructional faculty” was changed to “full-time instructional staff,” but for purposes of this 

report, the term “full-time instructional faculty” will continue to be used. 

Terminology Used in the IPEDS Web Collection 

Please refer to the glossary provided in appendix B for definitions of various terms. 

 

1

 Includes 6,706 institutions and 84 administrative offices (central or system offices). The administrative offices are 

required to complete the Institutional Characteristics component in the fall, the EAP section of the Human 

Resources component in the winter, and the Finance component in the winter or spring (if they have their own 

separate budget). Administrative offices are required to complete the Fall Staff section of the Human Resources 

component in odd-numbered years such as 2007, but not in even-numbered years such as 2006. The U.S. service 

academies are included in the number of institutions. 

2

 The other jurisdictions surveyed in IPEDS are American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the 

Marshall Islands, the Northern Marianas, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
A-2

Universe, Institutions Surveyed, and Response Rates 

The IPEDS universe is established during the fall collection period. For 2007-08, there were 50 

institutions included in prior IPEDS data collections that were determined to be outside the scope 

of IPEDS because they were closed or were merged with another institution. Additionally, 193 

institutions were reported exclusively by a parent institution; also, 154 institutions were added to 

the universe. These schools were identified from several sources, including a universe review by 

state coordinators, a review of the data file maintained by OPE, and information provided by the 

institutions themselves. 

According to Section 490 of the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 (P.L. 102- 325), IPEDS 

is mandatory for any institutions that participate in or are applicants for participation in any 

federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, 

as amended (20 USC 1094(a)(17)). Therefore, most of the studies that use IPEDS data 

concentrate on the Title IV institutions, and this group is the main focus of IPEDS. To ensure the 

inclusion of all Title IV participants, the full set of 6,790 Title IV entities in the established 

IPEDS universe was validated by matching it with OPE’s Postsecondary Education Participation 

System (PEPS) file. 

The IPEDS database includes institutions that do not participate in Title IV financial aid 

programs. These institutions are invited to participate in the IPEDS program, and if they 

voluntarily respond to the surveys, the institutions are included in the College Navigator 

(http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/). The College Navigator is designed to help college 

students, prospective students, and their parents learn about admission requirements, degrees 

offered, costs, graduation rates, and other characteristics of institutions that they may find helpful 

in selecting among postsecondary institutions. 

Not all Title IV institutions were required to complete all sections of the HR component. 

Eighteen institutions were not required to complete the HR component because they closed 

during the fall 2007 collection. The EAP and Fall Staff sections of the HR component were 

required of all Title IV institutions and administrative offices. The Salaries section was required 

of Title IV degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional 

faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or 

clinical medicine. Of the 6,772 Title IV entities eligible for the winter 2007-08 IPEDS collection, 

all 6,688 institutions and 84 administrative offices were eligible for the EAP and Fall Staff 

sections, and 4,306 degree-granting institutions were eligible for the Salaries section. Although 

the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions only, five degree-granting 

institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for two non-degree-granting 

institutions and three administrative offices because the data could not be separated by degreegranting status. The five additional entities are included in the universe and response rate 

numbers of the Salaries section. 

Table A-1 provides the number of Title IV institutions and administrative offices and the survey 

response rates for the HR component and the HR sections for winter 2007-08, by degreegranting status and level and control of institution, for the United States and other jurisdictions. 

Because Title IV institutions are the primary focus of IPEDS and they are required to respond, 

response rates for Title IV institutions and administrative offices in the winter 2007-08 IPEDS 

collection were high. The overall response rate in winter 2007-08 was 99.9 percent for the HR 

component. The response rates were also 99.9 percent for the individual required HR sections: 

EAP, Fall Staff, and Salaries. 
A-3

Table A-1. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2007-08 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States and other jurisdictions 

Human Resources component Employees by Assigned Position section 

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response

 rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded 

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 6,772 6,767 99.9 6,772 6,767 99.9

Public 2,100 2,099 100.0 2,100 2,099 100.0

Private not-for-profit 1,872 1,872 100.0 1,872 1,872 100.0

Private for-profit 2,800 2,796 99.9 2,800 2,796 99.9

4-year 2,799 2,798 100.0 2,799 2,798 100.0

Public 712 711 99.9 712 711 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,587 1,587 100.0 1,587 1,587 100.0

Private for-profit 500 500 100.0 500 500 100.0

2-year 2,221 2,221 100.0 2,221 2,221 100.0

Public 1,171 1,171 100.0 1,171 1,171 100.0

Private not-for-profit 185 185 100.0 185 185 100.0

Private for-profit 865 865 100.0 865 865 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,752 1,748 99.8 1,752 1,748 99.8

Public 217 217 100.0 217 217 100.0

Private not-for-profit 100 100 100.0 100 100 100.0

Private for-profit 1,435 1,431 99.7 1,435 1,431 99.7

Degree-granting 4,511 4,510 100.0 4,511 4,510 100.0

4-year 2,784 2,783 100.0 2,784 2,783 100.0

Public 711 710 99.9 711 710 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,573 1,573 100.0 1,573 1,573 100.0

Private for-profit 500 500 100.0 500 500 100.0

2-year 1,727 1,727 100.0 1,727 1,727 100.0

Public 1,071 1,071 100.0 1,071 1,071 100.0

Private not-for-profit 96 96 100.0 96 96 100.0

Private for-profit 560 560 100.0 560 560 100.0

Non-degree-granting 2,261 2,257 99.8 2,261 2,257 99.8

4-year1

 15 15 100.0 15 15 100.0

Public 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 14 14 100.0 14 14 100.0

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 494 494 100.0 494 494 100.0

Public 100 100 100.0 100 100 100.0

Private not-for-profit 89 89 100.0 89 89 100.0

Private for-profit 305 305 100.0 305 305 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,752 1,748 99.8 1,752 1,748 99.8

Public 217 217 100.0 217 217 100.0

Private not-for-profit 100 100 100.0 100 100 100.0

Private for-profit 1,435 1,431 99.7 1,435 1,431 99.7

 

See notes at end of table. 
A-4

Table A-1. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2007-08 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States and other jurisdictions—Continued 

Fall Staff section Salaries section 

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe 

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

Final 

universe 

Number 

responded 

Response rate 

(%)

 

All institutions 6,772 6,765 99.9 4,3112,3 4,308 99.9

 

Public 2,100 2,099 100.0 1,7032,3 1,702 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,872 1,870 99.9 1,6103

 1,608 99.9

Private for-profit 2,800 2,796 99.9 998 998 100.0

4-year 2,799 2,796 99.9 2,6392

 2,636 99.9

Public 712 711 99.9 664 663 99.8

Private not-for-profit 1,587 1,585 99.9 1,5192

 1,517 99.9

Private for-profit 500 500 100.0 456 456 100.0

2-year 2,221 2,221 100.0 1,6702

 1,670 100.0

Public 1,171 1,171 100.0 1,0382

 1,038 100.0

Private not-for-profit 185 185 100.0 90 90 100.0

Private for-profit 865 865 100.0 542 542 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,752 1,748 99.8 23

 2 100.0

Public 217 217 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 100 100 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private for-profit 1,435 1,431 99.7 † † †

 

Degree-granting 4,511 4,508 99.9 4,3092

 4,306 99.9

 

4-year 2,784 2,781 99.9 2,6392

 2,636 99.9

Public 711 710 99.9 664 663 99.8

Private not-for-profit 1,573 1,571 99.9 1,5192

 1,517 99.9

Private for-profit 500 500 100.0 456 456 100.0

2-year 1,727 1,727 100.0 1,6702

 1,670 100.0

Public 1,071 1,071 100.0 1,0382

 1,038 100.0

Private not-for-profit 96 96 100.0 90 90 100.0

Private for-profit 560 560 100.0 542 542 100.0

 

Non-degree-granting 2,261 2,257 99.8 23

 2 100.0

 

4-year1

 15 15 100.0 † † †

Public 1 1 100.0 † † †

Private not-for-profit 14 14 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 494 494 100.0 † † †

Public 100 100 100.0 † † †

Private not-for-profit 89 89 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 305 305 100.0 † † †

Less-than-2-year 1,752 1,748 99.8 23

 2 100.0

Public 217 217 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 100 100 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private for-profit 1,435 1,431 99.7 † † †

† Not applicable. 

1

These institutions grant certificates at the postbaccalaureate and post-master’s levels; they do not award degrees. 2

The Salaries section became applicable to two administrative offices serving public 2-year institutions and one administrative office 

serving one private not-for-profit 4-year institution because three degree-granting institutions could not separate their faculty data by 

degree-granting status. 

3

The Salaries section became applicable to one public less-than-2-year non-degree-granting institution and one private not-for-profit 

less-than-2-year non-degree-granting institution because two degree-granting institutions could not separate their faculty data by 

degree-granting status. 

NOTE: The Employees by Assigned Position and Fall Staff sections were applicable to all institutions and administrative offices. 

Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional 

faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, five degree-granting 

institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three administrative offices 

because the data could not be separated by degree-granting status. The five additional entities are included in the universe and 

response rate numbers of the Salaries section. Data were imputed for all Human Resources nonrespondents. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2007-08. 
A-5

Table A-1a provides the number of Title IV institutions and administrative offices and the survey 

response rates for the HR component and the HR sections for winter 2007-08 by degree-granting 

status and level and control of institution for the United States only (excluding any other 

jurisdictions). 

NCES statistical standards require that the potential for nonresponse bias for all institutions 

(including those in the other jurisdictions) be analyzed for sectors for which the response rate 

was less than 90 percent. As shown in table A-1, no sectors require this analysis. 

Survey Procedures 

The winter 2007-08 IPEDS data collection was conducted using the IPEDS web-based data 

collection system. Each institution appointed a keyholder, who was the person responsible for 

ensuring that survey data submitted by the institution were correct. The keyholder could generate 

UserIDs and passwords for up to six additional survey respondents who could also enter or 

review data. For many institutions, keyholders were also required to edit and lock the data: 

locking the data submits the completed data to NCES. 

Many states or systems had one or more IPEDS coordinators. Coordinators are individuals who 

take responsibility for a specified group of institutions to ensure that all data are entered 

correctly. Some coordinators may be responsible for a system of institutions (e.g., SUNY—the 

State University of New York); others may coordinate all or some institutions in a state. Also, 

coordinators may elect to provide different levels of review. For example, some may only view 

data provided by their institutions, while others may upload, review, or lock data for their 

institutions. 

For the 2007-08 IPEDS data collection, keyholders were asked to register before the fall 2007 

data collection. Registration information, including UserIDs and passwords, was e-mailed to 

existing keyholders in early August. Also in early August, letters were sent to chief executive 

officers (CEOs) at institutions without preregistered keyholders, requesting that they appoint a 

keyholder for the 2007-08 collection year. The package included a letter for the keyholder and a 

registration certificate with the institution’s UserID and password for the entire 2007-08 

collection period. Subsequent registration mailings were sent in late August and late September 

to CEOs of institutions at which a keyholder had still not been registered. At the beginning of the 

winter and spring collections, in early December and early March, respectively, e-mail messages 

were sent to registered keyholders and coordinators requesting that they update or confirm their 

registration contact information when the collections opened. Schools were allowed to designate 

a new keyholder at any time during the collection year, if needed. As with previous IPEDS 

studies, follow-up for nonresponse was conducted with CEOs, coordinators, and keyholders via 

mail, e-mail, and telephone throughout all three collection periods. 

The web-based survey instruments offered many features designed to improve the quality and 

timeliness of the data. As indicated previously, survey respondents were required to register 

before entering 2007-08 data to ensure a point of contact between NCES/IPEDS and the 

institution. 
A-6

Table A-1a. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2007-08 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States 

Human Resources component Employees by Assigned Position section 

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response

 rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded 

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 6,614 6,609 99.9 6,614 6,609 99.9

Public 2,074 2,073 100.0 2,074 2,073 100.0

Private not-for-profit 1,816 1,816 100.0 1,816 1,816 100.0

Private for-profit 2,724 2,720 99.9 2,724 2,720 99.9

4-year 2,733 2,732 100.0 2,733 2,732 100.0

Public 693 692 99.9 693 692 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,548 1,548 100.0 1,548 1,548 100.0

Private for-profit 492 492 100.0 492 492 100.0

2-year 2,200 2,200 100.0 2,200 2,200 100.0

Public 1,164 1,164 100.0 1,164 1,164 100.0

Private not-for-profit 181 181 100.0 181 181 100.0

Private for-profit 855 855 100.0 855 855 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,681 1,677 99.8 1,681 1,677 99.8

Public 217 217 100.0 217 217 100.0

Private not-for-profit 87 87 100.0 87 87 100.0

Private for-profit 1,377 1,373 99.7 1,377 1,373 99.7

Degree-granting 4,425 4,424 100.0 4,425 4,424 100.0

4-year 2,718 2,717 100.0 2,718 2,717 100.0

Public 692 691 99.9 692 691 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,534 1,534 100.0 1,534 1,534 100.0

Private for-profit 492 492 100.0 492 492 100.0

2-year 1,707 1,707 100.0 1,707 1,707 100.0

Public 1,064 1,064 100.0 1,064 1,064 100.0

Private not-for-profit 92 92 100.0 92 92 100.0

Private for-profit 551 551 100.0 551 551 100.0

Non-degree-granting 2,189 2,185 99.8 2,189 2,185 99.8

4-year1

 15 15 100.0 15 15 100.0

Public 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 14 14 100.0 14 14 100.0

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 493 493 100.0 493 493 100.0

Public 100 100 100.0 100 100 100.0

Private not-for-profit 89 89 100.0 89 89 100.0

Private for-profit 304 304 100.0 304 304 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,681 1,677 99.8 1,681 1,677 99.8

Public 217 217 100.0 217 217 100.0

Private not-for-profit 87 87 100.0 87 87 100.0

Private for-profit 1,377 1,373 99.7 1,377 1,373 99.7

 

See notes at end of table. 
A-7

Table A-1a. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2007-08 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States—Continued 

Fall Staff section Salaries section 

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe 

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

Final 

universe 

Number 

responded 

Response rate 

(%)

 

All institutions 6,614 6,607 99.9 4,2292,3 4,226 99.9

 

Public 2,074 2,073 100.0 1,6782,3 1,677 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,816 1,814 99.9 1,5703

 1,568 99.9

Private for-profit 2,724 2,720 99.9 981 981 100.0

4-year 2,733 2,730 99.9 2,5772

 2,574 99.9

Public 693 692 99.9 646 645 99.8

Private not-for-profit 1,548 1,546 99.9 1,4832

 1,481 99.9

Private for-profit 492 492 100.0 448 448 100.0

2-year 2,200 2,200 100.0 1,6502

 1,6

50 100.0

Public 1,164 1,164 100.0 1,0312

 1,031 100.0

Private not-for-profit 181 181 100.0 86 86 100.0

Private for-profit 855 855 100.0 533 533 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,681 1,677 99.8 23

 2 100.0

Public 217 217 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 87 87 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private for-profit 1,377 1,373 99.7 † † †

 

Degree-granting 4,425 4,422 99.9 4,2272

 4,224 99.9

 

4-year 2,718 2,715 99.9 2,5772

 2,574 99.9

Public 692 691 99.9 646 645 99.8

Private not-for-profit 1,534 1,532 99.9 1,4832

 1,481 99.9

Private for-profit 492 492 100.0 448 448 100.0

2-year 1,707 1,707 100.0 1,6502

 1,650 100.0

Public 1,064 1,064 100.0 1,0312

 1,031 100.0

Private not-for-profit 92 92 100.0 86 86 100.0

Private for-profit 551 551 100.0 533 533 100.0

 

Non-degree-granting 2,189 2,185 99.8 23

 2 100.0

 

4-year1

 15 15 100.0 † † †

Public 1 1 100.0 † † †

Private not-for-profit 14 14 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 493 493 100.0 † † †

Public 100 100 100.0 † † †

Private not-for-profit 89 89 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 304 304 100.0 † † †

Less-than-2-year 1,681 1,677 99.8 23

 2 100.0

Public 217 217 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 87 87 100.0 13

 1 100.0

Private for-profit 1,377 1,373 99.7 † † †

† Not applicable. 

1

These institutions grant certificates at the postbaccalaureate and post-master’s levels; they do not award degrees. 2

The Salaries section became applicable to two administrative offices serving public 2-year institutions and one administrative office 

serving private not-for-profit 4-year institutions because three degree-granting institutions could not separate their faculty data by 

degree-granting status. 

3

The Salaries section became applicable to one public less-than-2-year non-degree-granting institution and one private not-for-profit 

less-than-2-year non-degree-granting institution because two degree-granting institutions could not separate their faculty data by 

degree-granting status. 

NOTE: The Employees by Assigned Position and Fall Staff sections were applicable to all institutions and administrative offices. 

Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional 

faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, five degree-granting 

institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three administrative offices 

because the data could not be separated by degree-granting status. The five additional entities are included in the universe and 

response rate numbers of the Salaries section. Data were imputed for all Human Resources nonrespondents. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2007-08. 
A-8

Online data entry forms were tailored to each institution based on characteristics such as degreegranting status and presence of a medical school. When data from previous years were available 

for an institution, they were preloaded on the customized forms for easy reference and 

comparison purposes. Once the 2007-08 data were entered, either manually or through file 

upload, the keyholders were required to run edit checks and resolve all errors before they were 

able to lock their data. Once data were locked, they were considered submitted, regardless of 

whether or not the coordinator had reviewed the submission. 

Once the data were complete and all locks were applied, IPEDS help desk staff conducted a final 

review. If any additional problems were detected, the help desk staff contacted the institutions to 

resolve any remaining questions. Once all problems were resolved, the final data were migrated 

to the Peer Analysis System, where they were made available to other responding institutions for 

comparison purposes. Because of confidentiality issues, Fall Staff and Salaries data were 

perturbed during the migration process to protect any individually identifiable information. 

Survey Sections 

Human Resources 

The Human Resources (HR) component comprises three sections: Employees by Assigned 

Position (EAP), Fall Staff, and Salaries. A description of each HR section follows. 

Employees by Assigned Position (EAP) 

This section of the HR component was required by all Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices for winter 2007-08. The EAP section categorizes all staff on the institution’s payroll as of 

November 1 of the collection year, by employment status (full or part time), faculty status, and 

primary function/occupational activity. The medical school pages of EAP were applicable to 

institutions with M.D. and/or D.O. programs only. Employees affiliated with (housed in or under 

the authority of) the medical school were reported with the medical school. For example, if an 

institution’s medical school employees were housed with the institution’s employees in other 

health-related disciplines (e.g., dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing), the institution was 

instructed to report both sets of employees in the medical school part of the EAP section and list 

the other health-related disciplines in the designated comment box in the EAP section. 

Employees who were in health disciplines that were not considered part of the medical school 

were reported in the non-medical school part of EAP.

The primary functions/occupational activities of the EAP section are primarily instruction, 

instruction combined with research and/or public service, primarily research, primarily public 

service, executive/administrative/managerial, other professionals (support/service), graduate 

assistants, technical and paraprofessionals, clerical and secretarial, skilled crafts, and 

service/maintenance. If, by institutional definition, a staff member has faculty status, the staff 

member is categorized according to tenure status: with tenure, on tenure track, or not on tenure 

track/no tenure system. If a staff member does not have faculty status, he or she is counted in the 

“without faculty status” category. 

All full-time instructional faculty classified in the EAP full time non-medical school part as 

either (1) primarily instruction or (2) instruction combined with research and/or public service 

are included in the Salaries section, unless they are exempted because of one of the exclusions 

noted in the description of the Salaries section on the next page. 
A-9

Fall Staff 

This section of the HR component is required in odd-numbered years (e.g., staff in fall 2007) and 

optional in even-numbered years (e.g., 2006). There are three versions of the Fall Staff section; 

applicability to each version is determined by the degree-granting status of an institution and/or 

the number of full-time staff. The three versions of Fall Staff are described below. 

1. Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices with 15 or more full-time 

staff complete the long version of Fall Staff. This version collects the number of staff by 

employment status (full time and part time), gender, race/ethnicity, faculty status, 

contract length, academic rank, salary class intervals, and primary function/occupational 

activity. This version also collects data on newly hired full-time permanent staff. The 

long version includes the following six parts: 

Part G: Faculty and tenure status of full-time faculty by racial/ethnic category, gender, 

and academic rank; 

Part H: Full-time faculty by racial/ethnic category, gender, contract length, and salary 

class intervals; 

Part I: All other full-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, primary function/ 

occupational activity, and salary class intervals; 

Part J: Part-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity; 

Part K: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by racial/ethnic category and gender; 

and 

Part L: New hires by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/occupational 

activity. 

2. Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices with fewer than 15 fulltime staff complete one of the short versions of Fall Staff. The short version completed by 

this group of institutions and administrative offices collects the number of staff by 

employment status (full time and part time), gender, race/ethnicity, and primary 

function/occupational activity. (Data entry screens to report graduate assistants are 

included in this version.) This version includes the following three parts: 

Part G: Full-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity; 

Part H: Part-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity3

; and 

Part I: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by racial/ethnic category and gender. 

3. Non-degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices complete the other 

short version of Fall Staff. This short version collects the number of staff by employment 

status (full time and part time), gender, race/ethnicity, and primary function/occupational 

activity; however, data entry screens to report graduate assistants are not included in this 

version. The following parts are included in this version: 

 

3

 Includes data entry screens to report graduate assistants. 
A-10

Part D: Full-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity; 

Part E: Part-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity4

; and 

Part F: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by racial/ethnic category and gender. 

In all versions of the Fall Staff section, data are collected for staff on the payroll of the institution 

as of November 1 of the collection year.5 While most of the primary functions/occupational 

activities in the Fall Staff section are the same as the primary functions/occupational activities in 

the EAP section, the “faculty” job category is the exception to this rule. The “faculty” reported in 

the Fall Staff section is equivalent to the group of people reported in the EAP section as 

primarily instruction, instruction combined with research and/or public service, primarily 

research, and primarily public service. 

Salaries 

This section of the HR component collects data on full-time instructional faculty—that is, those 

persons classified as either primarily instruction or instruction combined with research and/or 

public service (except those in medical schools of the EAP section, as described above). 

Although the Salaries section is required by Title IV degree-granting institutions except for those 

institutions at which all instructional faculty are part time, contribute their services, are in the 

military, or teach preclinical or clinical medicine, five degree-granting institutions reported not 

only their own data, but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three 

administrative offices because the data could not be separated by degree-granting status. The five 

additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. 

Data are collected for full-time instructional faculty on the institution’s payroll as of November 1 

of the collection year. 

Part D of the Salaries section collects the number of full-time instructional faculty on less-than9-month, 9/10-month, and 11/12-month contracts by gender and academic rank (professor, 

associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, and no academic rank). In addition, 

4-year degree-granting institutions report the number of full-time instructional faculty on 9/10-

month and 11/12-month contracts by faculty status, gender, and academic rank in Part D. Prior to 

the optional collection of these data in 2006-07, data by faculty status were last collected in the 

Salaries component in 1999-2000. Part E collects the salary outlays associated with the full-time 

instructional faculty on 9/10-month and 11/12-month contracts reported in part D, by gender and 

academic rank (professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, and no 

academic rank). Part F collects data on the fringe benefit expenditures and the number of fulltime instructional faculty on 9/10-month and 11/12-month contracts covered by these benefits. 

Types of fringe benefits included are retirement plans, medical/dental plans, group life insurance, 

other insurance benefits, guaranteed disability income protection, tuition plan (dependents only), 

housing plan, employer portion of Social Security taxes, unemployment compensation taxes, 

worker’s compensation taxes, and other benefits in kind with cash options. 

 

4

 Excludes data entry screens to report graduate assistants. 5

 There are slightly different reporting requirements for the new hires part of the long version of Fall Staff. For more 

information on new hires, refer to the glossary (appendix B). 
A-11

Edit Procedures 

Edit checks were built into the web-based instrument to detect major reporting errors. The 

system automatically generated average salaries or totals for each section (as required), and edit 

checks compared current responses to previously reported data. The edit checks could be run at 

any time during the collection. As edit checks were executed, survey respondents were allowed 

to correct any errors detected by the system. If data were entered correctly but failed the edit 

checks, the survey respondents were asked either to confirm that the data were correct as entered 

or to explain why the data appeared to be out of the expected data range. All edit checks had to 

be resolved (confirmed, explained, or corrected) before the survey could be locked. Survey 

respondents were also provided with boxes to explain any special circumstances that might not 

be evident in their reported data and to report staff members who were difficult to categorize. In 

addition, the data were manually reviewed for additional inconsistencies by coordinators (when 

applicable) and the IPEDS help desk staff. When necessary, keyholders were contacted to verify 

the accuracy of the data. 

For all sections, current year data (winter 2007-08) were compared to the previous year’s data 

(winter 2006-07) and large discrepancies had to be explained. In addition, for the Salaries 

section, average salaries were calculated, and checks were in place for unusually high or 

unusually low averages. The number of full-time instructional faculty receiving fringe benefits 

could not exceed the total number of full-time instructional faculty by contract length, except for 

the tuition plan (dependents only) benefit.6

 The number of full-time instructional faculty in the 

Salaries section had to be equal to the number of full-time non-medical school faculty reported 

as either primarily instruction or instruction combined with research and/or public service in the 

EAP section and less than or equal to the number of full-time faculty in the Fall Staff section. 

Imputation Procedures 

All required sections of the HR component were subject to imputation for nonresponse. The 

EAP, Fall Staff, and Salaries data for Title IV institutions were imputed for both total 

(institutional) nonresponse and partial (item) nonresponse. The imputation base was restricted to 

institutions satisfying the following conditions: 

• The institution must participate in Title IV student financial aid programs. 

• The institution must be currently active7 in IPEDS.

• The institution must not be a child institution (a child institution’s data are reported by 

another institution, referred to as the “parent”).

• For the Salaries section, the institution must be a degree-granting institution. 

• For the Salaries section, the institution’s instructional faculty must not all fall into one of the 

following categories: 

− Instructional faculty who are employed on a part-time basis. 

 

6

 The number of persons reported for the tuition plan (dependents only) benefit represents the number of dependents 

(e.g., children, spouse) of full-time instructional faculty receiving tuition benefits, rather than the number of fulltime instructional faculty receiving this benefit. For example, if a full-time instructional faculty member is receiving 

tuition benefits and two children of the same faculty member are also receiving tuition benefits, the two children 

should be reported in the “tuition plan (dependents only)” benefit category; however, the faculty member should not 

be reported in this case. 

7

 Institutions that did not respond were verified as currently active (open for business) prior to imputation through 

telephone calls or e-mail. 
A-12

− Instructional faculty who contribute their services. 

− Instructional faculty who are military personnel. 

− Instructional faculty who teach preclinical or clinical medicine. 

The HR component was imputed using 109 imputation groups as necessary to ensure imputed 

data were donated from institutions with characteristics similar to those of the nonresponding 

institution. The imputation groups were formed based primarily on institutional sector and 

undergraduate, graduate, and first-professional offerings. 

The following imputation methods8

 were used to impute missing data in the HR component: 

Carry Forward 

Reported prior year data were carried forward to the current year. The prior year data were used 

as the base value for the imputation. To adjust for year-to-year change, the base value was then 

multiplied by an adjustment ratio for each section of the HR component. The adjustment ratio 

varied depending on the data being imputed. For employee counts, the adjustment factor used 

was the ratio of total staff reported in the current year to those reported in the prior year in EAP, 

within the imputation group. For salary outlays and benefit expenditures, an inflation adjustment 

was used. This ratio is total salary outlays (or benefit expenditures) in the current year to total 

salary outlays (or benefit expenditures) in the prior year, within the imputation group. 

Nearest Neighbor 

Previous year Fall Enrollment data were used to determine the distance between an imputee and 

a potential donor. The distance measure was full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollment, defined as 

the sum of all full-time students and one-third of the part-time students. Each nearest neighbor 

imputee was imputed with the current year HR data from the donor in the same imputation group 

with the nearest value of the distance measure. The donor’s data values were multiplied by the 

ratio of the imputee’s distance measure to the donor’s distance measure. 

Group Median 

If insufficient prior year data were available to perform any of the previously described methods, 

the group median method was used. For each imputation group, the sum of all full-time staff and 

one-third of the part-time staff was calculated for each institution. The institution with the 

median value of this measure within each imputation group was the donor institution. 

For the EAP section, table A-2 depicts information on the total number of staff along with the 

number and percentages of staff that were imputed for all Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices in the United States, by control of institution, employment status, primary function/ 

occupational activity, degree-granting status, and medical school staff status. 

For the Fall Staff section, table A-3 depicts information on the total number of staff along with 

the number and percentages of staff that were imputed for all Title IV institutions and 

administrative offices in the United States, by control of institution, employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, gender, and degree-granting status. 

 

8

 Imputation methods are listed in order of preferred usage. If data are not available for application of one method, 

the next method is used. 
A-13

Table A-2. Number of staff, number of staff imputed, and percentages imputed for all Title IV institutions and 

administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, primary function/occupational activity, 

degree-granting status, and medical school staff status: United States, fall 2007 

Total Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

Employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, 

degree-granting status, and 

medical school staff status Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent

Total1 3,630,956 187 # 2,384,000 164 # 1,033,557 0 0.0 213,399 23 #

 

Full-time staff 2,328,985 181 # 1,494,136 162 # 726,891 0 0.0 107,958 19 #

Primarily instruction 470,467 150 # 300,794 144 # 140,608 0 0.0 29,065 6 #

Instruction/research/public 

service 189,700 1 # 133,063 0 0.0 54,899 0 0.0 1,738 1 0.1

Primarily research 46,859 1 # 28,740 0 0.0 18,098 0 0.0 21 1 4.8

Primarily public service 15,773 1 # 10,732 0 0.0 4,962 0 0.0 79 1 1.3

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 218,038 23 # 106,219 18 # 92,315 0 0.0 19,504 5 #

Other professional 

(support/service) 621,393 2 # 407,200 0 0.0 181,222 0 0.0 32,971 2 #

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 154,578 0 0.0 111,787 0 0.0 40,425 0 0.0 2,366 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 356,236 1 # 219,309 0 0.0 117,136 0 0.0 19,791 1 #

Skilled crafts 59,609 1 # 44,952 0 0.0 14,475 0 0.0 182 1 0.5

Service/maintenance 196,332 1 # 131,340 0 0.0 62,751 0 0.0 2,241 1 #

 

Part-time staff 1,301,971 6 # 889,864 2 # 306,666 0 0.0 105,441 4 #

Primarily instruction 605,967 3 # 360,826 2 # 148,492 0 0.0 96,649 1 #

Instruction/research/public 

service 61,766 0 0.0 44,239 0 0.0 16,706 0 0.0 821 0 0.0

Primarily research 10,355 0 0.0 7,046 0 0.0 3,305 0 0.0 4 0 0.0

Primarily public service 6,580 0 0.0 5,119 0 0.0 1,441 0 0.0 20 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 7,740 2 # 3,717 0 0.0 3,437 0 0.0 586 2 0.3

Other professional 

(support/service) 99,597 1 # 70,403 0 0.0 27,278 0 0.0 1,916 1 0.1

Graduate assistants2

 328,979 0 0.0 266,429 0 0.0 62,440 0 0.0 110 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 40,924 0 0.0 32,944 0 0.0 7,176 0 0.0 804 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 97,562 0 0.0 71,714 0 0.0 22,601 0 0.0 3,247 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 2,733 0 0.0 1,942 0 0.0 702 0 0.0 89 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 39,768 0 0.0 25,485 0 0.0 13,088 0 0.0 1,195 0 0.0

 

Degree-granting 3,561,428 164 # 2,362,483 164 # 1,023,397 0 0.0 175,548 0 0.0

Non-degree-granting 69,528 23 # 21,517 0 0.0 10,160 0 0.0 37,851 23 0.1

 

Staff (except those in medical 

schools) 3,285,913 187 # 2,186,940 164 # 885,574 0 0.0 213,399 23 #

Medical school employees 345,043 0 0.0 197,060 0 0.0 147,983 0 0.0 † † †

† Not applicable. 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

Data are for all institutions and administrative offices. 

2

By definition, graduate assistants are part-time. 

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No staff were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2007-08, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section. 
A-14

Table A-3. Number of staff and new hires, number of staff and new hires imputed, and percentages imputed for 

Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, gender, and degree-granting status: United States, fall 2007 

 Total Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

Employment status, 

primary function/ 

occupational activity, 

gender, and degreegranting status Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent

 Total (degree-granting and non-degree-granting institutions and administrative offices) 

Total 3,630,956 814 # 2,384,000 164 # 1,033,557 627 0.1 213,399 23 #

 

Full-time staff 2,328,985 797 # 1,494,136 162 # 726,891 616 0.1 107,958 19 #

Faculty1

 722,799 385 0.1 473,329 144 # 218,567 232 0.1 30,903 9 #

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 218,038 95 # 106,219 18 # 92,315 72 0.1 19,504 5 #

Other professional 

(support/ service) 621,393 168 # 407,200 0 0.0 181,222 166 0.1 32,971 2 #

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 154,578 33 # 111,787 0 0.0 40,425 33 0.1 2,366 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 356,236 76 # 219,309 0 0.0 117,136 75 0.1 19,791 1 #

Skilled crafts 59,609 1 # 44,952 0 0.0 14,475 0 0.0 182 1 0.5

Service/maintenance 196,332 39 # 131,340 0 0.0 62,751 38 0.1 2,241 1 #

 

Part-time staff 1,301,971 17 # 889,864 2 # 306,666 11 # 105,441 4 #

Faculty1

 684,668 11 # 417,230 2 # 169,944 8 # 97,494 1 #

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 7,740 2 # 3,717 0 0.0 3,437 0 0.0 586 2 0.3

Other professional 

(support/ service) 99,597 1 # 70,403 0 0.0 27,278 0 0.0 1,916 1 0.1

Graduate assistants2 328,979 0 0.0 266,429 0 0.0 62,440 0 0.0 110 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 40,924 1 # 32,944 0 0.0 7,176 1 # 804 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 97,562 1 # 71,714 0 0.0 22,601 1 # 3,247 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 2,733 0 0.0 1,942 0 0.0 702 0 0.0 89 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 39,768 1 # 25,485 0 0.0 13,088 1 # 1,195 0 0.0

 

Men 1,674,034 433 # 1,097,902 128 # 478,949 304 0.1 97,183 1 #

Women 1,956,922 381 # 1,286,098 36 # 554,608 323 0.1 116,216 22 #

 

Degree-granting 3,561,428 791 # 2,362,483 164 # 1,023,397 627 0.1 175,548 0 0.0

Non-degree-granting 69,528 23 # 21,517 0 0.0 10,160 0 0.0 37,851 23 0.1

 Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices with 15 or more full-time staff only 

New hires (full-time only)3 149,392 90 0.1 85,035 12 # 54,554 78 0.1 9,803 0 0.0

 

Professional staff 104,335 77 0.1 59,529 12 # 37,872 65 0.2 6,934 0 0.0

Faculty1

 50,041 34 0.1 31,044 11 # 17,410 23 0.1 1,587 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/managerial 9,327 13 0.1 3,907 1 # 4,501 12 0.3 919 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/ service) 44,967 30 0.1 24,578 0 0.0 15,961 30 0.2 4,428 0 0.0

 

Nonprofessional staff 45,057 13 # 25,506 0 0.0 16,682 13 0.1 2,869 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 9,974 0 0.0 6,282 0 0.0 3,572 0 0.0 120 0 0.0

Clerical and 

secretarial 22,541 13 0.1 11,132 0 0.0 8,841 13 0.1 2,568 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 1,695 0 0.0 1,264 0 0.0 410 0 0.0 21 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 10,847 0 0.0 6,828 0 0.0 3,859 0 0.0 160 0 0.0

# Rounds to zero. 

1

Staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service. 2

By definition, all graduate assistants are part time. 

3

New hires are full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between July 1 and October 31, 2007, either for the 

first time (new to the institution) or after a break in service and who were still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1, 2007. New hires 

do not include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time faculty working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. New 

hires are included in the counts of all staff. 

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No staff were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 

Winter 2007-08, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. 
A-15

For the Salaries section, table A-4 depicts the total salary outlays along with the amounts and 

percentages that were imputed for Title IV degree-granting institutions in the United States, by 

control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic rank. Table A-5 provides the total 

fringe benefit expenditures along with the amounts and percentages that were imputed for Title 

IV degree-granting institutions in the United States, by control of institution, contract length, and 

fringe benefit type. 

Data Perturbation and Confidentiality 

IPEDS data are not collected under any pledge of confidentiality. However, NCES takes steps to 

protect potentially individually identifiable data in the IPEDS Human Resources, Graduation 

Rates, and Student Financial Aid data files. Thus these data files are subject to perturbation. 

Perturbation of the data is performed in such a manner that the totals and averages at the 

institutional level are not affected. The data files for the surveys noted above that are included in 

the Peer Analysis System are perturbed. 
A-16

Table A-4. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed for Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic rank: United States, academic 

year 2007-08 

[Salary amounts are in thousands of dollars] 

Total1

 Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Gender and academic Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

rank 

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent 

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent 

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent

 

 9/10-month contract 

 

Total $33,543,020 $10,062 # $22,977,715 $0 0.0 $10,529,965 $10,062 0.1 $35,340 $0 0.0

 

Men 20,672,305 5,565 # 13,849,931 0 0.0 6,801,969 5,565 0.1 20,405 0 0.0

Professor 9,373,840 1,303 # 5,840,556 0 0.0 3,525,089 1,303 # 8,194 0 0.0

Associate 4,569,670 1,159 # 2,960,471 0 0.0 1,607,191 1,159 0.1 2,008 0 0.0

Assistant professor 3,627,606 2,175 0.1 2,422,654 0 0.0 1,202,699 2,175 0.2 2,253 0 0.0

Instructor 1,672,076 888 0.1 1,510,859 0 0.0 153,511 888 0.6 7,707 0 0.0

Lecturer 547,515 40 # 391,773 0 0.0 155,742 40 # † † †

No academic rank 881,598 0 0.0 723,619 0 0.0 157,737 0 0.0 243 0 0.0

 

Women 12,870,715 4,497 # 9,127,784 0 0.0 3,727,996 4,497 0.1 14,935 0 0.0

Professor 3,155,981 264 # 2,045,648 0 0.0 1,106,394 264 # 3,939 0 0.0

Associate 2,984,174 545 # 1,954,995 0 0.0 1,027,240 545 0.1 1,939 0 0.0

Assistant professor 3,208,005 2,246 0.1 2,101,765 0 0.0 1,103,260 2,246 0.2 2,980 0 0.0

Instructor 1,966,348 1,406 0.1 1,751,946 0 0.0 208,728 1,406 0.7 5,675 0 0.0

Lecturer 608,942 37 # 447,189 0 0.0 161,753 37 # † † †

No academic rank 947,265 0 0.0 826,242 0 0.0 120,621 0 0.0 403 0 0.0

 

 11/12-month contract 

 

Total 7,053,287 14,111 0.2 4,298,274 13,157 0.3 1,922,994 954 # 832,019 0 0.0

Men 4,301,921 11,218 0.3 2,665,087 10,580 0.4 1,167,612 638 0.1 469,222 0 0.0

Professor 1,823,812 5,752 0.3 1,306,695 5,399 0.4 477,682 352 0.1 39,435 0 0.0

Associate 770,349 2,490 0.3 486,839 2,411 0.5 263,494 79 # 20,016 0 0.0

Assistant professor 540,150 2,696 0.5 321,859 2,549 0.8 205,505 146 0.1 12,786 0 0.0

Instructor 664,279 280 # 241,084 220 0.1 79,764 60 0.1 343,431 0 0.0

Lecturer 144,666 0 0.0 117,663 0 0.0 26,893 0 0.0 111 0 0.0

No academic rank 358,666 0 0.0 190,947 0 0.0 114,276 0 0.0 53,443 0 0.0

 

Women 2,751,365 2,893 0.1 1,633,187 2,577 0.2 755,382 316 # 362,797 0 0.0

Professor 558,226 471 0.1 379,245 391 0.1 160,141 80 # 18,840 0 0.0

Associate 516,426 1,043 0.2 322,842 943 0.3 180,022 99 0.1 13,562 0 0.0

Assistant professor 573,072 1,184 0.2 328,895 1,047 0.3 233,957 137 0.1 10,220 0 0.0

Instructor 675,099 196 # 315,495 196 0.1 84,963 0 0.0 274,641 0 0.0

Lecturer 121,930 0 0.0 95,729 0 0.0 25,895 0 0.0 306 0 0.0

No academic rank 306,612 0 0.0 190,981 0 0.0 70,402 0 0.0 45,229 0 0.0

† Not applicable. 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, 

contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, five degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, 

but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three administrative offices because the data could not be separated by degree-granting 

status. The five additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No salary outlays were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2007-08, Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
A-17

Table A-5. Fringe benefit expenditures, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed for Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by control of institution, contract length, and benefit type: United States, academic year 2007-08 

[Expenditure amounts are in thousands of dollars] 

Total1 Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

Fringe benefit type 

Expenditures Amount Percent Expenditures Amount Percent Expenditures Amount Percent Expenditures Amount Percent

 

 9/10-month contract 

Retirement plans—

vested within 5 

years $2,270,070 $370 # $1,386,587 $0 0.0 $882,784 $370 # $700 $0 0.0

Retirement plans—

vested after 5 years 882,146 0 0.0 849,460 0 0.0 32,619 0 0.0 67 0 0.0

Medical/dental plans 3,336,957 680 # 2,473,546 0 0.0 861,294 680 0.1 2,117 0 0.0

Group life insurance 79,800 20 # 48,103 0 0.0 31,638 20 0.1 59 0 0.0

Other insurance 

benefits 47,445 0 0.0 32,727 0 0.0 14,632 0 0.0 86 0 0.0

Guaranteed disability 

income protection 80,064 30 # 48,829 0 0.0 31,188 30 0.1 47 0 0.0

Tuition plan 256,190 15 # 46,163 0 0.0 209,969 15 # 58 0 0.0

Housing plan 16,582 0 0.0 71 0 0.0 16,510 0 0.0 † † †

Social Security taxes 2,043,624 665 # 1,331,062 0 0.0 710,666 665 0.1 1,896 0 0.0

Unemployment 

compensation 

taxes 54,842 4 # 32,072 0 0.0 22,593 4 # 178 0 0.0

Worker’s 

compensation 

taxes 189,655 82 # 129,663 0 0.0 59,849 82 0.1 144 0 0.0

Other benefits in kind 

with cash options 65,066 0 0.0 32,104 0 0.0 32,961 0 0.0 1 0 0.0

 

 11/12-month contract 

Retirement plans—

vested within 5 

years 400,450 66 # 248,944 0 0.0 141,433 66 # 10,073 0 0.0

Retirement plans—

vested after 5 years 182,734 0 0.0 166,899 0 0.0 10,958 0 0.0 4,878 0 0.0

Medical/dental plans 560,447 82 # 344,690 0 0.0 156,672 82 0.1 59,085 0 0.0

Group life insurance 19,184 1 # 10,958 0 0.0 6,058 1 # 2,168 0 0.0

Other insurance 

benefits 17,152 0 0.0 11,558 0 0.0 3,922 0 0.0 1,673 0 0.0

Guaranteed disability 

income protection 21,197 33 0.2 12,474 0 0.0 6,747 33 0.5 1,976 0 0.0

Tuition plan 35,629 6 # 6,290 0 0.0 24,168 6 # 5,171 0 0.0

Housing plan 6,893 0 0.0 26 0 0.0 6,856 0 0.0 10 0 0.0

Social Security taxes 404,408 70 # 231,362 0 0.0 121,923 70 0.1 51,123 0 0.0

Unemployment 

compensation 

taxes 17,908 0 0.0 5,027 0 0.0 5,312 0 0.0 7,570 0 0.0

Worker’s 

compensation 

taxes 39,325 10 # 20,662 0 0.0 12,325 10 0.1 6,338 0 0.0

Other benefits in kind 

with cash options 14,385 0 0.0 9,539 0 0.0 4,558 0 0.0 288 0 0.0

† Not applicable. 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, 

contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, five degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but 

also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three administrative offices because the data could not be separated by degree-granting status. The five 

additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. 

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No expenditures were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2007-08, 

Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
Page left intentionally blank. 
B-1

Appendix B: 

Glossary of IPEDS Terms 

11/12-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of faculty employed 

for the entire year, usually for a period of 11 or 12 months. 

9/10-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of faculty employed 

for two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, two 4-month sessions, or the equivalent. 

child institution: An institution that has its data reported by another institution, known as the parent 

institution. 

clerical and secretarial: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify 

persons whose assignments typically are associated with clerical activities or are specifically of a 

secretarial nature. Includes personnel who are responsible for internal and external communications, 

recording and retrieval of data (other than computer programmer) and/or information and other 

paperwork required in an office. 

control (of institution): A classification of whether an institution is operated by publicly elected or 

appointed officials (public control) or by privately elected or appointed officials and derives its major 

source of funds from private sources (private, not-for-profit or private, for-profit control). 

coordinator: The person responsible for Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) 

survey-related coordination activities for a specified group of schools within a state. This person may 

have certain viewing, verifying, and locking privileges on the data collection system. 

degree-granting institution: An institution offering an associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s, or 

first-professional degree. 

donor institution: A responding institution whose values are assigned to the imputee. 

executive, administrative, and managerial: A primary function or occupational activity category 

used to classify persons whose assignments require management of the institution, or a customarily 

recognized department or subdivision thereof. Assignments require the performance of work directly 

related to management policies or general business operations of the institution, department or 

subdivision. Assignments in this category customarily and regularly require the incumbent to 

exercise discretion and independent judgment. 

faculty: Persons whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing 

instruction or teaching, research, or public service as a principal activity (or activities). They may 

hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or 

the equivalent of any of those academic ranks. Faculty may also include the chancellor/president, 

provost, vice provosts, deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, 

and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or the equivalent) if their 

principal activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. Graduate, teaching, and 

research assistants are not included in this category. 

four-year institution: A postsecondary institution that offers programs of at least 4 years’ duration 

or one that offers programs at or above the baccalaureate level. Includes schools that offer 
B-2

postbaccalaureate certificates only or those that offer graduate programs only. Also includes freestanding medical, law, or other first-professional schools. 

fringe benefits: Cash contributions in the form of supplementary or deferred compensation other 

than salary. Excludes the employee’s contribution. Employee fringe benefits include retirement 

plans, employer portion of Social Security taxes, medical/dental plans, guaranteed disability income 

protection plans, tuition plans, housing plans, unemployment compensation plans, group life 

insurance plans, worker’s compensation plans, and other benefits in-kind with cash options. 

full-time instructional faculty: Those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed 

full time and whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing 

instruction or teaching, including those with released time for research. Also includes full-time 

faculty for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction or teaching, research, and 

public service because each of these functions is an integral component of their regular assignment. 

graduate assistants: Graduate-level students who are employed on a part-time basis for the primary 

purpose of assisting in classroom or laboratory instruction or in the conduct of research. Graduate 

students having titles such as graduate assistant, teaching assistant, teaching associate, teaching 

fellow, or research assistant typically hold these positions. 

imputee: A nonresponding institution that has its values imputed. 

instruction combined with research and/or public service: A primary function or occupational 

activity category used to classify persons for whom it is not possible to differentiate between 

instruction or teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral 

component of their regular assignment. These employees may hold academic rank titles of professor, 

associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent. These employees may 

also hold titles such as deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, 

and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or equivalent) if their principal 

activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. 

keyholder: The person designated by an official institutional representative to have in their 

possession the necessary UserID and password to gain access to the Integrated Postsecondary 

Education Data System (IPEDS) data collection system to complete the survey. The keyholder is 

responsible for entering data and locking the site by each survey completion date. 

less-than-2-year institution: A postsecondary institution that offers programs of less than 2 years’ 

duration below the baccalaureate level. Includes occupational and vocational schools with programs 

that do not exceed 1,800 contact hours. 

less-than-9-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of faculty 

employed for less than two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, or two 4-month sessions. 

level (of institution): A classification of whether an institution’s programs are of at least 4 years’ 

duration or beyond a baccalaureate level (4-year institution), at least 2 but less than 4 years (2-year 

institution), or less than 2 years (less-than-2-year institution). 

medical school staff: Staff employed by or staff working in the medical school (M.D. and/or D.O.) 

component of a postsecondary institution or in a freestanding medical school. Does not include staff 

employed by or employees working strictly in a hospital associated with a medical school or those 

who work in health or allied health schools or departments such as dentistry, veterinary medicine, 
B-3

nursing, or dental hygiene unless the health or allied health schools or departments are affiliated with 

(housed in or under the authority of) the medical school. 

new hires: Full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between 

July 1st and October 31st of the survey year, either for the first time (new to the institution) or after a 

break in service and who were still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1st of the same 

survey year. Does not include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time faculty 

working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. 

non-degree-granting institution: An institution offering only postbaccalaureate, post-master’s, or 

first-professional certificates, or certificates or diplomas of 4 years or less. 

nonprofessional staff: Staff of an institution whose primary function or occupational activity is 

classified as one of the following: technical and paraprofessional; clerical and secretarial; skilled 

crafts; or service/maintenance. 

not on tenure track: Personnel positions that are considered non-tenure-earning positions. 

on tenure track: Personnel positions that lead to consideration for tenure. 

OPE: Office of Postsecondary Education. 

other professional (support/service): A primary function or occupational activity category used to 

classify persons employed for the primary purpose of performing academic support, student service, 

and institutional support, whose assignments would require either a baccalaureate degree or higher or 

experience of such kind and amount as to provide a comparable background. 

parent institution: An institution that reports data for another institution, known as the child 

institution. 

PEPS: Postsecondary Education Participation System (database used by OPE to track all institutions 

eligible for Title IV federal student financial aid programs). 

postsecondary education institution: An institution that has as its sole purpose, or one of its 

primary missions, the provision of postsecondary education. Postsecondary education is the provision 

of a formal instructional program whose curriculum is designed primarily for students beyond the 

compulsory age for high school. This includes programs whose purpose is academic, vocational, or 

continuing professional education, and excludes avocational and adult basic education programs. For 

IPEDS, these institutions must be open to the public. 

primarily instruction: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching 

and who may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, 

instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent. Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate 

deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or 

equivalent) if their principal activity is instruction. 

primarily public service: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify 

persons whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of carrying out public 

service activities such as agricultural extension services, clinical services, or continuing education 

and who may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, or assistant professor. 

Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, and executive 
B-4

officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or equivalent) if their principal activity is 

public service. 

primarily research: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of conducting research and who 

may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, of assistant professor or titles such as 

research associate or postdoctoral fellow. Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as 

associate deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, 

heads, or equivalent) if their principal activity is research. 

primary function/occupational activity: The principal activity of a staff member as determined by 

the institution. If an individual participates in two or more activities, the primary activity is normally 

determined by the amount of time spent in each activity. Primary functions/occupational activities 

are designated as follows: executive, administrative, and managerial; faculty (instruction/research/ 

public service); graduate assistants; other professional (support/service); technical and 

paraprofessional; clerical and secretarial; skilled crafts; and service/maintenance (see separate 

definitions). 

private for-profit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control 

receives compensation other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. 

private institution: An educational institution controlled by a private individual(s) or by a 

nongovernmental agency, usually supported primarily by other than public funds, and operated by 

other than publicly elected or appointed officials. These institutions may be either for-profit or notfor-profit. 

private not-for-profit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in 

control receives no compensation, other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of 

risk. These include both independent not-for-profit schools and those affiliated with a religious 

organization. 

professional staff: Staff of an institution whose primary function or occupational activity is 

classified as one of the following: faculty; executive, administrative, managerial; other professional 

(support/service); or graduate assistant. 

Program Participation Agreement (PPA): A written agreement between a postsecondary 

institution and the Secretary of Education. This agreement allows institutions to participate in any of 

the Title IV student assistance programs other than the State Student Incentive Grant (SSIG) and the 

National Early Intervention Scholarship and Partnership (NEISP) programs. The PPA conditions the 

initial and continued participation of an eligible institution in any Title IV program upon compliance 

with the General Provisions regulations, the individual program regulations, and any additional 

conditions specified in the program participation agreement that the Department of Education 

requires the institution to meet. Institutions with such an agreement are referred to as Title IV 

institutions. 

public institution: An educational institution whose programs and activities are operated by publicly 

elected or appointed school officials and which is supported largely by public funds. 

race/ethnicity: Categories used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or 

belong in the eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of 

anthropological origins. A person may be counted in only one group. The groups used to categorize 
B-5

U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible noncitizens are as follows: American Indian/Alaska 

Native; Asian/Pacific Islander; Black, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; White, non-Hispanic. 

sector: One of nine institutional categories resulting from dividing the universe according to control 

and level. Control categories are public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit. Level categories 

are 4 years and higher (4-year institutions), at least 2 but less than 4 years (2-year institutions), and 

less than 2 years (less-than-2-year institutions). For example: sector 1 = public 4-year institutions; 

sector 2 = private not-for-profit 4-year institutions. 

service/maintenance: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose assignments require limited degrees of previously acquired skills and knowledge and in which 

workers perform duties that result in or contribute to the comfort, convenience, and hygiene of 

personnel and the student body or that contribute to the upkeep of the institutional property. 

skilled crafts: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons whose 

assignments typically require special manual skills and a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of 

the processes involved in the work, acquired through on-the-job-training and experience or through 

apprenticeship or other formal training programs. 

technical and paraprofessional: A primary function or occupational activity category used to 

classify persons whose assignments require specialized knowledge or skills which may be acquired 

through experience, apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or academic work in occupationally specific 

programs that result in a 2-year degree or other certificate or diploma. Includes persons who perform 

some of the duties of a professional in a supportive role, which usually requires less formal training 

and experience than normally required for professional status. 

tenure status: Status of a personnel position with respect to permanence of the position. 

Title IV institution: An institution that has a written agreement with the Secretary of Education that 

allows the institution to participate in any of the Title IV federal student financial assistance 

programs (other than the State Student Incentive Grant [SSIG] and the National Early Intervention 

Scholarship and Partnership [NEISP] programs). 

two-year institution: A postsecondary institution that offers programs of at least 2 but less than 4 

years’ duration. Includes occupational and vocational schools with programs of at least 1,800 hours 

and academic institutions with programs of less than 4 years. Does not include bachelor’s degreegranting institutions where the baccalaureate program can be completed in 3 years. 

UserID: A series of numbers possibly with an alpha prefix that is created for a specific user to be 

able to access a system. Each user is required to have a UserID and a password for security purposes 

in order to access the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data collection 

system.