1

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:

ARA ERIC HUNANYAN,

Debtor.

BAP No. CC-23-1013-LSG

Bk. No. 1:21-bk-10079-MT

Bk. No. 1:21-ap-01036-MT

MEMORANDUM*

ARA ERIC HUNANYAN,

Appellant,

v.

LUCY MEGUERIAN; HOVIK 

MEGUERIAN,

 Appellees.

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the District of California 

Maureen A. Tighe, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Before: LAFFERTY, SPRAKER, and GAN, Bankruptcy Judges.

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 71 debtor Ara Eric Hunanyan appeals a judgment entered in 

his favor as well as an order denying his motion to recuse the bankruptcy

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for

whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential 

value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.

1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the 

Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101–1532, “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of 

Bankruptcy Procedure, and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Civil 

FILED

NOV 16 2023

SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK

U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
2

judge that entered the judgment. His arguments have no merit and we

AFFIRM.2

FACTS3

A. Background 

Hunanyan was engaged in a marital dissolution proceeding in family 

court in Los Angeles with his ex-wife, Azniv Kokikian. Ms. Kokikian 

passed away during that proceeding (and before the commencement of this 

bankruptcy case). The family court entered a money judgment against 

Hunanyan in that matter in excess of $1 million. The family court also 

ordered the sale of the family residence and two other real properties

determined by the family court to be community property. 

Hunanyan filed his chapter 7 petition on January 19, 2021. Ms.

Kokikian’s probate estate timely filed a proof of claim No. 4 (“POC”) which 

was based on the family court judgment. Hunanyan filed an objection to 

the POC largely attacking the family court, its jurisdiction and its findings. 

The probate estate opposed the objection and the bankruptcy court 

overruled the objection. That ruling was not appealed.

While the claim objection was pending, Hunanyan filed an adversary 

proceeding in bankruptcy court against the two personal representatives of 

Procedure.

2 Appellees Hovik Meguerian and Lucy Meguerian did not file briefs nor 

participate in this appeal. 

3 We exercise our discretion to take judicial notice of documents electronically 

filed in the underlying bankruptcy case and adversary proceeding. See Atwood v. Chase 
3

the probate estate, Hovik Meguerian and Lucy Meguerian, and the estate’s

attorney Lisa Rosenthal (who also represented Ms. Kokikian in the family 

law matter). The complaint again objected to the POC and also sought to 

avoid a real property lien in the amount of $130,700 alleged to have been 

fraudulently incurred by Ms. Kokikian. Largely repeating the arguments 

made in the objection to the POC, the complaint attacked the rulings of the 

family court and concluded that the POC should be disallowed “in its 

entirety because it is based on a Judgment in the Family Court . . . which is 

VOID . . . ”

Hunanyan later amended the complaint to remove Ms. Rosenthal as 

a defendant and to add a claim for declaratory relief seeking a finding that 

any debt he might owe the probate estate based on the family court 

judgment was discharged notwithstanding § 523(a)(15) (the “Amended 

Complaint”).

The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint 

pursuant to Civil Rule 12(b)(6), made applicable to this proceeding by Rule 

7012(b), asserting that Hunanyan lacked standing to object to the POC, and 

that issue preclusion barred him from objecting again to the POC and from 

relitigating the issues decided in the family court proceeding. The 

bankruptcy court granted the motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint 

without leave to amend. 

Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).
4

Hunanyan also filed a “Verified Statement to Disqualify Judge 

Maureen Tighe [FRBP 5004 / 28 U.S.C. 455(a), (b1)] [sic]” (the “First Recusal 

Motion”). The asserted basis for recusal was that the court was biased 

against him and had engaged in alleged inappropriate conduct in the case.

The bankruptcy court assigned the First Recusal Motion to a different 

bankruptcy judge4 who denied the motion as meritless.

B. The first appeal

Hunanyan appealed to the BAP seeking reversal of both the denial of 

the First Recusal Motion and the dismissal of his adversary complaint. The 

Panel affirmed in part and reversed in part in an unpublished 

memorandum decision. Hunanyan v. Meguerian (In re Hunanyan), Case No. 

CC-21-1224-SGF, 2022 WL 3012565 (9th Cir. BAP July 26, 2022), appeal 

dismissed, Case No. 22-60044, 2023 WL 2674639, at *1 (9th Cir. Jan. 30, 2023).

As to the First Recusal Motion, the Panel noted that Hunanyan’s 

complaints were, at best, based on “mere speculation and innuendo that 

cannot support recusal.” Id. at *6. It viewed the arguments as largely an 

attempt “to show that the court erred in its prior decisions.” Id.

The BAP affirmed the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss the first 

and third claims set forth in the complaint: the objection to the POC, and 

avoidance of the lien. The BAP also affirmed the ruling that Hunanyan 

could not “relitigate the bankruptcy court’s denial of his claim objection by 

recasting it as a claim for relief in a subsequent adversary proceeding.”

4 Judge Geraldine Mund.
5

(citations omitted). Id. at *7. The BAP affirmed the lien avoidance ruling, 

agreeing that it was barred by claim preclusion. And while the BAP agreed

that Hunanyan had a number of arguments about why the family court

erred, Rooker-Feldman prevented the federal bankruptcy court from 

reviewing the family court decision. Id. at *8. 

Finally, the BAP reversed the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the

second claim for relief in the complaint: declaratory relief regarding the 

applicability of § 523(a)(15) to Hunanyan’s debt to the probate estate, and 

remanded on the basis that Hunanyan had stated a legally viable claim for 

relief which should not have been dismissed. 

C. The bankruptcy court’s rulings on remand 

On remand, the bankruptcy court scheduled a status conference and,

by later order, advised the parties that they “may” file a brief “explaining 

their position as to whether the debt to [the probate estate] is discharged 

against Debtor Ara Eric Hunanyan under 11 U.S.C. 523(a)(15).” None of the

parties filed a brief until the day of the continued status conference, 

January 9, 2023, when Hunanyan filed a brief supporting his position that 

the debt was discharged.5

5 Defendants’ counsel (according to the bankruptcy court’s later ruling) 

commented at the first status conference that defendants did not file the suggested brief 

as they did not oppose entry of judgment in Hunanyan’s favor “because he appears to 

be ‘judgment proof.’” Hunanyan did not include the transcripts of the initial or the final 

status conferences in his excerpts of record.
6

At the same time, Hunanyan filed another “Verified Statement to 

Disqualify Judge Maureen Tighe [FRBP 5004/28 U.S.C 455; 28 U.S.C. 144]”

seeking, for a second time, to compel the bankruptcy court to recuse itself

(the “Second Recusal Motion”). Hunanyan asserted that the request was 

timely because “it is filed with the first opportunity after the facts of 

disqualification became apparent . . . “ The Second Recusal Motion again 

provided a laundry list of complaints about the court’s rulings, alleged 

“cover-up” of various matters, violations of rules, and failure to provide 

due process, etc. It largely repeated the allegations in the First Recusal 

Motion including repeating verbatim the summary of the specific facts

alleged to establish the court’s bias. 

At the January 9 hearing, the bankruptcy court concluded that 

judgment would be entered in favor of Hunanyan on the § 523(a)(15) claim 

for relief. The judgment noted the court’s tentative ruling which cited a 

superseded version of § 523(a)(15)6 as the legal basis for the ruling as well 

as the defendants’ concession at the earlier hearing that they did not 

oppose that result. 

As to the Second Recusal Motion, the court noted that the motion was 

filed “less than three hours before the continued hearing on other matters 

6 The court cited a version of § 523(a)(15) which provided at the time that a debt 

described therein would be discharged only “if paying the debt would reduce the 

debtor's income below that necessary for the support of the debtor and the debtor's 

dependents. . . . The debt will also be discharged if the benefit to the debtor of 

discharging it outweighs the harm to the obligee." BAPCPA amended the section 
7

in this adversary proceeding and others.” The court denied the motion 

“[f]or the reasons stated on the record at the January 9, 2023 hearing.” 

Hunanyan timely appealed both rulings.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 

157(b)(2)(A) and (B). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

ISSUES

Did the bankruptcy court err by entering judgment in Hunanyan’s 

favor?

Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion by denying the Second 

Motion to Recuse? 

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law, 

including its interpretation of provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Francis v. 

Wallace (In re Francis), 505 B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014). When we 

review a matter de novo, we give no deference to the bankruptcy court’s 

decision. Id.

We also review de novo “whether the trial court complied with an 

appellate mandate on remand.” de Jong v. JLE-04 Parker, L.L.C. (In re de 

Jong), 588 B.R. 879, 888 (9th Cir. BAP 2018) (citing E.M. ex rel. E.M. v. Pajaro 

Valley Unified Sch. Dist. Off. of Admin. Hearings, 758 F.3d 1162, 1170 (9th Cir. 

2014)), aff’d, 793 F. App’x 659 (9th Cir. 2020).

striking that language. PL 109–8, April 20, 2005, 119 Stat 23.
8

We review for an abuse of discretion the bankruptcy court’s denial of 

Hunanyan’s Second Recusal Motion. Hale v. U.S. Tr. (In re Basham), 208 B.R. 

926, 930 (9th Cir. BAP 1997), aff’d sub nom., Hale v. U.S. Tr. (In re Byrne), 152 

F.3d 924 (9th Cir. 1998). The bankruptcy court abused its discretion if it 

applied the wrong legal standard or if its findings were illogical, 

implausible, or without support in the record. United States v. Hinkson, 585 

F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).

We may affirm on any basis supported by the record. Black v. Bonnie

Springs Fam. Ltd. P'ship (In re Black), 487 B.R. 202, 211 (9th Cir. BAP 2013).

DISCUSSION

Hunanyan’s arguments to the Panel, for the most part, repeat his 

arguments from the prior appeal. As to why the Panel should reverse a 

judgment declaring that the family related debt he owed is discharged

notwithstanding § 523(a)(15), Hunanyan asserts that, on remand, the 

bankruptcy court should have “reinstate[d] the dismissed Adversary 

Proceeding to conduct necessary fact findings, discovery, counterclaims of 

Appellant in form of recoups and/or setoffs claimed by 

Appellant/Defendant in FAC.”
9

A. Hunanyan’s arguments attacking the POC and the family court 

judgment have been disposed of by the BAP and may not be 

relitigated here. 

Hunanyan’s first argument on appeal is that the “Family Court 

Judgment is void and BK Court [sic] should set it aside using its equitable 

power.” This argument is frivolous. 

In the first appeal, the BAP affirmed the bankruptcy court’s previous

dismissal of Hunanyan’s adversary claims objecting to the probate estate’s

POC, and his request to avoid a lien. The BAP expressly addressed his 

argument at that time that the state court judgment was void stating “we 

reject Hunanyan’s argument challenging the bankruptcy court’s claim 

preclusion ruling based on the purported voidness of the dissolution 

judgment.” In re Hunanyan, 2022 WL 3012565 at *9. The BAP affirmed the 

bankruptcy court’s ruling on the lien avoidance claim stating that the claim 

“was barred by claim preclusion because it should have been resolved as 

part of the dissolution proceedings.” Id. at *5, 8-9.

Hunanyan cannot treat his appeal of a judgment entered largely in 

his favor as an opportunity to reargue matters already considered and 

ruled upon by the previous Panel. Nor can he be permitted, via a second

appeal, to contest matters he lost the first time; especially in an appeal 

where he won on a significant matter, i.e., reversal of the dismissal of the 

declaratory relief claim.
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B. The bankruptcy court’s authority on remand was limited to 

consideration of Hunanyan’s claim for relief under § 523(a)(15). 

Hunanyan asserts that the bankruptcy court should have reinstated

“the dismissed Adversary Proceeding.” This assertion makes no sense 

since the BAP affirmed the bankruptcy court’s ruling dismissing the first 

two claims and we have no power to rehear that appeal. Further, the 

bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction on remand is limited to executing the 

appellate court mandate. As the BAP instructed in In re de Jong:

Under the “rule of mandate,” the trial court must adhere 

to the appellate court's decision: “The rule of mandate is similar 

to, but broader than, the law of the case doctrine. The rule 

provides that any district court that has received the mandate 

of an appellate court cannot vary or examine that mandate for 

any purpose other than executing it. The trial court commits 

jurisdictional error if it takes actions that contradict the

mandate.”

588 B.R. at 889 (cleaned up). 

Hunanyan argues on appeal that the bankruptcy court had a 

renewed duty “to conduct any type of further considerations and/or 

proceedings to clarify facts and law presented by Appellant earlier in his 

FAC in Adversary Proceeding pursuant the remand order of this Court

[sic].” We disagree and Hunanyan offers no legal support for this position.

The BAP’s mandate from the first appeal was that the bankruptcy 

court reinstate Hunanyan’s claim for relief under § 523(a)(15). The 

bankruptcy court did that and entered judgment in favor of Hunanyan. 
11

The bankruptcy court had no jurisdiction to do anything else, including 

“reinstate” the adversary proceeding. The court had no ability to “vary or 

examine” the BAP’s mandate to reinstate the claim for declaratory relief

under § 523(a)(15).

Further, on remand to the bankruptcy court, Hunanyan did not 

request or move the bankruptcy court to “reinstate the dismissed adversary 

proceeding” even though the bankruptcy court invited him to explain his 

position on the § 523(a)(15) claim prior to the status conference. Hunanyan 

had three months between the court’s setting of the first status conference 

hearing on the remand order and the actual hearing on January 9, 2023, to 

make his views known, make this specific request, and give the bankruptcy 

court and the parties time to consider it. Arguments not made before the 

bankruptcy court are waived. “A litigant may waive an issue by failing to 

raise it in a bankruptcy court.” Mano-Y & M, Ltd. v. Field (In re Mortg. Store, 

Inc.), 773 F.3d 990, 998 (9th Cir. 2014). “There is no bright-line rule to 

determine whether a matter has been properly raised. A workable 

standard, however, is that the argument must be raised sufficiently for the 

trial court to rule on it.” O’Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.),

887 F.2d 955, 957 (9th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted).

And as Hunanyan did not provide us with transcripts of the 

hearings, the Panel may assume there is nothing in the transcripts that he 

believes will help his position on appeal and may either dismiss or 

summarily affirm the appeal for failure to provide the necessary 
12

transcripts. 9th Cir. BAP R. 8009-1; Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis), 170 B.R. 

675, 680-81 (9th Cir. BAP 1994), aff’d, 92 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 1996); California 

v. Yun (In re Yun), 476 B.R. 243, 253-54 (9th Cir. BAP 2012). On the record 

before us, we are unable to determine what arguments were raised at the 

hearing, or the basis for which, if raised, they were rejected. The lack of the 

transcript hinders our appellate review. See Kyle v. Dye (In re Kyle), 317 B.R. 

390, 393–94 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), aff'd, 170 F. App’x 457 (9th Cir. 2006). We 

discern no error on this record. 

Even if the argument was orally raised before the bankruptcy court 

and rejected, the rejection was appropriate as the BAP’s mandate limited 

the bankruptcy court to consideration of the single issue noted. The 

bankruptcy court had no legal authority to reconsider the arguments 

rejected previously by it and affirmed by the BAP. 

C. The bankruptcy court did not err in denying Hunanyan’s Second

Recusal Motion. 

Hunanyan’s Second Recusal Motion repeated the same arguments

rejected by the BAP in the first appeal as “baseless.” In re Hunanyan, 2022 

WL 3012565 at *17. We will not revisit those arguments. His argument to 

the Panel is limited to the bankruptcy court’s use of a superseded statute

from which he concludes that the court was therefore prejudiced against 

him. He offers no factual or legal support for this argument in the brief 

filed in this appeal.
13

Further, Hunanyan again did not include the transcript of the hearing 

in which the bankruptcy court explained its ruling. We are therefore unable 

to review the court’s reasoning for its denial of the motion. When findings 

of fact and conclusions of law are made orally on the record, a transcript of 

those findings is mandatory for appellate review. McCarthy v. Prince (In re 

McCarthy), 230 B.R. 414, 416-17 (9th Cir. BAP 1999). 

D. The bankruptcy court’s mis-citation of § 523(a)(15) is harmless 

error. 

As Hunanyan notes, the bankruptcy court cited a superseded version 

of § 523(a)(15) as the legal support for the judgment in Hunanyan’s favor.

Hunanyan argues that the debt to his former spouse was discharged, not 

on the superseded language but on the current iteration of § 523(a)(15)

which states:

[a debt is not discharged if it is owed] to a spouse, former 

spouse, or child of the debtor and not of the kind described in 

paragraph (5) that is incurred by the debtor in the course of a 

divorce or separation or in connection with a separation 

agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record, or 

a determination made in accordance with State or territorial 

law by a governmental unit.

11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(15).

Hunanyan argues, and we agree, that § 523(a)(15) does not apply 

when the debt is owed, not to the former spouse, but to a probate estate. 

See Hisaw v. Hisaw (In re Poppleton), 382 B.R. 455, 459 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2008)

(“While state law may grant the probate estate the legal right to collect a 
14

debt arising under the divorce decree, such an obligation is subject to 

discharge in Defendant's bankruptcy case.”) The statutory language “to a 

spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor” was not changed in the 

BAPCPA amendments in 2005. Therefore the legal basis for the bankruptcy 

court’s ruling, that the debt is no longer owed to the former spouse and

therefore § 523(a)(15) does not apply, is correct irrespective of the version

of the Bankruptcy Code then in effect. 

Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s citation to the wrong version of

§ 523(a)(15) is harmless error. 

CONCLUSION

For these reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM.