U.S. Department of Justice

Drug Enforcement Administration

US Department of

. .

Justice

Drug Enforcement Administration .

A Briefing Guide 

for First 

Responders Fentanyl FURANYL-FENTANYL·ACRYL-FENTANYL·ACETYL-FENTANYL

CARFENTANIL·3-METHYLFENTANYL & SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS
UNITED STATES DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

 

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Disclaimer

This document contains recommendations on potential best practices for first responders that

may encounter, test and transport exhibits that could contain fentanyl‐related substances.   It

also contains recommendations for handling and processing of crime scenes and non‐drug

evidence, like money, that could be contaminated.    This interim guidance is intended for

educational and awareness purposes only, and should not to be treated as technical guidance

related to the handling and processing of fentanyl.

History of Fentanyl  3   

Description of Fentanyl‐Related Substances  5   

Common Illicit Forms of Fentanyl and Synthetic Opioids  6   

Recommendations for First Responders  9

Exposure Risks and Treatment  15   

Fentanyl Detection  17   

Remediation and Decontamination Recommendations  18      

Resources  19   

CONTENTS 
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

In the last several years, U.S. Law Enforcement has seen a dramatic increase in the availability

of dangerous synthetic opioids. A large majority of these synthetic opioids are structural

derivatives of the synthetic drug “fentanyl.”  Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid currently listed as a

Schedule II prescription drug that mimics the effects of morphine in the human body, but has

potency 50–100 times that of morphine. Due to the high potency and availability of fentanyl,

both transnational and domestic criminal organizations are increasingly utilizing these

dangerous synthetic opioids as an adulterant in heroin and other controlled substances. The

presence of these synthetic opioids in the illicit U.S. drug market is extremely concerning as the

potency of these drugs has led to a significant increase in overdose incidents and overdose‐

related deaths throughout the nation.  

  

WARNING 

There is a significant threat to law enforcement personnel, and other first responders, who

may come in contact with fentanyl and other fentanyl‐related substances through routine

law enforcement, emergency or life‐saving activities. Since fentanyl can be ingested orally,

inhaled through the nose or mouth, or absorbed through the skin or eyes, any substance

suspected to contain fentanyl should be treated with extreme caution as exposure to a small

amount can lead to significant health‐related complications, respiratory depression, or death.   
UNITED STATES DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

 

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SECTION 1

History of Fentanyl

Fentanyl was first synthesized in 1959 by a

Belgian chemist and later marketed as an

intravenous analgesic drug, Sublimaze.

Other formulations of pharmaceutical

(legal) fentanyl were developed to provide

opioid pain management including a

transdermal patch, flavored lollipop,

sublingual/effervescent tab, and nasal

spray.   

In the 1990’s, the DEA discovered what is

believed to be one of the first instances of

domestically produced illicit fentanyl in the

United States. In 1991 a brand of street

heroin known as “Tango and Cash” was

found to contain approximately 12 percent

fentanyl and was believed to be responsible

for an estimated 126 overdose deaths.  

Investigators were ultimately able to trace

this clandestinely produced fentanyl to

Wichita, Kansas where they seized two

laboratories and approximately 40 pounds

of additional fentanyl.  

Between 2000 and 2005, U.S. law

enforcement agencies identified and

dismantled several clandestine fentanyl

laboratories located throughout the United

States. However, beginning in 2005, law

enforcement agencies in the Midwest and

Northeast, from Chicago to New Jersey,

began noticing an alarming number of

overdose deaths in their respective areas.  

Between 2005 and 2007, approximately

1,013 fentanyl‐related deaths in this

corridor were attributed to the lethal

heroin/fentanyl mixture. This time, the

adulterated heroin was traced to a

clandestine laboratory located in Toluca,

Mexico which was ultimately seized and

dismantled.  

Current Trends

Beginning in 2013, the DEA, along with its

law enforcement partners, began noticing

an alarming number of overdose incidents

and deaths related to opioids throughout

the nation. These cases were found to be

the result of illicit opioids, such as

counterfeit pharmaceutical products

containing fentanyl, fentanyl‐related

substances and other synthetic opioids.   

At present, opioids continue to be the most

significant contributor to overdose deaths

throughout the United States. The Centers
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for Disease Control (CDC) reported 33,091

deaths in 2015 which were the result of

opioid overdoses alone. Of those deaths,

9,580 were caused by synthetic opioids

other than methadone, which includes

fentanyl and fentanyl‐related substances ‐

an increase of 72.2 percent over previous

years.   

While pharmaceutical fentanyl in the form

of transdermal patches or sublingual tablets

is diverted on a small scale, the current

increase in opioid‐related deaths appears to

be driven by illicitly produced fentanyl

products.   

Due to the high potency of fentanyl and

other synthetic opioids, transnational

criminal organizations across the globe are

competing for the U.S. market.    China and

Mexico appear to be the main source

countries for illicit fentanyl smuggled into

the United States for domestic‐based

processing and distribution. Seizures

indicate that China supplies lower volumes

of high‐purity fentanyl, whereas fentanyl

seizures from Mexico are higher volume but

lower in purity. Fentanyl is also routed and

smuggled through Canada. China‐based

trafficking organizations have also been

known to use the internet to distribute

fentanyl, fentanyl‐related substances, and

synthetic opioids globally.  

Given China’s role as an exporter of illicit

fentanyl products destined for the United

States, DEA officials recently met with

Chinese officials in Beijing.    This meeting

prompted China to regulate four fentanyl‐

related substances under Chinese law,

effective March 1, 2017, in an effort to help

stem the flow of these dangerous synthetic

opioids into the United States.

In 2014, the DEA established the Heroin‐

Fentanyl Task Force (HFTF).    The HFTF

consists of several government agencies

working together to facilitate a “whole of

government” approach to the fentanyl and

synthetic opioid epidemic in the United

States.   

The HFTF currently consists of personnel

from the DEA, HSI, CBP, FBI, USPIS, and the

IRS. The HFTF is using every available

resource to support U.S. law enforcement

agencies in their respective synthetic opioid

investigations.

“... (CDC) reported

33,091 deaths in 2015

which were the result

of opioid overdoses

alone.		Of those

deaths, 9,580 were

caused by synthetic

opioids ...”
UNITED STATES DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

 

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SECTION II

Description of Fentanyl‐Related

Substances  

Legal forms of fentanyl are prescribed

with, or as a replacement for, morphine and

are used in both human and veterinary

medicine as an anesthetic during surgery, to

manage pain after surgery, and to treat

chronic pain in patients physically tolerant

to other pain killers.    

Illicit forms of fentanyl have been, and

continue to be, identified in conjunction

with heroin, as a replacement for heroin, or

in the production of counterfeit

pharmaceutical tablets which mimic

oxycodone, hydrocodone, and alprazolam

products.   

Fentanyl and fentanyl‐related substances

have potency much greater than that of

morphine, but effects can vary greatly

depending on the identity, potency, and

purity level of the substances encountered.   

While fentanyl may be 50‐100 times more

potent than morphine, and 30‐50 times

more potent than heroin, carfentanil, which

is structurally related to fentanyl, is up to

10,000 times more potent than morphine.  

The toxic dose of carfentanil in humans is

unknown. Regardless, any substance

suspected to contain fentanyl should be

treated with extreme caution as exposure

to a small amount can lead to significant

health‐related complications, or death.   
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SECTION III

Common Illicit Forms of Fentanyl

and Synthetic Opioids

There are currently numerous fentanyl‐

related substances available on the illicit

domestic market including, but not limited

to, 4‐fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, furanyl‐

fentanyl, acryl‐fentanyl, acetyl‐fentanyl,

carfentanil, and 3‐methylfentanyl, as well as

other synthetic opioids such as U‐47700.  

Fentanyl and carfentanil are currently listed

under Schedule II of the Controlled

Substances Act (CSA) meaning they have a

currently approved medical use and a high

potential for abuse which may lead to

severe psychological and/or physical

dependence.  

Other illicit opioids, including several

fentanyl‐related substances, AH‐7921, and

U‐47700, are found in Schedule I of the CSA.

This means they have no currently accepted

medical use in the United States, a lack of

accepted safety for use under medical

supervision, and a high potential for abuse.

While fentanyl and some fentanyl‐related

substances (such as alfentanil, carfentanil,

remifentanil, and sufentanil) can have a

legitimate medical use, other illicit forms,

both imported and clandestinely

manufactured have been used as an

adulterant in other controlled substances

such as heroin, cocaine, and

methamphetamine. In addition, fentanyl

and fentanyl‐related substances have been

identified in counterfeit pharmaceutical

products, such as tablets that mimic

oxycodone, hydrocodone, and alprazolam.   

Fentanyl and fentanyl‐related substances

are increasingly also found as a component

of “speedball” mixtures with stimulants

such as cocaine.  

More recently, fentanyl and fentanyl‐

related substances have been combined

with heroin and other synthetic opioids,

such as U‐47700, to create a deadly opioid

mix called “Grey Death,” due to the unique

grey, concrete colored appearance.  

Further, information gleaned from recent

seizures and arrests nationwide have

indicated that some criminal organizations

are importing and distributing pure fentanyl

“...fentanyl and fentanyl‐

related substances have

been combined with

heroin and other

synthetic opioids, such as

U‐47700, to create a

deadly opioid mix called

“Grey Death,”
UNITED STATES DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

 

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and fentanyl‐related substances as the

profit margins can be significantly higher.   

For example, due to the elevated potency

of fentanyl over traditional opioid drugs

(i.e., heroin), criminal organizations can use

one kilogram of fentanyl to produce

approximately 1 million (1 milligram)

counterfeit pills, resulting in potentially 10‐

20 million dollars in revenue. There are also

reports that consumers in some areas are

seeking fentanyl over heroin, as the “rush”

is greater.   

Currently illicit fentanyl, fentanyl‐related

substances, and other synthetic opioids can

resemble powdered drugs such as heroin or

cocaine. Fentanyl, or other synthetic

opioids, in pill or capsule form have been

represented as OxyContin (oxycodone),

Xanax (alprazolam), or other diverted

pharmaceutical drugs.   

Fentanyl‐related substances have been

identified in:

 Powder

 Pill

 Capsule  

 Liquid  

 (and on) Blotter Paper

  
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First Quarter 2017 Emerging Threat Report

During the 1st quarter of 2017, the DEA laboratory system had 230 identifications of fentanyl,

fentanyl‐related substances, and other synthetic opioids based on seized drug evidence.

Fentanyl accounted for approximately 58 percent of the identifications. The second most

prominent fentanyl‐related substance was furanyl‐fentanyl, which accounted for 26 percent of

the identifications. Of all 230 exhibits, heroin was found in combination with fentanyl in 61

percent of the identifications, while U‐47700, alprazolam, ketamine and cocaine were found in

other fentanyl‐related exhibits in varying degrees.  
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SECTION IV  

Recommendations for First

Responders

Fentanyl‐related substances are designed to

be absorbed into the body by all means,

including injection, oral ingestion, contact

with mucous membranes, inhalation, and

via transdermal transmission (through the

skin). As such, accidental exposure by first

responders is a real danger.   

Accidental exposure can occur under a

number of circumstances, including during

the execution of search or arrest warrants,

the purchase of fentanyl during undercover

operations, the processing of drug evidence

containing fentanyl or fentanyl‐related

substances, or the processing of non‐drug

evidence (e.g., drug proceeds, pill presses,

scales, or drug paraphernalia) which may be

contaminated with these substances.   

Due to the high potency of fentanyl and

fentanyl‐related substances, exposure to

small quantities can cause serious negative

health effects, respiratory depression, and

even death.  

However, fentanyl can be handled safely

with proper training and equipment to

include hazard recognition and use of

personal protective equipment (PPE).     

Police dogs are also at risk of serious health

effects from exposure to fentanyl and

fentanyl‐related substances.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

“...accidental exposure by

first responders is a real

danger.”		
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In situations involving gross fentanyl

contamination, where exposure risks are

high, Level “A” PPE (worn by specially

trained personnel) should be used to first

monitor and assess the environment prior

to proceeding. Level “A” PPE is routinely

used by DEA in situations involving fentanyl

or suspected fentanyl‐related substances.  

Personnel, equipment, and tactics can be

deployed, evaluated, and downgraded as

appropriate depending on the presumptive

identification of the substance and/or level

of potential contamination.  

Example:

Personnel are utilizing:

 Level B PPE to conduct initial breach

 Level A PPE for on‐site assessment  

 Level C PPE for stand‐by assistance

Level “A” Suits

Level “B” Suits

Individual PPE Kits

First responders who may encounter

fentanyl or fentanyl‐related substances

should maintain an individual (personal)

PPE kit, which includes:

 Nitrile gloves

 N‐95 dust masks

 Sturdy eye protection

 Paper coveralls ‐ shoe covers

 Naloxone Injector(s)
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General Safety Recommendations

Due to the hazardous nature of the

synthetic opioids described in this overview,

law enforcement personnel, or any first

responders, who encounter fentanyl or

fentanyl‐related substances should NOT

take samples or otherwise disturb any

powdered substances without employing

proper PPE, as this could lead to accidental

exposure.  

Further, it is possible that illicit fentanyl or

fentanyl‐related substances could be mixed

with other drugs or concealed in innocuous

devices (such as nasal spray or eye dropper

bottles) in varying amounts and purities,

thus causing unintentional exposure.

Law enforcement personnel, as well as first

responders, should exercise appropriate

safety precautions at all times when

fentanyl or fentanyl‐related substances are

suspected.   

If the presence of fentanyl or any synthetic

opioid is suspected, personnel should

immediately contact the appropriate

officials within their agency who have been

trained to handle hazardous materials, or

contact the nearest DEA field office for

assistance. Having specially trained law

enforcement (or hazardous materials

“HAZMAT” incident response team)

professionals equipped with the necessary

equipment, to include Level “A” PPE, on‐site

to assess the situation prior to exposure or

contamination is recommended. This

includes situations involving unknown

powdered substances and/or pill milling or

encapsulating operations.  

When encountering unknown powders,

personnel should use, at the minimum,

Personal PPE to include nitrile gloves, N‐95

dust mask, eye protection, disposable paper

suit, or paper coveralls, and shoe covers.

Naloxone should also be readily available

for administration.    

To limit the potential for exposure,

personnel should refrain from eating,

drinking, or smoking while in the presence

of any suspected fentanyl‐related

substance.  

“...law enforcement

personnel, or any first

responders, who

encounter fentanyl or

fentanyl‐related

substances should NOT

take samples or otherwise

disturb any powdered

substances without

employing proper PPE...”
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Incidents of Overdose and Death

First responders should always employ

universal safety precautions and use, at a

minimum, Personal PPE when they arrive at

a scene where there has been a suspected

overdose incident, or suspected overdose

death.   

Assessment

Upon arrival, personnel should carefully

examine the environment and situation

before proceeding in order to detect any

signs of fentanyl contamination.   

Indicators

Personnel should look for any cyanosis

(turning blue or bluish color) of victims,

including the skin or lips, as this could be a

sign of fentanyl overdose caused by

respiratory arrest. Further, before

proceeding, personnel should examine the

scene for any loose powders (no matter

how small), as well as nasal spray bottles, as

these could be signs of fentanyl use.   

Opened mail and shipping materials located

at the scene of an overdose with a return

address from China could also indicate the

presence of fentanyl, as China‐based

organizations may utilize conventional

and/or commercial means to ship fentanyl

and fentanyl‐related substances to the

United States.

After assessing the scene, should fentanyl

be suspected, on‐site personnel should

employ the above described safety

protocols referenced under General Safety

Recommendations as appropriate,

depending on the potential level of

contamination.  

First responders should also be mindful of

the potential “Fentanyl Footprint” in their

respective jurisdictions, which are clusters

of overdoses and overdose deaths occurring

within a small geographic area, within 48‐72

hours. Based on incident reporting and

analysis, this could possibly indicate

fentanyl or fentanyl‐related substances

being present.    

Routine Activity  

Due to the current opioid crisis and

prevalence of fentanyl and fentanyl‐related

substances on the domestic market, law

enforcement personnel and first responders

should look for any fentanyl indicators such

powders, pills, or capsules when conducting

their respective activity such as motor

vehicle stops, or responding to calls for

service. If observed, personnel should

utilize, at a minimum, nitrile gloves, eye

protection, and N‐95 dust mask (which

should be part of their Personal PPE kit).   
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Drug Related Evidence Collection:

Do NOT attempt to collect or otherwise

disturb any suspected fentanyl, fentanyl‐

related substance, synthetic opioid or

unknown powdered substance without

employing proper PPE as this could cause

an unintentional exposure during the

evidence collection process.  

Due to the high risk potential associated

with these substances, only law

enforcement personnel employing the

proper PPE (from Personal PPE to Level “A”

PPE) as referenced under General Safety

Recommendations should consider

handling any substance suspected to

contain fentanyl or a fentanyl‐related

substance.  

If feasible, personnel should contact the

appropriate officials within their agency

who have been trained to handle hazardous

materials, or contact the nearest DEA field

office for assistance.    For any situations

involving gross contamination, it is highly

recommended that Level “A” PPE be

utilized.

If an exigent situation exists where drug‐

related material might be disturbed and/or

collected in order to protect life, personnel

should employ, at a minimum, the above‐

referenced Personal PPE to include nitrile

gloves, an N‐95 dust mask, eye protection,

disposable paper suit or paper coveralls.  

NOTE: Personal PPE should only be used

when a valid urgent or emergency situation

exists and/or the evidence is located in

small amounts which can easily be

contained and sealed without risk of

spillage. This PPE and collection method

however, should not be employed where

there is loose powder, liquid, and/or gross

contamination. Any situation involving a

large‐scale accidental spill or release of a

fentanyl‐related substance is a public health

emergency which requires law enforcement

personnel to immediately vacate the area

and call a HAZMAT incident response team.  

Non‐Drug Related Evidence Collection

It is possible that fentanyl residue could be

present on items of non‐drug evidence such

as currency, money counters, cellular

telephones, or drug paraphernalia which

could create an additional vulnerability to

law enforcement.    Thus, personnel should

always follow the above described universal

safety precautions to avoid accidental

exposure.   
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Any items of non‐drug evidence which have

been identified at a location involving

suspected fentanyl should be treated with

the same care and caution as drug

evidence.  If gross contamination is present

Level “A” PPE should be utilized by

personnel specially trained to assess and

handle these materials.   

NOTE: If feasible, while employing Level “A”

PPE, safely remove any excess or noticeable

gross contamination from non‐drug

evidence prior to packaging.    

Once collected, properly packaged, and

removed from the scene, all items of non‐

drug evidence which have been

contaminated should be handled and

processed by personnel using, at a

minimum, Personal PPE in an area

specifically designated to process such

tainted evidence with plenty of fresh air or

while employing a dedicated fume hood.   

When packaging evidence which has

potentially been contaminated, a notation

should be made on the outer evidence

packaging and evidentiary custody forms

that the item of non‐drug evidence in

question has potentially been exposed to

fentanyl.  
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Packaging of Drug Evidence

Any suspected fentanyl or fentanyl‐related

substance should be processed per the

above safety guidelines while employing

the proper PPE.    

Any suspected fentanyl‐related exhibit

should be “double bagged” by placing the

exhibit within two agency‐approved

evidence envelopes. The inner envelope

could be a non‐labeled version, while the

outer evidence envelope should contain a

standard evidence label with the required

information needed for documentation and

tracking purposes per agency policy and

procedure. Both evidence envelopes should

be clearly marked “Suspected Fentanyl.”   

The evidence should be transported directly

to the requisite forensic laboratory,

ensuring all evidence exhibits are clearly

marked as “Suspected Fentanyl.”   

If suspected fentanyl or fentanyl‐related

drug evidence must be transported back to

an agency’s office prior to submission to a

laboratory, personnel should secure the

evidence in the agency’s designated drug

vault and/or secure drug processing area,

not on work desks, in conference rooms or

other public areas.   

When transporting exhibits, evidence

should be placed in sturdy, crush‐proof

boxes such as a U.S. Department of

Transportation (DOT) compliant, level 4G

(non‐crush) fiberboard shipping boxes. For

added safety evidence exhibits could

instead be placed inside a reusable

“Pelican” style case which can be locked

and can maintain an air‐tight seal.    

SECTION V  

Exposure Risks and Treatment  

Due to their hazardous nature, fentanyl and

fentanyl‐related substances pose a

significant threat to law enforcement

personnel and to other first responders,

including fire and emergency medical

personnel.  

As matter of reference it has been

determined that it would only take 2‐3

milligrams of fentanyl to induce respiratory

depression, arrest and possibly death (see

photo of penny). When visually compared,

2 to 3 milligrams of fentanyl is about the

same as five to seven individual grains of

table salt.   
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Fentanyl can be ingested orally, inhaled

through the nose or mouth, or absorbed

through the skin or eyes. Overdose

symptoms can include drowsiness,

disorientation, sedation, pinpoint pupils,

skin rash, clammy skin, and respiratory

depression or arrest. The onset of these

symptoms usually occurs within minutes.   

If an exposure occurs, seek immediate

medical attention as fentanyl and other

fentanyl‐related substances can be very

fast‐acting. In cases of suspected exposure,

contact emergency medical services (EMS),

or, if feasible, have EMS on scene prior to

conducting enforcement activity.   

If an exposure occurs, remove the exposed

individual from the contaminated

environment (preferably to a location with

fresh air). If they exhibit overdose

symptoms, immediately administer

naloxone by personnel trained in its use.  

Naloxone is an antidote for opioid

overdose. Immediately administering

naloxone can reverse an opioid overdose.  

Depending on the drug’s purity and potency

multiple doses of naloxone may be required

to stabilize the victim. Continue to

administer a dose of naloxone every 2‐3

minutes until the individual is breathing on

his/her own for at least 15 minutes, or until

EMS arrives.   

As a best practice, it is recommended that

anyone who has entered a grossly

contaminated environment, or otherwise

been exposed to a suspected fentanyl‐

related laboratory or milling operation

without wearing proper PPE should undress

and shower, using soap and water, as soon

as possible. It is recommended that grossly

contaminated clothing be bagged and

destroyed as soon as possible.    

If a suspected fentanyl‐related substance

has been inhaled, move the victim to fresh

air.  

If a suspected fentanyl‐related substance

has been ingested through the mouth or

eyes and the victim is conscious, rinse the

victim’s eyes and mouth with cool water.   

Where there has been any skin contact,

wash the exposed area immediately with

soap and water.   

“Overdose symptoms

include drowsiness,

disorientation, sedation,

pinpoint pupils, skin rash,

clammy skin, and

respiratory depression or

arrest.”
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NOTE: Any personnel exposed to a

suspected fentanyl substance as noted

above should be carefully monitored by

EMS personnel for any signs of opioid

exposure.   

Do NOT use hand sanitizer. Hand sanitizers

may contain alcohol, a skin penetrant,

which may increase the absorption of

fentanyl through the skin.  

DEA’s Fentanyl Roll Call Video

DEA has released a “Fentanyl Roll Call”

video to all law enforcement and first

responders nationwide about the dangers

of improperly handling fentanyl and its

deadly consequences. Acting DEA

Administrator Chuck Rosenberg and two

local police detectives from New Jersey

appear on the video to urge any law

enforcement or first responders who come

in contact with fentanyl or fentanyl‐related

substances to observe proper safe handling

procedures to avoid exposure.    

DEA’s Roll Call video can be accessed at:  

https://www.dea.gov/media.shtml

SECTION VI

Fentanyl Detection  

DEA is evaluating detection devices to be

used in the field‐testing of evidence for the

presence of fentanyl and fentanyl‐related

substances.   

Should your agency need assistance with

the examination or field‐testing of

suspected fentanyl or a fentanyl‐related

substance, contact your nearest DEA field

office or HAZMAT incident response team

for assistance.  

“Do NOT use hand

sanitizer.”
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SECTION VII

Remediation and Decontamination

Recommendations

Universal Precautions

Due to the hazardous nature of fentanyl law

enforcement personnel should notify any

concerned parties of the fact that a

clandestine drug laboratory or pill milling

site may pose a significant health hazard

and prominently display the appropriate

warning sign at the site following the

identification and/or seizure of a

clandestine laboratory or pill milling

operation involving fentanyl, fentanyl‐

related substances, or synthetic opioids.

The property owner should also be notified

of the situation via certified letter with

copies to local health officials and local law

enforcement agencies. State/local public

health departments will ultimately

determine the appropriate remediation

action and if/or when the location is fit for

future occupancy.  

General Hygiene

To reduce the potential for accidental

exposure, handle all items suspected of

being contaminated with fentanyl or

fentanyl‐related substances with extreme

caution, to include the application of

universal safety precautions and, at a

minimum, the Personal PPE mentioned

above.    Avoid skin contact, inhaling or

ingesting powders, liquids, or sprays. Wash

your hands frequently with copious

amounts of soap and water.  
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RESOURCES

www.dea.gov

www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov

www.cdc.gov

www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html

www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00384.asp

www.cdc.gov/niosh/

www.drugabuse.gov

www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl

www.drugabuse.gov/drugs‐abuse/fentanyl