Employees in Postsecondary 

Institutions, Fall 2010, and 

Salaries of Full-Time 

Instructional Staff, 2010–11

First Look

NCES 2012-276 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Employees in Postsecondary 

Institutions, Fall 2010, and 

Salaries of Full-Time 

Instructional Staff, 2010–11

First Look

NOVEMBER 2011

Laura G. Knapp 

Janice E. Kelly-Reid

Scott A. Ginder

RTI International

NCES 2012-276

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
U.S. Department of Education

Arne Duncan

Secretary

Institute of Education Sciences

John Q. Easton

Director

National Center for Education Statistics

Jack Buckley

Commissioner

Postsecondary, Adult, and Career Education Division

Thomas Weko

Associate Commissioner

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Suggested Citation

Knapp, L.G., Kelly-Reid, J.E., and Ginder, S.A. (2011). Employees in Postsecondary Institutions, Fall 2010, and Salaries of Full-Time 

Instructional Staff, 2010–11 (NCES 2012-276). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education 

Statistics. Retrieved [date] from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.

Content Contact

Aurora D’Amico

(202) 502-7334

aurora.damico@ed.gov
iii

Foreword 

This First Look presents findings from the Human Resources (HR) Component of the Integrated 

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) winter 2010-11 data collection. The HR 

component consists of the following three sections: Employees by Assigned Position (EAP) and 

Fall Staff for fall 2010 and Salaries for academic year 2010-11. Only the EAP and Salaries 

sections of the HR component were required for the winter 2010-11 collection; the Fall Staff 

section was optional. The HR data were collected through the IPEDS web-based data collection 

system. 

The data on which this report is based are available to researchers and the public through the 

IPEDS Data Center, which can be found at http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. This First Look report 

continues the series of First Look reports based on the collection of data from more than 7,000 

postsecondary education institutions that participate in Title IV federal student financial aid 

programs. 

We hope that the information provided in the report will be useful to a wide range of interested 

readers. Further, we hope that the results reported here will encourage researchers and others to 

make full use of the IPEDS data for analysis, to perform comparisons of peer institutions, or to 

help answer questions about postsecondary education institutions. 

Thomas Weko 

Associate Commissioner 

Postsecondary, Adult, and Career Education Division 
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v

Acknowledgments 

The information presented in this publication was provided by either state coordinators for the 

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) or officials at individual institutions. 

In addition, these persons provided assistance in resolving questions about their submitted data, 

which resulted in more accurate information. Although it is not possible to list the names of all 

these people, their assistance was invaluable and is appreciated. 

The U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and the 

Office for Civil Rights, with the approval of the Office of Management and Budget, cooperate in 

the collection of racial/ethnic and gender information from all postsecondary institutions that 

participate in the Human Resources component of IPEDS. In this collaboration, data provided by 

postsecondary institutions are designated as Compliance Reports pursuant to the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964 (34 CFR 100.6(b)). 
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vii

Contents 

Page 

Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................v

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1

IPEDS 2010-11 .............................................................................................................................1

Human Resources: Employees by Assigned Position, Fall Staff, and Salaries ............................1

Changes in Reporting....................................................................................................................2

Focus of This Report.....................................................................................................................2

Selected Findings ............................................................................................................................3

Staff at Title IV Institutions and Administrative Offices in the United States .............................3

Salaries of Full-Time Instructional Staff at Title IV Degree-Granting Institutions in the 

United States ..............................................................................................................................3

Appendix A: Survey Methodology .......................................................................................... A-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................. A-1

Universe, Institutions Surveyed, and Response Rates ............................................................. A-1

Inflation Adjustments .............................................................................................................. A-7

Human Resources Component Survey Sections ...................................................................... A-7

Changes in Reporting............................................................................................................... A-9

Survey Procedures ................................................................................................................. A-10

Edit Procedures ...................................................................................................................... A-11

Imputation Procedures ........................................................................................................... A-12

Appendix B: Glossary of IPEDS Terms ..................................................................................B-1
viii

List of Tables

Table Page 

1. Number of staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment 

status, medical school staff status, control of institution, and primary 

function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2010 ......................................................5

2. Number of staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices other than 

medical schools, by level of institution, employment status, control of institution, 

and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2010 .................................7

3. Number and percentage distribution of full-time professional staff at Title IV 

degree-granting institutions and administrative offices, by control of institution, 

medical school staff status, level of institution, and faculty status: United States, 

fall 2010 ...............................................................................................................................9

4. Number and percentage distribution of instructional staff at Title IV degreegranting institutions other than medical schools, by sector of institution and 

employment status: United States, fall 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 .................................10

5. Number of full-time instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions, by 

academic rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United States, academic 

year 2010-11 ......................................................................................................................11

6. Adjusted 9-month average salaries of full-time instructional staff at Title IV

degree-granting institutions, by academic rank, control and level of institution, and 

gender: United States, academic year 2010-11 ..................................................................12

7. Number of full-time instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions, and 

percentage change, by gender, sector of institution, and academic rank: United 

States, academic years 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-09, and 2010-11 ....................................13

8. Adjusted 9-month average salaries (in constant 2010-11 dollars) of full-time 

instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions, and percentage change, 

by gender, sector of institution, and academic rank: United States, academic years 

2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-09, and 2010-11 .........................................................................15

A-1. Number and response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices 

responding to the IPEDS winter 2010-11 data collection, by survey component or 

section, degree-granting status of institution, and level and control of institution: 

United States and other jurisdictions .............................................................................. A-3

A-1a. Number and response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices 

responding to the IPEDS winter 2010-11 data collection, by survey component or 

section, degree-granting status of institution, and level and control of institution: 

United States ................................................................................................................... A-5
ix

List of Tables—Continued 

 

Table Page 

A-2. Number of staff, number of staff imputed, and percentages imputed for all Title IV 

institutions and administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, 

primary function/occupational activity, degree-granting status of institution, and 

medical school staff status: United States, fall 2010 .................................................... A-14

A-3. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed for Title IV 

degree-granting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, gender, and 

academic rank: United States, academic year 2010-11 ................................................ A-15
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1

Introduction

The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) collects institution-level data 

from postsecondary institutions in the United States (50 states and the District of Columbia) and 

other jurisdictions (see appendix A for a list of other jurisdictions). IPEDS defines a 

postsecondary institution as an organization that is open to the public and has the provision of 

postsecondary education or training beyond the high school level as one of its primary missions. 

This definition includes institutions that offer academic, vocational, and continuing professional 

education programs and excludes institutions that offer only avocational (leisure) and adult basic 

education programs. IPEDS provides basic statistics on postsecondary institutions regarding 

tuition and fees, number and types of degrees and certificates conferred, number of students 

enrolled, number of employees, financial statistics, graduation rates, and student financial aid. 

The Higher Education Amendments of 1992 make submission of data to IPEDS mandatory for 

any institution that participates in or is an applicant for participation in any federal financial 

assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended. As 

a result of this mandate, IPEDS response rates are nearly 100 percent, and the resulting database 

is used as the principal sampling frame for other postsecondary surveys. 

IPEDS 2010-11

Participation in IPEDS was required for institutions and administrative offices that participated 

in Title IV federal student financial aid programs such as Pell Grants or Stafford Loans during 

the 2010-11 academic year.1

After submitting fall 2010 data to IPEDS, 3 institutions closed, leaving 7,175 institutions and 81 

administrative offices in the United States and other jurisdictions that were required to complete 

the 2010-11 HR component. 

Title IV institutions include 4-year colleges and universities, 2-year 

institutions, and non-degree-granting institutions (such as schools of cosmetology), among 

others. Accordingly, 7,178 institutions and 81 administrative offices (central or system offices) 

in the United States and other jurisdictions were expected to participate in the Human Resources 

(HR) component. 

Human Resources: Employees by Assigned Position, Fall Staff, and Salaries

The HR component consists of three sections: Employees by Assigned Position (EAP), Fall 

Staff, and Salaries. 

• The EAP section, which collects the number of staff employed by each institution by medical 

school staff status, employment status (full or part time), faculty status, and primary 

function/occupational activity, was required of all 7,256 Title IV institutions and 

administrative offices, and 7,252, or 99.9 percent, responded (table A-1). 

 

1 Institutions participating in Title IV programs are accredited by an agency or organization recognized by the 

Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education, have a program of more than 300 clock hours or 8 credit hours, have 

been in business for at least 2 years, and have a signed Program Participation Agreement with the Office of 

Postsecondary Education, U.S. Department of Education. 
2

•

•

The Fall Staff section was optional for the winter 2010-11 collection; however, 3,364 

Title IV institutions and administrative offices (46.3 percent) responded (data not shown).2

The Salaries section was required of 4,565 Title IV entities, and 4,561, or 99.9 percent, 

responded (table A-1).

 

3

Please refer to appendix A for a detailed description of the sections of the HR component. 

 

Changes in Reporting

Beginning in fall 2010, Title IV participating institutions that are not primarily postsecondary 

were required to respond to the IPEDS survey, reporting data pertinent to the postsecondary 

portion of the institution. This First Look contains data from 48 such institutions in the United 

States. One additional Title IV not primarily postsecondary institution is in the other 

jurisdictions. Please see the Changes in Reporting section of appendix A for details. 

Focus of This Report

Tabulations in this report present selected data items collected in winter 2010-11 from 7,096 

institutions and administrative offices in the United States (excluding those in other jurisdictions) 

that were required to respond to the HR component (table A-1a). This includes 7,018 Title IV 

institutions and 78 administrative offices. Additional HR data are available through the IPEDS 

Data Center.4

The purpose of this report is to introduce new data through the presentation of tables containing 

descriptive information. As a result, only selected findings are presented. These findings have 

been chosen to demonstrate the range of information available when using the IPEDS data rather 

than to discuss all of the observed differences, and they are not meant to emphasize any 

particular issue.

 

Several tables in this First Look display trends. In tables 4, 7, and 8, the time points displayed 

were chosen to demonstrate the range of data available from IPEDS for trend analysis, not to 

emphasize any particular period of change.

In the EAP section of the HR component, institutions with medical schools report their medical 

school employees separately from employees not working in medical schools. This is intended to 

facilitate comparisons between similar institutions where one institution has a medical school 

and the other institution does not. Consequently, data reported in the EAP section are depicted 

separately for medical schools in this report. 

 

2 The Fall Staff section is required in odd-numbered reporting years, such as fall 2009, and is optional in evennumbered years, such as fall 2010. 3 The Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all 

instructional staff were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical 

medicine. Two degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for one non-degreegranting institution and one administrative office because the data from the degree-granting institutions could not be 

separated from the non-degree-granting institution and administrative office. The two additional entities are included 

in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section.

4 See http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. 
3

Selected Findings 

Staff at Title IV Institutions and Administrative Offices in the United States

•

•

•

•

Institutions reported employing approximately 3.9 million individuals in fall 2010 (table 1). 

Of the 3.9 million individuals, about 2.5 million were reported to be employed full time and 

about 1.4 million were reported to be employed part time.

Of the 3.9 million total employees reported by institutions, about 377,000 were employed in 

a medical school (table 1). Of the remaining 3.5 million employees, approximately 2.7 

million were reported to be employed by 4-year institutions, while 2-year institutions 

reported employing about 731,000 individuals and less-than-2-year institutions reported 

employing about 53,700 individuals (table 2). 

Of the approximately 1.4 million full-time professionals reported to be employed at degreegranting institutions (excluding medical schools), 46 percent had faculty status: 21 percent 

with tenure, 8 percent on tenure track, 10 percent not on tenure track, and 7 percent who were 

employed by institutions without a tenure system (table 3). Institutions reported that the 

remaining 54 percent of full-time professionals did not have faculty status. 

Compared with fall 2004, the number of instructional staff reported to be employed at 

degree-granting institutions (excluding administrative offices and medical schools) in fall 

2010 increased from approximately 1.1 million to about 1.3 million (table 4). During this 

same time period, the proportion of these instructional staff classified as full-time decreased

from 49 percent to 45 percent. 

Salaries of Full-Time Instructional Staff at Title IV Degree-Granting Institutions in 

the United States

•

•

•

Of the nearly 594,000 reported instructional staff, 154,000 were professors, 129,000 were 

associate professors, 132,000 were assistant professors, 98,400 were instructors, and 29,600 

were lecturers (table 5). The remaining 50,900 instructional staff had no academic rank. 

Based on adjusted 9-month average salaries,5

More men than women were employed as professors at 4-year institutions (table 7). For 

example, in 2010-11 there were about 62,500 male professors and 23,100 female professors 

at 4-year public institutions, approximately 37,100 male professors and 14,700 female 

professors at 4-year private nonprofit institutions, and roughly 1,100 male professors and 500 

female professors at 4-year private for-profit institutions.

 institutions reported that, on average, 

professors earned approximately $104,000, associate professors earned $74,900, assistant 

professors earned $63,100, instructors earned $53,500, lecturers earned $54,900, and those 

with no academic rank earned $54,400 (table 6). 

 

5 Total salary outlays for full-time instructional staff (by rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-

month outlays by multiplying the outlay for 11/12-month contracted staff by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were 

then added to the outlays for 9/10-month staff, and the resulting sum was then divided by the total number of fulltime instructional staff to determine an average salary for each rank. Salaries for staff on less-than-9-month contracts 

were not collected.
4

• In 2010-11, professors at 4-year nonprofit institutions were reported to have earned the 

highest adjusted 9-month average salaries (table 8). These institutions reported that male 

professors earned about $116,000, an increase of 5 percent (after adjusting for inflation) from 

their 2004-05 salaries, and female professors earned approximately $101,000, an increase of 

4 percent (after adjusting for inflation) from their 2004-05 salaries.
5

Table 1. Number of staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, medical school 

staff status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2010

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity

Total Full time Part time

Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

Total staff 3,893,574 3,516,077 377,497 2,470,855 2,158,886 311,969 1,422,719 1,357,191 65,528

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or public 

service 1,542,321 1,419,906 122,415 769,779 666,179 103,600 772,542 753,727 18,815

Primarily instruction 1,180,807 1,152,161 28,646 491,912 469,314 22,598 688,895 682,847 6,048

Instruction/research/public service 271,967 207,434 64,533 207,109 150,942 56,167 64,858 56,492 8,366

Primarily research 64,868 44,868 20,000 54,103 36,882 17,221 10,765 7,986 2,779

Primarily public service2 24,679 15,443 9,236 16,655 9,041 7,614 8,024 6,402 1,622

Executive/administrative/managerial 245,794 224,840 20,954 236,923 216,911 20,012 8,871 7,929 942

Other professional (support/service) 807,770 686,010 121,760 702,618 596,531 106,087 105,152 89,479 15,673

Graduate assistants3 351,475 330,773 20,702 † † † 351,475 330,773 20,702

Technical and paraprofessionals 202,247 164,989 37,258 159,769 127,062 32,707 42,478 37,927 4,551

Clerical and secretarial 443,991 397,768 46,223 346,569 304,337 42,232 97,422 93,431 3,991

Skilled crafts 61,876 60,682 1,194 58,641 57,475 1,166 3,235 3,207 28

Service/maintenance 238,100 231,109 6,991 196,556 190,391 6,165 41,544 40,718 826

Public 2,500,796 2,287,646 213,150 1,546,480 1,376,099 170,381 954,316 911,547 42,769

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 953,938 884,866 69,072 493,026 434,987 58,039 460,912 449,879 11,033

Primarily instruction 708,635 691,901 16,734 306,998 293,761 13,237 401,637 398,140 3,497

Instruction/research/public service 188,440 150,105 38,335 142,664 109,913 32,751 45,776 40,192 5,584

Primarily research 39,624 28,894 10,730 32,505 23,131 9,374 7,119 5,763 1,356

Primarily public service2 17,239 13,966 3,273 10,859 8,182 2,677 6,380 5,784 596

Executive/administrative/managerial 114,906 107,152 7,754 109,985 102,722 7,263 4,921 4,430 491

Other professional (support/service) 513,658 436,370 77,288 442,714 376,157 66,557 70,944 60,213 10,731

Graduate assistants3 284,353 268,689 15,664 † † † 284,353 268,689 15,664

Technical and paraprofessionals 148,385 130,673 17,712 115,531 100,206 15,325 32,854 30,467 2,387

Clerical and secretarial 281,217 258,391 22,826 210,308 189,658 20,650 70,909 68,733 2,176

Skilled crafts 46,455 45,953 502 44,034 43,550 484 2,421 2,403 18

Service/maintenance 157,884 155,552 2,332 130,882 128,819 2,063 27,002 26,733 269

Private nonprofit 1,097,283 932,936 164,347 762,940 621,352 141,588 334,343 311,584 22,759

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 424,011 370,668 53,343 234,128 188,567 45,561 189,883 182,101 7,782

Primarily instruction 310,302 298,390 11,912 144,525 135,164 9,361 165,777 163,226 2,551

Instruction/research/public service 81,098 54,900 26,198 62,241 38,825 23,416 18,857 16,075 2,782

Primarily research 25,202 15,932 9,270 21,582 13,735 7,847 3,620 2,197 1,423

Primarily public service2 7,409 1,446 5,963 5,780 843 4,937 1,629 603 1,026

Executive/administrative/managerial 100,989 87,789 13,200 97,790 85,041 12,749 3,199 2,748 451

Other professional (support/service) 229,604 185,132 44,472 198,383 158,853 39,530 31,221 26,279 4,942

Graduate assistants3 66,445 61,407 5,038 † † † 66,445 61,407 5,038

Technical and paraprofessionals 49,455 29,909 19,546 41,573 24,191 17,382 7,882 5,718 2,164

Clerical and secretarial 136,043 112,646 23,397 113,950 92,368 21,582 22,093 20,278 1,815

Skilled crafts 14,975 14,283 692 14,335 13,653 682 640 630 10

Service/maintenance 75,761 71,102 4,659 62,781 58,679 4,102 12,980 12,423 557

See notes at end of table.
6

Table 1. Number of staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, medical school 

staff status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2010—

Continued

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity

Total Full time Part time

Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

Private for-profit 295,495 295,495 † 161,435 161,435 † 134,060 134,060 †

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 164,372 164,372 † 42,625 42,625 † 121,747 121,747 †

Primarily instruction 161,870 161,870 † 40,389 40,389 † 121,481 121,481 †

Instruction/research/public service 2,429 2,429 † 2,204 2,204 † 225 225 †

Primarily research 42 42 † 16 16 † 26 26 †

Primarily public service2 31 31 † 16 16 † 15 15 †

Executive/administrative/managerial 29,899 29,899 † 29,148 29,148 † 751 751 † 

Other professional (support/service) 64,508 64,508 † 61,521 61,521 † 2,987 2,987 † 

Graduate assistants3 677 677 † † † † 677 677 †

Technical and paraprofessionals 4,407 4,407 † 2,665 2,665 † 1,742 1,742 †

Clerical and secretarial 26,731 26,731 † 22,311 22,311 † 4,420 4,420 †

Skilled crafts 446 446 † 272 272 † 174 174 †

Service/maintenance 4,455 4,455 † 2,893 2,893 † 1,562 1,562 †

† Not applicable. 

1

Medical schools are defined as those with Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) and/or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) programs. Also includes health or 

allied health schools or departments that are affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical school.

2

Staff whose specific assignments are for the purpose of carrying out public service activities such as agricultural extension services, clinical services, 

or continuing education. 3

By definition, all graduate assistants are part time.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 

Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section.
7

Table 2. Number of staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices other than medical schools, by 

level of institution, employment status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational 

activity: United States, fall 2010

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity

4-year 2-year Less-than-2-year

Total Full time Part time Total Full time Part time Total Full time Part time

Total staff 2,731,503 1,765,078 966,425 730,900 357,741 373,159 53,674 36,067 17,607

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or public 

service 966,067 517,247 448,820 425,743 133,936 291,807 28,096 14,996 13,100

Primarily instruction 712,402 323,869 388,533 411,663 130,449 281,214 28,096 14,996 13,100

Instruction/research/public service 197,598 147,865 49,733 9,836 3,077 6,759 † † †

Primarily research 44,787 36,835 7,952 81 47 34 † † †

Primarily public service1 11,280 8,678 2,602 4,163 363 3,800 † † †

Executive/administrative/managerial 179,159 172,886 6,273 38,230 37,060 1,170 7,451 6,965 486

Other professional (support/service) 595,784 525,910 69,874 82,924 64,292 18,632 7,302 6,329 973

Graduate assistants2 330,773 † 330,773 † † † † † †

Technical and paraprofessionals 119,004 96,864 22,140 44,442 29,169 15,273 1,543 1,029 514

Clerical and secretarial 296,774 239,227 57,547 94,257 59,871 34,386 6,737 5,239 1,498

Skilled crafts 54,243 52,263 1,980 6,020 5,067 953 419 145 274

Service/maintenance 189,699 160,681 29,018 39,284 28,346 10,938 2,126 1,364 762

Public 1,616,299 1,059,720 556,579 658,784 309,689 349,095 12,563 6,690 5,873

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 488,242 315,091 173,151 388,693 116,593 272,100 7,931 3,303 4,628

Primarily instruction 308,967 177,153 131,814 375,003 113,305 261,698 7,931 3,303 4,628

Instruction/research/public 

service 140,609 107,026 33,583 9,496 2,887 6,609 † † †

Primarily research 28,843 23,086 5,757 51 45 6 † † †

Primarily public service1 9,823 7,826 1,997 4,143 356 3,787 † † †

Executive/administrative/managerial 77,798 74,313 3,485 28,480 27,657 823 874 752 122

Other professional (support/service) 365,842 323,308 42,534 69,631 52,193 17,438 897 656 241

Graduate assistants2 268,689 † 268,689 † † † † † †

Technical and paraprofessionals 87,006 71,568 15,438 43,198 28,328 14,870 469 310 159

Clerical and secretarial 171,422 135,713 35,709 85,647 52,917 32,730 1,322 1,028 294

Skilled crafts 39,893 38,550 1,343 5,840 4,951 889 220 49 171

Service/maintenance 117,407 101,177 16,230 37,295 27,050 10,245 850 592 258

Private nonprofit 921,526 614,168 307,358 8,983 5,379 3,604 2,427 1,805 622

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 364,660 185,767 178,893 4,976 2,192 2,784 1,032 608 424

Primarily instruction 292,406 132,373 160,033 4,952 2,183 2,769 1,032 608 424

Instruction/research/public 

service 54,882 38,817 16,065 18 8 10 † † †

Primarily research 15,930 13,735 2,195 2 0 2 † † †

Primarily public service1 1,442 842 600 4 1 3 † † †

Executive/administrative/managerial 86,338 83,692 2,646 1,075 993 82 376 356 20

Other professional (support/service) 183,411 157,428 25,983 1,286 1,036 250 435 389 46

Graduate assistants2 61,407 † 61,407 † † † † † †

Technical and paraprofessionals 29,520 23,910 5,610 278 207 71 111 74 37

Clerical and secretarial 111,490 91,522 19,968 802 545 257 354 301 53

Skilled crafts 14,213 13,608 605 67 43 24 3 2 1

Service/maintenance 70,487 58,241 12,246 499 363 136 116 75 41

See notes at end of table.
8

Table 2. Number of staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices other than medical schools, by 

level of institution, employment status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational 

activity: United States, fall 2010—Continued

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity

4-year 2-year Less-than-2-year

Total Full time Part time Total Full time Part time Total Full time Part time

Private for-profit 193,678 91,190 102,488 63,133 42,673 20,460 38,684 27,572 11,112

Staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or 

public service 113,165 16,389 96,776 32,074 15,151 16,923 19,133 11,085 8,048

Primarily instruction 111,029 14,343 96,686 31,708 14,961 16,747 19,133 11,085 8,048

Instruction/research/public 

service 2,107 2,022 85 322 182 140 † † †

Primarily research 14 14 0 28 2 26 † † †

Primarily public service1 15 10 5 16 6 10 † † †

Executive/administrative/managerial 15,023 14,881 142 8,675 8,410 265 6,201 5,857 344

Other professional (support/service) 46,531 45,174 1,357 12,007 11,063 944 5,970 5,284 686

Graduate assistants2 677 † 677 † † † † † †

Technical and paraprofessionals 2,478 1,386 1,092 966 634 332 963 645 318

Clerical and secretarial 13,862 11,992 1,870 7,808 6,409 1,399 5,061 3,910 1,151

Skilled crafts 137 105 32 113 73 40 196 94 102

Service/maintenance 1,805 1,263 542 1,490 933 557 1,160 697 463

† Not applicable. 1

Staff whose specific assignments are for the purpose of carrying out public service activities such as agricultural extension services, 

clinical services, or continuing education. 2

By definition, all graduate assistants are part time.

NOTE: Medical schools are defined as those with Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) and/or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) programs. 

Also includes health or allied health schools or departments that are affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical 

school.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System 

(IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section.
9

Table 3. Number and percentage distribution of full-time professional staff at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions and administrative offices, by control of institution, medical school staff status, level of 

institution, and faculty status: United States, fall 2010

Medical school staff status, level of 

institution, and faculty status

Number Percent

Total Public

Private 

nonprofit

Private 

for-profit Total Public

Private 

nonprofit

Private 

for-profit

Total staff1 1,668,633 1,036,336 527,612 104,685 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Staff (except those in medical 

schools2) 1,438,934 904,477 429,772 104,685 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

With faculty status 656,937 443,698 183,602 29,637 45.7 49.1 42.7 28.3

With tenure 295,102 214,760 80,131 211 20.5 23.7 18.6 0.2

On tenure track 116,987 81,227 35,591 169 8.1 9.0 8.3 0.2

Not on tenure track 146,290 102,350 43,744 196 10.2 11.3 10.2 0.2

No tenure system 98,558 45,361 24,136 29,061 6.8 5.0 5.6 27.8

Without faculty status 781,997 460,779 246,170 75,048 54.3 50.9 57.3 71.7

4-year 1,215,890 712,685 426,761 76,444 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

With faculty status 526,793 327,919 182,018 16,856 43.3 46.0 42.7 22.1

With tenure 248,141 167,995 80,033 113 20.4 23.6 18.8 0.1

On tenure track 101,516 65,804 35,550 162 8.3 9.2 8.3 0.2

Not on tenure track 135,095 91,336 43,567 192 11.1 12.8 10.2 0.3

No tenure system 42,041 2,784 22,868 16,389 3.5 0.4 5.4 21.4

Without faculty status 689,097 384,766 244,743 59,588 56.7 54.0 57.3 77.9

2-year 223,044 191,792 3,011 28,241 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

With faculty status 130,144 115,779 1,584 12,781 58.3 60.4 52.6 45.3

With tenure 46,961 46,765 98 98 21.1 24.4 3.3 0.3

On tenure track 15,471 15,423 41 7 6.9 8.0 1.4 0.0

Not on tenure track 11,195 11,014 177 4 5.0 5.7 5.9 0.0

No tenure system 56,517 42,577 1,268 12,672 25.3 22.2 42.1 44.9

Without faculty status 92,900 76,013 1,427 15,460 41.7 39.6 47.4 54.7

Medical school staff2 229,699 131,859 97,840 † 100.0 100.0 100.0 †

With faculty status 97,218 56,202 41,016 † 42.3 42.6 41.9 †

With tenure 21,534 13,696 7,838 † 9.4 10.4 8.0 †

On tenure track 17,546 7,595 9,951 † 7.6 5.8 10.2 † 

Not on tenure track 57,576 34,911 22,665 † 25.1 26.5 23.2 †

No tenure system 562 0 562 † 0.2 0.0 0.6 †

Without faculty status 132,481 75,657 56,824 † 57.7 57.4 58.1 †

† Not applicable.

1

Data are from degree-granting institutions only. The number of staff displayed in this table will not be equal to corresponding values from 

table 1.

2

Medical schools are defined as those with Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) and/or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) programs. Also 

includes health or allied health schools or departments that are affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical school.

NOTE: Full-time professional staff includes those staff in the following positions: primarily instruction, instruction combined with research 

and/or public service, primarily research, primarily public service, executive/administrative/managerial, and other professional 

(support/service). Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System 

(IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section.
10

Table 4. Number and percentage distribution of instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions other than medical schools, by sector of institution and employment status: 

United States, fall 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010

Sector of institution and 

employment status

Fall 20041 Fall 20062 Fall 20083 Fall 2010

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total staff 1,096,446 100.0 1,165,762 100.0 1,214,892 100.0 1,317,498 100.0

Full time4 537,579 49.0 556,616 47.7 582,753 48.0 597,623 45.4

Part time 558,867 51.0 609,146 52.3 632,139 52.0 719,875 54.6

Public 4-year 379,837 100.0 401,221 100.0 430,267 100.0 449,427 100.0

Full time 255,330 67.2 265,205 66.1 279,548 65.0 284,089 63.2

Part time 124,507 32.8 136,016 33.9 150,719 35.0 165,338 36.8

Public 2-year 347,772 100.0 354,008 100.0 360,799 100.0 377,311 100.0

Full time 110,984 31.9 112,929 31.9 114,416 31.7 112,960 29.9

Part time 236,788 68.1 241,079 68.1 246,383 68.3 264,351 70.1

Private nonprofit 4-year 292,127 100.0 307,566 100.0 329,026 100.0 347,213 100.0

Full time 153,100 52.4 158,571 51.6 166,780 50.7 171,137 49.3

Part time 139,027 47.6 148,995 48.4 162,246 49.3 176,076 50.7

Private nonprofit 2-year 4,090 100.0 3,787 100.0 3,836 100.0 3,588 100.0

Full time 1,934 47.3 1,767 46.7 1,563 40.7 1,372 38.2

Part time 2,156 52.7 2,020 53.3 2,273 59.3 2,216 61.8

Private for-profit 4-year 55,712 100.0 82,259 100.0 71,603 100.0 113,113 100.0

Full time 8,029 14.4 10,190 12.4 11,781 16.5 16,365 14.5

Part time 47,683 85.6 72,069 87.6 59,822 83.5 96,748 85.5

Private for-profit 2-year 16,908 100.0 16,921 100.0 19,361 100.0 26,846 100.0

Full time 8,202 48.5 7,954 47.0 8,665 44.8 11,700 43.6

Part time 8,706 51.5 8,967 53.0 10,696 55.2 15,146 56.4 1

Prior to 2010-11, only Title IV primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond to the IPEDS survey; however, 

in 2010-11 both primarily postsecondary and not primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond. One not 

primarily postsecondary institution from 2004-05 met the criteria to be included in this table. This institution responded 

voluntarily to the Employees by Assigned Position component during the Winter 2004-05 collection and its data are included 

in the figures displayed here. 

2

Prior to 2010-11, only Title IV primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond to the IPEDS survey; however, 

in 2010-11 both primarily postsecondary and not primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond. One not 

primarily postsecondary institution from 2006-07 met the criteria to be included in this table. This institution responded 

voluntarily to the Employees by Assigned Position section of the Human Resources component during the Winter 2006-07 

collection and its data are included in the figures displayed here. 

3

Prior to 2010-11, only Title IV primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond to the IPEDS survey; however, 

in 2010-11 both primarily postsecondary and not primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond. One not 

primarily postsecondary institution from 2008-09 met the criteria to be included in this table. This institution responded 

voluntarily to the Employees by Assigned Position section of the Human Resources component during the Winter 2008-09 

collection and its data are included in the figures displayed here. 4

Full-time instructional staff are included in this table regardless of contract length since the Employees by Assigned 

Position section of the HR component does not collect data by contract length. As a result, the full-time instructional staff 

presented in this table does not match the corresponding figure in Table 5.

NOTE: Graduate assistants are not included in this table. Instructional staff are those reported as “primarily instruction” or 

“instruction combined with research and/or public service.” Medical schools are defined as those with Doctor of Medicine 

(M.D.) and/or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) programs. Also includes health or allied health schools or departments 

that are affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical school.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education 

Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2004-05, Employees by Assigned Position component, and Winter 2006-07, Winter 2008-09, 

and Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section.
11

Table 5. Number of full-time instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions, by academic 

rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United States, academic year 2010-11

Control and level of 

institution, and gender All ranks Professor

Associate 

professor

Assistant 

professor Instructor Lecturer

No academic 

rank1

Total staff2 593,886 153,844 129,379 131,780 98,383 29,627 50,873

Public 394,898 100,250 83,744 84,006 67,418 21,787 37,693

4-year 282,751 85,600 73,161 72,542 22,191 20,988 8,269

Men 164,077 62,497 42,843 36,864 8,635 9,376 3,862

Women 118,674 23,103 30,318 35,678 13,556 11,612 4,407

2-year 112,147 14,650 10,583 11,464 45,227 799 29,424

Men 51,127 7,115 4,793 4,905 20,846 328 13,140

Women 61,020 7,535 5,790 6,559 24,381 471 16,284

Private nonprofit 171,652 51,865 44,699 46,752 11,713 7,811 8,812

4-year 170,336 51,802 44,519 46,503 11,071 7,801 8,640

Men 98,244 37,056 25,509 22,576 4,882 3,592 4,629

Women 72,092 14,746 19,010 23,927 6,189 4,209 4,011

2-year 1,316 63 180 249 642 10 172

Men 509 33 53 70 255 5 93

Women 807 30 127 179 387 5 79

Private for-profit 27,336 1,729 936 1,022 19,252 29 4,368

4-year 16,155 1,623 845 913 9,191 23 3,560

Men 8,487 1,076 451 391 4,576 18 1,975

Women 7,668 547 394 522 4,615 5 1,585

2-year 11,181 106 91 109 10,061 6 808

Men 4,794 46 44 54 4,373 0 277

Women 6,387 60 47 55 5,688 6 531 1

Includes staff at institutions without standard academic ranks. 2

Total full-time instructional staff includes those on 9/10-month and 11/12-month contracts. As a result, total full-time instructional 

staff in this table will not match the corresponding figure given in Table 4.

NOTE: Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all 

instructional staff were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, two

degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one

administrative office because the data from the degree-granting institutions could not be separated from the non-degree-granting 

institution and administrative office. The two additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the 

Salaries section. Instructional staff are those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed full time and whose 

specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching, including those with released time 

for research. Full-time instructional staff also includes those for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction or 

teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of their regular assignment. They 

are reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time non-medicalschool part of the Employees by Assigned Position section.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
12

Table 6. Adjusted 9-month average salaries of full-time instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by academic rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United States, 

academic year 2010-11 

Control and level of 

institution, and gender All ranks Professor

Associate 

professor

Assistant 

professor Instructor Lecturer

No academic 

rank1

Adjusted 9-month average 

salaries2 $73,555 $104,147 $74,893 $63,081 $53,517 $54,947 $54,362

Public 72,995 101,052 74,526 63,157 58,397 53,958 54,010

4-year 77,706 106,070 76,531 64,588 46,842 54,041 52,467

Men 84,294 109,466 78,646 66,693 47,988 57,507 53,838

Women 68,598 96,886 73,542 62,413 46,113 51,243 51,266

2-year 61,115 71,728 60,669 54,098 64,067 51,776 54,443

Men 62,359 73,537 61,581 54,696 65,016 51,579 55,503

Women 60,074 70,019 59,913 53,651 63,256 51,914 53,588

Private nonprofit 79,800 111,664 76,058 63,134 48,011 57,724 61,478

4-year 80,061 111,736 76,153 63,205 48,215 57,760 61,961

Men 86,752 115,850 78,136 65,394 48,220 61,145 65,969

Women 70,944 101,399 73,492 61,139 48,211 54,872 57,335

2-year 45,893 51,746 52,508 49,929 44,487 29,354 37,194

Men 41,414 51,536 49,289 44,850 39,376 29,321 36,984

Women 48,719 51,977 53,851 51,915 47,855 29,386 37,441

Private for-profit 42,443 58,128 52,119 54,413 39,778 50,179 43,052

4-year 46,080 59,360 53,427 56,322 42,863 56,314 43,895

Men 46,652 60,264 51,923 56,644 43,716 54,241 42,788

Women 45,447 57,581 55,148 56,080 42,017 63,776 45,275

2-year 37,187 39,264 39,972 38,428 36,960 26,662 39,338

Men 38,031 40,444 39,581 40,034 38,036 † 36,927

Women 36,554 38,360 40,337 36,850 36,134 26,662 40,597

† Not applicable. No full-time instructional staff were reported in this category. 1

Includes staff at institutions without standard academic ranks.

2

Total salary outlays for full-time instructional staff (by rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-month outlays by 

multiplying the outlay for 11/12-month contracted staff by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were then added to the outlays for 9/10-

month staff, and the resulting sum was then divided by the total number of staff to determine an average salary for each rank. 

Salaries for staff on less-than-9-month contracts were not collected.

NOTE: Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all 

instructional staff were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, two

degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one

administrative office because the data from the degree-granting institutions could not be separated from the non-degree-granting 

institution and administrative office. The two additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the 

Salaries section. Instructional staff are those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed full time and whose 

specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching, including those with released time 

for research. Full-time instructional staff also includes those for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction or 

teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of their regular assignment. They 

are reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time non-medicalschool part of the Employees by Assigned Position section.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Salaries section.
13

Table 7. Number of full-time instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions, and percentage change, by 

gender, sector of institution, and academic rank: United States, academic years 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-

09, and 2010-11

Sector of institution and 

academic rank

Men Women

2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11 2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11

Public 4-year

Professor 63,479 62,661 62,218 62,497 -1.5 18,315 19,807 21,552 23,103 26.1

Associate professor 39,783 40,788 42,076 42,843 7.7 24,409 26,430 28,492 30,318 24.2

Assistant professor 36,356 37,743 39,115 36,864 1.4 30,571 33,306 36,151 35,678 16.7

Instructor 6,706 7,633 8,394 8,635 28.8 9,865 11,425 13,131 13,556 37.4

Lecturer 7,415 8,198 9,041 9,376 26.4 8,595 9,854 10,973 11,612 35.1

Public 2-year

Professor 7,258 7,328 7,107 7,115 -2.0 6,433 7,003 7,225 7,535 17.1

Associate professor 4,789 4,708 4,721 4,793 0.1 5,234 5,238 5,483 5,790 10.6

Assistant professor 5,260 5,271 5,208 4,905 -6.7 6,187 6,500 6,756 6,559 6.0

Instructor 21,802 21,936 21,595 20,846 -4.4 23,586 24,664 24,833 24,381 3.4

Lecturer 482 264 336 328 -32.0 501 373 470 471 -6.0

Private nonprofit 4-year

Professor 36,547 36,532 36,678 37,056 1.4 11,657 12,630 13,754 14,746 26.5

Associate professor 24,363 24,624 25,265 25,509 4.7 15,925 16,730 17,643 19,010 19.4

Assistant professor 22,813 22,529 22,974 22,576 -1.0 21,122 21,836 23,152 23,927 13.3

Instructor 4,472 4,514 4,979 4,882 9.2 5,488 5,521 6,306 6,189 12.8

Lecturer 2,286 2,807 3,458 3,592 57.1 2,542 3,110 4,013 4,209 65.6

Private nonprofit 2-year

Professor 56 46 59 33 -41.1 67 62 71 30 -55.2

Associate professor 68 68 69 53 -22.1 115 119 154 127 10.4

Assistant professor 81 79 80 70 -13.6 142 176 213 179 26.1

Instructor 554 469 282 255 -54.0 492 483 407 387 -21.3

Lecturer 19 1 2 5 -73.7 46 7 6 5 -89.1

Private for-profit 4-year

Professor 534 673 684 1,076 101.5 206 275 309 547 165.5

Associate professor 368 343 407 451 22.6 145 188 316 394 171.7

Assistant professor 195 278 251 391 100.5 135 238 240 522 286.7

Instructor 2,915 3,395 3,670 4,576 57.0 1,610 2,271 3,019 4,615 186.6

Lecturer 0 2 0 18 † 6 2 0 5 -16.7

Private for-profit 2-year

Professor 122 36 28 46 -62.3 45 46 31 60 33.3

Associate professor 32 10 13 44 37.5 31 24 18 47 51.6

Assistant professor 30 26 15 54 80.0 34 18 21 55 61.8

See notes at end of table.
14

Table 7. Number of full-time instructional staff at Title IV degree-granting institutions, and percentage change, by 

gender, sector of institution, and academic rank: United States, academic years 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-

09, and 2010-11—Continued

Sector of institution and 

academic rank

Men Women

2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11 2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to

2010-11

Private for-profit 2-year—

Continued

Instructor 3,843 3,622 3,734 4,373 13.8 3,154 3,286 4,223 5,688 80.3

Lecturer 56 2 0 0 -100.0 34 33 0 6 -82.4

† Not applicable. 

1

Prior to 2010-11, only Title IV primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond to the IPEDS survey; however, in 2010-11 both 

primarily postsecondary and not primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond. One not primarily postsecondary institution from 

2004-05 met the criteria to be included in this table. This institution responded voluntarily to the Salaries component during the Winter 2004-05 

collection and its data are included in the figures displayed here. 

2

Prior to 2010-11, only Title IV primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond to the IPEDS survey; however, in 2010-11 both 

primarily postsecondary and not primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond. One not primarily postsecondary institution from 

2006-07 met the criteria to be included in this table. This institution responded voluntarily to the Salaries section of the Human Resources 

component during the Winter 2006-07 collection and its data are included in the figures displayed here. 3

Prior to 2010-11, only Title IV primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond to the IPEDS survey; however, in 2010-11 both 

primarily postsecondary and not primarily postsecondary institutions were required to respond. One not primarily postsecondary institution from 

2008-09 met the criteria to be included in this table. This institution responded voluntarily to the Salaries section of the Human Resources 

component during the Winter 2008-09 collection and its data are included in the figures displayed here.

NOTE: Full-time instructional staff includes those on 9/10-month and 11/12-month contracts. Although the Salaries section was applicable to 

degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional staff were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, 

or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, some degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for administrative offices 

and non-degree-granting institutions because the data for the degree-granting institutions could not be separated from the administrative offices 

and non-degree-granting institutions. For the 2004-05 Salaries component, two degree-granting institutions reported for two non-degree-granting 

institutions; for the 2006-07 Salaries section of the Human Resources (HR) component, four degree-granting institutions reported for two nondegree-granting institutions and two administrative offices; for the 2008-09 Salaries section of the HR component, three degree-granting institutions 

reported for one non-degree-granting institution and two administrative offices; and for the 2010-11 Salaries section of the HR component, two

degree-granting institutions reported for one non-degree-granting institution and one administrative office. Instructional staff are those members of 

the instruction/research staff who are employed full time and whose specific assignments are customarily made for the purpose of providing 

instruction or teaching, including those with released time for research. Full-time instructional staff also includes those for whom it is not possible to 

differentiate between instruction or teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of their regular 

assignment. They are reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time non-medicalschool part of the Employees by Assigned Position section.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 

Winter 2004-05, Salaries component, and Winter 2006-07, Winter 2008-09, and Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Salaries section.
15

Table 8. Adjusted 9-month average salaries (in constant 2010-11 dollars) of full-time instructional staff at Title IV 

degree-granting institutions, and percentage change, by gender, sector of institution, and academic rank: 

United States, academic years 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-09, and 2010-11

Sector of institution and 

academic rank

Men Women

2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11 2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11

Public 4-year

Professor $105,321 $107,198 $108,125 $109,466 3.9 $94,474 $95,736 $96,021 $96,886 2.6

Associate professor 76,993 77,655 78,110 78,646 2.1 71,893 72,721 73,104 73,542 2.3

Assistant professor 65,228 65,849 66,029 66,693 2.2 60,423 61,194 61,736 62,413 3.3

Instructor 46,250 46,448 47,465 47,988 3.8 44,639 44,957 45,525 46,113 3.3

Lecturer 52,279 56,257 56,982 57,507 10.0 48,002 50,377 50,926 51,243 6.8

Public 2-year

Professor 75,451 74,064 73,581 73,537 -2.5 71,042 69,969 69,825 70,019 -1.4

Associate professor 62,349 61,703 61,125 61,581 -1.2 60,301 59,778 59,278 59,913 -0.6

Assistant professor 54,912 54,424 54,522 54,696 -0.4 53,474 53,334 53,119 53,651 0.3

Instructor 63,414 64,585 64,604 65,016 2.5 61,198 62,267 62,788 63,256 3.4

Lecturer 56,566 50,153 43,590 51,579 -8.8 48,486 51,324 44,274 51,914 7.1

Private nonprofit 4-year

Professor 110,770 111,375 113,075 115,850 4.6 97,429 98,273 98,744 101,399 4.1

Associate professor 76,501 75,996 76,555 78,136 2.1 71,384 71,176 71,951 73,492 3.0

Assistant professor 64,360 63,252 63,730 65,394 1.6 59,941 59,206 59,691 61,139 2.0

Instructor 46,650 45,865 46,516 48,220 3.4 46,861 45,972 46,674 48,211 2.9

Lecturer 59,560 58,933 59,891 61,145 2.7 52,366 53,006 53,317 54,872 4.8

Private nonprofit 2-year

Professor 51,370 52,840 58,319 51,536 0.3 52,130 50,330 52,731 51,977 -0.3

Associate professor 45,472 47,684 46,506 49,289 8.4 48,796 47,966 49,580 53,851 10.4

Assistant professor 38,201 39,656 40,848 44,850 17.4 41,284 45,647 46,848 51,915 25.8

Instructor 43,173 40,665 36,739 39,376 -8.8 43,351 46,517 44,243 47,855 10.4

Lecturer 48,533 34,399 26,900 29,321 -39.6 56,043 37,667 36,256 29,386 -47.6

Private for-profit 4-year

Professor 60,708 58,037 58,988 60,264 -0.7 58,797 56,296 55,552 57,581 -2.1

Associate professor 52,462 50,146 50,772 51,923 -1.0 51,710 52,162 54,227 55,148 6.6

Assistant professor 49,915 52,083 55,190 56,644 13.5 47,931 51,476 53,657 56,080 17.0

Instructor 42,258 44,240 43,886 43,716 3.5 39,918 40,963 41,064 42,017 5.3

Lecturer † 13,286 † 54,241 † 51,529 13,286 † 63,776 23.8

Private for-profit 2-year

Professor 36,830 42,779 35,560 40,444 9.8 34,827 39,911 37,237 38,360 10.1

Associate professor 37,535 37,950 41,173 39,581 5.5 33,068 38,345 40,212 40,337 22.0

Assistant professor 38,281 33,123 35,305 40,034 4.6 36,289 35,634 33,939 36,850 1.5

See notes at end of table.
16

Table 8. Adjusted 9-month average salaries (in constant 2010-11 dollars) of full-time instructional staff at Title IV 

degree-granting institutions, and percentage change, by gender, sector of institution, and academic rank: 

United States, academic years 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-09, and 2010-11—Continued

Sector of institution and 

academic rank

Men Women

2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11 2004-051 2006-072 2008-093 2010-11

Percent 

change 

2004-05 to 

2010-11

Private for-profit 2-year—

Continued

Instructor $36,379 $37,929 $37,722 $38,036 4.6 $32,165 $34,524 $35,546 $36,134 12.3

Lecturer 36,337 36,847 † † † 31,428 40,893 † 26,662 -15.2

† Not applicable. 

1

Prior to 2010-11, Title IV not primarily postsecondary institutions were not required to respond to the IPEDS survey; the one such institution 

meeting the criteria to be included in this table responded voluntarily to the Winter 2004-05 Salaries component. 2

Prior to 2010-11, Title IV not primarily postsecondary institutions were not required to respond to the IPEDS survey; the one such institution 

meeting the criteria to be included in this table responded voluntarily to the Winter 2006-07 Human Resources component, Salaries section. 3

Prior to 2010-11, Title IV not primarily postsecondary institutions were not required to respond to the IPEDS survey; the one such institution 

meeting the criteria to be included in this table responded voluntarily to the Winter 2008-09 Human Resources component, Salaries section. 

NOTE: All amounts from 2004-05, 2006-07, and 2008-09 were converted to 2010-11 dollars by multiplying each amount by the ratio of the average 

Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the 12-month period ending in November 2010 to the average CPI for the 12-month period ending in November 

2004, November 2006, or November 2008. Total salary outlays for full-time instructional staff (by rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 

9/10-month outlays by multiplying the outlay for 11/12-month contracted staff by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were then added to the outlays for 

9/10-month staff, and the resulting sum was then divided by the total number of staff to determine an average salary for each rank. Salaries for staff 

on less-than-9-month contracts were not collected. Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those 

institutions at which all instructional staff were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, 

some degree-granting institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for administrative offices and non-degree-granting institutions 

because the data for the degree-granting institutions could not be separated from the administrative offices and non-degree-granting institutions. 

For the 2004-05 Salaries component, two degree-granting institutions reported for two non-degree-granting institutions; for the 2006-07 Salaries 

section of the Human Resources (HR) component, four degree-granting institutions reported for two non-degree-granting institutions and two

administrative offices; for the 2008-09 Salaries section of the HR component, three degree-granting institutions reported for one non-degreegranting institution and two administrative offices; and for the 2010-11 Salaries section of the HR component, two degree-granting institutions 

reported for one non-degree-granting institution and one administrative office. Instructional staff are those members of the instruction/research staff 

who are employed full time and whose specific assignments are customarily made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching, including 

those with released time for research. Full-time instructional staff also includes those for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction 

or teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of their regular assignment. They are reported 

as “primarily instruction” or “instruction combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time non-medical-school part of the Employees by 

Assigned Position section. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 

Winter 2004-05, Salaries component, and Winter 2006-07, Winter 2008-09, and Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Salaries section.
A-1 

Appendix A:

Survey Methodology 

Overview

The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) defines a postsecondary 

institution as an organization that is open to the public and has a primary mission of providing 

education or training beyond the high school level. The main focus of the IPEDS winter 2010-11 

data collection was to collect data from Title IV institutions. These institutions have Program 

Participation Agreements (PPAs) with the Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE) within the 

U.S. Department of Education and thus are eligible to participate in Title IV student financial aid 

programs. There were 7,259 Title IV institutions and administrative offices1 located in the 

United States and the other jurisdictions2 of the United States at the beginning of the 2010-11 

academic year. Three institutions closed before the winter 2010-11 data collection began, leaving 

7,175 institutions and 81 administrative offices.

The winter 2010-11 data collection was entirely web-based. Institutions in the universe were 

asked to enter their survey responses using the IPEDS data collection website. The winter 2010-

11 IPEDS data were collected between December 8, 2010, and January 26, 2011. The collection 

of the Human Resources (HR) component had three sections: Employees by Assigned Position 

(EAP), Fall Staff (S), and Salaries (SA). These three sections were previously separate 

components but were merged into the single HR component beginning with the winter 2005-06 

data collection to simplify reporting and better ensure data consistency and accuracy. During the 

winter 2005-06 data collection, the glossary and instructions were also restructured based on the 

new design to improve consistency of reporting between sections. For example, prior to 2005-06, 

institutions could classify librarians and counselors as either “Faculty” or “Other professional 

(support/service)”; however, beginning with 2005-06, institutions were instructed to classify 

librarians and counselors as “Other professional (support/service)” only. (For detailed 

information on the primary functions/occupational activities, refer to appendix B, Glossary.) 

Universe, Institutions Surveyed, and Response Rates

The IPEDS universe is established during the fall collection period. For 2010-11, some 62 

postsecondary institutions included in prior IPEDS data collections were determined to be 

outside the scope of IPEDS because they were closed, merged with another institution, or no 

longer offered postsecondary programs. Additionally, 258 institutions were reported exclusively 

by a parent institution; also, 347 institutions were added to the universe. Four of the U.S. service 

 

1 Title IV institutions and administrative offices include 7,178 institutions and 81 administrative offices (central or 

system offices). The administrative offices are required to complete the Institutional Characteristics component in 

the fall, the EAP section of the Human Resources component in the winter, and the Finance component in the winter 

or spring (if they have their own separate budget). Administrative offices are required to complete the Fall Staff 

section of the Human Resources component in odd-numbered years such as 2009, but not in even-numbered years 

such as 2010. The U.S. service academies are included in the number of institutions.

2 The other jurisdictions surveyed in IPEDS are American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the 

Marshall Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin 

Islands.
A-2 

academies are included in the IPEDS universe as if they were Title IV institutions.3 These 

entities were identified from several sources, including a universe review by state coordinators, a 

review of the Postsecondary Education Participation System (PEPS) data file maintained by 

OPE, and information provided by the institutions themselves. 

According to Section 490 of the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 (P.L. 102-325), IPEDS 

is mandatory for any institutions that participate in or are applicants for participation in any 

federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, 

as amended (20 USC 1094(a)(17)). Therefore, most of the studies that use IPEDS data 

concentrate on the Title IV institutions, and this group is the main focus of IPEDS. To ensure the 

inclusion of all Title IV participants, the full set of 7,259 Title IV entities in the established 

IPEDS universe was validated by matching it with OPE’s PEPS file.

The IPEDS database includes institutions that do not participate in Title IV financial aid 

programs. These institutions are invited to participate in the IPEDS program, and if they 

voluntarily respond to the surveys, the institutions are included in the College Navigator 

(http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator). For the 2010-11 HR component, 87 non–Title IV 

institutions provided data. The College Navigator is designed to help college students, 

prospective students, and their parents learn about admission requirements, degrees offered, 

costs, graduation rates, and other characteristics of institutions that they may find helpful in 

selecting between postsecondary institutions. 

Not all Title IV institutions were required to complete all sections of the HR component. Three

institutions were not required to complete the HR component because they closed during the fall 

2010 collection. The EAP section of the HR component was required of all Title IV institutions 

and administrative offices. The Fall Staff section was not required during the winter 2010-11 

collection, but all Title IV institutions and administrative offices could have provided Fall Staff 

data if they had chosen to do so. The Salaries section was required of Title IV degree-granting 

institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional staff were part time, 

contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. Of the 

7,256 Title IV entities eligible for the winter 2010-11 IPEDS collection, all 7,175 institutions and 

81 administrative offices were eligible for the EAP section, and 4,563 degree-granting 

institutions were eligible for the Salaries section. Although the Salaries section was applicable to 

degree-granting institutions only, two degree-granting institutions reported not only their own 

data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one administrative office because 

the data could not be separated by the degree-granting status of the institution. The two 

additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. 

Table A-1 provides the number of Title IV institutions and administrative offices and the survey 

response rates for the HR component overall and the specific HR sections for winter 2010-11, by 

degree-granting status of institution and level and control of institution, for the United States and 

other jurisdictions. Because Title IV institutions are the primary focus of IPEDS and they are 

required to respond, response rates for Title IV institutions and administrative offices in the 

winter 2010-11 IPEDS collection were high. The overall response rate in winter 2010-11 was 

 

3 The four U.S. service academies that are not Title IV–eligible are the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Military 

Academy, the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Air Force Academy. One academy, the U.S. Merchant 

Marine Academy, is Title IV–eligible. Data for all five institutions are included in the tables and counts of 

institutions.
A-3 

99.9 percent for the HR component. The response rates for the EAP and Salaries sections were 

also 99.9 percent. 

Table A-1a provides the number of Title IV institutions and administrative offices and the survey 

response rates for the HR component overall and the specific HR sections for winter 2010-11, by 

degree-granting status of institution and level and control of institution for the United States only 

(excluding any other jurisdictions). 

Table A-1. Number and response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to 

the IPEDS winter 2010-11 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting 

status of institution, and level and control of institution: United States and other jurisdictions

Degree-granting status of 

institution and level and control of 

institution

Human Resources component Employees by Assigned Position section

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response

rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 7,256 7,252 99.9 7,256 7,252 99.9

Public 2,113 2,111 99.9 2,113 2,111 99.9

Private nonprofit 1,874 1,872 99.9 1,874 1,872 99.9

Private for-profit 3,269 3,269 100.0 3,269 3,269 100.0

4-year 2,996 2,993 99.9 2,996 2,993 99.9

Public 735 733 99.7 735 733 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,602 1,601 99.9 1,602 1,601 99.9

Private for-profit 659 659 100.0 659 659 100.0

2-year 2,333 2,332 100.0 2,333 2,332 100.0

Public 1,124 1,124 100.0 1,124 1,124 100.0

Private nonprofit 178 177 99.4 178 177 99.4

Private for-profit 1,031 1,031 100.0 1,031 1,031 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,927 1,927 100.0 1,927 1,927 100.0

Public 254 254 100.0 254 254 100.0

Private nonprofit 94 94 100.0 94 94 100.0

Private for-profit 1,579 1,579 100.0 1,579 1,579 100.0

Degree-granting 4,766 4,762 99.9 4,766 4,762 99.9

4-year 2,981 2,978 99.9 2,981 2,978 99.9

Public 734 732 99.7 734 732 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,589 1,588 99.9 1,589 1,588 99.9

Private for-profit 658 658 100.0 658 658 100.0

2-year 1,785 1,784 99.9 1,785 1,784 99.9

Public 1,018 1,018 100.0 1,018 1,018 100.0

Private nonprofit 91 90 98.9 91 90 98.9

Private for-profit 676 676 100.0 676 676 100.0

Non-degree-granting 2,490 2,490 100.0 2,490 2,490 100.0

4-year1 15 15 100.0 15 15 100.0

Public 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private nonprofit 13 13 100.0 13 13 100.0

Private for-profit 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

2-year 548 548 100.0 548 548 100.0

Public 106 106 100.0 106 106 100.0

Private nonprofit 87 87 100.0 87 87 100.0

Private for-profit 355 355 100.0 355 355 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,927 1,927 100.0 1,927 1,927 100.0

Public 254 254 100.0 254 254 100.0

Private nonprofit 94 94 100.0 94 94 100.0

Private for-profit 1,579 1,579 100.0 1,579 1,579 100.0

See notes at end of table.
A-4 

Table A-1. Number and response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to 

the IPEDS winter 2010-11 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting 

status of institution, and level and control of institution: United States and other jurisdictions—

Continued

Degree-granting status of 

institution and level and control of 

institution

Salaries section

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 4,5652,3 4,561 99.9

Public 1,6762,3 1,674 99.9

Private nonprofit 1,621 1,619 99.9

Private for-profit 1,268 1,268 100.0

4-year 2,838 2,835 99.9

Public 688 686 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,536 1,535 99.9

Private for-profit 614 614 100.0

2-year 1,7262 1,725 99.9

Public 9872 987 100.0

Private nonprofit 85 84 98.8

Private for-profit 654 654 100.0

Less-than-2-year 13 1 100.0

Public 13 1 100.0

Private nonprofit † † †

Private for-profit † † †

Degree-granting 4,5642 4,560 99.9

4-year 2,838 2,835 99.9

Public 688 686 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,536 1,535 99.9

Private for-profit 614 614 100.0

2-year 1,7262 1,725 99.9

Public 9872 987 100.0

Private nonprofit 85 84 98.8

Private for-profit 654 654 100.0

Non-degree-granting 13 1 100.0

4-year1 † † † 

Public † † †

Private nonprofit † † †

Private for-profit † † †

2-year † † †

Public † † † 

Private nonprofit † † †

Private for-profit † † †

Less-than-2-year 13 1 100.0

Public 13 1 100.0

Private nonprofit † † † 

Private for-profit † † †

† Not applicable. 

1

These institutions grant certificates at the postbaccalaureate and post-master’s levels; they do not award degrees. 2

One administrative office is included here because one degree-granting institution could not separate its full-time instructional staff 

data by the degree-granting status of the institution. 3

One public less-than-2-year institution is included here because one degree-granting institution could not separate its full-time 

instructional staff data by the degree-granting status of the institution. 

NOTE: The Employees by Assigned Position section was applicable to all institutions and administrative offices. Although the 

Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional staff were part 

time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, two degree-granting institutions 

reported not only their own data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one administrative office because the 

data from the degree-granting institutions could not be separated from the non-degree-granting institution and administrative office. 

The two additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. Data were imputed for all

Human Resources nonrespondents. The other jurisdictions include American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, 

the Marshall Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position and Salaries sections.
A-5 

Table A-1a. Number and response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to 

the IPEDS winter 2010-11 data collection, by survey component or section, degreegranting status of institution, and level and control of institution: United States

Degree-granting status of 

institution and level and control of 

institution

Human Resources component Employees by Assigned Position section

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response

rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 7,096 7,092 99.9 7,096 7,092 99.9

Public 2,084 2,082 99.9 2,084 2,082 99.9

Private nonprofit 1,815 1,813 99.9 1,815 1,813 99.9

Private for-profit 3,197 3,197 100.0 3,197 3,197 100.0

4-year 2,927 2,924 99.9 2,927 2,924 99.9

Public 717 715 99.7 717 715 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,558 1,557 99.9 1,558 1,557 99.9

Private for-profit 652 652 100.0 652 652 100.0

2-year 2,307 2,306 100.0 2,307 2,306 100.0

Public 1,114 1,114 100.0 1,114 1,114 100.0

Private nonprofit 174 173 99.4 174 173 99.4

Private for-profit 1,019 1,019 100.0 1,019 1,019 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,862 1,862 100.0 1,862 1,862 100.0

Public 253 253 100.0 253 253 100.0

Private nonprofit 83 83 100.0 83 83 100.0

Private for-profit 1,526 1,526 100.0 1,526 1,526 100.0

Degree-granting 4,674 4,670 99.9 4,674 4,670 99.9

4-year 2,912 2,909 99.9 2,912 2,909 99.9

Public 716 714 99.7 716 714 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,545 1,544 99.9 1,545 1,544 99.9

Private for-profit 651 651 100.0 651 651 100.0

2-year 1,762 1,761 99.9 1,762 1,761 99.9

Public 1,009 1,009 100.0 1,009 1,009 100.0

Private nonprofit 87 86 98.9 87 86 98.9

Private for-profit 666 666 100.0 666 666 100.0

Non-degree-granting 2,422 2,422 100.0 2,422 2,422 100.0

4-year 1 15 15 100.0 15 15 100.0

Public 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private nonprofit 13 13 100.0 13 13 100.0

Private for-profit 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

2-year 545 545 100.0 545 545 100.0

Public 105 105 100.0 105 105 100.0

Private nonprofit 87 87 100.0 87 87 100.0

Private for-profit 353 353 100.0 353 353 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,862 1,862 100.0 1,862 1,862 100.0

Public 253 253 100.0 253 253 100.0

Private nonprofit 83 83 100.0 83 83 100.0

Private for-profit 1,526 1,526 100.0 1,526 1,526 100.0

See notes at end of table.
A-6 

Table A-1a. Number and response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to 

the IPEDS winter 2010-11 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting 

status of institution, and level and control of institution: United States—Continued

Degree-granting status of 

institution and level and control of 

institution

Salaries section

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 4,4782,3 4,474 99.9

Public 1,6502,3 1,648 99.9

Private nonprofit 1,577 1,575 99.9

Private for-profit 1,251 1,251 100.0

4-year 2,774 2,771 99.9

Public 671 669 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,496 1,495 99.9

Private for-profit 607 607 100.0

2-year 1,7032 1,702 99.9

Public 9782 978 100.0

Private nonprofit 81 80 98.8

Private for-profit 644 644 100.0

Less-than-2-year 13 1 100.0

Public 13 1 100.0

Private nonprofit † † †

Private for-profit † † †

Degree-granting 4,4772 4,473 99.9

4-year 2,774 2,771 99.9

Public 671 669 99.7

Private nonprofit 1,496 1,495 99.9

Private for-profit 607 607 100.0

2-year 1,7032 1,702 99.9

Public 9782 978 100.0

Private nonprofit 81 80 98.8

Private for-profit 644 644 100.0

Non-degree-granting 13 1 100.0

4-year1 † † †

Public † † †

Private nonprofit † † † 

Private for-profit † † †

2-year † † †

Public † † †

Private nonprofit † † †

Private for-profit † † † 

Less-than-2-year 13 1 100.0

Public 13 1 100.0

Private nonprofit † † †

Private for-profit † † †

† Not applicable. 

1

These institutions grant certificates at the postbaccalaureate and post-master’s levels; they do not award degrees. 2

One administrative office is included here because one degree-granting institution could not separate its full-time instructional 

staff data by the degree-granting status of the institution. 3

One public less-than-2-year institution is included here because one degree-granting institution could not separate its full-time 

instructional staff data by the degree-granting status of the institution. 

NOTE: The Employees by Assigned Position section was applicable to all institutions and administrative offices. Although the 

Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional staff were part 

time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, two degree-granting institutions 

reported not only their own data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one administrative office because the 

data from the degree-granting institutions could not be separated from the non-degree-granting institution and administrative 

office. The two additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. Data were 

imputed for all Human Resources nonrespondents. Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No data were imputed for 

institutions in other jurisdictions.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position and Salaries sections.
A-7 

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) statistical standards require that the 

potential for nonresponse bias for all institutions (including those in the other jurisdictions) be 

analyzed for sectors for which the response rate was less than 85 percent. As shown in table A-1, 

no sectors require this analysis.

Inflation Adjustments

Table 8 in this report is reported in constant 2010-11 dollars. To convert the previous years’ 

salary data to 2010-11 dollar amounts, the average Consumer Price Index (CPI) for All Urban 

Consumers values for the 12-month period ending in November of the academic year the data 

represent were used. The ratio of the average CPI for the 12-month period ending in November 

2010 to the average CPI ending in November of the appropriate prior year was multiplied by the 

data from the prior year to calculate the constant 2010-11 dollar amounts. These amounts were 

then used in the calculation of the values shown in the table. Percentage changes in these tables 

reflect changes over and above changes due to inflation. 

Human Resources Component Survey Sections 

The Human Resources (HR) component comprises three sections: Employees by Assigned 

Position (EAP), Fall Staff, and Salaries. A description of each HR section follows. 

Employees by Assigned Position (EAP)

This section of the HR component was required by all Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices for winter 2010-11. The EAP section categorizes all staff on the institution’s payroll as of 

November 1 of the collection year, by employment status (full or part time), faculty status, and 

primary function/occupational activity. The medical school pages of EAP were applicable to 

institutions with Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) and/or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) 

programs only. Employees affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical 

school were reported with the medical school. For example, if an institution’s medical school 

employees were housed with the institution’s employees in other health-related disciplines (e.g., 

dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing), the institution was instructed to report both sets of 

employees in the medical school part of the EAP section and list the other health-related 

disciplines in the designated comment box in the EAP section. Employees who were in health 

disciplines that were not housed in the medical school were reported in the non-medical-school 

part of EAP.

The main functions/occupational activities of the EAP section are primarily instruction, 

instruction combined with research and/or public service, primarily research, primarily public 

service, executive/administrative/managerial, other professional (support/service), graduate 

assistants, technical and paraprofessionals, clerical and secretarial, skilled crafts, and 

service/maintenance. If, by institutional definition, a staff member has faculty status, the staff 

member is categorized according to tenure status: with tenure, on tenure track, not on tenure 

track, or no tenure system. If a staff member does not have faculty status, he or she is counted in 

the “without faculty status” category.

All full-time instructional staff classified in the EAP full-time non-medical-school part as either 

(1) primarily instruction or (2) instruction combined with research and/or public service are 

included in the Salaries section, unless they are exempted because of one of the exclusions noted 

in the description of the Salaries section. 
A-8 

Fall Staff 

This section of the HR component is required in odd-numbered years (e.g., staff in fall 2009) and 

optional in even-numbered years (e.g., 2010). There are two versions of the Fall Staff section for 

degree-granting institutions; applicability of each version is determined by the number of fulltime staff at the institution. Non-degree-granting institutions do not receive a separate Fall Staff 

section. Instead, these data are collected via a combined EAP/Fall Staff instrument. The two 

versions of Fall Staff are described below.

1. Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices with 15 or more full-time 

staff complete the long version of Fall Staff. This version collects the number of staff by 

employment status (full time and part time), gender, race/ethnicity, faculty status, 

contract length, academic rank, salary class intervals, and primary function/occupational 

activity. This version also collects data on newly hired full-time permanent staff. The 

long version includes the following six parts: 

Part G: Faculty and tenure status of full-time staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or public service, by race/ethnicity, gender, and 

academic rank;

Part H: Full-time staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or 

public service, by race/ethnicity, gender, contract length, and salary class 

intervals;

Part I: All other full-time staff by race/ethnicity, gender, primary function/ occupational 

activity, and salary class intervals;

Part J: Part-time staff by race/ethnicity, gender, and primary function/ occupational 

activity;

4

Part K: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by race/ethnicity and gender; and

Part L: New hires by race/ethnicity, gender, and primary function/occupational activity. 

2. Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices with fewer than 15 fulltime staff complete the short version of Fall Staff, which collects the number of staff by 

employment status (full time and part time), gender, race/ethnicity, and primary 

function/occupational activity. (Data entry screens to report graduate assistants are 

included in this version.) This version includes the following three parts: 

Part G: Full-time staff by race/ethnicity, gender, and primary function/ occupational 

activity;

Part H: Part-time staff by race/ethnicity, gender, and primary function/ occupational 

activity;4 and

Part I: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by race/ethnicity and gender.

In both versions of the Fall Staff section, data are collected for staff on the payroll of the 

institution as of November 1 of the collection year.5

 

4 Includes data entry screens to report graduate assistants.

 While most of the primary functions/ 

occupational activities in the Fall Staff section are the same as the primary functions/

5 The new hires part of the long version of Fall Staff has slightly different reporting requirements. For more 

information on new hires, refer to the glossary (appendix B). 
A-9 

occupational activities in the EAP section, the aggregate category of “instruction/ research/public 

service” staff from the Fall Staff section does not have a single, direct counterpart in the EAP 

section. The set of individuals reported in this portion of the Fall Staff section is equivalent to the 

group of people reported in the EAP section as primarily instruction, instruction combined with 

research and/or public service, primarily research, and primarily public service. 

Salaries 

This section of the HR component collects data on full-time instructional staff—that is, those 

persons classified as either primarily instruction or instruction combined with research and/or 

public service (except those reported in the medical schools part of the EAP section, as described 

above). Although the Salaries section is required for Title IV degree-granting institutions except 

for those institutions at which all instructional staff are part time, contribute their services, are in 

the military, or teach preclinical or clinical medicine, two degree-granting institutions reported 

not only their own data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one 

administrative office because the data could not be separated by the degree-granting status of the 

institution. The two additional entities are included in the universe and response rate numbers of 

the Salaries section. Data are collected for full-time instructional staff on the institution’s payroll 

as of November 1 of the collection year. 

Part D of the Salaries section collects the number of full-time instructional staff on less-than-9-

month, 9/10-month, and 11/12-month contracts by gender and academic rank (professor, 

associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, and no academic rank). In addition, 

4-year degree-granting institutions report the number of full-time instructional staff on 9/10-

month and 11/12-month contracts by faculty status, gender, and academic rank in Part D. Part E 

collects the salary outlays associated with the full-time instructional staff on 9/10-month and 

11/12-month contracts reported in part D, by gender and academic rank. For full-time 

instructional staff on 9/10-month and 11/12-month contracts, part F collects data on the fringe 

benefit expenditures and the number covered by these benefits. Types of fringe benefits included 

are retirement plans, medical/dental plans, group life insurance, other insurance benefits, 

guaranteed disability income protection, tuition plan (dependents only), housing plan, employer 

portion of Social Security taxes, unemployment compensation taxes, worker’s compensation 

taxes, and other benefits in kind with cash options. 

Changes in Reporting 

Beginning in fall 2010, Title IV participating institutions that are not primarily postsecondary 

were required to respond to the IPEDS survey, reporting data pertinent to the postsecondary 

portion of the institution. Most of these institutions mainly serve students that are the traditional 

age for high school. These institutions are typically affiliated with a local education agency or 

affiliated with a community college system and have a substantial dual enrollment program. The 

7,178 total Title IV institutions in the IPEDS universe include 49 (0.7 percent) not primarily 

postsecondary institutions. Of the 49 institutions, 46 are public institutions (six 2-year and 40 

less-than-2-year), two are nonprofit institutions (one 2-year and one less-than-2-year), and one is 

a for-profit less-than-2-year institution. These institutions reported employing about 2,700 total 

staff (0.1 percent of the approximately 3.9 million staff employed by all Title IV institutions). 

One of the 49 institutions was eligible for the Salaries section of the HR component, reporting 

about 20 full-time instructional staff (less than 0.1 percent of the approximately 590,000 fulltime instructional staff reported at all Title IV institutions). 
A-10

Survey Procedures

The winter 2010-11 IPEDS data collection was entirely web-based. Each institution designated a 

keyholder, who was the person responsible for ensuring that data submitted by the institution 

were correct. The keyholder could generate UserIDs and passwords for up to six additional 

survey respondents who could also enter and review data. For most institutions, keyholders were 

also required to edit and “lock” the data; locking submits the completed data to NCES. 

Additionally, many states or systems had one or more coordinators who took responsibility for a 

specified group of institutions to ensure that all data were entered correctly. Some coordinators 

may be responsible for a system of institutions (e.g., SUNY—the State University of New York); 

others may coordinate all or some institutions in a state. Also, coordinators may elect to provide 

different levels of review. For example, some may only view data provided by their institutions, 

while others may upload data from state databases, review, and/or lock data for their institutions. 

For the 2010-11 IPEDS data collections, keyholders were asked to register prior to the fall 2010 

data collection. Registration information, including UserIDs and passwords, were e-mailed to 

existing keyholders in early August. Also in early August, letters were sent to chief executive 

officers (CEOs) at institutions without preregistered keyholders requesting that they appoint a 

keyholder for the 2010-11 collection year. The package included a letter for the keyholder and a 

registration certificate with the institution’s UserID and password for the entire 2010-11 

collection period. Subsequent registration mailings were sent to CEOs at institutions at which a 

keyholder had still not been registered in late August and late September. At the beginning of the 

winter and spring collections (in early December and early March, respectively), e-mail 

messages were sent to registered keyholders and coordinators requesting that they update or 

confirm their registration contact information when the collections opened. Schools were 

allowed to designate a new keyholder at any time during the collection year, if needed. As with 

previous IPEDS data collection cycles, follow-up for nonresponse was conducted with CEOs, 

coordinators, and keyholders via mail, e-mail, and telephone throughout all three collection 

periods. 

The web-based survey instruments offered many features designed to improve the quality and 

timeliness of the data. As indicated above, survey respondents were required to register before 

entering 2010-11 data to ensure a point of contact between NCES/IPEDS and the institution. 

Online data entry forms were tailored to each institution based on characteristics such as the 

degree-granting status of the institution and presence of a medical school. 

When data from previous years were available for an institution, they were preloaded on the 

customized forms for easy reference and comparison purposes. Once the 2010-11 data were 

entered, either manually or through file upload, the keyholders were required to run edit checks 

(programmed into the web system based on criteria determined by NCES) and resolve all 

identified errors before they were able to lock (submit) their data. Once data were locked, they 

were considered submitted, regardless of whether or not the coordinator had reviewed the 

submission. 

Once the data were complete and all locks were applied, IPEDS help desk staff conducted a final 

review of all edit error explanations and of all caveats. Additionally, a randomly selected sample 

of institutions had their complete data reviewed for completeness and consistency with other 

reported data. If additional problems were detected, the help desk staff contacted the institutions 

to resolve any remaining questions. Once the data were reviewed and, if necessary, problems 
A-11

resolved, most data were migrated to the IPEDS Data Center, where they were made available to 

other responding institutions for comparison purposes. 

Edit Procedures 

Edit checks are built into the web-based data collection instrument to detect major reporting 

errors. The system automatically generates percentages for many data elements, and totals for 

each survey page. Based on these calculations, edit checks compared current responses to 

previously reported data. The percentage variance necessary to trigger an edit check varied 

depending on the data element being compared, but typically was considered out of the expected 

range if the variance was greater than 25 percent. Edit checks can be run by the keyholder at any 

time during the collection, and all edit failures were required to be resolved before the keyholder 

could lock the data. As edit checks are executed, survey respondents are allowed to correct any 

errors detected by the system. If data were entered correctly but failed the edit checks, the survey 

respondents were asked either to confirm that the data were correct as entered or to key in a text 

message explaining why the data appeared to be out of the expected data range. Additionally, 

some edit failures were “fatal”; in these cases, the data had to be corrected by the keyholder 

rather than confirmed or explained. Survey respondents are also provided with a context box for 

each survey component and are encouraged to use this area to explain any special circumstances 

that might not be evident in their reported data. 

For the EAP and Salaries sections, current year data (winter 2010-11) were compared to the 

previous year’s data (winter 2009-10) and large discrepancies had to be explained. 

Within the Fall Staff section, when reported, the total number of full-time staff whose primary 

function was instruction, research, and/or public service by gender and race/ethnicity reported in 

Part G had to match the total number of full-time staff whose primary function was instruction, 

research, and/or public service by gender and race/ethnicity reported in Part H (headcount). 

Likewise, the total number of full-time staff whose primary responsibility was instruction, 

research, and/or public service by gender and race/ethnicity in Part H had to be greater than or 

equal to the number of newly hired full-time permanent staff whose primary responsibility was 

instruction, research, and/or public service by gender and race/ethnicity in Part L (new hires), 

and the total number of all other full-time staff by primary function/occupational activity, 

gender, and race/ethnicity in Part I had to be greater than or equal to the number of newly hired 

full-time staff in the corresponding primary function/occupational activity by gender and 

race/ethnicity in Part L (new hires). 

Within the Salaries section, average salaries were calculated, and checks were in place to detect 

unusually high or unusually low averages. The number of full-time instructional staff receiving 

fringe benefits could not exceed the total number of full-time instructional staff by contract 

length, except for the tuition plan (dependents only) benefit.6

 

6 The number of persons reported for the tuition plan (dependents only) benefit represents the number of dependents 

(e.g., children, spouse) of full-time instructional staff receiving tuition benefits, rather than the number of full-time 

instructional staff receiving this benefit. For example, if a full-time instructional staff member is receiving tuition 

benefits and two children of the same staff member are also receiving tuition benefits, the two children should be 

reported in the “tuition plan (dependents only)” benefit category; however, the staff member should not be reported 

in this case.

 The number of full-time 

instructional staff in the Salaries section had to be equal to the number of full-time non-medicalschool staff reported as either primarily instruction or instruction combined with research and/or 
A-12

public service in the EAP section and less than or equal to the number of full-time instruction/ 

research/public service staff in the Fall Staff section. 

When comparing across sections, the total number of staff reported in the Fall Staff section was 

required to match the total number of staff reported in the EAP section. More specifically, the 

total number of staff by employment status (full time plus part time) and primary function/ 

occupational activity for the EAP and Fall Staff sections were required to match. Totals from the 

EAP section were carried forward to the Fall Staff section for comparison and to ensure the 

consistency of data being reported. Staff classified as primarily instruction, primarily research, 

primarily public service, and/or instruction combined with research and/or public service in the 

EAP section had to be reported in the Fall Staff section by race/ethnicity and gender in the single 

category “staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service”; 

otherwise, a fatal error occurred. The number of full-time instructional staff in the Salaries 

section had to be equal to the number of full-time non-medical-school staff reported as either 

primarily instruction or instruction combined with research and/or public service in the EAP 

section and had to be less than or equal to the number of full-time instruction/research/public 

service staff in the Fall Staff section.

Imputation Procedures 

All required sections of the HR component were subject to imputation for nonresponse; 

imputations were performed for both total (institutional) nonresponse and partial (item) 

nonresponse. The imputation base was restricted to institutions satisfying the following 

conditions: 

•

•

•

•

•

The institution must participate in Title IV student financial aid programs.

The institution must be currently active7

The institution must not be a child institution (a child institution’s data are reported by 

another institution, referred to as the “parent”). 

in IPEDS. 

For the Salaries section, the institution must be a degree-granting institution.

For the Salaries section, the institution’s instructional staff must not all fall into one of the 

following categories:

−

−

−

−

instructional staff who are employed on a part-time basis; 

instructional staff who contribute their services; 

instructional staff who are military personnel; or 

instructional staff who teach preclinical or clinical medicine.

The HR component was imputed using 79 imputation groups as necessary to ensure imputed data 

were donated from institutions with characteristics similar to those of the nonresponding 

institution. The imputation groups were formed based primarily on institutional sector and 

undergraduate, graduate, and first-professional offerings. 

 

7 Prior to imputation, institutions that did not respond were verified as currently active (open for business) through 

telephone calls or e-mail.
A-13

The following imputation methods8 were used to impute missing data in the HR component: 

Carry Forward, Nearest Neighbor, or Group Median. 

Carry Forward

Reported prior year data were carried forward to the current year. The prior year data were used 

as the base value for the imputation. To adjust for year-to-year change, the base value was then 

multiplied by an adjustment ratio for each section of the HR component. The adjustment ratio 

varied depending on the data being imputed. For employee counts, the adjustment factor used 

was the ratio of total staff reported in the current year to those reported in the prior year in EAP, 

within the imputation group. For salary outlays, an inflation adjustment was used. This ratio is 

total salary outlays in the current year to total salary outlays in the prior year, within the 

imputation group. 

Nearest Neighbor

Previous year Fall Enrollment data were used to determine the distance between an imputee and 

a potential donor. The distance measure was full-time equivalent enrollment, defined as the sum 

of all full-time students and one-third of the part-time students. Each nearest neighbor imputee 

was imputed with the current year HR data from the donor in the same imputation group whose 

distance measure was closest to that of the imputee. The donor’s data values were adjusted by 

multiplying by the ratio of the imputee’s distance measure to the donor’s distance measure.

Group Median

If insufficient prior year data were available to perform either of the previously described 

methods, the group median method was used. For each imputation group, the sum of all full-time 

staff and one-third of the part-time staff was calculated for each institution. The institution with 

the median value of this measure within each imputation group was the donor institution. 

For the EAP section, table A-2 depicts information on the total number of staff along with the 

number and percentages of staff that were imputed for all Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices in the United States, by control of institution, staff employment status, primary function/ 

occupational activity, degree-granting status of institution, and medical school staff status. 

For the Salaries section, table A-3 depicts the total salary outlays along with the amounts and 

percentages that were imputed for Title IV degree-granting institutions in the United States, by 

control of institution, staff contract length, gender, and academic rank. 

 

8 Imputation methods are listed in order of preferred usage. If data are not available for application of one method, 

the next method is used.
A-14

Table A-2. Number of staff, number of staff imputed, and percentages imputed for all Title IV institutions and 

administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, primary function/occupational activity, 

degree-granting status of institution, and medical school staff status: United States, fall 2010

Employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, 

degree-granting status of 

institution, and medical 

school staff status

Total Public Private nonprofit Private for-profit

Staff

Imputed

Staff

Imputed

Staff

Imputed

Staff

Imputed

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total staff 3,893,574 555 # 2,500,796 476 # 1,097,283 79 # 295,495 0 0.0

Full-time staff 2,470,855 517 # 1,546,480 470 # 762,940 47 # 161,435 0 0.0

Primarily instruction 491,912 266 0.1 306,998 255 0.1 144,525 11 # 40,389 0 0.0

Instruction/research/

public service 207,109 0 0.0 142,664 0 0.0 62,241 0 0.0 2,204 0 0.0

Primarily research 54,103 8 # 32,505 8 # 21,582 0 0.0 16 0 0.0

Primarily public service 16,655 0 0.0 10,859 0 0.0 5,780 0 0.0 16 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 236,923 59 # 109,985 35 # 97,790 24 # 29,148 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/service) 702,618 62 # 442,714 53 # 198,383 9 # 61,521 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 159,769 29 # 115,531 29 # 41,573 0 0.0 2,665 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 346,569 33 # 210,308 31 # 113,950 2 # 22,311 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 58,641 15 # 44,034 15 # 14,335 0 0.0 272 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 196,556 45 # 130,882 44 # 62,781 1 # 2,893 0 0.0

Part-time staff 1,422,719 230 # 954,316 198 # 334,343 32 # 134,060 0 0.0

Primarily instruction 688,895 145 # 401,637 120 # 165,777 25 # 121,481 0 0.0

Instruction/research/

public service 64,858 0 0.0 45,776 0 0.0 18,857 0 0.0 225 0 0.0

Primarily research 10,765 0 0.0 7,119 0 0.0 3,620 0 0.0 26 0 0.0

Primarily public service 8,024 0 0.0 6,380 0 0.0 1,629 0 0.0 15 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 8,871 2 # 4,921 0 0.0 3,199 2 0.1 751 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/service) 105,152 3 # 70,944 0 0.0 31,221 3 # 2,987 0 0.0

Graduate assistants1 351,475 16 # 284,353 16 # 66,445 0 0.0 677 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 42,478 0 0.0 32,854 0 0.0 7,882 0 0.0 1,742 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 97,422 63 0.1 70,909 62 0.1 22,093 1 # 4,420 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 3,235 0 0.0 2,421 0 0.0 640 0 0.0 174 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 41,544 1 # 27,002 0 0.0 12,980 1 # 1,562 0 0.0

Degree-granting 3,815,586 555 # 2,476,930 476 # 1,092,046 79 # 246,610 0 0.0

Non-degree-granting 77,988 0 0.0 23,866 0 0.0 5,237 0 0.0 48,885 0 0.0

Staff (except those in medical 

schools) 3,516,077 555 # 2,287,646 476 # 932,936 79 # 295,495 0 0.0

Medical school staff 377,497 0 0.0 213,150 0 0.0 164,347 0 0.0 † † †

† Not applicable.

# Rounds to zero.

1

By definition, graduate assistants are part time.

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No staff were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2010-11, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section.
A-15

Table A-3. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed for Title IV degreegranting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic rank: 

United States, academic year 2010-11

Gender and academic rank

Total1 Public

Salary outlays 

(in thousands)

Imputed

Salary outlays 

(in thousands)

Imputed

Amount 

(in thousands) Percent

Amount 

(in thousands) Percent

9/10-month contract

Total $37,033,201 $6,351 # $24,926,725 $5,465 #

Men 22,337,979 3,378 # 14,708,645 3,266 #

Professor 10,168,365 1,443 # 6,224,292 1,443 #

Associate professor 5,052,344 796 # 3,257,207 740 #

Assistant professor 3,770,783 423 # 2,452,977 367 #

Instructor 1,736,012 71 # 1,559,173 71 #

Lecturer 644,379 644 0.1 448,269 644 0.1

No academic rank 966,095 0 0.0 766,727 0 0.0

Women 14,695,222 2,974 # 10,218,080 2,198 #

Professor 3,749,920 1,118 # 2,381,376 1,118 #

Associate professor 3,514,824 847 # 2,270,057 382 #

Assistant professor 3,521,098 584 # 2,257,305 274 #

Instructor 2,112,100 0 0.0 1,874,633 0 0.0

Lecturer 725,572 425 0.1 518,910 425 0.1

No academic rank 1,071,708 0 0.0 915,799 0 0.0

11/12-month contract

Total $8,127,915 $19,827 0.2 $4,765,064 $18,889 0.4

Men 4,648,240 14,050 0.3 2,823,670 13,903 0.5

Professor 1,903,530 6,210 0.3 1,393,535 6,210 0.4

Associate professor 773,897 2,969 0.4 497,919 2,969 0.6

Assistant professor 562,021 3,112 0.6 334,728 3,112 0.9

Instructor 788,942 1,608 0.2 257,302 1,485 0.6

Lecturer 161,913 126 0.1 131,794 126 0.1

No academic rank 457,936 25 # 208,392 0 0.0

Women 3,479,675 5,777 0.2 1,941,394 4,987 0.3

Professor 668,055 669 0.1 470,014 669 0.1

Associate professor 597,960 1,217 0.2 374,574 1,217 0.3

Assistant professor 685,718 1,459 0.2 392,780 1,459 0.4

Instructor 943,018 1,774 0.2 357,745 1,440 0.4

Lecturer 153,376 201 0.1 122,920 201 0.2

No academic rank 431,548 457 0.1 223,361 0 0.0

See notes at end of table.
A-16

Table A-3. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages of outlays imputed for Title IV degreegranting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic rank: 

United States, academic year 2010-11—Continued

Gender and academic rank

Private nonprofit Private for-profit

Salary outlays 

(in thousands)

Imputed

Salary outlays 

(in thousands)

Imputed

Amount 

(in thousands) Percent

Amount 

(in thousands) Percent

9/10-month contract

Total $12,023,024 $887 # $83,452 $0 0.0

Men 7,583,041 111 # 46,293 0 0.0

Professor 3,922,967 0 0.0 21,107 0 0.0

Associate professor 1,791,927 56 # 3,210 0 0.0

Assistant professor 1,311,909 56 # 5,898 0 0.0

Instructor 167,700 0 0.0 9,139 0 0.0

Lecturer 196,111 0 0.0 0 0 †

No academic rank 192,428 0 0.0 6,940 0 0.0

Women 4,439,983 775 # 37,158 0 0.0

Professor 1,357,506 0 0.0 11,038 0 0.0

Associate professor 1,241,228 465 # 3,540 0 0.0

Assistant professor 1,254,895 311 # 8,898 0 0.0

Instructor 229,470 0 0.0 7,996 0 0.0

Lecturer 206,662 0 0.0 0 0 †

No academic rank 150,222 0 0.0 5,687 0 0.0

11/12-month contract

Total $2,046,838 $824 # $1,316,013 $113 #

Men 1,174,407 74 # 650,163 74 #

Professor 454,266 0 0.0 55,729 0 0.0

Associate professor 249,153 0 0.0 26,826 0 0.0

Assistant professor 204,790 0 0.0 22,503 0 0.0

Instructor 95,030 49 0.1 436,610 74 #

Lecturer 28,926 0 0.0 1,193 0 0.0

No academic rank 142,243 25 # 107,302 0 0.0

Women 872,432 751 0.1 665,849 39 #

Professor 170,223 0 0.0 27,818 0 0.0

Associate professor 198,839 0 0.0 24,547 0 0.0

Assistant professor 265,558 0 0.0 27,380 0 0.0

Instructor 106,856 294 0.3 478,417 39 #

Lecturer 29,870 0 0.0 585 0 0.0

No academic rank 101,086 457 0.5 107,102 0 0.0

† Not applicable.

# Rounds to zero.

1

Although the Salaries section was applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional 

staff were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine, two degree-granting 

institutions reported not only their own data, but also data for one non-degree-granting institution and one administrative office 

because the data could not be separated by the degree-granting status of the institution. The two additional entities are included in 

the universe and response rate numbers of the Salaries section. NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No salary outlays were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2010-11, Human Resources component, Salaries section.
B-1

Appendix B:

Glossary of IPEDS Terms 

child institution: An institution that has its data reported by another institution, known as the parent 

institution. 

clerical and secretarial: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify 

persons whose assignments typically are associated with clerical activities or are specifically of a 

secretarial nature. Includes personnel who are responsible for internal and external communications, 

recording and retrieval of data (other than computer programmer) and/or information and other 

paperwork required in an office. 

control (of institution): A classification of whether an institution is operated by publicly elected or 

appointed officials (public control) or by privately elected or appointed officials and derives its major 

source of funds from private sources (nonprofit or for-profit control). 

coordinator: The person responsible for Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) 

survey-related coordination activities for a specified group of schools within a state. This person may 

have certain viewing, verifying, and locking privileges on the data collection system. 

degree-granting institution: An institution offering an associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s, or 

first-professional degree. 

donor institution: A responding institution whose values are assigned to the imputee. 

executive, administrative, and managerial: A primary function or occupational activity category 

used to classify persons whose assignments require management of the institution, or a customarily 

recognized department or subdivision thereof. Assignments require the performance of work directly 

related to management policies or general business operations of the institution, department, or 

subdivision. Assignments in this category customarily and regularly require the incumbent to 

exercise discretion and independent judgment.

faculty: Persons whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing 

instruction or teaching, research, or public service as a principal activity (or activities). They may 

hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or 

the equivalent of any of those academic ranks. Faculty may also include the chancellor/president, 

provost, vice provosts, deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, 

and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or the equivalent) if their 

principal activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. Graduate, teaching, and 

research assistants are not included in this category.

fringe benefits: Cash contributions in the form of supplementary or deferred compensation other 

than salary. Excludes the employee’s contribution. Employee fringe benefits include retirement 

plans, employer portion of Social Security taxes, medical/dental plans, guaranteed disability income 

protection plans, tuition plans, housing plans, unemployment compensation plans, group life 

insurance plans, worker’s compensation plans, and other benefits in-kind with cash options. 

full-time instructional staff: Those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed full 

time and whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction 

or teaching, including those with released time for research. Also includes full-time staff for whom it 
B-2

is not possible to differentiate between instruction or teaching, research, and public service because 

each of these functions is an integral component of their regular assignment. 

graduate assistants: Graduate-level students who are employed on a part-time basis for the primary 

purpose of assisting in classroom or laboratory instruction or in the conduct of research. Graduate 

students having titles such as graduate assistant, teaching assistant, teaching associate, teaching 

fellow, or research assistant typically hold these positions. 

imputee: A nonresponding institution that has its values imputed.

instruction combined with research and/or public service: A primary function or occupational 

activity category used to classify persons for whom it is not possible to differentiate between 

instruction or teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral 

component of their regular assignment. These employees may hold academic rank titles of professor, 

associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent. These employees may 

also hold titles such as deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, 

and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or equivalent) if their principal 

activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. 

keyholder: The person designated by an official institutional representative to have in his or her 

possession the necessary UserID and password to gain access to the IPEDS data collection system to 

complete the survey. The keyholder is responsible for entering data and locking the data by each 

survey completion date. 

less-than-2-year institution: This group includes any postsecondary institution that offers programs 

of less than 2 years’ duration below the baccalaureate level, as well as occupational and vocational 

schools with programs that do not exceed 1,800 contact hours. 

less-than-9-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of instructional 

staff employed for less than two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, or two 4-month sessions. 

level (of institution): A classification of whether an institution’s programs are of at least 4 years’ 

duration or beyond a baccalaureate level (4-year institution), at least 2 but less than 4 years (2-year 

institution), or less than 2 years (less-than-2-year institution).

medical school staff: Staff employed by or staff working in the medical school (Doctor of Medicine 

[M.D.] and/or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine [D.O.]) component of a postsecondary institution or 

in a freestanding medical school. Does not include staff employed by or employees working strictly 

in a hospital associated with a medical school or those who work in health or allied health schools or 

departments such as dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, or dental hygiene unless the health or 

allied health schools or departments are affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the 

medical school. 

new hires: Full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between 

July 1st and October 31st of the survey year, either for the first time (new to the institution) or after a 

break in service and who were still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1st of the same 

survey year. Does not include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time staff 

working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. 

non-degree-granting institution: An institution offering only postbaccalaureate or post-master’s 

certificates, or certificates or diplomas of 4 years or less. 
B-3

nonprofessional staff: Staff of an institution whose primary function or occupational activity is 

classified as one of the following: technical and paraprofessional; clerical and secretarial; skilled 

crafts; or service/maintenance.

not on tenure track: Personnel positions that are considered non-tenure-earning positions. 

Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE): OPE formulates federal postsecondary education policy 

and administers programs that address critical national needs in support of its mission to increase 

access to quality postsecondary education. 

on tenure track: Personnel positions that lead to consideration for tenure. 

other professional (support/service): A primary function or occupational activity category used to 

classify persons employed for the primary purpose of performing academic support, student service, 

and institutional support, whose assignments would require either a baccalaureate degree or higher or 

experience of such kind and amount as to provide a comparable background. 

parent institution: An institution that reports data for another institution, known as the child 

institution.

postsecondary education institution: An institution that has as its sole purpose, or one of its 

primary missions, the provision of postsecondary education. Postsecondary education is the provision 

of a formal instructional program whose curriculum is designed primarily for students beyond the 

compulsory age for high school. This includes programs whose purpose is academic, vocational, or 

continuing professional education, and excludes avocational and adult basic education programs. For 

IPEDS, these institutions must be open to the public. 

Postsecondary Education Participation System (PEPS): Database used by OPE to track all 

institutions eligible for Title IV federal student financial aid programs. 

primarily instruction: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching 

and who may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, 

instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent. Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate 

deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or 

equivalent) if their principal activity is instruction.

primarily public service: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify 

persons whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of carrying out public 

service activities such as agricultural extension services, clinical services, or continuing education 

and who may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, or assistant professor. 

Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, and executive 

officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or equivalent) if their principal activity is 

public service. 

primarily research: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of conducting research and who 

may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, of assistant professor or titles such as 

research associate or postdoctoral fellow. Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as 

associate deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, 

heads, or equivalent) if their principal activity is research. 
B-4

primary function/occupational activity: The principal activity of a staff member as determined by 

the institution. If an individual participates in two or more activities, the primary activity is normally 

determined by the amount of time spent in each activity. Primary functions/occupational activities 

are designated as follows: executive, administrative, and managerial; primarily instruction; 

instruction/research/public service; primarily research; primarily public service; graduate assistants; 

other professional (support/service); technical and paraprofessional; clerical and secretarial; skilled 

crafts; and service/maintenance (see separate definitions). 

private for-profit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control 

receives compensation other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. 

private institution: An educational institution controlled by a private individual(s) or by a 

nongovernmental agency, usually supported primarily by other than public funds, and operated by 

other than publicly elected or appointed officials. These institutions may be either for-profit or 

nonprofit. 

private nonprofit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control 

receives no compensation, other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. These 

include both independent nonprofit schools and those affiliated with a religious organization. 

professional staff: Staff of an institution whose primary function or occupational activity is 

classified as one of the following: primarily instruction; instruction/research/public service; primarily 

research; primarily public service; executive, administrative, managerial; other professional 

(support/service); or graduate assistant.

Program Participation Agreement (PPA): A written agreement between a postsecondary 

institution and the Secretary of Education. This agreement allows institutions to participate in any of 

the Title IV student assistance programs other than the State Student Incentive Grant (SSIG) and the 

National Early Intervention Scholarship and Partnership (NEISP) programs. The PPA conditions the 

initial and continued participation of an eligible institution in any Title IV program upon compliance 

with the General Provisions regulations, the individual program regulations, and any additional 

conditions specified in the program participation agreement that the Department of Education 

requires the institution to meet. Institutions with such an agreement are referred to as Title IV 

institutions.

public institution: An educational institution whose programs and activities are operated by publicly 

elected or appointed school officials and which is supported largely by public funds. 

race/ethnicity (new definition): Categories developed in 1997 by the Office of Management and 

Budget that are used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or belong in the 

eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins. 

The designations are used to categorize U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible noncitizens. 

Individuals are asked to first designate ethnicity as 

•

•

Hispanic or Latino; or 

Not Hispanic or Latino. 

Second, individuals are asked to indicate all races that apply among the following:

•

•

•

American Indian or Alaska Native;

Asian;

Black or African American; 
B-5

•

•

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; and

White.

race/ethnicity (old definition): Categories used to describe groups to which individuals belong, 

identify with, or belong in the eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific 

definitions of anthropological origins. A person may be counted in only one group. The groups used 

to categorize U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible noncitizens are as follows: American 

Indian/Alaska Native; Asian/Pacific Islander; Black, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; White, non-Hispanic. 

sector: One of nine institutional categories resulting from dividing the universe according to control 

and level. Control categories are public, nonprofit, and for-profit. Level categories are 4 years and 

higher (4-year institutions), at least 2 but less than 4 years (2-year institutions), and less than 2 years 

(less-than-2-year institutions). For example: sector 1 = public 4-year institutions; sector 2 = nonprofit 

4-year institutions.

service/maintenance: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose assignments require limited degrees of previously acquired skills and knowledge and in which 

workers perform duties that result in or contribute to the comfort, convenience, and hygiene of 

personnel and the student body or that contribute to the upkeep of the institutional property. 

skilled crafts: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons whose 

assignments typically require special manual skills and a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of 

the processes involved in the work, acquired through on-the-job-training and experience or through 

apprenticeship or other formal training programs. 

technical and paraprofessional: A primary function or occupational activity category used to 

classify persons whose assignments require specialized knowledge or skills which may be acquired 

through experience, apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or academic work in occupationally specific 

programs that result in a 2-year degree or other certificate or diploma. Includes persons who perform 

some of the duties of a professional in a supportive role, which usually requires less formal training 

and experience than normally required for professional status. 

tenure status: Status of a personnel position with respect to permanence of the position. 

Title IV institution: An institution that has a written agreement with the Secretary of Education that 

allows the institution to participate in any of the Title IV federal student financial assistance 

programs (other than the State Student Incentive Grant [SSIG] and the National Early Intervention 

Scholarship and Partnership [NEISP] programs).

UserID: A series of numbers possibly with an alpha prefix that is created for a specific user to be 

able to access a system. Each user is required to have a UserID and a password for security purposes 

in order to access the IPEDS data collection system. 

2-year institution: This group includes any postsecondary institution that offers programs of at least 

2 but less than 4 years’ duration, as well as occupational and vocational schools with programs of at 

least 1,800 hours and academic institutions with programs of less than 4 years. Does not include 

bachelor’s degree-granting institutions where the baccalaureate program can be completed in 3 years. 

4-year institution: This group includes any postsecondary institution that offers programs of at least 

4 years’ duration or one that offers programs at or above the baccalaureate level, as well as schools 

that offer postbaccalaureate certificates only or those that offer graduate programs only. Also 

includes free-standing medical, law, or other first-professional schools. 
B-6

9/10-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of instructional staff 

employed for two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, two 4-month sessions, or the equivalent. 

11/12-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of instructional staff 

employed for the entire year, usually for a period of 11 or 12 months.