COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Annunziata, Frank and McClanahan 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

PERNELL LEE VINEY 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0559-03-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK 

 MAY 4, 2004 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON 

W. C. Andrews, III, Judge 

 Robert Moody, IV (Krinick, Segall, Moody & Lewis, on brief), for 

appellant. 

 Amy L. Marshall, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Pernell Lee Viney (appellant) was convicted in a bench trial of two counts of taking 

indecent liberties with a minor, in violation of Code § 18.2-370. On appeal, he contends the 

Commonwealth did not prove he acted with “lascivious intent,” as required by the code section and, 

therefore, the evidence was insufficient to convict him. We find the evidence was sufficient to 

prove lascivious intent and affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

BACKGROUND

 On April 14, 2002, thirteen-year-old A.L. and nine-year-old H.H. rode their bikes to Tyler 

Elementary School to play. While there, the two girls noticed appellant’s maroon car pull into the 

parking lot. According to A.L., appellant began cleaning his car. 

 After the girls finished playing, they rode past appellant. According to A.L., “he looked up 

at us and we looked at him and then he looked down and we looked down and he exposed himself.” 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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A.L. further explained that appellant “pulled his shorts up” and “to the side” to expose his penis to 

them. During this encounter, appellant said nothing to either of the girls, nor did he motion for them 

to approach him. The girls immediately went home and told an adult about the incident. 

 When interviewed by a detective, appellant said he was wearing an “athletic supporter” that 

day that was “old and stretched out.” He admitted his penis could have slipped out of his shorts, but 

he denied intentionally pulling his shorts aside to expose himself. Appellant also admitted he saw 

the two girls at the school. At trial, appellant maintained he did not intentionally expose himself to 

the two young girls. He explained, “[I]f something fell out, I mean it’s possible. I’m not denying 

that, but there was no lascivious intent. It wasn’t intentional, and I wasn’t aware of it.” 

 In denying appellant’s motion to strike, the trial court found the girls’ testimony was 

credible and found lascivious intent “based on [appellant’s] actions, the motioning of the eyes and to 

direct their attention to his groin area and then he pulls up his shorts.” The trial court did not give 

credence to the appellant’s alternative explanation of the exposure. 

ANALYSIS

 The sole issue before this Court is whether the evidence was sufficient to show lascivious 

intent, an element of the statutory crime of taking indecent liberties with children.1

 Code 

§ 18.2-370. 

When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, 

“[w]e view the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly 

 1

 The relevant portion of Code § 18.2-370 reads, 

Any person eighteen years of age or over, who, with lascivious 

intent, shall knowingly and intentionally commit any of the 

following acts with any child under the age of fourteen years shall 

be guilty of a Class 5 felony: (1) Expose his or her sexual or 

genital parts to any child to whom such person is not legally 

married . . . . 
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deducible from the evidence.” Cooper v. Commonwealth, 31 

Va. App. 643, 646, 525 S.E.2d 72, 73 (2000). The appellate court 

must, therefore, “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict 

with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible 

evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences 

that may be drawn” from the credible evidence. Watkins v. 

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 335, 348, 494 S.E.2d 859, 866 

(1998). The credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the 

evidence are matters to be determined solely by the trier of fact. 

Swanson v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 376, 378-79, 382 S.E.2d 

258, 259 (1989). Furthermore, the decision of the trial court will 

not be disturbed unless plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it. McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197-98, 

487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc). “If there is evidence to 

support the conviction,” we will not substitute our judgment for 

that of the trier of fact, even were our opinion to differ. 

Commonwealth v. Presley, 256 Va. 465, 466, 507 S.E.2d 72, 72 

(1998). 

Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 379-80, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002). 

 Appellant contends the Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to prove lascivious 

intent. “‘Intent may, and most often must, be proven by circumstantial evidence and the 

reasonable inferences to be drawn from proven facts are within the province of the trier of fact.’ 

Fleming v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 349, 353, 412 S.E.2d 180, 183 (1991). ‘Intent may be 

shown by a person’s conduct and by his statements.’ Long v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 194, 

198, 379 S.E.2d 473, 476 (1989).” Summerlin v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 288, 297-98, 557 

S.E.2d 731, 736 (2002). “A ‘trial court’s decision on the ultimate question of . . . intent 

represents a finding of fact of the sort accorded great deference on appeal,’ [Hernandez v. New 

York, 500 U.S. 352, 364 (1991)], and this decision will not be reversed unless clearly erroneous. 

Id. at 369 . . . .” Robertson v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 635, 639, 445 S.E.2d 713, 715 

(1994). 
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 Appellant and the Commonwealth agree that McKeon v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 24, 175 

S.E.2d 282 (1970), is the pivotal case defining “lascivious intent” as the term is used in Code 

§ 18.2-370.2 In that case, the Supreme Court explained: 

The word “lascivious” is not defined in the statute, and must 

therefore be given its ordinary meaning in determining the 

legislative intent in the use of the word in this particular statute. 

As so determined, the word “lascivious” describes a state of mind 

that is eager for sexual indulgence, desirous of inciting to lust or of 

inciting sexual desire and appetite. See Vol. 24, Words and 

Phrases, Permanent Edition, pp. 447-450, for the numerous cases 

there collected. 

Id. at 27, 175 S.E.2d at 284. The Supreme Court recognized that circumstantial evidence of 

lasciviousness may include “evidence that the defendant was sexually aroused; that he made . . . 

gestures toward himself or to [the victim]; that he made . . . improper remarks to [the victim]; or 

that he asked [the victim] to do anything wrong.” Id.

 In McKeon, the defendant was dressed in a bathrobe, called the young victim over, and 

asked that she buy him some groceries at a local store. Id. at 25, 175 S.E.2d at 283. She agreed, 

went to the store, and returned with the items. Id. As she began to leave his yard, McKeon 

called to her to “turn around.” Id. As she did, she saw him smiling, standing on his porch with 

his hands on his hips. Id. McKeon’s robe was open in front showing his “private parts.” Id. He 

was not sexually aroused. He took no overt action to expose himself. Id. The Supreme Court 

held: 

there is no evidence that the defendant was sexually aroused; that 

he made any gestures toward himself or to her; that he made any 

improper remarks to her; or that he asked her to do anything 

wrong. The fact that defendant told [the victim] to “turn around” 

and that he was smiling at her at the time, when she was 35 feet 

away from him, is not proof beyond a reasonable doubt that he 

 2

 McKeon was decided prior to the current codification of taking indecent liberties with 

children. 
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knowingly and intentionally exposed himself with lascivious 

intent. 

Id. at 27, 175 S.E.2d at 284. 

In Breeding v. Commonwealth, 213 Va. 344, 192 S.E.2d 807 (1972) (per curiam), the 

Supreme Court also found no lascivious intent. Breeding drove up to the area where two young 

girls were playing. Id. at 344, 192 S.E.2d at 807. He asked them for directions. Id. When the 

girls approached the car, they noticed Breeding’s trousers were unbuckled and unzipped, and 

they saw his “privacy.” Id. After obtaining the directions, Breeding left. Id. at 345, 192 S.E.2d 

at 807. The Supreme Court found this evidence insufficient to prove lascivious intent, citing 

McKeon. Id. There was no evidence Breeding took any overt action to expose himself. 

 In contrast, the Supreme Court found in Campbell v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 196, 313 

S.E.2d 402 (1984), that the Commonwealth had proved lascivious intent. Campbell, who was 

hiding behind a bush, gestured “toward himself” to get a little girl’s attention. Id. at 197, 313 

S.E.2d at 403. After getting her attention, he pulled his pants off to his knees, exposing his 

genitalia. Id. at 198, 313 S.E.2d at 403. Campbell then beckoned to her once again. Id. The 

Supreme Court, after reviewing the factors in McKeon, opined that these factors are disjunctive, 

i.e., “proof of any one factor can be sufficient.” Id. at 200, 313 S.E.2d at 404. In finding 

lascivious intent, the Supreme Court found the evidence showed that Campbell gestured towards 

himself both before and after pulling down his pants. Id. He placed himself in a position where 

he could be seen, made sure he was seen by the child, and then proceeded to expose himself. Id. 

He then beckoned to the child once again. Id.

 This Court reviewed the McKeon factors in Holley v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 158, 

562 S.E.2d 351 (2002). Holley’s neighbor provided day care for several young children. Id. at 

160, 562 S.E.2d at 352. Holley developed a habit of standing naked in front of the glass door to 

his house, which faced his neighbor’s yard. Id. at 160, 562 S.E.2d at 352. Once, he whistled at 
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his neighbor while he stood there naked. Id. at 161, 562 S.E.2d at 352. Another time, he waved 

his hands over his head to get the attention of a mother dropping off her baby. Id. Finally, the 

police videotaped Holley naked at the door while he “had his hand on his penis and jerked it up 

and down.” Id. at 161, 562 S.E.2d at 352-53. The neighbor, who was outside with the children, 

also observed this incident. Id. When questioned by the police, Holley admitted he had a 

“‘problem with exposure.’” Id. at 161, 562 S.E.2d at 353. 

 This Court found at least two of the McKeon factors were proven. Id. at 166, 562 S.E.2d 

355. The Court explained that the hand motions on his penis proved Holley was sexually 

aroused at the time of the exposure. Id. The Court also considered his efforts to get his 

neighbor’s attention and his admitted “problem with exposure.” Id.

 The trial court in the instant case heard the evidence and found lascivious intent based on 

appellant’s “actions, the motioning of the eyes, and [his directing] their attention to his groin 

area, and then he pulls up his shorts.” The trial court rejected appellant’s explanation that he 

accidentally exposed his penis to the girls. Instead, the court believed the young witnesses. This 

evidence supports a finding that appellant directed the girls’ attention to his groin area by making 

eye contact with them and then looking down to that area. After looking down, he took the 

additional, intentional steps of using his hand to “pull his shorts up” and “to the side” to expose 

his penis to them. 

“In its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the 

self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his 

guilt.” Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998). 

Appellant’s affirmative acts distinguish this matter from the facts in McKeon, where no 

testimony proved McKeon made any gesture or took any physical steps to cause or permit the 

exposure. 
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In applying the McKeon criteria, we note that no evidence suggests appellant was 

sexually aroused, made any improper remarks, or asked the girls to do something wrong. 

However, we do find one of the McKeon criteria. Appellant gestured toward his groin area with 

his eyes. Further, once he had the girls’ attention focused on that area of his body, he 

intentionally adjusted his shorts to expose his penis. In a manner similar to the defendant in 

Campbell, 227 Va. at 200, 313 S.E.2d at 404, appellant here positioned himself to ensure that the 

victims saw him. Appellant then drew their gaze to his groin by looking down and moving his 

hand there. Finally, he purposefully “pull[ed] his shorts up” and “to the side,” exposing his penis 

to the girls. The trier of fact could reasonably have found these movements were improper 

“gestures toward himself,” one of the factors showing lascivious intent. McKeon, 211 Va. at 27, 

175 S.E.2d at 284. As the Supreme Court has held, “proof of any one factor can be sufficient.” 

Campbell, 227 Va. at 200, 313 S.E.2d at 404. 

A rational trier of fact could conclude the evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt 

that appellant’s movement of his shorts, combined with the eye movement described by the 

complainants, was enough to deduce that his intent was lascivious. We, therefore, affirm the 

conviction. 

Affirmed.