U.S. Department of Education

NCES 2007-150

Employees in 

Postsecondary 

Institutions, Fall 2005 

and Salaries of FullTime Instructional 

Faculty, 2005-06

F I R S T L O O K

Employees in 

Postsecondary 

Institutions, Fall 2005 

and Salaries of FullTime Instructional 

Faculty, 2005-06

March 2007

Laura G. Knapp 

Janice E. Kelly-Reid

Roy W. Whitmore 

RTI International

Elise Miller

Program Director

Postsecondary Institutional Studies Program

National Center for Education Statistics

U.S. Department of Education

NCES 2007–150

F I R S T L O O K
U.S. Department of Education

Margaret Spellings 

Secretary 

Institute of Education Sciences

Grover J. Whitehurst 

Director 

National Center for Education Statistics

Mark Schneider 

Commissioner 

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, 

analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It 

fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete 

statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and 

specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local 

education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education 

activities in foreign countries. 

NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, 

reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, 

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other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. 

We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is 

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any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments 

to: 

 National Center for Education Statistics 

 Institute of Education Sciences 

 U.S. Department of Education 

 1990 K Street NW 

 Washington, DC 20006-5651 

March 2007

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to the NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog address shown above. 

Suggested Citation 

Knapp, L.G., Kelly-Reid, J.E., Whitmore, R.W., and Miller, E. (2007). Employees in Postsecondary 

Institutions, Fall 2005, and Salaries of Full-Time Instructional Faculty, 2005-06 (NCES 2007-150). U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved 

[date] from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch. 

Content Contact

Aurora D’Amico 

(202) 502-7334 

aurora.d’amico@ed.gov 
iii

Foreword 

This First Look presents findings from the Human Resources (HR) Component of the Integrated 

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) winter 2005-06 data collection. The HR 

component consists of the following three sections: Employees by Assigned Position (EAP) and 

Fall Staff (S) for fall 2005 and Salaries (SA) for academic year 2005-06. The three sections were 

previously separate components but were merged into the single HR component in order to 

simplify reporting and ensure data consistency and accuracy. These data were collected through 

the IPEDS web-based data collection system. 

The data on which this report is based are available to researchers and the public through the 

IPEDS Peer Analysis System, which can be found at http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. This First Look 

report continues the series previously named E.D. TABs based on the collection of data from 

over 6,500 postsecondary education institutions that participate in Title IV federal student 

financial aid programs. 

We hope that the information provided in the report will be useful to a wide range of interested 

readers. Further, we hope that the results reported here will encourage researchers and others to 

make full use of the IPEDS data for analysis, to perform peer comparisons, or to help answer 

questions about postsecondary education institutions. 

Mark Schneider 

Commissioner 

National Center for Education Statistics 

C. Dennis Carroll 

Associate Commissioner 

Postsecondary Studies Division 
iv
v

Acknowledgments 

The information presented in this publication was provided by either state coordinators for the 

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) or officials at individual institutions. 

In addition, these persons provided much assistance in resolving questions about the data, which 

resulted in more accurate information. Although it is not possible to list the names of all these 

people, their assistance was invaluable and is much appreciated. 

The U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and the 

Office for Civil Rights, with the approval of the Office of Management and Budget, cooperate in 

the collection of racial/ethnic and gender information from all postsecondary institutions that 

participate in the Human Resources component of IPEDS. In this collaboration, data provided by 

postsecondary institutions are designated as Compliance Reports pursuant to the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964 (34 CFR 100.6(b)). 

The authors are grateful to Sabrina Ratchford, Paula Knepper, and Dennis Carroll of the 

Postsecondary Studies Division, National Center for Education Statistics, for their valuable 

comments during the review of this publication. We also appreciate the thoughtful review 

provided by Tom Snyder, National Center for Education Statistics; Mary Schifferli, Office for 

Civil Rights; Mary Ann Coughlin, Professor of Research and Statistics at Springfield College, 

and Paula Hollis, Research Coordinator for the Office of Research and Planning at the University 

System of New Hampshire. At RTI International, in addition to the authors, Scott Ginder, 

Jiantong (Jean) Wang, Heather Meier, Kelly Close, Robert J. (Joey) Morris, James Isaac, and 

Joanne Studders contributed to the production of this report. 
vi
vii

 Contents 

Page 

Foreword....................................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................v

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii

Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

IPEDS 2005-06.............................................................................................................................1 

Focus of This Report.....................................................................................................................2 

Selected Findings............................................................................................................................3

Staff at Title IV Institutions and Administrative Offices .............................................................3 

Salaries and Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty at Title IV Degree-Granting 

Institutions ....................................................................................................................................3 

Appendix A: Survey Methodology .......................................................................................... A-1

Overview.................................................................................................................................. A-1 

Terminology Used in the IPEDS Web Collection................................................................... A-2 

Universe, Institutions Surveyed, and Response Rates............................................................. A-2 

Survey Procedures ................................................................................................................... A-3 

Survey Sections ....................................................................................................................... A-8 

Edit Procedures...................................................................................................................... A-10 

Imputation Procedures ........................................................................................................... A-11 

Data Perturbation and Confidentiality ................................................................................... A-17 

Appendix B: Glossary of IPEDS Terms...................................................................................B-1
viii

List of Tables 

Table Page 

1. Staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, 

medical school staff status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational 

activity: United States, fall 2005..........................................................................................4 

2. Full-time professional staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by 

control of institution, medical school staff status, level of institution, and faculty 

status: United States, fall 2005.............................................................................................5 

3. Staff and new hires at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by 

employment status, gender, and primary function/occupational activity: United 

States, fall 2005....................................................................................................................6 

4. Full-time faculty at Title IV degree-granting institutions and administrative offices, 

by faculty status, sector of institution, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, fall 

2005......................................................................................................................................7 

5. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by academic rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United 

States, academic year 2005-06.............................................................................................8 

6. Average fringe benefits of full-time instructional faculty at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by control of institution: United States, academic year 2005-06.....................9 

A-1. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the 

IPEDS winter 2005-06 data collection, by survey component or section, degreegranting status, and level and control of institution: United States and other 

jurisdictions..................................................................................................................... A-4 

A-1a. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the 

IPEDS winter 2005-06 data collection, by survey component or section, degreegranting status, and level and control of institution: United States ................................ A-6 

A-2. Staff, number of staff imputed, and percentages imputed for all Title IV institutions 

and administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, degree-granting status, and medical school staff 

status: United States, fall 2005...................................................................................... A-13 

A-3. Staff and new hires, number imputed, and percentage imputed for Title IV 

institutions and administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, 

primary function/occupational activity, gender, and degree-granting status: United 

States, fall 2005............................................................................................................. A-14 

A-4. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages imputed for Title IV degreegranting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic 

rank: United States, academic year 2005-06................................................................. A-15 
ix

A-5. Benefit expenditures, amounts imputed, and percentages imputed for Title IV 

degree-granting institutions, by control of institution, contract length, and benefit 

type: United States, academic year 2005-06................................................................. A-16 
x
1

Introduction 

The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) collects institution-level data 

from postsecondary institutions in the United States (50 states and the District of Columbia) and 

other jurisdictions, such as Puerto Rico.1

 For IPEDS, a postsecondary institution is defined as an 

organization open to the public that has as its primary mission the provision of postsecondary 

education. IPEDS defines postsecondary education as formal instructional programs with a 

curriculum designed primarily for students who are beyond the compulsory age for high school. 

This includes academic, vocational, and continuing professional education programs and 

excludes institutions that offer only avocational (leisure) and adult basic education programs. 

Prior to the inception of IPEDS, The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) collected 

data from approximately 3,600 institutions of higher education through its Higher Education 

General Information Survey (HEGIS) program. HEGIS was conducted from 1966 until 1985, 

when the mission of NCES was expanded to include all postsecondary institutions. 

IPEDS 2005-06 

Participation in IPEDS was a requirement for the 6,622 institutions that participated in Title IV 

federal student financial aid programs, such as Pell Grants or Stafford Loans, during the 2005-06 

academic year.2 Title IV institutions include traditional colleges and universities, 2-year 

institutions, and for-profit degree- and non-degree-granting institutions (such as schools of 

cosmetology), among others. In addition, 83 administrative offices (central and system offices) 

listed in the IPEDS universe were expected to participate in the Human Resources component. 

Four of the U.S. service academies are included in the IPEDS universe as if they were Title IV 

institutions.3 Institutions that do not participate in Title IV programs may participate in the 

IPEDS data collection on a voluntary basis. 

After participating in the IPEDS fall 2005 data collection, nine institutions closed, which left 

6,613 institutions and 83 administrative offices in the United States and other jurisdictions that 

were eligible to participate in the IPEDS winter 2005-06 data collection. While 6,696 institutions 

and administrative offices were eligible to participate in the IPEDS winter data collection, 13 

institutions that were significantly affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 were unable 

to participate in the Human Resources component of the winter data collection.4

 

 

1

 The other jurisdictions include American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, 

the Northern Marianas, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

2 Institutions participating in Title IV programs are accredited by an agency or organization recognized by the 

Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education, have a program of over 300 clock hours or 8 credit hours, have been 

in business for at least 2 years, and have a signed Program Participation Agreement (PPA) with the Office of 

Postsecondary Education (OPE), U.S. Department of Education. 

3

 The four U.S. service academies that are not Title IV–eligible are the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Military 

Academy, the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Air Force Academy. One academy, the U.S. Merchant 

Marine Academy, is Title IV–eligible. Data for all five institutions are included in the tables and counts of 

institutions. 

4

 Affected tables are noted accordingly. 
2

Focus of This Report 

Tabulations in this report present selected data items collected in winter 2005-06 from the 6,441 

Title IV institutions and 80 administrative offices in the United States that were eligible for the 

Human Resources component (excluding the 13 institutions unable to respond because of natural 

disasters). Additional detailed information concerning the HR data is available through the 

various IPEDS web tools, such as the Peer Analysis System.5

 

Human Resources: Employees by Assigned Position, Fall Staff, and Salaries 

The HR component consists of three sections: Employees by Assigned Position (EAP), Fall Staff, 

and Salaries. The EAP section was required of all 6,683 Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices (not affected by natural disaster), and 6,681, or over 99.9 percent, responded. 

 The Fall Staff section consisted of two forms, the long version, which was required of Title IV 

degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices that had 15 or more full-time staff, 

and the short version, which was required of Title IV non-degree-granting institutions and related 

administrative offices that had 15 or more full-time staff.6

 Thus, for the winter 2005-06 

collection, 4,898 Title IV institutions and administrative offices (excluding those affected by 

natural disasters) were required to complete the Fall Staff section. Of these, 4,895, or 99.9 

percent, responded. 

The Salaries section was required of Title IV degree-granting institutions except for those 

institutions at which all instructional faculty7 were part time, contributed their services, were in 

the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. For the winter 2005-06 collection, 4,224 

Title IV degree-granting institutions8 (excluding those affected by natural disasters) were 

required to complete the Salaries section. Of these, 4,222, or over 99.9 percent, responded. For 

the purpose of this report, total salary outlays for full-time instructional faculty (by rank) on 

11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-month outlays by multiplying the outlay for 11/12-

month contracted faculty by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were then added to the outlays for 

9/10-month faculty to determine an average salary for each rank. Salaries for faculty on less 

than-9-month contracts are not included. 

While the EAP and Fall Staff sections both collect employee counts by primary 

function/occupational activity, the primary function/occupational activity categories and the 

information collected within the categories differ somewhat between the sections. Please refer to 

appendix A for a detailed description of the sections of the HR component. 

 

5

 See http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. 6

 Fall Staff data are required every 2 years, in odd-numbered reporting years. 7

 Full-time instructional faculty are those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed full time and 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching, including 

those with released time for research. Full-time instructional faculty also include those for whom it is not possible to 

differentiate between instruction or teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an 

integral component of his/her regular assignment. They are reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction 

combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time non-medical school part of the Employees by 

Assigned Position section. 

8

 Although the Salaries section is applicable to degree-granting institutions only, five degree-granting institutions 

(parents) reported not only their own data, but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and for three 

administrative offices (children). 
3

Selected Findings 

Staff at Title IV Institutions and Administrative Offices 

Employees by Assigned Position 

• Title IV institutions in the United States employed 3.5 million individuals in fall 2005 (table 

1). Of the 3.5 million individuals, about 2.2 million were employed full time and 1.2 million 

were employed part time. 

• Public Title IV institutions reported employing 2.3 million individuals while private not-forprofit Title IV institutions reported about 981,000 individuals and private for-profit Title IV 

institutions reported about 179,000 individuals (table 1). 

• Of the 1.3 full-time professionals employed at Title IV institutions (excluding medical 

schools), 49 percent had faculty status (table 2). A greater proportion of staff at 2-year 

institutions have faculty status (62 percent) than at 4-year institutions (46 percent). 

• Eight percent of full-time professionals with faculty status employed at Title IV institutions 

worked for an institution with no tenure system (table 2). 

Fall Staff 

• Title IV degree-granting institutions in the United States that had 15 or more full-time staff 

hired 140,000 new full-time employees in fall 2005 (table 3). About 34 percent of these new 

hires were faculty. 

• At Title IV degree-granting institutions, 67 percent of full-time faculty with tenure were men 

and 33 percent of full-time faculty with tenure were women (table 4). Considering 

race/ethnicity, 84 percent of full-time faculty with tenure were White, non-Hispanic, 7 

percent were Asian/Pacific Islander, 4 percent were Black, non-Hispanic, and 3 percent were 

Hispanic. 

Salaries and Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty at Title IV DegreeGranting Institutions 

• The average salaries of full-time instructional faculty for the 2005-06 academic year at Title 

IV degree-granting institutions varied by academic rank, with faculty holding higher ranks 

earning higher average salaries (table 5). Considering adjusted 9-month average salaries, 

professors earned $90,600, associate professors earned $65,600, assistant professors earned 

$55,000, instructors earned $47,400, and lecturers earned $46,000. Those with no academic 

rank earned $48,000. 

• At 4-year institutions, full-time instructional faculty at public institutions earned an average 

salary of $68,500 while faculty at private, not-for-profits earned $69,500 (table 5). The 

average salary at private for-profit institutions was much lower ($35,900). 

• Overall, retirement plans and medical/dental plans are the largest fringe benefits offered to 

full-time instructional faculty (table 6). 
4

Table 1. Staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, medical school staff status, 

control of institution, and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2005 

Total Full time Part time 

Control of institution and primary 

function/occupational activity Total 

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1 Total

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

 Total 

Staff 

(except 

those in 

medical 

schools)

Medical 

school 

staff1

 

Total 3,453,461 3,125,329 328,132 2,228,959 1,956,168 272,791 1,224,502 1,169,161 55,341 

Primarily instruction 1,009,858 976,787 33,071 448,895 423,282 25,613 560,963 553,505 7,458

Instruction/research/public service 238,228 190,829 47,399 182,317 140,333 41,984 55,911 50,496 5,415

Primarily research 59,972 42,620 17,352 48,950 33,901 15,049 11,022 8,719 2,303

Primarily public service 22,503 14,259 8,244 15,914 9,281 6,633 6,589 4,978 1,611

Executive/administrative/managerial 205,163 190,038 15,125 198,322 183,857 14,465 6,841 6,181 660

Other professional (support/service) 664,821 565,475 99,346 574,034 485,449 88,585 90,787 80,026 10,761

Graduate assistants2

 317,207 298,602 18,605 † † † 317,207 298,602 18,605

Technical and paraprofessionals 196,485 162,533 33,952 156,960 126,969 29,991 39,525 35,564 3,961

Clerical and secretarial 448,406 401,748 46,658 353,692 310,756 42,936 94,714 90,992 3,722

Skilled crafts 61,838 60,494 1,344 59,182 57,895 1,287 2,656 2,599 57

Service/maintenance 228,980 221,944 7,036 190,693 184,445 6,248 38,287 37,499 788 

Public 2,293,866 2,107,954 185,912 1,446,849 1,297,471 149,378 847,017 810,483 36,534 

Primarily instruction 633,142 611,833 21,309 288,180 271,680 16,500 344,962 340,153 4,809

Instruction/research/public service 165,147 139,953 25,194 125,821 104,046 21,775 39,326 35,907 3,419

Primarily research 39,655 29,866 9,789 31,784 23,167 8,617 7,871 6,699 1,172

Primarily public service 16,364 12,599 3,765 11,267 8,300 2,967 5,097 4,299 798

Executive/administrative/managerial 102,467 96,394 6,073 99,265 93,512 5,753 3,202 2,882 320

Other professional (support/service) 444,141 382,559 61,582 382,012 327,714 54,298 62,129 54,845 7,284

Graduate assistants2

 257,954 243,744 14,210 † † † 257,954 243,744 14,210

Technical and paraprofessionals 143,416 127,335 16,081 112,219 98,328 13,891 31,197 29,007 2,190

Clerical and secretarial 291,555 267,025 24,530 222,475 199,865 22,610 69,080 67,160 1,920

Skilled crafts 46,652 46,097 555 44,716 44,191 525 1,936 1,906 30

Service/maintenance 153,373 150,549 2,824 129,110 126,668 2,442 24,263 23,881 382 

Private not-for-profit 980,934 838,714 142,220 689,527 566,114 123,413 291,407 272,600 18,807 

Primarily instruction 273,148 261,386 11,762 133,857 124,744 9,113 139,291 136,642 2,649

Instruction/research/public service 67,770 45,565 22,205 53,483 33,274 20,209 14,287 12,291 1,996

Primarily research 20,262 12,699 7,563 17,126 10,694 6,432 3,136 2,005 1,131

Primarily public service 6,029 1,550 4,479 4,559 893 3,666 1,470 657 813

Executive/administrative/managerial 86,252 77,200 9,052 83,042 74,330 8,712 3,210 2,870 340

Other professional (support/service) 195,356 157,592 37,764 168,530 134,243 34,287 26,826 23,349 3,477

Graduate assistants2

 59,101 54,706 4,395 † † † 59,101 54,706 4,395

Technical and paraprofessionals 48,655 30,784 17,871 41,092 24,992 16,100 7,563 5,792 1,771

Clerical and secretarial 136,911 114,783 22,128 114,032 93,706 20,326 22,879 21,077 1,802

Skilled crafts 14,999 14,210 789 14,337 13,575 762 662 635 27

Service/maintenance 72,451 68,239 4,212 59,469 55,663 3,806 12,982 12,576 406 

Private for-profit 178,661 178,661 † 92,583 92,583 † 86,078 86,078 † 

Primarily instruction 103,568 103,568 † 26,858 26,858 † 76,710 76,710 †

Instruction/research/public service 5,311 5,311 † 3,013 3,013 † 2,298 2,298 †

Primarily research 55 55 † 40 40 † 15 15 †

Primarily public service 110 110 † 88 88 † 22 22 †

Executive/administrative/managerial 16,444 16,444 † 16,015 16,015 † 429 429 †

Other professional (support/service) 25,324 25,324 † 23,492 23,492 † 1,832 1,832 †

Graduate assistants2

 152 152 † † † † 152 152 †

Technical and paraprofessionals 4,414 4,414 † 3,649 3,649 † 765 765 †

Clerical and secretarial 19,940 19,940 † 17,185 17,185 † 2,755 2,755 †

Skilled crafts 187 187 † 129 129 † 58 58 †

Service/maintenance 3,156 3,156 † 2,114 2,114 † 1,042 1,042 †

† Not applicable. 

1

 Medical schools are defined as those with M.D. and/or D.O. programs. 

2

 By definition, all graduate assistants are part-time. 

NOTE: Data are for all institutions and administrative offices. Thirteen institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources 

(HR) component could not respond to HR at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2005-06, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section. 
5

Table 2. Full-time professional staff at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by control of 

institution, medical school staff status, level of institution, and faculty status: United States, 

fall 2005 

Number Percent 

Medical school staff status, level of 

institution, and faculty status Total Public 

Private 

not-forprofit 

Private 

forprofit Total Public 

Private 

not-forprofit 

Private 

forprofit 

 

Staff (except those in medical 

schools1

) 1,276,103 828,419 378,178 69,506 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

 

With faculty status 628,682 426,885 168,169 33,628 49.3 51.5 44.5 48.4 

With tenure 283,246 207,473 73,536 2,237 22.2 25.0 19.4 3.2 

On tenure track 118,549 83,348 35,028 173 9.3 10.1 9.3 0.2 

Not on tenure track 128,731 92,657 35,885 189 10.1 11.2 9.5 0.3 

No tenure system 98,156 43,407 23,720 31,029 7.7 5.2 6.3 44.6 

Without faculty status 647,421 401,534 210,009 35,878 50.7 48.5 55.5 51.6 

 

4-year 1,039,191 635,409 371,639 32,143 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

With faculty status 479,504 304,379 164,159 10,966 46.1 47.9 44.2 34.1 

With tenure 229,302 155,897 73,292 113 22.1 24.5 19.7 0.4 

On tenure track 100,573 65,572 34,929 72 9.7 10.3 9.4 0.2 

Not on tenure track 116,498 80,771 35,699 28 11.2 12.7 9.6 0.1 

No tenure system 33,131 2,139 20,239 10,753 3.2 0.3 5.4 33.5 

Without faculty status 559,687 331,030 207,480 21,177 53.9 52.1 55.8 65.9 

 

2-year 214,584 188,112 5,344 21,128 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

With faculty status 133,658 118,296 3,229 12,133 62.3 62.9 60.4 57.4 

With tenure 50,802 49,691 191 920 23.7 26.4 3.6 4.4 

On tenure track 17,370 17,231 99 40 8.1 9.2 1.9 0.2 

Not on tenure track 11,661 11,358 171 132 5.4 6.0 3.2 0.6 

No tenure system 53,825 40,016 2,768 11,041 25.1 21.3 51.8 52.3 

Without faculty status 80,926 69,816 2,115 8,995 37.7 37.1 39.6 42.6 

 

Less-than-2-year 22,328 4,898 1,195 16,235 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 

With faculty status 15,520 4,210 781 10,529 69.5 86.0 65.4 64.9 

With tenure 3,142 1,885 53 1,204 14.1 38.5 4.4 7.4 

On tenure track 606 545 0 61 2.7 11.1 0.0 0.4 

Not on tenure track 572 528 15 29 2.6 10.8 1.3 0.2 

No tenure system 11,200 1,252 713 9,235 50.2 25.6 59.7 56.9 

Without faculty status 6,808 688 414 5,706 30.5 14.0 34.6 35.1 

 

Medical school staff1

 192,329 109,910 82,419 † 100.0 100.0 100.0 † 

 

With faculty status 87,433 51,282 36,151 † 45.5 46.7 43.9 † 

With tenure 20,737 13,203 7,534 † 10.8 12.0 9.1 † 

On tenure track 16,283 6,925 9,358 † 8.5 6.3 11.4 † 

Not on tenure track 49,763 31,154 18,609 † 25.9 28.3 22.6 † 

No tenure system 650 0 650 † 0.3 0.0 0.8 † 

Without faculty status 104,896 58,628 46,268 † 54.5 53.3 56.1 † 

† Not applicable. 

1

 Medical schools are defined as those with M.D. and/or D.O. programs. 

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Data are for all institutions and administrative offices. Professional staff 

include those staff in the following positions: primarily instruction, instruction combined with research and/or public service, 

primarily research, primarily public service, executive/administrative/managerial, and other professional (support/service). Thirteen 

institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) component could not respond to HR at all 

due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2005-06, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section. 
6

Table 3. Staff and new hires at Title IV institutions and administrative offices, by employment status, gender, and 

primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2005 

Total Full time Part time Men Women 

Primary function/occupational activity Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

 

 Total (degree-granting and non-degree-granting institutions and administrative offices) 

 

Total, all institutions 3,428,811 100.0 2,216,291 100.0 1,212,520 100.0 1,600,273 100.0 1,828,538 100.0

 

All staff 

Professional staff 2,496,068 72.8 1,457,477 65.8 1,038,591 85.7 1,254,558 78.4 1,241,510 67.9

Faculty1

 1,314,506 38.3 689,753 31.1 624,753 51.5 725,007 45.3 589,499 32.2

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 201,571 5.9 195,174 8.8 6,397 0.5 97,337 6.1 104,234 5.7

Other professional (support/ 

service) 662,845 19.3 572,550 25.8 90,295 7.4 264,683 16.5 398,162 21.8

Graduate assistants2

 317,146 9.2 † † 317,146 26.2 167,531 10.5 149,615 8.2

 

Nonprofessional staff 932,743 27.2 758,814 34.2 173,929 14.3 345,715 21.6 587,028 32.1

Technical and paraprofessionals 196,211 5.7 156,818 7.1 39,393 3.2 80,695 5.0 115,516 6.3

Clerical and secretarial 446,360 13.0 352,422 15.9 93,938 7.7 64,339 4.0 382,021 20.9

Skilled crafts 61,789 1.8 59,160 2.7 2,629 0.2 57,725 3.6 4,064 0.2

Service/maintenance 228,383 6.7 190,414 8.6 37,969 3.1 142,956 8.9 85,427 4.7

 

 Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices only 

 

New hires (full time only)3

 142,024 100.0 142,024 100.0 † † 63,270 100.0 78,754 100.0

 

Professional staff 97,504 68.7 97,504 68.7 † † 46,888 74.1 50,616 64.3

Faculty1

 47,695 33.6 47,695 33.6 † † 25,319 40.0 22,376 28.4

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 8,256 5.8 8,256 5.8 † † 4,007 6.3 4,249 5.4

Other professional (support/ 

service) 41,553 29.3 41,553 29.3 † † 17,562 27.8 23,991 30.5

 

Nonprofessional staff 44,520 31.3 44,520 31.3 † † 16,382 25.9 28,138 35.7

Technical and paraprofessionals 10,480 7.4 10,480 7.4 † † 4,209 6.7 6,271 8.0

Clerical and secretarial 21,890 15.4 21,890 15.4 † † 3,824 6.0 18,066 22.9

Skilled crafts 1,756 1.2 1,756 1.2 † † 1,628 2.6 128 0.2

Service/maintenance 10,394 7.3 10,394 7.3 † † 6,721 10.6 3,673 4.7

† Not applicable. 

1 Staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service. 2

 By definition, all graduate assistants are part-time. 

3

 New hires include full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between July 1 and October 31, 2005, either for the 

first time (new to the institution) or after a break in service and who were still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1, 2005. New hires do not 

include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time faculty working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. New hires are 

included in the counts of all staff. 

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Data are for institutions and administrative offices that have 15 or more full-time staff. 

Thirteen institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due to 

natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2005-06, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. 
7

Table 4. Full-time faculty at Title IV degree-granting institutions and administrative offices, by faculty status, sector of 

institution, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, fall 2005 

Staff with faculty status 

Total faculty1 With tenure 

On tenure 

track 

Not on tenure 

track 

No tenure 

system 

Staff without 

faculty status Sector of 

institution, gender, 

and race/ethnicity Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 

 

Total 675,624 100.0 283,434 100.0 131,140 100.0 156,965 100.0 78,206 100.0 25,879 100.0 

 

Sector of 

institution 

Public 4-year 339,058 50.2 158,385 55.9 70,758 54.0 95,776 61.0 1,989 2.5 12,150 46.9 

Public 2-year 111,538 16.5 46,396 16.4 16,395 12.5 9,621 6.1 38,423 49.1 703 2.7 

Private not-forprofit 4-year 205,046 30.3 78,256 27.6 43,811 33.4 51,450 32.8 18,639 23.8 12,890 49.8 

Private not-forprofit 2-year 1,763 0.3 147 0.1 94 0.1 84 0.1 1,434 1.8 4 # 

Private for-profit 

4-year 10,339 1.5 76 # 49 # 28 # 10,151 13.0 35 0.1 

Private for-profit 

2-year 7,880 1.2 174 0.1 33 # 6 # 7,570 9.7 97 0.4 

 

Gender 

Men 401,507 59.4 190,587 67.2 72,687 55.4 81,918 52.2 40,993 52.4 15,322 59.2 

Women 274,117 40.6 92,847 32.8 58,453 44.6 75,047 47.8 37,213 47.6 10,557 40.8 

 

Race/ethnicity 

White, nonHispanic 527,900 78.1 238,211 84.0 93,769 71.5 116,760 74.4 64,709 82.7 14,451 55.8 

Black, nonHispanic 35,458 5.2 12,660 4.5 8,144 6.2 8,018 5.1 5,749 7.4 887 3.4 

Hispanic 22,818 3.4 8,733 3.1 5,325 4.1 5,143 3.3 2,720 3.5 897 3.5 

Asian/Pacific 

Islander 48,457 7.2 18,546 6.5 11,850 9.0 12,358 7.9 2,302 2.9 3,401 13.1 

American 

Indian/Alaska 

Native 3,231 0.5 1,172 0.4 635 0.5 657 0.4 702 0.9 65 0.3 

Race/ethnicity 

unknown 9,703 1.4 1,722 0.6 2,533 1.9 2,664 1.7 1,742 2.2 1,042 4.0 

Nonresident 

alien 28,057 4.2 2,390 0.8 8,884 6.8 11,365 7.2 282 0.4 5,136 19.8 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

 Staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service. 

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Data are for degree-granting institutions and administrative offices that have 15 or more fulltime staff. Thirteen institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due 

to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2005-06, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section.
8

Table 5. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty at Title IV degree-granting institutions, by 

academic rank, control and level of institution, and gender: United States, academic year 

2005-06 

Control and level of 

institution, and gender All ranks Professor

Associate 

professor

Assistant 

professor Instructor Lecturer 

No academic 

rank1

 

Adjusted 9-month 

average salaries2

 $64,636 $90,591 $65,580 $55,022 $47,420 $46,042 $48,057

 

Public 64,230 88,179 65,552 55,267 51,048 44,993 49,688

4-year 68,452 92,325 67,279 56,464 40,321 45,010 47,260

Men 73,890 94,672 69,051 58,434 41,283 45,683 49,382

Women 59,816 84,569 64,475 54,177 39,667 44,446 45,212

2-year 54,400 64,707 54,461 48,140 55,233 44,522 50,213

Men 55,677 66,482 55,368 48,836 56,279 43,916 51,338

Women 53,233 62,772 53,633 47,552 54,290 45,109 49,222

 

Private not-for-profit 69,152 96,009 65,873 54,703 40,295 49,469 52,207

4-year 69,524 96,151 65,974 54,801 40,600 49,453 52,913

Men 75,032 99,233 67,643 56,665 40,280 52,360 55,277

Women 60,991 86,879 63,469 52,829 40,868 46,804 49,921

2-year 38,687 45,700 42,316 38,032 37,266 52,141 37,071

Men 37,780 46,909 42,894 34,957 36,530 44,137 37,741

Women 39,423 44,828 41,994 39,195 38,091 52,642 36,543

 

Private for-profit 34,251 50,743 45,612 42,678 34,590 32,263 27,224

4-year 35,928 52,257 46,004 43,774 37,752 18,962 26,789

Men 36,373 52,237 45,813 43,820 38,477 † 26,131

Women 35,198 52,309 46,409 43,716 36,582 18,962 27,795

2-year 32,053 29,739 36,315 31,823 32,210 34,610 29,879

Men 33,460 34,774 33,333 31,804 33,687 29,455 29,711

Women 30,434 24,890 39,297 31,828 30,432 34,932 30,016

† Not applicable. No full-time faculty salaries were reported in this category. 

1 Includes faculty at institutions without standard academic ranks. 

2 Total salary outlays for full-time instructional faculty (by rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-month outlays by 

multiplying the outlay for 11/12-month contracted faculty by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were then added to the outlays for 9/10-

month faculty to determine an average salary for each rank. Salaries for faculty on less-than-9-month contracts are not included. 

NOTE: Data are for degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, 

contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. Instructional faculty are those members of 

the instruction/research staff who are employed full time and whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of 

providing instruction or teaching, including those with released time for research. Full-time instructional faculty also include those 

for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction/teaching, research, and public service because each of these 

functions is an integral component of his/her regular assignment. They are reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction 

combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time non-medical school part of the Employees by Assigned Position 

section. Twelve institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not 

respond to HR at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2005-06, Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
9

Table 6. Average fringe benefits of full-time instructional faculty at Title IV degree-granting 

institutions, by control of institution: United States, academic year 2005-06 

Adjusted 9-month average fringe benefits1 Total Public

Private 

not-for-profit Private for-profit

 

Retirement plan (vested within 5 years)2 $6,387 $6,438 $6,592 $1,056

Retirement plan (vested after 5 years)2

 5,908 6,111 4,812 1,325

Medical/dental plans 6,578 6,921 6,095 3,003

Group life insurance 221 207 225 474

Other insurance benefits 1,137 1,300 880 571

Guaranteed disability income protection 287 289 287 213

Tuition plan (dependents only) 4,324 1,502 8,185 2,014

Housing plan 5,628 4,446 6,003 †

Social Security taxes 4,324 4,210 4,777 2,467

Unemployment compensation 240 204 310 406

Workers’ compensation 465 439 528 374

Other benefits in kind with cash options 1,543 1,493 1,617 1,241

† Not applicable. 

1 Average amounts for 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9-month averages by multiplying the average 11/12-

month amount by 0.8182. 

2 The retirement plan does not include Social Security. 

NOTE: Data are for degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part 

time, contributed their services, were in the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. Instructional faculty are 

those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed full time and whose specific assignments customarily 

are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching, including those with released time for research. Full-time 

instructional faculty also include those for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction/teaching, research, 

and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of his/her regular assignment. They are 

reported as “primarily instruction” or “instruction combined with research and/or public service” in the full-time nonmedical school part of the Employees by Assigned Position section. Twelve institutions that were required to complete 

this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due to natural disaster; their data 

were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education 

Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2005-06, Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
10
A-1

Appendix A: 

Survey Methodology 

Overview 

IPEDS defines a postsecondary institution as an organization that is open to the public and has a 

primary mission of providing education or training beyond the high school level. The primary 

focus of the IPEDS winter 2005-06 data collection was to collect data from Title IV institutions. 

These institutions have Program Participation Agreements (PPAs) with the Office of 

Postsecondary Education (OPE) within the U.S. Department of Education and thus are eligible to 

participate in Title IV student financial aid programs. There were 6,705 Title IV institutions1

 and 

administrative offices located in the United States and the other jurisdictions2

 of the United 

States, such as Puerto Rico, at the beginning of the 2005-06 academic year. Nine institutions lost 

Title IV eligibility before the winter 2005-06 data collection began, leaving 6,613 institutions 

and 83 administrative offices. 

IPEDS began collecting data from all postsecondary institutions in 1986, when it superseded the 

Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), which was directed at institutions of 

higher education only. HEGIS data were collected from 1966 through 1985. In 1992, the focus of 

IPEDS became the Title IV institutions, when the Higher Education Amendments made 

reporting to IPEDS mandatory for these institutions. In 2000, IPEDS implemented a web-based 

data collection system with the capability of tailoring data collections screens to each institution. 

Edits were also built into the system to give immediate feedback to the institutions when 

problems were detected. This system has allowed for earlier release of data to institutions and the 

public, primarily through the IPEDS Peer Analysis System and College Opportunities On-Line. 

The winter 2005-06 data collection was entirely web-based. Institutions in the universe were 

asked to enter their survey responses using the IPEDS data collection website. The winter 2005-

06 IPEDS data were collected between December 7, 2005, and January 25, 2006. The collection 

of the Human Resources (HR) component had three sections: Employees by Assigned Position 

(EAP), Fall Staff (S), and Salaries (SA). These three sections were previously separate 

components but were merged into the single HR component for 2005-06 in order to simplify 

reporting and ensure data consistency and accuracy. 

The glossary and instructions have also been restructured based on the new design to improve 

consistency of reporting between sections. For example, in the past, institutions could classify 

librarians and counselors as either “Faculty” or “Other professional (support/service)”; however, 

institutions must now classify librarians and counselors as “Other professional (support/service)” 

only. (For detailed information on the primary functions/occupational activities, refer to 

appendix B.) 

 

1

 Includes 6,622 institutions and 83 administrative offices (central or system offices). The administrative offices are 

required to complete the Institutional Characteristics component in the fall, the EAP and Fall Staff sections of the 

Human Resources component in the winter, and the Finance component in the winter or spring (if they have their 

own separate budget). Also includes the U.S. service academies. 2

 The other jurisdictions surveyed in IPEDS are American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the 

Marshall Islands, the Northern Marianas, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 
A-2

For HR 2005-06, the term “faculty” was changed to “staff whose primary responsibility is 

instruction, research, and/or public service,” but for purposes of this report, the term “faculty” 

will continue to be used. Also, for HR 2005-06, the term “full-time instructional faculty” was 

changed to “full-time instructional staff,” but for purposes of this report, the term “full-time 

instructional faculty” will continue to be used. 

Terminology Used in the IPEDS Web Collection 

Please refer to the glossary provided in appendix B for definitions of various terms. 

Universe, Institutions Surveyed, and Response Rates 

The IPEDS universe is established during the fall collection period. For the 2005-06 cycle, 49 

institutions and one administrative office included in prior IPEDS data collections were declared 

to be outside the scope of IPEDS because they were closed or were merged with another 

institution. Furthermore, another 173 institutions included separately in prior IPEDS data 

collections were reclassified and are now reported by a parent institution. In addition, 193 

institutions and one administrative office were added to the universe. These schools were 

identified from several sources, including a universe review by state coordinators, a review of the 

data file maintained by OPE, and information provided by the institutions themselves. 

According to Section 490 of the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 (P.L. 102- 325), IPEDS 

is mandatory for any institutions that participate in or are applicants for participation in any 

federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, 

as amended (20 USC 1094(a)(17)). Therefore, most of the studies that use IPEDS data 

concentrate on the Title IV institutions, and this group is the main focus of IPEDS. To ensure the 

inclusion of all Title IV participants, the full set of 6,705 Title IV entities in the established 

IPEDS universe was validated by matching it with OPE’s Postsecondary Education Participation 

System (PEPS) file. 

The IPEDS database includes institutions that do not participate in Title IV financial aid 

programs. These institutions are invited to participate in the IPEDS program, and if they 

voluntarily respond to the surveys, the institutions are included in College Opportunities On-Line 

(IPEDS COOL). IPEDS COOL is a website developed to help parents and students make 

informed decisions about postsecondary education. 

Not all Title IV institutions were required to complete all sections of the HR component. Nine 

institutions were not required to complete the HR component because they closed during the 

collection year. The Employees by Assigned Position section of the HR component was required 

of all Title IV institutions and administrative offices. The Fall Staff section was required of Title 

IV institutions and related administrative offices that had 15 or more full-time staff.3

 The 

Salaries section was required of Title IV degree-granting institutions except for those institutions 

at which all instructional faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in the military, 

or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. Of the 6,696 Title IV entities eligible for the winter 

2005-06 IPEDS collection, all 6,613 institutions and 83 administrative offices were eligible for 

the EAP section, 4,832 institutions and 79 administrative offices were eligible for the Fall Staff 

section, and 4,233 institutions (including 12 impacted by natural disasters) and 3 administrative 

offices (children of in-scope parents) were eligible for the Salaries section. Although 6,696 Title 

IV entities were eligible for the winter 2005-06 IPEDS collection, 13 institutions that were 

 

3

 Fall Staff data are required biannually, for odd-numbered reporting years. 
A-3

significantly affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 were unable to participate in the 

EAP and Fall Staff sections of the Human Resources component of the winter data collection, 

while 12 were unable to respond to the Salaries section. Their data were not imputed and are not 

included in this report. 

Table A-1 provides the number of Title IV institutions and administrative offices and the survey 

response rates for the HR component and the three HR sections for winter 2005-06 by degreegranting status and level and control of institution for the United States and other jurisdictions. 

Because Title IV institutions are the primary focus of IPEDS and they are required to respond, 

response rates for Title IV institutions and administrative offices in the winter 2005-06 IPEDS 

collection were quite high. The overall response rate in winter 2005-06 was over 99.9 percent for 

the HR component. The response rates for the individual HR sections follow: for EAP, the 

response rate was over 99.9 percent, for Fall Staff, the response rate was 99.9 percent, and for 

Salaries, the response rate was over 99.9 percent. 

Table A-1a provides the number of Title IV institutions and administrative offices and the survey 

response rates for the HR component and the three HR sections for winter 2005-06 by degreegranting status, and level and control of institution for those institutions located in the United 

States only (excluding any other jurisdictions). NCES requires that the potential for nonresponse 

bias for all institutions (including those in the other jurisdictions) be analyzed for sectors for 

which the response rate was less than 90 percent. As shown in table A-1, no sectors require this 

analysis. 

Survey Procedures 

The winter 2005-06 IPEDS data collection was conducted using the IPEDS web-based data 

collection system. Each institution appointed a keyholder, who was the person responsible for 

ensuring that survey data submitted by the institution were correct. The keyholder could generate 

UserIDs and passwords for up to six additional survey respondents who could also enter or 

review data. For many institutions, keyholders were also required to edit and “lock” the data; 

locking is equivalent to submitting completed data to NCES. Additionally, many states or 

systems had one or more coordinators. 

Coordinators are individuals who take responsibility for a specified group of institutions to 

ensure that all data were entered correctly. Some coordinators may be responsible for a system of 

institutions (e.g., SUNY—the State University of New York); others may coordinate all or some 

institutions in a state. Also, coordinators may elect to provide different levels of review. For 

example, some may only view data provided by their institutions, while others may upload, 

review, or lock data for their institutions. 

For the 2005-06 IPEDS data collection, keyholders were asked to register prior to the fall 2005 

data collection. Registration information, including UserIDs and passwords, was e-mailed to 

existing keyholders in mid-July. Also in mid-July, letters were sent to chief executive officers 

(CEOs) at institutions without preregistered keyholders, requesting that they appoint a keyholder 

for the 2005-06 collection year. The package included a letter for the keyholder and a registration 

certificate with the institution’s UserID and password for the entire 2005-06 collection period. 

Subsequent registration mailings were sent to CEOs of institutions at which a keyholder had still 

not been registered, in mid-August, mid-September, mid-December, and mid-March. At the 

beginning of the winter and spring collections, in late November and early March, respectively, 

e-mail messages were sent to registered keyholders and coordinators requesting that they update 
A-4

Table A-1. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2005-06 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States and other jurisdictions 

Human Resources component1 Employees by Assigned Position section1

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response

 rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded 

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 6,683 6,681 100.0 6,683 6,681 100.0

Public 2,106 2,104 99.9 2,106 2,104 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,915 1,915 100.0 1,915 1,915 100.0

Private for-profit 2,662 2,662 100.0 2,662 2,662 100.0

4-year 2,702 2,700 99.9 2,702 2,700 99.9

Public 696 694 99.7 696 694 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,589 1,589 100.0 1,589 1,589 100.0

Private for-profit 417 417 100.0 417 417 100.0

2-year 2,243 2,243 100.0 2,243 2,243 100.0

Public 1,192 1,192 100.0 1,192 1,192 100.0

Private not-for-profit 222 222 100.0 222 222 100.0

Private for-profit 829 829 100.0 829 829 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,738 1,738 100.0 1,738 1,738 100.0

Public 218 218 100.0 218 218 100.0

Private not-for-profit 104 104 100.0 104 104 100.0

Private for-profit 1,416 1,416 100.0 1,416 1,416 100.0

Degree-granting 4,428 4,426 100.0 4,428 4,426 100.0

4-year 2,685 2,683 99.9 2,685 2,683 99.9

Public 695 693 99.7 695 693 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,573 1,573 100.0 1,573 1,573 100.0

Private for-profit 417 417 100.0 417 417 100.0

2-year 1,743 1,743 100.0 1,743 1,743 100.0

Public 1,091 1,091 100.0 1,091 1,091 100.0

Private not-for-profit 117 117 100.0 117 117 100.0

Private for-profit 535 535 100.0 535 535 100.0

Non-degree-granting 2,255 2,255 100.0 2,255 2,255 100.0

4-year3

 17 17 100.0 17 17 100.0

Public 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 16 16 100.0 16 16 100.0

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 500 500 100.0 500 500 100.0

Public 101 101 100.0 101 101 100.0

Private not-for-profit 105 105 100.0 105 105 100.0

Private for-profit 294 294 100.0 294 294 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,738 1,738 100.0 1,738 1,738 100.0

Public 218 218 100.0 218 218 100.0

Private not-for-profit 104 104 100.0 104 104 100.0

Private for-profit 1,416 1,416 100.0 1,416 1,416 100.0

 

See notes at end of table. 
A-5

Table A-1. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2005-06 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States and other jurisdictions—Continued 

Fall Staff section1 Salaries section2

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded 

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 4,898 4,895 99.9 4,224 4,222 100.0

Public 1,980 1,978 99.9 1,707 1,705 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,610 1,609 99.9 1,621 1,621 100.0

Private for-profit 1,308 1,308 100.0 896 896 100.0

4-year 2,512 2,510 99.9 2,543 2,541 99.9

Public 694 692 99.7 647 645 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,449 1,449 100.0 1,510 1,510 100.0

Private for-profit 369 369 100.0 386 386 100.0

2-year 1,810 1,809 99.9 1,680 1,680 100.0

Public 1,180 1,180 100.0 1,059 1,059 100.0

Private not-for-profit 127 126 99.2 111 111 100.0

Private for-profit 503 503 100.0 510 510 100.0

Less-than-2-year 576 576 100.0 1 1 100.0

Public 106 106 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 34 34 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 436 436 100.0 † † †

Degree-granting 4,097 4,094 99.9 4,222 4,220 100.0

4-year 2,508 2,506 99.9 2,543 2,541 99.9

Public 693 691 99.7 647 645 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,446 1,446 100.0 1,510 1,510 100.0

Private for-profit 369 369 100.0 386 386 100.0

2-year 1,589 1,588 99.9 1,679 1,679 100.0

Public 1,086 1,086 100.0 1,058 1,058 100.0

Private not-for-profit 86 85 98.8 111 111 100.0

Private for-profit 417 417 100.0 510 510 100.0

Non-degree-granting 801 801 100.0 2 2 100.0

4-year3

 4 4 100.0 † † †

Public 1 1 100.0 † † †

Private not-for-profit 3 3 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 221 221 100.0 1 1 100.0

Public 94 94 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 41 41 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 86 86 100.0 † † †

Less-than-2-year 576 576 100.0 1 1 100.0

Public 106 106 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 34 34 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 436 436 100.0 † † †

† Not applicable. 

1 Thirteen institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR

at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

2 Twelve institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR 

at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

3 These institutions grant certificates at the postbaccalaureate and post-master’s levels; they do not award degrees. 

NOTE: The Employees by Assigned Position section was applicable to all institutions and administrative offices. The Fall Staff 

section was applicable to institutions and administrative offices that had 15 or more full-time staff. The Salaries section was

applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, contributed 

their services, were in the military, or taught pre-clinical or clinical medicine. Although the Salaries section was not applicable to nondegree-granting institutions and administrative offices, five degree-granting institutions (parents) reported not only their own data, 

but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three administrative offices (children). Data were imputed for all Human 

Resources nonrespondents. For one (partial) respondent, all Staff data and Part B of the Salaries data were imputed. The other 

jurisdictions include American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Marianas, 

Palau, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2005-06. 
A-6

Table A-1a. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2005-06 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States 

Human Resources component1 Employees by Assigned Position section1

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response

 rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded 

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 6,521 6,519 100.0 6,521 6,519 100.0

Public 2,080 2,078 99.9 2,080 2,078 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,863 1,863 100.0 1,863 1,863 100.0

Private for-profit 2,578 2,578 100.0 2,578 2,578 100.0

4-year 2,638 2,636 99.9 2,638 2,636 99.9

Public 678 676 99.7 678 676 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,550 1,550 100.0 1,550 1,550 100.0

Private for-profit 410 410 100.0 410 410 100.0

2-year 2,218 2,218 100.0 2,218 2,218 100.0

Public 1,184 1,184 100.0 1,184 1,184 100.0

Private not-for-profit 218 218 100.0 218 218 100.0

Private for-profit 816 816 100.0 816 816 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,665 1,665 100.0 1,665 1,665 100.0

Public 218 218 100.0 218 218 100.0

Private not-for-profit 95 95 100.0 95 95 100.0

Private for-profit 1,352 1,352 100.0 1,352 1,352 100.0

Degree-granting 4,340 4,338 100.0 4,340 4,338 100.0

4-year 2,621 2,619 99.9 2,621 2,619 99.9

Public 677 675 99.7 677 675 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,534 1,534 100.0 1,534 1,534 100.0

Private for-profit 410 410 100.0 410 410 100.0

2-year 1,719 1,719 100.0 1,719 1,719 100.0

Public 1,083 1,083 100.0 1,083 1,083 100.0

Private not-for-profit 113 113 100.0 113 113 100.0

Private for-profit 523 523 100.0 523 523 100.0

Non-degree-granting 2,181 2,181 100.0 2,181 2,181 100.0

4-year3

 17 17 100.0 17 17 100.0

Public 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 16 16 100.0 16 16 100.0

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 499 499 100.0 499 499 100.0

Public 101 101 100.0 101 101 100.0

Private not-for-profit 105 105 100.0 105 105 100.0

Private for-profit 293 293 100.0 293 293 100.0

Less-than-2-year 1,665 1,665 100.0 1,665 1,665 100.0

Public 218 218 100.0 218 218 100.0

Private not-for-profit 95 95 100.0 95 95 100.0

Private for-profit 1,352 1,352 100.0 1,352 1,352 100.0

 

See notes at end of table. 
A-7

Table A-1a. Response rates of Title IV institutions and administrative offices responding to the IPEDS 

winter 2005-06 data collection, by survey component or section, degree-granting status, and 

level and control of institution: United States—Continued 

Fall Staff section1 Salaries section2

Degree-granting status and level 

and control of institution 

Final 

universe

Number 

responded

Response 

rate (%)

Final 

universe

Number 

responded 

Response 

rate (%)

All institutions 4,772 4,769 99.9 4,142 4,140 100.0

Public 1,954 1,952 99.9 1,683 1,681 99.9

Private not-for-profit 1,561 1,560 99.9 1,582 1,582 100.0

Private for-profit 1,257 1,257 100.0 877 877 100.0

4-year 2,448 2,446 99.9 2,484 2,482 99.9

Public 676 674 99.7 630 628 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,410 1,410 100.0 1,475 1,475 100.0

Private for-profit 362 362 100.0 379 379 100.0

2-year 1,788 1,787 99.9 1,657 1,657 100.0

Public 1,172 1,172 100.0 1,052 1,052 100.0

Private not-for-profit 123 122 99.2 107 107 100.0

Private for-profit 493 493 100.0 498 498 100.0

Less-than-2-year 536 536 100.0 1 1 100.0

Public 106 106 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 28 28 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 402 402 100.0 † † †

Degree-granting 4,011 4,008 99.9 4,140 4,138 100.0

4-year 2,444 2,442 99.9 2,484 2,482 99.9

Public 675 673 99.7 630 628 99.7

Private not-for-profit 1,407 1,407 100.0 1,475 1,475 100.0

Private for-profit 362 362 100.0 379 379 100.0

2-year 1,567 1,566 99.9 1,656 1,656 100.0

Public 1,078 1,078 100.0 1,051 1,051 100.0

Private not-for-profit 82 81 98.8 107 107 100.0

Private for-profit 407 407 100.0 498 498 100.0

Non-degree-granting 761 761 100.0 2 2 100.0

4-year3

 4 4 100.0 † † †

Public 1 1 100.0 † † †

Private not-for-profit 3 3 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit † † † † † †

2-year 221 221 100.0 1 1 100.0

Public 94 94 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 41 41 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 86 86 100.0 † † †

Less-than-2-year 536 536 100.0 1 1 100.0

Public 106 106 100.0 1 1 100.0

Private not-for-profit 28 28 100.0 † † †

Private for-profit 402 402 100.0 † † †

† Not applicable. 

1 Thirteen institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR

at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

2 Twelve institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR 

at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

3 These institutions grant certificates at the postbaccalaureate and post-master’s levels; they do not award degrees. 

NOTE: The Employees by Assigned Position section was applicable to all institutions and administrative offices. The Fall Staff 

section was applicable to institutions and administrative offices that had 15 or more full-time staff. The Salaries section was

applicable to degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, contributed 

their services, were in the military, or taught pre-clinical or clinical medicine. Although the Salaries section was not applicable to nondegree-granting institutions and administrative offices, five degree-granting institutions (parents) reported not only their own data, 

but also data for two non-degree-granting institutions and three administrative offices (children). Data were imputed for all Human 

Resources nonrespondents. For one (partial) respondent, all Staff data and Part B of the Salaries data were imputed. The other 

jurisdictions include American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Marianas, 

Palau, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System (IPEDS), Winter 2005-06. 
A-8

or confirm their registration contact information when the collections opened. Schools were 

allowed to designate a new keyholder at any time during the collection year, if needed. As with 

previous IPEDS studies, follow-up for nonresponse was conducted with CEOs, coordinators, and 

keyholders via mail, e-mail, and telephone throughout all three collection periods. 

The web-based survey instruments offered many features designed to improve the quality and 

timeliness of the data. As indicated above, survey respondents were required to register before 

entering 2005-06 data to ensure a point of contact between NCES/IPEDS and the institution. 

Online data entry forms were tailored to each institution based on characteristics such as degreegranting status and presence of a medical school. When data from previous years were available 

for an institution, they were preloaded on the customized forms for easy reference and 

comparison purposes. Once the 2005-06 data were entered, either manually or through file 

upload, the keyholders were required to run edit checks and resolve all errors before they were 

able to lock their data. Once data were locked, they were considered “submitted,” regardless of 

whether or not the coordinator had reviewed the submission. 

Once the data were complete and all locks were applied, IPEDS help desk staff conducted a final 

review. If any additional problems were detected, the help desk staff contacted the institutions to 

resolve any remaining questions. Once all problems were resolved, the final data were migrated 

to the Peer Analysis System, where they were made available to other responding institutions for 

comparison purposes. Because of confidentiality issues, Fall Staff and Salaries data were 

perturbed during the migration process to protect any individually identifiable information. 

Survey Sections 

Human Resources 

The Human Resources (HR) component comprises three sections: Employees by Assigned 

Position (EAP), Fall Staff, and Salaries. A description of each HR section follows. 

Employees by Assigned Position (EAP) 

This section of the HR component was required by all Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices for winter 2005-06. The EAP section categorizes all staff on the institution’s payroll as of 

November 1 of the collection year, by employment status (full or part time), faculty status, and 

primary function/occupational activity. The medical school pages of EAP were applicable to 

institutions with M.D. and/or D.O. programs only. Employees affiliated with (housed in or under 

the authority of) the medical school were reported with the medical school. For example, if an 

institution’s medical school employees were housed with the institution’s employees in other 

health-related disciplines (e.g., dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing), the institution was 

instructed to report both sets of employees in the medical school part of the EAP section and list 

the other health-related disciplines in the designated comment box in the EAP section. 

Employees who were in health disciplines that were not considered part of the medical school 

were reported in the non-medical school part of EAP.

The primary functions/occupational activities are faculty (primarily instruction, instruction 

combined with research and/or public service, primarily research, and primarily public service), 

executive/administrative/managerial, other professionals (support/service), graduate assistants, 

technical and paraprofessionals, clerical and secretarial, skilled crafts, and service/maintenance. 

If, by institutional definition, a staff member has faculty status, the staff member is categorized 
A-9

according to tenure status: with tenure, on tenure track, or not on tenure track/no tenure system. 

If the staff member does not have faculty status, he or she is counted as “without faculty status.” 

All full-time instructional faculty classified in the EAP full time non-medical school part as 

either (1) primarily instruction or (2) instruction combined with research and/or public service 

are included in the Salaries section, unless they are exempted because of one of the exclusions 

noted in the description of the Salaries section on the next page. 

Fall Staff 

This section of the HR component is required every 2 years, in odd-numbered years, and was 

required for winter 2005-06. (During even-numbered years, reporting Fall Staff data is optional.) 

There are two versions of the Fall Staff section. The long version, which replaced the EEO-64

survey in 1993, is required by Title IV degree-granting institutions and related administrative 

offices that have 15 or more full-time staff, and the shorter version is required by Title IV nondegree-granting institutions and related administrative offices that have 15 or more full-time 

staff. The long version has six parts: 

Part A: Full-time faculty by racial/ethnic category, gender, contract length, and salary 

class intervals; 

Part B: All other full-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, primary function/ 

occupational activity, and salary class intervals; 

Part D: Part-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity; 

Part E: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by racial/ethnic category and gender; 

Part F: Faculty and tenure status of full-time faculty by racial/ethnic category, gender, 

and academic rank; and 

Part G: New hires by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/occupational 

activity. 

The short version has three parts: 

Part A: Full-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity; 

Part B: Part-time staff by racial/ethnic category, gender, and primary function/ 

occupational activity; and 

Part C: Summary of full-time and part-time staff by racial/ethnic category and gender. 

In the Fall Staff section, data are collected for all staff on the payroll of the institution as of 

November 1 of the collection year5

. While most of the primary functions/occupational activities 

in the Fall Staff section are the same as the primary functions/occupational activities in the EAP 

section, the “faculty” job category is the exception to this rule. The “faculty” reported in the Fall 

Staff section is equivalent to the same group of people reported in the EAP section as primarily 

 

4

 Between 1987 and 1991, the Fall Staff data were collected in cooperation with the U.S. Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Beginning in 1993, all schools formerly surveyed by EEOC (using the EEO-6 

survey form) were required to report through IPEDS Fall Staff. 

5

 There are slightly different reporting requirements for the new hires part of the long version of Fall Staff. For more 

information on new hires, refer to the glossary (appendix B). 
A-10

instruction, instruction combined with research and/or public service, primarily research, and 

primarily public service. 

Salaries 

This section of the HR component collects data on full-time instructional faculty—that is, those 

classified as either primarily instruction or instruction combined with research and/or public 

service (except those in medical schools, as described above). The Salaries section is required by 

Title IV degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty 

are part time, contribute their services, are in the military, or teach preclinical or clinical 

medicine. The data are current as of November 1 of the collection year and include all full-time 

instructional faculty on the payroll. 

Part A of the Salaries section collects the number of full-time instructional faculty on 9/10-month 

and 11/12-month contracts by gender and academic rank (professor, associate professor, assistant 

professor, instructor, lecturer, and no academic rank) and the corresponding salary outlays. The 

number of full-time instructional faculty on less-than-9-month contracts by gender and academic 

rank is also collected; however, salary outlays are not collected for this group of faculty. Part B 

collects data on the fringe benefit expenditures and the number of full-time instructional faculty 

on 9/10-month and 11/12-month contracts covered by these benefits. Types of fringe benefits 

included are retirement plans, medical/dental plans, group life insurance, other insurance 

benefits, guaranteed disability income protection, tuition plan (dependents only), housing plan, 

employer portion of Social Security taxes, unemployment compensation, workers’ 

compensation, and other benefits in kind with cash options. 

Note: The tables included in this First Look report use “equated” or “adjusted” faculty salaries 

(salaries equated to 9-month contracts). Total salary outlays for full-time instructional faculty (by 

rank) on 11/12-month contracts were adjusted to 9/10-month outlays by multiplying the outlay 

for 11/12-month contracted faculty by 0.8182. The “equated” outlays were then added to the 

outlays for 9/10-month faculty to determine an average salary for each rank. Salaries for faculty 

on less-than-9-month contracts were not collected. 

Edit Procedures 

Edit checks were built into the web-based instrument to detect major reporting errors. The 

system automatically generated average salaries or totals for each section (as required), and edit 

checks compared current responses to previously reported data. The edit checks could be run at 

any time during the collection. As edit checks were executed, survey respondents were allowed 

to correct any errors detected by the system. If data were entered correctly but failed the edit 

checks, the survey respondents were asked either to confirm that the data were correct as entered 

or to explain why the data appeared to be out of the expected data range. All edit checks had to 

be resolved (confirmed, explained, or corrected) before the survey could be locked. Survey 

respondents were also provided with one or more caveats boxes for each survey section and were 

encouraged to use this area to explain any special circumstances that might not be evident in 

their reported data. In addition, the data were manually reviewed for additional inconsistencies 

by coordinators (when applicable) and the IPEDS help desk staff. When necessary, keyholders 

were contacted to verify the accuracy of the data. 

For the EAP and Salaries sections, current year data were compared to the previous year’s data 

and large discrepancies had to be explained. For the Fall Staff section, current year data were 

compared to data from 2 years prior (fall 2003) because reporting of Fall Staff data from one 
A-11

year prior (fall 2004) was optional. Large discrepancies in Fall Staff from fall 2003 to fall 2005 

had to be explained. In addition, for the Salaries section, average salaries were calculated, and 

checks were in place for unusually high or unusually low averages. The number of full-time 

instructional faculty receiving fringe benefits could not exceed the total number of full-time 

instructional faculty by contract length, except for the tuition plan (dependents only) benefit. The 

number of full-time instructional faculty in the Salaries section had to be equal to the number of 

full-time, non-medical school faculty reported as either primarily instruction or instruction 

combined with research and/or public service in the EAP section and less than or equal to the 

number of full-time faculty in the Fall Staff section (if applicable). 

Imputation Procedures 

All sections of the HR component were subject to imputation for nonresponse. The EAP, Fall 

Staff, and Salaries data for Title IV institutions were imputed for both total (institutional) 

nonresponse and partial (item) nonresponse. The imputation base was restricted to institutions 

satisfying the following conditions: 

• The institution must participate in Title IV student financial aid programs. 

• The institution must be currently active6

 in IPEDS.

• The institution must not be a child7 institution.

• For the Fall Staff section, the institution must have at least 15 full-time staff members. 

• For the Salaries section, the institution must be a degree-granting institution. 

• For the Salaries section, all of the institution’s instructional faculty must not fall into one or 

more of the following categories: 

− Instructional faculty who are employed on a part-time basis. 

− Instructional faculty who contribute their services. 

− Instructional faculty who are military personnel. 

− Instructional faculty who teach preclinical or clinical medicine. 

The HR component was imputed using 73 imputation groups as necessary to ensure imputed data 

were donated from institutions with characteristics similar to those of the nonresponding 

institution. The imputation groups were formed based primarily on institutional sector, 

undergraduate, graduate, and first-professional offerings. 

The following imputation methods8

 were used to impute missing data in the HR component: 

• Carry Forward—Reported prior year data were carried forward to the current year. The prior 

year data were used as the base value for the imputation. To adjust for year-to-year change, 

the base value was then multiplied by an adjustment ratio for each section of the HR 

component. The adjustment ratio varied from section to section of the component. For EAP, 

the adjustment factor used was the ratio of total staff reported in the current year to those 

reported in the prior year, within the imputation group. For Fall Staff, the adjustment was 

proportional to the ratio of total full-time equivalent staff in the current year to full-time 

 

6

 Institutions that did not respond were verified as currently active (open for business) prior to imputation through 

telephone calls or e-mail. 

7

 A child is one who has all of its data reported by another institution referred to as a parent. 8

 Imputation methods are listed in order of preferred usage. If data are not available for application of one method, 

the next method is used. 
A-12

equivalent staff in the 2 prior years, within the imputation group. For Salaries, a year-to-year 

adjustment was made to faculty counts using the ratio of total reported faculty in the current 

year to total reported employed in the prior year, within the imputation group. Also, an 

inflation adjustment was used for salary outlays and benefit expenditures. This ratio is total 

salary outlays (or benefit expenditures) in the current year to total salary outlays (or benefit 

expenditures) in the prior year, within the imputation group. 

• Nearest Neighbor—Previous year Fall Enrollment data were used to determine the distance 

between an imputee and a potential donor. The distance measure was full-time equivalent 

(FTE) enrollment, defined as (1/3 × part-time students) + (full-time students). Each nearest 

neighbor imputee was imputed with the current year HR data from the donor in the same 

imputation group with the nearest value of the distance measure. The donor’s data values 

were multiplied by the ratio of the imputee’s distance measure to the donor’s distance 

measure. 

• Group Median—If insufficient prior year data were available to perform any of the 

previously described methods, the group median method was used. For each imputation 

group, the sum of all full-time staff and one-third of the part-time staff was calculated for 

each institution. The institution with the median value of this measure within each imputation 

group was the donor institution. 

For the EAP section, table A-2 depicts information on the total number of staff along with the 

number and percentages of staff that were imputed for all Title IV institutions and administrative 

offices in the United States, by control of institution, employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, degree-granting status, and medical school staff status. 

For the Fall Staff component, table A-3 depicts information on the number of staff and new hires 

along with the number and percentages of staff that were imputed for Title IV institutions and 

administrative offices that had 15 or more full-time staff in the United States, by control of 

institution, employment status, primary function/occupational activity, gender, and degreegranting status. 

For the Salaries section, table A-4 depicts the total salary outlays along with the amounts and 

percentages that were imputed for Title IV degree-granting institutions in the United States, by 

control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic rank. Table A-5 provides the total 

benefit expenditures along with the amounts and percentages that were imputed for Title IV 

degree-granting institutions in the United States, by control of institution, contract length, and 

benefit type. 
A-13

Table A-2. Staff, number of staff imputed, and percentages imputed for all Title IV institutions and administrative offices, 

by control of institution, employment status, primary function/occupational activity, degree-granting status, 

and medical school staff status: United States, fall 2005 

Total Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

Employment status, primary 

function/occupational activity, 

degree-granting status, and 

medical school staff status Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent

Total1 3,453,461 343 # 2,293,866 343 # 980,934 0 0.0 178,661 0 0.0

 

Full-time staff 2,228,959 335 # 1,446,849 335 # 689,527 0 0.0 92,583 0 0.0

Primarily instruction 448,895 44 # 288,180 44 # 133,857 0 0.0 26,858 0 0.0

Instruction/research/public 

service 182,317 127 0.1 125,821 127 0.1 53,483 0 0.0 3,013 0 0.0

Primarily research 48,950 1 # 31,784 1 # 17,126 0 0.0 40 0 0.0

Primarily public service 15,914 0 0.0 11,267 0 0.0 4,559 0 0.0 88 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 198,322 31 # 99,265 31 # 83,042 0 0.0 16,015 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/service) 574,034 42 # 382,012 42 # 168,530 0 0.0 23,492 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 156,960 26 # 112,219 26 # 41,092 0 0.0 3,649 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 353,692 28 # 222,475 28 # 114,032 0 0.0 17,185 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 59,182 11 # 44,716 11 # 14,337 0 0.0 129 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 190,693 25 # 129,110 25 # 59,469 0 0.0 2,114 0 0.0

 

Part-time staff 1,224,502 8 # 847,017 8 # 291,407 0 0.0 86,078 0 0.0

Primarily instruction 560,963 3 # 344,962 3 # 139,291 0 0.0 76,710 0 0.0

Instruction/research/public 

service 55,911 3 # 39,326 3 # 14,287 0 0.0 2,298 0 0.0

Primarily research 11,022 0 0.0 7,871 0 0.0 3,136 0 0.0 15 0 0.0

Primarily public service 6,589 0 0.0 5,097 0 0.0 1,470 0 0.0 22 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 6,841 0 0.0 3,202 0 0.0 3,210 0 0.0 429 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/service) 90,787 0 0.0 62,129 0 0.0 26,826 0 0.0 1,832 0 0.0

Graduate assistants2

 317,207 0 0.0 257,954 0 0.0 59,101 0 0.0 152 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 39,525 0 0.0 31,197 0 0.0 7,563 0 0.0 765 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 94,714 2 # 69,080 2 # 22,879 0 0.0 2,755 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 2,656 0 0.0 1,936 0 0.0 662 0 0.0 58 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 38,287 0 0.0 24,263 0 0.0 12,982 0 0.0 1,042 0 0.0

 

Degree-granting 3,387,088 343 # 2,267,781 343 # 975,585 0 0.0 143,722 0 0.0

Non-degree-granting 66,373 0 0.0 26,085 0 0.0 5,349 0 0.0 34,939 0 0.0

 

Staff (except those in medical 

schools) 3,125,329 343 # 2,107,954 343 # 838,714 0 0.0 178,661 0 0.0

Medical school employees 328,132 0 0.0 185,912 0 0.0 142,220 0 0.0 † † †

† Not applicable. 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

 Data are for all institutions and administrative offices. 

2

 By definition, graduate students are part-time. 

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. For institutions in other jurisdictions, no staff were imputed. Thirteen institutions that were required to 

complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and 

they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2005-06, Human Resources component, Employees by Assigned Position section. 
A-14

Table A-3. Staff and new hires, number imputed, and percentage imputed for Title IV institutions and 

administrative offices, by control of institution, employment status, primary function/occupational 

activity, gender, and degree-granting status: United States, fall 2005 

 Total Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

Employment status, 

primary function/ 

occupational activity, 

gender, and degreegranting status Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent Staff Number Percent

 Total (degree-granting and non-degree-granting institutions and administrative offices) 

Total 3,428,811 361 # 2,291,281 343 # 975,043 18 # 162,487 0 0.0

 

Full-time staff 2,216,291 351 # 1,445,923 335 # 687,258 16 # 83,110 0 0.0

Faculty1

 689,753 178 # 456,515 172 # 207,945 6 # 25,293 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 195,174 33 # 99,131 31 # 82,482 2 # 13,561 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/ service) 572,550 48 # 381,924 42 # 168,268 6 # 22,358 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 156,818 26 # 112,210 26 # 41,048 0 0.0 3,560 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 352,422 29 # 222,346 28 # 113,794 1 # 16,282 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 59,160 11 # 44,716 11 # 14,330 0 0.0 114 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 190,414 26 # 129,081 25 # 59,391 1 # 1,942 0 0.0 

Part-time staff 1,212,520 10 # 845,358 8 # 287,785 2 # 79,377 0 0.0

Faculty1

 624,753 8 # 395,787 6 # 155,346 2 # 73,620 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ 

managerial 6,397 0 0.0 3,172 0 0.0 3,031 0 0.0 194 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/ service) 90,295 0 0.0 62,062 0 0.0 26,659 0 0.0 1,574 0 0.0

Graduate assistants2 317,146 0 0.0 257,954 0 0.0 59,061 0 0.0 131 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 39,393 0 0.0 31,175 0 0.0 7,515 0 0.0 703 0 0.0

Clerical and secretarial 93,938 2 # 69,029 2 # 22,662 0 0.0 2,247 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 2,629 0 0.0 1,932 0 0.0 650 0 0.0 47 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 37,969 0 0.0 24,247 0 0.0 12,861 0 0.0 861 0 0.0 

Men 1,600,273 248 # 1,063,345 237 # 457,299 11 # 79,629 0 0.0

Women 1,828,538 113 # 1,227,936 106 # 517,744 7 # 82,858 0 0.0

 

Degree-granting 3,379,087 361 # 2,267,687 343 # 971,425 18 # 139,975 0 0.0

Non-degree-granting 49,724 0 0.0 23,594 0 0.0 3,618 0 0.0 22,512 0 0.0

 Degree-granting institutions and related administrative offices only 

New hires (full-time only)3 142,024 16 # 82,700 16 # 50,219 0 0.0 9,105 0 0.0

 

Professional staff 97,504 10 # 56,852 10 # 34,861 0 0.0 5,791 0 0.0

Faculty1

 47,695 8 # 30,055 8 # 16,257 0 0.0 1,383 0 0.0

Executive/administrative/ managerial 8,256 2 # 3,614 2 0.1 4,005 0 0.0 637 0 0.0

Other professional 

(support/ service) 41,553 0 0.0 23,183 0 0.0 14,599 0 0.0 3,771 0 0.0 

Nonprofessional staff 44,520 6 # 25,848 6 # 15,358 0 0.0 3,314 0 0.0

Technical and 

paraprofessionals 10,480 2 # 6,597 2 # 3,492 0 0.0 391 0 0.0

Clerical and 

secretarial 21,890 4 # 11,408 4 # 7,689 0 0.0 2,793 0 0.0

Skilled crafts 1,756 0 0.0 1,352 0 0.0 396 0 0.0 8 0 0.0

Service/maintenance 10,394 0 0.0 6,491 0 0.0 3,781 0 0.0 122 0 0.0

# Rounds to zero.

1 Staff whose primary responsibility is instruction, research, and/or public service. 2 By definition, all graduate assistants are part time. 

3 New hires are full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between July 1 and October 31, 2005, either for the 

first time (new to the institution) or after a break in service and who were still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1, 2005. New hires 

do not include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time faculty working less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. New 

hires are included in the counts of all staff. 

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. Data are for institutions and administrative offices that have 15 or more full-time staff. 

For institutions in other jurisdictions, no staff were imputed. Thirteen institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human 

Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due to natural disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in 

this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 

Winter 2005-06, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. 
A-15

Table A-4. Salary outlays, amounts imputed, and percentages imputed for Title IV degree-granting institutions, by 

control of institution, contract length, gender, and academic rank: United States, academic year 2005-06 

[Salary amounts are in thousands of dollars.] 

Total1

 Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Gender and academic Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

rank 

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent 

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent 

Salary 

outlays Amount Percent

 

 9/10-month contract 

 

Total $29,798,808 $3,263 # $20,407,969 $3,263 # $9,354,264 $0 0.0 $36,575 $0 0.0

 

Men 18,750,022 2,126 # 12,565,021 2,126 # 6,165,362 0 0.0 19,638 0 0.0

Professor 8,661,178 1,140 # 5,425,003 1,140 # 3,232,788 0 0.0 3,387 0 0.0

Associate 4,098,595 583 # 2,651,166 583 # 1,445,873 0 0.0 1,555 0 0.0

Assistant professor 3,291,290 372 # 2,175,311 372 # 1,114,076 0 0.0 1,904 0 0.0

Instructor 1,486,290 31 # 1,343,976 31 # 135,333 0 0.0 6,981 0 0.0

Lecturer 441,930 0 0.0 318,715 0 0.0 123,215 0 0.0 † † †

No academic rank 770,739 0 0.0 650,851 0 0.0 114,077 0 0.0 5,811 0 0.0

 

Women 11,048,786 1,136 # 7,842,948 1,136 # 3,188,901 0 0.0 16,937 0 0.0

Professor 2,710,168 604 # 1,769,595 604 # 938,731 0 0.0 1,843 0 0.0

Associate 2,587,676 302 # 1,684,776 302 # 901,907 0 0.0 993 0 0.0

Assistant professor 2,757,211 231 # 1,793,291 231 # 959,636 0 0.0 4,284 0 0.0

Instructor 1,700,087 0 0.0 1,520,081 0 0.0 173,150 0 0.0 6,856 0 0.0

Lecturer 484,023 0 0.0 359,994 0 0.0 124,029 0 0.0 † † †

No academic rank 809,622 0 0.0 715,211 0 0.0 91,448 0 0.0 2,962 0 0.0

 

 11/12-month contract 

 

Total 6,219,532 12,038 0.2 3,788,973 12,038 0.3 1,712,293 0 0.0 718,265 0 0.0

Men 3,905,688 9,994 0.3 2,405,130 9,994 0.4 1,066,668 0 0.0 433,890 0 0.0

Professor 1,643,409 3,401 0.2 1,178,682 3,401 0.3 433,860 0 0.0 30,867 0 0.0

Associate 717,220 3,484 0.5 459,291 3,484 0.8 241,337 0 0.0 16,592 0 0.0

Assistant professor 497,920 1,972 0.4 296,438 1,972 0.7 190,765 0 0.0 10,716 0 0.0

Instructor 662,732 314 # 275,335 314 0.1 76,602 0 0.0 310,795 0 0.0

Lecturer 75,348 822 1.1 58,098 822 1.4 17,178 0 0.0 72 0 0.0

No academic rank 309,060 0 0.0 137,286 0 0.0 106,925 0 0.0 64,848 0 0.0

 

Women 2,313,844 2,044 0.1 1,383,843 2,044 0.1 645,626 0 0.0 284,375 0 0.0

Professor 452,981 430 0.1 309,305 430 0.1 132,065 0 0.0 11,612 0 0.0

Associate 441,466 848 0.2 277,338 848 0.3 156,240 0 0.0 7,889 0 0.0

Assistant professor 487,248 466 0.1 279,731 466 0.2 201,332 0 0.0 6,185 0 0.0

Instructor 602,220 59 # 322,265 59 # 73,967 0 0.0 205,988 0 0.0

Lecturer 93,471 241 0.3 76,975 241 0.3 14,990 0 0.0 1,505 0 0.0

No academic rank 236,458 0 0.0 118,229 0 0.0 67,032 0 0.0 51,197 0 0.0

† Not applicable. 

# Rounds to zero. 

1

 Data are for degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in 

the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. 

NOTE: Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. No salary outlays were imputed for institutions in other jurisdictions. Twelve institutions that were 

required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due to natural disaster; their data were not 

imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 

2005-06, Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
A-16

Table A-5. Benefit expenditures, amounts imputed, and percentages imputed for Title IV degree-granting institutions, by 

control of institution, contract length, and benefit type: United States, academic year 2005-06 

[Benefit amounts are in thousands of dollars.] 

Total Public Private not-for-profit Private for-profit 

Imputed Imputed Imputed Imputed 

Benefit type 

Expenditures Amount Percent Expenditures Amount Percent Expenditures Amount Percent Expenditures Amount Percent

 

 9/10-month contract 

Retirement plans—

vested within 5 

years $1,968,318 $0 0.0 $1,196,902 $0 0.0 $770,487 $0 0.0 $928 $0 0.0

Retirement plans—

vested after 5 years 777,838 0 0.0 735,259 0 0.0 42,404 0 0.0 175 0 0.0

Medical/dental plans 2,860,412 0 0.0 2,131,954 0 0.0 726,259 0 0.0 2,198 0 0.0

Group life insurance 73,156 0 0.0 45,897 0 0.0 26,980 0 0.0 279 0 0.0

Other insurance 

benefits 46,225 0 0.0 34,314 0 0.0 11,824 0 0.0 87 0 0.0

Guaranteed disability 

income protection 74,908 0 0.0 44,509 0 0.0 30,365 0 0.0 34 0 0.0

Tuition plan 214,991 0 0.0 40,569 0 0.0 174,318 0 0.0 104 0 0.0

Housing plan 20,269 0 0.0 4,060 0 0.0 16,209 0 0.0 † † †

Social Security taxes 1,814,312 2 # 1,182,399 2 # 629,268 0 0.0 2,645 0 0.0

Unemployment 

compensation 72,262 0 0.0 47,950 0 0.0 24,059 0 0.0 254 0 0.0

Workers’ 

compensation 167,242 0 0.0 105,983 0 0.0 60,891 0 0.0 368 0 0.0

Other benefits in kind 

with cash options 52,949 1 # 26,500 1 # 26,415 0 0.0 34 0 0.0

 

 11/12-month contract 

Retirement plans—

vested within 5 

years 342,718 8 # 210,839 0 0.0 123,818 8 # 8,061 0 0.0

Retirement plans—

vested after 5 years 159,956 0 0.0 140,781 0 0.0 13,703 0 0.0 5,472 0 0.0

Medical/dental plans 481,126 21 # 291,600 0 0.0 140,100 21 # 49,426 0 0.0

Group life insurance 22,008 1 # 9,188 0 0.0 6,063 1 # 6,757 0 0.0

Other insurance 

benefits 13,914 # # 9,376 0 0.0 3,411 # # 1,128 0 0.0

Guaranteed disability 

income protection 18,367 1 # 10,348 0 0.0 6,407 1 # 1,612 0 0.0

Tuition plan 32,489 0 0.0 5,618 0 0.0 21,136 0 0.0 5,734 0 0.0

Housing plan 4,770 0 0.0 657 0 0.0 4,114 0 0.0 † † †

Social Security taxes 358,362 686 0.2 204,369 678 0.3 106,720 9 # 47,273 0 0.0

Unemployment 

compensation 22,529 1 # 6,821 0 0.0 8,296 1 # 7,412 0 0.0

Worker’s 

compensation 34,769 1 # 16,043 0 0.0 12,529 1 # 6,197 0 0.0

Other benefits in kind 

with cash options 16,527 2,344 14.2 12,700 2,344 18.5 3,439 0 0.0 388 0 0.0

† Not applicable. 

# Rounds to zero. 

NOTE: Data are for degree-granting institutions except for those institutions at which all instructional faculty were part time, contributed their services, were in 

the military, or taught preclinical or clinical medicine. Table is restricted to U.S. institutions only. For institutions in other jurisdictions, no expenditures were 

imputed. Twelve institutions that were required to complete this section of the Human Resources (HR) Component could not respond to HR at all due to natural 

disaster; their data were not imputed, and they are not represented in this table. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2005-06, 

Human Resources component, Salaries section. 
A-17

Data Perturbation and Confidentiality 

Under law, public use data collected and distributed by the National Center for Education 

Statistics (NCES) may be used only for statistical purposes. Any effort to determine the identity 

of any reported case by public-use data users is prohibited by law. Violations are subject to Class 

E felony charges of a fine up to $250,000 and/or a prison term up to 5 years.

In order to preserve the confidentiality of individuals’ salaries, data in the Fall Staff and Salaries 

data files are subject to perturbation. Perturbation of the salaries data was performed in such a 

manner that the average salaries by institutional level were not affected by perturbation. All 

salaries data in this report are based on the perturbed data. Fall Staff and Salaries data included in 

the Peer Analysis System are perturbed. 
A-18
B-1

Appendix B: 

Glossary of IPEDS Terms 

9/10-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of faculty employed for 

two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, two 4-month sessions, or the equivalent. 

11/12-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of faculty employed for 

the entire year, usually for a period of 11 or 12 months. 

child institution: An institution that has its data reported by another institution, known as the parent 

institution. 

clerical and secretarial: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose assignments typically are associated with clerical activities or are specifically of a secretarial 

nature. Includes personnel who are responsible for internal and external communications, recording 

and retrieval of data (other than computer programmer) and/or information and other paperwork 

required in an office. Also includes occupational titles such as switchboard operators, including 

answering service; telephone operators; bill and account collectors; billing and posting clerks and 

machine operators; bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; payroll and timekeeping clerks; 

procurement clerks; file clerks; clerical library assistants; human resources assistants, except payroll 

and timekeeping; shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks; secretaries and administrative assistants; 

computer operators; data entry and information processing workers; desktop publishers; mail clerks 

and mail machine operators (except postal service); office clerks (general); office machine operators 

(except computer); and proofreaders and copy markers. 

control (of institution): A classification of whether an institution is operated by publicly elected or 

appointed officials (public control) or by privately elected or appointed officials and derives its major 

source of funds from private sources (private control). 

coordinator: The person responsible for Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) 

survey-related coordination activities for a specified group of schools within a state. This person may 

have certain viewing, verifying, and locking privileges on the data collection system. 

degree-granting institution: An institution offering an associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s, or 

first-professional degree. 

donor institution: A responding institution whose values are assigned to the imputee. 

executive, administrative, and managerial: A primary function or occupational activity category used 

to classify persons whose assignments require management of the institution, or a customarily 

recognized department or subdivision thereof. Assignments require the performance of work directly 

related to management policies or general business operations of the institution, department, or 

subdivision. Assignments in this category customarily and regularly require the incumbent to 

exercise discretion and independent judgment. Included in this category are staff holding titles such 

as top executives; chief executives; general and operations managers; advertising, marketing, 

promotions, public relations, and sales managers; operations specialties managers; administrative 

services managers; computer and information systems managers; financial managers; human 

resources managers; purchasing managers; postsecondary education administrators such as 

presidents, vice presidents (including assistants and associates), deans (including assistants and 
B-2

associates) if their principal activity is administrative and not primarily instruction, research or public 

service, directors (including assistants and associates), department heads (including assistants and 

associates) if their principal activity is administrative and not primarily instruction, research or public 

service, assistant and associate managers (including first-line managers of service, production and 

sales workers who spend more than 80 percent of their time performing supervisory activities); 

engineering managers; food service managers; lodging managers; and medical and health services 

managers. 

faculty: Persons whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing 

instruction or teaching, research, or public service as a principal activity (or activities). They may 

hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or 

the equivalent of any of those academic ranks. Faculty may also include the chancellor/president, 

provost, vice provosts, deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, 

and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or the equivalent) if their 

principal activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. The designation as 

“faculty” is separate from the activities to which they may be currently assigned. For example, a 

newly appointed president of an institution may also be appointed as a faculty member. Graduate, 

teaching, and research assistants are not included in this category. 

four-year institution: A postsecondary institution that offers programs of at least 4 years’ duration or 

one that offers programs at or above the baccalaureate level. Includes schools that offer 

postbaccalaureate certificates only or those that offer graduate programs only. Also includes freestanding medical, law, or other first-professional schools. 

fringe benefits: Cash contributions in the form of supplementary or deferred compensation other than 

salary. Excludes the employee’s contribution. Employee fringe benefits include retirement plans, 

employer portion of Social Security taxes, medical/dental plans, guaranteed disability income 

protection plans, tuition plans, housing plans, unemployment compensation plans, group life 

insurance plans, workers' compensation plans, and other benefits in-kind with cash options. 

full-time instructional faculty: Those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed full 

time and whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction 

or teaching, including those with released time for research. Also includes full-time faculty for whom 

it is not possible to differentiate between instruction or teaching, research, and public service because 

each of these functions is an integral component of his/her regular assignment. 

graduate assistants: Graduate-level students who are employed on a part-time basis for the primary 

purpose of assisting in classroom or laboratory instruction or in the conduct of research. Graduate 

students having titles such as graduate assistant, teaching assistant, teaching associate, teaching 

fellow, or research assistant typically hold these positions. 

imputee: A nonresponding institution that has its values imputed. 

institutional affiliation: A classification that indicates whether a private not-for-profit institution is 

associated with a religious group or denomination. Private not-for-profit institutions may be either 

independent or religiously affiliated. 

instruction combined with research and/or public service: A primary function or occupational activity 

category used to classify persons for whom it is not possible to differentiate between instruction or 

teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of 

his/her regular assignment. These employees may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate 
B-3

professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent. These employees may also hold 

titles such as deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, and 

executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or equivalent) if their principal 

activity is instruction combined with research and/or public service. 

keyholder: The person designated by an official institutional representative to have in their 

possession the necessary UserID and password to gain access to the Integrated Postsecondary 

Education Data System (IPEDS) data collection system to complete the survey. The keyholder is 

responsible for entering data and locking the site by each survey completion date. 

less-than-2-year institution: A postsecondary institution that offers programs of less than 2 years’ 

duration below the baccalaureate level. Includes occupational and vocational schools with programs 

that do not exceed 1,800 contact hours. 

less-than-9-month salary contract/teaching period: The contracted teaching period of faculty 

employed for less than two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, or two 4-month sessions. 

level (of institution): A classification of whether an institution’s programs are of at least 4 years’ 

duration or beyond a baccalaureate level (4-year institution), at least 2 but less than 4 years (2-year 

institution), or less than 2 years (less-than-2-year institution). 

medical school staff (staff): Staff employed by or staff working in the medical school (M.D. and/or 

D.O.) component of a postsecondary institution or in a freestanding medical school. Does not include 

staff employed by or employees working strictly in a hospital associated with a medical school or 

those who work in health or allied health schools or departments such as dentistry, veterinary 

medicine, nursing, or dental hygiene unless the health or allied health schools or departments are 

affiliated with (housed in or under the authority of) the medical school. 

new hires: Full-time permanent staff who were included on the payroll of the institution between July 

1st and October 31st of the survey year, either for the first time (new to the institution) or after a break 

in service and who were still on the payroll of the institution as of November 1st of the same survey 

year. Does not include persons who have returned from sabbatical leave or full-time faculty working 

less-than-9-month contracts/teaching periods. 

non-degree-granting institution: An institution offering only postbaccalaureate, post-master’s, or 

first-professional certificates, or certificates or diplomas of 4 years or less. 

nonprofessional staff: Staff of an institution whose primary function or occupational activity is 

classified as one of the following: technical and paraprofessional; clerical and secretarial; skilled 

crafts; or service/maintenance. 

not on tenure track: Positions that are considered non-tenure-earning positions. 

on tenure track: Personnel positions that lead to consideration for tenure. 

OPE: Office of Postsecondary Education. 

other professional (support/service): A primary function or occupational activity category used to 

classify persons employed for the primary purpose of performing academic support, student service, 

and institutional support, whose assignments would require either a baccalaureate degree or higher or 

experience of such kind and amount as to provide a comparable background. Included in this 

category are all staff holding titles such as business operations specialists; buyers and purchasing 

agents; human resources, training, and labor relations specialists; management analysts; meeting and 
B-4

convention planners; miscellaneous business operations specialists; financial specialists; accountants 

and auditors; budget analysts; financial analysts and advisors; financial examiners; loan counselors 

and officers; computer specialists; computer and information scientists, researchers; computer 

programmers; computer software engineers; computer support specialists; computer systems 

analysts; database administrators; network and computer systems administrators; network systems 

and data communication analysts; counselors, social workers, and other community and social 

service specialists; counselors; social workers; health educators; clergy; directors, religious activities 

and education; lawyers; librarians, curators, and archivists; museum technicians and conservators; 

librarians; artists and related workers; designers; athletes, coaches, and umpires; dancers and 

choreographers; music directors and composers; chiropractors; dentists; dietitians and nutritionists; 

optometrists; pharmacists; physicians and surgeons; podiatrists; registered nurses; therapists; and 

veterinarians. 

parent institution: An institution that reports data for another institution, known as the child 

institution. 

PEPS: Postsecondary Education Participation System (database used by OPE to track all institutions 

eligible for Title IV federal student financial aid programs). 

postsecondary education institution: An institution that has as its sole purpose, or one of its primary 

missions, the provision of postsecondary education. Postsecondary education is the provision of a 

formal instructional program whose curriculum is designed primarily for students beyond the 

compulsory age for high school. This includes programs whose purpose is academic, vocational, or 

continuing professional education, and excludes avocational and adult basic education programs. For 

IPEDS, these institutions must be open to the public. 

primarily instruction: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching 

and who may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, 

instructor, lecturer, or the equivalent. Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate 

deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or 

equivalent) if their principal activity is instruction. 

primarily public service: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify 

persons whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of carrying out public 

service activities such as agricultural extension services, clinical services, or continuing education 

and who may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, or assistant professor. 

Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as associate deans, assistant deans, and executive 

officers of academic departments (chairpersons, heads, or equivalent) if their principal activity is 

public service. 

primarily research: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of conducting research and who 

may hold academic rank titles of professor, associate professor, of assistant professor or titles such as 

research associate or postdoctoral fellow. Includes deans, directors, or the equivalent, as well as 

associate deans, assistant deans, and executive officers of academic departments (chairpersons, 

heads, or equivalent) if their principal activity is research. 

primary function/occupational activity: The principal activity of a staff member as determined by the 

institution. If an individual participates in two or more activities, the primary activity is normally 

determined by the amount of time spent in each activity. Occupational activities are designated as 
B-5

follows: executive, administrative, and managerial; faculty (instruction/research/public service); 

graduate assistants; other professional (support/service); technical and paraprofessional; clerical and 

secretarial; skilled crafts; and service/maintenance (see separate definitions). 

private for-profit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control 

receives compensation other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. 

private institution: An educational institution controlled by a private individual(s) or by a 

nongovernmental agency, usually supported primarily by other than public funds, and operated by 

other than publicly elected or appointed officials. These institutions may be either for-profit or notfor-profit. 

private not-for-profit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control 

receives no compensation, other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. These 

include both independent not-for-profit schools and those affiliated with a religious organization. 

professional staff: Staff of an institution whose primary function or occupational activity is classified 

as one of the following: faculty; executive, administrative, managerial; other professional 

(support/service); or graduate assistant. 

Program Participation Agreement (PPA): A written agreement between a postsecondary institution 

and the Secretary of Education. This agreement allows institutions to participate in any of the Title 

IV student assistance programs other than the State Student Incentive Grant (SSIG) and the National 

Early Intervention Scholarship and Partnership (NEISP) programs. The PPA conditions the initial 

and continued participation of an eligible institution in any Title IV program upon compliance with 

the General Provisions regulations, the individual program regulations, and any additional conditions 

specified in the program participation agreement that the Department of Education requires the 

institution to meet. Institutions with such an agreement are referred to as Title IV institutions. 

race/ethnicity: Categories used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or 

belong in the eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of 

anthropological origins. A person may be counted in only one group. The groups used to categorize 

U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible non-citizens are as follows: American Indian/Alaska 

Native; Asian/Pacific Islander; Black, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; White, non-Hispanic. 

sector: One of nine institutional categories resulting from dividing the universe according to control 

and level. Control categories are public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit. Level categories 

are 4 years and higher (4-year institutions), at least 2 but less than 4 years (2-year institutions), and 

less than 2 years (less-than-2-year institutions). For example: sector 1 = public 4-year institutions; 

sector 2 = private not-for-profit 4-year institutions. 

service/maintenance: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons 

whose assignments require limited degrees of previously acquired skills and knowledge and in which 

workers perform duties that result in or contribute to the comfort, convenience, and hygiene of 

personnel and the student body or that contribute to the upkeep of the institutional property. Includes 

titles such as fire fighters; law enforcement workers; parking enforcement workers; police officers; 

security guards; lifeguards; ski patrol; cooks and food preparation workers; food and beverage 

serving workers; fast food and counter workers; waiters and waitresses; other food preparation- and 

serving-related workers; building cleaning and pest control workers; grounds maintenance workers; 

electrical and electronic equipment mechanics; installers and repairers; radio and telecommunications 

equipment installers and repairers; avionics technicians; electric motor, power tool, and related 

repairers; vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers; control and valve 
B-6

installers and repairers; heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers; air 

transportation workers; motor vehicle operators; and parking lot attendants. 

skilled crafts: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify persons whose 

assignments typically require special manual skills and a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of 

the processes involved in the work, acquired through on-the-job training and experience or through 

apprenticeship or other formal training programs. Includes occupational titles such as welders, 

cutters, solderers, and brazers; bookbinders and bindery workers; printers; cabinetmakers and bench 

carpenters; plant and system operators; stationary engineers and boiler operators; water and liquid 

waste treatment plant and system operators; crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending 

workers; medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians; painting workers; photographic 

process workers and processing machine operators; and etchers and engravers. 

technical and paraprofessional: A primary function or occupational activity category used to classify 

persons whose assignments require specialized knowledge or skills which may be acquired through 

experience, apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or academic work in occupationally specific 

programs that result in a 2-year degree or other certificate or diploma. Includes persons who perform 

some of the duties of a professional in a supportive role, which usually requires less formal training 

and experience than normally required for professional status. Includes mathematical technicians; 

life, physical, and social science technicians; agricultural and food science technicians; chemical 

technicians; geological and petroleum technicians; nuclear technicians; paralegals and legal 

assistants; miscellaneous legal support workers; health technologists and technicians; dietetic 

technicians; pharmacy technicians; licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses; medical records 

and health information technicians; opticians, dispensing; healthcare support occupations; nursing 

aides, orderlies, and attendants; physical therapist assistants and aides; massage therapists; dental 

assistants; medical assistants; and pharmacy aides. 

tenure status: Status of a personnel position with respect to permanence of the position. 

Title IV institution: An institution that has a written agreement with the Secretary of Education that 

allows the institution to participate in any of the Title IV federal student financial assistance 

programs (other than the State Student Incentive Grant [SSIG] and the National Early Intervention 

Scholarship and Partnership [NEISP] programs). 

two-year institution: A postsecondary institution that offers programs of at least 2 but less than 4 

years’ duration. Includes occupational and vocational schools with programs of at least 1,800 hours 

and academic institutions with programs of less than 4 years. Does not include bachelor’s degreegranting institutions where the baccalaureate program can be completed in 3 years or those 

institutions offering programs above the baccalaureate level. 

UserID: A series of numbers possibly with an alpha prefix that is created for a specific user to be able 

to access a system. Each user is required to have a UserID and a password for security purposes in 

order to access the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data collection system.