Technical Document: Sectors, Chemicals and Functions in the DSW Re-Manufacturing Exclusion June 16, 2011

Selection of Industry Sectors, Chemicals and 

Functions in the Remanufacturing Exclusion:

Background Document in Support of the Definition of Solid 

Waste Rule

Prepared by:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Economic, Exposure and Technology Division

Pollution Prevention Division

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, DC 20460

June 16, 2011
Introduction

This background document provides the basis for the selection of industries, chemicals, and 

functions in the Remanufacturing exclusion in the definition of solid waste rule. Companies 

within these sectors are highly integrated. These chemicals are used because of how they

function, and are used within these sectors in the same way – to manufacture a specialty

(organic) chemical product – such as a paint, plastic or drug.

The Green Engineering Program within the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention 

(OCSPP) has for several years been studying re-manufacturing scenarios for “once-used” 

solvents in the pharmaceutical industry sector that use solvents as chemical manufacturing and 

processing aids. By focusing on the life-cycle (beginning and end of life) impact in their 

manufacture, and reviewing Toxics Release Inventory Production Related Waste reporting, EPA 

has found that a large, but often hidden footprint is from the disposal of these solvents. EPA has 

determined that the environmental impacts from solvents used as manufacturing and processing 

aids could be significantly reduced if the product life of solvents used for these purposes were 

extended to more than a single use.1(Extension of life)

Why these Sectors? 

As stated in the Preamble, EPA selected these sectors as candidates for the re-manufacturing 

exclusion because they are manufacturing sectors not waste handling sectors, and because they

use chemicals serving as chemical manufacturing and processing aids2. Sectors that use 

chemicals in this way are limited to those that make chemicals, and these sectors are relatively 

few in number. EPA has selected most of the sectors that fall into this group and would 

welcome comment on its selections. Since readers may well be familiar with numerous 

additional sectors downstream from chemical manufacturers which combine chemicals to make 

various end-products, EPA would simply note that they do not share the function of performing 

actual chemical manufacturing and processing, do not use chemicals in their capacity as 

manufacturing and processing aids and, thus, cannot be considered under the re-manufacturing 

exclusion as proposed. 

Regarding the sectors selected as candidates for the re-manufacturing exclusion, EPA would like 

to note a few things. The basic organic chemicals sector makes both polymer resins and 

specialty chemicals. Polymer resins are the backbone for paints, resins and plastics, whereas 

specialty chemicals are used to make the complex molecules in the pharmaceutical industry. 

TRI reporting shows that the facilities within and among each sector are co-located by each 

other3and are customers of one another. Although there are many small facilities within each of 

these sectors, the highest volumes of material are reported by a few large parent companies that 

manage the entire supply chain. Also, film-forming agents are resins, but are reported in the 

paint & coatings sector. Makers of polymers report in both basic organic and plastic & resin 

 

1 Mass Balance Model is available to estimate emissions reductions from a process change of disposal to recycling. 

See Tables 8.1 and 8.2, Appendix 4

2

See discussion and table on “Why these functions?” one page below for TRI evidence of sector-function 

relationship.

3

See Map 2, and Figures 6.1 – 6.8, Appendix 2.
sectors. Some makers of specialty chemicals used in and sold to pharmaceutical companies 

actually report in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Why these Chemicals?

EPA has made its best estimate of those chemicals used as chemical manufacturing and 

processing aides in significant volumes from the list of all chemicals used by the four selected 

sectors. As noted in the Preamble to the Proposed Rule, “processing aid” solvents assist in the 

reaction, extraction, purification, and blending of ingredients and reactive products, but are not 

themselves reacted. These processing aid solvents, once used, can then be re-manufactured to 

commercial grade again. These higher-value solvents were selected because there are existing 

markets for all these solvents to be re-manufactured to serve similar purposes to those of the 

original commercial-grade materials. All these chemicals are solvents (some watery, some oily, 

some a specialty combination of the two), and TRI reporting indicates these sectors use these 

solvents in large volumes. EPA would welcome comments on any additions or deletions that 

could be made to its list of chemicals used as chemical manufacturing and processing aides in the 

four selected sectors. 

Why these Functions? 

As noted in the Preamble, EPA has selected two chemical functions that a sector would need to 

be engaged in to make its chemical(s) eligible for re-manufacturing under the exclusion: (1) the 

chemical would need to be serving as a chemical manufacturing aid (reacting, extracting, 

blending and/or purifying chemicals); or, (2) the chemical would need to be serving as a 

chemical processing aid (extracting, blending and purifying chemicals). EPA chose these 

functions because solvents used for these functions, when chosen to, can be easily separated 

readily from the other reaction components. Easy separation can occur because these solvents 

serve to dissolve other chemicals without bonding to them, in a contaminant-free processing 

step, after which they are removed as quickly and completely as possible. This is in contrast to a 

solvent serving in an alternate function as a cleaner or degreaser, where the solvent gets 

contaminated, is more difficult to separate from grease or other contaminants, and is more likely

to be discarded. 

EPA is able to discern the functional footprint of the selected solvents in sector facility TRI 

reports. Sectors that use a chemical in significant volumes as a manufacturing and processing 

aid have a significantly higher waste-to-release ratio for that chemical (discernable even in 

aggregate chemical reporting) than sectors that use a chemical for other functions. (See Table 1)
Table 1. 2009 TRI Rank by Waste Reporting 4

2009 Rank 

by 

releases

Industry Releases (lbs) Waste (lbs)

Waste 

Divided by 

Release

Number of TRI 

submissions

1 Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation 790,126,465 1,847,589,379 2.34 5,924

2 Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining 746,797,067 783,140,544 1.05 72

3 Gold Ore Mining 187,690,280 285,231,764 1.52 255

4 Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining 164,894,245 165,736,271 1.01 156

5 Iron and Steel Mills 132,200,157 576,390,882 4.36 1,156

6 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 105,000,685 430,593,831 4.10 1,673

7 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 91,230,316 2,507,659,432 27.49 3,230

15 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing 47,759,444 1,182,155,225 24.75 2,472

18 Petrochemical Manufacturing 35,251,673 1,045,278,191 29.65 1,160

61 Paint and Coating Manufacturing 3,785,958 88,569,586 23.39 2,187

75 Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing 2,927,669 127,941,377 43.70 376

A TRI-reporting facility has a high waste-to-release ratio when relatively little is being released 

on site and relatively more of it is being managed as a waste. Its management as a waste could 

involve disposal onsite (e.g., burning for energy recovery or flaring) or offsite (e.g., incineration 

or burning at a cement kiln for energy recovery). By contrast, if a solvent were being used as a 

degreaser onsite, there would be a higher proportion of releases, since a solvent in use as a 

degreaser releases fugitive volatile emissions. 

The primary reason for this footprint is clear in the analysis. Of the billion pounds reported of 

the 16 TRI chemicals by these 4 sectors, over half is recycled onsite. The largest ‘waste’ 

reporting submissions are in the basic organic chemical industry. When they choose to recycle, 

virtually all of chemical is recovered. (>99% of total production related waste)5. So there are no 

other releases or wastes associated with over 500 million of the billion pounds reported. TRI 

Production Related Waste is reported as a transfer, such as to landfill, underground injection, 

POTW, energy recovery, treatment and recycling. Any onsite or offsite recycling is reported 

within the Total Production Related Waste number. So the footprint is clear to discern but not 

clear in it’s meaning, as the top waste submitters are also the top solvent recyclers.6 A facility in 

Hopewell VA, (Map 1), has the 2nd and 3rd largest waste submissions in all of TRI reporting. 

2008TRI reporting shows that this facility recycles 99.38% of its methanol, over 56,000 tons. 

As Map 1 illustrates, Hopewell also reports 168 tons of methanol being transferred to the local 

wastewater treatment facility. The methanol could be used as a wastewater facility treatment 

chemical. The use of methanol as a wastewater treatment chemical for reducing nitrate levels in 

POTWs has been successfully applied.7 

 

4 Adapted from RTKNET.org, 2009TRI Rank by Waste Reporting

5

See Table 4.4, Appendix 1: Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers - By % of Total Waste 

6

Id

7 Nearly 200 wastewater treatment facilities across the US are currently using methanol in their denitrification 

process. Blue Plains Wastewater Treatment Facility is the single largest point source of nitrogen for the Bay, at 20 

tons of nitrogen per day. Methanol denitrification helped to reduce that number to 10 tons per day, half its original 

nitrogen discharge. The use of methanol denitrification at Blue Plains has resulted in a 30% drop in nitrogen levels 

in the Chesapeake Bay, from just one treatment plant. www.methanol.ru/fotos/File/MethanolDenitrification.pdf
Map 1.
Sectors

The following sections further provide the rationale for the selection of the sectors and chemicals.

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Sector (Pharma): There are 208 submissions of the 16 

chemicals accounting for 10% of the billion pounds reported for the 4 sectors. As confirmed by 

this sector’s waste to release ratio, this industry uses, conservatively, 100 kg solvents to make 

just one kg of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.8 It appears that these companies outsource their 

‘waste’ management. The highest percentage of the waste reported, 35% is going to offsite 

energy recovery. In the current environment, nearly half of these cleanest materials end up in a 

cement kiln or incinerator. There is both on-site recycling (29%) and off-site recycling (9%), 

with a combined total recycling rate of 38%. (See Table 2 below and Tables 1.1 and 1.2 in 

Appendix 1) 

Table 2. Pharmaceutical Sector Offsite and Onsite Recycling

Paint & Coating Manufacturing Sector (P&C): There are 991 submissions of the 16 

chemicals accounting for 9% of the billion pounds reported for the 4 sectors. As confirmed by 

the high number of TRI submissions to a relatively low volume, the Paint & Coatings industry

has 1000’s of products and must be able to turn around an order in a short period of time. As 

such, they keep a variety of monomers on hand.9 These monomers are stored in the processing 

aid solvents so they do not react before their time.10 The highest percentage of the waste 

reported, 62%, is onsite recycling. Off-site recycling account for 23% of the total reported 

waste, and, when combined with onsite recycling, this industry has the highest percentage of 

total waste that is recycled: 85%. (See Table 3 below and Tables 2.1 and 2.2 in Appendix 1) 

 

8

Preamble footnote 21

9 Goldschmidt, A., Streitberger, H., BASF handbook of Coating Technology, Typical Composition of Coatings, 

Figure 2.1.1, pg 28, 2003.

10 Dan Crowl, H. Dow Professor for Chemical Process Safety, Michigan Technical University, email from 4/20 /11

Pharmaceutical Sector Recycling: 

Chemical Offsite Recycling Onsite Recycling

METHANOL 1,366,677 7,704,629

CHLOROBENZENE 0 7,672,183

DICHLOROMETHANE 4,235,378 6,072,254

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 0 4,410,529

TOLUENE 1,187,694 3,422,137

CYCLOHEXANE 0 2,511,052

ACETONITRILE 3,386,714 921,646

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 170,000 0

CHLOROFORM 64,651 0

N-HEXANE 18,000 0

METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER 12,056 0

XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 3,118 0

N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 162 0

1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 0 0

CHLOROMETHANE 0 0

ETHYLBENZENE 0 0
 Table 3. Paint & Coating Sector Offsite and Onsite Recycling

Plastic & Resin Manufacturing Sector (P&R): There are 438 submissions of the 16 chemicals 

accounting for 17% of the billion pounds reported for the 4 sectors. Petroleum refining and 

synthetic organic chemical manufacturing facilities produce the raw materials used to make 

plastic resin. Because of integration between the industries, the development of the 

petrochemical industry has contributed strongly to the growth of the plastic resin industry11. The 

highest percentage of the waste reported, 41%, is onsite recycling. Off-site recycling accounts 

for just 1% of the total reported waste. When combined with onsite recycling, this industry has a 

total recycling rate of 42%. (See Table 4 below and Tables 3.1 and 3.2 in Appendix 1) 

Table 4. Plastic & Resin Sector Offsite and Onsite Recycling

 

11 OECA sector profile notebook on Plastic and Manmade resins. EPA’s OECA Sector Notebook: 

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/notebooks/index.html

Plastic & Coating Sector Recycling: 

Chemical Offsite Recycling Onsite Recycling

CYCLOHEXANE 0 22,862,498

METHANOL 6,949,415 19,555,731

XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 1,719,228 13,599,942

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 424,332 7,589,887

N-HEXANE 2,142,264 4,343,100

TOLUENE 193,551 2,985,022

ETHYLBENZENE 366,211 2,171,612

N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 0 1,863,080

CHLOROBENZENE 954,563 404,680

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 93,817 16,514

1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 66,172 2,662

DICHLOROMETHANE 0 0

CHLOROMETHANE 0 0

ACETONITRILE 0 0

CHLOROFORM 0 0

METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER 0 0

Paint & Coating Sector Recycling: Chemical Offsite Recycling Onsite Recycling

XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 2,424,162 25,918,934

METHANOL 310,962 14,164,696

TOLUENE 2,412,244 7,386,339

ETHYLBENZENE 397,294 4,760,217

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 2,607,029 4,628,118

1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 70,070 2,133,971

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 514,642 1,247,171

N-HEXANE 15,865 146,346

DICHLOROMETHANE 52,581 4,876

CYCLOHEXANE 4,574 3,580

N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 2,018 0

ACETONITRILE 0 0

CHLOROBENZENE 0 0

CHLOROFORM 0 0

CHLOROMETHANE 0 0

METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER 0 0
Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Sector (BOM): There are 765 submissions of the 16 

chemicals accounting for 63% of the billion pounds reported for the 4 sectors. The organic 

chemicals industry is broken down into two categories: bulk and specialty. The final product for 

this sector is an actual chemical so it is inherent within this industry to more effectively manage 

their chemicals on site. Organic Chemicals facilities, large and small volumes, report over 99% 

of their total production related waste being recycled on site.12 These submissions are of high 

enough volumes to be able to consume all pharmaceutical solvents currently being disposed of in 

a cement kiln. The highest percentage of the waste reported, 60%, is onsite recycling. There is 

no off-site recycling reported for this industry. (See Table 5 below and Tables 4.1 and 4.2 in 

Appendix 1) 

Table 5. Basic Organic Sector Onsite Recycling

All Four Manufacturing Sectors Combined: There are 2402 submissions of the 16 chemicals 

accounting for the billion pounds reported for all 4 sectors. Only 15% of this total mass is going 

to off-site Energy Recovery (cement kiln) and off-site Thermal Treatment (incinerator). The 

highest percentage of the waste reported, 53% is onsite recycling. Off-site recycling account for 

4% of the total reported waste. When combined with onsite recycling, all four sectors combined 

have a total recycling rate of 57%. On-site recycling and off-site energy recovery seem to be an 

‘all’ of ‘nothing’ choice. Pharma facilities, having the highest off-site energy recovery, 

typically have 100% of their total production related waste going to the cement kiln. When 

BOM chooses to recycle, it is typically at rates of 100% of their total reported waste. (See Table 

6 below and Tables 5.1 and 5.2 in Appendix) 

 

12 See Table 4.4, Appendix 1: Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers - By % of Total Waste 

Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing 

Recycling: Chemical Onsite Recycling

METHANOL 254,012,698

TOLUENE 119,123,526

XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 14,510,678

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 4,316,302

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 3,882,200

ETHYLBENZENE 2,777,434

ACETONITRILE 2,319,728

DICHLOROMETHANE 1,841,486

CHLOROBENZENE 1,047,198

CHLOROMETHANE 508,485

N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 436,500

CHLOROFORM 350,000

CYCLOHEXANE 167,981

METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER 101,994

N-HEXANE 16,251

1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 14,000
Table 6. All Four Sectors Combined: Offsite and Onsite Recycling

All Four Sectors Recycling: 

Chemical Offsite Recycling Onsite Recycling

METHANOL 13,367,148 295,437,754

TOLUENE 5,142,989 132,917,024

XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 4,615,416 54,029,554

CYCLOHEXANE 15,077 25,545,111

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 3,234,301 16,100,205

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 635,449 9,990,516

ETHYLBENZENE 885,211 9,709,263

CHLOROBENZENE 954,563 9,124,061

DICHLOROMETHANE 5,223,964 7,918,616

N-HEXANE 2,464,066 4,505,697

ACETONITRILE 3,396,731 3,241,374

N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 74,830 2,299,580

1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 136,244 2,150,633

CHLOROMETHANE 340,000 508,485

CHLOROFORM 75,575 350,000

METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER 858,906 101,994
Chemicals

Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories: polar and non-polar, with polar being 

‘water-loving’ and non-polar being ‘water-hating’. Non-Polar Solvents facilitate in the addition 

and removal of Hydrogen (+H) and / or a methyl group (-CH3). Polar Protic Solvents facilitate 

in the addition and removal of a Hydroxide group (-OH) and / or the addition or removal of a 

methyl group (-CH3). Polar Aprotic Solvents facilitate the addition of substances other than 

the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 

The Polarity Index of the solvent provides a measure of a solvent's polarity. Water has a Polarity 

Index of 10. Solvents with a polarity index of less than 3 are generally considered to be nonpolar.13

 As a rule of thumb, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents 

dissolve non-polar compounds best: "like dissolves like". Strongly polar compounds like salt 

dissolve only in very polar solvents like water, while strongly non-polar compounds like oil 

dissolve only in very non-polar organic solvents like hexane. Similarly, water and hexane (or 

vinegar and vegetable oil) do not mix with each other and will quickly separate into two layers 

even after being shaken well.

Non-Polar Solvents: Non-polar chemicals are made of carbon and hydrogen. Hexane, derived 

directly from crude oil, has a polarity index of 0. Reactions using these solvents must be in 

water and oxygen free environments as components from these materials interfere with the 

chemical reaction. Primary functions facilitate in the addition and removal of Hydrogen (+H) 

(hydrogenation / dehydrogenation) and the addition or removal of a methyl group (-CH3) 

(alkylation / dealkylation). There are 6 non-polar solvents: hexane, (1, 2, 4) trimethylbenzene, 

cyclohexane, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene. 

Polar Protic Solvents: On the opposite scale of the non-polar solvents are the polar protic 

solvents. Water (H-O-H) is a polar protic solvent. Polar protic solvents contain carbon, 

hydrogen and oxygen. They differ from non-polar as their primary function is the addition and 

removal of a hydroxide group, (–OH). Similar to non-polar is the addition and removal of the 

methyl group (-CH3). Methanol is CH3-OH. There are 3 polar protic solvents: methanol, 

ethanol and n-butyl alcohol.

Polar Aprotic Solvents: These solvents have a broad range of polarities and are used in 

reactions with both polar protic and non-polar solvents. These are specialty chemicals made in 

batch processes several stages downstream from the starting building blocks and intermediate 

materials. Polar aprotics involve addition of other non-organic substances, such as ammonia / 

nitrogen and salt / chlorine used to make acetonitrile and chloromethane. Chemical formulations 

contain carbons and hydrogen, often contains oxygen, and often contains another element such 

as nitrogen or chlorine. There are 9 polar protic solvents: acetonitrile, chlorobenzene, 

chloroform, chloromethane, dichloromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Methyl isobutyl 

ketone (MIK), n,n- dimethylformamide, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). 

 

13 See Table 7: Solvent Polarity with Health Effects
Functions

Dow Chemical describes the function of these chemicals as. . “A special task in that they merely 

provide assistance during the processing of....[chemical] materials. When this task is done, they 

should be removed again as quickly and completely as possible.” 14 This is what allows these 

materials to be readily remanufactured. 

Two primary categories are manufactured using processing aid solvents in this function: 

1 - Specialty Chemicals: Multi–stage batch processing reactions where a chemical is ‘built’ onto 

a backbone, and

2 – Resins: The monomer, polymers, and film forming agents that must be dissolved before they

can be reacted.

Used in making another Chemical: High temperatures break or ‘crack’ the carbon double bond, 

allowing component, x---y to be reacted onto the backbone. 

Functions include enabling x-y to attach with the molecule, removing x or y from the reacted 

molecule, and removing x or y from the solvent itself so that it may be reused. The more 

complex the chemical, such as a specialty chemical or a pharmaceutical, the more steps it takes 

to get there. These solvents are used in each step.

Used in making a (polymer) Resin Dow Chemicals terms the types of monomers used in 

chemical reactions to make polymers as ‘functional monomers’. A functional monomer will 

continue to create its own polymer chain, as aided by the solvent, by feeding in more of the 

functional monomer. Illustrated, again, with ethylene (C2H4)  polyethylene (C2nH4n):

 

The studied solvents are universally used to control the reaction conditions, i.e. – keep the 

chemical from reacting and controlling the reaction of the chemical. There are a relatively small 

subset of solvents used for this function that correspond with a broad range of double-carbon 

bonded functional groups15 and functional monomers. 

 

14 Yocum and Nyquist, (ed), Functional Monomers: Their Preparation, Polymerization, and Application, 1973.

15 The theory and application of breaking a double carbon bond of a smaller molecule to make other chemicals is 

very broad. A series of books on chemistry edited by Patai include a double volume (1343 pgs) on “The chemistry 

of double-bonded functional groups”, John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
Health Effects

Risk is a function of hazard and exposure,16 and, from a hazard perspective, all of these 

chemicals have suspected or recognized hazardous health effects associated with their 

manufacture, processing, and use. (Table 7) Although EPA and industry have been working to 

find substitutes for the more hazardous of these solvents, or find ways to use less of them, this 

has not yet been achieved. In addition, some of these solvents are building block and primary

intermediate chemicals, making them difficult to replace. Until lower-risk substitutes for these 

solvents are found, it is helpful from a health risk standpoint to minimize the volume of solvents 

manufactured and to limit exposure to those already manufactured. 

The exclusion can help reduce exposure to these solvents in three ways. First, the exclusion 

would extend the useful life of existing solvents, which would reduce the health risks associated 

with their manufacture by slowing the rate at which they are manufactured. Second, the 

exclusion would reduce exposure to solvents already manufactured by reducing the fuel blending 

of spent solvent. 17 Re-manufacturing a spent solvent will eliminate the need for blending it with 

another spent solvent to satisfy the fuel-ratio requirements of incinerators and cement kilns. This, 

in turn, will reduce the fugitive emissions associated with unloading and loading containers of 

volatile solvents at fuel-blending facilities. All solvents are volatile, and virtually all spent 

solvents must go through the fuel-blending process prior to disposal. Third and finally, the 

exclusion can reduce the potential exposure from any transportation incidents, since it is likely 

spent solvents can be transported shorter distances for re-manufacturing purposes than they can 

for disposal purposes.18 

. 

 

16 Allen, D., Shonnard, D, Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, Risk 

Concepts, chapter 2, pgs 35-62, Austin, S., US EPA Editor, Published by Prentice-Hall, 2001.

17 See 7.6 & 7.7, Appendix 3: Environmental Release and Exposure from Fuel Blending 

18 See Map 2 and Figures 6.1 – 6.8, Appendix 2, Regional Maps. 
Table 7: Solvents by Polarity Index19 with Health Effects20

Solvent Chemical formula Polarity 

Index

Health Hazard –

Recognized or Suspected

Non-polar solvents

Hexane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 0.0 Sus: DT, NT, RepT, ResT

Cyclohexane C6H12 0.2 Sus: NT

1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene C6H5-CH3-CH3-CH3 0.8 Sus: BT, NT, ResT

Toluene C6H5-CH3 2.4 Rec: DT Sus: BT, GT, IT, KT, NT RepT, ResT, ST

Ethylbenzene C6H5-CH2-CH3 2.4 Rec: CT Sus: BT, DT, ET, GT, KT, RepT, ResT, 

ST

Xylene CH3CH2-O-CH2-CH3 2.5 Sus: BT, DT, GT, IT, KT, NT, RepT, ResT, ST

Polar aprotic solvents

Methyl t-Butyl Ether (MTBE) C5H12-O 2.5 Sus: CT, GT, KT, NT, ResT, ST

Chlorobenzene C6H5-Cl 2.7 Sus: BT, DT, GT, KI, MT, NT, RepT, ST

Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 3.1 Rec: CT Sus: BT, ET, GT, KT, NT, RepT, ResT

Chloroform CHCl3 4.1 Rec: CT Sus: BT, T, ET, GT, KT, NT, RepT, ResT

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (CH3)2CHCH2C(O)CH3 4.0 Sus: DT, GT, KT, NT, ResT, ST

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-\ 4.0 Sus: BT, DT, ET, GT, NT, ResT

Acetonitrile (MeCN) CH3-C≡N 5.8 Sus: BT, DT, GT, KT, HT, RepT, ResT

Dimethylformamide (DMF) H-C(=O)N(CH3)2 6.4 Sus: DT, GT, KT, NT, RepT, ResT, ST

Polar protic solvents

Butyl Alcohol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH 3.9 Sus: BT, GT, NT, ResT, ST

Methanol CH3-OH 5.1 Sus: DT, GT, KT, NT, ResT, ST

Ethanol CH3-CH2-OH 5.2 Sus: CT, BT, DT, ET, GT, NT, RepT, ResT, ST

Water H-O-H 10 Sus: GT, NT

Carcinogen: CT

Cardiovascular or blood Toxicant: BT

Developmental Toxicant: DT

Endocrine Toxicant: ET

Gastrointestinal or liver Toxicant: GT

Immunotoxicant: IT

Kidney Toxicant: KT

Muscular Skeletal Toxicant: MT

Neurotoxicant: NT

Reproductive Toxicant RepT

Respiratory Toxicant ResT

Skin or Sense Organ Toxicant ST

 

19 A Charles M. Hansen Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook CRC Press, 2007, ISBN 0849372488

20 Scorecard.org / chemical profiles / health hazards

15

MAP 2
16

APPENDIX 1: Sector Characterization: Each Sector and All 4 Sectors Combined

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Sector

Table 1.1 Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 1.2 Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 1.1 US Sector Map21

Paint & Coatings Manufacturing Sector

Table 2.1 Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 2.2 Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 2.1 US Sector Map

Plastic & Resin Manufacturing Sector 

Table 3.1 Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 3.2 Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 3.1 US Sector Map

Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Sector 

Table 4.1 Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 4.2 Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 4.1 US Sector Map, Toluene Subset

Table 4.3 Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers - By % of Total Waste

Table 4.4 Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers - By Total Waste

Table 4.5 Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers - By Chemical

Figure 4.2 Top Waste Reporter of Toluene: Henry Map

Figure 4.3 Top Waste Reporter of Methanol: Hopewell Map

 All 4 Sectors Combined 

Table 5.1 All 4 sector summary w/ RTKNET.org and OECA Sector Profile Notebook Links

Table 5.2 Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 5.3 Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 5.1 US Sector Map: All 4 sectors combined with cement kilns

 

21 US Sector Maps: Facilities in United States reporting Toluene > 25,000 lbs waste.
17

APPENDIX 2: Regional Maps:22 Transportation and co-located 

Potential Remanufacturing Facilities

Figure 6.1 Pharmaceutical: Elkton, VA 

Figure 6.2 Pharmaceutical: Florence, SC

Figure 6.3 Pharmaceutical: Albany, OR

 Figure 6.4 Basic Organic: Willow Island, WV

Figure 6.5 Basic Organic: Elgin SC

Figure 6.6 Basic Organic: Georgetown, IL

Figure 6.6 Basic Organic Willow Island & Pharmaceutical Elkton

Figure 6.7 Basic Organic Elgin & Pharmaceutical Florence 

Figure 6.8 Basic Organic Georgetown & Pharmaceutical Kalamazoo (Sector Anlysis, Map 2)

APPENDIX 3: New Chemicals Assessment: Release and Exposure from 

Toluene Fuel Blending

 7.1 Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Process Flow Chart

7.2 New Chemical assessment as it relates to the Remanufacturing Exclusion

7.3 ChemSTEER Worksheet: Manufacture and use (destroyed) as an intermediate

Figure 7.1 Puerto Rico Map: Transport of Toluene from Pfizer to disposal

7.5 ChemSTEER worksheet: Fuel Blending (unload, blend, load) Activity

7.6 ChemSTEER: Fuel Blending: ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES ESTIMATE SUMMARY

7.7 ChemSTEER: Fuel Blending: OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES ESTIMATE SUMMARY

 Figure 7.2 Cement Kiln US Sector Map

APPENDIX 4: Mass Balance Model and Embedded Emissions Modules 

Table 8.1 Mass Balance Model

Table 8.2 Modules Embedded in Mass Balance Model

 

22 Regional Maps: Facilities in Region reporting toluene > 25,000 lbs waste. Includes current offsite disposal routes and 

locations of potential remanufacturing facilities.