Solid fuel small combustion installationsFinal Stakeholder MeetingEuP Preparatory StudyLot 15**A study being conducted for DG TREN by Bio Intellig ence Service** **in cooperation with AEA Energy & Environment and IT T** Final Stakeholder MeetingBrussels, Belgium, July 13 2009Lot 15 preparatory Study10:00 – 11:00 Introduction, summary of Tasks 1 to 411:00 – 12:30 Task 6: BATs and improvement potentialAgenda2Lunch14:00 – 15:30 Task 5: Base Cases15:30 – 16:30 Task 7: Analysis of improvement potential16h30 – 17:00 Next steps and discussionTimelineKEY TASKSOct Dec Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep200820071. Organisational tasks: website,stakeholders identification andcontacts2. Task 1: Scope Definition,standards and legislationOctNovNovDecStakeholderMeetingJan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep2009First stakeholdermeeting33. Task 2: Economic and marketanalysis5. Task 4: Technical analysisexisting products7. Task 6 Technical analysis BATInterimReport8. Task 7: Improvement potential9. Task 8: Scenario- , policy- impactand sensitivity analysisStakeholderMeeting4. Task 3: Consumer behaviourand local infrastructure6. Task 5: Definition Base caseFinalReportDraftFinalReportFinalStakeholderMeetingFinal stakeholdermeetingInterimstakeholdermeetingTask 1-4 - SummaryEuP methodology3. Consumer Behaviour2. Market Analysis1. Definition4. Real life products5. Base-caseanalysis6. BAT analysis8. Policy Analysis7. Improvement Potential4Task 1-4 - Summary1. Task 1 - Scope of the studyContents2. Task 2 - Market analysis3. Task 3 - Consumer behaviour4. Task 4 - Technical analysis5Task 1 - ScopeDefinitionDefinition: “Solid fuel Small Combustion Installations”Combustion installation:single combustion appliance and related operating equipment6Space heating functionSmall:capacity below 500kWSolid fuelMineral raw or manufactured fuels (e.g. coals of various ranks, briquettes)Biomass, raw or manufactured (e.g. wood logs, woodpellets, charcoal)PeatTask 1 - ScopeWithin the scope: standard space heating installationsIndirect heating (typically primary heating source):Central heating boilers <50kWCentral heating boilers 50-500kWDirect heating (primary or secondary heating source):FireplacesStovesCookers7Task 1 - ScopeEuropean test standardsEN303-5 12809 13240 12815 13229 15250 14785Lot 15ApplianceBoilers(indirectBoilers(directStovesCookersOpenfireplaces/Slow heatreleasePelletstoves8Appliance(indirectheating)(directheating)StovesCookersfireplaces/insertsreleasestovesstovesFuelSolid mineral fuels and biomassWoodpelletsEfficiencyrequirementsDirect(3 classes)Indirect(checking)Indirect(≥ 50%)Indirect(≥ 60%)Indirect(≥ 75% / ≥30%)Indirect(≥ 70%)Indirect(≥ 75%)EmissionsrequirementsCOOGCPMNOxCO (≤ 1%) CO (≤ 1%) CO (≤ 1%) CO (≤ 0.2%) CO (≤ 0.3%)CO (≤0.04%)Task 1 - ScopeExisting EU legislations and labelsEU legislationsDirectly related:Construction Product Directive (89/106/EEC); Low VoltageDirective (2006/95/EC); Machinery Directive (98/37/EC); Pressure EquipmentDirective (97/23/EEC)Indirectly related:Air quality; Energy Performance of Buildings Directive;9Directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources; Boiler efficiencyDirective (92/42/EEC); Large Combustion Plant Directive (2001/80/EC)Labels and voluntary schemesBlue Angel (DE)Nordic Swan (SE,NO,DK,FI)Umweltzeichen 37 (AU)Flamme Verte (FR)HETAS certification (UK)Etc.Task 2 - Market AnalysisApproach to market data collection:The problem: a fragmented marketPRODCOM data incompleteNo robust EU-wide estimates of sales and stocksSolution 1: market data collection10Market analysis reportsQuestionnaires to industry (22 replies)Solution 2: extrapolationsBased on country groupings,-Number of heating degree days-(Coal and wood resources)Used when no market data availablein a MS, for one product groupTask 2 -Market AnalysisMarket size in EU-27Appliance category Sales StockOpen fireplaces 850 000 16 000 00011Direct heatingClosed fireplaces / inserts 849 100 16 139 000Stoves 1 306 700 25 901 000Cookers 464 200 7 594 000Indirect heating Boilers 313 000 7 846 100Total3 783 000 73 480 100Task 2: Market AnalysisLifetimeAverage product life (years)CITEPA study vs stakeholdersBiomass(CITEPA)Mineral(CITEPA)StakeholdersLot 15(Base cases)Openfireplaces25 25 20 – 503512Closedfireplaces15 15-25 15 – 2520Cookers15 15-25 10 – 3020Stoves –manual15 15-25 15 – 4027.5Pellet stoves10 – 15Boilers -manual15 15-25 10 – 2517.5 - 20Boilers -automatic15 15-25 15 – 2520Task 2 - Market AnalysisExpenditure (EU-27 average)Investment costsare significantEU averageAppliance type Purchase Installation Maintenance RepairIndirect heating3000-4000€1500€500€500€Total5500-6500€13Fuel prices:solid fuel tend to becheaperthan liquid fuels or gasHigh variability among MSEU averageElectricity prices:EU average: 0.16 €/kWhIndirect heating3000-4000€1500€500€500€Direct heating 2000 € 500-1000 € 250-350 € 200-250 €5500-6500€3000-3600 €Wood logs Anthracite6.5 €/GJ 8 €/GJTask 2 - Market AnalysisMarket trendsBiomass boom20% renewable energy use by 202014Today: 4.1%[1.3% - 29.8%] of energy from biomassSolid fuel boilers sales2004 -> 2010:3% -> 6% of all boiler salesAfter 2010:market saturationTask 2: Market AnalysisConclusionsBest estimates based on individual sources,in the absence of a single source forcomprehensive market data:Accuracy of figures can be challenged15But clearly shows that the yearly sales of the SCIsare higher the 200 000 unitthreshold set in the EuP directiveBasis for selecting representative products and input in Task 5Growing market,both in sales and stockMarket structure drivenmostly by energy prices and fuel availabilityThe problem: poor data on characteristics of useSubstantial variability in use characteristics in EU-27Function of SCI:primary heating vs secondary heating vs decorativeGeographic location:number of cold days, availability of fuelsConsumer influences-Appropriateness and quality of fuelTask 3: Consumer behaviourApproach16-Load size and frequency-Maintenance-Local infrastructureData availabilityNo comprehensive data on use patterns of SCIs in each MS (**Litterature**)Comprehensive data ontotal solid fuel usein the residential sector in each MS(**Eurostat, JWEE, Eurobserver**)⇒Need to estimate energy use indirectlyEstimation of energy useTop-down approachEU-27 total energy use from solid fuels(**Eurostat Energy Balance data, 2006**)Average appliance:average energy use per appliance (**Litterature**)Average EU-27 energy use/appliance:scaled according to EU-27 stocks (**Task 2**)Task 3: Consumer behaviour17Total energy use in the residential sectorIndirect heatingDirect heatingBoilersCookersFireplacesStoves> 50kW≤ 50kWOpenClosed /insertClassicSlow heatreleasePelletsCookersResidential sectorIndustrial sectorEstimation of energy use: by appliance and fuel typeCountry groups 2 and 5 (UK, IR, PO, CZ, SK, HU, RO,BG)Direct heating: mineral fuels and biomass used in proportion their availability(except pellet stoves -> 100% biomass)Indirect heating: non domestic appliances exclusively mineral fuels. DomesticTask 3: Consumer behaviour18appliances, mineral fuels and biomass used in proportion their availabilityOther EU-27 countriesDirect heating: 100% of appliances use biomass energyIndirect heating: 100% mineral fuel used; rest is biomass energyTask 3 - Consumer behaviourAppliance typeHours ofoperationper yearResults: estimated energy use per year (EU-27 average)19Open fireplace 42Closed fireplace 266Stove 337Cooker 112Pellet stove 403Slow heat release 377Domestic boilers 478Non-domestic boilers 651Task 4 – Technical analysisLCA stepsTechnical characteristics in the 4 steps of the Life CycleAssessment (LCA)20Production phase(Bill of Materials)Distribution phase(transport)Use phaseEmissionsFuel use(Task 3)Electricity consumptionEnd-of-life phase(Recycling/disposal)Task 4: Technical analysisProduction phaseApplianceOutput[kW]FuelsupplyDraftIaryairIIaryairMainbiomassfuelMainmineralfuelFireplaceOpen fireplace 5-15 Manual Natural X X Wood logs CoalInsert fireplace5-10 Manual Natural X X Wood logs CoalInsertfireplace+IIaryair5-10ManualNaturalXWood logsCoalDirect heating appliances21FireplaceInsertfireplace+IIaryair5-10ManualNaturalXWood logsCoalClosed fireplace 5-15 Manual Natural X X Wood logs CoalClosed fireplace + IIary air 5-15 Manual Natural XWood logs MSFCookerTraditional cooker 5-15 Manual Natural X X Wood logs MSFAdvanced cooker 5-15 Manual Natural XWood logs MSFStoveSlow heat release stove 2-7 Manual Natural XWood logs -Kachelofen 2-7 Manual Natural X X Wood logs CoalTraditional stove 6-10 Manual Natural X X Wood logs CoalModern stove 6-10 Manual Natural XWood logs CoalContinuous burning stove 6-10 Manual Natural X X Wood logs MSFAdvanced stove 6-10 Manual NaturalWood logs MSFPellet stove5-15 Automatic ForcedWood pellets -Task 4: Technical analysisProduction phaseIndirect heating appliancesBoilerOutput[kW]FuelsupplyDraftIaryairIIaryairMain biomassfuelMainmineralfuel<50 kWConventional overfeed 10-50 Manual Natural X X Wood logs CoalConventional + Iary air10-50 Manual NaturalX Wood logs CoalConventional + IIary air10-50 Manual ForcedWood logs/chips CoalAdvanced gravity feed 10-50 Manual NaturalX Wood logs CoalAdvanced gravity feed + Iiary 15-50 Manual ForcedWood logs MSFDowndraughtgasifying15-50ManualForcedWood logsCoal22Downdraughtgasifying15-50ManualForcedWood logsCoalStoker 15-50 Auto. ForcedWood chips CoalPush-down 15-50 Auto. ForcedWood logs CoalPellet 15-50 Auto. ForcedWood pellets -> 50 kWAdvanced gravity feed 50-100 Manual NaturalX Wood logs CoalAdvanced gravity feed + IIary 50-250 Manual ForcedWood logs CoalConventional + IIary air 50-300 Manual ForcedWood chips CoalDowndraught gasifying 50-250 Manual ForcedWood logs CoalUnderfeed stoker 50-500 Auto. ForcedWood chips MSFPellet boiler 50-500 Auto. ForcedWood pellets -Overfeed stoker moving grate300-500 Auto. ForcedWood chips -Underfeed rotating grate300-500 Auto. ForcedWood chips -Task 4: Technical AnalysisProduction phaseBill of materialsBill of materials>90% steel or cast iron23Refractory materialsElectronicsData gapsSolid mineral fuel appliancesBoilers 50-500 kW outputTask 4: Technical analysisDistribution phaseSCIs <50kWVolume typically ≥ 1m3Cooking products have the largest volumes24SCIs >50kWNo questionnaire repliesData from product data sheetsEmissions – direct heating appliances (DIN+) – not used for LCA impactsTask 4: Technical AnalysisUse phase (1/4)ApplianceConfigurationNumber ofresponsesStandardEffi-ciencyCOPMNOxasNO2VOC/OGC% g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJClosedNo secondaryair2EN 13229DIN+76 859 18 23 n.d.Withsecondary air15EN 13229DIN+75.9 1000 41 123 77ManualEN 1322925ClosedFireplacesManualprimary andsecondary air16EN 13229DIN+75.8 963 36 116 70Automaticprimary andsecondary air2EN 13229DIN+80 1031 n.d. 138 83CookersManualprimary air4EN 12815DIN+72 1186 65 129 76Automaticprimary air2EN 12815DIN+71.5 1933 69 138 69StovesNo secondaryair4EN 13240DIN+76 859 16 80 42Withsecondary air25EN 13240DIN+76.8 952 25 125 73Manualprimary air27EN 13240DIN+77 936 42 120 69Automaticprimary air1EN 13240DIN+76.8 952 25 125 73Task 4: Technical AnalysisUse phase (2/4)Emissions – indirect heating appliances (EN 303-5) - not used for LCA impactsBiomass boilers, Austrian dataAverage Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range% % g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJConventional manual boiler <50kWEN-303-5 34 90.982.3 - 99.6324.9 46 - 1548 17 4 - 52 101.5 76 - 163 24.1 (<1) - 80Automatic boiler < 50kWEN-303-512089.184.3 - 93.840910 - 807157 - 2391.552 - 13123(<1) - 46EfficiencyStandardNum-berCO PM Nox VOC/OGCAppliance26Biomass boilersAutomatic boiler < 50kWEN-303-512089.184.3 - 93.840910 - 807157 - 2391.552 - 13123(<1) - 46Automatic wood chips boiler < 50kWEN-303-5 120 82.286.6 - 95.3177.9 11 - 1077 27.5 9 - 60 146.7 103 - 188 20.7 (<1) - 14Manual boiler >50kWEN-303-5 91.790.6 - 93.680.3 31 - 191 19 10 - 31 114 99 - 141 1.5 (<1) - 4Automatic wood chips boiler > 50kWEN-303-5 91.8 87.6 - 95 117 6 - 235 29 5 - 44 153.5 95 - 234 5 (<1) - 9n.d.: no dataAverage Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range% % g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJ g/GJConventional manual boiler <50kWEN-303-5 4 88.686.4 - 90.176.8 72 - 82 16 14 - 17 101.3 94 - 115 5 40089Automatic wood chips boiler < 50kWEN-303-5 4 90.487.3 - 91.843.5 2 - 66 17.3 9 - 25 96.3 69 - 123 <1 <1Manual boiler >50kWEN-303-5 2 91.090.6 - 91.374.5 29 - 120 15.5 10 - 21 90.5 88 - 93 <1 n.d.Automatic wood chips boiler > 50kWEN-303-5 4 91.490.5 - 91.838.3 8 - 75 21.5 15 - 29 103.5 95 - 113 <1 n.d.n.d.: no dataNox VOC/OGCApplianceStandardNum-berEfficiency CO PMTask 4: Technical AnalysisUse phase (3/4)Emissions – indirect heating appliances (EN 303-5) – not used for LCA impactsCoal-fuelled boilers, Polish dataAverage Range Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range%%g/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJApplianceStandard NumberEfficiency CO PM Nox VOC/OGC27%%g/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJg/GJConventional manual boiler <50kWEN-303-5 8 81.2 n.d. 1338 n.d. 70.2 n.d. 127.2 n.d. 73.2 n.d.Automatic boiler < 50kWEN-303-5 10 85.3 n.d. 257.1 n.d. 48.2 n.d. 214.3 n.d. 23.3 n.d.Manual recirpocal feed boiler >50kWEN-303-5 1 86.1 88.4 30.0 190.2 15.0Automatic retort boiler > 50kWEN-303-5 84.2 81.2 -86.5 152.1 85.7 - 225 34.821.4 - 56.3187.5168.8 - 214.318.8 15 - 27.9n.d.: no dataTask 4: Technical AnalysisUse phase (4/4)System impactsUse of accumulator tanksProportion of incorrectly sized appliancesAnnual efficiency/climate28Built environmentAny questions?www.ecosolidfuel.orgBio Intelligence Service**(Tel: +**33 1 53 90 11 80**)**Shailendra Mudgal (shailendra.mudgal@biois.com)AnneTurbé(anne.turbe@biois.com)Thanks!AnneTurbé(anne.turbe@biois.com)Nathalie Roy (nathalie.roy@biois.com)Ian Kuwahara (ian.kuwahara@biois.com)AEA Energy and EnvironmentRobert Stewart (Robert.Stewart@aeat.co.uk)ITTKrystyna Kubica (Krystyna.Kubica@polsl.pl)Robert Kubica (Robert.Kubica@polsl.pl)Task 5: Base CasesTask 5: Base Cases30Task 5 – Base Cases1. Definition of base cases2. Methodology for estimating emission inventoriesAgenda3. Environmental impacts4. Life cycle costs5. EU Totals6. Stakeholder CommentsTask 5: Base CasesAim:Definethe base caseproductswhichrepresenttheEuropeanmarket32Definethe base caseproductswhichrepresenttheEuropeanmarketEstablish a method for representing the emissions of products despite lackinginformationEstimate the life cycle emissions and life cycle costs of European productsDistinguish life cycle phases which have greater impactsBase Case 1 – Open Fireplaces•Power: 15 kW•Efficiency: 15%•Fuel: Wood logsTask 5: Base CasesDefinition33Base Case 2 – Closed Fireplaces•Power: 10 kW•Efficiency: 55%•Fuel:Wood logsTask 5: Base CasesDefinitionLignite34Base Case 3 – Traditional Cooker•Power: 10 kW•Efficiency: 55%•Fuel:Wood logsTask 5: Base CasesDefinitionLignite35Base Case 4 – Traditional Stove•Power: 8 kW•Efficiency: 45%•Fuel: Wood logsLigniteTask 5: Base CasesDefinition36Base Case 5 – Modern Stove•Power: 8 kW•Efficiency: 60%•Fuel: Wood logsLigniteTask 5: Base CasesDefinition37Base Case 6 – Small Manual Boiler•Power: 25 kW•Efficiency: 70%•Fuel:Wood logsTask 5: Base CasesDefinitionLignite38Base Case 7 – Small Automatic Boilers•Power: 25 kW•Efficiency: 75%•Fuel: Other mineralsPelletsTask 5: Base CasesDefinition39Base Case 8 – Medium Automatic Boilers•Power: 100 kW•Efficiency: 85%•Fuel:ChipsTask 5: Base CasesDefinitionLignite40Problem of solid fuel SCI emissionsLarge variations of emission types from productsNo good source of comprehensive data for our studyEmissions are difficult to predictTask 5: Base CasesEmissions Estimate41Task 5: Base CasesEmissions Estimate42Methodology to derive the emission inventories1. Ecoinvent fuel inventories extracted2. Calculation of the indicators per fuel type3.MEEuPfactors appliedTask 5: Base CasesEmissions Estimate4. Fuel inventories compiled for Lot155. Calculation of the appliance factor6. Table 2 x Table 3 (Fuel type with appliance)43Ecoinvent inventory example (wood logs burned in stove):199 Acenaphthene Air kg 1,87E-18200 Acetaldehyde Air kg 1,23E-09201 Acetic acid Air kg 8,63E-10202 Acrolein Air kg 1,08E-15203 Aldehydes, unspecified Air kg 7,94E-15204 Aluminum Air kg 5,35E-08205AmmoniaAirkg3,52E-08Task 5: Base CasesEmissions Estimate205AmmoniaAirkg3,52E-08206 Antimony Air kg 2,80E-14207 Arsenic Air kg 1,69E-13208 Barium Air kg 7,88E-20209 Benzal chloride Air kg 1,37E-19210 Benzene Air kg 1,33E-10211 Benzene, hexachloro- Air kg 2,60E-13212 Benzo(a)pyrene Air kg 6,35E-11213 Beryllium Air kg 4,20E-14214 Boron Air kg 4,55E-19215 Bromine Air kg 3,79E-19216 Butadiene Air kg 4,82E-16217 Butane Air kg 1,96E-12218 Cadmium Air kg 5,74E-12219 Carbon dioxide, biogenic Air kg 2,78E-07220 Carbon dioxide, fossil Air kg 0,00102302221 Carbon disulfide Air kg 2,54E-20222 Carbon monoxide, biogenic Air kg 1,88E-06223Carbon monoxide, fossilAirkg7,14E-06GWPHeavy MetalsAcidification

Many more ...44Fuel Type GERNonhazsolidWasteGlobalWarmingPot.Acid Pot. VOC POPHeavyMetalsPAH PMMJgkg CO2eqg SO2eqmgngi-Teqmg Nieqmg NieqgFuel emission inventories - per GJ of fuelTask 5: Base CasesEmissions EstimateMJgkg CO2eqg SO2eqmgngi-Teqmg Nieqmg NieqgLignite briquettes 1645 2400 182 489 358 103 383 42 274Hard coal briquettes 1139 3100 140 784 577 589 610 57 326Anthracite raw 1085 1800 130 607 424 193 166 43 134Wood logs 1097 560 55 442 21 121 46 287 120Wood pellets 1285 238 30 284 25 307 59 245 36Wood chips 1135 488 38 329 13 158 50 275 3845Fuel Type GERNon hazwasteGWP Acid Pot. VOC POPHeavyMetalsPAH PMMJ g kg CO2eq g SO2eq mg ng i-Teq mg Ni eq mg Ni eq gLigniteFuel emission inventories - per GJ of useful heat deliveredTask 5: Base CasesEmissions Estimatebriquettes3657 5333 404 1087 795 228 851 94 609Hard Coalbriquettes2531 6889 311 1742 1282 1309 1355 126 723Anthraciteraw2412 4000 290 1348 942 429 369 94 297Wood logs 2439 1244 123 982 47 269 102 638 268Wood pellets 2856 529 67 632 55 682 132 544 80Wood chips 2522 1084 85 731 30 350 112 610 8446DIN+ and EN-303-5 data for appliance factorBase Case Efficiency PM CO OGC(mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3)BC 1 Open fireplaces 15 575 21750 900BC 2Closed fireplaces5510511750350Task 5: Base CasesEmissions EstimateBC 2Closed fireplaces5510511750350BC 3 Traditional cooker 55 150 14000 600BC 4 Traditional stoves 45 105 9500 350BC 5 Modern stoves 60 105 9500 350BC 6Small conventional,overfire, manual air control70 154 1882 90BC 7Small automatic, overfire,forced air80 68 568 24BC 8Medium automatic,underfire, forced air85 68 568 4247Assumptions for appliance factor:GER: the normalised efficiency from the base casesPM: the normalised DIN valueVOC: the normalised OGC valueTask 5: Base CasesEmissions EstimateNon-haz waste, Acid Pot. Heavy Metals, POP and PAH: fromGERGWP: estimated as the weighed average of the GER emissionsand CO emissions. CO is given a weight of 10% based on acomparison of CO and CO2 emissions for fuels in Ecoinvent.48GERNon hazwasteGWPAcidPot.VOC POPHeavyMetalsPAH PMOpenfireplaces3.00 3.00 2.93 3.00 2.57 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Closedfireplaces0.82 0.82 0.86 0.82 1.00 0.82 0.82 0.82 1.00Task 5: Base CasesEmissions EstimateTraditionalcooker0.82 0.82 0.88 0.82 1.71 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82Traditionalstoves1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00ModernStove0.75 0.75 0.77 0.75 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00Boiler Man<50kW0.64 0.64 0.60 0.64 0.26 0.64 0.64 0.64 1.47Boiler Auto<50kW0.56 0.56 0.51 0.56 0.07 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.64Boiler Auto>50kW0.53 0.53 0.48 0.53 0.12 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.6449Emission inventories for base cases of Lot 15Task 5: Base CasesEmissions EstimateAppliance Name Fuel Type GERNonhazwasteGWPAcidPot.VOC POPHeavyMetalPAH PMMJ gkgCO2eqgSO2eqmgng i-Teqmg Nieqmg NieqgBC1 - Open fireplace Wood logs 7317 3733 360 2946 121 807 305 1915 803BC2 - Closed fireplace Wood logs 1995 1018 106 804 47 220 83522 268BC2-Closed fireplaceLignite299243643478907951876967760950BC2-Closed fireplaceLignite2992436434789079518769677609BC3 - cooker Wood logs 1995 1018 109 804 81 220 83 522 219BC3 - cooker Hard coal 2992 4364 357 890 1362 187 696 77 498BC4 - Traditional stove Wood logs 2439 1244 123 982 47 269 102 638 268BC4 - Traditional stove Lignite 3657 5333 404 1087 795 228 851 94 609BC5 – Modern stove Wood logs 1829 933 95 737 47 202 76 479 268BC5- Modern stove Anthracite 1809 3000 224 1011 942 322 27771 297BC6 - Small manual boiler Wood logs 1568 800 74 631 12 173 65 410 393BC6 – Small manual boiler Lignite 2351 3429 242 699 204 147547 61 893BC7 - Small automatic boiler Hard coal 1423 3875 159 980 87736 762 71 465BC7 - Small automatic boiler Pellets 1607 298 35 356 4 384 74306 51BC8 - Med automatic boiler Chips 1335 574 41 387 4 185 59 323 54BC8 - Med automatic boiler Pellets 1512 280 33 335 7 361 70 288 51Task 5: Base CasesEmissions Estimate51Environmental impactsUNITOpenfireplacesClosedfireplacesTraditionalcookersTraditionalstovesModernstovesSmallmanualboilersSmallautoboilersMediumautoboilersWoodlogsWoodlogsWood logs Wood logsWoodlogsWood logs Pellets ChipsResourcesUseTotalEnergy (GER) PJ266,81 278,37 59,62 318,26 148,61 223,27 14,48 62,25ofwhich, electricity TWh0,01 0,17 0,12 0,03 0,52 0,26 0,02 0,03Water (process)*mln.m30,030,210,050,121,490,350,020,03Task 5: Base CasesEnvironmental ImpactsWater (process)*mln.m30,030,210,050,121,490,350,020,03Waste, non-haz./ landfill* kton152,28 240,94 136,68 189,07 554,12 195,40 9,83 29,16Waste, hazardous/ incinerated*kton0,01 0,21 0,02 0,01 0,16 0,30 0,01 0,02Emissions (Air)Greenhouse Gases in GWP100mt CO2eq.1,52 1,87 0,62 1,83 2,90 1,36 0,04 0,08Acidifying agents (AP)kt SO2eq.35,38 37,56 8,44 42,09 24,02 29,98 1,32 5,89Volatile Org. Compounds (VOC)kt4,41 6,49 2,26 6,14 3,37 1,70 0,03 0,17Persistent Org. Pollutants (POP)g i-Teq.29,54 31,84 7,81 35,38 21,75 25,40 3,48 8,62Heavy Metals (HM)ton Ni eq.11,24 20,73 6,76 14,89 29,15 10,57 0,91 2,83PAHston Ni eq.69,42 71,58 14,47 82,80 31,47 57,24 2,69 14,96Particulate Matter (PM, dust)kt32,44 40,47 9,18 38,40 63,23 55,48 0,55 2,61Emissions (Water)Heavy Metals(HM)ton Hg/200,04 0,28 0,24 0,08 1,35 0,31 0,02 0,01Eutrophication(EP)kt PO40,00 0,05 0,02 0,01 0,14 0,01 0,00 0,005240%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Total Life Cycle Impact per CategoryTrad. Stove with wood logs: BC4 FT4Task 5: Base CasesEnvironmental Impacts0%10%20%30%40% 

# Total Energy (GER) of which, electricity (in

primary MJ) Water (process) Waste, non

- haz./ landfill Waste, hazardous/

incinerated Greenhouse Gases in

GWP100 Acidification, emissions Volatile Organic Compounds

(VOC) Persistent Organic Pollutants

(POP) Heavy Metals PAHs Particulate Matter (PM, dust)

Total Life Cycle Impact per CategoryEnd-of-LifeUseDistributionManufacturingMaterial53Energy use by life cycle phase in EuropeAll life cycle phases ...within “use phase”Task 5: Base CasesEnvironmental ImpactsMaterials0.8%Manufacturing0.2%Distribution0.5%End of Life0.0%Fuel Processing andTransportation7%Combustion92%Electricty atAppliance0.1%Use98,4%54Sources of life cycle costs for base casesOpenfireplacesClosedfireplacesTradcookersTradstovesModernstovesSmallmanualboilersSmallautoboilersMediumautoboilersUNITWoodlogsWoodlogsWoodlogsWoodlogsWoodlogsWoodlogsPelletsChipsTask 5: Base CasesLife Cycle CostsUNITlogslogslogslogslogslogsPelletsChipsProduct price EUR2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 3000 4000 4000Installation/acquisition costsEUR700 700 500 500 700 1500 1500 1500Fuel (gas, oil, wood) EUR2877 2119 890 3409 1251 6660 11778 21314Electricity EUR0 0 0 0 0 129 145 439Repair andmanteinance costEUR420 468 383 403 497 867 851 851Totals EUR5997 5287 3773 6312 4449 12157 18276 2810555EU totals for difference costs of Lot 15 appliancesFuel costs57%Electricitycosts0.30%Task 5: Base CasesLife Cycle CostsTotal LCC for solid fuel appliances: 27,7 bln EURAppliancepurchase27%Installationcosts9%57%Repair andmaintenance7%56Mineral fuelled appliances – EU totalTask 5: Base CasesLife Cycle CostsTotal LCC for mineral appliances: 8,8 bln EUR57Biomass fuelled appliances – EU totalsTask 5: Base CasesLife Cycle CostsTotal LCC for biomass appliances: 18,9 bln EUR58Specific stakeholder comments:Where does life cycle cost data come from?Base case definitions should be included in Task 2toanalyse market data specific to each base caseTask 5: Base CasesStakeholder CommentsChimney influences are not considered in Task 5 andare very important for improving efficiency59Task 6: BATs/BNATsTask 6 – Technical analysis of BAT/BNATfor Solid Fuel Small Combustion60InstallationsLot 15 final stakeholder meetingEuropean Commission, BrusselsJuly 13th, 2009Robert Kubica, Institute of Thermal Technology, SUTTask 6The scope:Description and technical analysis of Best Available Technologies(BAT) andBest Not yet Available Technology (BNAT) either at product or component levels.BAT:Atechnology,whichleadstominimisedenvironmentalimpacts.The61BAT:Atechnology,whichleadstominimisedenvironmentalimpacts.Thetechnical solution is already available on the market or the technical feasibilityhas at least been demonstrated already and can be implemented within 2-3years.BNAT: Technology, which leads to further minimisation of environmentalimpacts, but is still in the research & development phase and rather a futureoption / trend (5-10 years).Task 6Improvement optionsPrimary options:Improvement of the process efficiency;combustion chamber,burner ,improvement of the heat exchange (to air, water, and for cooking).Rearrangement of the combustion process leading toemission decrease,combustion chamber,low emission burner.62Development of programmable system;primary control loops, that maximise the efficiencyof the heat production: reducing fuel consumption,improvingenvironmental performance (including lambda probes)combustion chamber.Secondary options:Emission abatement techniques like catalysts, PM removal devices (ESPs and other devices)Development of programmable system - master controlloops, that maximise the efficiency ofthe heat delivered according to the external environment: reducing overheating phases.Reduction of the Direct Energy Consumption (fans, feeders etc.)Task 6Data Sources**The scope of questionnaire query**Public dataQuestionnaire query63Improvement approachHistorical improvementsBAT/BNAT at the Product LevelShort term improvement,Long term improvement.BAT/BNAT at the Component LevelShort term improvement,Long term improvement.Alternative technologies.Task 6BAT Product levelClosed fireplaces / fireplaces insertsKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,natural draught control,fan assistance for indirect heat exchange,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,catalytic afterburning (only few products on the market),64secondary abatement measure – e.g. electrostatic precipitator.Best performing product parameters:ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC2minimum(**)Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 84 +53Emission of CO* mg/m3700 -88Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m340 -56Emission of NOx mg/m3100 -50Emission of OGC* mg/m370 -65**when catalytic post-combustion is employed CO emiss ions can be significantly lower down to 350 mg/m** **3 . A slight improvement is also reached in the case o** **f OGC emissions which may reach 80 mg/m** **3 .** **(**) when compared to BC1 minimum values, the following c** **hanges are considered (Efficiency +560; CO -88; PM -73; NOx -50; OGC -77)** Task 6BAT Product levelAdvanced cookersKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,natural draught control,catalytic afterburning,optional boiler for indirect heating,65secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.Best performing product parameters:*** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by means of secondary abatement measures like ES** **Ps – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relation to unabated emissions** ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC3minimumEnergy efficiency, (NCV) % 79 +44Emission of CO* mg/m31800 -78Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m390 -10Emission of NOx mg/m3190 -5Emission of OGC* mg/m3110 -63Task 6BAT Product levelAdvanced stoves, log woodKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,natural draught control,fan assisted direct heat exchangeadvanced control loop (draught control according to temp. and flow rate of flue gases),catalytic afterburning,66optional boiler for indirect heating,secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.Best performing product parameters:*** when catalytic post-combustion employed CO emissi on can be significantly lower down to 350 mg/m3, ei** **ther the PM emission can be lower and equal to 18 mg/m3 a slight improvement is also reached in case o** **f OGC emission which may reach 40 mg/m3. In case of PM the further improvement can be achieved** **by means of secondary abatement measures like ESPs – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal,** **in relation to unabated emissions. (** ) when compared to BC5 minimum values, the follow****ing changes are considered (Efficiency +24; CO -85; PM -33; NOx -45; OGC -60)** ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC4minimum(**)Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 84 +87Emission of CO* mg/m3600 -85Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m360 -33Emission of NOx mg/m3110 -45Emission of OGC* mg/m380 -60Task 6BAT Product levelPellet stovesKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,fan assisted draught, fan assistance for indirect heat exchange,advanced control system (with lambda probe),internal recirculation,67catalytic afterburning,automatic fuel feed, automatic ash removal,optional boiler for indirect heating,secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.Best performing product parameters:*** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by** **means of secondary abatement measures like ESPs – ha ving** **50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relati on to** **unabated emissions. (** ) when compared to BC5 minimum values, the follow****ing changes are considered (Efficiency +56; CO -99.5; P** **M -93; NOx -50; OGC -99)** ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC4minimum(**)Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 94 +109Emission of CO* mg/m320 -99.5Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m36 -93Emission of NOx mg/m3100 -50Emission of OGC* mg/m31.5 -99Task 6BAT Product levelDowndraught boilersKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,fan assisted draught,advanced combustion management (with lambda and CO probes, weather and room temp. control),catalytic afterburning,68efficient boiler for indirect heating (with option for secondary heat exchanger enabling latent heat recovery –heat of condensation),secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.Best performing product parameters:*** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by means of secondary abatement measures like ES** **Ps – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relation to unabated emissions.** ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC6Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 92 +31Emission of CO* mg/m3100 -95Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m390 -42Emission of NOx mg/m320 -78Emission of OGC* mg/m34 -96Task 6BAT Product levelPellet boilerKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,fan assisted draught, advanced combustion management (with lambda probe, weather and room temp. control),doubled heat exchanger, with boiler water and system water- enabling efficient operation at low heat demand,69internal recirculation,catalytic afterburning,automatic fuel feed, automatic ash removal,efficient boiler for indirect heating (with option for secondary heat exchanger enabling latent heat recovery –heat of condensation),low heat losses through the side outer surfaces - heat recovery by means of combustion airautomatic boiler cleaning,secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.Task 6BAT Product levelPellet boilerBest performing product parameters:ParameterUnitBestperformance% change toBC6(**)70*** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by means of secondary abatement measures like ES** **Ps – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relation to unabated emissions.** **(**) when compared to BC7 values, the following chan ges are considered (Efficiency +18; CO -95; PM -85;** **NOx -57; OGC -94)**performanceBC6(**)Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 94 +34Emission of CO* mg/m330 -98Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m310 -94Emission of Nox mg/m390 -17Emission of OGC* mg/m31.5 -98Task 6BAT Product levelPellet/wood chips boilerKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,fan assisted draught,advanced control system (with lambda and CO probes, weather and room temp. control),71internal recirculation,catalytic afterburning,automatic fuel feed,automatic ash removal,efficient boiler for indirect heating (with option for secondary heat exchanger enabling latent heat recovery –heat of condensation),doubled heat exchanger, with boiler water and system water- enabling efficient operation at low heat demand,low heat losses through the side outer surfaces - heat recovery by means of combustion airautomatic boiler cleaning,secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.Task 6BAT Product levelPellet/wood chips boilerBest performing product parameters:ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC872*** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by means of secondary abatement measures like ES** **Ps – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relation to unabated emissions.** performanceEnergy efficiency, (NCV) % 92 +8Emission of CO* mg/m330 -95Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m320 -85Emission of NOx mg/m390 -57Emission of OGC* mg/m31.5 -94Task 6BAT Product levelDowndraught boilers (gasifying boiler) > 50 kWKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining,fan assisted draught,advanced control system (with lambda and CO probes, weather and room temp. control),73secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.internal recirculation, combustion intensification by enhanced turbulence in the combustion chambercombustion chamber with ceramic lining,catalytic afterburning,automatic ash removal,efficient boiler for indirect heating (with option for secondary heat exchanger enabling latent heat recovery –heat of condensation),low heat losses through the side outer surfaces - heat recovery by means of combustion airautomatic boiler cleaning,Task 6BAT Product levelDowndraught boilers (gasifying boiler) > 50 kWBest performing product parameters:ParameterUnitBest% change to BC874**For boilers fuelled with lignite/young hard or non- caking coal efficiency can reach 84% whereas emissi** **ons can be the following: CO (575 mg/m3) PM (40 mg/ m3)** **NOx (220 mg/m3), OGC (70 mg/m3)***** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by means of secondary abatement measures like ES** **Ps – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relation to unabated emissions.** ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC8Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 92 +8Emission of CO* mg/m3100 -82Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m320 -71Emission of NOx mg/m390 -57Emission of OGC* mg/m34 -83Task 6BAT Product levelCoal stoker boilerKey components/features:primary and secondary air distribution and control,combustion chamber with ceramic lining, and ceramic catalystdeflectorsfan assisted draught,advanced control system (with lambda and CO probes, weather and room temp. control),75secondary abatement measure – e.g. ESP.automatic ash removal,efficient boiler for indirect heating,low heat losses through the side outer surfaces - heat recovery by means of combustion air,Task 6BAT Product levelCoal stoker boilerBest performing product parameters:ParameterUnitBestperformance% change to BC876*** In case of PM the further improvement can be achie ved by means of secondary abatement measures like ES** **Ps – having 50-90% efficiency of particulates removal, in relation to unabated emissions.** Energy efficiency, (NCV) % 89 +5Emission of CO* mg/m390 -84Emission of PM* (unabated) mg/m340 -41Emission of NOx mg/m3210 +1Emission of OGC* mg/m310 -58Task 6BNAT Product levelSummary for BAT at product level**Code BAT_PL 1** **2 3** **4 5** **6 7** **8**

**Product Closed fireplace**  **& insert Advanced cooker**  **Advanced stove Pellet stove**  **Pellet boiler Pellet/Chips**  **boiler Downdraught**  **gasifying boiler Stoker boiler, coal** 77

**Energy & Environmental**  **performance Efficiency % 84 79 84 94 94 92 92 89** **E CO** **mg/m 3** **700 1800 600 20 30 30 100 90 E** **NOx 70 190 110 100 90 90 90 210** **E PM** **40 90 60 6 10 20 20 40 E** **OGC 100 110 80 1,5 1,5 1,5 4 10** **El. Consumpt.** **Wh/kW pow.outp.** **2 4 4 2 4**

**BOM Total** **kg 300 170 195 150 300 300 380 300** **Steel 98 153 171 132 285 285 330 285 Cast iron** **Ceramics 28 16 23 17 4,5 4,5 25 4,5 Glass 1 1 1 1 1** **Electronics Costs Purchase € 1935 2995 1938 2652 6816 6816 6305** **4000**Task 6BNAT Product developmentsThermoelectric generatorsThermoelectric generators (TEGs) allow the direct conversion of heat to electricalpower to a certain extent. The TEG receives heat at high temperature and deliversheat at a lower temperature while generating electricity. TEGs can be interpretedas intelligent heat exchangers which refine some of the exchanged heat intoelectricity.78Figure. The principle of TEG operationTask 6BAT, Component levelDraught control, draught limiter79Energy & Environmental performanceEfficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% change Wh/kWpow.outp.5 -5 -5 -5 -5BOM, kgTotal Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics1,5 1,5Purchase costs,**€**130Task 6BAT, Component levelDraught control, chimney fansEnergy & Environmental performance80Efficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% change Wh/kWpow.outp.5 -5 -5 -5 -5 1BOM, kgTotal Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics3 3Purchase costs,**€**960Task 6BAT, Component levelStove regulatorComponents:supply-air damper, to regulate the supply of fresh airfor the combustiondraught regulator, that opens when the draught in the chimney becomes toostrong81optional chimney fan, to counteract a weak chimney draught and to operate inthe heat-up phase if neededradio module, to control the extractor hood and turnit off if necessaryEnergy & Environmental performanceEfficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% change Wh/kWpow.outp.5 -5 -5 -5 -5 1BOM, kgTotal Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics9 8 1Purchase costs,**€**2380Task 6BAT, Component levelHeat storageEnergy & Environmental performance**(bulk ceramic accumulators/water accumulators)**Efficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% change Wh/kWpow.outp.1/2 - - - - 1BOM, kg**(ceramic accumulators/water accumulators)**82Total Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics108/20 8/20 100/0Purchase costs,**€ (bulk ceramic accumulators/water accumulators)**500/2500Task 6BAT, Component levelAfter treatment - ESPsEnergy & Environmental performanceEfficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% changeWh/kW83% changeWh/kWpow.outp.- - - -(50-90) - 2BOM, kgTotal Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics5 4 1-2Purchase costs,**€**1500Task 6BAT, Component levelAfter treatment – Fabric filtersEnergy & Environmental performanceEfficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% change Wh/kWpow.outp.- - - -(90-95) - 5BOM, kg84Total Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics4 4Purchase costs,**€**1000Task 6BAT, Component levelAfter treatment – Hiegh efficiency cyclonesEnergy & Environmental performanceEfficiency ECOENOxEPMEOGCEl.consumpt.% changeWh/kWpow.outp.----80-185----80-1BOM, kgTotal Steel Cast iron Ceramics Glass Electronics4 4Purchase costs,**€**700Task 6BAT, Component levelAfter treatment – Oxidation catalystCarbon Monoxide CO +1⁄2O2→ CO2Hydrocarbons CmHn+ (m +n/4) O2→ m CO2+n/2H2OHydrogen H2+1⁄2O2→ H2OThe operating temperature window of oxidation catalyst is between 240**°**C–520**°**C. There are several catalystsavailabletoreduceemissionsofCOandVOC.86NOx CO NMVOC VOC PAHsNon 70-99% 40-90% 60-99% 60-99%availabletoreduceemissionsofCOandVOC.Task 6BAT, Component levelOther components, no retrofittingHeat exchange, heat recoveryceramic lining of the combustion chambercondensation heat recoveryThree-layer heat exchangerSelf cleaning, ash removal87self cleaning heat exchangerash removalBurners/gratesstepped grateself-cleaning bowl burnerrotary grateAdvanced combustion controlsweather conditions, room temperature controllambda sensorsTask 6BAT, Component levelSummary for BATat componentlevel**Code BAT_PL 1** **2 3** **4 5** **6 7** **8 9** **10 11** **12**

**Product Draught control**  **Stove regulator Fan assisted direct heat**  **exchange Fan assisted draught**  **Boiler/heat storage Air staging and control**  **Lambda probe control Unburnt sensor - CO (lambda**  **probe optimisation) Room&weather control**  **Combustion chamber internal circulation/vorticity**  **Catalyst afterburning ESP** **Efficiency**

**change 5 5 5 5 2 2 1 2 1 1** **E -** **5 -** **5 -** **5 -** **5 -** **10 -** **20 -** **20 -** **70**88

**Energy & Environmental performance**  **% change** **E CO** **- 5** **- 5** **- 5** **- 5** **- 10** **- 20** **- 20** **- 70** **E NOx** **E PM** **-5 -5 -5 -5 -20 -30 -90 E** **OGC -5 -5 -5 -20 -40** **El. consumpt.**  **kW/kW pow.outp** **1 1 1 2**

**BOM Total**  **kg 1,5 9 2 3 160 1 5** **Steel 1,5 8 2 3 160 1 4** **Cast iron Ceramics** **Glass Electronics** **1 1**

**Costs Purchase**  **€ 130 2380 700 960 2500** **1000 1500**Task 6BNAT, Component levelCombustion control, CO probesCO probes use may result in the following benefits:Higher efficiency – lower fuel costsHigher fuel flexibility – probably lower fuel costsHigher availability - “compensate” ash slaggingWarning system–bad combustion89Task 6BNAT, Component levelCombustion control, fuzzy logicThe artificial neural networks provide effective learningmethods and speed of computationswhereas fuzzy set theory allows working with ill-defined data in an effective manner, as wellpresent the learnt information in more human understandable form.90Task 6BNAT, Component levelAfter treatment, volatiles condensationUnder condensation conditions an acidic dew point will be observed, hence a corrosion proofsolutions should be used, like graphite heat exchangers. The use of such heat-exchangers canresult in an additional heat recovery of 8 to 15% in case of wood combustion. These deviceproduce a low flow resistance, resulting in a low pressure drop (below 80Pa). Volatilesseparation efficiency, in case of wood fuels ranges between25 and 40%.91Task 6BNAT, Component levelAfter treatment, wet ESPsThe flue leaving the boiler encounters a dispersed (sprayed) water stream which wasbeforehand charged with electrostatic load (a high voltagedischarge) in counter-current flow.However the use of a support media which can be water producessome inconvenience, assuccessive separation of dust sludge from circulating water is then necessary. This cansignificantly complicate the use of such solution, increasing also the operating costs. ThereportedefficiencyofESPwetscrubberisaround50%.92reportedefficiencyofESPwetscrubberisaround50%.Task 6BAT, Outside EUMarketsNorway and SwitzerlandNorth AmericaAustralia and New ZealandJapan93“thin bed cross-flow” (TBCF)Task 6Questionnaire summary31,91%21,28%27,66%19,15%Why do you improve your products?To comply with legislationTo obtain certification or “green” labelTo answer to customers’ requestsOther reasons9431,58%36,84%21,05%10,53%Which key development area do you focus on?Options for emission reduction (e.g.abatement techniques, burners, catalysts,fuel additives).Options to improve the combustion (e.g.optimisation, air distribution)Options to achieve a lower energyconsumption (e.g. of fuel and electricity)Other reasonsTask 6Questionnaire summaryMarket share changes for different appliances95Task 7: Improvement Options96Task 7 – Improvement Potential1. Definition of improvement options2. Environmental impacts3.Life cycle costsTask 74. Results5. Summary6. Next steps97Task 7: Improvement OptionsDefinition of optionsAim:Evaluate the options for improvement in terms of reduced environmental impactsand life cycle costsEstablish the key products or product groups which will be used towards Task 8«Implementation» intermsof:98«Implementation» intermsof:Best Available Technology ImprovementsLowest Life Cycle Cost ImprovementsAdvanced heattransferImproved airdistribution /combustionchamberLambdaProbeDraughtlimiterStoveregulatorFan assisteddraughtFan assisteddirect heatexchangeCatalyst ESPHighefficiencycycloneFabric filterC1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10BC1 - Open fireplaceComponent optionAfter-treatmentsDraught controlCombustion ManagementTask 7: Improvement OptionsDefinition of optionsBC2 - Closed fireplaceBC3 - CookerBC4 - Traditional stoveBC5 - Modern stove-BC6 - Manual boiler<50kW-BC7 - Automatic boiler<50kW-BC8 - Automatic boiler100kW-99Product casesAdvanced closed fireplace/fireplace insert P1Advanced cooker P2Advanced stoveP3Task 7: Improvement OptionsDefinition of optionsPellet stove P4Downdraught manual boiler <50kW P5Pellet boiler P6Wood chips boiler >50kW P7Downdraught/gasifying boiler >50kW P8100Characteristics of product casesProduct CasesCombustion ManagementDraught controlAdvanced heattransferImproved airdistribution /combustionchamberLambda probeFan assisted directheat exchangeAdvanced closedP1Task 7: Improvement OptionsDefinition of optionsAdvanced closedfireplace/fireplace insertP1Advanced cookerP2Advanced stoveP3Pellet stoveP4Downdraught manual boiler<50kWP5Pellet boilerP6Wood chips boiler >50kWP7Downdraught/gasifying boiler>50kWP8101Product cases comparable to base casesProduct case BC1 BC2 BC3 BC4 BC5 BC6 BC7 BC8Advanced closed fireplace /fireplace insertP1Advanced cooker P2Task 7: Improvement OptionsDefinition of optionsAdvanced stove P3Pellet stove P4Downdraught manual boiler<50kWP5Pellet boiler P6Wood chips boiler >50 kW P7Downdraught / gasifying boiler>50 kWP8102BC1 C3 C6 BAT P1ResourcesGERMJ 581841 552934 554246 65531Elec.Environmental impactsBase case 1 – open fireplace given as example with two componentoptions and product case for comparisonTask 7: Improvement OptionsEnvironmental ImpactsElec.MJ 119 138 1390 1264WaterL 36 36 119 22Waste, haz.g 315954 303912 308089 210259Waste, nhg 12 12 40 12AirGWPkg CO2eq. 3167 3009 3083 745APg SO2 eq. 76790 73004 73339 9198VOCg 9627 8667 9148 585ng i-Teq 64298 61145 61196 9370Hmamg Ni eq. 24374 23183 23219 3477PAHmg Ni eq. 151798 144211 144214 15541PMg 67575 61377 64412 8429WaterHMwmg Hg/20 47 52 65 353EPg PO4 1 1 1 7103Improvement potential and least life cycle costOpen fireplace example for GERTask 7: Improvement OptionsBase Case 1 ResultsOverall,lowest energy use =104lowest life cycle costImprovement potential and least life cycle costOpen fireplace example for PM600070008000607080Lower fuelconsumption = lowerTask 7: Improvement OptionsBase Case 1 Results01000200030004000500001020304050Openfireplacew draughtlimiterw forcedconvectionw both Fireplaceinsert LCC (EUR)

PM (kg)Particulate Matter (PM, dust)Totals105consumption = lowerPMImprovement potential and least life cycle costOpen fireplace example for GWP 100700080003.003.50Lower fuel consumption= lower GWP.Task 7: Improvement OptionsBase Case 1 Results01000200030004000500060000.000.501.001.502.002.50Openfireplacew draughtlimiterw forcedconvectionw both Fireplaceinsert LCC (EUR)

t CO2 eq.GWP100Totals106= lower GWP.Few ‘trade-offs’ foundbetween efficiency andemissionsLarge energy savings potentialLarge PM savings potentialTask 7: Improvement OptionsResultsLarge life cycle costs savings potential107Next StepsNext steps (BIO Consortium)Revise the Draft task reports 1-7Build various scenarios until 2020 and analyse policy options (Task 8)Fall 2009– Final Report to the EC (including Task 8) and publication onhttp://www.ecosolidfuel.orgTask 7: Improvement OptionsNext stepsNext steps (to be carried out by the Commission)Impact Assessmentand Draft Implementing Measure (IM) development (2-3 months)(when the industry comes forward with a voluntary proposal this will be given fullconsideration rather than proceeding to a mandatoryapproach)First Draft IM sent for discussion with stakeholders at theConsultation ForumRevised draft of IM toRegulatory Committeefor adoption by Commission, assistedby a Regulatory Committee of Member States (inter-service consultation, WTOnotification, finalisation)Adoption by Commission(translation and written procedure)108Thank you for your kind attention!www.ecosolidfuel.comBio Intelligence Service**(**Tel: +33 (0)1 53 90 11 80)Shailendra Mudgal (shailendra.mudgal@biois.com)Anne Turbé (anne.turbe@biois.com)Task 7: Improvement OptionsSanaée Iyama (sanaee.iyama@biois.com)Nathalie Roy (nathalie.roy@biois.com)Ian Kuwahara (ian.kuwahara@biois.com)AEA Energy and EnvironmentRobert Stewart (Robert.Stewart@aeat.co.uk)ITTKrystyna Kubica (Krystyna.Kubica@polsl.pl)Robert Kubica (Robert.Kubica@polsl.pl)109