1

Filed 3/30/21 In re Michael S. CA1/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or 

ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re MICHAEL S., et al., Persons

Coming Under the Juvenile Court 

Law.

SONOMA COUNTY HUMAN 

SERVICES AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MICHELLE G. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

 A158215, A158844, A159775

 (Sonoma County

Super. Ct. Nos. 5347DEP, 

5752DEP, 5753DEP)

These multiple consolidated dependency appeals by two parents and 

one paternal aunt concern three young siblings each detained at birth due to 

their parents’ chronic drug abuse and who have spent their entire lives in 

foster care: three-year-old Michael, who tested positive at birth for

methamphetamine, and his younger sisters, two-year-old twins, R.A. and 

R.J., who also were exposed to drugs in utero, and were born three weeks

prematurely a day after their mother tested positive for methamphetamine.

In Michael’s case, mother received only six months of reunification 

services and father, twelve. Subsequently, reunification services were 

bypassed for the twins because of their parents’ failure to reunify with 
2

Michael. After that, the juvenile court summarily denied father’s Welfare 

and Institutions Code section 3881 petition seeking additional reunification 

services and related relief on the basis of changed circumstances. Following a 

five-day evidentiary hearing, it also declined to remove the children from 

their foster homes and place them with father’s sister, appellant Tracie G.

(Aunt Tracie), who had been requesting placement of the children since the 

beginning of their cases and eventually sold her home and moved from across 

the country to southern California. Then, when a previously undisclosed 

conflict of interest on the part of the children’s lawyer came to light at the 

conclusion of the contested relative placement hearing, it disqualified the 

conflicted attorney and appointed new, unconflicted counsel for the children 

but declined, in addition, to declare a mistrial at the parents’ and aunt’s 

request—relief that the children’s new lawyer opposed. The juvenile court 

then terminated parental rights and designated the children’s two foster 

families as prospective adoptive placements. 

On appeal, the parents and Aunt Tracie challenge multiple rulings. 

But for a conceded Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) error that requires a 

limited remand, we affirm the juvenile court’s rulings. 

BACKGROUND

A. Initiation of Proceedings and the Reunification Period

Three-year-old Michael’s dependency case began on December 12, 2017, 

two days after he and his mother tested positive for methamphetamine at his 

birth, when a protective custody warrant issued before his release from the 

hospital, while he was still suffering from symptoms of withdrawal.

Delivered service logs reflect that a social worker from the Sonoma County 

1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions 

Code unless otherwise indicated.
3

Human Services Department (agency), William Begley, met with the parents 

that day at the hospital, and father informed him of a large support system of 

family members, including his sisters and mother on the east coast. 

The agency filed a juvenile dependency petition the following day, 

December 13, and the next day, December 14, the juvenile court ordered 

Michael detained. Upon his release from the hospital, Michael was placed 

into an emergency foster home. 

The original petition alleged only mother had a chronic substance 

abuse problem that placed the child at risk; it was soon amended to allege 

father did too, which was reflected in his lengthy criminal record of drugrelated charges (some violent), and also that he knew about mother’s drug 

use and was unable to protect the baby from her. 

In its report prepared for the detention hearing, the agency reported 

that “[n]o relative has been identified for placement.” 

Father did not appear at the detention hearing but, unbeknownst to 

the court, one of father’s sisters, Michelle, who lived in Massachusetts, had 

flown to California and attended the hearing, hoping to take temporary and 

permanent custody of the child. She spoke up at the hearing, without

identifying herself, to clarify a question about father’s possible Indian 

heritage. No objections or issues were raised at the detention hearing 

concerning the subject of a potential relative placement.2 After the detention 

hearing, Michelle met with the social worker, was informed she could not 

take custody of the baby because the case would be in reunification, and 

provided the social worker with contact information for other paternal 

relatives, including Aunt Tracie.

2 At that juncture, only mother had been named in the petition and 

was the only parent represented by counsel at the detention hearing.
4

It is undisputed, and the juvenile court would much later find, that the 

agency failed thereafter to give any notice of Michael’s case to father’s known 

relatives and their rights to participate in it, notice that is statutorily 

required within 30 days of a child’s removal from parental custody.3 One of 

3 Subdivision (e)(1) of section 309 states in relevant part: 

“If the child is removed, the social worker shall conduct, within 30 days, 

an investigation in order to identify and locate all grandparents, . . . [and] 

other adult relatives of the child, as defined in paragraph (2) of subdivision (f) 

of Section 319, including any other adult relatives suggested by the 

parents . . . . The social worker shall provide to all adult relatives who are 

located, except when that relative’s history of family or domestic violence 

makes notification inappropriate, within 30 days of removal of the child, 

written notification and shall also, whenever appropriate, provide oral 

notification, in person or by telephone, of all the following information: 

“(A) The child has been removed from the custody of his or her parent 

or parents, guardian or guardians, or Indian custodian.

“(B) An explanation of the various options to participate in the care 

and placement of the child and support for the child’s family, including any 

options that may be lost by failing to respond. The notice shall provide 

information about providing care for the child while the family receives 

reunification services with the goal of returning the child to the parent or 

guardian, how to become a resource family, and additional services and 

support that are available in out-of-home placements, and, if it is known or 

there is reason to know the child is an Indian child, the option of obtaining 

approval for placement through the tribe’s license or approval procedure. 

The notice shall also include information regarding the Kin-GAP Program 

(Article 4.5 (commencing with Section 11360) of Chapter 2 of Part 3 of 

Division 9), the CalWORKs program for approved relative caregivers 

(Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11200) of Part 3 of Division 9), 

adoption, and adoption assistance (Chapter 2.1 (commencing with 

Section 16115) of Part 4 of Division 9), as well as other options for contact 

with the child, including, but not limited to, visitation. The State 

Department Of Social Services, in consultation with the County Welfare 

Directors Association of California and other interested stakeholders, shall 

develop the written notice.” 
5

them was father’s sister Aunt Tracie, who lived in Georgia and who, 

according to delivered service logs, had called and spoken with the social 

worker about offering assistance to the family the same day the social worker

met with the parents in the hospital (December 12, 2017). 

Both parents refused to meet with the social worker who prepared the 

report for the combined jurisdiction/disposition hearing. The report stated 

that, “at this time no relative placement has been identified. There are 

relatives in Washington, Massachusetts, Georgia, and Southern California. 

The Placement Specialist is in the process of evaluating these.” 

The jurisdiction/disposition report contained details of father’s life-long 

struggle with drugs, including chronic methamphetamine abuse since age 13. 

It also reported on his lengthy criminal record, with voluminous attachments 

detailing a history of criminal arrests and convictions dating back to his 

youth. Many were drug-related. Some were disturbingly violent. At the 

time of its writing, father was on probation for drug-related charges, and an 

arrest warrant was outstanding on him for violating the terms of his 

probation. 

On January 10, 2018, one month after Michael was born, father was 

arrested and taken into custody where he would remain for several months. 

His arrest also marked the beginning of a lengthy period of sobriety for him. 

The statute also requires the social worker to use “due diligence” to 

investigate the names and locations of all such relatives (§ 309, subd. (e)(3)), 

and to provide to all adult relatives who are notified a relative information 

form, developed and approved by the Judicial Council, enabling the relative 

“to provide information to the social worker and the court regarding the 

needs of the child” and to “request the permission of the court to address the 

court, if the relative so chooses.” (Id., subd. (e)(2).) 
6

Thereafter, at the combined jurisdiction/disposition hearing, the 

parents submitted on the allegations of the amended petition, the juvenile 

court sustained the allegations, declared Michael a dependent of the court, 

and ordered reunification services pursuant to a negotiated disposition

reached during a settlement conference.

4 At this point, father was in 

custody. His counsel reported father was planning to enroll in a nine-month 

rehabilitation program (Turning Point). Pursuant to the negotiated 

disposition, the court made a finding on February 1 that, “The Department 

has made diligent efforts to identify, locate and contact the child’s adult 

relatives within the fifth degree and, for those who are appropriate, has 

informed them of their options to participate in the care and placement of the 

child.” 

On March 3, 2018, Michael was moved from emergency foster care to a 

foster family that wanted to pursue adoption (commonly referred to as a 

“concurrent planning home”), where he remained for the duration of the case.

The agency filed three status review reports after the combined 

jurisdiction/disposition hearing (for a three-month review hearing, the sixmonth review hearing and again for a 12-month review hearing for father), 

and none mentioned anything about efforts to assess relatives for placement. 

The reports did, however, report on concurrent planning. In the six-month 

report (filed July 5, 2018), the agency reported that Michael “was presented 

at a Concurrent Planning Meeting on June 26, 2018 and was not accepted 

4 There is some lack of clarity as to the precise date reunification 

services commenced. The combined jurisdiction/disposition hearing 

commenced on January 11, 2018, but was continued to facilitate a settlement 

conference. At the continued hearing on February 1, 2018, the juvenile court 

adopted the proposed disposition resulting from the settlement discussions, 

and ordered reunification services. Later status reports, however, reflect that 

reunification services were ordered on January 11. 
7

due to prognosis for reunification,” but that he “will be reassessed for 

concurrent planning prior to the twelve-month review hearing.” The 12-

month report (filed December 26, 2018) reported on his continued placement 

in a concurrent planning home, since March 3. No objections or issues were 

raised at the review hearings concerning the subjects of a potential relative 

placement, the lack of information in the reports about the agency’s efforts to 

investigate relatives, or Michael’s continued placement in a concurrent 

planning home.

On March 29, father was released from jail and, as a condition of 

probation, entered a nine-month residential drug treatment program, 

Turning Point, with an expected completion date of December 29. 

Meanwhile, efforts were underway to assess Aunt Tracie as a potential 

placement, having begun when Michael was less than a month old. In late 

December 2017 or early January 2018, the social worker in charge of 

assessing relatives for an initial potential placement (Ann Grubaugh) 

screened Aunt Tracie by phone, and then on January 11, 2018, initiated a 

request pursuant to the Interstate Compact on Placement of Children (ICPC) 

(Fam. Code, § 7900 et seq.) to have her home in Georgia assessed; Grubaugh

informed the primary social worker on the case (Mary DiGiacomo) that this 

was underway. 

Grubaugh testified her only concern at that point about placing 

Michael with Aunt Tracie was that Aunt Tracie lived out of state which 

would be an obstacle to reunification. In an email to DiGiacomo reporting on 

the telephone screen, she also noted a concern that Aunt Tracie was 

“defensive of/possibly unrealistic about the baby’s father and reunification.” 

Her email reported that she told Aunt Tracie that, “I am doing an ICPC, but 

told her we will likely need to move the baby by February—possibly to step-
8

aunt Wendy or to another foster home. I explained that if she is the 

concurrent plan we would want her to come out here and have contact with 

the baby and the foster family.” 

Aunt Tracie testified Grubaugh told her she could not be considered for 

immediate placement because the case was in reunification, but that if 

reunification failed she would be “plan b” as the permanency option. 

Grubaugh testified that the family had selected Aunt Tracie as “Plan B” 

among all the relatives if reunification failed, as reflected in her 

contemporaneous email to DiGiacomo (“She says she is in conversation with 

the [paternal grandmother], and the other paternal aunts (in Massachusetts) 

and she is the agreed upon Plan B for Michael”). 

They spoke again in March or April, when Grubaugh explained the 

importance of bonding with the child, and Aunt Tracie told Grubaugh she 

was planning to move to California.5 Grubaugh testified she told Aunt Tracie 

there was little point in completing the ICPC process if she was moving, and 

that she would need to have her new home in California approved through 

the Resource Family Approval (RFA) process. Grubaugh didn’t explain how 

the RFA process worked, though, because she didn’t know when Aunt Tracie 

planned to move or which county she would be moving to, and Grubaugh was 

transitioning off the case. Grubaugh’s role in the case ended sometime 

around this time, in March or April, after she’d initiated the ICPC. On

April 8, Georgia authorities reported to the agency that Aunt Tracie had

decided not to move forward with the ICPC process, because she was 

5 Aunt Tracie testified she offered to move to California in order to 

facilitate bonding with Michael. Grubaugh didn’t remember her saying that, 

only that she was moving to California because her daughter was in school 

there and asking whether she should complete the ICPC process. 
9

planning to move to California in the next few weeks and did not want to 

begin the home approval process in Georgia.

In May 2018, when Michael was about four months old, Aunt Tracie 

closed on the sale of her Georgia home, traveled to Sonoma County for 

several weeks to visit with him as much as she could and moved to Long 

Beach, California. She tried three or four times to contact Grubaugh as soon 

as she arrived in California, but her messages went unreturned and she was 

never informed that Grubaugh was no longer on the case. 

Several months later, on September 11, 2018, mother’s reunification 

services were terminated after a contested six-month review hearing. 

Father, who had consistently been testing negative for drugs while in 

his rehabilitation program, received an additional six months of reunification

services. But a short time later, he was placed on a “behavior contract” in 

Turning Point, and a month later, on November 10, he was discharged from 

the rehabilitation program because he was dishonest about his whereabouts

one day.

6 An arrest warrant then issued for him because his discharge

constituted a violation of his probation. After his discharge from Turning 

Point, he entered a transitional housing program (Interfaith Shelter 

Network), but after about three weeks got discharged from that program too 

because, in violation of its rules, he wasn’t actually living there.

7 By that 

time, he had resumed a relationship with mother, who was now pregnant 

6 According to his later testimony, he reported being at work one day 

when in fact he attended an emergency medical appointment with mother, 

who was then pregnant with twins. He knew it violated the rules to skip 

work without telling the program staff. 

7 Father later testified the reason he stopped staying there was 

because he knew about his outstanding arrest warrant, and didn’t want to 

cause a “scene” at his transitional house. 
10

with the twins and whom the agency suspected of continuing to abuse drugs, 

and the two were living together.

8 Although father denied suspecting mother 

of continued drug abuse at this juncture, the agency believed he suspected 

mother of continuing to abuse drugs and he had even expressed a desire to 

get her into a drug rehabilitation program. Father himself tested negative 

for drugs for the agency on November 20 but then missed two drug tests in 

December 2018.9

Father knew his expulsion from the Turning Point program was a 

probation violation and learned of the arrest warrant but did not turn himself 

in or contact his probation officer. Nor did he inform the agency he’d been

discharged from Turning Point or that he had an outstanding arrest 

warrant.10 On December 19, more than a month after his expulsion from the 

program, he was arrested on the probation violation during a routine traffic 

stop and taken into custody. 

The twins were born the following month, on January 10, 2019, while 

father was in jail on the probation violation. The agency obtained a 

protective custody warrant for them the day after their birth, a dependency 

8 Mother later tested positive for methamphetamine in January, 

February and March of the following year. 

9 He later testified he missed the two drug tests because he had just 

started a new job, was asked to work those days and needed the money. He 

told the agency he missed one of the tests because he was upset at the 

recommendation to terminate his reunification services. 

10 His social worker found out about the discharge through other 

means, and when she asked him how it would affect his criminal case, he 

downplayed it, telling her he hadn’t heard from his probation officer and, “I 

should be fine.” When she found out about his arrest warrant and asked him 

about that, he told her he didn’t want to turn himself in yet because he 

wanted more visits with Michael and to put “things in place” so that he 

presented a more favorable case to the judge. 
11

petition was filed on January 15, 2019, and they were placed into foster care 

with a couple who wished to adopt them. At the detention hearing held on 

January 16, the juvenile court asked whether any relatives were available to 

care for the infants, and father’s counsel said no. The children were ordered 

detained, and the court ordered paternity testing for father.

11 Once again, 

neither parent raised any issue regarding the agency’s effort to assess 

potential relatives for placement. 

About a month later, on February 11, 2019, father’s reunification 

services were terminated in Michael’s case after a contested hearing, while he 

was still in jail and awaiting sentencing on the probation violation.12 Despite 

father’s claim to 13 months of sobriety, the juvenile court did not believe 

father would be able to successfully reunify with Michael in the next several 

months particularly given the uncertainty as to whether his probation 

violation would result in a lengthy period of incarceration. A section 366.26 

hearing was scheduled, and later continued to July 31, 2019. 

The twins’ cases soon proceeded to the permanency planning phase as 

well. 

At a contested jurisdiction/disposition hearing held on March 22, 2019,

the petition in their case was sustained, the juvenile court declared the twins

dependents, ordered them removed from parental custody and bypassed both 

parents for reunification services under section 361.5, subdivision (b), 

11 The agency received paternity test results confirming father’s 

paternity in early March, when the twins were around two months old. 

12 At that juncture, he expected to return to criminal court on February 

19 and planned to ask to be placed into an 18-month residential treatment 

program that allows children (Crossing the Jordan). 
12

because they had failed to reunify with Michael.13 A section 366.26 was 

scheduled and later continued to coincide with Michael’s section 366.26 

hearing. Father, who was still incarcerated, was deemed a presumed father. 

He testified he was still clean and sober, was participating in a 12-step 

program in which he was at step three, and he was to return to criminal court 

on April 10.14 He planned to request that upon his release from custody his 

probation be transferred to Southern California, where Aunt Tracie lived. 

On April 5, 2019, the agency interviewed Aunt Tracie at its offices in 

Santa Rosa, California for possible placement of the children. Aunt Tracie 

met the twins for the first time on that occasion and visited with them for 

about an hour. The following month, at the end of May 2019, the agency filed 

two memos with the court recommending the court rule out a relative 

placement with her. 

On April 16, after reunification services had been terminated in 

Michael’s case and bypassed in the twins’ case, Aunt Tracie filed a 

section 388 petition requesting placement of the twins with her, which was 

denied without prejudice on May 8, 2019, because her home had not received

RFA approval. Aunt Tracie reported encountering repeated bureaucratic 

obstacles to completing the RFA, including that Sonoma County was 

declining to send the appropriate paperwork to Los Angeles County. The 

court indicated the minute order should reflect that the court wanted Los 

Angeles County to complete the RFA. 

13 Initially the agency had recommended reunification services for 

father if he was found to be the presumed father, but changed its 

recommendation to bypass in an addendum report filed March 13, 2019, after 

reunification with Michael failed. 

14 Mother failed drug tests in February and March, testing positive for 

methamphetamine and marijuana. 
13

Thereafter, on May 9, 2019, she renewed her request for placement of 

the children in a second section 388 petition, which culminated in rulings 

challenged here on appeal. 

Meanwhile, on April 10, father had been released from custody. Two 

months later, on June 26, 2019, he filed two identical section 388 petitions 

(one for Michael, one for the twins) asking the court to (1) vacate the 

section 366.26 hearing, (2) return the children to his custody or place them 

with his relatives and order additional reunification services, or (3) place 

them permanently with his relatives. The juvenile court denied the requests 

without an evidentiary hearing on July 3, 2019, on the grounds both that 

they did not allege new facts or a change in circumstances and also did not 

allege a change in order was in the children’s best interests. Father has 

appealed its summary denial. 

The juvenile court then calendared Aunt Tracie’s section 388 petition 

for a contested hearing, combined with a hearing on the agency’s request to 

rule out relatives for placement, and received voluminous trial briefs and 

other submissions on the question of relative placement.

B. The Combined Relative Placement and Section 366.26

Hearings

The matters proceeded to a contested five-day evidentiary hearing, 

commencing on July 22, 2019, and concluding with arguments on August 28, 

2019. The parties have accurately summarized the testimony in their 

appellate briefs, some of which we have already referenced and which will be 

discussed further below as necessary.

During the contested hearing, there were indications father had 

relapsed into substance abuse. Mother and father were absent from court

one day and hours late the next day, both times claiming to be sick. The 

juvenile court also observed father had lost a great deal of weight, expressed 
14

concerned he was again using drugs and ordered drug testing of both parents. 

Eventually, at the time the court announced its decision, drug test results

were received confirming their suspected methamphetamine use.

On September 10, 2019, in a lengthy oral ruling discussed further 

below, supported by extensive discussion of the caselaw, the juvenile court 

denied Aunt Tracie’s petition. The juvenile court stated that it was applying 

the statutory relative placement factors of section 361.3 and “not just the 

section 388 analysis of what’s in the best interest of the child.” It found the 

agency had not given the relatives proper notice of their rights to participate 

in the case and to be considered for placement. However, in denying Aunt 

Tracie’s request, it expressed concerns about disrupting the children’s bonds 

with their current caregivers, which in the twins’ case related to their

medical needs. It also concluded there was a substantial risk that father, 

who had relapsed again on methamphetamine, would try to maintain contact 

with his children wherever they were placed, and that Aunt Tracie would 

likely not be able to resist his pressure given her previously expressed 

attitudes about him.

Mother, father and Aunt Tracie filed timely appeals from the court’s 

decision. 

C. The Conflict of Interest, Requests for a Mistrial and the 

Appointment of New Counsel for the Minors

After the court delivered its oral ruling on Aunt Tracie’s request for 

placement on September 10, 2019, but before it ruled on the section 366.26 

portion of the hearing, Aunt Tracie’s counsel brought to the court’s attention 

(first, in chambers and then on the record in open court) she had discovered 

that counsel for the children, Monica Julian, had been gifted a home by

Michael’s foster parents during the case, in violation of the rules of 

professional conduct. 
15

This precipitated an on-the-record disclosure of the facts by Julian, who 

asserted there was no conflict of interest. Julian explained she had lost her 

home in the wildfires of October 2017, several months before she was 

appointed to represent Michael (in December 2017). She was “very 

connected” with the local foster community, active in recovery efforts for the 

fire, and some people knew she had lost her home. In December 2018, about 

a year after she began representing Michael and while living in a short-term 

rental, another foster parent approached her and told her that Michael’s 

foster father was building a tiny home (“basically, a trailer”) and was looking 

for someone displaced by the fires to give it to. She consulted with her 

supervisor and they agreed it didn’t warrant appointing new counsel, and 

Julian didn’t think it would or did affect her professional representation of 

any of the children. 

The juvenile court refrained from issuing a ruling on the section 366.26 

portion of the hearing, and continued the case so the conflict of interest issue

could be investigated and more fully considered.

Subsequently, both parents and Aunt Tracie asked the juvenile court to 

disqualify Julian, appoint new independent counsel and declare a mistrial of 

varying scope.

15 The agency subsequently reported that one of the social 

workers had been aware Michael’s foster father was building a house for 

Julian and had consulted with a deputy county counsel who relied on the 

assessment of the children’s counsel that it posed no conflict. For that 

15 Mother asked for a new trial of the relative placement issue on 

various statutory grounds (§ 388; Code Civ. Proc., § 657, subds. (1), (3)), 

declaration of a mistrial in the still-pending section 366.26 hearing, and 

rehearing pursuant to section 388 of all rulings in the case since 

February 2018, including the bypass of reunification services in the twins’ 

case. Father asked for a “retrial on all issues before the Court.” Aunt Tracie 

asked for a mistrial in the relative placement hearing. 
16

reason, the information was not put into the case file or passed along to other 

attorneys who later worked on the case, including the trial attorneys. The 

agency also recommended Julian be relieved and new counsel be appointed

for the children and charged with undertaking an independent assessment as 

to whether any further steps were necessary. At the next hearing, Julian 

continued to deny there was any ethical violation (and provided additional 

details about the alleged conflict), but was willing to declare a conflict and did 

so. The juvenile court “accepted” her declaration of a conflict, noting there 

was at least an “appearance” of a conflict, ordered her relieved, and 

subsequently appointed attorney Amy Rodney both to represent the children 

and to review the history of the proceedings, investigate and evaluate

whether Julian’s conflict tainted any decisions in the case, and report back.

Attorney Rodney then studied the entire court file; reviewed all 

transcripts of the relative placement hearing and section 366.26 hearing;

spoke with attorney Julian, social worker Bernal and counsel for all of the 

other parties (including Aunt Tracie’s counsel); met with Aunt Tracie and the 

children’s foster parents; observed a visit between Aunt Tracie and the 

children; and filed two written reports. She concluded Julian had a conflict of 

interest that should have been disclosed in March 2018 when Michael was 

placed with his foster parents, even though Julian did not receive the home 

until later, because by that point Julian was already under consideration as 

the recipient. However, she concluded the conflict had no impact on either 

parent. It did not impact the termination of reunification services in 

Michael’s case, nor the bypass of mother’s reunification services in the twins’ 

case, and any potential impact on father’s bypass of services was harmless

given his relapse into drug use in the midst of the contested placement 

hearing. She attributed the outcome of their cases entirely to their own 
17

failures to follow through on their case plans and inability to overcome their 

substance abuse addictions. She thus concluded that, as to the parents’ 

interests, no further action beyond the appointment of new minors’ counsel 

was necessary. 

She concluded Julian’s conflict might have impacted the issue of 

relative placement but could not definitely say,

16 and suggested the court had 

the option either of declaring a mistrial and re-doing the entire trial, or

simply reopening the hearing to allow minor’s counsel to take a position on 

the issues and, if desired, present new evidence. As counsel for the minors, 

16 Given the goal of reunification in Michael’s case, Rodney concluded 

that a reasonable minor’s counsel might have interviewed Aunt Tracie as a 

possible placement only after father’s reunification services were terminated 

in February 2019. Earlier in the case, she concluded, it “may have been 

entirely appropriate” for Julian to have refrained from conducting an 

independent assessment of relatives and to have relied on the agency’s efforts 

to locate and evaluate relatives. 

She concluded the impact of Julian’s conflict on the twins’ placement 

was even “more attenuated,” because their foster parents were not the source 

of the conflict. However, she concluded that “there is some reason to question 

what effect there would be on Michael if his siblings were placed with a 

relative 500 miles away and that question could have impacted [Julian’s] 

position with respect to the [twins’ placement].”

Ultimately, though, “[w]hether reasonable minor’s counsel could have 

supported placement for Michael or the twins with [Aunt Tracie] at any point 

in the process cannot be determined.” 

She also concluded the conflict “may have” impacted the hearing on the 

relative placement issue. She noted the juvenile court made clear it was 

making its own independent assessment based on the evidence and court 

record, and also made clear after the conflict was disclosed that the court had 

not relied on the positions taken by Ms. Julian in reaching its decision. 

“However, might there have been some additional or different information 

presented by minor’s counsel? It seems unlikely since [Aunt Tracie] was 

represented by competent counsel. But it is possible.” 
18

she advocated terminating parental rights, did not recommend a mistrial, 

and said that if the hearing were reopened she would present no new

evidence and would advocate in favor of letting the court’s decision on

relative placement stand. She also noted that if the court declared a mistrial

then she might seek to introduce new evidence. 

On February 24, 2020, after hearing extensive argument, the juvenile 

court denied the motions for a mistrial. It then reaffirmed in some detail its 

prior decision on relative placement, made findings pursuant to 

section 366.26 and terminated parental rights. Mother, father and Aunt 

Tracie timely appealed the court’s rulings of that date. 

DISCUSSION

We address the issues raised on appeal principally in the chronological 

sequence they arose below. 

I.

The Trial Court Did Not Err in Summarily Denying Father’s

Section 388 Petitions Without a Hearing.

The first claim of error, as noted, is father’s appeal from the juvenile 

court’s July 3, 2019 summary denial of the petitions he filed on June 26, 

2019, on the basis of changed circumstances, seeking either the return of his 

children under a plan of family maintenance and/or reunification services.17 

17 The petitions also requested, in the alternative, placement of the 

children with Aunt Tracie, but father tells us his appellate arguments do not 

concern that aspect of his petitions. We address the placement issue 

separately below, in connection with the denial of Aunt Tracie’s section 388 

petition. 

Father also does not challenge the juvenile court’s summary denial of a 

second set of substantially identical section 388 petitions he filed later, on 

August 26, 2019, in the midst of the ongoing placement hearing, which he 

states “are not a part of this appeal.” 
19

He contends the court denied him due process by denying him an evidentiary 

hearing, because his petition stated a prima facie case of changed 

circumstances and that his children’s best interests may be promoted by his 

requested relief. 

We conclude there was no error.

A. Father’s Allegations

Father supported his petitions with a verified declaration, the contents 

of which we quote in full: 

“My circumstances have substantially changed since the court 

terminated my services for Michael, and bypassed me for services for [the 

twins] and set .26 hearings. After those hearings on April 10, 2019, I was 

released from custody. Upon my release I immediately requested visitation 

with my children, enrolled in substance abuse treatment, with DAAC, and 

continued taking parenting classes. After being released from DAAC in May, 

I enrolled in a relapse prevention class, which I have since completed. I have 

completed an anger management class, and am being provided with DV 

classes. I have completed three parenting classes, including a general class, 

a class for children 0–5 years old, and a trauma informed care class. I have 

signed up with City Dad’s Club in LA, which offers parent child classes, field 

trips, and events specifically for fathers. I have also applied to East Los 

Angeles Community College and intend to complete the Drug Counselor 

Certificate courses while also working.

“4. I have been clean and sober since January 10, 2018.

“5. I have been released from DAAC. I speak with my sponsor, 

Brandan Stegner, on nearly a daily basis. I have completed the 12-step 

program.
20

“6. Since becoming sober, I have increasingly reconnected with my 

sober and stable family members. They are supportive of me, and my 

children. Multiple of my relatives, including my sister Tracie [surname 

omitted], my sister Michelle [surname omitted], my sister Jessica [surname 

omitted], my sister Courtney [surname omitted], my sister Amanda [surname 

omitted], and mother Lisa [surname omitted].

“7. My family have consistently requested that my children be placed 

with them. They first started making requests when little Mikey was taken 

into foster care. I tried to create a guardianship for Mikey with my sister 

Michelle who flew to California for this purpose but was told she lived too far 

away. Since then all of my sisters have asked for placement of my children, 

on either a temporary or permanent basis.

“8. I recently spent a week with my sister and her daughter in their

home in Long Beach. My sisters Michelle, Jessica, and my nephew Alex were 

there as well. I took the opportunity to seek out services which could be in 

place if my children were placed with family and the dependency case 

transferred. Project Fatherhood provides parenting classes and resources for 

fathers with dependency cases.

“9. I believe it would be best for the children to be with family,

particularly my sister Tracie. It is always best for children to be with family 

if possible. Tracie is stable, successful, and protective: she graduated high 

school when she was sixteen and started college as a teenager, she is a 

certified public accountant, and she has experience raising children. Tracie 

raised her adult daughter who went through private schooling and is [a]

successful bright young adult who has never been in any trouble. If my 

children were placed with Tracie, they would have the benefit of Tracie 
21

raising them; and having relationships with their cousins, aunts, grandma,

as well as their half-siblings and me.

“10. I am on probation until August 6, 2021. I am in compliance with 

all of my probation requirements. I have successfully transferred my 

probation to Los Angeles county. I have moved into a Sober Living Home, 

Victory House, in West Los Angeles, on a month to month basis so that I am 

able to move to an independent living situation if my children are returned to 

me.

“11. Regardless of where I live, I plan to get a stable job, support 

myself and my children, have relationships with my children, and hopefully 

have them in my custody.

“12. I believe it would be best for my children to be in my care because

they deserve to be with me, their family. I have visited my children 

regularly. I have worked hard to change my life, to establish and maintain 

my sobriety, to reconnect with my family members, and to be the best father I 

can be. My children deserve the benefit of a parent who has fought tirelessly 

for them. I believe my experiences would enrich their lives.” 

Attached to father’s petitions were copies of documents attesting to 

father’s completion of various classes, as well as two letters of support. 

The juvenile court summarily denied father’s petitions on the grounds 

that they did not allege new facts or a change in circumstances nor did they 

allege a change in order was in the children’s best interests. The agency 

argues we may affirm on either ground. We reach only one.

B. Legal Principles

“ ‘After the termination of reunification services, the parents’ interest 

in the care, custody and companionship of the child are no longer paramount. 

Rather, at this point, “the focus shifts to the needs of the child for 
22

permanency and stability” [citation], and in fact, there is a rebuttable 

presumption [pending the adoption of a permanent plan] that continued 

foster care is in the best interests of the child.’ (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 

7 Cal.4th 295, 317 [Stephanie M.].) After the focus has shifted from

reunification, ‘[t]he burden . . . is on the parent to prove changed 

circumstances pursuant to section 388 to revive the reunification issue.’ (In 

re Marilyn H. [(1993) 5 Cal.4th 295,] 309.) This scheme ‘provides a means for 

the court to address a legitimate change of circumstances while protecting 

the child’s need for prompt resolution of his custody status.’ ” (In re C.W.

(2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 835, 839.)

Section 388 authorizes a parent to petition the juvenile court to change, 

modify or set aside a prior order “upon grounds of change of circumstance or 

new evidence” (§ 388, subd. (a)(1)), and requires the juvenile court to order a 

hearing on such a petition “[i]f it appears that the best interests of the 

child . . . may be promoted by the proposed change of order.” (§ 388, 

subd. (d).) To secure a hearing, “the parent must sufficiently allege both a 

change in circumstances or new evidence and the promotion of the child’s 

best interests. (In re Zachary G. (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 808 

(Zachary G.).) [¶] A prima facie case is made if the allegations demonstrate 

that these two elements are supported by probable cause. [Citations.] It is 

not made, however, if the allegations would fail to sustain a favorable 

decision even if they were found to be true at a hearing. [Citations.] While 

the petition must be liberally construed in favor of its sufficiency [citations], 

the allegations must nonetheless describe specifically how the petition will 

advance the child’s best interests.” (In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 

1157.) Whether a prima facie showing has been made entitling a parent to a 

hearing “depends on the facts alleged in [the] petition, as well as the facts 
23

established as without dispute by the court’s own file.” (In re Angel B. (2002) 

97 Cal.App.4th 454, 461.) “ ‘[I]f the petition presents any evidence that a 

hearing would promote the best interests of the child, the court will order the 

hearing.’ ” (In re Jasmon O. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 398, 415.)

Father argues we must review the juvenile court’s ruling de novo. And, 

despite the many cases saying we must review this issue for an abuse of 

discretion (collected primarily in the respondent’s brief), he cites language in 

one appellate decision arguably supporting that proposition. (In re Jeremy W.

(1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1416-1417.) We will not delve into the 

authorities, however, or attempt to reconcile them, because whether 

reviewing the juvenile court’s ruling de novo or for an abuse of discretion we 

conclude there was no error.

C. Analysis

It is unnecessary to address whether father sufficiently alleged a 

change in circumstances, because his petition failed to make a prima facie 

showing that a change in orders was in his children’s best interests.18

Father’s only allegations concerning this subject were in paragraph 12 

of his supporting declaration which, as noted, alleged the following: “I believe 

18 At least in one respect, father arguably did allege a change of 

circumstance: namely, after reunification services were terminated in 

Michael’s case and bypassed in the twins’ case, he was released from custody. 

However, father hasn’t argued that such a change alone suffices, nor 

supported such an argument with pertinent legal authority. A more 

complicated question is presented as to whether the steps he allegedly took 

toward achieving sobriety for roughly 18 months constituted a prima facie 

showing of changed circumstances (much of which period he spent in either 

the confines of jail or the structured environment of a residential treatment 

program). We do not reach that question. (Compare, e.g., In re Aljamie D. 

(2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 424, 432 [prima facie showing made where, inter alia, 

mother tested clean in weekly random drug tests for over two years] with In 
24

it would be best for my children to be in my care because they deserve to be 

with me, their family. I have visited my children regularly. I have worked

hard to change my life, to establish and maintain my sobriety, to reconnect 

with my family members, and to be the best father I can be. My children 

deserve the benefit of a parent who has fought tirelessly for them. I believe 

my experiences would enrich their lives.” 

Citing In re Kimberly F. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519 (Kimberly F.), 

Father asserts these allegations constitute a prima facie showing on the best 

interest issue. Kimberly F. did not address the prima facie requirements of 

section 388, however, and is distinguishable. It reversed the denial of a 

section 388 petition after a full evidentiary hearing, and under very different 

circumstances which the appellate court described as the “rare” situation that 

warrants reversal.19 (Kimberly F., at p. 522.) Father’s conclusory allegations, 

which for the most part focused not on his children but himself, do not plead 

facts showing that the best interests of his children could be promoted by 

offering him additional reunification services. (See In re Daijah T. (2000) 

83 Cal.App.4th 666, 671-672; see also In re Anthony W. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 

246, 250 (Anthony W.) [“The petition may not be conclusory”].) 

Father also contends a change was in the children’s best interests 

because the record shows that he visited them as often as possible under the 

circumstances (i.e., his repeated periods of incarceration), his visits with 

re Cliffton B. (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 415, 423 [seven months’ sobriety held 

insufficient given extensive history of drug abuse].)

19 The reason for the dependency in that case, unsanitary conditions, 

was not nearly as serious as the parental drug abuse here, the problem had 

been totally resolved and, unlike here, the children were more strongly 

bonded to their mother than to their current caretakers. (Kimberly F., supra,

56 Cal.App.4th at p. 522.)
25

them were positive, he demonstrated good parenting practices, and exhibited 

love and affection toward them. We do not doubt father’s love for his children 

(a fact that is evident throughout this record), nor his desire to try to make 

hard, lasting changes that could enable him to safely parent a child, nor the 

efforts he made to bring those changes about. But at this stage of 

proceedings in his children’s dependency cases, allegations of positive visits 

alone do not warrant an evidentiary hearing on a request to reopen 

reunification. They simply do not constitute a prima facie showing that the 

best interests of his young children could be promoted by resuming 

reunification services, depriving his children of stable homes and the only 

parent figures they have ever known, and delaying permanency for them. 

(See, e.g., Zachary G., supra, 77 Cal.App.4th at pp. 804-805, 808 [affirming 

summary denial of mother’s section 388 petition seeking return of toddler to 

her custody despite allegations mother had regular, supervised visits and 

record indicated visits were appropriate].) 

Given the Legislature’s elevation of the child’s interests over those of 

the parent after reunification has ended, many appellate courts have 

affirmed the summary denial of section 388 petitions filed by parents who 

have taken significant steps to reform yet, like father, could not demonstrate 

that their children may be benefited by a change in their placement and/or 

resumption of reunification efforts at a late stage of proceedings, including 

children who were bypassed for reunification services. 

For example, In re Angel B., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th 454, involved a child 

who was born to a mother with a long history of drug abuse, detained at birth 

and placed into a concurrent home with a foster family that wanted to adopt 

the baby, and who was bypassed for reunification services with the mother

because the mother had failed to reunify with an older sibling. The mother 
26

then got a steady job, completed classes, remained sober for four months and 

visited regularly with her baby. She filed a section 388 petition seeking 

either custody or reunification services, her petition was summarily denied 

without a hearing, and the appellate court affirmed on the ground the mother 

failed to show a change of order was in the baby’s best interest. In upholding 

the ruling the appellate court said this: 

“[T]he facts presented by the section 388 petition show that Mother is 

doing well, in the sense that she has remained sober, completed various 

classes, obtained employment, and visited regularly with Angel. In addition, 

we shall assume, for the sake of this appeal, that this time her resolve is

different, and that she will, in fact, be able to remain sober, remain employed, 

become self-supporting and obtain housing. Even so, such facts are not 

legally sufficient to require a hearing on her section 388 petition.

“As noted above, there is a rebuttable presumption that, in the absence 

of continuing reunification services, stability in an existing placement is in 

the best interest of the child, particularly when such placement is leading to 

adoption by the long-term caretakers. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at 

p. 317.) To rebut that presumption, a parent must make some factual 

showing that the best interests of the child would be served by modification.

“Here, Mother has not made such a showing, and it is difficult to 

imagine how she could have done so, given the fact that Mother never 

actually parented Angel before her removal, and Angel was immediately 

placed with an adoptive family and her own sibling. Angel was removed from 

Mother’s custody directly from the hospital, just two days after her birth. 

She was placed with a family that was not only in the process of adopting her 

older sibling, Robert, but that also was successfully parenting two biological 

children and two other adopted children (a sibling set), and that wanted to 
27

adopt Angel as well, in part because it valued providing its adopted children 

with biological siblings. The parents in this family clearly, by deed if not by 

name, were Angel’s parents. They, not Mother, provided Angel with all the 

day-to-day, hour-by-hour care needed by a helpless infant and then growing 

toddler. Thus, although Mother’s petition states that she has bonded with 

Angel, and that Angel is happy to see her and reaches for her on their visits, 

such visits, in total, add up to only a tiny fraction of the time Angel has spent 

with the foster parents. On this record, no reasonable trier of fact could 

conclude that the bond, if any, Angel feels toward Mother (as opposed to the 

bond that Mother feels toward Angel) is that of a child for a parent.” (In re 

Angel B., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at pp. 464-465.) Thus, it held, the juvenile 

court had not abused its discretion in denying mother a hearing. (Id. at 

p. 465.) 

Other appellate courts have affirmed in similar situations.20

20 See, e.g., In re C.J.W. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1075, 1081 (affirming 

denial of section 388 petitions seeking reunification services for children who 

were bypassed for services, where parents had extensive histories of drug use 

and failed to reunify with other children; “Although parents were exerting 

themselves considerably to improve, they did not demonstrate changed 

circumstances. Even if parents had succeeded in doing so, there was no 

showing whatsoever of how the best interests of these young children would 

be served by depriving them of a permanent, stable home in exchange for an 

uncertain future”); Anthony W., supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 251-252 

(affirming summary denial of section 388 petition filed on the eve of 

section 366.26 hearing; “Mother made no showing how it would be the 

children’s best interest to continue reunification services, to remove them 

from their comfortable and secure placement to live with mother who has a 

long history of drug addiction and a recurring pattern of domestic violence in 

front of the children. The children should not be made to wait indefinitely for 

mother to become an adequate parent”); see also In re Elizabeth M. (1997) 

52 Cal.App.4th 318, 323 (affirming summary denial of section 388 petition 

where mother made no showing a late change of placement from foster care 

to cousins child barely knew was in child’s best interest).
28

And so must we. Unlike in several cases father cites (but does not 

discuss), father did not allege, and the record does not show, some possible 

benefit accruing to his children because they were strongly bonded to him 

and/or to other family members. (See In re Daijah T., supra, 83 Cal.App.4th 

at pp. 674-675 [reversing summary denial of section 388 petition]; In re 

Jeremy W., supra, 3 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1415-1416 [same].) He had never 

occupied a parental role for any of the children, each of whom was detained 

at birth. He had virtually no relationship with the six-month-old twins, who 

had substantial emotional ties to foster parents who had been meeting all of 

their needs since they were two days old.21 And with one-and-a-half-year-old 

Michael, who had bonded to his foster family for an even longer period and 

identified them as his parents, father experienced significant gaps in 

visitation due to incarceration and never progressed past the point of 

supervised visitation.22 In these circumstances, no reasonable fact-finder 

21 Father acknowledges his visitation with them was “minimal.” He 

was in jail for the first several months of their lives, and by the time he filed 

his section 388 petitions had had only four visits with them. He was reported 

as being happy to see them, speaking to them gently, kissing them and 

making an “effort” to spend time with both of them. 

22 Father visited Michael only twice during the first few weeks of 

Michael’s life, got arrested when Michael was about a month old, and then 

was not able to visit Michael again until the baby was about four months old

(on April 6, 2018), after his release from jail and entry into the Turning Point 

treatment program. For about the next six months, he had supervised visits 

with Michael twice a week (which caused the baby a lot of distress and crying

for the first few months but improved over time), until he was arrested again 

in December 2018. His visits with Michael during that period were reported 

as having been “positive,” with father described as affectionate, constantly 

kissing Michael and attending to his needs by changing Michael’s diaper, 

feeding him and interacting with him. But father had not progressed beyond 

supervised visitation because of concerns he lacked sufficient parenting 

skills. About two months after father’s second arrest, visits resumed on a 

reduced basis while father was still in jail (for 30 minutes, twice a month) 
29

could conclude that delaying permanency for these young children, and either 

granting father custody of them with a plan of family maintenance and/or 

ordering further reunification services, would be in their best interests.

For these reasons, we conclude the juvenile court did not err when it 

summarily denied father’s section 388 petitions without an evidentiary 

hearing.

II.

The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Aunt

Tracie’s Request for Placement of the Children.

Next, we address Aunt Tracie’s challenge to the juvenile court’s denial 

of her request for relative placement of the children.23 She raises a number 

of issues, and they are best understood in the statutory context which we 

summarize first. 

A. The Statutory Framework.

When a child is detained on an emergency basis, the social services 

agency must, within 30 days of removal, “conduct . . . an investigation in 

order to identify and locate all grandparents . . . , [and] other adult relatives 

of the child . . . , including any other adult relatives suggested by the 

parents,” and give to all adult relatives who are located notice of the case and 

a statutorily prescribed advisement of their rights to participate in the care 

and placement of the child. (See § 309, subd. (e)(1).) In addition, if a relative 

comes forward to request placement of the child pending either the detention 

during February and March 2019, shortly after Michael’s first birthday. 

Upon his release from jail in April 2019, he resumed visiting Michael once a 

month, and was reported as being patient and loving toward his son, who was 

reported as now crying again upon transitioning into and throughout the 

visits and being difficult to console. 

23 Both parents join in Aunt Tracie’s appellate arguments. 
30

hearing, or after the detention hearing and pending the disposition hearing, 

the county welfare agency must immediately evaluate the suitability of the 

relative as a potential placement. (See id., subd. (d)(1).) Such a relative 

must be “able and willing” and “have been assessed pursuant to 

section 361.4” (§ 319, subd. (f)(3) [incorporated by section 309, subd. (d)(1)]), 

the statute that governs emergency relative placements.24 In the report 

prepared for the detention hearing, “[t]he social worker shall report to the 

court on . . . whether there are any relatives who are able and willing to take 

temporary physical custody of the child” (§ 319, subd. (b)), and if the child is 

ordered detained, “the court shall determine if there is a relative who is able 

and willing to care for the child, and has been assessed pursuant to 

Section 361.4.” (§ 319, subd. (f)(3).)

At the disposition stage, relative placements are governed by 

section 361.3, the primary statute at issue here. It provides that when a 

dependent child is removed from parental custody at disposition, 

“preferential consideration shall be given to a request by a relative of the 

child for placement of the child with the relative . . . .” (§ 361.3, subd. (a)(1)), 

and again thereafter “whenever a new placement of the child must be made” 

as to “relatives who have not been found to be unsuitable and who will fulfill 

the child’s reunification or permanent plan requirements” (id., subd. (d).) 

In section 361.3, subdivision (a), the statute sets forth a list of 

mandatory (but non-exhaustive) factors that must be considered by both the 

social worker and the juvenile court when considering a relative placement.25

24 Section 361.4 mandates an in-home inspection of a relative being 

considered for emergency placement, and for all adults living in the home it 

also requires a criminal background check and a check of any past allegations 

of child abuse or neglect. (See § 361.4, subd. (a).)

25 Those factors are: 
31

“(1) The best interest of the child, including special physical, 

psychological, educational, medical, or emotional needs.

“(2) The wishes of the parent, the relative, and child, if appropriate.

“(3) The provisions of Part 6 (commencing with Section 7950) of 

Division 12 of the Family Code regarding relative placement.

“(4) Placement of siblings and half siblings in the same home, unless 

that placement is found to be contrary to the safety and well-being of any of 

the siblings, as provided in Section 16002.

“(5) The good moral character of the relative and any other adult living 

in the home, including whether any individual residing in the home has a 

prior history of violent criminal acts or has been responsible for acts of child 

abuse or neglect.

“(6) The nature and duration of the relationship between the child and 

the relative, and the relative’s desire to care for, and to provide legal 

permanency for, the child if reunification is unsuccessful.

“(7) The ability of the relative to do the following:

“(A) Provide a safe, secure, and stable environment for the child.

“(B) Exercise proper and effective care and control of the child.

“(C) Provide a home and the necessities of life for the child.

“(D) Protect the child from his or her parents.

“(E) Facilitate court-ordered reunification efforts with the 

parents.

“(F) Facilitate visitation with the child’s other relatives.

“(G) Facilitate implementation of all elements of the case plan.

“(H)(i) Provide legal permanence for the child if reunification 

fails. [¶] (ii) However, any finding made with respect to the factor considered 

pursuant to this subparagraph and pursuant to subparagraph (G) shall not 

be the sole basis for precluding preferential placement with a relative.

“(I) Arrange for appropriate and safe child care, as necessary.

“(8)(A) The safety of the relative’s home. For a relative to be considered 

appropriate to receive placement o f a child under this section on an 

emergency basis, the relative’s home shall first be assessed pursuant to the 

process and standards described in Section 361.4.” (§ 361.3, subd. (a).)
32

Section 361.3 “expresse[s] a command that relatives be assessed and 

considered favorably, subject to the juvenile court’s consideration of the 

suitability of the relative’s home and the best interests of the child.” 

(Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 320.) It “acknowledges . . . that the 

court is not to presume that a child should be placed with a relative, but is to 

determine whether such a placement is appropriate, taking into account the 

suitability of the relative’s home and the best interest of the child.” (Id. at 

p. 321.)

Our colleagues in Division Three have summarized the preference as 

follows: “Juvenile dependency laws are meant ‘to preserve and strengthen 

the minor’s family ties whenever possible.” (§ 202, subd. (a).) Accordingly, 

when a child is adjudged a dependent of the court and removed from the 

parents’ physical custody, ‘preferential consideration shall be given to a 

request by a relative of the child for placement of the child with the 

relative . . . .’ (§ 361.3, subd. (a).) ‘ “Preferential consideration” means that 

the relative seeking placement shall be the first placement to be considered 

and investigated.’ (§ 361.3, subd. (c)(1).) The statute does ‘not supply an 

evidentiary presumption that placement with a relative is in the child’s best 

interests’ but it does require the social services agency and juvenile court to 

determine whether such a placement is appropriate, taking into account 

multiple factors including the best interest of the child, the parents’ wishes, 

and the fitness of the relative. ([Stephanie M., supra,] 7 Cal.4th [at p.] 320[;]

see id. at pp. 321-322.) ‘The correct application of the relative placement 

In addition, when considering a relative placement after the disposition 

hearing, “the county social worker shall consider whether the relative has 

established and maintained a relationship with the child.” (§ 361.3, 

subd. (d).)
33

preference places the relative “at the head of the line when the court is 

determining which placement is in the child’s best interests.” ’ ” (In re R.T.

(2015) 232 Cal.App.4th 1284, 1295-1296, fn. omitted.)

In deciding whether a child should be placed with a relative, the 

juvenile court must independently assess the factors and not defer to the 

social service agency’s evaluation. (Cesar V. v. Superior Court (2001) 

91 Cal.App.4th 1023, 1033-1034 (Cesar V.).)

B. The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in Declining to Order a 

More Complete Assessment of Aunt Tracie.

Aunt Tracie argues, first, that the agency’s written assessments of her 

as a potential placement were deficient in a number of respects under 

section 361.3. The two reports at issue are the agency’s evaluation contained 

in the section 366.26 report filed in Michael’s case on May 28, 2019, and a 

substantially similar evaluation contained in a memo the agency filed in the 

twins’ case on May 29, 2019, entitled “Court Memo Regarding Relative Rule 

Out.” She argues those reports were “incomplete and failed to address most 

of the relative placement factors.” She contends the juvenile court should 

have recognized those deficiencies and ordered the agency “to conduct a full 

and complete assessment of all of the relative placement factors and to 

provide an unbiased report to the court.” The fact that it did not do so, she 

argues, “is error.”26

26 The parties have cited nothing to suggest anyone brought the 

asserted deficiencies in the written evaluations to the juvenile court’s 

attention. (See In re Mary C. (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 793, 801 [“To the extent 

parents base their argument on the omission from the report of statutorily 

required information, they have forfeited their claim by failing to assert it in 

the juvenile court”]; In re A.K. (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th 492, 500-502 [father 

forfeited challenge to adequacy of agency’s assessment of potential relative 

placements under section 361.3 by failing to raise issue below].) The agency 
34

It is unnecessary to address the specific claimed deficiencies in the 

reports, because Aunt Tracie cites no authority holding that an agency’s 

preparation of an incomplete relative evaluation, or the juvenile court’s 

receipt of one, is reversible error. The three cases she cites in support of 

reversal not only involved various failings by the social services agency in 

evaluating relatives for placement, but also errors by the juvenile court in 

applying the law—namely, failing to independently evaluate potential 

relative placements pursuant to the section 361.3 factors. Only one of them 

involved an incomplete relative evaluation (on quite different facts), and in 

that case the juvenile court held a lengthy contested hearing at which it 

received additional evidence, and then just erroneously deferred to the 

agency’s original placement decision under an abuse of discretion standard 

without independently evaluating the statutory factors for itself.27 (See 

Cesar V., supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1030, 1033-1034.) In the other two, 

the juvenile courts erred by evaluating a request for relative placement under 

a generalized “best interest” test. (See In re Isabella G. (2016) 

246 Cal.App.4th 708, 723-724; In re R.T., supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1299-

1300.) Here, the juvenile court did not apply the wrong legal standard nor is 

there any claim that it did. It heard five days of testimony, and at the 

conclusion of the placement hearing it emphasized—supported by abundant 

discussion of the relevant case law, including Cesar V.—that it was required 

has not asked us to deem this issue forfeited, however, and so we will address 

it on the merits.

27 In Cesar V., the agency had initiated a perfunctory investigation into 

the relative’s suitability but then abandoned its inquiries before completing 

them, never contacted the relative again and simply placed the child 

elsewhere. (See Cesar V., supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1033.)
35

to conduct its own independent assessment of Aunt Tracie under 

section 361.3. 

As the agency argues, “[d]eficiencies in an assessment report . . . go to 

the weight of the evidence.” (In re Crystal J. (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 407, 413; 

accord, In re Mary C., supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at p. 801.) “[E]ven if the 

assessment is incomplete in some respects, the court will look to the totality 

of the evidence; deficiencies will go to the weight of the evidence and may 

ultimately prove insignificant.” (In re John F. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1365, 

1378; see, e.g., Crystal J., at p. 413 [despite fact that assessment reports for 

permanency planning hearing failed to address statutorily required 

information about potential adoptive parents’ financial stability or criminal 

record, “ample evidence” supported juvenile court’s ruling terminating 

parental rights in light of “the totality of the evidence before the court,”

including live testimony].) This principle is not limited to the subject of 

adoption, as Aunt Tracie implies in her reply brief. (See, e.g., In re M.V. 

(2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1511 [deficiencies in assessment report 

prepared under section 241.1 concerning dual delinquency/dependency 

jurisdiction held harmless because “the vast majority of the evidence that the 

minor complains was lacking in the 241.1 assessment was before the court 

from other sources”]; In re Dakota S. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 494, 506 

[declining to reverse judgment establishing permanent plan of guardianship 

due to deficiencies in preliminary assessment report, where “the parties fully 

litigated, explored, and tested the foster parent’s suitability as a guardian, 

and the juvenile court had ample information before it in making its ruling”].)

Here, although we agree the written evaluations themselves were 

wanting in some respects, all of the statutorily required information that 

Aunt Tracie contends they omitted was the subject of extensive evidence 
36

and/or argument during the five days of hearing. The juvenile court thus had 

not only the written reports before it but also testimony from numerous 

witnesses. Aunt Tracie does not explain why the evidence adduced at the 

lengthy contested hearing did not cure any deficiencies in the written 

documents.28 On the contrary, she contends elsewhere in her brief that the 

evidence adduced at the hearing “as to each and every one of the remaining 

relative placement factors [aside from Tracie’s ability to protect the children 

from their parents] establishes that placement of [the children] with Tracie 

was appropriate,” and she elaborates upon that evidence for many pages. 

In her reply brief, Aunt Tracie argues “the deficiency here was not in 

the assessment report—the deficiency was in the department’s actual 

assessment.” (Italics omitted and added.) The distinction is unpersuasive: 

the reports are a record of the department’s assessment. Moreover, Aunt 

Tracie’s opening brief squarely frames the issue as deficiencies in the written 

reports, discussing at length their contents and explaining the ways in which 

she contends they were not adequate (e.g., at page 54: “Notably missing from 

the report as to Michael and the memo regarding [the twins] was . . . .”) 

28 In her reply brief, Aunt Tracie argues that “there is nothing that can 

explain why the department did not provide the juvenile court with any 

information about the relatives it was allegedly assessing at disposition in 

February 2018 and then utterly failed to mention relatives when Michael was 

placed in a new fost-adopt home in March 2018.” To the extent the point is 

offered as a separate reason to reverse, distinct from the written assessments 

provided at the time of the contested hearing, we do not consider it. (See 

Schmidt v. Superior Court (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 570, 592 [“These reply 

arguments are forfeited as tardy, because appellants must give the other side 

fair notice and an opportunity to respond”].)
37

As in Cesar V., the only authority Aunt Tracie cites where an 

incomplete relative evaluation was at issue, we will proceed to an

examination of the juvenile court’s relative placement decision based on a 

review of the entire record of the contested hearing, not just consideration of 

the agency’s reports in isolation. 

C. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in 

Denying Aunt Tracie’s Section 388 Petition.

This brings us to Aunt Tracie’s challenge to the substance of the 

juvenile court’s ruling denying her request for placement of the children with 

her. 

1. The Parties’ Contentions

To her counsel’s credit, Aunt Tracie acknowledges “there are many 

things the juvenile court did correctly in this case,” including determining 

that, because the agency failed to comply with duties regarding relative 

placement, “the relative placement preference was applicable and controlled 

its decision on placement; and it correctly conducted an independent 

assessment as to placement rather than blindly following the 

recommendations of the department.” 

In her opening brief, she asserts two errors. Citing In re H.G. (2006) 

146 Cal.App.4th 1, she argues that one factor cannot be dispositive in 

evaluating a potential relative placement, and here the juvenile court 

erroneously relied “primarily” on a finding that Aunt Tracie would be unable 

to protect the children from their parents (§ 361.3, subd. (a)(7)(D)), when “the 

evidence as to each and every one of the remaining relative placement factors 

establishes that placement of [the children] with [her] was appropriate.” 

Second, she argues the court’s finding that Aunt Tracie was unable to protect 

the children from their parents is unsupported by the evidence. 
38

On the merits,29 the agency argues there was no abuse of discretion 

because the relative placement was inapplicable at least as to Michael, whose 

interest in stability “overrode” any relative placement preference. It also 

argues that even if the relative placement preference applies, the court 

considered all of the relative placement factors in rendering its decision, and 

“ultimately decided that removing the children from their stable and caring 

foster families to place them with Aunt was not in their best interests,” which 

was within its discretion to do considering the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the court’s ruling, and that Aunt Tracie is just asking us to 

reweigh the evidence. 

In her reply brief, Aunt Tracie raises several new arguments, which we 

will address only as necessary below. 

2. Analysis

The parties agree we review the court’s placement decision for an abuse 

of discretion. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 317-320.) What is more, 

an abuse of discretion must be “clearly established.” (Id. at p. 318.) “[W]hen 

a court has made a custody determination in a dependency proceeding, ‘ “a 

reviewing court will not disturb that decision unless the trial court has 

exceeded the limits of legal discretion by making an arbitrary, capricious, or 

patently absurd determination.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 318.) “ ‘The appropriate test for 

abuse of discretion is whether the trial court exceeded the bounds of reason. 

When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the 

reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial 

29 The agency raises an issue we do not need to address as to whether 

placement decisions it made earlier in the case may be reviewed in these 

appeals. 
39

court.’ ” (Id. at pp. 319-320.) In conducting that assessment, we review the 

court’s factual findings for substantial evidence. (See id. at p. 318.)

First, we disagree with both the legal and factual premise of Aunt 

Tracie’s first claim of error. In re H.G., supra, 146 Cal.App.4th 1, does not 

stand for the proposition that the juvenile court may not base its decision 

under section 361.3 primarily on a single relative placement factor. It holds 

that a juvenile court may not consider only one placement factor.30 Indeed, 

the language of section 361.3 implies that a juvenile court does have the 

power to find a single factor dispositive, with limited exceptions. The statute 

expressly specifies two placement factors that “shall not be the sole basis for 

precluding preferential placement with a relative” (§ 361.3, 

subd. (a)(7)(H)(ii)): any finding concerning a relative’s ability to facilitate the 

case plan, and any finding concerning a relative’s ability to provide a 

permanent home if reunification fails (see id., subd.(a)(7)(G) & (H).) “When 

30 In re H.G. reversed a juvenile court ruling removing a child from a 

placement with her grandparents after they allowed the child to have 

unauthorized contact with her father following a death in the family, and it 

remanded the matter for a new hearing. In sustaining the agency’s 

section 387 petition seeking a more restrictive placement in foster care, the 

juvenile court erroneously considered only the unauthorized parental contact 

(which implicated only the safety of the grandparents’ home (see § 361.3, 

subd. (a)(7)(A)) and their ability to protect her from her parents (see id., 

subd. (a)(7)(D)) but did not consider any of the other relative placement 

factors. (See In re H.G., supra, 146 Cal.App.4th at pp. 15-17, 19.) The 

agency’s section 387 petition did not allege, nor did the court find, that any of 

the other criteria that had led to the initial determination that the 

grandparents were an appropriate placement had changed, nor did the court 

consider (for example) the child’s exceptional emotional and psychological 

needs or her interest in maintaining the stability of her current placement. 

(In re H.G., at p. 16.) The matter was not reversed outright, but remanded 

with directions to hold a new hearing and consider all of the section 361.3 

criteria. (In re H.G., at p. 19.)
40

language is included in one portion of a statute, its omission from a different 

portion addressing a similar subject suggests that the omission was 

purposeful.” (In re Ethan C. (2012) 54 Cal.4th 610, 638.)

It is unnecessary to address that legal question, however, because the 

juvenile court did not rely solely on Aunt Tracie’s inability to protect the 

children from their father in declining to remove the children from their 

concurrent homes, a decision it acknowledged was “extremely tough.” With 

commendable thoughtfulness, it carefully discussed a great deal of caselaw 

and then independently evaluated the suitability of Aunt Tracie as a 

potential placement, citing and discussing many factors under section 361.3, 

in a ruling that encompasses 20 pages of reporter’s transcript.31

In addition to finding Aunt Tracie would not be able to protect the 

children from their father (which we next address), the juvenile court found 

that a change of placement would not be in the children’s best interests, 

because the children were bonded with their current caretakers and had 

special needs due to their in utero drug exposure. (See, e.g., Stephanie M., 

supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 325 [upholding ruling made on similar grounds].) The 

court said Michael had potentially life-long special needs arising from his in 

31 Although Aunt Tracie argues the juvenile court didn’t consider every 

statutory factor, she cites no authority suggesting the court must weigh each 

and every factor expressly, aloud in open court. There is no indication the 

court declined to consider the relevant factors, and we cannot presume error 

from a silent record. (See Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 

564.) On the contrary, both the content of the court’s oral ruling and the 

thoroughness with which the relative placement preference was litigated, 

briefed, and argued leave us with no doubt the juvenile court considered the 

pertinent factors. (See, e.g., In re Maria Q. (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 577, 584, 

599–600 [although juvenile court did not formally consider the section 361.3 

factors, its remarks indicate it applied them in considering minors’ best 

interests].) 
41

utero drug exposure, and was securely bonded to his foster parents of 20 

months who were meeting all of his needs and were “the only parents he has 

ever known.” 

With regard to the twins, the court was “particularly compelled” by 

testimony that the twins’ pediatrician “thought it would be devastating to the 

twins’ health if they were removed from the caretakers that they’ve had now 

for the last almost nine months, and that their best interests, based on their 

physical, psychological, educational, medical or emotional needs were being 

served by their [current] caregivers . . . .” 

Regardless whether the court’s concern for the safety of the children 

has support in the evidence (a subject we discuss next), the court did not 

abuse its discretion in denying placement with Aunt Tracie in these 

circumstances. 

We discuss portions of Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th 295 at some 

length because, while not precisely on all fours, it bears many similarities 

and makes quite clear the broad deference we owe a ruling denying a 

relative’s motion to change a foster child’s placement, even though such a 

motion implicates section 361.3 and the potential maintenance of family ties. 

At issue in Stephanie M. was the denial of a Mexican grandmother’s 

section 388 motion to remove a young child from her concurrent home and 

have the child placed with her, in Mexico, at a late stage of proceedings after 

reunification services had been terminated. The child had lived in 

grandmother’s home for the first nine months of her life, but then moved with 

her mother to the United States to join her father, and four months later was 

removed from their custody because she was being physically abused. 

Shortly after the detention hearing, the grandmother requested placement 

and the social services agency initially recommended the placement because 
42

the child was attached to her grandmother. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th

at p. 304.) But by the time of the disposition hearing, concerns had arisen 

that the child had been malnourished in Mexico and that the grandmother 

didn’t believe the parents had abused the child and thus could not protect the 

child from them. (Id. at pp. 304-305.) So, at both the disposition hearing and 

then again at the six-month review hearing, the child was continued in foster 

care amid mounting concerns, and further evaluations of grandmother were 

undertaken (including by the Mexican social services agency, which 

supported grandmother’s request for placement; the social worker, who 

initiated a second home study and ultimately recommended against placing 

the child with her grandmother; the child’s court-appointed special advocate, 

who expressed concerns about the grandmother’s ability to protect the child; 

and a psychologist working with the parents, who recommended against the 

placement). (See id. at pp. 304-306.) The grandmother eventually made an 

appearance in the case at the 12-month review hearing, at which point the 

court scheduled a contested hearing to decide whether to place the child with 

her, which was stipulated to be pursuant to section 388. (Stephanie M., at 

p. 306.) Subsequently, the court heard extensive testimony at the contested 

hearing, including about the child’s psychological fragility due to the severe 

abuse she had suffered and her need for stability, and ultimately it denied 

the motion for change of placement. (Id. at p. 308.) It discounted as a “nonissue” concerns the child might have been malnourished while living in 

Mexico, and also concluded the grandmother would protect the child (by 

following the directions of Mexican child welfare authorities). (Id. at p. 318.) 

But despite finding the grandmother’s home was suitable, it concluded that a 

change was not in the child’s best interest, because of her emotional needs 
43

and lack of a primary emotional bond with her grandmother. (Id. at pp. 308, 

324.) 

The appellate court reversed, holding the juvenile court had abused its 

discretion in several respects, including by failing to accord sufficient weight 

to the relative preference under section 361.3 and by elevating a concern with 

the child’s bond to her foster parents over the interests in preserving familial 

bonds. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 319.) 

The Supreme Court reversed the court of appeal’s decision. Addressing 

the relative preference, it held the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion 

by failing to give sufficient weight to the statutory relative preference. 

(Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 320-322.) The Supreme Court assumed 

without deciding that the statutory preference applied at that late stage of 

proceedings, but explained the statute “did not operate as an evidentiary 

presumption in favor of placement with the grandmother that would 

overcome the juvenile court’s’ duty to determine the best interests of the 

child,” and that “[i]n the context of a motion pursuant to section 388 for a 

change of placement after the termination of reunification services, the 

predominant task of the court was to determine the child’s best interest, which 

the court did here.” (Id. at p. 320, italics added.) 

It then upheld the juvenile court’s exercise of discretion to reject the 

grandmother’s request for placement, even though the juvenile court found 

she could provide a safe and appropriate home and despite concerns that the 

agency and the juvenile court did not properly consider her for placement 

earlier in the case. The court explained: 

“The question before the juvenile court at the hearing on change of 

placement was, at bottom, to determine whether a change of placement was 

in the best interests of the child. The grandmother’s home had been 
44

evaluated. She testified at the hearing. The court carefully considered the 

question of placing the child in her custody, and essentially found her home 

to be a suitable one. Nonetheless, it was the considered judgment of the 

juvenile court that a change of placement was not in the child’s best interest, 

in view of her fragile emotional state and her successful and enduring bond 

with the foster parents. We see no abuse of discretion or misapplication of 

the [relative placement preference] statute in this conclusion. 

“The Court of Appeal also criticized the lower court for failing to give 

sufficient weight to the relative placement preference from the very outset of 

the proceedings. However, at the hearing on the motion for change of 

placement, the burden was on the moving parties to show that the change 

was in the best interest of the child at that time. Evidence that at earlier 

proceedings the court had not sufficiently considered placement with the 

grandmother was not relevant to establish that at the time of the hearing 

under review, placement with the grandmother was in the child’s best 

interests.”32 (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 321-322, italics added and 

omitted.) 

32 In a footnote, the Supreme Court noted that the grandmother’s home 

was in fact evaluated and considered earlier the proceedings, and “[t]his is 

not a case in which the relative’s home was not evaluated or considered at 

all.” (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 322, fn. 9.) Here too, although the 

home approval process experienced many unfortunate delays, social worker 

Ann Grubaugh contacted Aunt Tracie shortly after Michael’s detention 

hearing (in late December or early January 2018), and initiated the ICPC 

assessment process thereafter, when Michael was around two months old and 

nearly a year before the twins were born. After Tracie moved to California, 

the agency assessed her in person in April 2019, which the juvenile court said 

was “relatively late” in Michael’s case but “relatively soon” for the twins who 

were born a few months earlier. 
45

The Supreme Court also addressed the subject of the child’s bonding 

with her foster parents at some length. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at 

pp. 324-326.) In overturning the juvenile court’s decision, the appellate court 

had acknowledged the child’s close bond to her foster parents (and lack of 

bond with her grandmother), but reasoned that it was surmounted by the 

interest of preserving familial ties with the grandmother, who was a willing 

and loving caretaker who had consistently shown an interest in the child. 

(Id. at p. 324.) The Supreme Court held the appellate court had erred by 

“giving too great weight to the grandmother’s interest in maintaining a 

family tie with the child and substituting its judgment for that of the juvenile 

court[,] . . . [¶] at a point when the interest of the child in stability had 

become paramount . . . .” (Ibid.) “The essence of the juvenile court’s ruling,” 

it explained, “was that the child was fragile, that she had a strong, healthy 

bond with the foster mother, and essentially no bond with the grandmother, 

despite the opportunities that had been available to the grandmother to 

create such a bond. The juvenile court correctly focused on these factors in 

deciding the best interests of the child.” (Id. at p. 325.) 

Next, the Supreme Court rejected an argument by the child’s parents: 

“that a child’s bond with foster parents cannot be the sole basis for a custody 

determination, and that, in fact, social scientists no longer unanimously 

recognize the continuation of a child’s primary bond with a ‘psychological 

parent’ as essential to the child’s ultimate psychological well-being.” 

(Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 325, italics added.) It disputed that 

characterization of the juvenile court’s ruling, explaining that the court did 

not reject the change of placement “solely” because of the child’s bond with 

the foster parents. (Ibid.) “Rather, the court was careful to explain that the 

child was quite fragile and had special needs, and that in her particularly 
46

delicate condition, a change of placement to a relative whom she barely knew

would not be in her best interests.” (Ibid.) The Supreme Court also gave 

short shrift to the parents’ reliance on new views in child psychology: “[W]e 

need only respond that the law is not in thrall to passing psychological 

theory. [Citations.] The Legislature has declared that a dependent child has 

an interest in continuity and stability in placement. [Citations.] This 

interest was served by the order denying change of placement.”33 (Stephanie 

M., at p. 326.) 

The primacy of these interests, and the deference we owe the court’s 

ruling, is illustrated by other cases that likewise have affirmed the denial of 

requests for a change in placement to relatives made late in proceedings, 

after reunification services have been terminated. (See, e.g., In re Maria Q., 

supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at pp. 596, 599-600 [change of placement from foster 

home to aunt’s home was not appropriate under section 361.3 factors, despite 

“ample evidence” aunt’s home was suitable and she truly cared for two 

children, where 10-year-old and four-year-old sisters had no attachment to 

aunt, they were bonded to foster parents and removal from their care would 

be detrimental “if not traumatic”]; In re Lauren Z. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 

1102, 1109, 1112-1113 [no abuse of discretion to reject request for relative 

placement of two-year-old child with out-of-state aunt; although department 

33 The Supreme Court’s holding on this point refutes Aunt Tracie’s 

argument made for the first time in her reply brief, based on an article 

discussing recent academic research (Boyles, When Do Kids Form Their First 

Memories? (May 11, 2011) WebMD 

<https://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20110511/when-do-kids-form-theirfirst-memories#1> [as of Mar. 29, 2021]), that the children “were really not 

likely to suffer any lasting harm from a change in placement . . . because they 

were unlikely to remember the portion of their lives spent with their 

caretakers for very long in that those memories would quickly be replaced by 

new memories with Tracie.” 
47

expedited the ICPC process, “[p]roblems . . . nevertheless arose and time 

went by,” and the child “now about three years old, bonded with her foster 

parents”; citing, inter alia, § 361.3 and Stephanie M.].)

Of particular note is In re M.H. (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 1296 (M.H.), 

which affirmed the denial of a relative’s request for a change in placement of 

a 14-month-old baby who, like the children here, had been detained at birth 

due to his mother’s methamphetamine use during pregnancy and who lived 

virtually all of his short life in a concurrent home with (nonrelative) foster 

parents. After reunification services had been terminated, both the out-ofstate relative (who, among other things, had six years’ experience running a 

childcare center and two years as a foster parent, and whose home had been 

approved pursuant to the ICPC) and the social services agency advocated for 

the change in placement. But counsel for the baby boy opposed the change in 

placement, and the juvenile court denied the request. (See M.H., at pp. 1299-

1301.) 

On appeal, our colleagues in Division Three held that the statutory 

preference for relative placement did not apply,34 but that some of the 

juvenile court’s findings were not supported by the evidence. The juvenile 

court had improperly dismissed an argument the child would benefit from 

being raised by his biological family, improperly faulted the relative for not 

visiting the child sooner (in fact, she was waiting for the agency’s 

permission), and improperly discounted the benefits of placing the child with 

a family that shared his racial heritage. (See M.H., supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at 

34 The court gave two reasons: because the aunt was not related to the 

baby by a close enough degree of kinship, and also because the case was postdisposition and no change in placement was necessary. (M.H., supra,

21 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1302-1303.) 
48

p. 1305, fn. 4.) Despite these erroneous findings, our colleagues held the 

court did not err in denying the aunt’s request for placement, and said this:

“Placement in this case presented an unusually difficult question. The 

court was faced with two good options: both the de facto parents with whom 

the minor had lived since shortly after birth and the great aunt who cared for 

the minor [and] appeared willing and able to provide the minor with a loving 

home. [Aunt] offered the minor important biological family connections, but 

the minor had already bonded with the de facto parents. In weighing the 

relative merits of the alternatives before it, we do believe, as the agency and 

[Aunt] argue, that the court made some unfortunate factual misstatements 

and disparaging comments about [Aunt’s] ability to care for the minor that 

are not supported by evidence in the record. Nonetheless, the court was fully 

aware of the difficulty of the choice and with the parties before it, was best 

able to make the hard call of which placement, under the circumstances as 

they then existed, was in the minor’s best interest. The uncontroverted 

evidence was that M.H. was thriving in his current placement. Faced with the 

successful bonding of the minor with the de facto parents, and the uncertainty 

of how the minor would respond to removal from the parental figures he had 

known since birth, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion in 

concluding that his continued placement was in his best interest.” (M.H.,

supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1305-1306, fn. omitted, italics added.) 

Our colleagues also made an observation that is equally apt here:

“It is unfortunate that in circumstances like those here, in which an 

out-of-state relative expresses interest in placement shortly after removal but 

is unavailable for immediate placement for reasons beyond the relative’s 

control, the preference for relative placement can be frustrated. . . . As the 

court explained in In re Lauren R. [(2007)] 148 Cal.App.4th [841,] 855, ‘[t]he 
49

overriding concern of dependency proceedings . . . is not the interest of 

extended family members but the interest of the child. “[R]egardless of the 

relative placement preference, the fundamental duty of the court is to assure 

the best interests of the child, whose bond with a foster parent may require 

that placement with a relative be rejected.” [Citation.] Section 361.3 does 

not create an evidentiary presumption that relative placement is in a child’s 

best interests. [Citation.] The passage of time is a significant factor in a 

child’s life; the longer a successful placement continues, the more important 

the child’s need for continuity and stability becomes in the evaluation of her 

best interests.’ ” (M.H., 21 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1303-1304.)

These authorities compel us to affirm. The issue we face in this case is 

not whether a reasonable judge might have made a different decision. This 

record leaves room for a court to draw different inferences and come to 

different conclusions. But a “clear” abuse of discretion has not been shown.

By the time of the contested placement hearing, Michael—who was 

even older than the baby boy in M.H.—had spent all but a few months of his 

life with his foster parents, had securely bonded with them and regarded 

them as his parents. By contrast, he didn’t recognize Aunt Tracie, was 

described as “very distant” during their visits, would often cry at the 

beginning of the visits and then be very happy to see his foster parents 

afterward, and he took a long time to recover from visits, sometimes having a 

“meltdown.” 

The eight-month-old twins (now, two years old), also had attached to 

their foster parents, albeit for less time. They, too, did not recognize Aunt 

Tracie despite her four visits with them. 

Moreover, social worker Traci Bernal testified about the twins’ special 

needs arising, according to their pediatrician, from in utero drug exposure, 
50

which increased their need for stability and enhanced the difficulty of 

transitioning them to a new home.35 Bernal testified at some length about 

her concerns that a change of placement would likely cause developmental 

setbacks for them, with medical impacts (weight loss, regression and, for 

R.A., physical pain), and possibly with life-long consequences. Bernal was 

confident the twins would be traumatized if moved now, given their special 

needs.36 She acknowledged the trauma could be alleviated with support 

35 The twins were born three weeks prematurely. R.J. has 

gastrointestinal issues that make her extremely difficult to feed, because it is 

painful for her to eat. She suffered a great deal of weight loss, and there are 

continued concerns about her weight. Bernal testified that, according to the 

children’s pediatrician, these issues resulting from her severely 

underdeveloped gastrointestinal system could potentially “shift” within a 

year but potentially could affect her throughout her childhood; “there’s no 

way to predict that.” Bernal also testified the pediatrician believes that R.J.’s 

physical needs make her bond to her caregiver even more important than a 

typical child’s, because it impacts her ability to eat, get nutrition and gain 

weight. And Bernal testified that because it takes a great deal of time to feed 

her, she requires a caregiver with a great deal of patience. 

R.A.’s gastrointestinal issues are less acute, but she has developmental 

delays with muscle tone and stiffness and with her fine motor skills that 

require weekly physical therapy.

Their in utero drug exposure has a host of potential long-term 

consequences, but it is impossible to predict whether the girls will be affected 

by them over their lifetime. 

36 For example, she described the babies struggling during visits (not 

eating, getting overstimulated, and “physically check[ing] out . . . sometimes 

to the point of putting themselves to sleep”), and testified they routinely 

returned from visits extremely exhausted and “clingy,” and would eat twice 

their normal amount and then throw up. She also testified that the day after 

one visit, R.A.’s physical therapist was struck by how much pain R.A. was 

experiencing and the baby was unable to engage in their normal course of 

therapy, which was very unusual. The therapist was so taken aback by this, 

she raised a concern about it with the foster parents. 
51

services, but not eliminated. Bernal also testified she didn’t think Aunt 

Tracie fully understood their special needs or the trauma that could ensue by 

changing their placement. According to Bernal, the children’s pediatrician

also was concerned their health could decline if they changed placement, with 

risks to their development and weight gain, due to the stress involved 

(“[t]hat’s a huge possibility as I spoke with the pediatrician about”). 

In light of these circumstances, we cannot say the juvenile court abused 

its discretion. The three children had no attachment to Aunt Tracie, and 

they were being successfully cared for by caretakers with whom they had 

spent most of their young lives. Given the children’s fragility, and the 

uncertainty of how they would respond to removal from their foster parents 

to whom they had bonded and who were meeting all of their emotional and 

medical needs (and in the twins’ case, the potential medical risks associated 

with a change of placement identified by their pediatrician), we cannot say 

the court abused its discretion in denying Aunt Tracie’s request for relative 

placement, regardless of the court’s finding as to her inability to protect the 

children. (See Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 325; M.H., supra,

21 Cal.App.5th at p. 1306.)

Aunt Tracie does not dispute the children have formed bonds with their 

current caregivers, but argues that evidence of the children’s bonds with their 

current caregivers cannot be dispositive, because it resulted from the 

department’s failure to notify and promptly assess relatives for placement 

and the conflict of interest of minor’s counsel. Had those things not 

happened, she argues, it is likely the children would have been placed 

together in her home. We are by no means insensitive to these concerns and, 

like the juvenile court, do not condone or find excusable the agency’s lapses 

that took place in this case with regard to assessing relatives for placement 
52

early on. But who is to blame is not the issue. (See M.H., supra, 

21 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1303-1304.) There was an available remedy for any 

errors made earlier by the agency to assess Aunt Tracie, which would have 

been prompt objections by either parent to the agency’s decision to place the 

children in the home of non-relatives and to bring those concerns to the 

juvenile court’s attention quickly, so that the issues could be fully aired much 

sooner, followed (if need be) by seeking writ relief from this court to avoid the 

prejudice occasioned by the passage of time. (See, e.g., Cesar V., supra, 

91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1036 [granting writ relief].) At this stage of proceedings, 

evidence that Aunt Tracie was not sufficiently considered for placement 

earlier was not relevant to assessing the children’s best interest at the time of 

the contested placement hearing. (See Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at 

p. 321.)37 

At bottom, Aunt Tracie is asking us to commit the same error the 

Supreme Court condemned (and reversed as erroneous) in Stephanie M.: to 

reweigh the benefits of preserving the children’s family ties to an adult 

relative with whom they have no real relationship against the potential 

37 Aunt Tracie also argues M.H. is inapplicable because in that case, 

the relative came forward after disposition and the agency had “met its 

statutory duty” with respect to the placement request. 

We do not agree. There was no issue raised in M.H. as to whether the 

agency had complied with its duties to notify and assess relatives for 

placement. Furthermore, the facts there were similar. The relative in that 

case (an aunt who lived out-of-state) telephoned the agency to express 

interest in adoption when the child was two days old, and she reiterated her 

interest when the agency contacted her about six weeks or two months later 

(M.H., supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at p. 1301); in the interim, when the child was 

about three weeks old, the disposition hearing took place (id. at p. 1299). Not 

until the child was three months old did the agency initiate an ICPC request 

to begin the process of assessing aunt for a possible placement, a process that 

ultimately took about seven months. (See M.H., at pp. 1299-1300.)
53

detriment of removing them from the only homes they have ever known, with 

foster parents who have been attending to their unique emotional, medical 

and developmental needs. We cannot say the court abused its discretion in 

making this difficult choice.

This brings us, then, to Aunt Tracie’s argument that the court’s 

findings she could not protect the children from their parents lacks support in 

the evidence. The court’s findings in this regard, which the court 

characterized as “dispositive,” are not critical to our assessment, but lend 

further support to our conclusion that the juvenile court did not err. 

The juvenile court made findings, based upon father’s extensive past 

history with drugs and crime, that substance abuse “is going to be a life-long 

challenge for him,” that he had engaged in deceptive, dishonest behavior 

including attending visitation with the children while there was likely an 

outstanding arrest warrant for him for violating probation, and that 

“[w]hoever has your children are going to have to be protecting them for years 

to come.” These findings are not contested on appeal. It then made the 

following findings concerning Aunt Tracie:

“I don’t believe that you can protect them. I believe that in looking at 

what’s part of the evidence, the Facebook posts and the GoFundMe posts and 

the statements that you’ve made, is [sic] that you are absolutely convinced 

that your brother is a wonderful person that has put these problems behind 

him. He had you convinced completely and totally . . . that . . . the birth of 

his children would change him completely . . . and there’s quotes [from] you, 

not only in your testimony but in the information I’ve reviewed, ‘He deserves 

to be able to raise his children.’ [¶] And it’s this Court’s firm belief that if the 

children were placed with you, he would do everything in his power to be with 
54

those kids and see those kids, and it would be beyond any paternal relative’s 

ability to protect these children from him.”38 (Italics added.) 

Substantial evidence supports these findings. Despite Aunt Tracie’s 

testimony that she would do all that was needed to protect the children from 

their parents, understood father had a serious drug addiction, and knew how 

to assess whether he should have contact with the children, the trial court 

was entitled to discount her testimony (or reject it altogether), and come to 

the opposite conclusion. Her testimony at the hearing was considerably 

different in tone and substance than the tenor, for example, of her Facebook 

posts from March 2019 that the juvenile court specifically mentioned, which 

reflect a high degree of optimism that her brother had, or soon would, 

overcome his problems and was a suitable parent.

39 Many of these comments 

were duplicated in a narrative she later filed with the court in support of her 

section 388 petition. There also was evidence that in May 2018, Aunt Tracie 

told a social worker during a supervised visit that she didn’t plan to follow up 

38 At later hearings, the court elaborated that its safety concerns were 

also based on father’s extensive criminal record, which included crimes of 

violence, the severity of which Aunt Tracie “really never acknowledged.” 

39 For example, in a posting describing an offer she made at the outset 

of Michael’s case to take in the whole family if need be, she wrote, “It was 

made clear by [the social worker] that they didn’t want the parents in the 

same home as little Michael, even if it was a very healthy, safe, and structured 

environment.” (Italics added.) In another posting, she described father’s 

later expulsion from his court-ordered treatment program as a “bump,” and 

lauded him for his subsequent efforts to “tak[e] the initiative to get right back 

into a healthy situation, and to try to remedy everything.” She wrote, “He 

has been such an intensely changed person through all of this. He was 

always very warm hearted, but now he was acting responsibly. This had 

been one, seemingly minute, mistake in the grand scheme of this colossal 

amount of change. . . . He had made so much progress . . . .” And in another

one she wrote, “He doesn’t deserve this. He’s such a good dad.” 
55

and start the RFA process in Los Angeles (after she’d moved from Georgia) 

because father was doing so well she expected him to get Michael back before 

Michael’s first birthday. And social worker Bernal testified Aunt Tracie not 

only appeared to minimize father’s problems but gave the impression she 

thought father had been treated unfairly.40 

“Our job is not to reweigh the evidence. The juvenile court, sitting as 

trier of fact, heard the witnesses testifying and was in a better position than 

we are to adjudge their testimony.” (Alicia B. v. Superior Court (2004) 

116 Cal.App.4th 856, 864 [upholding denial of relative placement request].) 

Despite Aunt Tracie’s testimony about her ability to recognize the signs of 

substance abuse and the caution she would exercise in exposing the children 

to their father, we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the juvenile 

court. Another trier of fact might well have sided with Aunt Tracie. But 

indulging all reasonable inferences from the record, there is substantial 

evidence she possessed an extremely optimistic assessment of her brother’s 

ability to overcome his lifelong descent into drugs and crime, and harbored a 

significant desire for him to maintain some kind of contact with his children. 

There is thus substantial evidence of considerable uncertainty as to her 

ability to maintain boundaries with father, so as to protect the children from 

his ongoing struggle with substance abuse and criminality.

Finally, we note that the court’s finding that father would do 

everything in his power to see his children proved to be quite prescient, 

because a short time after the court ruled, father’s own conduct proved the 

point. About a month and a half after the court’s September 10, 2019 ruling 

denying Aunt Tracie’s petition, he managed to obtain confidential contact 

40 Aunt Tracie denied ever saying this, and testified she had no opinion 

on the subject. 
56

information for Michael’s foster parents and sent them harassing texts that 

included pictures of their home and car, telling them that “you have 

something of mine,” expressing gratitude for their care of Michael and 

pressing them for contact.41 Police were contacted, and the juvenile court 

issued a restraining order against father to prevent him from contacting the 

foster parents or Michael. There was also an outstanding arrest warrant for 

him in Los Angeles, where he had failed to report to probation, and 

eventually he was located and arrested on the probation violation. Although 

we do not consider this evidence in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence 

at the time the court rendered its ruling, it does quite clearly indicate that 

any error in the court’s finding at the time was harmless.

In sum, as loving a potential parent as Aunt Tracie quite obviously 

would have been, and despite the admirable lengths to which she went to 

uproot her life and move to California to provide a home for these children, 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying her section 388 petition 

requesting that the children be placed with her. 

41 He wrote: “You have something of mine. [¶] How is my son. [¶] You 

and your wife love mikey and I know he loves you two. [¶] Just praying that 

when CPS and the court is finally out of this you will both want to be open 

with us. They’ve railroaded our visits because they don’t want that for any of 

us. We will always appreciate you for taking great care of him and only want 

the same respect back. I know they tell foster parents not to communicate, 

but we would never be anything but civil to both. And she is also heartbroke 

her other kids may not get that relationship either. Thanks again, please 

don’t be apprehensive about talking with us.” 
57

III.

The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in Declining to Declare a Mistrial 

After Relieving the Children’s Counsel Due to Her Conflict of 

Interest and Then Appointing the Children a New Attorney.

This brings us to attorney Julian’s conflict of interest.

Joining in and supplementing each other’s arguments, father, mother 

and Aunt Tracie all contend the juvenile court erred by declining to declare a 

mistrial on all findings and orders after February 2018, which is when 

Julian’s ability to represent the children became materially limited by her 

actual conflict of interest. Assuming without deciding the parties have 

standing to raise these issues, we conclude the juvenile court did not err.

The trial court’s power to declare a mistrial is not derived from 

statutory authority but, essentially, the common law. (Blumenthal v. 

Superior Court (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 672, 678.) “The fundamental idea of a 

mistrial is that some error has occurred which is too serious to be corrected, 

and therefore the trial must be terminated, so that proceedings can begin 

again. (See 7 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (4th ed. 1997) Trial, § 181, p. 207 [‘A 

mistrial is the termination of a trial prior to completion, on order of the judge, 

for error too serious to be corrected.’]; Code Civ. Proc., § 616 [provision for 

trial to begin immediately again where jury has been prevented from 

rendering verdict].)” (Ibid.)

As the agency points out, without contradiction by any of the 

appellants, we review the court’s denial of a mistrial for an abuse of 

discretion. (People v. Schultz (2020) 10 Cal.5th 623, 673.) “ ‘ “Whether a 

particular incident is incurably prejudicial is by its nature a speculative 

matter, and the trial court is vested with considerable discretion in ruling on 

mistrial motions.” ’ ” (Ibid.) A mistrial should be granted “ ‘only when a 
58

party’s chances of receiving a fair trial have been irreparably damaged . . . .’ ” 

(Ibid.)

Although appellants have cited us no authority addressing the court’s 

authority to declare a mistrial in juvenile dependency proceedings, we 

perceive no legal or logical impediment to doing so with respect to a 

particular hearing. This practice is in fact reflected in one appellate decision 

cited by mother on another point. (See In re David D. (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 

941, 946 (David D.) [noting mistrial was declared during contested 12-month 

review hearing due to conflict of interest of mother’s counsel].) Therefore, in 

this case we may readily assess the juvenile court’s refusal to declare a 

mistrial of the contested placement hearing itself under the abuse of 

discretion standard. 

Doing so, we find no abuse of discretion. The juvenile court appointed 

the children new, unconflicted counsel who undertook a complete and 

thorough assessment of the case—including with the benefit of interviewing 

all concerned—and, when given the opportunity to do so, declined to put on 

any new evidence or argument, essentially resting on the current state of the 

record, did not ask for a mistrial on the children’s behalf, and urged the 

juvenile court to let the placement decision stand. In denying a mistrial, the 

juvenile court was well within its discretion to conclude that the remedy of 

appointing new counsel and, in effect, affording her an opportunity to change 

the children’s legal position or to put on new evidence both adequately 

protected the children’s interests in the placement hearing, and also virtually 

eliminated any conceivable impact of Julian’s participation in the contested 

hearing on the other parties, all of whom were themselves represented by 

conscientious, competent counsel. “[T]he trial judge, present on the scene, is 

obviously the best judge of whether any error was so prejudicial to one of the 
59

parties as to warrant scrapping proceedings up to that point.” (Blumenthal v. 

Superior Court, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 678.) Moreover, it is difficult to 

fathom that the state of the evidentiary record at the placement hearing 

could or would have been significantly different had the juvenile court 

declared a mistrial and started all over again, this time with the children 

represented by unconflicted counsel. Indeed, in light of the children’s 

overriding interest in prompt resolution of their custody status at this stage 

of proceedings, we question whether the juvenile court would have abused its 

discretion had it granted a mistrial. Even outside the dependency context, 

there is a “presumptive (and commonsense) reluctance to allow the waste of 

resources that mistrials entail.” (Id. at p. 679.) 

Citing three criminal cases (People v. Coleman (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 

493, 496; People v. McNally (1980) 107 Cal.App.3d 387, 393; People v. Manson

(1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 102, 202), Aunt Tracie argues that an actual conflict of 

interest between a party and his or her attorney constitutes a legal necessity 

for granting a mistrial, and the appointment of substitute counsel is not an 

appropriate remedy. The cited cases are factually distinguishable, however. 

More fundamentally, criminal cases are inapt, because “[t]he rights and 

protections afforded parents in a dependency proceeding are not the same as 

those afforded to the accused in a criminal proceeding.” (In re James F. 

(2008) 42 Cal.4th 901, 915-916; see also In re Christopher L. (2020) 56 

Cal.App.5th 1172, 1186-1187, review granted, 2021 Cal. Lexis 1215, Feb. 17, 

2021, S265910.) 

Citing attorney disqualification cases (Earl Scheib, Inc. v. Superior 

Court for Los Angeles County (1967) 253 Cal.App.2d 703; Kraus v. Davis

(1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 484), Aunt Tracie also argues in her reply brief that 

“prejudice to the children . . . must be presumed.” Again, we disagree. The 
60

question here is not whether the children’s rights have been prejudiced—they 

have not appealed. Nor is it the question whether disqualification was 

warranted. The juvenile court did disqualify Julian. The question is whether 

Julian’s conflict of interest “incurably” prejudiced appellants at the contested 

hearing (People v. Schultz, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 673), warranting them the 

remedy of a mistrial. For the reasons we have discussed, we will not disturb 

the juvenile court’s implicit determination that it did not. 

This brings us, then, to the appellants’ contentions about turning the 

clock back even farther, to February 2018, which was nearly the beginning of 

Michael’s case. And here we also are unpersuaded, albeit for different 

reasons.

The principal difficulty is that appellants cite no legal authority 

authorizing the juvenile court to order a “mistrial” in the sense used more 

broadly here—that is, to vacate prior rulings in the dependency case and to 

begin anew because of error that they claim incurably prejudiced them.

 In 

effect, what the appellants advocate is the equivalent of a request under 

section 388 for a change of prior court orders, sweepingly across-the-board, 

but without meeting the requirements of that statute—one of which, as we 

have discussed, is the children’s best interests. Undoing all prior court orders 

because of an undeclared conflict of interest, untethered from consideration of 

the children’s best interests, would violate section 388, the entire thrust of 

the dependency scheme which favors prompt resolution of a child’s custody 

status given a child’s need for a stable, permanent home (see In re Marilyn 

H., supra, 5 Cal.4th 295, 307-308; § 352, subd. (a)(1)), and common sense. 

Appellants thus have not persuaded us the juvenile court possessed legal 

authority to do what they say it should have done. 
61

But even if it did have authority to claw back all rulings since nearly 

the start of these proceedings because of an undisclosed conflict of interest, 

we would still conclude there was no abuse of discretion. The closest analogy 

of which we are aware is the principle, established by our Supreme Court, 

that an appellate court should set aside a judgment in a dependency 

proceeding when a child has been represented by conflicted counsel “only if 

[the appellate court] finds a reasonable probability the outcome would have 

been different but for the error” of allowing the conflicted representation. (In 

re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 60.) The parties acknowledge this standard 

and essentially argue the conflict here did not constitute harmless error. But 

the question is more nuanced: did the juvenile court abuse its discretion in 

essentially concluding that it was harmless? That is, could a reasonable 

judge have decided, on this record, that it was not reasonably probable the 

outcome would have been different had the children been represented by 

unconflicted counsel beginning in March 2018, the point at which the conflict 

materialized? 

The answer is yes. The trial court did not apply the “reasonable 

probability” standard in evaluating the impact of Julian’s conflict, but it 

thoroughly inquired into the impact of the conflict, was informed by the 

children’s new counsel that the conflict possibly impacted Julian’s 

performance in only limited ways, and heard extensive argument by the 

parties on the subject. Specifically, attorney Rodney, charged with 

conducting an independent assessment of the question, conducted a thorough,

independent, off-the-record investigation, and reported to the court that 

Julian’s conflict of interest did not prejudicially affect the parent’s rights; she 

concluded that their loss of parental rights ultimately resulted from their 

own failings and inability to overcome their struggles with substance abuse. 
62

Nor did she conclude that the children’s placement with non-relatives was

prejudicially impacted by Julian’s conflict; she concluded only that it might

have been (and not nearly to the same degree, or as far back in time, as the 

appellants contend42), but that ultimately “[w]hether reasonable minor’s 

counsel could have supported placement for Michael or the twins with [Aunt 

Tracie] at any point in time cannot be determined.” (Italics added.) Having 

received this assessment—one that no party has challenged as lacking 

support in the record—we cannot say the juvenile court abused its discretion 

in declining to hit the “reset” button, wipe out nearly two years’ worth of 

proceedings, reopen the reunification period and/or the question of bypass (a 

remedy we ourselves are powerless to order (see In re Nia A. (2016) 

246 Cal.App.4th 1241, 1249), revisit the question of the children’s temporary 

placements, and place these young children in continued legal limbo. All of 

appellants’ arguments to the contrary simply ignore our abuse of discretion 

standard of review. 

IV.

Cumulative Error

Next, relying on David D., supra, 28 Cal.App.4th at pages 951-953

(David D.), mother argues that cumulative errors in the proceedings put the 

children “on a path to adoption with nonrelatives as a result of their counsel’s 

actual conflict,” the cumulative effect of which rendered the final decision to 

terminate parental rights a “nullity.” She asserts, without elaboration, that 

42 For example, she concluded that unconflicted counsel might have 

interviewed Aunt Tracie as a possible placement only after February 2019, 

when father’s reunification services were terminated but that it was 

appropriate for Julian to have relied on the agency’s relative assessment 

efforts earlier. And the impact on the twins’ placement was even more 

“attenuated.” 
63

“[t]he cumulative effect of the errors in this case resulted in the improper 

placement of the children in two separate nonrelative adoptive homes,” and 

that therefore all rulings after February 2018 should be reheard. Father and 

Aunt Tracie join in her argument. 

These arguments are undeveloped, conclusory and unpersuasive. 

Insofar as the errors that have been briefed on appeal, we have rejected 

them. Moreover, David D. is distinguishable. It is an “extraordinary” case 

(David D., 28 Cal.App.4th at p. 951) involving “distortions of reality” by child 

protective officials described as “Kafkaesque” (id. at p. 952) that led to a

failure to provide reasonable reunification services and visitation which, in 

the end, led inevitably to the termination of parental rights. (See id. at 

pp. 953-955.) No such errors occurred here. Mother has not discussed it at 

all, and neither will we in any detail. 

To the extent the parties have alluded to other errors that occurred (for 

example, in noticing the relatives of their rights to participate in the case, or 

the delays in conducting and completing an assessment of Aunt Tracie), 

mother fails to demonstrate such errors had any impact on the termination of 

parental rights, or the placement of the children with non-relatives. 

Moreover, as to the placement issue, as discussed above, the juvenile court in 

the end concluded (after a five-day evidentiary hearing) that Aunt Tracie 

would not be able to protect the children from father, and we have upheld 

that finding on appeal. 

In the parents’ reply briefs, new arguments are made. Mother

reframes the claim of cumulative error as a due process violation, and both 

parents cite due process caselaw (see Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Services

(1981) 452 U.S. 18 [addressing indigent parent’s right to counsel in 

dependency proceedings]; In re Marriage of Carlsson (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 
64

281, 294 [arbitrarily cutting off presentation of evidence rendered trial 

fundamentally unfair]). Mother also asserts the juvenile court should have 

declared a mistrial and “solicit[ed] accurate information as to the relatives 

before proceeding with the section 366.26 hearing.” We will not consider 

these points because “[c]ourts will ordinarily treat the appellant’s failure to 

raise an issue in his or her opening brief as a waiver of that challenge.”

(Paulus v. Bob Lynch Ford, Inc. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 659, 685.) In 

addition, there is no effort to explain how the cited authorities support this

claim of error, and “it is not the role of an appellate court to carry appellate 

counsel’s burden” of demonstrating error. (In re S.C. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 

396, 412.)

For these reasons, reversal is not warranted for cumulative error.

V.

Conditional Reversal of the Order Terminating Parental Rights for

ICWA Error Is Concededly Required.

Finally, father argues the order terminating parental rights must be 

conditionally reversed because the trial court failed to ensure compliance 

with the ICWA (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.). with respect to the Creek tribe. He 

asks for a limited remand with instructions to inquire further about father’s 

Native American heritage and ensure proper ICWA notification to Creek 

tribes. The agency concedes this issue, and the concession is appropriate. 

The agency was apprised by Aunt Tracie on April 5, 2019, that the 

family had “Creek” ancestry on their maternal side (through a greatgrandfather). This disclosure “unquestionably provided reason to believe 

Indian children might be involved in these dependency proceedings and 

triggered the Department’s duty to make further inquiry, as mandated by 

section 224.2, subdivision (e).” (In re T.G. (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 275, 292; see 

generally In re M.W. (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 1034, 1041-1044 [summarizing 
65

the inquiry and notice requirements of federal law and California law, as 

amended effective January 1, 2019].) Yet there is no evidence any further 

inquiry was made about that (see §224.2, subd. (e)), or that any Creek tribes 

were ever notified. The agency’s failure to make further inquiry requires 

conditional reversal of the orders terminating parental rights for an adequate 

investigation of the children’s Indian ancestry relating to the Creek tribe. 

(See In re T.G., at p. 292.)

DISPOSITION

The orders denying father’s and Aunt Tracie’s petitions pursuant to 

section 388 are affirmed. The orders terminating parental rights are 

conditionally reversed. The matters are remanded to the juvenile court for 

full compliance with the inquiry and notice provisions of ICWA and related 

California law.
66

STEWART, J.

We concur.

KLINE, P.J.

RICHMAN, J.

In re Michael S. (A158215, A158844, A159775)