NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:

ERIKA RODRIGUEZ,

Debtor.

ERIKA RODRIGUEZ,

Appellant,

v.

NATIONAL FUNDING, INC.,

Appellee.

BAP No. NC-19-1191-FBTa

Bk. No. 18-10674

MEMORANDUM*

Argued and Submitted on March 26, 2020 

Filed – April 2, 2020

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Northern District of California

Honorable Charles Novak, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

 

FILED

APR 2 2020

SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK

U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

*

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for

whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential

value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
Appearances: Thomas Philip Kelly, III argued on behalf of appellant; 

 Jennifer E. Duty on the brief for appellee.

 

Before: FARIS, BRAND, and TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.

INTRODUCTION

The bankruptcy court held that creditor National Funding, Inc.

willfully violated the automatic stay when it levied chapter 71 debtor Erika

Rodriguez’s bank accounts. Ms. Rodriguez sought to recover $29,000 in

attorneys’ fees and $2,500 in costs, but the court awarded $7,875 and $81,

respectively, because she had failed to mitigate her damages before filing a

motion for contempt.

Ms. Rodriguez appeals, arguing that the bankruptcy court should

have awarded her the full amount of her claimed fees and costs and did not

provide adequate reasons for discounting her award. 

The bankruptcy court acted within its discretion. We AFFIRM. 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. Prepetition events

In 2018, Ms. Rodriguez defaulted on a business loan from National

Funding. National Funding obtained a $130,060 default judgment against

1

 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the

Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and all “Rule” references are to the Federal

Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

2
her in state court, and the state court promptly issued a writ of execution.

On August 1, National Funding sent instructions to the Sonoma

County Sheriff’s Department to levy Ms. Rodriguez’s bank accounts.

B. Ms. Rodriguez’s bankruptcy case

Ms. Rodriguez filed a chapter 7 petition on October 1, 2018. Her

creditor matrix included National Funding, care of its attorney, Jennifer E.

Duty. She also filed a notice of stay of proceedings in the state court action.

National Funding conceded that it knew of Ms. Rodriguez’s petition

by October 2. Nevertheless, on that date, it sent the sheriff’s office new

instructions to enforce the writ of execution. On October 10, a staff attorney

for National Funding, Tara Muren, personally learned of Ms. Rodriguez’s

bankruptcy case. She claimed that she directed her legal assistant to contact

the sheriff’s office to terminate the levy that day.

For whatever reason, the sheriff’s office did not receive notice of the

levy termination. On or around October 22, it levied Ms. Rodriguez’s

checking and savings accounts, recovering a total of $236.41.

Ms. Rodriguez attempted to withdraw funds after the levy, which

resulted in a $35 overdraft fee. Neither the sheriff’s office nor National

Funding has ever returned the funds to Ms. Rodriguez.

C. Ms. Rodriguez’s motion for contempt

Ms. Rodriguez notified her attorney, Thomas P. Kelly III, that the

sheriff’s office had levied her accounts. Mr. Kelly did not contact National

3
Funding or otherwise informally attempt to resolve the stay violation. 

Rather, Mr. Kelly (on behalf of Ms. Rodriguez) filed a motion for

contempt (“Contempt Motion”) against National Funding in the

bankruptcy court. Ms. Rodriguez argued that she had given National

Funding notice of her bankruptcy filing, but it nevertheless violated the

automatic stay by levying her bank accounts.

National Funding opposed the Contempt Motion and blamed the

levy entirely on the sheriff’s office. It claimed that it had cancelled the levy

by phone, mail, and e-fax and provided copies of the undated levy

termination request. It argued that it did not willfully violate the automatic

stay and that damages were not warranted because Ms. Rodriguez did not

contact National Funding to try to resolve the stay violation amicably.

At the hearing on the Contempt Motion, the bankruptcy court

questioned whether National Funding had documentation proving when it

sent the notice of levy termination to the sheriff’s office; counsel replied

that there was an e-mail but no other fax confirmation. Ms. Rodriguez’s

counsel represented that the sheriff’s office informed him that it had not

received any cancellation notice from National Funding. Due to the factual

disputes, the court set a continued hearing and allowed the parties to

conduct discovery. Ms. Rodriguez’s counsel did not object.

The parties deposed Ms. Rodriguez and the sheriff’s office’s

representative, Ruth Cooper, and filed supplemental briefs. 

4
At the continued hearing on the Contempt Motion, the bankruptcy

court noted that there was still a question of fact about whether and when

National Funding attempted to terminate the levy. Mr. Kelly initially

insisted that there was no factual dispute. Eventually, when it became clear

that the court would not decide the issue absent an evidentiary hearing, he

agreed to a hearing: “Yes, as to the Sonoma County Sheriff’s state of

knowledge and at what point did they receive notice, if any, from National

Funding?”

Ms. Cooper, Ms. Rodriguez, and Ms. Muren (the National Funding

staff attorney) testified at the evidentiary hearing. Ms. Cooper reiterated

that the sheriff’s office did not have any record of National Funding

contacting it to terminate the levy prior to October 28, 2018.

Conversely, Ms. Muren testified that she personally became aware of

Ms. Rodriguez’s bankruptcy case on October 10 and instructed her

assistant to terminate the levy that day. She explained that she created a

document directing the sheriff’s office to halt the levy, which her assistant

sent via e-fax. She said that she did not realize that the sheriff’s office had

levied the bank accounts until she reviewed the Contempt Motion.

In its written order, the bankruptcy court found that National

Funding “clearly violated the automatic stay” and that its failure to stop

the levy was a willful violation because it knew of the automatic stay and

its efforts to terminate the collection efforts were inadequate. It awarded

5
Ms. Rodriguez $236.41 plus the $35 overdraft fee. However, it declined to

award her emotional distress damages because her discomfort and

embarrassment were “momentary and slight.”

The bankruptcy court instructed Mr. Kelly to file documents in

support of the request for fees and costs. It also directed both parties to

address whether Ms. Rodriguez satisfied her duty to mitigate her damages.

D. The fees and costs award

Ms. Rodriguez filed a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs (“Fees

Motion”) claiming $29,610 in attorneys’ fees and $2,564.34 in costs. She

argued that National Funding’s strategy of “maximum confrontation”

prolonged the dispute and required significant work. She further argued

that she did not need to mitigate her damages, because National Funding

caused the injury and failed to provide any evidence that it would have

done anything differently even if she had contacted it.

National Funding opposed the Fees Motion and argued that

Ms. Rodriguez failed to mitigate her damages by filing the Contempt

Motion without contacting National Funding and refusing to engage in

settlement discussions.

The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Fees Motion and ruled

that Ms. Rodriguez was entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees but not the

full amount claimed. It found that, had Ms. Rodriguez reached out to

National Funding prior to filing the Contempt Motion, “there’s little doubt

6
that National Funding would have promptly returned the funds that the

sheriff removed from her bank accounts.” The court stated that it was “not

adopting a per se rule that requires debtors to send a cease and desist letter

before filing a Section 362(k) motion, but in this instance, that would have

been a far more appropriate method to take. You don’t need a house to

squash a mosquito, and that’s exactly what I have here . . . .”

The bankruptcy court awarded Ms. Rodriguez $7,875 in attorneys’

fees and $81.64 in costs. It explained that it was awarding fees and costs

only through the first hearing on the Contempt Motion, or roughly twenty

hours, which represented “more than enough [time] to understand the

scope of the problem, to contact National Funding, and to resolve this. And

that’s what should have been done.”

Ms. Rodriguez timely appealed.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334

and 157(b)(2)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

ISSUE

Whether the bankruptcy court erred in awarding Ms. Rodriguez less

than the full amount of attorneys’ fees and costs that she incurred while

prosecuting the Contempt Motion.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the amount of sanctions imposed for a willful violation of

7
the stay, including an award of attorneys’ fees and costs, for an abuse of

discretion. Eskanos & Adler, P.C. v. Leetien, 309 F.3d 1210, 1213 (9th Cir.

2002) (citing Franchise Tax Bd. v. Roberts (In re Roberts), 175 B.R. 339, 343 (9th

Cir. BAP 1994)); see Am.’s Servicing Co. v. Schwartz-Tallard (In re

Schwartz-Tallard), 803 F.3d 1095, 1101 (9th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (“[C]ourts

awarding fees under § 362(k) thus retain the discretion to eliminate

unnecessary or plainly excessive fees.” (citation omitted)).

To determine whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion, we

conduct a two-step inquiry: (1) we review de novo whether the bankruptcy

court “identified the correct legal rule to apply to the relief requested” and

(2) if it did, we consider whether the bankruptcy court’s application of the

legal standard was illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences

that may be drawn from the facts in the record. United States v. Hinkson, 585

F.3d 1247, 1262-63 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).

DISCUSSION

A. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in awarding

Ms. Rodriguez less than the full amount of her fees and costs.

Ms. Rodriguez argues that the bankruptcy court erred in discounting

her award of attorneys’ fees and costs because she failed to mitigate her

damages. We discern no abuse of discretion. 

Section 362(k) provides that “an individual injured by any willful

violation of a stay provided by this section shall recover actual damages,

8
including costs and attorneys’ fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may

recover punitive damages.” § 362(k)(1). The Ninth Circuit has held that,

while the award of attorneys’ fees is mandatory, courts have discretion to

determine the reasonableness of the award: 

Although § 362(k) makes such fee awards mandatory rather

than discretionary, we do not think that feature of the statute

will result in unnecessary litigation brought solely to drive up

the award. Only an award of fees reasonably incurred is

mandated by the statute; courts awarding fees under § 362(k)

thus retain the discretion to eliminate unnecessary or plainly

excessive fees.

In re Schwartz-Tallard, 803 F.3d at 1101 (citation omitted) (emphasis added).

When considering attorneys’ fees for a stay violation, “[c]ourts in

other circuits have applied the standard of § 330 for compensating

professionals in bankruptcy, which provides for ‘reasonable compensation

for actual, necessary services.’” Eskanos & Adler, P.C. v. Roman (In re Roman),

283 B.R. 1, 11 (9th Cir. BAP 2002) (citations omitted). The reasonableness of

fees is determined by using the “lodestar” approach

2

 and by considering

the particular circumstances of each case. Id. Courts may also consider the

proportionality of the attorneys’ fee award in relation to the damages

sought. See In re Beebe, 435 B.R. 95, 102 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2010) (declining to

2

 The lodestar approach requires the bankruptcy court to determine the

reasonable amount of fees by multiplying the number of hours reasonably spent by the

attorney’s reasonable hourly rate. See Law Offices of David A. Boone v. Derham-Burk (In re

Eliapo), 468 F.3d 592, 598 (9th Cir. 2006).

9
award attorneys’ fees because “[p]rosecution of the willful stay violation

simply was not reasonable in this case to determine and enforce

appropriate sanctions”).

Additionally, we have noted that the reasonableness inquiry requires

a court to determine whether the debtor could have mitigated her

damages: 

[I]n determining reasonable damages under § 362(h) [now

§ 362(k)], the bankruptcy court must examine whether the

debtor could have mitigated the damages. Generally, in

determining the appropriate amount of attorneys’ fees to award

as a sanction, the court looks to two factors: “(1) what expenses

or costs resulted from the violation and (2) what portion of

those costs was reasonable, as opposed to costs that could have

been mitigated.” 

In re Roman, 283 B.R. at 12 (quoting In re GeneSys, Inc., 273 B.R. 290, 296

(Bankr. D.C. 2001)).

In the present case, Mr. Kelly represented that he had billed over

$30,000 in fees and costs prosecuting the Contempt Motion against

National Funding. The bankruptcy court, however, found that this amount

was unreasonable and awarded $7,875 in fees and $81 in costs,

representing work through the first hearing on the Contempt Motion. 

Ms. Rodriguez argues that the bankruptcy court imposed a “meet

and confer requirement for stay violation motions.” She contends that the

bankruptcy court “stated a rule that would have required a third notice of

10
the [automatic stay] by mandating a further meet and confer letter from

Appellant’s counsel.” (National Funding received notice once from the

bankruptcy court when Ms. Rodriguez filed her petition and again when

she filed a notice of automatic stay in the state court case.)

Ms. Rodriguez misconstrues the bankruptcy court’s ruling. It never

imposed a “meet and confer” requirement and did not dispute that

National Funding had notice of the automatic stay. Indeed, it stated that it

was “not adopting a per se rule that requires debtors to send a cease and

desist letter before filing a Section 362(k) motion . . . .”

Rather, the bankruptcy court evaluated the reasonableness and

proportionality of Ms. Rodriguez’s actions in light of National Funding’s

stay violation. The court found that this case involved a relatively minor

violation that National Funding would have quickly remedied, had

Ms. Rodriguez contacted it directly, rather than taking the more

confrontational route of filing the Contempt Motion. It found that her

actions resulted in needless litigation and, by implication, unreasonably

large fees. These findings were not clearly erroneous.

Ms. Rodriguez acknowledges that she had a duty to mitigate her

damages but contends that all of the billed attorneys’ fees were

appropriate. She argues that National Funding increased litigation costs by

11
pursuing a highly confrontational and meritless strategy.3

We are sympathetic to Ms. Rodriguez’s arguments. Based on our

review of the record, we are less optimistic than the bankruptcy court

about National Funding’s response to an informal request. National

Funding’s responses were consistently energetic and never conciliatory: it

sent an amended levy request to the sheriff on the very day it first received

notice of the bankruptcy filing; it made only ineffectual (if any) efforts to

correct its violation until Ms. Rodriguez filed her Contempt Motion; and it

mounted a full-throated, aggressive litigation strategy in response to that

motion. We also note that most of Ms. Rodriguez’s fees and costs were

incurred during the discovery, supplemental briefing, and evidentiary

hearing that National Funding and the court insisted were necessary (and

that Mr. Kelly initially argued were unnecessary). But we can only review

the cold paper record, and we do not have the benefit that the bankruptcy

court enjoyed of first-hand observation of the proceedings. We cannot say

that the court’s findings were illogical, implausible, or without support in

the record. 

B. The bankruptcy court adequately explained the reduced award.

Ms. Rodriguez argues that the bankruptcy court erred by failing to

3

 In her reply brief, Ms. Rodriguez argues that National Funding waived the

issue of who was at fault in driving the litigation. But National Funding addressed its

position in its answering brief by asserting that it promptly took actions to cancel the

levy and providing appropriate citations to the record.

12
explain the rationale behind the fees and costs award. We disagree.

The Ninth Circuit has repeatedly recognized the trial court’s

discretion in awarding attorneys’ fees but has cautioned that “[i]t remains

important, however, for the district court to provide a concise but clear

explanation of its reasons for the fee award.” Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d

1392, 1398 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437

(1983)) (civil rights claims). This requires the court “to give at least some

indication of how it arrived at the amount of compensable hours for which

fees were awarded to allow for meaningful appellate review. Although we

do not require ‘an elaborately reasoned, calculated, or worded order . . .

[and] a brief explanation of how the court arrived at its figures will do,’

‘something more than a bald, unsupported amount is necessary.’” Id.

(citations omitted). Nevertheless, when considering an award of attorneys’

fees, the court is not required to go line-by-line through the billing records:

[T]rial courts need not, and indeed should not, become

green-eyeshade accountants. The essential goal in shifting fees

(to either party) is to do rough justice, not to achieve auditing

perfection. So trial courts may take into account their overall

sense of a suit, and may use estimates in calculating and

allocating an attorney’s time. And appellate courts must give

substantial deference to these determinations, in light of “the

district court’s superior understanding of the litigation.”

Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437) (civil

rights claims).

13
Ms. Rodriguez contends that the bankruptcy court failed to

“articulate any basis why the fees and costs sought were unreasonable and

excessive.” This is not correct. As discussed above, the bankruptcy court

found that a phone call to National Funding’s counsel might have resolved

the situation, so most of the services Ms. Rodriguez’s counsel rendered

were unnecessary. 

Ms. Rodriguez further argues that the court did not explain why it

allowed fees and costs only up to the first hearing, particularly when the

court ordered discovery and additional hearings. She is incorrect. The court

explained that it was awarding fees through the first hearing and that

twenty hours represented more than enough time for Mr. Kelly to proceed

reasonably by consulting with Ms. Rodriguez, contacting National

Funding, and resolving the stay violation. The court found that $7,875, or

roughly twenty hours, was “generous” in light of the amount of work it

should have taken to resolve this issue. It was not required to undertake a

line-by-line analysis of Mr. Kelly’s bills, and we defer to the bankruptcy

court’s judgment as to what constituted a reasonable amount of time. 

As to the work required beyond the first hearing, Ms. Rodriguez

claims that she did not want discovery and additional hearings. As we

have stated, we are sympathetic to her position. But we do not believe that

the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by requiring these proceedings

to resolve the factual disputes or by denying Ms. Rodriguez’s request for

14
fees for those proceedings based on its not-clearly-erroneous finding that

Ms. Rodriguez could have avoided those proceedings altogether. 

In sum, the court did not abuse its discretion when it decided that

Ms. Rodriguez could have remedied the stay violation with twenty hours

of attorney time worth $7,875. 

CONCLUSION

The bankruptcy court did not err. We AFFIRM.

15