FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

NOVEMBER 22, 2011

JOHN LEY

 CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 10-15627

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:10-cv-01394-JSM

BKCY No. 8:07-bk-04394-KRM

IN RE: J.H. INVESTMENT SERVICES, INC.,

Debtor.

______________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

STEVEN OSCHER, Chapter 11 Trustee,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(November 22, 2011)

Before BARKETT, MARCUS and COX, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
Daniel Prewett operated J.H. Investment Services, Inc. (“JHIS”), which

engaged in a fraudulent real estate investment scheme. When the scheme went south,

JHIS’s creditors initiated an involuntary Chapter 11 case. The bankruptcy court

appointed Steven Oscher as Trustee. Oscher subsequently located and sold forty real

properties belonging to JHIS. The bankruptcy court ordered that one percent of the

sale proceeds (the “carve-out fund”) be set aside for JHIS’s unsecured creditors. This

fund totaled about $83,000. 

The IRS has a claim against JHIS for unpaid taxes. Since this case began, the

IRS has submitted several proof-of-claim forms, each superseding the previous one. 

Claim #6-1 asserted a $46 million unsecured claim, with approximately $26 million

designated as priority. Claim #6-2 asserted a similar claim, but Claim #6-3 added a

secured claim of $764. Oscher objected to Claim #6-3 on various grounds. The IRS

then submitted the claim at issue here, Claim #6-4, which categorizesthe IRS’s entire

$46 million claim as secured. (Dkt. 1-6.) Claim #6-4 does not note a general

unsecured claim or an unsecured priority claim. 

In December 2009, Oscher proposed a Chapter 11 liquidating plan (the “Plan”).

(Dkt. 618.) The Plan expressly excludes the carve-out fund from the IRS’s

distribution. That same month, Oscher filed a disclosure statement indicating that the

estate’s assets had a value of about $750,000. (Bankr. Ct. Dkt. 619 at 25.)

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Two months later, and only a week before the confirmation hearing, the IRS

objected to the Plan. (Dkt. 1-8.) The IRS contended that Claim #6-4 asserted an

unsecured claim, that the claim was allowed under § 502, and that the claim was

entitled to priority under § 507(a)(8). Thus, the IRS argued, the Plan violated

11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(9)(C) because it paid the carve-out fund to JHIS’s general

unsecured creditors before paying the IRS’s priority claim in full. Oscher countered

that Claim #6-4 did not assert an unsecured claim, and thus, the IRS did not have one,

either priority or general. The bankruptcy court agreed with Oscher and ordered the

carve-out fund distributed to JHIS’s general unsecured creditors. 

The IRS appealed to the district court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court. 

(Dkt. 35.) The district court concluded that undersecured creditors must provide

notice of their intent to pursue a deficiency claim. This notice alerts the Trustee and

other interested parties “that more than a secured claim may be forthcoming” and

gives them an opportunity to oppose that claim. (Id. at 7.) But in this case, Claim #6-

4 did not indicate an intent to pursue an unsecured claim. Oscher and the other

creditors had neither notice of the IRS’s unsecured claim nor an opportunity to

oppose it. Thus, the court concluded, permitting the IRS to collect on a claim which

no party had the opportunity to contest would violate due process. (Id. at 9.) 

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DISCUSSION

Under the Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”), a claim is a right to payment,

whether secured or unsecured. See 11 U.S.C. § 101(5)(A). Some secured creditors

are undersecured—i.e., the value of their collateral is less than the full value of their

claim. 11 U.S.C. § 506(a)(1). The Code treats these creditors as holding both a

secured and an unsecured claim. See id. Section 506(a)(1) provides:

An allowed claim of a creditor secured by a lien on property in which

the estate has an interest, . . . is a secured claim to the extent of the value

of such creditor’s interest in the estate’s interest in such

property, . . . and is an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of

such creditor’s interest . . . is less than the amount of such allowed

claim. 

Id.; see Official Bankruptcy Form 10 at 2. The unsecured portion of an undersecured

claim is called a deficiency claim. 

In this case, it is undisputed that the IRS submitted Claim #6-4 and that it was

undersecured. But the parties dispute whether Claim #6-4 properly raised or

preserved the IRS’s unsecured claim. The IRS contends that § 506(a)(1)

automatically bifurcated Claim #6-4 into a secured and an unsecured claim and that

the unsecured claim was allowed under § 502. Section 506(a)(1) also put Oscher and

the other creditors on notice that the IRS would pursue its deficiency claim. Thus,

the IRS argues, the district court’s concerns about due process are misplaced.

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Additionally, the IRS contends that even if it had to note its unsecured claim on

Claim #6-4, its mistake in failing to do so should be excused as harmless. It claims

that Oscher and the other creditors learned it would pursue a deficiency claim when

the IRS objected to the Plan. Because no one objected to the validity of the IRS’s

unsecured claim at that time, the claim should be allowed. We reject the IRS’s

arguments. 

Under the Code, a creditormust take an affirmative step to pursue an unsecured

claim. No creditor—even an undersecured creditor—is required to pursue a claim in

bankruptcy or file a proof -of-claim form. 11 U.S.C. § 501 (stating “[a]

creditor . . . may file a proof of claim”) (emphasis added). The Code merely prevents

nonfiling creditors from receiving distributions from the debtor’s estate. See, e.g.,

11 U.S.C. § 524(a); In re Thomas, 883 F.2d 991, 996 (11th Cir. 1989). The Federal

Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (“Rules”) further underscore this point. See Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 3002(a) (stating that an unsecured creditor “must file a proof of

claim . . . for the claim . . . to be allowed.”); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3003(c)(2) (stating that

“any creditor who fails to [file a proof of claim] shall not be treated as a creditor with

respect to such claim for purposes of voting and distribution.”). To pursue an

unsecured claimunder the Code, a creditor need only fill out and file a one page form. 

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See Official Bankr. Form 10. But filing this form is an affirmative step, and the

decision to take that step rests squarely on the creditor’s shoulders.

Contrary to the IRS’s contention, § 506(a)(1) does not automatically assert a

deficiency claim. An undersecured creditor is not required to pursue a deficiency

claim. In fact, the Rules and Official Bankruptcy Forms suggest that when an

undersecured creditor does not note an unsecured claim on its proof of claim, it has

decided not to pursue that claim. Under Rule 3001, a proof of claim must “conform

substantially to the appropriate Official Form.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3001(a). The

relevant proof of claim form is Official Bankruptcy Form 10 (“Form 10”). Form 10

permits a creditor to note a secured claim and the amount of that secured claim.

However, in the same box and right next to the line for the amount of the secured

claim, Form 10 asksfor the amount of the claim which is unsecured. Official Bankr.

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Form 10, Box 4. Moreover, the instructions to Form 10 clearly explain that an

undersecured creditor should note both the secured and unsecured value of its claim. 

Official Bankr. Form 10 at 2 (“The amount of the secured claim cannot exceed the

value of the property. Any amount owed to the creditor in excess of the value of the

property is an unsecured claim.”). Thus, to substantially comply with Form 10, a

 Box 5 permits a creditor to note if any of its claims are entitled to priority under § 507 1

and the amount of the claim entitled to priority. The IRS did not indicate that any of its claim

was entitled to priority or the amount of that claim. 

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creditor should note the portion of its claim it believes is unsecured. When an

undersecured creditor does not, the Trustee and other parties can conclude that the

creditor has decided not to pursue its deficiency claim. 

Requiring an undersecured creditor to signal its intent to pursue a deficiency

claim serves an important notice function. Under § 502, a proof of claim is allowed

“unless a party in interest . . . objects.” 11 U.S.C. § 502(a). But parties do not make

objections when they do not have to. A Form 10 which evinces an undersecured

creditor’s intent to pursue a deficiency claim puts the interested parties on notice of

that claim, see In re Neptune Pool Serv., Inc., 144 B.R. 926, 927 (Bankr. M.D. Fla.

1992), and gives those interested parties an opportunity to object to it, Fed. R. Bankr.

P. 3007. But when a Form 10 does not evince such an intent, the Trustee and other

creditors have no reason to object.

The Code does not force creditors to pursue deficiency claims. The motive for

a creditor’s decision is irrelevant as far as the Trustee is concerned. The Trustee has

no duty to ask the undersecured creditor why he elected not to pursue a deficiency

claim. See In re Padget, 119 B.R. 793,798 (Bankr. D. Co. 1990) (“[The

Trustee] should not, and is not charged with the obligation to, examine a claim with

a purpose and view to increasing the claim or improving a claimant’s status over that

asserted by other creditors.”)

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We find further support for our conclusion in the House Report which

accompanied the adoption of the Code. In describing § 501, the Report says:

This section governs the means by which creditors . . . present their

claims . . . to the court. . . . This subsection is permissive only, and does

not require filing of a proof of claim by any creditor. It permits filing

where some purpose would be served, such as where . . . a creditor with

a lien is undersecured and asserts a claim for the balance of the debt

owed him(his unsecured claim, as determined under proposed 11 U.S.C.

506(a)).”

H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, at 315, 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6307 (1978). The report

goes on to say that:

In general, . . . unless a claim is listed in a Chapter 9 or Chapter 11 case

and allowed as a result of the list, a proof of claim will be a prerequisite

to allowance for unsecured claims, including priority claims and the

unsecured portion of a claim asserted by the holder of a lien. 

Id. It logically follows that Congress intended an undersecured creditor’s proof of

claim to address that creditor’s unsecured claim.

The IRS has cited no cases holding that § 506(a)(1) automatically asserts a

deficiency claim. In fact, in the cases the IRS cites, the secured creditors

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substantiallycomplied with Form10’s requirements by noting their unsecured claims.

See, e.g., In re Rowell, 421 B.R. 524, 528, 535 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2009); Demarah v.

 It is unclear from the factual discussion in In re Healis, 49 B.R. 939, 940-42 (Bankr. 2

M.D. Pa. 1985), whether the IRS noted both a secured and unsecured claim. But, it is clear that

the Healis court did not address this specific issue. 

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United States, 188 B.R. 426, 427-29 (E.D. Cal. 1993). Additionally, an undersecured

creditor who initially fails to note a deficiency claim may seek leave to amend its

proof of claim. In re S. Atl. Fin. Corp., 767 F.2d 814, 819 (11th Cir. 1985).

Amendments asserting deficiency claims are among those usually allowed. See, e.g.,

In re Haack, 165 B.R. 501, 504 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1994).

For the above stated reasons, we conclude the IRS did not assert an unsecured

claimon Claim #6-4. On its face, Claim #6-4 indicated the IRS’s collateral was worth

the full value of its claim. (Dkt. 1-6.) Surely the IRS had no reason to believe that

JHIS’s assets were worth $46 million. But even if it did, the IRS learned that it could

not receive the full value of its secured claim in December 2009 when Oscher

reported that JHIS’s assets totaled no more than $750,000. After that date, the IRS

took no affirmative step to properly present its unsecured claim to the bankruptcy

court as required by the Code and the Rules.3

The IRS also contends that its objection to the Plan sufficiently notified the

other parties that it would pursue its deficiency claim. But the IRS objected to the

 After the bankruptcy court concluded that Claim #6-4 did not assert an unsecured 3

priority claim, the IRS filed Claim #6-5. (Dkt. 1-15 at 2.) This claim showed that the IRS had a

secured claim worth $148,000, an unsecured priority claim for approximately $26 million, and a

general unsecured claim for $20 million. (Id.) The IRS argued that Claim #6-5 properly

amended Claim #6-4 to assert its deficiency claim. (Id.) Oscher opposed the IRS saying that

Claim #6-5 was untimely. (Dkt. 1-17.) Unfortunately, the record does not contain the bankruptcy

court’s resolution of this issue, and at any rate, the IRS has not raised the disallowance of Claim

#6-5 on appeal.

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Plan because it did not address its unsecured priority claim as required by

11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(9)(C). (Dkt.108 at 1.) That provision assumes the objecting

party has an allowed unsecured priority claim. But because Claim #6-4 did not

properly assert an unsecured claim, the IRS’s objection was invalid. See Rule

3003(c)(2). The IRS also argues that no one objected to the validity of its unsecured 4

claim. But, Oscher and the other creditors did not have to because no such claim was

before the court. 

As the district court noted, distributing the carve-out fund to the IRS would

deprive Oscher and JHIS’s other creditors of due process as they had neither notice

of nor an opportunity to contest any unsecured claim by the IRS. Therefore, the

judgment of the district court is due to be affirmed. 

AFFIRMED.

 The IRS argues, in its reply brief, that Rule 3018(d) permits it to vote as both a secured 4

and unsecured creditor. However, that rule applies only to creditors “whose claim has been

allowed in part as a secured claim and in part as an unsecured claim.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3018(d).

Because we conclude the IRS did not have an allowed unsecured claim, Rule 3018(d) does not

apply. 

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