Opinion issued July 18, 2013.

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-12-00272-CR

———————————

KODIGBO ODELUGO, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 248th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 1249648

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant, Kodigbo Odelugo, without an agreed punishment 

recommendation from the State, pleaded guilty to the offense of engaging in 
2

organized criminal activity, namely aggregate theft of over $200,000,

1 and the trial 

court assessed his punishment at confinement for fifteen years. In three issues, 

appellant contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel and the trial 

court erred in denying his motions to withdraw his guilty plea and for a new trial.

We affirm.

Background

On February 8, 2010, appellant pleaded guilty to the offense of engaging in 

organized criminal activity and stipulated to conspiring with Chukwuma Odelogu, 

Aghaegbuna Odelugo, and Samuel Ezezue, to appropriate over $200,000 owned by

Sharon Thompson, Mark Porter, the Texas Health and Human Services 

Commission, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The trial court 

presented appellant with written admonishments, which were signed by appellant 

and stated, among other things, “If you are not a United States citizen, pleading 

guilty or no contest to a criminal charge may result in removal, denial of 

naturalization or exclusion from admission into this country.” During the plea 

proceedings, and before the trial court accepted appellant’s plea, appellant’s 

counsel at the time, Don Becker, told the trial court, “He is competent. We went 

through everything with a fine-tooth comb and he’s pleading guilty freely and 

voluntarily and because he is guilty.” 

 1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2011).
3

Before the trial court concluded the subsequently-held sentencing hearing, 

appellant, a non-citizen, on October 11, 2011, filed a motion to withdraw his guilty 

plea, arguing that his guilty plea was involuntary because his counsel did not 

apprise him of the mandatory immigration consequences of his plea.2

 At the 

December 9, 2011 hearing on his motion to withdraw his plea, appellant testified 

that he was a Nigerian citizen and permanent resident of the United States. His 

permanent residency was set to be renewed in 2013, and he had applied for 

American citizenship as well. Appellant asserted that when he pleaded guilty in 

February 2010, he had not consulted with Becker regarding the immigration 

consequences of his plea at any time. Approximately two months prior to filing his 

motion to withdraw his plea, appellant, on the advice of a prosecutor, consulted

with an immigration attorney, who informed him that deportation would be a 

consequence of pleading guilty. Appellant then asserted that he wished to 

withdraw his plea so that he could take his case to trial. 

Becker testified that he did not specifically remember speaking with 

appellant about the immigration consequences of his plea. However, Becker 

explained that in his initial interview with clients “obviously born in a foreign 

country,” he would “always discuss immigration consequences.” Specifically, 

Becker would always inform such defendants that, if they pleaded guilty, they

 2 See Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010).
4

would be deported or removed from the country involuntarily. Becker noted that 

this had been his practice since 1996, he was prepared to take appellant’s case to 

trial, but appellant chose to plead guilty.

Emmanuel Nwuli, an immigration attorney, testified that he had consulted

with appellant and his brother, Aghaegbuna Odelugo. Nwuli explained that he 

discussed “immigration matters” with both appellant and Aghaegbuna after they 

had been indicted. Appellant retained Nwuli for representation during the 

naturalization process, and Nwuli filed appellant’s naturalization papers, but he did 

not “specifically” have a discussion with appellant about the consequences of the 

pending case on appellant’s immigration status. Nwuli did inform appellant, 

before he entered his plea, that the United States Immigration and Naturalization 

Service “would not make a determination until they know the outcome of this case 

pending.” Nwuli explained that he did not discuss the immigration consequences 

of appellant’s guilty plea because he did not represent appellant “on criminal 

matters.” 

After hearing the evidence, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to 

withdraw his plea, stating,

You know, if the Supreme Court wanted to make a checklist for the 

immigration lawyer to fill out before somebody can plead guilty in the 

criminal court, we’ve gotten to an unreasonable circumstance. I think 

it’s—common sense says by the time you go to an immigration 

lawyer, first lawyer already told you you’re going to be deported and 
5

then you go to an immigration lawyer, I don’t know what more we 

could ask for. So . . . I’m denying your motion to withdraw your plea. 

On March 5, 2012, the trial court later concluded the sentencing hearing and 

assessed appellant’s punishment at confinement for fifteen years. 

Appellant, on March 26, 2012, filed a new-trial motion, arguing that he was 

denied effective assistance of counsel during his plea proceedings because Becker

did not “investigate the underlying facts before advising [him] to plead guilty” and 

there existed “exculpatory evidence which counsel could have found if he had 

investigated the facts of the case.” Appellant also asserted that Becker did not 

provide him with “competent legal advice regarding the potential immigration 

consequences” of his plea, but rather provided him only a “boiler plate” 

admonishment. 

Appellant attached to his new-trial motion his affidavit, in which he testified 

that Becker did not tell him that his plea of guilty would result in his deportation. 

Appellant was unable to contact Becker for three months before Becker appeared 

on appellant’s trial date. Although appellant requested a trial continuance so that 

he could discuss the case with Becker, the trial court denied his request. Becker

then told appellant he had ten minutes to decide whether to plead guilty or go to 

trial. And appellant explained that he decided to plead guilty after Becker 

informed him that the trial court would defer adjudication of appellant’s guilt and 

place him on community supervision.
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Appellant further testified that he first heard about the immigration

consequences of his plea when a prosecutor approached his post-plea attorney, 

Vivian King, and asked whether appellant had been informed of the immigration 

consequences of his plea. When he responded that he had not, King filed a motion 

to withdraw his plea, and appellant consulted with an immigration attorney who 

informed him that his plea “would definitely result” in deportation. Appellant 

noted that although Nwuli represented him in his naturalization proceedings, Nwuli 

did not discuss with him the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. 

Appellant also attached to his new-trial motion an affidavit from Nwuli, who 

testified that he “did not discuss any other immigration issues and consequences 

relative to felony cases to the best of my knowledge with [appellant].” 

At the May 14, 2012 hearing on appellant’s new-trial motion, King asserted 

that appellant had not been advised of the immigration consequences of his guilty 

plea until after he had entered it and she recommended that he speak with an 

immigration attorney. King “reurg[ed] the fact [that appellant] did not know the 

consequences of the plea” and asked that he be granted a new trial. The trial court 

then denied appellant’s motion.

Standard of Review

Generally, we review a trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial under 

an abuse of discretion standard. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 148 (Tex. Crim.
7

App. 2001). However, “where the trial court ‘is not in an appreciably better 

position’ than the appellate court to decide the issue, the appellate court may 

independently determine the issue while affording deference to the trial court’s 

findings on subsidiary factual questions.” Villareal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 139 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (McCormick, P.J., concurring) (citing Miller v. Fenton,

474 U.S. 104, 110–17, 106 S. Ct. 445, 450–53 (1985)); see Kober v. State, 988 

S.W.2d 230, 233 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We note that trial courts remain in the 

best position to “evaluate the credibility” of witnesses and resolve conflicts in 

evidence. See Kober, 988 S.W.2d at 233. And a trial court may choose to believe 

or disbelieve all or any part of the witnesses’ testimony. Id. at 233.

In determining whether a guilty plea is voluntary, we consider the record as 

a whole. Fimberg v. State, 922 S.W.2d 205, 207 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

1996, pet. ref’d) (citing Williams v. State, 522 S.W.2d 483, 485 (Tex. Crim. App.

1975)). A record that indicates that a trial court properly admonished a defendant 

presents a prima facie showing that the guilty plea was made voluntarily and 

knowingly. See Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); 

Arreola v. State, 207 S.W.3d 387, 391 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no 

pet.). When the record presents a prima facie showing that the plea was entered 

voluntarily and knowingly, the burden shifts to the defendant to show that he 

entered the plea without understanding the consequences of the plea. Edwards v. 
8

State, 921 S.W.2d 477, 479 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.). An 

accused who attests when he enters his plea of guilty that he understands the nature 

of his plea and that it is voluntary has a heavy burden on appeal to show that his 

plea was involuntary. Id. However, a guilty plea is not voluntary if made as a 

result of ineffective assistance of counsel because it does not represent an informed 

choice. Ex parte Burns, 601 S.W.2d 370, 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). 

“Before deciding whether to plead guilty, a defendant is entitled to the 

effective assistance of competent counsel.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 

S. Ct. 1473, 1480–81 (2010). Courts have “long recognized that the negotiation of 

a plea bargain is a critical phase of litigation for purposes of the Sixth Amendment 

right to effective assistance of counsel.” Id. at 1486; see also Ex parte Reedy, 282 

S.W.3d 492, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“There is no doubt that an accused has a 

Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel in guilty plea 

proceedings.”). To provide effective assistance during plea proceedings, “counsel 

has a duty to render his best judgment to his client about what plea to enter, and 

that judgment should be informed by an adequate and independent investigation of 

the facts of the case.” Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d at 500. “Specifically, when a 

person challenges the validity of a plea entered upon the advice of counsel, 

contending that his counsel was ineffective, the voluntariness of the plea depends 

on (1) whether counsel’s advice was within the range of competence demanded of 
9

attorneys in criminal cases and if not, (2) whether there is a reasonable probability 

that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty.” Ex parte 

Harrington, 310 S.W.3d 452, 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quotations omitted).

Plea counsel’s performance is deficient if counsel fails to advise a noncitizen 

defendant about deportation consequences that are “truly clear.”3 See Padilla, 130 

S. Ct. at 1483; Aguilar v. State, 375 S.W.3d 518, 524 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2012), vacated on other grounds, 393 S.W.3d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

Thus, plea counsel is deficient if counsel merely mentions the possibility of 

deportation when the relevant immigration provisions are presumptively 

mandatory. See Aguilar, 375 S.W.3d at 524 (citing United States v. Bonilla, 637 

F.3d 980, 984 (9th Cir. 2011)). However, when the law is not clear “a criminal 

defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending 

 3 We note that, since the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Padilla, the Court 

has held that its holding does not extend retroactively to “defendants whose 

convictions became final prior to Padilla.” See Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S. 

___, 133 S. Ct. 1103, 1113 (2013). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has 

since adopted the Supreme Court’s ruling in Chaidez. Ex Parte De Los Reyes, 392 

S.W.3d 675, 679 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Here, although appellant initially 

pleaded guilty on February 8, 2010, almost two months before the Supreme 

Court’s ruling in Padilla, the trial court had not concluded its sentencing of 

appellant. Appellant filed a motion to withdraw his plea on October 11, 2011, the 

trial court sentenced appellant on March 5, 2012, and appellant filed a new-trial 

motion on March 26, 2012. And the State has not argued that Padilla would not 

apply to appellant’s conviction. Thus, we proceed to address the merits of 

appellant’s Padilla contentions.
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criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences.” Padilla, 

130 S. Ct. at 1483.

Voluntariness of Plea

In his first issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his 

motion to withdraw his guilty plea because it “was not voluntarily and intelligently 

entered” and “his plea attorney failed to apprise him about the mandatory 

immigration consequences of his plea.” In his second and third issues, appellant 

argues that the trial court erred in denying his new-trial motion because plea 

counsel did not provide effective assistance and failed to adequately apprise him of 

the immigration consequences of his plea.4

A defendant may file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea, asserting that his 

plea was not freely and voluntarily entered or he was not aware of the 

consequences of his plea. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(b) (Vernon 

Supp. 2012). A defendant may withdraw his guilty plea for any reason as a matter 

 4 A motion to withdraw a guilty plea is functionally indistinguishable from a motion 

for new trial. Dusenberry v. State, 915 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tex. App.—Houston 

1996, pet. ref’d) (citing State v. Evans, 843 S.W.2d 576, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1992)). Although appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to 

withdraw his guilty plea and his new-trial motion in separate issues, all his issues 

concern whether he entered his plea voluntarily and whether his plea counsel was 

effective in adequately informing him of the immigration consequences of his 

plea. Accordingly, we address his issues together. See id.; see also Scott v. State, 

No. 01-01-00726-CR, 2002 WL 31122165, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

Sept. 26, 2002, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (“We review appellant’s 

motion for new trial as a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, from which it is 

indistinguishable.”).
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of right until judgment has been pronounced or the case has been “taken under 

advisement.” Jackson v. State, 590 S.W.2d 514, 515 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). 

However, when a defendant decides to withdraw his guilty plea after the trial judge 

takes the case under advisement or pronounces judgment, the withdrawal of such 

plea is within the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Ellis, 976 S.W.2d 

789, 792 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). A case is under 

advisement after each side has concluded its case-in-chief, the defendant has 

entered a plea of guilty, the plea has been accepted, and the necessary 

admonishments have been given, even though the issue of punishment remains.

See Thompson v. State, 852 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, no pet.).

Here, appellant pleaded guilty to committing the offense of engaging in 

organized criminal activity, namely, aggregate theft of over $200,000, which has a 

sentencing range of confinement for five years to life. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 31.03(e)(7) (Vernon 2011) (naming theft of over $200,000 as first-degree 

felony); id. § 12.32(a) (Vernon 2009) (setting punishment range for first-degree 

felonies). The United States Immigration and Nationality Act provides that any 

alien who is convicted of an aggravated felony at any time after admission is 

deportable. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). A conviction for “aggravated felony” 

includes a conviction for theft for which the term of imprisonment is at least one 

year. Id. § 1101(a)(43)(G). Because the minimum sentence that appellant could 
12

have received was confinement for five years, he was convicted of an “aggravated 

felony” rendering him deportable under the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

As in Padilla, the deportation consequences of appellant’s conviction were 

“succinct, clear, and explicit” and trial counsel was required to inform him of those 

consequences. See Padilla, 130 S. Ct. at 1483. At the hearing on appellant’s 

motion to withdraw his plea, appellant testified that neither his plea counsel, 

Becker, nor any other lawyer, consulted with him regarding the immigration 

consequences of his guilty plea. Instead, appellant did not learn of the immigration

consequences of his plea until after he had entered it and spoken with an 

immigration lawyer at the suggestion of a prosecutor. And Becker admitted that 

on the day that appellant entered his plea, he “probably” did not consult with 

appellant about the immigration consequences “beyond the admonishments” that 

appellant signed along with his plea. These admonishments generally stated that a 

noncitizen’s guilty plea “may result in removal, denial of naturalization or 

exclusion from admission into this country.” Such general admonishments have 

been found to be insufficient to discharge plea counsel’s duty. See Padilla, 130 S. 

Ct. at 1482–84, 1486; Enyong v. State, 369 S.W.3d 593, 602 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2012), vacated on other grounds, 397 S.W.3d 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2013); see also United States v. Bonilla, 637 F.3d 980, 984 (9th Cir. 2011) (“A 

criminal defendant who faces almost certain deportation is entitled to know more 
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than that it is possible that a guilty plea could lead to removal; he is entitled to 

know that it is a virtual certainty.”) (emphasis in original).

However, although Becker testified that he did not specifically recall 

informing appellant of the immigration consequences of his plea, he explained that, 

beginning in 1996, his “common procedure” upon first meeting with a client was 

to “always discuss immigration consequences.” He routinely told his noncitizen

clients that if they entered guilty pleas, then they would be deported or removed 

from the country involuntarily. Becker gave this information to “all of [his] 

potential clients [he] might believe have that citizenship issue,” and appellant 

would have “fall[en] under those parameters.” The trial court, as fact-finder, could 

have reasonably believed Becker’s testimony that he “always” discussed the 

immigration consequences of a plea with non-citizen clients like appellant and 

disbelieved appellant’s testimony that Becker did not so inform him. See, e.g.,

Charles v. State, 146 S.W.3d 204, 213 (“[T]he trial judge could have reasonably 

disbelieved some or all of the affiants’ statements, found them inconclusive, 

contradictory, internally inconsistent, or ambiguous.”); Fimberg v. State, 922 

S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d) (holding that 

trial court did not err in denying new-trial motion because trial court could have 

believed counsel’s testimony over defendant’s contradictory testimony). And the 
14

trial court impliedly found that it believed Becker’s testimony and did not believe 

appellant’s testimony, stating, 

I think it’s—common sense says by the time you go to an immigration 

lawyer, first lawyer already told you you’re going to be deported and 

then you go to an immigration lawyer, I don’t know what more we 

could ask for. So . . . I’m denying your motion to withdraw your plea. 

(Emphasis added). 

In support of his argument, appellant relies on Enyong and Ex Parte 

Tanklevskaya, 361 S.W.3d 86 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011), vacated, 393 

S.W.3d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). However, in both Enyong and Tanklevskaya, 

the defendants’ plea counsel testified that if they consulted with their clients, they 

would have only informed them of the general immigration consequences found in 

the admonishments that their clients “may” be subject to deportation. Enyong, 369 

S.W.3d at 599; Tanklevskaya, 361 S.W.3d at 96. Here, however, the trial court 

could have reasonably believed Becker’s testimony that, as a matter of routine, he 

would have informed appellant that if he entered a plea of guilty, he would in fact

be deported or removed from the country involuntarily.

In his affidavit testimony, attached to his new-trial motion, appellant stated

further that he could not actually communicate with Becker for three months and 

he felt pressured into pleading guilty. However, appellant argues that the trial 

court erred in denying his new-trial motion only on the ground that he entered his 

plea involuntarily because he was not informed of the immigration consequences 
15

of his plea. Moreover, as noted above, the trial court was entitled to disbelieve 

appellant’s affidavit testimony. See, e.g., Charles, 146 S.W.3d at 213. 

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying either appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea or his new-trial 

motion.

We overrule appellant’s first, second, and third issues. 

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Terry Jennings

Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Brown, and Huddle.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).