RE:

DATE:

Public l.learirlg Offìcer, OfTioe ol

the Secretary

Department of'Natural Resources and Environmental Control

Proposed Revision to the Delaware 201I Base YearState Implementation Plan (SIP) Emission Inventory for Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen Oxides OtrOx), and Carbon Monoxide

(CO) for Areas of Marginal Non-Attainment under the 2008 Ozone

National Ambient Air Quality Standard G\IAAQS)

Iuly 14,2014

L Backqround:

A public hearing was held on 'l'hursday, June 26, 2014, at 6:00 p.m. at the

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control ("DNREC",

"Department"), 89 Kings Highway, Dover, Delaware to receive comment on a proposedrevision to the Delaware State Implementation Plan (SIP) for meeting the Clean Air Act

("CAA") requirements for the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard

("NAAQS") set forth by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") in 2008.

According to Section 182(a)(l) of CAA and EPA's implementation rule lbr the 2008

ozone standard (Proposed Rule, June 6, 2013,78 FR 34178), Delaware is required tosubmit to EPA in.luly 2014 a SIP revision which compiles Delaware 20l l emissions of

volatile organic compounds ("VOCs"), oxides of nitrogen ("NOx"), and carbon

monoxide ("CO") fìom all sources. The subject document contains Delaware's base year
million is expeoted to provide better protection of public health and environn'lent. ln afinal rule on May 20l2,the IIPA designated 46 areas in the country as no¡r-attairunent fbr

the 2008 ozoue standard, including New Castle County and Sussex County in Delaware.

To facilitate planning, Sections 1S2(aXl) and 172(c)(3) of the CAA require all

ozone non-attainment areas to establish a comprehensive, accurate and current inventory

of actual emissions fì'orn all sources of the relevant pollutant(s) in the area by Jtrly 20,

2}l4,which is two years after clesignation as non-attainment for the 2008 ozone standard'

The relevant pollutants that contribute to the atmospheric formation of ozone include

VOCs, NOx, and CO.

Delaware has previously been designated non-attainment for ozone under the

1990 l-hour and tlrc 1997 8-hour ozone standards, and has thus been subject to this

elrrission inventory requirement since 1990. Delaware has developed emissionsinventories that meet the criterion of Sections 182(a)(l) and 172(cX3) of the CAA every

three years since 1990, and Delawale's latest compt'eheusive inventory of actualemissions fì'orn all sources of VOCs, NOx and CO in thc State covered calendar year201 L

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attainrnerrt and maintenance issues. This was doue by updating plans and inventolies,

and by adding new and revised regulatory control requirernents. l)elaware's SIP is

compiled in the code of Federal Regulations at 40 C.F.R,Part 52, Subpart 1.

'llhe proposed SIP revision has been available lt¡r public review in the

Department's Divisíon of Air Quality offices in both New Castle County and Dover since

May 20, 2014, The Depaúment published its initial proposed revision to the

aforementioned f)elaware SIP in the June 1, 2014 Delaware Register of Regulatìons, andheld a public hearing on June 26,2014. Only one pel'son, Ms. Angela Marconi of theDelaware Solid Waste Authority ("DSWA"), offbred comment at the aforernentioned

healing held by the Department. At that time, Ms. Marconi submitted formal comment

for inclusion into the record with regard to this matter, which identifìed an ernission data

error contained in the Department's initial proposed SIP revision. The Departmentthoroughly reviewed its initial proposed revision (as published in the Delaware Register

of Regulatlons on June 1, 2014) and has responded to the same fully by the coruection of

this error ín the revísed final proposcd SIP revision, Proper notice of the hearing wasprovided as required by law.

II. Summarv,qf ffgprinq Record:

At the time o1'the hearing on June 26, 2014, David Fees, Managing Engineer of

the Planning and Inventory Group for tlre l)epartment's Divisiou of Air Quality ("DAQ")

3
Regulatictns on June l, 2Ql4, ancl a copy of Delaware's revised final proposed State

Implementation Plan (SIP) revision for meeting the Clean Air Act ("CAA") requirementsfbr the 8-þour ozone National Arnbient Air Quality Starrdard ("NAAQS") set forth by the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA') in 2008. Again, Ms. Marconi was theonly attendee of the public healing held on June26,2014, and the corection identified

by her in DSWAos comments was corrected by the Department in its revised final

proposed SIP revision. No other comments were received by the Department in this

matter.

For the Secretary's review, and in order for the Secretary to gain a thorough

understanding of this proposcd promulgation, a copy of the above-refbrenced revísed

proposed revision to Delaware's State Implementation Plan (SIP) for meeting the CleanAir Act ("CAA") requirernents for the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality

Standarcl ("NAAQS") set forth by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") in

2008 are attached hereto as Appendix '0A,", and the same ate expressly incorporated intothis I-learing Officer's Report. It should be noted that the Department adhered to all

appropriate l)elaware statutes and the regulatory development process in this matter, and

that the Department has met the required public notice obligations regarding thisproposed revision. It should also be noted that the Department has reviewed this revised

proposcd SIP revision in the light of the l{cgulatory Flexibility Act, and believes the

4
provided appropriate reasoning regaldirrg the need for Delaware

s proposed revised SIP

revision for meeting the Clean Air Act requirements for the 8-hour ozone National

Ambient Air Quality Standard set forth by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in2008. Accordingly, I r:ecommend promulgation of the salne in the customary mannel'

provided by law.

Further, I recommend the following findings:

l. The Department has jurisdiction under its statutory authority, 7 Del.C."

Chapter 60, to make a deterrnination in this proceeding;

2. The Department provided adequate public notice of the proceeding and thc

pubtic hearing in a manner required by the law and regulations;

3. The Department held a public hearing in a manner required by the law and

regulations;

4. 'Ihe Department has reviewed the aforementioned proposed raulsed SIP

revision in the light of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and bslieves the same tobe lawful, feasible and desirable, and that the recommendations as proposed

should be applicable to all Delaware citizens equally;

5. The aforementioned proposed revised SIP revision will enable Dclaware to

demonstrate that the contingency requirements listed in Section 182(a)(l) ofthe Clean Air Act (CAA) are met;

5
Ilegulations ancl then corrected in its revised fìnal proposed SII' revision, asset forth within Appendix "A" hereto, is adequately supported, is not arbitrary

or capricious, and is consistent with the applicable laws and regulations.Consequently, it should be approved as a fìnal SIP revision, which shall gointo effect ten days after thcir publication in thc ncxt available issue of the

Delaware Regist er o/' Re gulat ions; and'I'he Deparlment shall submit the proposed revised SIP revision as final to the

Delaware Register ol' Regulations for publication in its next available issue,

and shall provide written notice to the persons affected by the Order.

LISA A. VEST

Public Hearing Oflicer

/nhcar/.SlP fìev.20l I l)asc Yr lìntissions lnv. for VOC NOx and CO.20l4

8.

6
APPENIDIX $A')

1, TITLE OF STATH IMPLËMENTATION PLAN REVISION:

Þelaware 2011 Base Year State lmplementation Pfan (SlP) Emission lnventory under the 2008

Ozone NationalAmbient Air Quality Standard (NAAOS).

2. BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBJECT, SUBSTANCE AND ISSUES:

This document contains Delaware's State lmplementation Plan (SlP) revision for meeting the Clean

Air Act (CAA) requirements for the 8-hour ozone NationalAmbient Air Quality Standard (NAAOS) set forth

by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2008.

According to Section 182(aX1\ of ÇAA and ËPA's implementation rule for the 2008 ozone standard

(Proposed Rule, June 6,2013, 78 FR 34178), Delaware is required to submitto ËPA in July 2014 a SIP

revision which compiles Delaware 2011 emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen

(NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) from five source sectors: stationary point sources, stationary non-point

sources, on-road mobile sources, non-road mobile sorJrces, and natural sources. The subject document

contains Delaware's base year emíssion inventory State lmplementation Plan (SlP) revision under the 8-

hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAOS) set foÉh by US Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) in 2008.

3. POSSIBLE TERMS OF THË AGENCY ACTION:

None

4. STATUTORY BASIS OR LEGAL AUTHORITY TO ACT:

7 Delaware Code, Chapter 60, Environmental Control

5, OTHER REGULATIONS THAT MAY BF AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSAL:

None

6. NOTICE OF FUBLIC GOMMENT:

lnterested parties may submit comments in writing to David Fees, Division of Air Quality, 655 South

Bay Road, Dover, DE 19901.

Statements and testimony may be presented eíther orally or in writing at the public hearing to be held

on Thursday, June 26,2014, beginning at 6:00 p.m. in the auditorium, Richardson & Robbins Building, 89

Kíngs Hwy, Þover, 19901.

7. PREPARED BY;

David Fees Phone: (302) 739-9402 May 16,2014Email address: ODqvid.flççS@state,de.uE

20ll Base Year State lmplementation Plan

Emisslons lnventory for VOC, NO* and CO
Prepared byr

Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control

DÍvision of Air Quality

Emission lnventory Development Program

655 S. Bay Road

Dover, DE 19901

July XX,2014

Section I

2011 Ozone lnventory Overview and Summary

lntroduction

This document contains Delaware's base year emission inventory State lmplementation Plan (SlP)

revision under the B-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAOS) set forth by USEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2008.

Background and Requlrements

Ground-level ozone, one of the princípal components of "smog," is a serious air pollutant that harms

human health and the environment. High levels of ozone can damage the respiratory system and causebreathing problems, throat irritation, coughing, chest pains, and greater susceptibility to respiratoryinfection. High levels of ozone also cause serious damage to forests and agrícultural crops, resulting in

economic losses to logging and farming operations.

ln March 2008, the EPA revised the 1997 B-hour ozone NAAQS of 0.08 parts per million (ppm) to

0.075 ppm (73 FR 16436), The 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm is expected to provide betterprotections of public health and environment. ln a final rule of May 2012, the ËPA designated 46 areas in

the country as nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. New Castle County of Delaware was

designated as nonattainment as a part of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City Marginal Non^

Attainment Area (NAA) (77 FR 30088). Since this marginal NAA is centered by the City of Philadelphia, it

is often referred to as "the Philadelphia NAA." ln the same final rule, Sussex County of Ðelaware was

designated as a stand-alone nonattainment area, called "Seäford Marginal NM," and Kent County was inattainment (77 FR 30088). The ËPA made the designatíons of these three counties based on their 2009-

2010-2011 design values, and the effective date of the designations were July 20,2012,

Ozone is generally not directly emitted to the atmosphere. lt is formed in the atmosphere by
the State covered calendar year 2O11.

The purpose of this SIP revisíon is to establish Delaware's calendar year 2011 emissions inventory,

described in this document, as its base year emissions inventory under the 2008 ozone NAAQS.Responslbllitíes

The agency wlth direct responsibility for developing and submitting this SIP document is Delaware

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC), Division of Air Quality (DAO),under the Division Director, Ali Mirzakhal¡l¡, P.8.. The working responsibility for Delaware's air quality SIP

planning falls within DAQ's Planning Branch, with Branch Manager Ronald A. Amirikian. David Fees,

P.E., managing engineer, is the principal author of this document.

ProJect Management

The Ëmission lnventory Development (ElD) Program within the Planning Branch of DAQ was

responsible for preparing the 2011 Periodic Emission lnventory (PEl) for criteria pollutants to include

emissions of VOC, NO, and CO summarized ín this report. lntemal planning began in September 2011,

with focus on the 2011 point source inventory reporting cycle taking place in March/April of 2012.

The overall project manager was responsible for identifying overall inventory goals, objectives, and

deadlines, initiating inventory planning, approving estimation methodologies recommended by staff,reviewing emÍssions development work, and preparing inventory reports and documentation.Point Sources

Point sources staff was responsible for the following:

. ldentifying point source inventory goals, objectives, and deadlines;

' Establishing the universe of facilities to inventory;. Overseeing the development of the survey forms and instructions; ' ProvÍding traíning and guidance to índustry representatives;

. SettÍng up the on-line electronic reporting system and working with DNREC's Office of

lnformation Technology in preparing the on-line reporting capabilities;

. Performing a technical review of emissions data submitted by facilities;. Working with facility representatives to correct errors,. Managing the point source inventory dataþase; and

. Overseeing quality control of point sources data.

Non-point and Off-road Sources

Non-point and off-road sources staff was responsible for the following:
On-road Mobile Sources

On-road mobile sources staff was responsible for the following:

. Downloading the MOVËS model;. Obtaining20ll vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle registration, and other mobile input data

from the Þelaware Department of Transportation;

. Obtaining other data for inclusion in the model inputs;. Preparing the input files for running MOVES;

. Running MOVES and summarizing the modelouþuts;. Reviewing emissions for accuracy and completeness;. Preparing report documents; and

. Compilingsupportingdocumentation.

As ís noted in Section 5 of this report, DAQ is utilízing output from ËPA's National Emission lnventory

(NEl), version 1, run of the MOVES model.

lnventory Planning

Calendar year 2011 is a PEI yêar as defined by the Air Emissíons Reporting Requirements (AERR).

The AERR specifies the emissions data for críteria pollutants that are required to be reported to EPA's

NEl. A PEI requires the development of emission estimates from all sources wíthin a state or local area

for all criteria pollutants and their precursors. As such, the 2011 inventory can provide the necessary datafor the 2008 B-hour ozone NAAQS base year inventory.lnventory Parameters

The inventory parameters defined by the 2011 Ozone Base Year SIP inventory include the following: ' lnventory year *2011:

. Pollutants - VOC, NO* and CO as precursors to ozone;

. Source coverage - all sources, including point, non-point, mobile, and non-road sources;. Spatial resolution * county level emissíons;. Geographic coverage *New Castle County and Sussex County; and

. Temporal resolution - annual and summer season weekday daily emissions,

Data Collection and Management

For all source categories the gathering of local activity data represented a major task spread over

many months. For point sources, most facilities reported their emissions through the use of the State and

Local Emission lnventory System (SLEIS) on-line reporting system. Data entered into the on-line system

were transferred to a DAQ database for review and correction.

Microsoft Excel@ spreadsheets were employed for managing activity data and calculating emissions

from stationary non-point sources and some non-road categories. A consistent set of tabs within each
spreadsheets, and from the model outputs to staging tables 

databases were then converted to XML files via the EIS bridge tool, and then transmitted to the EIS viaGDX web client by December 31,2012 to meet the reporting requirements of the AERR.lnventory Development

For point sources, DAQ developed a set of criteria to use in establishing the universe of facilities

required to report. These criteria are presented in the point source section of this report. Reporting

packages were sent to each facility meeting one or more of the reporting criteria, An extensive amount ofreview and follow up was performed on the point source data submitted by facilities.

For non-point sources, the first main task involved gathering activity data for each source category. ln

many cases, these data were obtained from Delaware-specific sources. ln some cases the activity data

were developed through the allocation of a portion of a national activity dataset (i.e., national off-roadequipment populations) to Delaware. Basic demographic data were also used for some source categoriesand are presented in Table 1-1, Once activity data were obtained, spreadsheets were developed to

manage the data and combine the activity data with the selected emission factors to obtain uncontrolled

emissions. Finally, for those sources where controls applied, emissíons were adjusted to account forcontrol efficiency, ru le effectiveness, and rule penetration.

Table -1.2Ol1Demooraphic Data for New Gastle and Sussex

Domographic Parameter New Castle SussexPopulation 544,325 204,771Households 205,500 BO,63B

Land Area (square miles) 439 950

Annual VMT (million miles) 5,201 2,224

Counties

For on-road mobile and off-road equipment, the MOVES and NONROAD models, respectively, were

used to develop emissions from these sources. ln the use of these models, activity data were included in

the model input fifes. For any type of data used by the model for which Delaware-specific clata did not

exist, the model used the system defaults. Details about Delaware-specific and default parameters arediscussed in the on-road and non-road sections. The models account for controls, some of which reflectcontrols specifíc to Delaware.Emissions Summary

The following emission summaries present the entire 2011 emission inventory for VOC, NO*, and CO

for New Castle County and Sussex County broken down by source sector. Throughout this document,

annual emissions are reported in tons per year (TPY) and summer season weekday daily emissions intons per day (TPD). The totals may not match the sum of the individual values due to independentrounding.
On-road 3,285 7,495 37,489 8.85 20.65 91.58

Non-road 1,989 3,577 20,688 7.O4 1 1.19 79.33All Sectors 10,992 '15,146 65,25{ 30.30 45.97 185.47

Table {-3.20,ll Sussex Emassions þv sourco sector

Source

Sector

Annual(ïPY) sswD (TPD)

voc NOr co voc NO, co

Point 815 2,456 442 4.94 12.10 1.60

Non-point 2,177 478 2,463 5.95 0,86 2.O5

On-road 2,974 4,702 28,323 B.86 14.87 78.67

Non-road 2,558 3,045 16,917 8.47 '10.02 60.50

All Sectors 8,524 10,681 48,145 28.22 37.85 142.82

Section 2

Stationary Point Sources

The poÍnt source inventory represents facility-specific data for larger stationary sources. Emissions

data for all other source categories are reported at the county level, Point sources typícally include largeindustrial, commercial and institutional facilities. Manufacturing facilities, within the industrial sector,

comprise the majority of all reporting point sources. The institutional sector íncludes hospitals,universities, prisons, military bases, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants.

Unlike other source sector emissions which are estimated by ÞAQ, point source emiss¡ons data are

submitted to DAQ by the facilities. Ëmissions are reported at the process level and include both confined

(stack) emission points as well as unconfined (fugitive) emission sources. A key aspect of point source

data is the inclusion of facility coordinates to accurately allocate emissions spatially within a county for

purposes of performing air dispersion modeling.

The planning and execution of the point source inventory was accomplished in the following

chronological order:

. Ëstabfish the reporting criteria and list of facilities to suruey;. Obtain inventory data from facilities;
non

point source category methodology.

The following criteria were established for defining the universe of facilities to be surveyed for 2011:

. Facilities that held a Title V permit in 2011;

. Any facility with emissions greater than 5 TPY for VOCs or 25 TPY for NO* in 2008, 2009 or

2010, as previously reported to the DAQ inventory program; and

. Any facility that may be a significant source of emissions but for which DAQ does not have

previous inventory data, or otherwise of particular interest.

Based on these criteria, T2 facifities statewide reported airemissions data 1or2011. Since only New

Castle and Sussex Counties have been designated within a marginal non-attainment area for the 2008 Bhour ozone standard, a total of 57 facilities wilf be presented in this report.Emíssions Summary

Table 2-1.2011F Emlssions for New Castle

Facllity Name

voc NI), co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

A,l. DuPont Hospital 1 0.01 c 0.10 1 0.02Air Liquide - Þelaware City <1 < 0,01 0 0 <1 < 0.01Amtrak Maintenance Facility 2 < 0,01 4 0 3 0Ashland Research Center (Hercules) 1 < 0.01 2 0.01 4 0.02

Astrazeneca Pharmaceuticals 1 < 0.01 7 0.04 7 0.02BASF (Ciba Specialty Chemicals) 24 0.07 11 0.03 24 0.06

Calpine - Christiana (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 1 o.42 <1 0.01Calpine - Delaware City (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 0.06 <1 < 0.01Calpine - Edge Moor (Conectiv) 25 o.21 346 1,74 110 0.43

Calpine - Hay Road (Conectiv) 33 o.12 602 2.19 167 0.61

Calpine - West Substation (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 0.20 <1 0,01Christiana Hospital 1 < 0.01 14 c.r3 11 0,05Clean Earth of New Castle 3 0,03 20 0.14 4 0.03Croda (Uniqema) 4 0.01 24 0.09 26 0.08

Dassault Falcon Jet 14 0.03 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Delaware City Refínery (Premcor) 303 1.22 1,072 4.51 617 2.14
2 0.01 23 0.10 4 0.02

DuPont Building - Wilmington <1 < 0.01 6 0.06 5 0.03

DuPont Experimental Station B 0.05 180 0.76 17 c.09

DuPont Stine-Haskefl Lab 3 0.02 I 0.13 10 0,05

E-A-R Specialty Composites 2 0,01 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01

Ëvraz Çlaymont Steel 39 o,20 166 0.49 346 1.03

Fisker (General Motors) 1 < 0.01 11 0.03 B 0.02

FMC 3 0.01 31 0,08 26 0.06Formosa Plastics 59 0.16 32 0.10 22 0.05

FP lnternational 2 0,01 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Johnson Controls Battery <1 < 0.01 3 < 0.01 2 < 0.01Kuehne Chemical <1 < 0.01 2 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

MacDermid 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Magellan Terminals 39 0.10 2 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Micropore 3 0.01 0 0 0 0Printpack 44 0.13 3 0.01 3 0.01

Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials 7 0.03 4 0.o2 5 0.02

Sunoco 46 0.10 54 0.14 111 0,10University of Delaware - Newark 4 < 0.01 20 0.03 26 0.06

Veterans Admin istration Hospital <1 < 0.01 4 0.06 3 0.02v1/ilmington WWTP 1 < 0.01 4 0.01 4 0.01

New Gastle County Total 836 3.02 2,75A 12.02 3,649 12.32

Table 2-2.2011 F Ëmissíons for Sussex Go

Faclllty Name

voc NO' co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

Allenharim (Allen Family Foods) <1 0 2 0 2 0Amick Farms (Allen's Mílling) <1 < 0.01 4 0.05 3 0.02

DSWA Southern Landfill 11 0,03 40 0.13 233 0.61
OSG Shíp Management (Maritrans) 764 4.73 0 0 0 0

Perdue Farms - Bridgeville <1 < 0.01 5 0.a2 4 0.01Perdue Farms - Georgetown <1 < 0.01 I 0.02 5 0.01

Perdue Farms Agrirecycle <1 < 0.01 16 0.03 <1 < 0.01

Pinnacle Foods 1 < 0.01 5 o.o2 3 0.02

Sussex County Total Bf5 4.94 2,456 12.10 442 1.60

Section 3

Stationary Non-Point Sources

Stationary non-point sources represent a large and diverse set of individual emission source

categories. A non-point source category is either represented by small facilities too numerous to

individually inventory, such as commercial cooking at restaurants and fuel combustion at a variety of

small businesses, or ís a common activity, such as residentialopen burning. Emissions from the non-pointsource categories were estimated at the county level.

Source Categories

There are a number of non-point source categories which contribute emissions of ozone precursors,

These categories can be grouped into severaf category types. These include:

' Solvent Use * Many products used by homeowners and businesses contain VOC solvents to

achieve the intended purpose of the product. Paints, cleaners, pesticides, personal care

products, and inks are a few examples of products that contain VOC solvents.

. Gasollne Usage - The distribution and use of gasoline in vehicles and other gasoline-powered

engines result in emissions of VOCs whenever the volatile gasoline vapors are allowed to

escape.

. Fuel Combustion - The combustion of fuels in industrial, commercial, institutional, and

resÍdential furnaces, engines, boilers, wood stoves, and fireplaces create emissions of VOCs,

NO,, and CO.

. Open Burning - Open burning creates emissions of VOCs, NO* and CO. Open burning

categories include trash burning, prescribed burning, burning of land clearing debris, wildfires,and house and vehicle fires.

lndividual facifities are typically grouped with other like sources into a source category. Source

categories are grouped in such a way that emissions áre estímated collectively using one methodology.

For the 2011 inventory, the distinction between point and non-point was defined by an annual emission

threshold based on recent point source data (see Section 2 for point source critería). ïable 3-1 lists the

source categories for which VOCs, NO* and CO for New Castfe and Sussex Counties were estimated.Emission Ëstimation Methodologies and Activity Data
able 3-1. Non Source ories lnventoried

VOG Emissions Only Ëmlsslons of VOC, NO*, and GO

Agricultural Pesticides Agricultural Burning

AIM Coatings Commercial Cooking

Asphalt Paving Commercial Fuel CombustionAutobody Refinishing lndustrial Fuel CombustionSommercial & Gonsumer Products Land Clearing Debris Burning

Degreasing Prescribed Burning

Dry Cleaning Residential Fuel Combustion

Gasoline (Petroleum) Marketing Residential Open BurningGraphic Arts Residentíal Wood Combustion

ndustrial Adhesives Structure Fires

lndustrial Surface Coatings Vehicle Fires

Traffic Markings Wildfires

Emissions from most non-point source categories were estimated by multiplying an indÍcator of

collective activíty by a corresponding emission factor. An indicator is any parameter associated with theactivíty level of a source, such as production, employment, fuel usage, or population that can be

correlated with the emíssions from that source. The corresponding emission factors are per unit of

production, per empfoyee, per unit of commodity consumed, or per capita, respectively. The basic

equation that was applied to emission development for most non-poÍnt source categories is as follows:

Emissions (E) = ActivitV Data (Q) x Emission Factor (EF)

lf a source category had a regulatory control placed on it at the Federal or State level, thê equation

expands to the following:

where:

Ë = O X EF X [1 -(CËXREXRP)I

CE = controlefficiency

RE = rule effectiveness

RP = rule penetration

The control efficiency (CE) represents the typicaf emissions reduction achieved as compared to the
Rule penetration (RP) represents the percent of sources within a source category that are subject to

the rule tirat requires control, As an example, gas stations that dispense moÍe than 10,000 gallons of

gasoline in a month are required by Delaware regulations to place vapor recovery systems on their gasþumps. Those dispensing less than 10,000 galfons are not required to install controls' Therefore, RP isiess than 100Vo.ln the cãse of the burning of trash or leaves, no person or business is exempt, and thus

RP is 100%.

The mass balance approach was used for several source categories as an alternative to the use of

an emission factor. The mass balance approach is applicable to VOC source categories where all of the

VOC content in the products used (i.e., paints and adhesives) evaporates and is emitted as a result of the

normal use of the product. Raw material or product purchase records were used to quantify emissionsEmissions were equated to the VOC content of the material usage minus amounts leavíng the site as or

in waste.

A major portion of the work involved in creating the 2011 non-point source inventory was in collecting

activity Oãta'for each source category. The activity data gathered was related to the type of emission

factors available and, in many cases, obtained from local sources. Surveys, letters, e-mails, and phonecalls to individual businesses to obtain representative data for a source category was a technique used

for several source categories. The type of activity data and the data source for each category is provided

in Table 3-2,

Point source backout was performed for the industrial and commercial fuel combustion categories and

many of the solvent usage categories to avoid double counting of emissions between point and non-point

sources. Point source fuel usage was bacl<ed out from fuel consumption data obtained from the U.S.

Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy lnformation Administration (ElA). Point source employment wasþacked out from emþbyment data obtained from the Delaware Department of Labor.

Non-reactive VOCs were excluded from emission estimates. Emission factors specified as non'

methane organic carbon (NMOC) in AP-42 were used when available, ln some instances, the AP-42

emission factor was ín terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and the percentage of the methanecomponent was indicated in a footnote. ln these cases, the emission factor was reduced by the

percentage of methane to remove the non-reactive methane component in the emission total' For

example, for evaporative emissions from crude oil, the methane component was 15 percent' The

emission factorwas reduced by 15 percent to remove methane from the calculation.

Source activity may fluctuate significantly on a seasonal basis. As an example, residential wood

combustion is primarily performed outside the summer season. Paint usage, on the other hand, is used

more often in the warmer months of the year. Because non-point source emissions are generally a direct

function of source activity, seasonal changes in activity levels were examined closely. Emissions werecalculated on an annual basis. Summer season weekday (SSWD) daily emissions were developed throughthe use of a temporal allocation factor (TAF) apptied to the annual emissions. Monthly and weekly profiles

were used to develop the TAF. The monthly profile for each source category was developed through the

use of monthly activity data, when available, or through EPA guidance (Procedwes, Volume / and EllP

documents.) Most weekly profiles were developed through ËPA guidance which defines activity taking place
Agricultural Pesticides lPlanted crop acreage Delaware Þepartment of Agriculture

AIM Coatings Solvents in U.S. paínt shipments; U.S. Population U.S. Census Bureau

Asphalt Paving Cutback and emulsified asphalt usage Delaware Department of Transportation

Autobody Refínishing lEmployment data Delaware Þepartment of Labor

Commercial& ConsumerProducts Population Delaware Population ConsortiumCommercíaI Gooking Population Delaware Population Consortium

Commercial Fuel Combustion Fuelconsumption DOE Energy lnformation Admin.Degreasing Employment data Delaware Department of Labor

Dry Cleaning Facílity-level solvent usage DAQ Area Source Compliance ProgramGasoline (Petroleum) Marketing

Gasoline fuelsales; VMT through

use of MOVES ($tage 2);

employment data (comm. PFCs)

FHWA Motor FuelTax

AdministratÍon; DeIDOï (VMT);

Þelaware Department of Labor

(employment data)

Sraphic Arts Employment data Delaware Department of Labor

lndustríal Adhesives Populatíon Delaware Population Consortiumlndustrial Fuel Combustion Fuelconsumption DOE Energy lnformation Admín.

I ndustrial Surface GoatÍngs Ëmployment data Delaware Department of Labor

Land Clearing Debr¡s Burning

Acreage disturbed during road,commerciaf 

, 

and residential

construction

ÞAQ data calculated for the

construction dust categories

Prescribed Burning Acreage and vegetation type DAQ Area Source Compfiance Program

Residential Fuel Combustion Fuelconsumption DOE Energy lnformation Admin.

Residential Open Burning Rural households U.S. Census Bureau

Residential Wood Combustion Occupied households Delaware Population Consortium

Structure Fires Number of structures fires Defaware Fíre Marshaland DAQ Area Source Compliance ProgramTraffic Markings U,S. paint shipments; U.S. and State public road miles U.S. Census Bureau; FHWA highway statistics pu blícation

Vehicle Fires Number of vehícle fires Delaware Fire MarshalWíldfires Acreage and vegetation type Defaware Division of Forestry
Table 3-3. $ummary of 20ll Emissions for New Castle

Source Categorios

v0c Nox co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

SOLVENT USËAgricultural Pesticides 114 0.36 l=- l--AIM Coatings 602 2.26Asphalt Paving <1 < 0.01Auto Refinishing 260 1.00

Commercial & Consumer Products 1,245 3.53

Dry Cleaning <1 < 0.01

Graphic Arts 57 0.21lndustrial Adhesíves & Sealants 127 0.39

lndustrial Surface Coating 91 0.35Solvent Cleaning 191 0.68

ïraffÍc Markings 6 0.06Solvent Use Total 2,692 8.85

GASOLINE MARKETING

Reta il G a sol i n e Sfafr'ons

Tank Truck Unloading (Stage 1) 119 0.41

Refueling and PFC Filling (Stage 102 0.33Underground Tank Breathing 81 0.24

Tank Trucks in Transit 7 0.02

Othe r G asol i n e M a rketi n g Activitie s

Aircraft Refueling 23 0.07

Marinas 18 0.06

Portable Fuel Containers 241 0,83

CMV Loading and Transport 121 0.33

Gasoline Marketing Totaf 712 2.29
OPËN BURNING

Agricultural Burning 0 0 0 0 0 0Residential Open Burning 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 11 0.01Land Clearíng Debris Burning 0 0 0 0 0 0

Prescribed Burning 15 0 7 0 325 0

Structure Fires 3 0.01 <1 < 0,01 '14 0.03

Vehicle Fires 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 4 0.01

Wildfires 0 0 0 0 0 0

Open Burning Total 20 0.01 I < 0.01 353 0.05MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Commercial Cooking 20 0.05 52 0.14

NON.POINT SECTOR TOTAL 4,882 11.39 1,324 2.11 3,425 2.24

able ol 2911 t Emissions for Sussex

Source Categories

voc NOx co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

SOLVENT USEAgricultural Pesticides 471 1.40AIM Coatings 222 0.83\sphalt Paving 1 0.01

Auto Refinishing 44 4.17

Commercial & Consumer Products 459 1.30

Dry Cleaning 1 < 0.01

Graphic Arts 14 0.05lndustrial Adhesives & Sealants 40 o.12

ndustrial Surface Coating 45 0.17

Solvent Çleaning B5 0.32lraffic Markings 6 0.06
g

g 

Tank Trucks in Transit 4 0.01

Ather Gasoline Mar4eting Activities

Aircraft Refueling I 0.03

Mârínas 53 0.17Portable Fuel Containers 93 0.32

CMV Loading and Transport 66 0.18

Gasollne Marketing Total 418 1.34

FUEL COMBUSTION

Commercial/l nstitutional < 0.01 0.10 445 0.07

lndustrial 10 0.03 180 0,57 149 0.47Residential Fossil Fuel B 0.01 0.17 95 0.09ResidentialWood 318 0.06 27 < 0.01 1755 0,31

Fuel Combustion Total 338 0.10 466 0_84 2,043 0.94OPEN BURNING

Agricultural Burning 4 0 2 0 64 0

Residential Open Burning 6 0.01 3 < 0.01 50 0.05Land Clearing Debris Burning 5 0.01 2 0.01 75 0.21Prescribed Burning 4 0 2 0 94 0

Structure Fires 3 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 15 o.o2

Vehicle Fires <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Wildfires 5 0.04 2 0.02 102 0.77Öpen Burning Total 28 0.06 11 0.03 401 1.06

II¡IISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Commercial Cooking 7 0.01 19 0.05

NON-POINT SËCTOR TOTAL 2,177 5.95 478 0.86 2,463 2.05

Section 4
categorY

. Locomotives - Commercial line haul and yard locomotives are considered under this

source category.

. Commercial Marine Vessels (CMVs) * Various types of vessels that navigate the

Þelaware Bay and River and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canaf are included under this

source category. Recreational boats are included in the next category.

. Other Off-road Vehicles and Equipment * All other off-road emission sources are

accounted for through the use of EPA's NONROAD model. The NONROAD model

compiles off-road equipment pertinent to DeJaware into the following subcategories:

. Recreational(land-based);

. Construction;. lndustrial;. Lawn and Garden;

' Agricultural;. Commercial;

. Logging;. Airport Ground Support;. RecreationalMarine;and

. Railway Maintenance.

lndividual equipment SCCs covered in the NONROAD model are further broken down by the fuel

type, including Z-stroke gasoline, 4-stroke gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), andcompressed natural gas (CNG).Emission Estimation Methodologies

The 2008 Delaware Periodic Emission lnventory served as the starting point for non-road source

category selection and methodology development, No new sources were added to Delaware's off-road

mobile source inventory. However, a new version of the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA)Emissíons and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) were used for 201 1.

Simílar to the estimation of stationary non-point emissions, off-road equipment emissions were

estimated by multiplying an indicator of collective activity within the inventory area for a source categoryby a corresponding emission factor. The indicators of activity for off-road sources include landing and

take-offs (LTOs), vessel port-ofcalls, time-in-mode (TlMs, which are pertinent to aircraft and CMVs),gross ton miles (locomotives), equipment populations and economic activity (both pertinent to NONROADequipment) that can be correlated with the emissions from that source. The corresponding emission

factors are amount of pollutant (either grams or pounds) per unit of fuel used (locomotives and

military/commercial aircraft), per LTO (air taxi and general aviation) or per unit of power output in brakehorsepower or kilowatt-hours (NONROAD equipment and CMVs, respectively).

A major portion of the work involved in creating the 2011 non-road source inventory was in collecting

activity data for each source category. The activity data gathered was related to the type of emissionfactors available and, in many cases, obtained from local sources. More information about gathering
Emissions Summary

Tables 4-1 and 4-2 provide county summarles of the 2011 annual (tons per year, TPY) and SSWD

(tons per day, TPD) emissions for aircraft, locomotives, commercial marine vessels, and all equipment

emisslons estimated using ËPA's NONROAD model, The non-road sector is a significant contributor toozone precursors in Delaware.

Castle Cou

Table 4-2. S ot 2011 Non-road Emissions ior Sussex

$ource Categories

voc Nox co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

NONROAD Model Equipment 2,507 8.34 1,738 6.34 16,531 59.38

Aircraft I 0.02 1 < 0.01 259 0.78

Locomotives 2 < 0,01 21 0.06 5 0.01

Commercial Marine Vessels 41 0.11 1,285 3.62 122 0.33$US$EX COUNTY TOTAL 2,558 8.47 3,045 {0.02 16,917 90.50

NONROAD Model Equipment

DAQ used NONROAÞ2008a to develop 2011 annual emission estimates for New Castle County and

Sussex County. Most equipment covered by the NONROAD model is powered by diesel-fueled

compression-ignition engines or gasoline-fueled spark-ignition engines. Engines fueled by compressed

natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) engines are also included in the NONROAD model.

Table 4-1. of 2O11Non-road Emissions for New

Source Categories

voc Nox co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

NONROAD Model Equipment 1,BBB 6.76 1,760 6.23 19,849 76.90

Aircraft 31 0.09 56 0.13 630 1.86Locomotives 19 0.05 233 0.64 48 0.13Sommercial Marine Vessels 51 0.14 1,528 4.19 161 0.44

NEW CASTLE COUNTY TOTAL 1,989 7.O4 3,577 I l.l9 20,688 79.33
of use) is used 

NONROAD.

To improve the accuracy of the model runs, default inputs were replaced in the NONROAD model

option files for select parameters. ln the options packet, inputs that can be replaced include: Reid vapor

pressure (RVp), temperature, oxygenated fuel weight percent, and fuel sulfur levels. Local act¡vity data

inputs, such as equipment populations or activity (e.9., hours of use or load factors), can also replace

default values in the model.

NONROAD model option files were prepared to account for temperatures and fuel characteristics

representative of each county for each of the four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and fall).

Temperature and fuel input values for each three-month period (December-February, March-May, JuneAugust, and September-November) were averaged to estimate seasonal values. Minimum, maximum,and average temperatures per month were oþtained from the National Weather Service for the NewCastle County Airport and the Georgetown Airport. Table 44 presents a summary of county temperature

and gasoline fuel characteristics data used for each season. A sulfur content of 15 ppm for off-road dieselfuel was used for 2011 based on EPA requirements.

Table 4-3. $CGs Addressed

SCG Descriptlons
12265004xxx

I12265005xxx122ô5006xxx

2265007xxx

2265008xxx

226501xxxx

2267xxxxxx

2267001xxx2267002xxx

2267003xt¡x

2267ÛO4xxx2267005xxx

2267006xxx

2267008xxx

l¿-stroke gasoline engines

- recreationaf vehicles- construction eq uipment

- industrialequipment- lawn & garden equipment- agricultural equipment- light commercial

equipment

- logging equipment- airport service equipment- oilfield equipment

LPG engines

- recreationaf vehicles

- construction equipment

- industrialequipment- lawn & garden equipment- agricultural equipment- light commercial

equipment

- airport service equipment

2268006xxx226801xxxx

2270xxxxxx227A}l1xxx

227O}0?xxx227O1}3xxx2270104xxx

2270005xxx

2270006xxx2270007xxx2270008xxx

2270009xxx227001xxxx2Z82xxxxxx2285xxx015

g

- oÍlfield equipment

Dieselengines

- recreational vehicles- construction equipment

- industrialequipment- lawn & garden equipment

-farm equipment

- light commercial equipment- logging equipment- airport service equipment- underground mining

equipment

- oilfietd equipment

Recreational marine equipmentRailway maintenance equipment

Table 44, NONROAD ModelTemperature and Fuel Characteristic lnput Values

Gounty Season Oxygen Welght % RVP psi Gasollne Sulfur ppm Daily Average Temperature, oF Minimum Maximum Average

New Castle Summer 3"6 6.9 43.6 67 B6 77

New Castle Autumn 3.67 9.105 46.55 50 67 58\ew Castle Winter 3.79 11.31 49.5 28 43 36

New Castle Spring 3.67 9.1 05 46.55 46 64 55

Sussex Summer 3.58 7 49.1 67 87 76

Sussex Autumn 3.715 9.1 55 43.35 52 70 61

Sussex Winter 3.85 11.31 37.6 30 48 39

Sussex Spring 3.7',!5 9.1 55 43.35 47 65 56

Season for 20f I
DAQ updated GAFs for numerous equipment categoríes. Table 4-5 provides a fist of GAFs and the

associated equípment populations that use the GAFs that were updated with 2011 Delaware-specificdata. For golf carts, DAQ replaced the GAFs based on the number of golf courses in each county with the

county total square kilometers of golf courses in each county. DAQ believes that golf cart usage is more

directly related to the size of each golf course than to the number of courses that exist in each county. lfan equipment popufation ís not identified in Table 4-5, then the model default GAFs were used in the

2011 runs.

Allocation Factors

Sample Calculations and Res¿//fs

The standard NONROAD modelemission equation is as follows:

foxtr=Eexh*A*L"P*N

= Exhaust emissions, (ton/year) Ëexn = Exhaust emission factor, (ton/hp-hr)

Tabfe 4-5.20, IC

Geographic

Allocation Factor Data Source Equipment Population

Population DE Population Consortium

Aircraft NOx emissions Delaware 2008 inventory Airport ground support

Construction employment andbuilding permits U.S. Census Bureau ConstructionHarvested crop acres DE Department of Agriculture Agricultural

Forest harvest permit acres DE Department of Agriculture Logging{rea of golf courses Delaware State Golf Association Golf cartsrÂ/holesale businesses DË Department of Labor Commercial

Síngle and duplex housing U.S. Census Bureau Residential lawn & gardenLandscaping businesses DE Department of Labor Commercial lawn & gardenManufacturing employees ÞE Þepartment of Labor lndustrial

Class I Rail gross ton miles Class I Operators in Delaware Railmaintenance

Rural land area U.S, Census Bureau Land-based recreat¡onal

Snowfall Weather Warehouse website Snow blowers and snowmobiles

where: lexh
Table 4-7.2011 Sussex G<runtv Emissiong for NONROAD

Annual(TPY) sswD (TPD)

Fuel Type Equipment Category voc NO* co voc NOt co

Gasofine AllEquipment 2,368 463 15,151 7.87 1.69 54.42

Ðiesel AllEquipment 109 1,',!57 587 0.36 4.22 7.11

.PG AllEquipment 30 110 739 0.10 0.40 2.65

CNG AllEquipment <1 I 54 < 0.01 0.03 0.19

AllFuels Total 2,547 .l,738 16,531 8-34 6.34 59.38

Aircraft

The aírcraft source category includes emissions from commercial, air taxi, general aviation, and

military aircraft. These subcategories are described as follows:

. Commercial aircraft are used for scheduled service transporting passengers, freight, or

both;

. Aír taxis are used for scheduled service carrying passengers and/or freight, but are smaller

a¡rcraft that operate on a more limited basis than the commercíal carriers;

. General aviation íncludes other non-military aircraft used for recreational flying, business,

personal transportation, and various other activities; and

. Military aircraft are used by the U,S. military in a wide range of missions.

Airport-specifíc emissions for all aircraft sub-categor¡es were allocated to the county in which each

airport is located. Where there are multiple airports in a given county, the emissions were summed to

provide a county-level emissions estimate. Aircraft emissions are reported under the following SCCs:

Fuel Type Ëqulpment Category voc No, I "o voc NO

co

Gasoline All Equipment 1,726 348 18,311 6.18 1.23 70.94Diesel All Ëquipment 130 1,278 692 0.46 4.52 2.68

LPG AllEquipment 32 122 778 0.12 0.43 3,01

CNG AllEquipment <1 12 67 < 0.01 0.04 0,26

All Fuels Total 1,888 1,760 19,849 6.76 6.23 76.90
2275060000 Mobile Sources Aircraft Air Taxi ïotal

DAQ estimated annual aircraft emissions using a combination of airport-specific activity data and

FederalAviation Administration (FAA)/EPA emission factors. Estimating aircraft emissions focuses on the

"mixing zone," which has a height (mixing height) equal to the thickness of the inversion layer. Airemissions wíthin this zone are trapped by the inversion layer and ultimately affect ground-level pollutant

concentrations. When aircraft are above the mixing zone, emissions tend to disperse and have no

ground-level effects. The aircraft operations within the mixing zone are defined by the landing and take-off(LTO) cycle. Each LTO cycle consists of five specific operating modes,

. Approach - aircraft operates in this mode when it approaches the airport on íts descent from

the mixing height to when it lands on the runway.

. Taxilidle-in - aircraft operates in this mode when it taxís from the runway to the gate and turns

its engines off.

. Taxi/idle-out - this period occurs from engine start-up to takeoff as the aircraft taxis from the

gate back out to the runway.

. Take-off - this mode is characterized primarify by full-throttle operation that typically lasts until

the aircraft reaches between 500 and 1000 feet above ground, which is when engine power is

reduced.

. Climb-out - this mode begins right after the take-off mode and lasts until the aircraft passes out

of the mixing height.

The operation time in each of these modes is dependent on the aircraft category, local meteorological

conditions, and operational considerations at a given airport. The time-in-mode (TlM) for the takeoffoperating mode is the least variable.

Thefollowing are the general steps to be used to estimate aircraft emissions:

. Determine the mixing height to be used to define the LTO cycte;. Define the fleet make-up for each airport;. Determine airport activity ín terms of the number of LTOs by aircrafUengine type;. Select emission factors for each engine model assocíated with the aÍrcraft fleet;

. Estimate the TIM for the aircraft fleet at each airport;. Calculate emissions based on aircraft LTOs, emission factors for each aircraft engine

model, and estimated aircraft TIM; and

' Aggregate the emissions across aircraft,

LTO data were obtained from all airports in New Castle County and Sussex County. Data on specific

aircraft and engine types were obtained only from the New Castle County airport. Table 4-9 provides the

LTO data by the four aircraft gpes for airports in New Castle County and Sussex County.

Table 4-9.2011 LTO Data for New Castle and Sussex Counties
Sussex County Sussex GeneralAviation 3

,000

Laurel Sussex GeneralAviation 9,1 00

DAQ used these airport-specific LTO data to estimate commercial and military aircraft emissions

using FAA's Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EÞMS), Version 5.1.4.1, The model requires

detailed inputs on aircraft operation by aircraft and engine type. DAQ matched the aircraft LÏO data to the

existing aiicraft/engine types in ËDhl$, and used the default EDMS TIM data. A mixing height of 2,300feet was used for both airports in New Castle County based on an isopleth chart of annual average

morning mixing heights for the continental U.S. as provided in EPA's Procedures Manual The Delaware

Army Nãtional-Guaid (DE ARNG) and the Delaware Air National Guard (DE ANG) operate units at the

New Castle County Airport and contribute to the military LTOs at that airport.

EDMS generates emissions for VOCs, NO" and CO in tons per year. The model also generates

emissions fõr ground support equipment (GSE). However, ÞAQ used the GSE estimates generated fromthe NONROAD model, so these were subtracted from the EDMS results. ËPA fleet average emissionfactors were applied to the LTO data to estimate annual generalaviation and air taxiemissions'

Sample Calculatíons and Resulús

Commercial and Military Aírcnft

The equation below is the calculation of taxi and queue mode time that is an airport-specific input in

EDMS.

Taxiand Queue Mode Time = (Airport Average Taxi-ln Time + Airport Average Taxi-Out Time)

- EDMS Aircraft-Specific Landing RollTime

The following is the equation used in EDMS to calculate annual emissions by aircraft type for one

LTO cycle:

Eu = E [(TlM¡d * (FFrkl1000) " (Ëlr¡rJ . (NE¡)l

where: Eil = Total emiss¡on of pollutant l, in pounds, produced by aÍrcraft typei for one LTO cycle, TIM¡ = Time in mode for mode k, in minutes, for aircraft typel FF¡; = Fuel flow for mode k, in pounds per minute, for each engine used on the aircraft

typei Ëlr¡x = Emission index for pollutant i, in pounds of pollutant per one thousand pounds offuel, in mode k for

aircraft type,l NË¡ = Number of engines used on aircraft type j

Finally, annual emissions per airport are cafculated with the following equation:
The following equatíon is the estimate of air taxi and general aviation aircraft emissions using LTO

data and fleet average emission factors.

ä. :.Ili3s:cåF " Hr.¡f¡*

where: E¡ = annual emissions ín tons of pollutant I LïOs = annual numberofLTOs EF¡ = default aviation fleet mix emission factor in pounds of pollutant for pollutant i

Locomotives

Railroad locomotives are a combustion source of emissions with most sígnificant emissions ocæurrÍng

where there is a concentration of railroad activi$ (such as a large swítch yard). The primary fuelconsumed by railroad locomotives is distillate oil (diesel fuel). Locomotives can perform two different

types of operations: line haul and yard (or switch). Line haul locomotives generally travel between distant

locations, such as from one city to another. Yard locomotives are primarily responsible for moving railcars

within a particular railway yard. Locomotive emissions are reported under the SCCs provided in Table 4-

11,

For line haul locomotives, DAQ calculated Class I operation emissions separately from Class ll/lll

operations. Line haul locomotive emissions for passenger trains and commuter línes were estimated to

be zero since rail service in Delaware (Amhak and SEPTA) is electric powered. Fuel consumption was

used to estimate locomotive engine emissions. Fuel consumption rates are usually known only for the

entire interstate operating region, therefore, it is necessary to allocate the total amount of fuel consumed"system"wide" to Delaware and its counties.

aþlê 4-10. 2011 Annual Emissior rs bv County for A¡rcraft

scc Aircraft Gategory County Annual(TPY) sswD (rPD) voc Nox co voc Nox GO

2275001000 Military New Castle 12 52 44 0.03 0.12 0.10

2275020000 Çommercial New Castle <1 <1 <1 < o.0l < 0.01 < 0.012275050000 GeneralAviation New Castle 17 3 538 0.05 0.01 1.622275060000 Air Taxi New Castle 2 <1 49 0.01 < 0.01 o.14

22750xxxxx Tota!: Aircraft New Castle 3'l 56 630 0.09 0.13 1.86

2275450400 GeneralAviation Suçsex I 1 259 0.02 < 0.01 0.78
2285002010 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel Yard Locomotives

Llne Haul Locomotîves * Cfass I Operatlons

CSX Transportation operates Class I locomotives within New Castle County, while Norfolk Southern

operates throughout the State of Delaware. DAQ contacted these companíes to obtain estimates of fuelconsumption or data to calculate fuel consumption (e.9., gross ton-miles (GTM) and gallons of fuelconsumed per GTM).

Norfolk Southern provided GTM data at the state level. To obtain emissions at the county level, DAQ

used the same county allocations as was used in the 2008 inventory. Norfolk Southern provided a fuel

consumption index (GTM/fuel consumed) for the system that includes operations in Defaware' CSXprovided GTM and fuel consumption data for New Castle County, the onfy county in which CSX operates

in Delaware.

Line Haul Locomotlves - Class llllll Qperations

The Maryland & Delaware Railroad operates in New Castle County and Sussex County. The

Delaware Coast Line Railroad operates only in Sussex County. Both companies provided 2011 statewide

fuel consumption data. For the Maryland & Þelaware Railroad, track miles within each county were used

to allocate statewide fuel consumption to each county.

The system-wide fuel consumption indices, county-specific GTM, and calculated county-fevel fuel

consumption for both Class I and Class ll/lll line-haul operations are provided in Table 4-12.

Table 4-12.2011 Locomotive Fuel Consumptlon Data by Gounty

for Glass I Line Hau

Railroad Gompany Glass County Gross Ton Miles (GMT) System-wide GTM/Gallon Diesel Fuel Consumed, gallons/year

Norfolk Southern I New Castle 216,496,634 1,083.52 199,808Norfolk Southern I Sussex 126,647,379 1,083.52 116,885

CSX Transportation I New Castle 688,000,000 903.75 761,275

[4aryland & Delaware il/il 1 New Çastle 2,380Mlaryland & Delaware il/ilt Sussex 3,331Delaware Coast Line il/ilt Sussex 9,000
Table 4

13.2t

11 and Ëstimated Fuel

Class I Switchyard Gounty No. of Yard Locomotlves Fuel Consurned, gallons/year

Norfolk Southern New Castle 13 421,813

CSX Transportation New Castle 3 180,000Nlaryland & Delaware New Castle 1 9,640Mlaryland & Delaware Sussex 2 19,281

Samplø Calculations and Resulfs

Line HaulLocomotive

To determine the amount of pollutant p at the county level:

5r,=Ffl;'r{"f:tlçg

where: Ep = amount of pollutant p emitted for the county in pounds FC = fuel consumption for the county in gallons EFp = emission factor for pollutant p in pounds per gallon

Yard Locomotive

To determine the amount of pollutant p at the county-level:

Ee = Yd"FCv6"EFp

where: Ëp = amount of pollutant p emitted for the county in pounds Yd = number of yard locomotíves in the county FCva = fuel consumption per yard locomotive in gallons per year EFo = emission factor for pollutant p in pounds per gallon

able 4-14, 201{ Locomotives Ëmissfons

scc

Category Description

County

Annual (TPY) sswD (TPD)

voc Nox co voc NOx co

2285002006 Class I Line Haul New Castle I 109 30 0.02 0.30 0.08

2285002007 Class ll/lll Line Haul New Castle <1 1 <1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
2285002Oxx Total; Sussex 2 21 5 < 0.01 0.06 0.01

CommercÍal Marine Vessels

The CMV sector includes many types of vessels, such as large deep-draft vessels, barge towboats,

harbor tugs, dredging vessels, ferries, excursion vessels, and commercial fishing vessels. ln addition to

the numerous vessel types, each vessel type engages in different activities such as hoteling,

maneuvering within the port, and cruising.

ln its 1999 final rule for commercial marine díesel engines, EPA defined three categories of marine

diesel engines based on engine displacement, power and revolutions per minute (rpm). Table 4-15

presents the definitions for each category.

Table 4-15. U.S. EPA Marine fne Definitions

Category Displacement per cylinder Power range (kW) RPM range

1 disp. < 5 liters and power¿ 37 kW 37 -2,30Q 1,800 - 3,000

2 5 5 displacement < 30 liters 1,500 - 8,000 7s0 - 1,5003 displacement ¿ 30 liters 2,500 * 80,000 60 - 900

The EPA classifies CMV emissions by fuel type (residual and diesel) and by mode of operation (port

and underway), CMVs often burn multiple types of fuel and may burn different fuels for different operating

modes or locations (i.e., near ports). ÐAQ used the port and underway SCCs to characterize the CMV

emissions as listed in Table 4-16. The SCC classification is based on the most common type of fuel

utilized by the vessel category. Ocean-going vessels (OGV) predominately burn intermediate fuel oil(lFO). DAO ptaced emissions from OGVs burning IFO in the residual fuel SCC. This is consistent withhow petroleum product sales data are reported by the Energy lnformation Administration and EPA's

classification of fuels,

Table 4-16. SGCs for Gommercial Marine Vesssls

scc Descriptor I Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor I

2280042100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions

228000220A Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions2280003100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Residual Port emissions2280003200 Mobífe Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Residual Underway emissions
g

. Mode of operation,

. Vesseltype (bulk carrier, tanker, towboat, etc.);. Vessel dead weight tonnage (DWT);

. Type of engine (2-stroke, 4-stroke, or steam); and. Length of waterway segment.

Therefore, DAQ accounted for these variations when estimating CMV activity. The four modes of

operation that are performed by vessels are defined below:

Cruise - This mode is assumed to begin 25 miles out from the port breakwater untif the

vessel reaches the breakwater. The breakwater is located at the mouth of the Delaware Bay.Cruise mode is only applicable to Sussex County.

Reduced Speed Zone (RSZ) - This mode begins at the breakwater and continues until the

vessel is one to two nautical miles from the berth or anchorage. ïhe vessel is assumed to

have a speed of twelve knots during this mode. This mode is also referred to as transit, and

escort for towboats and tug-assist vessels.Maneuvering - This mode is defined as the time the vessel slows to below four knots until

the dock lines are secure. This mode is also referred to as assist mode for tug-assist vessels.

Hoteling - This mode is defined as the time the vessel is at dock. During this mode, the

vessel operates auxiliary engínes for efectrical power.

The waterway segment distances used to estimate activity and to allocate the activity to each county

were estimated from the Google Earth website in 2008 by tracing the shipping channel. Segment

distances are shown in Table 4-17.The distance South is given to the breakwater at the mouth of the

Þelaware Bay. The distance north is given to the Delaware-Pennsylvania border. The distance for the

C&D Canal East is given from the Delaware-Maryland border to the entrance of the Delaware River(Reedy Poínt).

The engine activity for each mode is calculated using the following equation:

where:

Activityro¿u

Power

Load Factor

Time

Calls

¡driir¡i{þ' ¡uc¡* = Psr*'e"r x J,øadFacrirr rc Tìrüefta,4 x C¿{Iç

= activitV by mode (kilowatt-hours)

= rated engine power by vesseland engine type (kilowatts)

= load factor of the engine by vessel type and mode

= time in mode per call by vessel type (hours)

= number of calls by vessel and engine type

Table 4-17. Waterwav Seoment Dlstances for the Delaware Rlver Area
C&D Canal 62.õLatitude 39030' 57.7New Castle CoiKent Co 48.5Kent Co/Sussex Co 15,9Point NorthPort of Wilmington 7.7

C&Ð Ganal 21.2

Point East

C&D Canal 13.0

This calculation must be performed for both propulsion and auxiliary engines and for each mode.

Both propulsion engines and alxiliary engines are operating during cruise, RSZ and.maneuvering modes.

Only auxiliary engiñes operate during hoteling. Once the activity is calculated, it is allocated to the countylevel using county allocation factors.

This approach to calculating activity of CMVs was used for all vessel types except vessels involved in

dredging àótivity. For dredgirig, the âctivity data used for emissions calculations was the volume of

mate-r¡ai-OreOge'0. Oetails on the sources and development of activity data are provided in the following

subsections,

Ocøan-Golng Vessels

DAe obtained vessel calt data for ocean-going vessels (OGVs) during calendar year 2011 from the

Marine Exchange for the Delaware Ríver and Bay. Data were obtained for vessels that called on ports inDelaware, New Jersey and pennsylvania. The data for the entire port area is required since the majority

of vessels pass through Ðelaware waters en route to other ports. The vessel call data included the vessel

name, ship type, DWÍ, pier, and the date of the call. The ship types calling on the Delaware River Areaports in 2011 are shown in Table 4-18.

Vessels may shíft between piers during the same call on the Delaware River area. DAQ adjusted the

vessel call data to remove sfiifts betweèn piers, where possible, to avoid double counting using a

methodology recommended by the staff of the Marine Exchange, Data on the engine power and engine

type (2-stroÍ<e, 4-stroke, and iteam) used on OGVs were not available through the Marine Ëxchange.Therefore, ÞAe assigned engine power and engine type based on average engine data obtained fromother sources.

For propulsion engines, the average engine power and the engine type were obtained from the EPA

report C'om'merciat Mãrine Activity ror-oeep-Sea Po¡ts in the llnited Sfafes (Deep Sea Porfs). This report
BU Bulk Bulk Cargo (BG), Chemical (CH), Bulk (HR)

Container ContaineriBulk (CB), Part Container (PC)

GC GeneralCargo

MS Miscellaneous l-ivestock (LV), TallShip (TS)

PR Passenger

RF Refrigerated Cargo (Reefer) Container Reefer (CR)

RR Roll on-Roll otf (RORO) RORO Container (RC)

TA Tanker Tanker (AS), Bulk O¡l (BO), Chemical Oil Tanket (CO), Gas Carrier (PG and NG)

VE Vehicle Carrier

ln order to calculate underway emissions, the number of calls (by vessel type and DWT range) had to

be allocated to each port. The ports in Delaware include the Port of Wilmington, Magellan Terminal,Þelaware City Refinery, and Oceanport. One port in New Jersey, Bermuda lnternational on Salem Creek,

is located adjacent to Delaware. All other ports in New Jersey and all ports in Pennsylvania are locatednorth of the Delaware/Pennsylvania state line. Vessels calling on New Jersey and Pennsylvania ports

must be included in underway emission calculations for Delaware since the vessels travel through theDelaware portion of the bay and river.

Table 4-19 presents the assígned propulsion engine power and the number of calls by vessel type,

DWT range and engine type for calls on the Delaware River area in 2011. ln addition to vessels traveling

in the Delaware River Bay and River, 256 OGVs traversed the C&D Canal to or from the ChesapeakeBay.

Table 4-19. Average Propulsion Engine Power and tho 2011 Number of Calls for OGVs Calling on

the Delaware River Area

Code

DWT Range Englno Type Power (hp) Calls God e DWT Range Engine Type Power (hpl Calls

BU < 25,000 2-stroke 9,665 49 RR <15,000 2-stroke 8,280 7BU < 25;000 4-stroke 7,504 8 RR <15,000 4-stroke 8,553 7

3U 25,000 35,000 2-stroke 9,696 64 RR 15,000 - 30,000 2-stroke 12,852 41

BU 35,000 45,000 2-stroke 10,320 37 RR >30,000 2-stroke 26,562 2

BU > 45,000 2-stroke 16,328 99 TA <30,000 2-strol<e 10,008 40

NJ and P
GC 

15,000 2

stroke 5,784 6 TA 60,000 

90,000 

,

GC < 15,000 4-stroke 3,944 7 TA 60,000 - 90,000 4-stroke 14,305 10

GC 15,000 30,000 2-stroke 10,456 3 rA 90,000 120,000 2-stroke 15,451 172GC 15,000 30,000 4-stroke 7,536 1 ÏA 90,000 120,000 Steam 23,923 4

MS < 10,000 2-stroke 3,500 16 TA 120,000 150,000 2-stroke 23,046 39

MS < 10,000 4-stroke 11,671 B TA > 150,000 2-stroke 25,559 133PR < 5,000 4-stroke 16,108 0 TA > 150,000 Steam 36,324 41

RF 5,000 - 10,000 2-stroke 9,706 118 VË <12,500 2-stroke 11,877 6RF 5,000 - 10,000 4-stroke 6,837 20 VE <12,500 4-stroke 1 3,1 50 1

RF 10,000 15,000 2-stroke 12,500 190 VË 12,500 - 15,000 2-stroke 12,859 11

RF 10,000 15,000 4-stroke 15,672 4 VE 12,500 - 15,000 4-stroke 14,770 2

RF > 15,CI00 2-stroke 18,467 I VE 15,000 - 17,500 2-stroke 13,911 30

VE > 17,500 2-stroke 15,224 117

Towboats and Tug AssÍsfs

Towboats are used to transport non-self-propelled vessels, eíther dry cargo or tanker barges,

throughout the Delaware River area, including the C&D Canal. DAQ obtained data on the number oftowboat trips during calendar year 2011 from Waterborne Çommerce of the United Súafes. DAQ

suþtracted the number of towboat trips for the Port of Wilmington (POW) and the C&D Canal from thenumber of trips on the Þelaware River (PA to the Sea). For towþoats traveling to and from the POW and

traveling through the C&D Canal, ÞAQ assumed that half the vessels travel north and the other half travelsouth to/from the POW and the canal.

ln 2011, 4,492 towboat trips transited Delaware waters on the Delaware River, with a trip defined as a

one-way passage. 640 towboat trips entered or exited the Port of Wilmington, and 2,332 towboat tripstransited the C&Þ Canal.

Tugs assist OGVs from the shipping channel to its intended berth and then back to the channel when

the vessel leaves port. This activity is considered the maneuvering mode for OGVs. Two tugs are typically

required to assist an OGV with a DWT greater than 20,000 tons; for smaller OGVs, one tug suffices, The

number of tug assists (2,370 in 2011) is dírectly related to the number of OGVs calling to a Delaware port.Note that a tug assisting a vessel to Bermuda lnternational in New Jersey and the piers at the oil
g

, 

g

, 

, 

g

and Preparing Pot't Fml.ssl'on lnventories. For RSZ mode, time-in*mode for each vessel was calculated

based on vessel speeds and waterway segment distances provided ín Table 4-17.

Dredging

Maintenance dredgíng is performed routinely on the Delaware River to keep the channels to their

required depths. Dredging ínvolves multiple vessels, including dredges, assist tugs, and generator barges

that provide additional power. Estimating emissions from dredging vessel engine activity is timeconsuming. Therefore, DAQ developed emissions based on the volume of material dredged during

calendar year 2011 rather than engine activity in kilowatt-hours.

DAQ obtained the dredging activity data from both the USACE and from within DNREC. The amount

of materíal dredged by USACÉ contractors was obtained from the USACE report on dredging contracts

awarded for the year 2Q11. DAQ also contacted the Delaware Division of Soil and Water Conservation toobtain the amount of material dredged by the Division, Table 4-20 presents the estimated amount of

material dredged and the type of dredge used. DAQ assumed all the dredging activity is maintenance

dredging, New cut dredging results ín higher emissions, therefore this assumption may result in lower

emission estimates than are actually occurring in the area.

Table 4-20. Material in Delaware Waters during 201

Project Location County Type of Equipment

Total Material

Dredged (cubic

yards)

Philadelphia to the Sea New Castle Hydraulic Dredge 549,523Port of Wilmington New Gastle Hydraulic Dredge 440,525Premcor Berth Maintenance New Castle Hydraulic Dredge 230,000

Philadelphia to the Sea Sussex Hydraulic Dredge 142,303

Beachfill * Roosevelt lnlet Sussex Hydraulic Dredge 111,000

Coastal Shoreline Protection Sussex Hopper 848,000

Lewes & Rehoboth Canal Sussex Hydraulic Dredge 32,000

Ferries

The Cape May-Lewes Ferry was identified as the only ferry servíce in $ussex County. Monthly trip

count data for the Çape May-Lewes Ferry was obtained by contacting the Delaware River & Bay

Authority. The Cape May-Lewes Ferry made 4,784 one-way trips Ín 2011.Times for maneuvering and

idling at dock were estimated based on cruise time and round trip schedules. For summer weekday

activity, DAQ oþtained the average number of weekday trips during the months of June, July and August
DAQ developed county allocation factors for CMV activity data based on the location of the activity on

the various waterways and length of the waterway segment. ln developing county allocation factors, DAQassumed that from latitude 39o30' to 25 miles beyond the mouth of the Delaware Bay, the activity is split

evenly between Delaware and New Jersey since the ship channel roughly corresponds to the boundarybetween the two states. Above latitude 39o30', all emissions are allocated to Delaware since the entirebreadth of the river is under Delaware's jurisdiction. Allocations were developed for each activity mode,

since the activity takes place in different areas depending on the mode'

For OGV maneuvering and hoteling modes, the activity is allocated to the county in which the port is

located. All large Delaware ports are located in New Castle County. Much of the maneuvering andhoteling activity thus takes place to New Castle County. OGVs wilf also hotel at one of the several

anchorages along the shippíng channel. Emissions are estimated for hoteling that takes place at

Delaware's anchorages.

For the R$Z mode, county allocation factors were developed for the four ports in Delaware (Port of

Wilmington, Magellan Terminal, Oceanport, and Delaware City Refinery), Bermuda lnternational in NewJersey, and from the Pennsylvania-Delaware border to the breakwater (PA/DE to the Sea)'

Allocating dredging to each county was based on the river miles in each county, and split between

Delaware and New Jersey below latitude 39030'. While the Three Forts Ferry travels to Fort Mott on the

New Jersey side of the Delaware River, at that latitude, Delaware's jurisdictional waters extend thebreadth of the river, Therefore, all actívity for the Three Forts Ferry was allocated to New Castle County.

Table 4-21.20 I Commercial Marlne Vessel Emissions Coun

scc

Category Descrlption

Gounty

Annual (TPY) sswD (TPD)

voc Nox co VOG NOx co

2280002100 Port - Diesel New Castle 3 122 14 0.01 0.33 0.04

2280042200 Underway - Diesel New Castle 12 461 c¿ 0.03 1.27 0.17

2280003100 Port - Residual Fuel Oil New Castle 6 172 16 0.02 0.47 0.04

2280003200 Underway - RFO New Castle 30 773 70 0.08 2.12 0.19228000xxxx Total: New Castle 51 1,528 161 0.14 4.19 o.442280002100 Port - Diesel Sussex 2 63 5 < 0.01 o.17 0.01

¿284002200 Underway - Diesel Sussex I 389 41 0.03 1.',17 0.'t22280003100 Port * Residual Fuel Oil Sussex 4 129 12 0.01 0.35 0.032280003200 Underway - RFO Sussex 27 705 64 0.07 1.93 0.17
vehícle miles traveled (VMT) on Delaware roadways in 2011 using EPA

s Motor Vehicle Ëmission

Simulator (MOVËS) model. Vehicles include passenger cars, Iight-duty trucks, including sport utilíty

vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, buses, and motorcycles. DAQ is utilizing EPA's National Emissions lnventory

(NEl), version 1, run of the MOVES model. Due to resource constraínts, DAQ has yet to complete finalMOVES runs for2011. However, DAQ has extensively developed Delaware-specific model inputs andhas submitted these input files to EPA as part of the Air Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) requirements.

These inputs will be summarized in this section.

The applicable Standard Classification Codes (SCCs) comprising vehicle type, roadway class, and

emission process (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, ând tire wear) are shown in Table 5-1. As anexample, the SCC applicable to exhaust emissions from a passenger car fueled by gasoline on an urban

interstate would be 220100123X, with the "2201001" indicating that the vehicle is a light-duty gasoline

vehicle, the "23" indicating the activity is occurring on an urban interstate, and the "X" indicating that theemissions are exhaust emissions.

Table 5-1. SCCs lncluded in On-road Mobile

scG

Digits

Applicable Portion of

SCC Code

Portion that SGC

Describes Description

1-7 2201001 Vehicle type Light-duty gasoline vehicles (passenger cars)

1-7 2201020 Vehicle type Light'duty gasoline trucks 1 (04,000 lb gross vehicle weíght rating [GVWR])

1-7 220104A Vehicle type Light-duty gasoline trucks 2 (6,001-8,5001b GVWR)

1-7 2201070 Vehicle type Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles (> 8,500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2201 080 Vehicle type Motorcycles (gasoline)

1-7 2230001 Vehicle type Light-duty diesef vehicles (passenger cars)1-7 2230060 Vehicle type Light-duty diesel trucks (0-8,500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230071 Vehicle type Class 2b heavy-duty diesel vehicles (8,501-10,000 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230072 Vehicle type Class 3, 4, and 5 heavy-duty diesel vehicles (10,001- 19,500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2234073 Vehicle type Class 6 and 7 heavy-duty diesel vehicles (19,501-33,000 rb GVWR)1-7 2230074 Vehicle type Class B heavy-duty dieselvehicles (> 33,000 lb GMA/R)

1-7 2230075 Vehicle type Díesel buses

B-9 11 Roadway type Rural interstates

3-9 13 Roadway type Rural other principal arterials
8

9 27 Roadway type Urban other princiPal arterials

8-9 29 Roadway type Urban minor arterials3-9 31 Roadway type Urban collectors3-9 33 Roadway type Urban locals

10 X Emission process Exhaust10 V Emíssíon process Evaporative

10 B Emission process Brake wear10 T Emission process Tire wear

Delaware-speclfic lnput Data ior 2011

The 2008 inventory was the first year that DAQ used the MOVES model to develop on-road mobíle

emissions. The MOBI[E6.2 model was used previously. The MOVES model allows for adjustments to avariety of model ínputs, and as such, DAQ, with assistance from the Delaware Department ofTransþoftation (DelÞ'OT), puF forth considerabte effort in creating a suite of county-specific input datafiles. The county-specifiä input data types created for the 2011 inventory include VMT (by vehicle and

roadway type), vehicle regisiration datã (vehicle populations and age distributions), average speeds in the

form of sïeea bin fractions (weekday versus weekend and by roadway type), and inspection and

maintenance program specifications. Each of these input data sets are discussed separately below. DAQrelíes on tne ir¡OVES model defaults for fuel parameters (formulations and supply), meteorological data

(temperature and relative humidity), ramp fractions, and weekly and daily fractions.

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Data

The activity data used for developing the on-road emissíon inventory is VMT. DeIDOT provided 2011

VMT data by roadway type for all counties in Delaware. DelÞOT is required to submit calendar year VMT

data annualiy to the Éeåàral Highway Administration's (FHWA) Highway Performance Monitoring System

(HpMS). Thä VMT is estimated based on data from permanent traffic count stiations throughout the

county.'DelDOT's traffic count program provides daily and seasonal variatíon data. Additional temporary

statioñs provide shorter-term counis that are expanded with factors derived from appropriate permanent

count stations. Counting and expansion activities are consistent with FHWA guidelines. Ïhe traffic data

submitted to HPMS are considered the most accurate VMT totals for Delaware.

Since the VMT provided by DeIDOT is supplied by HPMS roadway type, the task of creating VMT by

M9VËS road type iractions räquires mapping the twelve HPMS road types to the four MOVES road

types. The road'type allocations for New Castle County and Sussex County for 2011 are provided inTables 5-2 and 5-3, respectively.

Table 5'2. New Castle County VMT Fractions by Road Type
fotal t.00000

Table 5-3. Sussex Countv VMT Fractions Road

MOVES

Road Type

Gode

Road Type Description VMT Fraction by Road Type

2 Rural Restricted Access 0.00003 Rural Unrestricted Access o.6723

4 Urban Restricted Access 0.00005 Urban Unrestricted Access 0.3277

Total 1.0000

VMT Fractlons by Vehicle Type

VMT by vehícle Çpe data are not collected in Delaware, so an afternate procedure was developed

using the local regístration data in calculating the VMT míxes rather than using the default MOVES VMT

distribution by vehicle type. This methodology uses nationaldefault MOVES míleage accumulation data incombinatíon with the Delaware county-specific registration data to develop estimates of VMT by vehicle

type. The number of vehÍcles registered in Þelaware by model year, vehicle type, fuel type and county

was multiplied by the average number of miles accumulated annually by vehicles of the same age,

vehicle type and fuel type in the MOBlLE6.2 default mileage accumulation database. This provided anestimate of VMT by vehicle age and vehicle type. These VMT estimates were then summed for all yearsby vehicle type, The totalVMT for each vehicle type was divided by the total calculated VMT to give VMT

fractions by vehicle type. Tables 5-4 and 5-5 present the resulting VMT fractions by vehicle type for NewCastle County and Sussex County, respectively.

able 5-4. New Gastle VMT Fractions þv Veh¡cle

MOVES

Vehicle Type

Gode

Vehlcle Descrlptlon

VMT Fraction

by Vehlcle

Type

11 Motorcycle 0.0073

21 Passenger Car 0.463631 Passenger Truck 0,3669
53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 0.000754 Motor Home 0.0002

51 Combination Short-haul Truck 0.0115J2 Combination Long-haul Truck 0.0113fotal 1.0000

Table 5-5. Sussex Gounty VMT Fractions by veh¡cle

MOVESVehicle

Type Code

Vehicle Description

VMT Fraction

by Vehicle

Type

11 Motorcycle 0.0110

21 Passenger Car 0.367031 Passenger Truck 0.4242

32 Light Commercial Truck 0.144941 lntercity Bus 0.005442 Transit Bus 0.002043 School Bus 0.001951 Refuse Truck 0.000452 Single Unit Short-haul Truck 0.0090

53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 0.000954 Motor Home 0.0002i1 Combination Short-haul Truck 0.0164)¿ Combination Long-haul Truck 0.0168Iotal ,l.0000

VMT Temporal Allocations

The MOVES model input files include allocations of VMT by month. Monthly allocation of VMT is

accomplished through the use of permanent count station data provided by DelDOT. For 2011, DeIDOT

provided monthly vÑ¡t uata Írom.24 permanent count stations throughout New Gastle County and 26 inbusse* County. Each month's data for all count stations in a county were summed and divided by the
February 0.0759 August 0.0852

March 0.0816 September 0.0860

April 0.0838 October 0.0873Mlay 0.0856 November 0.0848June 0,0890 December 0.0818

Table 5-7. ñlonthlv VMT Allocation Fractions for Sussex Gounty

Month VMT Fraction Month VMT Fraction

January 0,0663 July 0.1070

ebruary 0.0715 August 0.0998

\4arch 0.0743 September 0.0874\pril 0.0802 October 0.0803

May 0.0882 November 0.0753

June 0.0974 Decemþer o.0725

Vehícle Populations and Age Distributíons

Vehicle regístration data were obtained from the Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV). The

data are a snapshot of DMV's registration database as of July 1,2011. The data show the number of

vehicles registered by model year for each of the 16 MOBILE6.2 vehicle classes. The 16 vehicle classes

were converted to the 13 MOVËS vehÍcle types using a converter provided by ËPA. New Castle Gounty

and Sussex County vehicle populations by MOVES vehícle type are provided in Tables 5-B and 5-9,respectively. Vehicle age distribution fractions were developed foreach of the 13 vehicle types based onmodel year. Vehicles 30 years and older were lumped into one fraction.

able 5-8.2011 Vehicle for New Gastfe Gounty

VehicleCode Vehicle Type Number of Vehlcles

11 Motorcycle 13,298

21 Passenger Vehicle 228,976

31 Passenger Truck 144,526
53 Single Unit Long

Haul Truck 209

54 Motor Home 373ö1 Combination Short-Haul Truck 1,08762 Combination Long-Haul Truck 818

fable 5-9. 2011 Vehicle Populations for Sqssex Countl

VehicleCode Vehicle Type Number ol Vehicles

11 Motorcycle 8,733

21 Passenger Vehicle 82,91031 Passenger Truck 78,99832 Light CommercialTruck 26,462

41 lntercity Bus 28542 Transit Bus 19243 School Bus 43151 Refuse Truck 48

52 Single Unit Short-Haul Truck '1,99853 Single Unit Long-Haul Truck 141

54 Motor Home 217

61 Combination Short-Haul Truck 794

c¿ Combination Long-Haul Truck 624

Vehicle Speeds

The MOVES model represents average vehicle speeds by roadway type through the use of speed bin

fractions. There are 16 spbeO bins with tñe first representing speeds less than 2.5.miles per hour (mph),with each subsequent bin having a range of 5 mph (i.e., 42.5 mph - 47.5 mph). The final bin represents

speeds equal to or greater than T2.S mpn. for 2011, DeIDOT provided seasonal speed bin fractions foreach of the four MOVES roadway types, for each hour of the day, and for weekday and weekend drivingpatterns. DeIDOT estimated "peåOä using the Peninsula travel demand model. The model accounts for iraffÌc volumes and variations in travel according to purpose, which impact average speeds. Table 5-10summarizes the matrix of parameters that results in 12,288 records for speeds in each county.
WeekdayM/eekend 2Speed Bins 16

Inspection and Maintenance (l/M)

The UM programs for New Castle County include a bienniaf onboard diagnostic testing program (OBD

ll) sínce 2002 for 1996 and later model year vehicles, Vehicle emission computer systems are checked

for any diagnostic trouble codes present, a symptom of excess emissíons which is a failing result for thevehicle. Older vehicles, starting with model year (MY) 1968, are given a curb ¡dle test (MY 1968-1980) ora two-speed idle test (MY 1981- 1995). A tailpipe probe is inserted for 60 seconds to determine exhaustconcentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Depending on the model year, vehicles with an

excess emission concentration of eíther pollutant will fail the test. Older vehicles (MY 1975-1995) are alsogiverr a fuel system pressure test (FP) and a gas cap (GC) test. Air pressure is applied to the fuel system

from the fuel inlet to the canister. After air pressure has been applied, pressure degradation is monitored.

Vehicles fail the fuel system pressure test if ít cannot maintain the equivalent pressure of eight inches ofwater for up to two mínutes after being pressurized to 14.0 + 0.5 ínches of water. A similar pressure test isapplied to the vehicle's gas cap.

able 5-ll. 2011 New Gastle t/M Parameters

ïest Type IDLE 2500/tDLE FP&GC OBD llM Evap OBD l/M ExhÍest Frequency Biennial Biennial Biennial Biennial BiennialProgram Type Test Only Test Only Test Only Test Only Test Onlyilllodel Years 1968-'1980 I 981 -l 995 1975-1995 1996-2003 1996-2003

Compliance Factors (%)

Passenger Vehicle 92.46 95.69 96.00 95.68 95.68Passenger Truck 86.69 8B-38 88.86 89.04 87,91

Light Comm. Truck 76.86 78.36 78.78 78.49 74.69

Vehicles Tested (gasoline only)

Passenger Vehicle lt;; Yes Yes Yes Yes

Passenger Truck Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Light Comm. Truck

(up to 8,500 GVWRI Yes Yes Yes Yes YesSchool Bus No No No No No
GomblnatlonLong-Haul Truck No No No No NoMotor Home No No No No No

ntercity Bus No No No No No

Transit Bus No No No No No

Mlotorcycle No No No No No

The Sussex County llM program includes only an idle testTable 5-12. 20llSussex Gou I'M m Parameters

Test Type IDLE

l/M Program Years 1 991-2050

Test FrequencY Biennial

Program Type Tto

Model Years 1eB1-2005

Compliance Factors (%)

Passengor Vehicle 94.94

Passenger Truck 88.47

Light Comm. Truck 80,97

Vehicles Tested (gasoline onlY)

Passenger Vehicle Yes

Passenger Truck Yes

Light Comm. Truck (up to 8,500 GVWRI Yes

School Bus No

Single Unit Short-Haul Truck No

Single Unlt Long-Haul Truck No

Refuse Truck No

Combination Short-Haul Truck No

Combination Long-Haul Truck No

Motor Home No
All MQvfiS-recognized on-road control meâsures known to be in place in Delaware in 2011 were

included in the MOVËS emission inventory mode modeling. Local control programs include Delaware's

l/M program, the Federaf reformulated gasoline program, and the Northeast Ozone Transport RegionLEV program. The MOVES model internally includes all national control programs, such as the Tier 1

and Tier 2 gasoline fuel and líght duty engine emission standards as well as the ultra-low sulfur diesel fueland heavy duty engine standards.

Two Delaware control programs, the anti-tampering procedures (ATP) performed at the inspections

lanes and the anti-idling regulatíon were not accounted for in the MOVES runs since the model does notprovide for inputting these programs. For the ATP control program, vehicles that are tested are also

checked to see if the catalytíc converter, gas cap and fuel inlet restrictor are present. Vehicles will fail

inspection if any of these devíces are missing.

Regulation 1145, Excessive ldlÍng of Heavy Duty Vehicles, is designed to eliminate emissions caused

by extending idling. While MOVES delineates emissions processes for extended idling, currently the

availaþle coñtrol programs within MOVES do not account for anti-idling measures. Delaware currently has

no off-modef method to determine emission benefits from either ATP or Reg. 1145.

Emissions from NEI vl

Table 5-13.2011 Annual and SSWD Ëmissions for On'road Mobile Sources

County

Annual(TPY) sswD {rPD}

voc ñ;l"o voc NO* co

New Castle 3,285 7,495 37,489 3,85 20.65 91.58

Sussex 2,974 4,702 28,323 3.86 14.87 78.67

County

17 DE Reg. ll97 (06/0r/f 4) (Gen. Notice)
For Areas of Marginal Non

attainment of the 2008 Ozone NAAQS in Delaware

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Region 3 - PhiladelPhia, PA

Prepared by:

Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Gontrol

Divlslon of Air Quallty

[Ai rs h ed P la n n i n g &l tEm¡ss¡enl I nventory [Bevelepmentl P rog ra m

655 S. BaY RoadDover, DE 19901

July [XXl[201,2014

Emissions Summary

Table 1-2.z0ll New Castle Countv Ëmissions by Source sector

Source

Sector

Annual(TPYI sswD (rPD)

voc NO* co voc NO* co

Point t8i¡6ll81el 2,750 3,649 fsJiÐt2.eil 12.02 12.32Non-point 4,892 1,324 3,425 11.39 2.11 2.24

On*road 3,285 7,495 37,489 L85 20.65 91.58

Non-road 1,989 3,577 20,688 7.44 11,19 79.33

All Sectors flopssl

[t0,9751 15,146 65,251 lsHl [30.251 45.97 185.47
0.04

Astrazeneca Pharmaceuticals 1 < 0.01 7 7 0.02

BASF (Ciba Specialty Chemicals) 24 0.07 11 0.03 24 0.06

Calpine - Christiana (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 1 0.42 <1 0.01

Calpine - Delaware City (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 0.06 <1 < 0.01Calpine - Edge Moor (Conectiv) 25 0.2'l 346 1.74 110 0.43

Calpine - Hay Road (Conectiv) 33 0.12 602 2.19 167 0.61

Calpine - West Substation (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 o.20 <1 0.01Christiana Hospital 1 < 0.01 14 0.13 11 0.05

Clean Earth of New Castle 3 0.03 20 0.14 4 0,03

Croda (Uniqema) 4 001 24 0.09 26 0.08

Dassault Falcon Jet 14 0.03 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01Delaware City Refinery (Premcor) s03 1.22 1,O72 4.51 617 2.14Delaware City Terminal (Premcor) 1B 0.05 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Del. Correctional Center - Smyrna <1 < 0.01 5 0.01 7 0.02Diamond Materials 3 0.03 4 0.05 13 0.13

DSWA Gherry fsland Landfill t24lt7l t0,o¡110.021 1 0.02 3 0.05

DuPont - Chestnut Run 3 0.02 48 0.15 5 0.01)uPont * Edge Moor 99 0.29 27 0.08 2,051 5.97)uPont - Red LÍon 2 0.01 23 0.10 4 0.02

DuPont Building - Wilmington <1 < 0.0'l 6 0.06 5 0,03

DuPont Experimental Station B 0.05 180 0.76 17 0.09DuPont Stine-Haskell Lab 3 0.02 I 0.13 10 0.05E-A-R Specialty Composites 2 0.01 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Ëvraz Claymont Steel 59 0.20 166 0.49 346 1.03Fisker (General Motors) 1 < 0.0'1 11 0.03 B 0.02FMC J 0.01 31 0,08 26 0.06

Formosa Plastics 59 0.16 32 0.10 22 0.05FP lnternational 2 0.01 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Johnson Controls Battery <1 < 0.01 3 < 0.01 2 < 0.01Kuehne Chemical <1 < 0.01 2 < 0,01 1 < 0.01MacDermid 1 < 0.01 :l < 0.01 <1 < 0.01
g

New Castle County Total 18361[81Ðl t3.o2lt2.97l 2,750 12.02 3,649 12.32

17 ÐE Reg. 1197 (06/01/14) (Gen. Notice)