Ozone NAAQS in Delaware

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Region 3 - Philadelphia, PA

Prepared by:

Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control

Division of Air Quality

Emission lnventory Development Program

655 S. Bay Road

Dover, DE 19901

July XX, 2014
IntroductionBackground & RequirementsResponsibilitiesProject ManagementInventory Planning .. . .:. .Inventory l)evelopmentEmissions Summary

SECTION 2 * STATIONARY POINT SOURCES

1

1

l-1t-2t-21-3t-41-5

Emissions Summary 2-2

SECTION 3 - STATIONARY NON-POINT SOURCES

Source CategoriesEmission Ilstimation Methodologies and Activity Data

llmissions Summary 3-4

SECTION 4 _ NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES

Emission Estimation Methodologies 4-TEmissions Summary 4-2

NONROAD Model Equipment 4-3 Aircraft 4-6

Locomotives .......... 4_10

Conrmercial Marine Vessels .................4-12

SECTION 5 _ ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES

Delaware-specific input data for 2011

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Data . 5-2VMT Fractions by Vehicle Type 5-3VMT Temporal Allocations .... 5-4Vehicle Populations and Age Distributions 5-5Vehicle SpeedsInspection and Maintenance (VM)

Controls

3-l3-1

5-25-6

5-7

5-8

Ilmissions liom NEI v1 5-9
SECTION 2

Table 2-1 2011 Facility-level Emissions for New Castle County. Z-2 Table2-2 2011 Facility-level Emissions for Sussex County. .. 2-3

SECTION 3

l'able 3-1Table 3-2

Table 3-3Table 3-4SECTION 4

Table 4-lTable 4-2

Table 4-3Table 4-4

Table 4-5Table 4-6

Table 4-7

'l-able 4-8Table 4-9

Table 4-10Table 4-11Table 4-12

Table 4-13Table 4-14

Table 4-15]lable 4-16Table 4-17

Table 4-18Table 4-19

Table 4-20Table 4-21

SECTION 5

llable 5-1Table 5-2

Non-point Source Categories Inventoried

Summary of 2011 Non-point Source Activity DataSummary of 2011 Non-point Emissions fbr New Castle County

Summary of 201I Non-point Ernissions for Sussex County

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3-43-5

3-6

Summary of 2011 Non-road Emissions for New Castle County

Summary of 201I Non-road Emissions for Sussex CountySCCs Addressed by the NONROAD Model

NONROAD Model Temperature and F-uel Characteristic

Input Values by Season for 2011

20 1 I Delaware-specific Geographic Allocation Factors2011 New Castle County Emissions for NONROAD Equipment

2011 Sussex County Emissions for NONROAD Equipment

SCCs for Aircraft

2011 LTO Data for New Castle and Sussex Counties2011 Annual Ernissions by County for Aircraft

SCCs for Locomotives

2011 Locomotive Fuel Consumption Data by County

for Class I Line Haul Operations .. . ..... 4-l I

2011 Switchyard Activity and Estimated Fuel Consumption.... ....... 4-112011 Locomotive Emissions by County ..........4-I2

U.S. EPA Marine Engine Category Definitions ......4-12

SCCs for Commercial Marine Vessels .. ...... 4-13

Waterway Segment Distances for the Delaware Iìiver Area . ..........4-14

Vessel Types Calling on Delaware River Area Ports in20l1 . .... .... 4-15

Average Propulsion Engine Power and the 2011 Number of Calls for

OGVs Calling on the Delaware River Area (Dlì, NJ, and PA) .. .... 4-16

Material Dredged in Delaware Water during 20ll . . 4-18

201 1 Conrmercial Marine Vessel Emissions by County ........ 4-19

SCC Included in On-road Mobile Inventory 5-1

New Castle County VMT Fractions by Road Type 5-3

4-2

4-34-44-4

4-5

4-6

4-6

4-74-8

4-9

4^10

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Table 5-7Table 5-8Table 5-9Table 5-10'fable 5-11

Tallle 5-12

Table 5-13

Monthly VMT Allocation lìractions for Sussex County2011 Vehicle Populations for New Castle County2011 Vehicle Populations for Sussex County.2011 Average Speed MatrixNew Castle County I/M Program Parameters

Sussex County I/M Program Parameters

2011 Annual and SSWD Emissions for On-road Mobile Sources

by County

5-55-5

5-65-6

5-l

5-85-9

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(SIP) revision under the 8-hour ozone National Arnbient Air Quality Standard QIAAQS) setforth by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2008.

Iìackground and Requirements

Ground-level ozone, one of the principal components of "smog," is a serious air pollutant that

harms human health and the environrnent. I{igh levels of ozone can damage the respiratory

system and cause breathing problems, throat irritation, coughing, chest pains, and greater

susceptibility to respiratory infection. High levels of ozone also cause serious damage to forests

and agricultural crops, resulting in economic losses to logging and fanning operations.In March 2008, the EPA revised the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS of 0.08 parts per million (ppm)

to 0.075 ppm (73 FR 16436). The 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm is expected to providebetter protections of public health and environment. In a final rule of May 2012, the EPAdesignated 46 areas in the country as nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. New Castle

County of Delaware was designated as nonattainment as a part of the Philadelphia-WilmingtonAtlantic City Malginal Non-Attainment Area (NAA) (77 FR 30088). Since this marginal NAA

is centered by the Cily of Philadelphia, it is often referred to as "the Philadelphia NAA." In the

same final rule, Sussex County of Delaware was designated as a stand-alone nonattainment area,

called "Seaford Marginal NAA," and Kent County was in attainrnent (77 FR 30088). The EPAmade the designations of these three counties based on their 2009-2010-2011 design values, and

tlre effective date of the designations were July 20, 2012.

Ozone is generally not directly emitted to the atmosphere. It is formed in the atmosphere by

photochemical reactions among volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen OtrOx),

and carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of sunlight. 'fo facilitate planning, Sections

182(a)(1) and 172(c)(3) of the CAA require all ozone non-atlainment areas to establish a

comprehensive, accurate, and current inventory of actual emissions from all sources of the

relevant pollutant or pollutants in the area by July 20,2014 (i.e., two years after designation asnonattainment). Delaware has previously been designated nonattainment for ozone under the

1990 l-hour and 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQSs, and has therefore been subject to this emission

inventory requirement since 1990. Delaware has developed emission inventories that rneet thecriterion of CAA 182(a)(1) and 172(c)(3) every three years since 1990, and Delaware's latest

comprehensive, accurate inventory of actual emissions fi'om all sources of VOC, NOx and CO in

the State covered calendar year 2071.

The purpose of this SIP revision is to establish Delaware's calendar year 2011 emissionsinventory, described in this docurnent, as its base year emissions inventory under the 2008 ozone

NAAQS.

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Branch Manager Ronald A. Amirikian. David Fees, P.8., managing engineer, is the principalauthor of this document.

Project ManagementThe Emission Inventory Developrnent (EID) Program

responsible fol pleparing the 2011 Periodic llmission

include emissions of VOC, NO" and CO summarized

Septernber 2011, with focus on the 2011 point source

March/April of 2012.

within the Planning Branch of DAQ was

Inventory (PEI) fur criteria pollutants to

in this report. Internal planning began ininventory reporting cycle taking place in

The overall project manager was responsible for identifying overall inventory goals, objectives,and deadlines, initiating inventory planning, approving estimation methodologies recommendedby staft reviewing emissions development work, and preparing inventory reports anddocunentation.

Poin[ Sources

Point sources staff was responsible for the following:

aaoo

Identifying point source inventory goals, objectives, and deadlines;Establishing the universe of facilities to inventory;Overseeing the developrnent of the survey forms and instructions;Providing training and guidance to industry representatives;

Setting up the on-line electronic reporting system and working with DNREC's Office of

Information Technology in preparing the on-line reporting capabilities;Perforrning a technical review of emissions data subrnitted by facilities;Working with facility representatives to correct errors;Managing the point source inventory database; andOverseeing quality control of point sources data.

Non-¡toinl and )ff-road SourcesNon-point and off-road sources staff was responsible for the fiollowing:

. Researching and recommending ernission estirnation methodologies;o Defining all simplifying assumptions;o Obtaining20l l activity data, current emission factors, and applicable control information. Using spreadsheets to calculate emissions;

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On-road mobile sources staff was responsible for the following:

o I)ownloading the MOVES rnodel;o Obtaining 2011 vehicle rniles traveled (VMT), vehicle registration, and other mobile

input data from the Delaware Department of Transportation;

o Obtaining other data for inclusion in the model inputs;. Preparing the input files for running MOVES;

o Running MOVES and summarizing the model outputs;. Reviewing ernissions fbr accuracy and completeness;. Preparing report documents; and

. Compiling suppolting documentation.

As is noted in Section 5 of this report, DAQ is utilizing output from EPA's National Emission

Inventory (NEI), version l,lun of the MOVES model.lnventory PlanningCalendar year 2011 is a PEI year as defined by the Air Ernissions Reporting Requirements(AERR). The AtsRR specifies the emissions data for criteria pollutants fhat arc required to be

reported to EPA's NEI. A PEI requires the development of emission estimates liom all sourceswithin a state or local area f,or all criteria pollutants and their precursors. As such, the 2011

inventory can provide the necessary data fbr the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS base yearinventory.

Inventory Parameters

The inventory parameters defined by the 20ll Ozone Base Year SIP inventory include thefollowing:

o fnventoryyear -201I; o Pollutants - VOC, NO* and CO as precursors to ozone;o Source coverage - all sources, including point, non-point, mobile, and non-road sources;

o Spatial resolution - county level emissions;o Geographic coverage -New Castle County and Sussex County; ando Temporal resolution - annual and summer season weekday daily emissions.

Dala Colleclion and Management

Iìor all source categories the gathering of local activity data represented a major task splead over

many months. For point sources, most facilities reported their emissions through the use of the

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Enissions for most of the non-road vehicles and equiprnent categories were calculated using the

NONROAD2OO8a model. Aircraft engine emissions for landing and take-offs at airporls in

Delaware were calculated using the F'ederal Aviation Administration's Emissions and DispersionModeling System (EDMS), Version 5.1'.4.1.Emissions data were transferred from SLEIS (point sources), û'om the non-point and non-road

spreadsheets, and fiom the rnoclel outputs to staging tables in Microsoft Accesso databases.

These databases were then converted to XML files via the EIS bridge tool, and then transmitted

to the EIS via CDX web client by December 31, 2012 to meet the reporting requirements of theAERR.

Inventory DevelopmentFor point sources, DAQ developed a set of criteria to use in establishing the universe of facilities

required to report. These criteria are preseÍìted in the point source section of this report.

Reporting packages were sent to each facility meeting one or more of the reporting criteria. Anextensive amount of review and follow up was performed on the point source dafa submitted byfacilities.For non-point sources, the first main task involved gathering activity data for each sourcecategory. In many cases, these data were obtained from Delaware-specific sources. In some cases

the activity data were developed through the allocation of a portion of a national activity dataset

(i.e., national off-road equiprnent populations) to Delaware. Basic demographic data were also

used for some source categories and are presented in Table 1- I . Once activity data were

obtained, spreadsheets were developecl to manage the data and combine the activity data with the

selected emission factors to obtain uncontrolled emissions. Finally, for those sources where

controls applied, emissions were adjusted to account for control efficiency, rule effectiveness,and rule penetration.

Table 1-1. 2011 Demograph¡c Data for New Castle and Sussex Counties

Demoqraphic Parameter New Castle Sussex

Pooulation 544.325 200,771Households 205.500 80,638Land Area (square miles) 439 950

Annual VMT (million miles) 5.201 2.224

For on-road rnobile and off-road equipment, the MOVES and NONROAD models, respectively,were used to develop emissions fiom these sources. ln the use of these models, activity data were

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and CO for New Castle County and Sussex County broken down by source sector. Throughout

this document, annual emissions are reported in tons per year (TPY) and summer season

weekday daily emissions in tons per day (TPD). The totals may not match the sum of theindividual values due to independent rounding.

Table 1-2. 2011 New Castle County Emissions by Source Sector

Source

Sector

AnnualÍTPYì SSWD ITPDI

voc NO" co voc NO, co

Point 836 2.750 3,649 3.02 12.02 12.32Non-poinf 4,882 1,324 3,425 11.39 2.11 224

On-road 3,285 7.495 37,489 L85 20.65 91.58

Non-road 1,989 3.577 20,688 7.04 11.19 79.33

All Sectors 10.992 15,146 65.251 30.30 45.97 185.47

Table 1-3. 2011 Sussex Gounty Emissions by Source Sector

Source

Sector

Annual ÍTPY) SSWD (TPD)

voc NO" co voc NO" co

Point 815 2.456 442 4.94 12.10 1.60

Non-point 2,177 478 2,463 5.95 0.86 2.05

On-road 2.974 4.702 28.323 8.86 14.87 78.67

Non-road 2,558 3,045 16,917 8.47 10.02 60.50

AllSectors 8.524 10.681 48.145 28.22 37.85 142.82

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within the industrial sector, comprise the majority of all reporting point sources. The institutional

sector includes hospitals, universities, prisons, military bases, landfills, and wastewater treatment

plants.Unlike other source sector emissions which are estimated by DAQ, poirf source emissions data

are submitted to DAQ by the facilities. Emissions are reported at the process level and include

both confined (stack) emission points as well as unconfined (fugitive) emission sources. A keyaspect of point source data is the inclusion of facility coordinates to accurately allocate emissions

spatially within a county for purposes of performing air dispersion modeling.

The planning and execution of the point source inventory was accomplished in the ftrllowingchronological order:

o Establish the reporling criteria and list of facilities to survey;o Obtain inventory data fi'om facilities;

o Perform administrative and technical review of data received from facilities;o Seek resubmissions/corrections frorn facilities based on data review;o Perform internal data manipulation (i.e., apply rule effectiveness, temove non-reactive

VOCs, create summer season weekday emission values); and

o Prepare inventory data files, report, and supporting docurnentation.

Since there may be overlap between point sources and stationary non-point source categories,

one final activity required of the poirf source inventory staff is to provide point source back outdata where appropriate. Point source back out data includes emissions, throughput, or employees,depending on the non-point source category methodology.'Ihe following criteria were established for defining the universe of fácilities to be surveyed for201 1:

o Facilities that held a Title V permit in20lI;. Any facility with emissions greater than 5 TPY for VOCs or 25 TPY for NO* in 2008,

2009 or 2010, as previously reported to the DAQ inventory program; and

. Any facility that rnay be a significant source of emissions but for which DAQ does not

have previous inventory data, or otherwise of particular interest.

Based on these criteria, 72 facilities statewide reported air emissions data for 2011. Since only

New Castle and Sussex Counties have been designated within a marginal non-attainment area for

the 2008 8-hour ozone standard, a total of 57 facilities will be presented in this report.

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Air 

qu

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Amtrak Maintenance Facilitv 2 < 0.01 4 0 3 0Ashland Research Center (Hercules) 1 < 0.01 2 0.01 4 0.02Astrazeneca Pharmaceuticals 1 < 0.01 7 0.04 7 0.02

BASF (Ciba Specialtv Chemicals) 24 0.07 11 0.03 24 0.06

Caloine - Christiana lConectiv) <1 < 0.01 1 0.42 <1 0.01Calpine - Delaware Citv (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 0.06 <1 < 0.01Calpine - Edqe Moor (Conectiv) 25 0.21 346 1.74 110 0.43Calpine - Hav Road (Conectiv) 33 0.12 602 2.19 167 0.61

Calpine - West Substation (Conectiv) <1 < 0.0'1 <1 0.20 <1 0.01Christiana Hosoital I < 0.01 14 0.13 11 0.05Clean Earth of New Castle 3 0.03 20 0.14 4 0.03Croda lUnioema) 4 0.01 24 0.09 26 0.08

Dassault Falcon Jet 14 0.03 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01Delaware Citv Refinerv lPremcor) 303 1.22 1.072 4.51 617 2.14Delaware Citv Terminal (Premcor) 18 0,05 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Del. Correctional Center - Smvrna <1 < 0.01 5 0.01 7 o.o2Diamond Materials 3 0.03 4 0.05 13 0.13DSWA Cherrv lsland Landfill 24 0.07 1 0.02 3 0.05DuPont - Chestnut Run 3 0.02 48 0.15 5 0.01DuPont - Edqe Moor 99 0.29 27 0.08 2,051 5.97DuPont - Red Lion 2 0.01 23 0.10 4 0.02DuPont Buildinq - Wilminqton <1 < 0.01 b 0.06 5 0.03DuPont Experimental Station B 0.05 180 0.76 17 0.09DuPont Stine-Haskell Lab 3 0.02 I 0.13 10 0.05E-A-R Specialtv Composites 2 0.01 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Êvraz Clavmont Steel 69 0.20 166 0.49 346 1.03Fisker (General Motors) 1 < 0.01 11 0.03 8 0.02

FMC 3 0.01 31 0.08 26 0.06Formosa Plastics 59 0.16 32 0.10 22 0.05FP lnternational 2 0.01 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Johnson Controls Batterv <1 < 0.01 3 < 0.01 2 < 0.01

Kuehne Chemical <1 < 0.01 2 < 0.01 1 < 0.01MacDermid 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Maqellan Terminals 39 0.10 2 < 0.01 1 < 0.0'1Microoore 3 0.01 0 0 0 0Printpack 44 0.13 3 0.01 3 0.01Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials 7 0.03 4 o.o2 5 0.02

Sunoco 46 0.10 54 0.14 111 0.10

Universitv of Delaware - Newark 4 < 0,01 20 0.03 26 0.06

Veterans Administration Hospital <1 < 0.01 4 0.06 3 0.02

Wilminoton WWTP I < 0.0'1 4 0.01 4 0.01

New Castle Gountv Total 836 3.02 2,750 12.02 3,649 12.32

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lnvista 7 0.02 2 0.09 10 0.06

Justin Tanks 6 0.02 0 0 0 0

Mountaire Farms - Millsboro 1 < 0.01 4 0.02 I 0.02Mountaire Farms - Selbyville <1 < 0.01 17 0.05 2 0.01Multi-Tech B 0.04 0 0 0 0

NRG lndian River Power Plant 17 0.09 2.352 11.68 171 0.84

OSG Shio Manaqement (Maritrans) 764 4.73 0 0 0 0

Perdue Farms - Bridqeville <1 < 0.01 5 0.02 4 0,01Perdue Farms - Georqetown <1 < 0.01 B o.o2 5 0.01Perdue Farms Aqrirecvcle <1 <001 16 0.03 <1 < 0.01Pinnacle Foods 1 < 0.01 5 0.02 3 0.02

Sussex Countv Total 815 4.94 2.456 12.10 442 1.60

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of small businesses, or is a common activity, such as residential open burning. Emissions fi'om the

non-poirf source categories were estimated at the county level.

Source Categories

There are a number of non-point source categories which contribute emissions of ozone precursors.These categories can be grouped into several category types. These include:

o Solvent Use - Many products used by homeowners and businesses contain VOC

solvents to achieve the intended purpose of the product. Paints, cleaners, pesticides,

personal care products, and inks are a few examples of products that contain VOC

solvents.

Gasoline Usage - The distribution and use of gasoline in vehicles and other gasolinepowered engines result in emissions of VOCs whenever the volatile gasoline vaporsare allowed to escape.Fuel Combustion * The combustion of fuels in industrial, commetcial, institutional,and residential furnaces, engines, boilers, wood stoves, and fireplaces create emissionsof VOCs, NO* and CO.

. Open Burning - Open burning creates emissions of VOCs, NO* and CO. Open

burning categories include trash burning, prescribed burning, burning of land clearingdebris, wildfires, and house and vehicle fires.

Individual facilities are typically grouped with other like sources irrto a source category. Sourcecategories are grouped in such a way that emissions are estimated collectively using onemethodology. For the 2011 inventory, the distinction between point and non-point was definedby an annual emission threshold based on recent point source data (see Section 2 for point source

criteria). Table 3-1 lists the source categories f,or which VOCs, NO* and CO for New Castle and

Sussex Counties were estimated.

Emission Estimation Methodologies and Activity DataThe 2008 Delaware Periodic Emission Inventory serued as the starting point for non-point sourcecategory selection and methodology development. New methods were applied to some existing

soulce categories, and emission factors were updated where available. New methods and emissionfactors came primarily fìom current Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Volume IIIdocuments and documented projects perfiormed by the California Air Resource Board (CARB).Otlrer sources of information includedthe Compilation of Air Pollutunt Emission Factors, Volume I

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VOC Emissions Onlv Emissions of VOC. NO.. and CO

Aoricultural Pesticides Aoricultural BurninqAIM Coatinqs Commercial CookinqAsohalt Pavinq Commercial Fuel CombustionAutobodv Refinishinq lndustrial Fuel Combustion

Commercial & Consumer Products Land Clearinq Debris Burninq

Deoreasino Prescribed BurninqDrv Cleanino Residential Fuel Combustion

Gasoline (Petroleum) Marketinq Residential Open Burning

Graphic Arts Residential Wood Combustion

lndustrialAdhesives Structure FiresI ndustrial Surface Coatinos Vehicle Fires

Traffic Markinqs Wildfires

Ernissions fiom most non-poirÍ source categories were estimated by multiplying an indicator of

collective activity by a coruesponding emission factor. An indicator is any palameter associated with

the activity level of a source, such as production, employment, fuel usage, or population that can be

comelated with the emissions from that source. The corresponding emission factors are per unit of

production, per employee, per unit of cornmodity consumed, or per capita, respectively. The basic

equation that was applied to emission development for most non-point source categories is aslollows:

Emissions (E) Actittity Data (Q) x Emission Factor (EIr)

Ifa source category had a regulatory control placed on it at the Federal or State level, the equation

expands to the following:

E QxEFxF

CE control efficiency

(cE)(RE)(RP)l

where:

RE : rule effectivenessRP rule penetration

The control efficiency (CE) represents the typical emissions reduction achieved as compared to theotherwise uncontrolled emissions. A control may be a piece of equipment, such as a condenser used

to recover vaporized solvent, or it rnay be an operational control, such as the use of only low VOC

content paints.

1ô.)-z
the rule that requires control. As an example, gas stations that dispense more than 10,000 gallons ofgasoline in a month are required by Delaware regulations to place vapor recovery systems on their

gas pumps. Those dispensing less than 10,000 gallons are not required to install controls. Therefore,RP is less than 100%. In the case of the buming of trash or leaves, no person or business is exempt,

and thus RP is 100%

The mass balance approach was used for several source categories as an altemative to the use of anemission factor. The mass balance approach is applicable to VOC source categories where all of the

VOC content in the products used (i.e., paints and adhesives) evaporates and is emitted as a result of

the normal use of the product. Raw material or product purchase records were used to quantifyemissions. Emissions were equated to the VOC content of the material usage minus amountsleaving the site as or in waste.

A major portion of the work involved in creating the 20ll non-point source inventory was in

collecting activity data for each source category. The activity data gathered was related to the typeof emission factors available and, in many cases, obtained from local sources. Surveys, letters, emails, and phone calls to individual businesses to obtain representative data for a source category

was a technique used for several source categories. The type of activity data and the data source foreach category is provided in Table 3-2.

Point source backout was performed for the industrial and commercial fuel combustion categoriesand many of the solvent usage categories to avoid double counting of emissions between point and

non-point sources. Point source fuel usage was backed out from fuel consumption data obtainedfrom the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). Pointsource employment was backed out from employment data obtained from the Delaware

Department of Labor.

Non-reactive VOCs were excluded from emission estimates. Emission factors specified as nonmethane organic carbon (NMOC) in AP-42 were used when available. In some instances, the AP42 emission factor was in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and the percentage of the methanecomponent was indicated in a footnote. In these cases, the emission factor was reduced by the

percentage of methane to remove the non-reactive methane component in the emission total. Forèxample, for evaporative emissions from crude oil, the methane component was 15 percent. The

emission factor was reduced by 15 percent to remove methane frorn the calculation.Source activity may fluctuate significantly on a seasonal basis. As an example, residential wood

combustion is primarily performed outside the summer season. Paint usage, on the other hand, is

used more often in the warmer months of the year'. Because non-poittt source emissions aregenerally a direct function of source activity, seasonal changes in activity levels were examined

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Table 3-2. summary or 2011 Non-point source Activity Data

Emissions Summary

Tables 3-3 and 3-4 provide county summaries of the 2011 amual (tons per year' TPY) and

SSWD (tons per day, TPD) emissions for each non-point source category for New Castle County

and Sussex C-ounty, iespectively. The totals rnay not match the sun of the individual values due

to independent rounding.

Source Cateqory Activitv Data Source of ActivitY Data

Aoricultural Burninq Acreaqe and veqetation tYPe DAQ Area Source Compliance Program

Aoricultural Pesticides Planted crop acreaqe Delaware Department of Agriculture

AIM Coatinqs

Solvents in U.S. Paint shiPments;

U.S. Population U.S. Census Bureau

Asohalt Pavinq

Cutback and emulsified asPhaltusaoe Delaware Department of Transportation

Autobody Refinishing Employment data Delaware Department of LeþgI

Commercial & Consumer Products Population Delaware Population ConsortiumCommercial Cooking Population Delaware Population ConsortiumCommercial Fuel Combustion Fuel consumption DOE Energy lnformatio¡ Admin'Deqreasing Emolovment data Delaware Department of Laþq1Drv Cleaninq Facilitv-level solvent usage DAQ Area Source Compliance Progra¡r

Gasoline (Petroleum) Marketing

Gasoline fuel sales; VMT throughuse of MOVES (Stage 2);

emolovment data (comm. PFCs)

FHWA Motor Fuel lax A0mlnlslrallon;DeIDOT (VMT); Delaware DePartment

of Labor (emploYment data)

Graphic Arts Emolovment data Delaware Department of Labor

lndustrial Adhesives Pooulation l)elaware Pooulation Consortiumlndustrial Fuel Combustion Fuel consumption DOE Enerqv lnformation Admin.lndustrial Surface Coatings Emolovment data Delaware DePartment of Labor

Land Clearing Debris Burning

Acreage disturbed during road,

commercial, and residentialconstruction

DAQ data calculated for the

construction dust cateqories

Prescribed Burning Acreaoe and veqetation tYPe DAQ Area Source Compliance P¡qgram

Residential Fuel Combustion Fuel consumption DOE Enerqv lnformation Admin.Residential Open Burning Rural households U.S. Census BureauResidential Wood Combustion Occupied households Delaware PoPulation Consortium

Structure Fires Number of structures fires

Delaware Fire Marshal and DAQ Area

Source ComPliance ProgramTraffic Markings U.S. paint shipments; U.S. and State public road miles U.S. Census Bureau; FHWA highwaY statistics publication

Vehicle Fires Number of vehicle fires Delaware Fire Marshal

Wildfires Acreaoe and veqetation tvpe Delaware Division of Forestry

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Auto Refinishinq 260 1.00

Commercial & Consumer Products 1.245 3.53Drv Cleanino <1 < 0.01

Graohic Arts 57 0.21lndustrial Adhesives & Sealants 127 0.39lndustrial Surface Coatino 91 0.35

Solvent Cleaninq 191 0.68

Traffìc Markinos 6 0.06

Solvent Use Total 2,692 8.85GASOLINE MARKETINGRetail G asoline Sfaflons

Tank Truck Unloadinq (Staqe 1) 119 0.41

Refuelino and PFC Fillino lStaoe 2) 102 0.33

Underoround Tank Breathino 81 0.24

Tank Trucks in Transil 7 0.02

Othe r G a sol i ne M a ¡keti n q Activitie s

Aircraft Refuelinq 23 0.07

Marinas 18 0.06Portable Fuel Containers 241 0.83

CMV Loadino and Transoort 121 0.33

Gasoline Marketinq Total 712 2.29

FUEL COMBUSTION

Commercial/l nstitutional 18 0.03 332 0.60 270 0.50

lndustrial 21 0.06 384 1.20 317 0.99

Residential Fossil Fuel 278 0.02 525 0.30 215 0.13

ResidentialWood 633 o.o7 60 0.01 3572 0.43Fuel Combustion Total 699 0.{9 1,302 2.11 4,374 2.05

OPEN BURNING

Aoricultural Burnino 0 0 0 0 0 0

Residential Ooen Burninq 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 11 0.01

Land Clearino Debris Burnino 0 0 0 0 0 0Prescribed Burnino 15 0 7 0 325 0

Structure Fires 3 0.01 <1 < 0.01 14 0.03

Vehicle Fires 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 4 0.01

Wildfìres 0 0 0 0 0 0Open Burninq Total 20 0.01 I < 0.01 353 0.05MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Commercial Cookino 20 0.05 52 0.14NON-POINT SECTOR TOTAL 4,882 11.39 1,324 2.11 3.425 2.24

3-5
Asohalt Pavino 1 0.01Auto Refinishinq 44 o.17

Commercial & Consumer Products 459 1.30

Drv Cleaninq 1 < 0.01

Graohic Arts 14 0.05

lndustrial Adhesives & Sealants 40 o.12lndustrial Surface Coatinq 45 0.17

Solvent Cleaning 85 0.32

Traffic Markings 6 0.06Solvent Use Total 1.388 4.45GASOLINE MARKETING

RetaÌl G asoline Sfafions

Tank Truck Unloading (Stage 1) 73 0.25

Refuelino and PFC Fillinq (Stase 2) 70 0.23Underqround Tank Breathinq 47 0.14

Tank Trucks in Transit 4 0.01

Othe r G a sol i ne M afueti ng Activitie s

Aircraft Refuelino I 0.03

Marinas 53 o.17Portable Fuel Containers 93 0.32

CMV Loading and Transport 66 0.18

Gasoline Marketinq Total 415 1.34

FUEL COMBUSTION

Commercial/l nstitutional 3 < 0.01 67 0.10 445 0.07

lndustrial 10 0.03 180 o.57 149 o.47

Residential Fossil Fuel I 0.01 191 o.17 95 0.09ResidentialWood 318 0.06 27 < 0.01 "1755 0.31

Fuel Combustion Total 338 0.10 466 0.84 2,043 0.94

OPEN BURNING

Aqricultural Burning 4 0 2 0 64 0

Residential Open Burning 6 0.01 3 < 0.01 50 0.05

Land Clearino Debris Burninq 5 0.01 2 0.01 75 0.21Prescribed Burnino 4 0 2 0 94 0

Structure Fires 3 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 15 0.02

Vehicle Fires <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01Wildfires 5 0.04 2 0.02 102 o.77Onen Burninq Total 28 0.06 11 0.03 401 L06

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Commercial Cooking 7 0.01 19 0.05NON-POINT SECTOR TOTAL 2,177 5.95 478 0.86 2,463 2.O5

3-6
Non+'oad vehicles and equipment are grouped into four source category types for the purpose of

developing emission estimates. These include:

¡ Aircraft - Commercial, military, and privat e aircraft"are considered under this source

category.

. Locomotives - Commercial line haul and yard locomotives are considered under this

source category.

. Commercial Marine Vessels (CMVs) - Various types of vessels that navigate the

Delaware Bay and River and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal are included under

this source category. Recreational boats are included in the next category.

. Other Off-road Vehicles and Equipment - All other off-road emission sources are

accounted for through the use of EPA's NONROAD model. The NONROAD model

compiles ofÊroad equipment pertinent to Delaware into the following subcategories:

o Recreational (land-based);

o Construction;o Industrial;

o Lawn and Garden;o Agricultural;

o Commercial;o Logging;

o Airporl Ground Support;o Recreational Marine; and

o Railway Maintenance.

Individual equipment SCCs covered in the NONROAD model are further broken down by thefuel type, including 2-stroke gasoline, 4-stroke gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

and compressed natural gas (CNG).

Emission Estimation MpthodologicsThe 2008 Delaware Periodic Ernission lnventory serued as the starting point for non-road source

category selection and methodology development. No new sources were added to Delawale's offroad mobile source inVéntory. However, a new version of the Federal Aviation Administration's

(F-AA) Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) were used for 2011.

4-1
unit of fuel used (

a

d 

y

), p

aviation) or per unit of power ouþut in brake horsepower or kilowatt-hours O{ONROAD

equipment and CMVs, respectively).

A major portion of the work involved in creating the 2011 non-road source inventory was incolleciing-activity data for each source category. The activity data gathered was related to the typeof emission factors available and, in many cases, obtained from local sources. More informationabout gathering activity data for each source category is presented below.

There are no point sourc e datathat must be backed out of the non-road mobile source sector. Even

though largei airports may report as a point source, their reported point source emissions do not

incluãe grãund iupport ôquþment or aircraft engine emissions. Also, aircraft emissions aÍeestimated-'only for Í-îOr tfræ late place at a Delaware airport. Emissions from aircraft that transit

Delaware airspace are not included in Delaware's inventory.Ernissions Summary

Tables 4-I and 4-2 provide county summaries of the 2011 annual (tons per year' TPY) and

SSWD (tons per ¿ay, T.pl) emissions for aircraft, locomotives, commercial marine vessels, and

all equipmeni emisiions estimated using EPA's NONROAD model. The non-road sector is asignificant contributor to ozone precursors in Delaware.

Table 4-1. Summary ol201l Non-road Emissions for New Castle County

Source Cateqories

voc NO" co

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

NONROAD Model Equipment 1.BBB 6.76 1.760 6.23 19.849 76.90

Aircraff 3l 0.09 56 0.13 630 1.86

Locomotives 19 0.05 233 0.64 4B 0.13

Commercial Marine Vessels 51 0.14 1.528 4.19 161 0.44

NEW CASTLE COUNTY TOTAL 1,989 7.04 3,577 11.19 20,688 79.33

4-2
Locomotives 2 < 0.01 21 0.06 5 0.01

Commercial Marine Vessels 41 0.11 1,285 3.62 122 0.33

SUSSEX COUNTY TOTAL 2.558 8.47 3.045 10.02 r 6_917 60.50

NONROAD Model EquipmentDAQ used NONROAD2OO8a to develop 2011 annual emission estimates for New Castle County

and Sussex County. Most equipment covered by the NONROAD model is powered by dieselfueled compression-ignition engines or gasoline-fueled spark-ignition engines. Engines fueled by

compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) engines are also included in

the NONROAD model. Table 4-3 lists general SCCs addressed by the NONROAD model.Equipment categories are defîned at the 7-digít SCC level (with recreational marine and railway

maintenance being exceptions) and specifrc equipment are defined at the l0-digit SCC level.To estimate pollutant emissions, the NONROAD model multiplies equipment populations and

their associated activity by the appropriate emission factors. Geographic allocation factors

(GAFs) are used to distribute national equipment populations to states/counties. These factors

are based on surrogate indicators of equipment populations. For example, harvested cropland is

the sumogate indicator used in allocating agricultural equipment. A national average engine

activity (i.e., load factor times annual hours of use) is used in NONROAD.

To improve the accuracy of the model runs, default inputs were replaced in the NONROAD

model option files for select parameters. In the options packet, inputs that can be replaced

include: Reid vapor pressure (RVP), temperature, oxygenated fuel weight percent, and fuel

sulfur levels. Local activity data inputs, such as equipment populations or activity (e.g., hours of

use or load factors), can also replace default values in the model.

NONROAD model option files were prepared to account for temperatures and fuel

characteristics representative of each county for each of the four seasons (winter, spring,

summer, and fall). Temperature and fuel input values for each three-month period (DecemberFebruary, March-May, June-Augusto and September-November) were averaged to estimate

seasonal values. Minimum, maximum, and average temperatures per month were obtained from

the National Weather Service for thç New Castle County Airport and the Georgetown Airporl.

Table 4-4 presents a summary of county temperature and gasoline fuel characteristics data usedfor each season. A sulfur content of 15 ppm for off-road diesel fuel was used for 2011 based on

EPA requirements.

4-3
2260006xxx

226OO07xxx2265xxxxxx

2265001xxx

2265002xxx

2265003xxx2265004xxx226500Sxxx

2265006xxx

2265007>ax

2265008xxx

226501xn<x

2267xn<xxx

2267001v¿t<2267002xn<2267003v¿x

2267004>cx

2267005v.¡<x2267006tax2267O09xvx

- light commercial equiPment- logging equipment

4-stroke gasoline engines

- recreational vehicles

- construction equiPment- industrial equiPment- lawn & garden equiPment- agricultural equipment- light commercial equiPment

- logging equipment- airport service equipment

- oilfield equipment

LPG engines

- recreational vehicles

- construction equipment- industrial equipment- lawn & garden equipment

- agricultural equipment

- light commercial equipment

- airport service equiPment

227Dxxxv,xx2270001x¡¡x

2270o02vxx2270003vtx2270004xta

2270005v¿a.

2270006xxx2270007xxx

2270008xxx2270009xxx227001yy¿x2282xxyxxx2285xn<415

Diesel engines

- recreational vehicles

- construction equiPment- industrial equiPment- lawn & garden equiPment- farm equipment- light commercial equiPment- logging equiPment- airport service equiPment

- underground mining equiPment

- oilfield equiPment

Recreational marine equiPmentRailway maintenance equiPment

Table 4-4. NONROAD Model Temperature and Fuet Characteristic lnput Values

by Season for 2011

Countv Season

Oxygen

Weiqht % RVP psi

Gasoline

Sulfur

Dpm

Dailv Averaqe TemPerature, oF

Minimum Maximum Averaqe

New Castle Summer 3.6 6.9 43.6 67 B6 77New Castle Autumn 3.67 9.1 05 46.55 50 67 5B

New Castle Winter 3.79 11.31 49.5 28 43 36New Castle Sorinq 3.67 9.1 05 46.55 46 64 55

Sussex Summer 3.58 7 49.1 67 87 76

Sussex Autumn 3.715 9.1 55 43.35 52 70 61Suèsex Winter 3.85 11.31 37.6 30 4B 39Sussex Sorino 3.715 9.1 55 43.35 47 65 56

DAQ reseaïched the availability of state and county-specific data to improve upon the defaultequipment populations and GAFs incorporated in the model. DAQ replaced the default

equipment population of recreational marine equipment \¡/ith Delaware-specific data. DAQ used

recréationai boat registration data provided by the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife to

estimate the total recreational marine equipment population in use within Delaware waters.

DAQ determiled this to be a preferable approach to the NONROAD default approach of a topdown allocation ôf the lìational equipment population. However, registration data were not used

4.4
4-5, then the model default GAFs were used in the 2011 runs.

Table 4-5. 2011 Delaware-spec¡f¡c Geographic Allocation Factors

Sample Calculations qnd Results

The standard NONROAD model emission equation is as follows:

Iexh:Errh*A*L *P *N

where: I"¡, : Exhaust emissions, (ton/year) Eex¡ : Exhaust emission factor, (ton/hp-hr) A : Equipment activity, (hours/year) L : Load factor, (proportion of rated power used on average basis)

P : Average rated power for modeled engines, (hp) N : Equipment population

Geographic

Allocation Factor Data Source Equipment Population

Population DE Population Consortium

Aircraft NOx emissions Delaware 2008 inventorv Airoort oround support

Construction employment

and buildino oermits

U.S. Census Bureau Construction

Harvested croD acres DE Department of Aqriculture Aoricultural

Forest harvest oermit acres DE Department of Aoriculture Loqoino

Area of oolf courses Delaware State Golf Association Golf cartsWholesale businesses DE Deoartment of Labor CommercialSinqle and duplex housinq U.S. Census Bureau Residential lawn & qarden

Landscaoino businesses DE Deoartment of Labor Commercial lawn & qarden

Manufacturinq emplovees DE Department of Labor lndustrial

Class I Rail oross ton miles Class I Operators in Delaware Railmaintenance

Rural land area U.S. Census Bureau Land-based recreational

Snowfall Weather Warehouse website Snow blowers and snowmobiles

4-5
Table 4-7. 2O1l Sussex County Emissions for NONROAD Equipment

Annual(TPY) SSWD fiPD)

Fuel Tvpe Equipment Category voc NOr co voc NOr co

Gasoline AllEquipment 2,368 463 15.151 7.87 1.69 54.42

Diesel All Eouipment 109 1,157 587 0.36 4.22 2.11

LPG AllEquipment 30 110 739 0.10 0.40 2.65

CNG AllEquipment <1 8 54 < 0.01 0.03 0.19

All Fuels Total 2,507 1,738 16,531 8.34 6.34 59.38

AircraftThe aircraft source category includes emissions from commercial, ait taxi, general aviation, and

rnilitary aircraft. These sub-categories are described as follows:

. Commercial airqaft are used for scheduled service transporting passengers, freight, or

both;Air taxis are used for scheduled service carrying passengers andlot freight, but are

smaller aircraft that operate on a more lirnited basis than the comrnercial carriers;

General aviation inóludes other non-military aircrafl used for recreational flying,

business, personal transportation, and various other activities; andMilitary aircraft are used by the U.S. military in a wide range of missions.

Airport-specific emissions for all aircraft sub-categories were allocated to the county in whicheacÎr airpãtt is located. Where there are multiple airporls in a given county, the ernissiÓns were

,u**.d to provide a county-level emissions estimate. Aircraft emissions are repofted undel the

followirrg SCCs:

LPG AllEquipment 32 122 778 0.12 0.43 3.01

CNG All Eouioment <1 12 67 < 0.01 0.04 0.26

All Fuels Total 1.888 1,760 19.849 6.76 6.23 76.90

4-6
DAQ estimated annual aircraft emissions using a combination of airport-specific activitY dutland Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)ÆPA emission factors. Estimating aircraft

emissions focuses on the "mixing zone," which has a height (mixing height) equal to the

thickness of the inversion layer. Air emissions within this zone are trapped by the inversion

layer and ultimately affect ground-level pollutant concentrations. When aircraft are above the

mixing zone, emissions tend to disperse and have no ground-level efftcts. The aircrafloperations within the mixing zorre are defined by the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle. Each

LTO cycle consists of five specific operating modes:

. Approach - aircraft operates in this mode when it approaches the aitport on

its descent from the mixing height to when it lands on the runway.

. Taxi/idle-in - aircr:aft operates in this mode when it taxis from the runway to the gate

and turns its engines off.

. Taxi/idle-out - this period occurs from engine start-up to take-off as the aircrafl taxis

from the gate back out to the runway.

. Take-off - this mode is characterized primarily by full-throttle operation that typically

lasts until the aircraft reaches between 500 and 1000 feet above ground, which is whenengine power is reduced.

. Climb-out - this mode begins right after the take-off mode and lasts until the aircraft

passes out of the mixing height.

The operation time in each of these modes is dependent on the aircraft category, local

meteorological conditions, and operational considerations at a given airport. The time-in-mode

(TIM) for the take-off operating mode is the least variable.

The following are the general steps to be used to estimate aircrafl emissions:

Determine the mixing height to be used to define the LTO cycle;Define the fleet make-up for each airpoft;

Determine airport activity in terms of the number of LTOs by aircrafl/engine type;

Select emission factors for each engine model associated with the aircraft fleet;

Estimate the TIM for the aircraft. fleet at each airport;

Calculate emissions based on aircraft LTOs, emission factors for each aircraft engine

model, and estimated aircraft TIM; andAggregate the emissions across aircraft.

Oo

aa

oa

4-7
New Castle County New Castle Militarv 

,

New Castle Countv New Castle Commercial 39New Castle County New Castle Air Taxi 3,463

New Castle Countv New Castle GeneralAviation 47,305

Summit New Castle GeneralAviation 42,200Sussex Countv Sussex GeneralAviation 34.000

Laurel Sussex GeneralAviation 9,100

DAQ used these airport-specific LTO data to estimate commercial and military airctafl.emissions using FAA\ Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), Version 5.1.4.L

The model requires detailed inputs on aircraft operation by airuaft and engine type. DAQ

matched the aircraft LTO data to the existing aircraff/engine types in EDMS, and used thedefault EDMS TIM data. A mixing height of 2,300 feet was used for both airports in New Castle

County based on an isopleth chart ãf annual average moming mixing heights for the continental

U.S. ás provided in EÞA's Procedures Manual. The Delaware Army National Guard (DE

ARNG) ãnd the Delaware Air National Guard (DE ANG) operate units at the New Castle

County Airport and contribute to the military LTOs atthatairport.

EDMS generates emissions for VOCs, NO* and CO in tons per year. The model also generatesemissions for ground support equipment (GSE). However, DAQ used the GSE estimatesgenerated from the NONROAD model, so these were subtracted from the EDMS results. EPAleet average emission factors were applied to the LTO data to estimate annual general aviation

and air taxi emissions.

Santple Calculøtìons ønd Results

Commerciøl and Military Aircraft

The equation below is the calculation of taxi and queue mode time that is an airporl-specificinput in EDMS.

raxi and Queue'"ou ''*.';,:#;t:,i:i;;.;f:"#ï:åi;#";iîi;: Average raxi-out rime)

The following is the equation used in EDMS to calculate annual emissions by aircraft type forone LTO cycle:

Etj : D KnMù * @Fjk/1000) * (EIuù * WEil

4-8
NE; 

Number of engines used on aircraft typeT

Finally, annual emissions per airporl are calculated with the following equation:

Annual Emissions for Airport A (tons/yr) : Ð [(Eu * LTOIJ/2000 lbs/ton

where:

Eij : annual emissions in pounds of pollutant i, produced by aircraft type j per LTO

cycle. LTOs¡ : annual number of LTOs for aircraft type j

Air Taxi and General Aviation Aircraft

The following equation is the estimate of air taxi and general aviation aircraft emissions using

tTO data and fleet average emission factors.

E¡ = LTOsx EF, x /rOOO

where:

E¡ : annual emissions in tons of pollutant i LTOs : annual number of LTOsEF, : default aviation fleet mix emission factor in pounds of pollutant for pollutant I

Table 4-10.2011 Annual Emissions by County for Aircraft

scc

Aircraft

Cateoorv Countv

AnnualffPY) SSWD ffPDI

voc NOr co VOG NOx co

2275001000 Militarv New Castle 12 52 44 0.03 0.12 0.102275020000 Commercial New Castle <1 <1 <1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

2275050000 GeneralAviation New Castle 17 3 538 0.05 0.01 1.62

2275060000 Air Taxi New Castle 2 <1 49 0.01 < 0.01 0.14

227S0xxxxx Total: Aircraft New Castle 3l 56 630 0.09 0.13 1.86

2275050000 GeneralAviation Sussex B 1 259 0.02 < 0.01 0.78

4-9
ãre p

y 

p

g 

emissions are repofted under the SCCs provided in Table 4-1 1'

For line haul locomotives, DAQ calculated Class I operation emissions separately from ClassII¡III operations. Line haul locomotive emissions for passenger trains and commuter lines were

estimaied to be zero since rail service in Delaware (Amtrak and SEPTA) is electric powered.Fuel consumption was used to estimate locomotive engine emissions. Fuel consumption rates

are usually known only for the entire interstate operating region, therefore, it is necessary toallocate the total amount of fuel consumed "system-wide" to Delaware and its counties.

Table 4-11. SCCs for Locomotives

scc Descriptor I Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor I2285002006 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel

Line Haul Locomotives:

Class I Operations

2285002007 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel

Line Haul Locomotives:

Class ll/Class lll Operations

2285002010 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel Yard Locomotives

Line Haul Locomotíves - Class I Operøtíons

CSX Transportation operates Class I locomotives within New Castle County, while NorfolkSouthern operates throùghout the State of Delaware. DAQ contacted these companies to obtain

estimates olfu"l consumption or data to calculate fuel consumption (e.g., gross ton-miles (GTM)

and gallons of fuel consumed per GTM).

Norfolk Southem provided GTM data at the state level. To obtain emissions at the county level,

DAe used the same county allocations as w¿rs used in the 2008 inventory. Norfolk Southern

prouid.d a fuel consumption index (GT\zffuel consumed) for the system that includes operations inbelaware. CSX provi¿ó¿ cfu and fuel consumption data for New Castle County, the only county

in which CSX operates in Delaware

Line Høul Locomotìves - Class IIIII Operatíons

Tlre Maryl and &. Delaware Railroad operates in New Castle County and Sussex County' TheDelaware Coast Line Railroad operateJonly in Sussex County. Both companies provided 2011

statcwide fuel consumption datá. For the Maryland & D-oJaware Railroad, track miles within

each county were used to allocate statewide fuel consumption to each county.

4-r0
Railroad Comoanv Class Countv

Miles (GMT)

Diesel

oallons/vear

Norfolk Southern I New Castle 216.496,634 1.083.52 199.808

Norfolk Southern Sussex 126.647.379 1,083.52 116.885

CSX Transportation New Castle 688,000,000 903.75 761,275Marvland & Delaware It/til New Castle 2,380

Maryland & Delaware il/ilt Sussex 3,331Delaware Coast Line It/il I Sussex 9,000

Yard Locomotives

Table 4-13 provides a summary of switchyard operations and fuel consumption by rail company

and county. CSX and Maryland &, Delaware provided Delaware-specific fuel consumption for

2008, which was assumed to remain the same for 201I. An average switchyard engine fuel

consumption estimate of 32,447 gallons per year was applied based on a recent regional studycoordinated through the Eastem Regional Technical Advisory Committee.

Tabfe 4-13. 2011 Switchyard Activity and

Estimated Fuel Consumpt¡on

Class lSwitchvard Countv

No. of Yard

Locomotives

Fuel

Consumed,

oallons/vear

Norfolk Southern New Castle 13 421,813

CSX Transportation New Castle 3 180,000Marvland & Delaware New Castle 1 9,640Marvland & Delaware Sussex 2 19,281

Sanqtle Cølculatíons and ResultsLine Ifaul LocomotivTo determine the amount of pollutant p atthe county level:

E r, = FC x EFo " 

'%.ooo

where: E, : amount of pollutantp emitted for the county in pounds

FC : fuel consumptionfor the county in gallonsEFo : emission factor for pollutantp in pounds per gallon

4-tl
EFo : emission factor for pollutantp in pounds per gallon

Tabte 4-14.2011 Locomot¡ves Emissions by County

Commercial Marine Vessels

The CMV sector includes many types of vessels, such as large deep-draft vessels, barge

towboats, harbor tugs, dredging vessels, ferries, excursion vessels, and commercial fishing

vessels. In addition to the numerous vessel types, each vessel type engages in different activities

such as hoteling, maneuvering within the port, and cruising.

In its 1999 final rule for commercial marine diesel engines, EPA defined three categories of

marine diesel engines based on engine displacement, power and revolutions per minute (rpm).Table 4-15 presents the definitions for each category.

Table 4-15. U.S. EPA Marine Engine category Definitions

Cateqorv Displacement per cvlinder

Power range

f kw) RPM ranqe

1 disp. < 5 liters and Power > 37 kW 37 -2.300 1.800 - 3,000

2 5 < displacement < 30 liters 1,500 - 8,000 750 - 1.500

3 disolacement > 30 liters 2,500 - 80,000 60 - 900

scc Cateqory Description Gounty

Annual fiPY) SSWD (TPD)

voc NOx co voc NO" co

228500200ô Class I Line Haul New Gastle o 109 30 0.02 0.30 0.08

2285002007 Class ll/lll Line Haul New Castle <1 1 <1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.012285002010 Yard Locomotives New Castle 10 123 19 0.03 0.34 0.05

2285002Oxx Total: New Castle 19 233 48 0.05 0.64 0.13

2285002006 Class I Line Haul Sussex 1 13 4 < 0.01 0.04 0.01

2285002007 Class ll/lll Line Haul Sussex <1 4 <1 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.012285002010 Yard Locomotives Sussex <1 4 1 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.0122850020xx Total: Sussex 2 21 5 < 0.01 0.06 0.0r

4-t2
Table 4-16. SCCs for Commerc¡al Marine Vessels

scc Descriotor I Descriotor 3 Descriotor 6 Descriptor I2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions

2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underwav emissions

2280003100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Residual Port emissions

2280003200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Residual Underwav emissions

There are four activity modes for CMV; cruise, reduced speed zone (RSZ), maneuver, and hotel.

Underway emissions are estimated as the combined activity of cruise and RSZ modes. Portemissions are estimated as the combined activity of maneuvering and hoteling modes. Emissions

from ferries and dredging are considered port emissions since these vessels operate primarily

within the port area.

DAQ calculated emissions for ocean-going vessels, towboats, tug-assist vessels, ferries and

vessels associated with dredging operations. CMV engine emissions are assumed to be a functionof the following:

. Mode of operation,

. Vessel type (bulk carrier, tanker, towboat, etc.);

. Vessel dead weight tonnage (DWT);

o Type of engine (2-stroke, 4-stroke, or steam); ando Lenglh of waterway segment.

Therefore, DAQ accounted for these variations when estimating CMV activity. The four modes

of operation that are performed by vessels are defined below:

Cruise - This mode is assumed to begin 25 miles out from the port breakwater until the

vessel reaches the breakwater. The breakwater is located at the mouth of the Delaware Bay.Cruise mode is only applicable to Sussex County.

Reduced Speed Zone (RSZ) - This mode begins at the breakwater and continues until thevessel is one to two nautical miles from the berth or anchorage. The vessel is assumed to

have a speed of twelve knots during this mode. This mode is also refened to as transit, and

escort for towboats and tttg-assist vessels.

4-r3
SegmLnt d

sta

ces 

mouth of the Delaware Bay. The distance noÍh is given to the Delaware-Pennsylvania border.The distance for the C&D Canal East is given from the Delaware-Maryland border to the

entrance of the Delaware River (Reedy Point).

The engine activity for each mode is calculated using the following equation:

Aclivtly.o¿u = Power xLoadFactor xTime*o¿u xCalls

where:

Activityn,,o¿.

Power

Load Factor ;.Irme

Calls

activity by mode (kilowatt-hours)

rated engine power by vessel and engine type (kilowatts)load factor of the engine by vessel type and mode

time in mode per call by vessel type (hours)number of calls by vessel and engine type

Table 4-17. Waterway Segment Distances for the Delaware River Area

Waterwav Seqment Distance lmi.)

Point SouthDE/PA Border 83.B

Oceanport 83.3

Port of Wilminqton 76.1Maqellan Terminal 75.6Delaware Citv Refinerv 66.0

C&D Ganal 62.6

Latitude 39"30' 57.7New Castle Co/Kent Co 48.5Kent Co/Sussex Co 15.9

Point NorthPort of Wilminqton 7.7

C&D Canal 21.2

Point East

C&D Canal 13.0

This calculation must be performed for both propulsion and auxiliary engines and for each mode.

Both propulsion engilés and auxiliary engines are operating during cruise, RSZ and

,rrun".ru"ring modes. Only auxiliary engines operate during hoteling. Once the activity is

calculated, it is allocated to the county level using county allocation factors'

4-14
g

g 

the Marine Exchange for the Delaware River and Bay. Data were obtained for vessels that calledon pofts in Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The data for the entire pott area is requiredsince the majority of vessels pass through Delaware waters en route to other porls. the vessel

call data included the vessel nanne, ship type, DWT, pier, and the date of the call. The ship types

calling on the Delaware River Area ports in2}ll are shown in Table 4-18.

Vessels may shift between piers during the same call on the Delaware River area. DAQ adjusted

the vessel call data to remove shifts between piers, where possible, to avoid double counting

using a methodology recommended by the staff of the Marine Exchange. Data on the engine

power and engine type (2-stroke, 4-stroke, and steam) used on OGVs were not available through

the Marine Exchange. Therefore, DAQ assigned engine power and engine type based on averageengine data obtained from other sources.

For propulsion engines, the average engine power and the engine type were obtained from the

EPA report Commercial Msrine Activity for Deep Sea Ports in the United States (Deep Sea

Ports). This report presents data for vessels that called on the Delaware River area ports during

calendar year 1996. Note that the Delaware River area includes ports in Delaware, New Jersey

and Pennsylvania, which are located on the Delaware River. The number of calls by vessel and

engine type is presented for specific DWT ranges. The average engine power is also given.

Table 4-18. Vessel Types Galling on Delaware R¡ver Area Ports in 2011

Godes Main VesselTvpe AdditionalVesselTypes lncluded W Main Type

BU Bulk Bulk Cargo (BG), Chemical (CH), Bulk (HR)

CC Container Container/Bulk (CB), Part Container (PC)

GC GeneralCarqoMS Miscellaneous Livestock (LV), TallShip (TS)

PR Passenger

RF Refriqerated Carqo (Reefer) Container Reefer (CR)

RR Roll on-Roll off (RORO) RORO Container (RC)TA Tanker

Tanker (AS), Bulk Oil (BO), Chemical Oil Tanker (CO)Gas Carrier (PG and NG)

VE Vehícle Carrier

In order to calculate underway emissions, the number of calls (by vessel type and DWT range)

had to be allocated to each port. The porls in Delaware incfude the Port of Wilmington,

Magellan Terminal, Delaware City Refînery, and Oceanport. One port in New Jersey, Bennuda

4-15
vessels traveling in the Delaware 

y 

, 

or from the Chesapeake Bay.

Table 4-19. Average Propulsion Engine Power and the 2011 Number of Calls for

OGVs Calling on the Delaware River Area (DE, NJ and PA)

Code DWT Ranqe

Engine

Tvoe

Power

lhpl Calls Code DWT Ranqe

Engine

Tvoe

Power

lhp) Calls

BU < 25.000 2-stroke 9.665 49 RR <15.000 2-stroke 8.280 7

BU < 25 000 4-stroke 7.504 B RR <15.000 4-stroke 8.553 7BU 25.000 - 35,000 2-stroke 9,696 64 RR 15.000 - 30.000 2-stroke 12.852 41BU 35.000 - 45.000 2-stroke 10.320 37 RR >30,000 2-stroke 26,562 2

BU > 45.000 2-stroke 16.328 99 TA <30.000 2-stroke 10,008 40

CC < 25,000 2-stroke 17.757 159 TA <30,000 4-stroke 7.O77 10

cc < 25.000 4-stroke 10,898 84 TA <30,000 Steam 14.646 4cc 25.000 - 35.000 2-stroke 16,327 185 TA 30.000 - 60.000 2-stroke 12.616 74cc 35.000 - 45,000 2-stroke 34.467 75 TA 30.000 - 60,000 4-stroke 15.360 5

cc > 45,000 2-stroke 30,856 160 TA 30,000 - 60,000 Steam 15.498 51

GC < 15.000 2-stroke 5.784 6 TA 60.000 - 90.000 2-stroke 16.026 65GC < 15,000 4-stroke 3.944 7 TA 60.000 - 90.000 4-stroke 14,305 10

GC 15.000 - 30.000 2-stroke 10.456 3 TA 90.000 - 120,000 2-stroke 15.451 172GC 15.000 - 30.000 4-stroke 7.536 1 TA e0.000 - 120.000 Steam 23.923 4MS < 10,000 2-stroke 3.500 16 TA 120.000 - 150,000 2-stroke 23,046 39MS < 10,000 4-stroke 11,671 8 TA > 150,000 2-stroke 25,559 133

PR < 5.000 4-stroke I 6.1 08 0 TA > 150.000 Steam 36.324 41RF 5.000 - 10.000 2-stroke 9.706 118 VE <12.500 2-stroke 11.877 rJRF 5.000 - 10.000 4-stroke 6,837 20 VE <12,500 4-stroke 13.150 1RF 10.000 - 15.000 2-stroke 12.500 190 VE 12.500 - 15.000 2-stroke 12,859 11RF 10,000 - 15,000 4-stroke 15.672 4 VE 12.500 - 15,000 4-stroke 14.770 2

RF > 15.000 2-stroke 18,467 o VE 15,000 - 17,500 2-stroke 13.911 30

VE > 17.500 2-stroke 15.224 117

Towboats and Tug Assrsls

Towboats are used to transporl non-self-propelled vessels, either dry cargo or tanker barges,

throughout the Delawur" Riu", area, including the C&D Canal. DAQ obtained data on thenumber of towboat trips during calendar year 2011 frorn Waterborne Commerce of the United

States. DAQ subtracteà the number of towboat trips for the Port of Wilmington (POW) and the

C&D Canal from the number of trips on the Delaware River (PA to the Sea). For towboats

4-1,6
tugs are typically required to assist an OGV with a DWT greater than 20,000 tons; for smaller

OGVs, one tug suffices. The number of tug assists (2,370 in 2011) is directly related to the

number of OGVs calling to a Delaware poft. Note that a tug assisting a vessel to BermudaInternational in New Jersey and the piers at the oil refineries in Marcus Hook, PA will require a

tug to pick up the OGV in Delaware waters, thus tug assists are included for these docks. The tugmeeting time to the docking time is usually within one hour.

In addition to assisting OGVs to rnaneuver into port, tugboats escort gas carriers through the

Delaware Bay and River. Other vessels typically do not utilize an escort. Tug escort trips areincluded in the number of towboat trips transiting Delaware waters presented above. DAQ did

not estimate emissions from hoteling of towboats and tugs due to lack of activity data.

Vessel speeds, average maneuvering and hoteling time, propulsion and auxiliary engine

horsepower ratings, and engine load factors for OGVs, towboats, and tugs were obtained from

EPA's Deep Sea Ports and Preparing Port Emission Inventories. For RSZ mode, time-in-modefor each vessel was calculated based on vessel speeds and waterway segment distances provided

inTable 4-17.

Dredgìng

Maintenance dredging is performed routinely on the Delaware River to keep the channels to their

required depths. Dredging involves multiple vessels, including dredges, assist tugs, and generatorbarges that provide additional power. Estimating emissions from dredging vessel engine activityis time-consuming. Therefore, DAQ developed emissions based on the volume of material

dredged during calendar year 20Il rather than engine activity in kilowatt-hours.

DAQ obtained the dredging activity data from both the USACE and from within DNREC. The

arnount of material dredged by USACE contractors was obtained from the USACE report on

dredging contracts awarded for the year 201I. DAQ also contacted the Delaware Division of

Soil and ÏV'ater Conservation to obtain the amount of material dredged by the Division. Table 4-

20 presents the estimated amount of material dredged and the type of dledge used. DAQassumed all the dredging activity is maintenance dredging. New cut dredging results in higher

emissions, therefore this assumption may result in lower emission estimates than ate actuallyoccurring in the area.

4-17
Philadelphia to the Sea Sussex Hvdraulic Dredqe 142,303Beachfill - Roosevelt lnlet Sussex Hvdraulic Dredqe 111,000

Coastal Shoreline Protection Sussex Hopper 848,000

Lewes & Rehoboth Canal Sussex Hvdraulic Dredqe 32,000

FerríesThe Cape May-Lewes Ferry was identified as the only ferry service in Sussex County. Monthly

trip coùt datá for the Cape May-Lewes Feny was obtained by contacting the Delaware River &

Báy Authority. The Cápe May-Lewes Ferry made 4,784 one-way trips in 20ll.Times for

maneuvering and idling at dock were estimated based on cruise time and round trip schedules.For summei weekday áctivity, DAQ obtained the average number of weekday trips during the

months of June, July and August from ferry schedules.The Three Forts Ferry was identified as the only ferry service in New Castle County. This ferry

travels from either Delaware City, DE or Fort Mott, NJ to Fort Delaware located on Pea Patch

Island in the Delaware River. Monthly trip count data for the ferry was obtained by contacting

the Delaware River &,Bay Authority. The Three Forts Ferry made 2,855 one-way trips in 201I.The Delaware River and-Bay Authority also provided the engine and time-in-mode data for theThree Forts Feny.

Spatìøl Allocatíon

DAe developed county allocation factors for CMV activity data based on the location of theactivìty on the various waterways and length of the waterway segment. In developing countyallocaiion factors, DAe assumed that from latitude 39o30' to 25 miles beyond the mouth of theDelaware Bay, the activity is split evenly between Delaware and New Jersey since the shipchannel roughly ,o.r"rporräs to ihe boundáry between the two states. Above latitude 39030', allernissions are allocat.á to Delawure since the entire breadth of the river is under Delaware's

jurisdiction. Allocations were developed for each activity mode, since the activity takes place in

different areas depending on the mode.

For OGV maneuvering and hoteling modes, the activity is allocated to the county in which theport is located. All large Delaware ports are located in New Castle County. Much of themaleuvering and hoteting activity thus takes place to New Castle County. OGVs will also hotel

at one of the several anchãrages along the shipping channel. Emissions are estimated for hoteling

that takes place at Delaware's anchorages.

4-18
Ferry was allocated to New Castle County.

Table 4-21. 20ll Commerc¡al Marine Vessel Emissions by County

scc Cateqory Description Gounty

Annual(TPYI SSWD ÍTPDI

voc Nox co voc NOx co

2280002100 Port - Diesel New Castle 3 122 14 0.01 0.33 0.04

2280002200 Underwav - Diesel New Castle 12 461 62 0.03 1.27 0.17

22800031 00 Port - Residual Fuel Oil New Castle 6 172 16 0.02 0.47 0.04

2280003200 Underwav - RFO New Castle 30 773 70 0.08 2.12 0.19

2280O0xxxx Total: New Castle 5t 1.528 161 0.14 4.19 0.442280002100 Port - Diesel Sussex 2 63 5 < 0.01 0.17 0.01

2280002200 Underwav - Diesel Sussex B 389 41 0.03 1.17 0.12

22800031 00 Port - Residual Fuel Oil Sussex 4 129 12 0.01 0.35 0.03

2280003200 Unden¡vav - RFO Sussex 27 705 64 0.07 1.93 0.17

228000xxxx Total: Sussex 41 1,285 122 0.11 3.62 0.33

4-t9
EPA

s National Emissions Inventory (NEI), version 1, run of the MOVES model. Due to

resource colstraints, DAQ has yet to complete final MOVES runs for 201I. However, DAQ hasextensively developed Delaware-specific model inputs and has submitted these input files to

EPA as part of the Air Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) requirements. These inputs will besummarized in this section.

The applicable Standard Classification Codes (SCCs) comprising vehicle type, roadway class,and emission process (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, and tire wear) are shown in Table 5-1.

As an example, the SCC applicable to exhaust emissions from a passenger car fueled by gasolineon an urban interstate would be 220100123X, with the "2201001" indicating that the vehicle is alight-duty gasoline vehicle, the "23" indicating the activity is occurring on an urban interstate,

and the "X" indicating that the emissions are exhaust emissions.

Table 5-1. SCCs lncluded in On-road Mobile lnventory

scc

Diqits

Applicable

Portion of

SGC Code

Portion that SGG

Describes Description

1-7 2201001 Vehicle tvpe Liqht-dutv qasoline vehicles (passenger qq¡q)

1-7 2201020 Vehicle tvoe

t-ignt-duty gasoline trucks 1 (0-6,000 lb gross vehicle

weioht ratino ÍGVWRI)

1-7 2201040 Vehicle tvoe Lioht-dutv qasoline trucks 2 (6,001-8,500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2201070 Vehicle tvoe Heavv-dutv qasoline vehicles (> 8,500 lb GVWR)1-7 2201080 Vehicle tvpe Motorcvcles (qasoline)

1-7 2230001 Vehicle tvpe Liqht-dutv diesel vehicles (passenger cars)1-7 2230060 Vehicle tvpe Lioht-dutv diesel trucks (0-8,500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230071 Vehicle tvoe

Clasa 2b heavy-duty diesel vehicles (8,501-10,000 lb GVWR) . _ 1-7 2230072 Vehicle tvpe Class 3, 4, and 5 heavy-duty dieselvenlcles (1u'uu1 19,500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230073 Vehicle tvpe

Class 6 and 7 heavy-duty dieselvehicles (19,501-33,000 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230074 Vehicle tvpe Class B heavv-dutv dieselvehicles (> 33,000 lb Q\ /VBL1-7 2230075 Vehicle tvpe Diesel buses

B-9 1'1' Roadwav tvpe Rura interstates8-9 13 Roadwav tvpe Rura other principal arterials

8-9 15 Roadwav tvpe Rura minor arterialsB-9 17 Roadwav tvpe Rura maior collectors8-9 19 Roadwav tvpe Rura minor collectors

Continued ne)d page

5-1
B-9 29 Roadway type Urban minor arterialsB-9 31 Roadwav tvpe Urban collectors

B-9 33 Roadwav tvoe Urban locals

10 X Emission Drocess Exhaust

10 V Emission Þrocess Evaporative

10 B Emission orocess Brake wear10 T Emission Drocess Tire wear

Delaware-specific Input Data for 2011

The 2008 inventory was the first year that DAQ used the MOVES model to develop on-road

mobile emissions. The MOBILE6.2 model was used previously. The MOVES model allows for

adjustments to a variety of model inputs, and as such, DAQ, with assistance from the Delaware

Department of Transportation (DelDOT), puts forth considerable effort in creating a suite of

county-specific input data files. The county-specific input data types created for the 2011inventory include VMT (by vehicle and roadway type), vehicle registration data (vehicle

populations and age distributions), average speeds in the form of speed bin fractions (weekday

versus weekend and by roadway type), and inspection and maintenance program specifications.

Each of these input data sets are discussed separately below. DAQ relies on the MOVES modeldefaults for fuel pararneters (formulations and supply), meteorological data (temperature and

relative humidity), ramp fractiónsì and weekly and daily fractions.

Vehícle Míles Traveled (VMT) Døta

The activity dataused for developing the on-road emission inventory is VMT. DeIDOT provided2011 VMT databy roadway type for all counties in Delaware. DeIDOT is required to submit

calendar-year VMT data annually to the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) I{ighway

Performance Moni.toring System (HPMS). The VMT is estimated based on data from permanent

traffic count stations throughout the county. DeIDOT's traffic count program provides daily and

seasonal variation data. Additional temporary stations provide shorter-term counts that are

expanded with factors derived from appropriate permanent count stations. Counting andexpansion activities are consistent with FHWA g,u,idelines. The trafÍic data submitted to HPMS

are considered the most accurate VMT totals for Delaware.

Since the VMT provided by DeIDOT is supplied by HPMS roadway type, the task of creating

VMT by MOVES road type fiactions requires mapping the twelve HPMS road types to the fourMOVES road types. The road type allocations for New Castle County and Sussex County for

2011 are provided in Tables 5-2 and 5-3, respectiye_ly,

5-2
5 Urban Unrestricted Access 0.5616

Total .t.00000

Tabte 5-3. Sussex Gounty VMT Fractions by Road Type

MOVES

Road Type

Code Road Tvpe DescriPtion

VMT Fraction

bv Road Tvpe

2 Rural Restricted Access 0.0000

3 Rural Unrestricted Access 0.6723

4 Urban Restricted Access 0.0000

5 Urban Unrestricted Access o.3277

Total 1.0000

VMT Frøctions by Vehicle TYPe ,

VMT by vehicle type data are not collected in Delaware, so an alternate piocedure wasdevelopåd using the iocal registration data in calculating the VMT mixes rather than using thedefault MOVES VMT distribution by vehicle type. This methodology uses national defaultMOVES mileage accumulation data in combination with the Delaware. county-speclfic

registration data to develop estimates of VMT by vehicle type. The number of vehiclesrelistered in Delaware by model year, vehicle type, fuel type and county was.multiplied by the

uuãrug. number of miles accumulated annually by vehicles of the same age, vehicle type andfuel type in the MOBILE6.Z defaultmileage accumulation database. This provided an estimate

of VVtf by vehicle age and vehicle type. ihese VMT estimates were then sunrmed for all yearsby vehicte type. ThJtohl VMT for each vehicle type was divided by the total calculated VMT

tó give VMf fractions by vehicle type. Tables 5-4 and 5-5 present the resulting VMT.fractions

by vehicle type for New Castle County and Sussex County, respectively' *.- .{.;."'i '.

Table 5-4. New Castle county vMT Fractions by vehicle Type

MOVES

Vehicle

Tvne Gode Vehicle Description

vMT .r.f

Fraction by

Vehicle Type

11 Motorcvcle 0.0073

21 Passenqer Car 0.4636

Continued next page

5-3
Table 5-5. Sussex County VMT Fractions by Vehicle Type

MOVESVehicle

Tvpe Code Vehicle Description

VMT

Fraction by

Vehicle Tvpe

11 Motorcvcle 0.01 10

21 Passenqer Car 0.367031 Passenqer Truck 0.4242

32 Lioht CommercialTruck 0.1449

41 lntercitv Bus 0.005442 Transit Bus 0.002043 School Bus 0.0019

51 Refuse Truck 0.000452 Sinqle Unit Short-haul Truck 0.0090

53 Sinqle Unit Lono-haul Truck 0.000954 Motor Home 0.0002

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 0.016462 Combination Lono-haul Truck 0.0168

Total 1.0000

VMT Temporøl Allocøtìons

The MOVES model input files include allocations of VMT by month. Monthly allocation of

VMT is,accomplished through the use of permanent count statio.n data provided by DelDOT.For 201I, DetDOT provided monthly VMT data from 24 permanent count stations throughout

New Castle County and26 in Sussex County. Each month's data for all count stations in a

county were summed and divided by the sum of the annual VMT recorded by the all countstations in a county. The monthly VMT fractions created in this way are provided in Tables 5-6

and 5-7.

5-4

52 Sinole Unit Short-haul Truck 0.0077

53 Sinole Unit Lono-haul Truck 0.0007

54 Motor Home 0.0002

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 0.01 15

62 Combination Lonq-haul Truck 0.0113

Total 1.0000
Mav 0.0856 November 0.0848

June 0.0890 December 0.0818

Table 5-7. Monthly VMT Allocation Fractions for Sussex County

Month

VMT

Fraction Month

VMT

Fraction

January 0.0663 Julv 0.1 070

February 0.0715 August 0.0998

March 0.0743 September 0.0874

Aoril 0.0802 October 0.0803

Mav 0.0882 November 0.0753

June 0.0974 December 0.0725

Vehìcle Popul.atíons ønd Age Dístributions

Vehicle registration data were obtained from the Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles (DlW).The data ur" u rnuprhot of DMV's registration database as of July 1,2011. The data showthe

number of vehicles registered by model year for each of the 16 MOBILE6.2 vehicle classes. The

16 vehicle classes *"* "or¡n.rted to the 13 MOVES vehicle types using a converter provided by EPA. New Castle County and Sussex County vehicle populations by MOVES vehicle type are

provided in Tables 5-8 and 5-9, respectively. Vehicle age distribution fractions were developedlor each of the 13 vehicle types based on model year. Vehicles 30 years and older were lumped

into one fraction.

Table 5-8. 2011 Vehicle Populations for New Gastle county

Vehicle

Gode Vehicle Type

Number of

Vehicles

11 Motorcvcle 13,298

21 Passenoer Vehicle 228.976

31 Passenoer Truck 144.52632 Lioht Commercial Truck 47.650

41 lntercity Bus 44542 Transit Bus 27343 School Bus 1,001

Continued next page

5-5
Table 5-9. 2011 Vehicle Populations for Sussex County

Vehicle

Code Vehicle Tvpe

Number of

Vehicles

11 Motorcvcle 8,733

21 Passenqer Vehicle 82.91031 Passenoer Truck 78,99832 Lioht CommercialTruck 26.462

41 lntercitv Bus 28542 Transit Bus 192

43 School Bus 431

51 Refuse Truck 4852 Sinole Unit Short-Haul Truck 1.998

53 Sinqle Unit Lonq-Haul Truck 141

54 Motor Home 217

61 Combination Short-Haul Truck 794

62 Combination Lono-Haul Truck 624

Vehícle Speeds

The MOVES model represents average vehicle speeds by roadway type through the use of speed

bin fractions. There are 16 speed bins with the first representing speeds less than 2.5 miles per

hour (mph), with each subsequent bin having a range of 5 mph (i.e., 42.5 mph - 47.5 rnph). The

final bin represents speeds equal to or greater than 72.5 mph. For 2011, DeIDOT providedseasonal speed bin fractions for each of the four MOVES roadway types, for each hour of the

day, and for weekday arñ weekend driving patterns. DeIDOT estimated speeds using the

Peninsula travel demand model. The model accounts for traffic volumes and variations in travelaccording to purpose, which impact average speeds. Table 5-10 summarizes the matrix of

parameters that results in 12,288 records for speeds in each county.

Table 5-10. 2011 Average Speed Matrix

Parameter

Number of

Variables

Season 4

Hour 24Roadwav Tvoe 4

WeekdavA/r/eekend 2

Soeed Bins 16

5-6
either pollutant will fail the test. Older vehicles (MY 1975-1995) are also given a fuel system

pr"rrui. test (FP) and a gas cap (GC) test. Air pressure is applied to the fuel system from the

fuel inlet to the canister. Afler air pressure has been applied, pressure degradation is rnonitored.Vehicles fail the fuel system pressure test if it cannot maintain the equivalent pressure of eightinches of water for up to two minutes after being pressurized to 14.0 + 0.5 inches of water. A similar

pressure test is applied to the vehicle's gas cap.

Table 5-11. 201 1 New Castle County l/M Program Parameters

Test Tvpe IDLE 2500/IDLE FP&GC OBD l/M Evap OBD l/M Exh

Test Freouencv Biennial Biennial Biennial Biennial Biennial

Proqram Tvpe Test Onlv Test Onlv Test Onlv Test Onlv Test Onlv

ModelYears 1 968-1 980 I 981 -1 995 1 975-1 995 1996-2003 1996-2003

Compliance Factors (%)

Passenqer Vehicle 92.46 95.69 96.00 95.68 95.68

Passenqer Truck 86.69 BB.3B 88.86 89.04 87.91

Liqht Comm. Truck 76.86 78.36 78.78 78.49 74.69

Vehicles Tested (gasoline onlY)

Passenoer Vehicle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Passenoer Truck Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Light Comm. Truck

(up to 8,500 GVWR) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

School Bus No No No No No

Single Unit

Short-HaulTruck No No No No No

Single Unit

Lonq-Haul Truck No No No No No

Refuse Truck No No No No No

Comb

Short-Hau

nation

Truck No No No No No

Gomb

Lonq-Hau

nation

Truck No No No No No

Motor Home No No No No No

lntercitv Bus No No No No No

Transit Bus No No No No No

Motorcvcle No No No No No

5-7
Gompliance Factors (%)

Passenqer Vehicle 94.94

Passenqer Truck 88.47

Liqht Comm. Truck 80.97

Vehicles Tested (gasoline only)

Passenqer Vehicle Yes

Passenqer Truck Yes

Lisht Comm. Truck (up to 8,500 GVWR) Yes

School Bus No

Sinole Unit Short-Haul Truck No

Sinole Unit Lonq-Haul Truck No

Refuse Truck No

Combination Short-Haul Truck No

Combination Lonq-Haul Truck No

Motor Home No

lntercitv Bus No

Transit Bus No

Motorcvcle No

Controls

All MovES-recognized on-road control measures known to be in place in Delaware in 2011

were included in the MOVES emission inventory mode modeling. Local control programs

include Delaware's I/M program, the Federal reformulated gasoline program, and the NortheastOzone Transporl Region LEV program. The MOVES model internally includes all national

control programs, such as the Tier 1 and Tier 2 gasoline fuel and light duty engine emissionstandards as well as the ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and heavy duty engine standards.

Two Delaware control programs, the anti-tampering procedures (ATP) performed at theinspections lanes and the anti-idling regulation were not accounted for in the MOVES runs since

the model does not provide for inputting these programs. For the ATP control program, vehicles

that are tested are also checked to see if the catalytic converter, gas cap and fuel inlet restrictor

are present. Vehicles will fail inspection if any of these devices are missing.

Regulation 1145, Excessive Idling of l{eavy Duty Vehicles, is designed to eliminate emissionscaused by extending idling. While MOVES delineates emissions processgs for extended idli€

5-8
On-road Mobile Sources bY CountY

Gounty

AnnualfiPY) SSWD (TPD)

voc NO, co voc NO" co

New Castle 3.285 7,495 37.489 B.B5 20.65 91.58

Sussex 2,974 4,702 28,323 B.86 14.87 78.67

5-9