1

South Carolina

Area Designations for the 

2008 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The table below identifies the areas and associated counties or parts of counties in South Carolina that 

EPA intends to designate as nonattainment for the 2008 ozone national ambient air quality standards

(2008 ozone NAAQS). In accordance with section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act, EPA must designate an 

area (county or part of a county) “nonattainment” if it is violating the 2008 ozone NAAQS or if it is 

contributing to a violation of the 2008 ozone NAAQS in a nearby area. The technical analyses 

supporting the boundaries for the individual nonattainment areas are provided below.

Intended Nonattainment Areas in South Carolina

Area 

South Carolina’s Recommended 

Nonattainment Counties

EPA’s Intended Nonattainment 

Counties

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, 

NC-SC*

None York (partial)

* Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC is a multi-jurisdictional nonattainment area that includes Indian 

Country. Table 1 below identifies the counties in the other state and for the area of Indian country that 

EPA intends to designate as part of the nonattainment area.

EPA intends to designate the remaining counties in North Carolina that are not listed in the table above 

as “unclassifiable/attainment” for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. 

The analysis below provides the basis for intended nonattainment area boundaries. It relies on our 

analysis of whether and which monitors are violating the 2008 ozone NAAQS, based on certified air 

quality monitoring data from 2008-2010 and an evaluation of whether nearby areas are contributing to 

such violations. EPA has evaluated contributions from nearby areas based on a weight of evidence 

analysis considering the factors identified below. 

EPA issued guidance on December 4, 2008 that identified these factors as ones EPA would consider in 

determining nonattainment area boundaries and recommended that states consider these factors in 

making their designations recommendations to EPA.1 

1. Air quality data (including the design value calculated for each Federal Reference Method 

(FRM) or Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) monitors in the area);

2. Emissions and emissions-related data (including location of sources and population, amount of 

emissions and emissions controls, and urban growth patterns);

3. Meteorology (weather/transport patterns);

4. Geography and topography (mountain ranges or other basin boundaries);

5. Jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., counties, air districts, existing nonattainment areas, Indian 

country, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs))

Ground-level ozone generally is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions 

between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. 

 

1 The December 4, 2008 guidance memorandum “Area Designations for the 2008 Revised Ozone National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards” refers to 9 factors. In this technical support document we have grouped the emissions-related factors 

together under the heading of “Emissions and Emissions-Related Data,” which results in 5 categories of factors.
2

Because NOx and VOC emissions from a broad range of sources over a wide area typically contribute to 

violations of the ozone standards, EPA believes it is important to consider whether there are contributing 

emissions from a broad geographic area. Accordingly, EPA chose to examine the 5 factors with respect 

to the larger of the Combined Statistical Area (CSA) or Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) associated 

with the violating monitor(s).2 All data and information used by EPA in this evaluation are the latest 

available to EPA and/or provided to EPA by states or tribes.

In EPA’s designations guidance for the 2008 ozone NAAQS EPA recommended examining 

CSA/CBSAs because certain factors used to establish CSAs and CBSAs are similar to the factors EPA is 

using in this technical analysis to determine if a nearby area is contributing to a violation of the 2008 

ozone NAAQS. Congress required a similar approach in 1990 for areas classified as serious or above 

for the 1-hour ozone standard and EPA used the same basic approach in the designation process for the 

1997 ozone NAAQS. Where a violating monitor is not located in a CSA or CBSA, EPA’s guidance 

recommended using the boundary of the county containing the violating monitor as the starting point for 

considering the nonattainment area’s boundary. 

 

2 Lists of CBSAs and CSAs and their geographic components are provided at 

www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/metrodef.html . The lists are periodically updated by the Office of 

Management and Budget. EPA used the most recent update, based on 2008 population estimates, issued on December 1, 

2009 (OMB Bulletin No. 10-02).
3

Technical Analysis for Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC

Figure 1 is a map of the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC intended nonattainment area. The map 

provides other relevant information including the locations and design values of air quality monitors, 

county and other jurisdictional boundaries, the CSA boundary, and national highways.

For purposes of the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, this area was designated nonattainment. The boundary 

for the nonattainment area for the 1997 ozone NAAQS included the entire counties of Cabarrus, Gaston, 

Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan, Union Counties, in their entireties, and a portion of Iredell County in 

North Carolina; the Catawba Indian Nation Reservation3; and a portion of York County, in South 

Carolina. 

In March 2009, North Carolina recommended that the counties of Cabarrus, Gaston, Lincoln, 

Mecklenburg, Rowan, Union, and a portion of Iredell (Davidson and Coddle Creek Townships) be 

designated as “nonattainment” for the 2008 8-hour ozone standard based on air quality data from 2006-

 

3 The Catawba Indian Nation Reservation is located within the South Carolina portion of the bi-state Charlotte nonattainment 

area. Generally air quality State Implementation Plans (SIPs) do not apply in Indian country throughout the United States. 

However, for purposes of the Catawba Indian Nation Reservation in Rock Hill, the South Carolina SIP does apply within the 

Reservation. Pursuant to the Catawba Indian Claims Settlement Act, S.C. Code Ann. 27-16-120, “all state and local 

environmental laws and regulations apply to the [Catawba Indian Nation] and Reservation and are fully enforceable by all 

relevant state and local agencies and authorities.”
4

2008. Additionally, in March 2009, South Carolina recommended that the portion of York County 

encompassed by the boundaries of the Rock Hill-Fort Mill Area Transportation Study (RFATS) 

Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) and the contiguous area encompassing the York ozone 

monitoring station (45-091-0006) be designated as “nonattainment” for the 2008 8-hour ozone standard

based on air quality data from 2006-2008. In October 2011, North Carolina submitted an update to their 

2009 recommendation and did not make revisions to their previous recommendation. Additionally, in 

October 2011, South Carolina submitted an amendment to their 2009 recommendation, and based on 

preliminary air quality data from 2009-2011, revised their recommendation to “attainment” designations 

for each county in the State, including York County, for the 2008 8-hour ozone standard. These data are 

from Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors or Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) monitors sited 

and operated in accordance with 40 CFR Part 58. (Letters from Dee Freeman, North Carolina 

Environmental Secretary to A. Stanley Meiburg, Acting Regional Administrator-EPA Region 4 and 

Gwendolyn Keyes Fleming, Regional Administrator-EPA Region 4 regarding the initial and updated

nonattainment boundary recommendations for the 2008 8-hour ozone standard for North 

Carolina(October 28, 2011 and March 12, 2009, respectively); Letter from Mark Sanford, South 

Carolina Governor to A. Stanley Meiburg, Acting Regional Administrator-EPA Region 4 regarding 

initial nonattainment boundary recommendations for the 2008 8-hour ozone standard for South Carolina 

(March 12, 2009); Letter from Robert W. King, Jr., Deputy Commissioner of the South Carolina 

Environmental Quality Control to Gwendolyn Keyes Fleming, Regional Administrator-EPA Region 4 

regarding updated nonattainment boundary recommendations for the 2008 8-hour ozone standard for 

South Carolina (October 11, 2011)).

After considering these recommendations and based on EPA's technical analysis described below, EPA 

intends to designate six whole counties and one partial county in North Carolina; the Catawba Indian 

Nation Reservation, and one partial county in South Carolina (identified in Table 1 below) as 

“nonattainment” for the 2008 ozone NAAQS as part of the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury nonattainment 

area. 

Table 1. State's Recommended, Tribe’s Recommended and EPA’s Intended Designated Nonattainment 

Counties for Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC

Charlotte-GastoniaSalisbury, NC-SCState- or Tribe-Recommended 

Nonattainment Counties

EPA Intended

Nonattainment Counties

Catawba Indian Nation None Catawba Indian Nation Reservation

North Carolina Cabarrus 

Gaston 

Iredell (partial) 

Lincoln

Mecklenburg

Rowan

Union

Cabarrus 

Gaston 

Iredell (partial) 

Lincoln

Mecklenburg

Rowan

Union

South Carolina None York (partial)

Factor Assessment

Factor 1: Air Quality Data 
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For this factor, we considered 8-hour ozone design values (in parts per billion (ppb)) for air quality 

monitors in counties in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC area based on data for the 2008-2010

period (i.e., the 2010 design value, or DV), which are the most recent years with fully-certified air 

quality data. A monitor’s DV is the metric or statistic that indicates whether that monitor attains a 

specified air quality standard. The 2008 ozone NAAQS are met at a monitor when the annual fourthhighest daily maximum 8-hour average concentration, averaged over 3 years is 75 ppb or less. A DV is 

only valid if minimum data completeness criteria are met. See 40 CFR part 50 Appendix P. Where 

several monitors are located in a county (or a designated nonattainment area or maintenance area), the 

DV for the county or area is determined by the monitor with the highest level.

The 2010 DVs for the ozone NAAQS for counties in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC CSA and 

nearby surrounding area are shown in Table 2. 

Table 2. Air Quality Data.**

County State Recommended 

Nonattainment?

2008-2010 Design Value 

(ppb)

Mecklenburg, NC Yes 82

Lincoln, NC Yes 72

Rowan, NC Yes 77

Union, NC Yes 72

York, SC No 67

**Bolded counties are those violating the 2008 ozone NAAQS.

Mecklenburg and Rowan Counties in North Carolina show violations of the 2008 ozone NAAQS, 

therefore these counties are included in the nonattainment area. A county (or partial county) must also 

be designated nonattainment if it contributes to a violation in a nearby area. Each county without a 

violating monitor that is located near a county with a violating monitor has been evaluated, as discussed 

below, based on the five factors and other relevant information to determine whether it contributes to the 

nearby violation. 

Factor 2: Emissions and Emissions-Related Data

EPA evaluated emissions of ozone precursors (NOx and VOC) and other emissions-related data that 

provide information on areas contributing to violating monitors.

Emissions Data

EPA evaluated county-level emission data for NOx and VOC derived from the 2008 National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI), version 1.5. This is the most recently available NEI. (See 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2008inventory.html) Significant emissions levels in a nearby area 

indicate the potential for the area to contribute to observed violations. We will also consider any 

additional information we receive on changes to emissions levels that are not reflected in recent 

inventories. These changes include emissions reductions due to permanent and enforceable emissions 

controls that will be in place before final designations are issued and emissions increases due to new 

sources. The precursor emission source-category percentages used below and throughout the document 

were derived from emissions data from the 2008 NEI version 1.5 referenced above.

Table 3 shows emissions of NOx and VOC (given in tons per year (tpy)) for violating and nearby

counties that we considered for inclusion in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC area. 
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Table 3. Total 2008 NOx and VOC Emissions.

County State Recommended 

Nonattainment? NOx (tpy) VOC (tpy)

Anson, NC No 1,241 1,123 

Cabarrus, NC Yes 5,361 9,074 

Chester, SC No 2,652 1,780 

Cleveland, NC No 3,393 4,799 

Gaston, NC Yes 13,002 7,326 

Iredell, NC Yes (partial) 10,261 10,815 

Lancaster, SC No 1,626 2,744 

Lincoln, NC Yes 2,097 3,320 

Mecklenburg, NC Yes 27,275 33,412 

Rowan, NC Yes 7,117 9,834 

Stanly, NC No 1,935 2,986 

Union, NC Yes 5,190 7,748 

York, SC No 7,031 11,840 

Areawide: 88,179 106,802 

VOCs and NOx are the primary contributors to ozone formation. Source category emissions data 

indicate that mobile sources, area sources and point sources are all contributors to NOx emissions in the 

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area; mobile sources and area sources are the primary 

contributors to VOC emissions in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area. Thus, significant 

increases in population, vehicles miles traveled would indicate a county with contribution in the Area. 

The emissions profile for this area indicates that population-related factors are a driver for ozone 

formation in this area. 

NOx Emissions: The profile reveals that mobile emissions make up 55 percent of the total NOx 

emissions in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area and area sources make up nine percent. 

The total of both mobile and area sources makes up 64 percent of the total NOx emissions in the 

Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area. Point source emissions make up 20 percent of the total 

NOx emissions for the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area.

Mecklenburg, Gaston, Iredell, Rowan, and York Counties have the largest amounts of total NOx

emissions in the CSA with 31 percent, 15 percent, 12 percent, and 8 percent, (for both Rowan and York) 

respectively. The highest percentage of NOx emissions for Mecklenburg, Iredell, and Rowan and York 

are from mobile sources, with 19 percent, 8 percent, and 4 percent of their total NOx emissions, 

respectively. For Gaston, the highest percentage of NOx emissions comes from point sources, with 9 

percent of their total NOx emissions, respectively. 

VOC Emissions: The profile reveals that mobile emissions make up 42 percent of the total VOC 

emissions in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area and area sources make up 38 percent. The 

total of both mobile and area sources makes up 80 percent of the total VOC emissions in the CharlotteGastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area.
7

Mecklenburg, York, Iredell, Rowan, and Cabarrus counties have the largest amounts of total VOC 

emissions in the CSA with 31 percent, 11 percent, 10 percent, 9 percent, and 8 percent, respectively. 

The highest percentage of VOC emissions for Mecklenburg comes from Area sources with 14 percent of 

their total VOC emissions. The highest percentage of VOC emissions for Iredell, Cabarrus, and Rowan 

is comes from mobile sources with 6 percent for Iredell and 5 percent for both Cabarrus and Rowan. 

Mecklenburg County’s VOC emissions for mobile sources are 13 percent. York County, emissions 

primarily are from point and area sources.

Mecklenburg, Iredell, Rowan, Cabarrus, Gaston, and York Counties indicate contribution to 

nonattainment in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area based on emissions data.

Population density and degree of urbanization

EPA evaluated the population and vehicle use characteristics and trends of the area as indicators of the 

probable location and magnitude of non-point source emissions. These include ozone-creating 

emissions from on-road and off-road vehicles and engines, consumer products, residential fuel 

combustion, and consumer services. Areas of dense population or commercial development are an 

indicator of area source and mobile source NOx and VOC emissions that may contribute to ozone 

formation. Rapid population or vehicle miles travelled (VMT) growth (see below) in a county on the 

urban perimeter signifies increasing integration with the core urban area, and indicates that it may be 

appropriate to include the area associated with the area source and mobile source emissions as part of

the nonattainment area. Table 4 shows the population, population density, and population growth 

information for each county in the area.

Table 4. Population and Growth.

County

State 

Recommended 

Nonattainment?

2010 

Population

2010 

Population 

Density 

(1000 pop/sq 

mi)

Absolute 

change in 

population 

(2000-2010)

Population 

% change 

(2000-

2010)

Anson, NC No 26,948 0.05 1,637 +6% 

Cabarrus, NC Yes 178,011 0.49 45,793 +35% 

Chester, SC No 33,140 0.06 (968) -3% 

Cleveland, NC No 98,078 0.21 1,607 +2% 

Gaston, NC Yes 206,086 0.57 15,310 +8% 

Iredell, NC Yes (partial) 159,437 0.27 35,828 +29% 

Lancaster, SC No 76,652 0.14 15,259 +25% 

Lincoln, NC Yes 78,265 0.25 14,176 +22% 

Mecklenburg, 

NC Yes 919,628 1.67 218,914 +31% 

Rowan, NC Yes 138,428 0.26 7,753 +6% 

Stanly, NC No 60,585 0.15 2,339 +4% 

Union, NC Yes 201,292 0.31 75,733 +60% 

York, SC No 226,073 0.32 60,368 +36% 

Areawide: 2,402,623 0.36 493,749 +26%
8

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for 2010 as of August 4, 2011 

(http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTP

L2.STO5&prodType=table)

Mecklenburg County has the largest population and is the most densely populated of all CSA counties 

with a population of 919,628 and 1,670 people/square mile. All counties previously designated counties 

for the 1997 8-hour Charlotte nonattainment area have population densities above 250 people/square 

mile (Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan, Union, and York Counties). 

Additionally, the population growth for these same counties is 22 percent and above.

Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan, and Union Counties in North Carolina and 

York County in South Carolina indicate contribution to nonattainment in the Charlotte-GastoniaSalisbury, NC-SC Area based on population and population density.

Traffic VMT data and commuting patterns

EPA evaluated the total VMT for each county in the area. In combination with the 

population/population density data and the location of main transportation arteries (see above), this 

information helps identify the probable location of non-point source emissions. A county with high 

VMT is generally an integral part of an urban area and indicates the presence of motor vehicle emissions 

that may contribute to ozone formation that contributes to nonattainment in the area. Rapid population or 

VMT growth in a county on the urban perimeter signifies increasing integration with the core urban 

area, and indicates that the associated area source and mobile source emissions may be appropriate to 

include in the nonattainment area. Table 5 shows traffic data, including total 2008 VMT data. .

Table 5. Traffic and VMT Data.

County

State 

Recommended 

Nonattainment?

2008 VMT 

(million 

miles)

Anson, NC No 287

Cabarrus, NC Yes 1,982

Chester, SC No 562

Cleveland, NC No 1,230

Gaston, NC Yes 2,347

Iredell, NC Yes (partial) 2,558

Lancaster, SC No 656

Lincoln, NC Yes 805

Mecklenburg, NC Yes 11,315

Rowan, NC Yes 1,816

Stanly, NC No 605

Union, NC Yes 1,791

York, SC No 2,002

Areawide: 27,956

*** MOBILE model VMT are those inputs into the NEI version 1.5. 
9

Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Mecklenburg, Rowan, Union, and York Counties VMT are the highest where 

each county have VMT greater than 1,790 million miles. These traffic data support a preliminary 

conclusion that Cabarrus, Gaston, Iredell, Mecklenburg, Rowan, Union, and York Counties contribute to 

nonattainment in the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC Area.

Factor 3: Meteorology (weather/transport patterns)

For this factor, EPA analyzed 30-years of National Weather Service (NWS) wind speed and wind 

direction data collected at the Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (NWS Station 13881) to help 

determine transport patterns and source contributions. EPA assessed wind direction and speed for the 

2008-2010 “ozone season” (March through October) in the Charlotte CSA. These analyses were 

conducted to better understand the fate and transport of precursor emissions contributing to ozone 

formation. EPA’s analysis of the NWS data indicate predominate south, north, and south-southwest 

component for the Charlotte CSA.

Factor 4: Geography/topography (mountain ranges or other air basin boundaries)

The geography/topography analysis evaluates the physical features of the land that might affect the 

airshed and, therefore, the distribution of ozone over the area.

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC area does not have any geographical or topographical barriers 

significantly limiting air pollution transport within its air shed. Therefore, this factor did not play a 

significant role in this evaluation.

Factor 5: Jurisdictional boundaries

Once we identified the general areas we anticipated we would recommend should be included in the 

nonattainment area, we then considered existing jurisdictional boundaries for the purposes of providing 

a clearly defined legal boundary and to help identify the areas appropriate for carrying out the air quality 

planning and enforcement functions for nonattainment areas. Examples of jurisdictional boundaries 

include existing/prior nonattainment area boundaries for ozone or other urban-scale pollutants, county 

lines, air district boundaries, township boundaries, area covered by a MPOs, state lines, Reservation

boundaries, and urban growth boundary. Where existing jurisdictional boundaries were not adequate or 

appropriate to describe the nonattainment area, other clearly defined and permanent landmarks or 

geographic coordinates were considered.

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC area has previously established nonattainment boundaries 

associated with the both the 1-hour ozone and 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The Charlotte 

nonattainment boundary for the 1-hour ozone NAAQS included Mecklenburg County, North Carolina in 

its entirety. Whereas the Charlotte nonattainment boundary for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS 

included Cabarrus, Gaston, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan and Union Counties in North Carolina in 

their entireties, a portion of Iredell County, North Carolina, a portion of York County, South Carolina, 

and the Catawba Indian Nation Reservation. The States have recommended a different boundary for the 

2008 ozone NAAQS. In South Carolina’s October 2011 letter, they revised their boundary 

recommendations to attainment statewide as a result of the most current air quality data which indicates 

attainment of the 2008 8-hour ozone standard. The presence of a violating monitor is not the only factor 
10

considered in nonattainment boundaries. However, a consideration of the other factors was not 

presented in their October 2011 letter.

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury area also includes an area of Indian country. As defined at 18 U.S.C. 

1151, “Indian country” refers to: “(a) all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the 

jurisdiction of the United States Government, notwithstanding the issuance of any patent, and, including 

rights-of-way running through the reservation, (b) all dependent Indian communities within the borders 

of the United States whether within the original or subsequently acquired territory thereof, and whether 

within or without the limits of a state, and (c) all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not 

been extinguished, including rights-of-way running through the same.” EPA recognizes the sovereignty 

of tribal governments, and has attempted to take the desires of the tribes into account in establishing 

appropriate nonattainment area boundaries. As mentioned earlier, The Catawba Indian Nation 

Reservation is located within the South Carolina portion of the bi-state Charlotte nonattainment area. 

Generally air quality State Implementation Plans (SIPs) do not apply in Indian country throughout the 

United States. However, for purposes of the Catawba Indian Nation Reservation in Rock Hill, the South 

Carolina SIP does apply within the Reservation. Pursuant to the Catawba Indian Claims Settlement Act, 

S.C. Code Ann. 27-16-120, ``all state and local environmental laws and regulations apply to the 

[Catawba Indian Nation] and Reservation and are fully enforceable by all relevant state and local 

agencies and authorities.''

Conclusion

Based on the assessment of factors described above, EPA has preliminarily concluded that the following 

counties should be included as part of the Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, NC-SC nonattainment area

because they are either violating the 2008 ozone NAAQS or contributing to a violation in a nearby area: 

Cabarrus, Gaston, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Rowan and Union Counties in North Carolina in their 

entireties, a portion of Iredell County, North Carolina, a portion of York County, South Carolina, and 

the Catawba Indian Nation Reservation. All of these counties and the Catawba Indian Nation 

Reservation are included in the Charlotte nonattainment area for the 1997 ozone NAAQS. The air 

quality monitors in Mecklenburg and Rowan Counties, North Carolina indicate violations of the 2008 

ozone NAAQS based on 2010 DVs, therefore these counties are preliminarily included in the 

nonattainment area. Cabarrus, Gaston, Lincoln, and Union Counties in North Carolina in their 

entireties, a portion of Iredell County, North Carolina, a portion of York County, South Carolina, and 

the Catawba Indian Nation Reservation are nearby counties that do not have violating monitors, but EPA 

has preliminarily concluded that these areas contribute to the ozone concentrations in violation of the 

2008 ozone NAAQS through emissions from point sources and non-point sources (e.g., vehicles and 

other small area sources). Gaston, Iredell, Mecklenburg, Rowan, and York have the highest NOx 

emissions in the area. Cabarrus, Iredell, Mecklenburg, Rowan, and York have among the highest VOC 

emissions in the area. Lincoln and Union ranked relatively high for emissions-related data such as 

population, and population density; commuting; meteorology, and jurisdictional boundaries.