• 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

I H~be~ Work, Secretary 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

George Otis Smith, Director 

Professional Paper 141 

UPPEl~ TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS 

OF NORTH AMERICA 

BY 

JAMES PERRIN SMITH 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON 

1927 
AD~ITIONAL COPIES 

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM 

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 

l.'.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

AT 

$1.50 PER COPY 

Q 
CONTENTS 

Page Introduction_ _ ___________ __________ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ ___ 1 

Relations of North American Upper Triassic invertebratofaunas____________________________________ 2 

Ou tline of the American Triassic sea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 

Triassic localities and horizons in North America_ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

Number of species in the fauna_____________________ 3 

Localities of Upper Triassic fossils in North America __ '_ 4 

Shasta County, CaliL_________________________ 4 

Plumas County, CaliL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

Mineral King, Tulare County, CaliL____________ 9 

American Canyon, Placer County, CaliL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 

West Humboldt Range, Nev___________________ 9 

Pilot Mountain, Nev___________________________ 9 

Blue Mountains, Oreg__________________________ 9 

British Columbia,.. _________ .,.___________________ 10 

Alaska_______________________________________ 10 

Chitina Valley_____________________________ 10 

Nutzotin and Alaska ranges_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Cook Inlet_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Iliamna Lake___ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Herring Bay, Admiralty Island _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Gravina Island____________________________ 12 

Skolai Pass, Nabesna-White River district____ 12 

Nation River, Yukon Valley________________ 12 

Northeastern Alaska (Firth and Canning valloys)___________________________________ 12 

North western Alaska_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 

Chulitna RiveI'____________________________ 12 

Zacatecas, Mexico_ _ _ __ _________ _ _ ___ __ _ ____ ___ 13 

Species of the Upper Triassic faunas of western North 

America related to Mediterranean and Indian species_ 13 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of 

North Amedca_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 14 

Classification of Triassic ammonoids_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

Degenerate or retarded forms in the Upper Triassic of 

California _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

Systematic desoriptions_____________________________ 23 

Mollusca_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ '23 

Cephalopoda ___________________ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 

An11nonoidea__________________________ 23 

Tropitoidea ________ '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 

Tropitidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 

Tropites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 

Discotropites___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 

Paratropites_ _ _ _ _ __ _____ _ _ 43 

'Gymnotropites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

Paulotropites____ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 

Microtropites _____________ 47 

Margarites___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 

Anatropites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

Tropiceltites_ _ ___ __ ____ _ _ _ 49 

Tornquistites____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 

Arniotites___ ______ _ _ _ ___ _ _ 51 

Celtitidae___ _ ___ _ ____ ____ __ __ _ 51 

Cel ti tes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 51 

Haloritidae_ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ 51 

Halorites_ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ 52 

Homerites_ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ _ _ __ 52 

Jovites_ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ 52 

Bacchites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53 

Systematic descriptions-Continued, Page 

1\1 ollusca-Contin ued, 

Cephalopoda-Continued, 

Ammonoidea-Continued, 

Tropitoidea-Continued, 

Haloritidae-Contlnued. 

Juvavites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 54 

Anatomites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 55 

Gonionotites_____ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 59 

Sagenites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60 

Trachysagenites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60 

Metasibirites______________ 62 

Gecon teiceras _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65 

Arcestoidea_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67 

Popanoceratidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 67 

N athorstites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67 

Arcestidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67 

Arcestes __________________ 67 

Pro arc estes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 68 

Cladiscitidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 

Cladiscites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 

Ptychitoidea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 

Ptychitidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 

Paraganides_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 

Pinacocera toidea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 71 

Haueritidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 72 

Hauerites_________________ 72 

Klamathites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 73 

Fremontites_______________ 74 

Pinacoceratidae____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 75 

Pinacoceras _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 75 

• Dieneria_________________ 75 

Placites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 76 

Cerati toidea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 77 

Ceratitidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 77 

Trachyceras_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 77 

Protrachyceras_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 78 

Siren i tes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 81 

Sandlingites_______________ 82 

Clionites___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 83 

Traskites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 85 

Shastites ______________ 88 

Stantonites ___________ 89 

Neanites___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 90 

Californites _______ ~ ___ ,91 

Dawsonites ___________ 92, 

Arpadites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 93 

Tirolites__________________ 94 

Metatirolites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 94 

Polycyclus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96 

Choristoceras___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 

Thisbites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ 98 

Badiotites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 98 

Rhabdoceras_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 99 

Phylloceratidae__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ _ _ 99 

Rhacophyllites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 99 

Discophyllites_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 99 

Belemnoidea ___ ' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ioo 

Belemnitidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 

Atractites__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 

Aulacoceras _______________ :- ___ 101 

Dictyoconites_ _ _ ______________ 101 

III 
IV 

Systematic descriptions-Continued. 

Mollusca-Continued. 

Cephalopoda-Con tin ued. 

N autiloidea __________________________ _ 

Orthoceras _______________________ _ 

Paranautilus _____________________ _ 

Proclydonau tilus __________________ _ 

Cosmonautilus ___________________ _ 

Germanonau tilus _________________ _ 

Mojsvaroceras __ ~ _________________ _ 

Syringoceras _____________________ _ 

Juvavionautilus _______ ' ___________ _ 

Oxynautilus __________________ _ 

Grypoceras ______________________ _ 

Subgenus Gryponau tilus _______ _ 

Styrionautilus ____________________ _ 

Clydonautilus ____________________ _ 

Gastropoda ______________________________ _ 

Capulus _____________________________ _ 

Patella _____________________________ --

Collonia _____________________________ _ 

Omphaloptycha _______________________ _ 

W orthenia ___________ ' ________________ _ 

Protorcula ___________________________ _ 

Purpurina _____________________ ~ _____ -_ 

Margarita ______________ :- _____________ _ 

Pelecypoda _______________________________ _ 

Myophoria ________________ ~ __________ _ 

Anoplophora _________________________ _ 

Trigonodus ___________________________ _ 

Cardinia _____________________________ _ 

Cardiornorpha ________________________ _ 

Cardita ______________________________ _ 

Pleurophorus _________________________ _ 

Myoconcha __________________________ _ 

Mytilus _____________________ - ___ - __ - -_ 

Avicula ______________________________ _ 

Cassianella ___________ £ _______________ _ 

Posidonia ____________________________ _ 

IIalobia ______________________________ _ 

Daonella _____________________________ _ 

Monotis ________________ - __ .: - __ - - _ - ~ - _ 

Pseudornonotis ______________ - __ - - _ - - - _ Eurnorphotis ________________________ -_ 

CONTENTS 

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III 

III 

III 

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121 

Systematic descriptions-Continued. 

Mollusca-Contin ued. 

Pelecypoda-Continued. Pecten _______________________________ _ 

Entolium ________________________ _ 

Dimyodon ___________________________ _ 

Lima ________________________________ _ 

Molluscoidea _________________________________ _ 

Brachiopoda _____________________________ _ 

Rhynchonella ________________________ .:. 

Dielasma ____________________________ _ 

Terebratula ___________________________ ' 

Spiriferina ___________________________ _ 

Spirigera _____________________________ _ 

Echinodermata _______________________________ _ 

Crinoidea ____________ ~ ___________________ _ 

Isocrinus _____________________________ _ 

Encrinus _____________________________ _ 

Echinoidea _______________________________ _ 

Cidaris ______________________________ _ 

Coelenterata ____________ ~ ____________________ _ 

Anthozoa ________________________________ _ 

IIexacoralla __________________________ _ 

Astraeidae _______________________ _ 

Montlivaultia ________________ _ 

Stylophyllopsis _______________ _ 

Thecosmilia __________________ _ Isastres ______________________ _ 

Confusastrea _________________ _ 

Latirnaeandrs _________________ _ Fungidae ___________ ~ ____ ~ _______ _ 

Thamnastraea ________________ _ 

IIalomitra ___________________ _ 

Stylophoridae ____________________ _ 

Astrocoenia __________________ _ 

Stephanocoenis _______________ _ Poritidae ________________________ _ 

Spongiomorphinae ____________ _ Spongiomorpha ____ ' _______ _ 

IIeptastylopsis ________ _ 

IIeptasty lis ______________ _ 

Stromatomorpha __________ _ ,IIydrozoa ________________________________ _ 

IIeterastridiurn _______________________ _ Index ____________________________ ~ ______________ _ 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

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PLATES I-CXXI. Upper Triassic marine invertebrate fossils _________________________________________ ~ ___________ 137-259 
UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF 

NORTH AMERICA 

By JAMES PERRIN SMITH 

INTRODUCTION 

Since 1892 the 'Wl'iter has been engaged in the study 

of the Triassic faunas and stratigraphy of North 

Anlerica. 1-Ie has collected at nearly all the principal 

localities in the United States where Triassic marine 

fossils have been found and has had the use of material 

from all the others. This work has been done chiefly 

in cooperation with the United States Geological 

Survey, and the Wl'iter wishes to acknowledge his 

indebtedness to the officers of that institution, 

especially to the director George Otis Smith, and to 

Charles D. Walcott, Joseph S. Dillel', T. W. Stanton, 

and David White for the opportunity to carryon 

and publish this work. ' 

The following !eports, which embody the results of 

completed investigations, have already been published: 

The Carboniferous ammonoids of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 42, 1903. 

The comparative stratigraphy of the marine Trias of western 

America: California Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., Geology, 

vol. 1, No. 10, 1904. 

The stratigraphy of the western American Trias, Von Koenen's 

Festschrift, 1907. . 

The Triassic cephalopod genera of America, by Alpheus Hyatt 

and James Perrin Smith: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, 1905. 

Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 83, 1914. 

Many smaller papers have also beEm published. 

This volume is the third of a series planned many 

ye'ars ago by Alpheus Hyatt and the writer. The 

first volume of this series is Professional Paper 40 and 

the second is Professional Paper 83 of the Geological 

Survey. The fourth volume will present a monographic study of Lower Triassic faunas, which is now 

nearly completed. 

A monographic treatnlent of all recognized invertebrate marine fossils of the Upper Triassic of North 

America is set forth in this volunle. The geologic 

horizons of all known localities are determined, so far 

as possible; and the stratigraphy and correlation are 

discussed. An attempt is luade to place these 

horizons properly in the standard European time scale, 

although it is evident that sonle of these correlations 

, can now be only tentative. 

For convenience of reference there is given below a 

correlation table, showing the position in the stratigraphic column of all known Upper Triassic faunas'in 

North America; also a synopsis of all known Triassic 

faunas and localities in North America. This synopsis 

is necessarily incomplete, but it will serve to show the 

present state of our knowledge and the progress of 

t.hat knowledge in the last 30 years. 

The principal papers in which the Triassic series of 

North America is described are listed below: 

Gabb, W. M., Description of the Triassic fossils of California 

and the adjacent territories: California Geol. Survey, Palaeontology, vol. 1, 1864. 

--- Descriptions of some Secondary fossils from the 

Pacific States: Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 5, 1870. ' 

Meek, F. B., Paleontology: U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 

Rept., vol. 4, pt. 1, 1877. 

White, C. A., Fossils of the Jura-Trias of southeastern Idaho: 

U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. BulL, vol. 5, pp. 105-117, 

1880. 

--- Triassic fossils of southeastern Idaho: U. S. Geol. 

and Geog. S~lrvey Terr. Twelfth Ann. Rept., pt. 1, pp. 105-118, 

1883. 

Whiteaves, J. F., On some fossils from the Triassic rocks of 

British Columbia: Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pp. 127-149, 

1889. 

Hyatt, Alpheus, Jura and Trias at Taylorville, Calif.: Geol. 

Soc. America BulL, vol. 3, pp. 395-412, 1892. 

--- Trias and Jura in the Western States: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., vol. 5, pp. 395-434, 1894. 

Smith, J. P., The metamorphic series of Shasta County, 

Calif.: Jour. Geology, vol. 2, pp. 588-612, 1894. 

--- Age of the auriferous slates of the Sierra Nevada: 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, pp. 243-258, 1894. 

-, -- Mesozoic changes in the faunal geography of California: Jour. Geology, vol. 3, pp. 369-384, 1895. 

--- Classification of marine Trias: Jour. Geology, vol. 4, 

, pp. 385-398, 1896. 

--- Geographic relations of the Trias of California: 

Jour. Geology, vol. 6, pp. 776-786, 1898. 

--- Ueber Pelecypoden-Zonen in der Trias NordAmerikas: Centralbl. Mineralogie, 1902, pp. 689-695. 

--- The comparative stratigraphy of the marine Trias 

of western America: California Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., 

Geology, vol. 1, pp. 323-430, 1904. 

~yatt, Alpheus, and Smith, J. P., The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 1905. 

Smith, J. P., The stratigraphy of the western American Trias: 

Festschrift, Adolf von Koenen, pp. 377-434, 1907. 

Frech, F., Die Zirkumpacifische Trias: Lethaea Geognostica. 

Teil2, Das'Mesozoicum, Band 1, Lief. 4, 1908. 

Smith, J. P., On the distribution of Lower Triassic faunas: 

Jour. Geology, vol. 20, pp. 13-20, 1912. 

--- The occurrence of coral reefs in the Triassic of North 

America: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 33, pp. 92-96, 1912. 

Diener, C., The Trias of the Himalayas: India Geol. Survey 

Mem., vol. 36, pt. 3, 1912. 

Smith, J. P., The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas 

of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 83,1914. 

1 
2 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Welter, O. A., Die obertriadischen Ammoniten und Nautiloiden von Timor: PaHi.ontologie von Timor, Lief. 1, 1914. 

Diener, C., Die marinen Reiche der Triasperiode: K. Akad. 

Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 92, pp. 405-549, 1915. 

Smith, J. P., The geologic formations of California, with 

reconnaissance geologic map: California State Min. BJr. 

Bull. 72, 1916. 

Martin, G. C., Triassic rocks of Alaska: Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., vol. 27, pp. 685-718, 1916. 

Diener, C., Neue Ammonoidea leiostraca aus den Hallstatter 

Kalken des Salzkammergutes: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., 

Diener, C., Neue Tropitoidea aus den Hallstatter Kalken des 

Salzkammergutes: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 97, 

pp. 465-519, 1920. 

GEOLOGIC RELATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN UPPER 

TRIASSIC INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS 

The geologic relations of the beds containing the 

Upper Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North 

America are shown in the following table: 

Band '97, pp. 341-389, 1919. 

Relations of North American Upper Triassic invertebrate faunas 

--

European California Nevada Oregon 'British Columbia Alaska 

equiv- . alents 

-- I .~ I 

~ 

CD (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) ~ 

,J:::l 

~ 

~ I McCarthy forma-

-; P seudomonotis zone tion, with Pseu- ,J:::l Pseudomonotis zone with with P. subcircu- Pseudomonotis domonotis subcir- 00 P. subcircularis, Rhabdo- Pseudomonotis ~ ceras, and H alorites. laris, Rhabdoceras, zone. zone with cularis and Arni- Q and H alorites. Arniotites. otites. .~ ,... 

0 Thickness, 1,000 feet. ,... Thickness, 1,000 feet. Thickness, 2,000 0 ~ feet. Z 

~ I Spiriferina zone. Sutton formation Coral zone of Gra-

'00 I Coral zone. Coral zone. wit h Coral vina Island and 00 

~ Coral zone. zone. Iliamna Lake. 

·c 

E-4 -- ,... ~ d CD ~ 

~ 0 P- o Juvavites subzone, ~ P- ~ 

00 ~ with Tropites, Ju- ~ P CD 0 S ~ ~ vavites, Metasi- ,... <IJ birites, and H alo- 0 Nizina limestone. 00 ;::! .... ~ ] bia ornatissima. ~ 

~ Chitistone lime- CD Beds bearing ~ ~ ~ stone with Ju- H alobia-bearing beds . H alobia oregon- ~ 00 ..c 00 ..c vavites, Tropites, ,... ensis. ·S 0 ;::! 7'rachyceras subzone, ~ and H alobia su- ~ ,... <IJ ~ 

with Tropites, U1 ~ <IJ perba. ~ ~ Paratropites, Clio- ."" ~ nites, Trachyceras, <:l 

"- and Halobia su- ~ perba. 

H alobia rugosa zone, with Dawsonites zone. Dawsonites zone? ~ Trachyceras storrsi. 

---- -; 

,J:::l 

00 CD.~ - 00 '"000 

~ Daonella zone, with Muschelkalk Muschelkalk i:i:: :9.~ Ceratites trinodosus fauna. fauna. ~E-4 I fauna. 

OUTLINE OF THE AMERICAN TRIASSIC SEA 

During the time represented by the Meekoceras zone 

of the Lower Triassic there was a sea in what is now 

the Great Basin, which opened to the northwest and 

connected around the old Pacific shore line with Asia. 

The ,Bering portal was open; so this sea was connected 

with the Arctic Sea as well as with the Oriental 

Tethys. 

During the time represented by the Tirolites zone 

this sea was united through the Central American 

portal with the Mediterranean, presumably through a 

mid-Atlantic archipelago; but neither Asiatic nor 

Boreal immigration took place. 

In the Oolumbites zone there was only Boreal influx 

through the Bering portal, letting in the Arctic fauna, 

which came down to Idaho on the east, and down to 

Albania, presumably through the Ural portal, on the 

west~ 

The Parapopanoceras zone marks the ending of the 

Boreal connection, and no connection was yet established with the Oriental or the Mediterranean regions. ' 

During the time represented by the Oeratites 

trinodosus zone the Mediterranean, and Atlantic 
NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE FAUNA 3 

furnished the lnain channel for intermigration, but 

sonle internligration also took place with Asia and the 

Boreal region. 

At the beginning of Upper Triassic time the Halobia' 

T'l.lgosa zone shows only Mediterranean influence, 

whereas the Dawsonites zone, probably contemporaneous, shows only Boreal influence. There was then 

probahly only a climatic barrier between the faunas of 

California and those of British Columbia and Alaska. 

During the time :represented by the Tropites subbullatus zone the isotherms had probably shifted to 

the north, for no barrier is apparent between California 

and Alaska. This fauna is strictly Mediterranean in 

its kinship; it is rich in European genera and species 

up to southern Alaska and still shows some, likeness 

to the Mediterranean up to Nation River in northern 

Alaska. 

Dill-ing the epoch of the lower N oric coral zone there 

was no barrier between the Mediterranean region and 

California, nor any climatic difference between the 

California sea and southern Alaska, for the same species 

of corals were building reefs in all three regions. 

In the time represented by the Pseudomonotis zone 

the European connection was cut off, and intermigration took place through the Bering portal, which 

opened into the Arctic Sea. This fauna came down 

on both sides of the north Pacific, and spread southward even below California, probably under the in-, 

fluence of a Boreal current. 

With this epoch the marine Triassic history of 

North America ends, for everywhere, from Alaska to 

California, the oldest Jurassic beds lie unconformably 

upon the upturned edges of the Triassic. ' 

TRIASSIC LOCALITIES AND HORIZONS IN NORTH 

AMERICA 

The following synopsis shows the Triassic localities 

and horizons in ascending order in North America: 

Lower Triassic 

M eekoce1'as zone: 

Southeastern Idaho (Aspen Mountains and Bear Lake). 

South central Utah. 

Eastern Nevada (Phelan ranch). 

Inyo County, Calif. 

Ti1'olites zone: Southeastern Idaho (Bear Lake). 

Columbites zone: Southeastern Idaho (Bear Lake). 

Middle Triassic 

Pampopanoceras zone: Inyo Mountains, Calif. 

Ceratites trinodosus zone: 

West Humboldt Range, Nev. 

East Range, Nev. 

Desatoya. Mountains, Nev. 

Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

British Columbia, Kamloops district, 

Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 

Upper Triassic 

Halobia rugosa zone: Brock Mountain, Shasta County,~Calif. 

• Dawsonites' zone = H alobia rugosa zone: 

Liard ,River, British Columbia. 

(?) Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island, Alaska. 

(?) Nation River, Yukon Valley, Alaska. 

Tropites subbullatus zone: 

Tmchyceras subzone: 

Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genesee Valley, Plumas County, Calif. 

Rush Creek, F~ather River, Plumas County, Calif. 

West Humboldt Range, Nev. 

Eagle River, Blue Mountains, Oreg. 

Zacatecas, Mexico. 

Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island, Alaska. 

Nation River, Yukon Valley, Alaska. 

Juvavites subzone (=Halobia ornatissima subzone): 

Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genesee Valley, Plumas County, Calif. 

Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island, Alaska. 

Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska. 

Chitina River, Alaska. 

Copper River region, Alaska. 

Nation River, Yukon Valley, Alaska. 

Coral zone: 

Brock Mountain and Cow Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

West Humboldt Range, Nev. 

Pilot Mountain, Esmeralda County, Nev. 

Eagle Creek, Blue Mountains, Oreg. 

Sutton formation, Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island. 

Gravina Island, Alaska. 

(?) Admiralty Island, Alaska (Myophoria suttonensis zone)'. 

Chitina River, Alaska. 

Iliamna Lake, near Cook Inlet, Alaska. 

Pseudomonotis zone: 

Genesee Valley, Plumas County, Calif. 

Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

American Canyon, Placer County, Calif. 

West Humboldt Range, Nev. 

Wallowa Lake, Blue Mountains, Oreg. 

Vancouver Island. 

Queen Charlotte Islands. 

British Columbia (numerous minor localities). 

Copper River region, Alaska. 

Nation River, Alaska. 

Arctic Mountains, Alaska (and many minor localities). 

Rhaetic plant-bearing beds: Numerous minor localities in 'New 

Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. 

NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE FAUNA 

The invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of 

western America, described in this volume, totals S14 

species. These species include 167 ammonoids, 17 

nautiloids, 4 belemnoids, 14 gastropods, 52 pelecypods, 

22 brachiopods, 4 echinoderms, 33 corals, and 1 

hydroid. The ammonoids are represented by 44 

genera and 9 subgenera, the nautiloids by 12 genera, 

the belemnoids by 3 genera, the gastropods by 10 

genera the pelecypods by 1 9 genera, the brachiopods 

by 5 genera, the corals by 13 genera, and the hydro ids 

by 1 genus. Of the total number of species the great 

majority-208 species-occurs in the Tropites subbullatus zone of the Hosselkus limestone on Brock, 

Mountain and its continuation in Shasta County, Calif. 

In the coral zone of N oric age, also in the Hosselkus 

limestone, 17 additional species have been recognized16 corals and 1 brachiopod. The Pseudomonotis zone 

of P1acer County, Calif., adds 3 to this list, and the same 

horizon in Plumas County adds 6, making a total of 234 

species for the Upper Triassic of California. The rest of 

America, including Nevada, Oregon, British Columbia, 

and Alaska, add only 80 species to the total list. 
4 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

All these species are given in full under the proper 

localities and in the systematic list on pages 14-20. 

LOCALITIES OF UPPER TRIASSIC FOSSILS IN NORTH 

AMERICA 

SHASTA COUNTY, CALIF. 

The locality in North America that has yielded the 

largest number of Upper Triassic fossils is on Brock 

Mountain, the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, in Shasta County, Calif. The Hosselkus limestone crops out almost continuously from the junction 

of Cedar and Little Cow creeks near the Afterthought 

mine. It strikes northwestward, crosses Pit River 

near Brock's ranch, rises into the massive ridge of 

Brock Mountain, and finally dips under the Tertiary 

lavf;t near the head of Squaw Creek., Along this entire 

distance of over 30 miles the dark shale bearing Pseudomonotis subcircular~s (Brock shale) overlies the limestone and is recognizable by its lithology and by the 

presence of Pseudo mono tis . 

Fossils occur almost everywhere in the limestone but 

are most abundant at the south and at the north end 

of Brock Mountain; at the junction' of Cedar and 

Little Cow creeks, where the coral zone is best exposed; 

and on the North Fork of Squaw Creek, about 3 miles 

north of Kelly's ranch, ·where the best collections come 

from the J uvavites subzone. 

A general section of the beds in this region is given 

below, but the thickness of the limestone is not constant; it increases from about 150 feet on Cedar Creek 

to about 400 feet on Brock Mountain and then decreases to a thin edge on North Fork of Squaw Creek. 

Triassic section in Shasta County, Calif., showing European time equivalents 

System Europe!ln or 

series eqUlvalents 

---

c5 .;::: 

0 

z 

c5 

';;j 

00 

~ --- .;::: 

E-t 

"" Q.) 

0.. 

~ .. 

c5 

'13 

"" ~ 

~ 

I 

Q.)c5 Q) ::a "ClCQ ';;j ~~ 

~as 

:§~ ::S,.!4 

:g 

Formation 

,..!o:l' C)Cll 

oas 

~CQ ""~ 

cD 

~ 

0 -P 

00 Q.) 

S 

:=1 

00 

::s 

~ 00 

00 

0 

~ 

cD 

~ ~ rI.l 

-P 

i:i: 

Fossils and character of beds 

Black slates that carry Pseudomonotis subcircularis, Rhabdoceras, and Halorites. 

Spiriferina zone (hard siliceous limestone full of brachiopods). 

Coral zone; numerous reefs of Astraeidae, Isastrea, Stephanocoenia, Astrocoenia, Thamnastraea, and Thecosmilia. 

Juvavites subzone (hard limestone that carries abundant ammonites, Juvavites, 

Gonionotites, Discophyllites, Tropites welleri, and other fossils). 

Trachyceras subzone (shaly limestone that carries Tropites subbullatus, Tropites 

torquillus, Tropites dilleri. Discotropites sandlingensis, Paratropites, Trachyceras 

lecontei, Trachyceras shastense, H alobia superba, and other fossils). 

Calcareous shales full of Halobia superba and a few,crushed Trachyceras. 

Thickness 

(feet) 

800? 

100 

50 

50 

100 

H alobia rugosa zone (shales and black argillites that carry H alobia rugosa and crushed 

Trachyceras). 1501 

Unconformity? . 

Black siliceous shales, altered tuffs, and igneous rocks that carry Ceratites cf. C. humboldtensis, Ptychites, and other fossils. 1,5001 

---;----!----I Unconformity . ..... I 

~ ~ . ::s 

u.i ~S§ o "" ..... Tuffs and shaly limestones that carry Fusulina elongata and other fossils. 0 Z.£-P 

Q.) "" 

!'::l 

~ "ClcD 0 ::S~ ..0 00 "" --P ~ 0 00 

0 C)Q.) 

Limestone that carries Fusulina robusta, Fusulina cylindrica, and other fossils. 

:g~ 

The Karnic fauna of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone 

of Brock Mountain (the Trachyceras subzone and 

Juvavites subzone of the Hosselkus limestone) is 

listed in full below; the two faunal subzones are distinguished in separate columns. 

The fossils of the Trachyceras subzone are most 

abundant and best preserved at the' south end of 

Brock Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch,' 

near the trail across to Pit River. Those of the 

Juvavites subzone are most abundant at the north 
LOCALITIES OF UPPER TRIASSIC FOSSILS IN NORTH AMERICA 5 

end of Brock Mountain, 5 miles north of Madison's 

ranch, and also on North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 

miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. 

Of the alnmonoids and nautiloids of the Tropites 

subbuZlatus zone of California 25 per cent are identical 

with species in the Mediterranean Triassic, and in all 

37 per cent are either identical with or very nearly 

related to species in that region. This kinship applies 

equally to all the groups of invertebrates and extends 

through the faunas from the bottom of the Halobia 

rugosa zone to the top of the coral zone. It is therefore not due merely to the kinship of the original 

immigrants but was maintained by continued intermigration. Many of these same species are also 

found in the Mediterranean region, which shows a 

much closer connection between the American and the 

Mediterranean regions. The Great Basin sea was 

then the western end of the ancient Tethys, of which 

the Indian sea was the eastern limit. 

The most noteworthy feature of this fauna is the 

abundance of Trachyceras at the lower horizon of the 

Tropites subbullatus zone; in the Mediterranean that 

genus had disappeared before the advent of the 

Tropites subbullatus fauna. 

Another relnarkable feature is the abundance of 

Olionites in 'the middle of the Tropites subbullatus 

zone' in California. Elsewhere Olionites is almost 

diagnostic of tIle N oric. In the Mediterranean and 

in India Metasibirites also is characteristic of the 

N oric, whereas in California it occurs only in the 

J uvavites subzone of the Tropites subbullatus zone. 

Another feature is the considerable number of 

species which in California occur only in the J uvavites 

subzone and are said to occur in the Mediterranean 

in the zone of Lobites ellipticus, below the zone of 

Tropites subbullatus. These species are Pinacoceras 

rex, J uvavites sub interruptus , Microtropites tub ercularis , 

Margarites senilis, Metatirolites subpygmaeus, Thisbites uhligi. 

It therefore seems that Tropites, Metasibirites, 

Olionites, and probably Trachyceras ar~ of American 

origin; whereas Juvavites and many of its associates 

in the Juvavites subzone must have come from the 

Mediterranean. On the other hand, the species of 

Tropites in the Juvavites subzone of California are 

not nearly related to Mediterranean forms but are 

endemic, derived from local ancestors. 

The Juvavites subzone of California contains a considerable number of species closely related to forms 

known in the Sicilian Karnic stage, notably of Juvavites, Margarites, Gonionotites, Discophyllites, and 

Tropites of the group of Tropites mojsvarensis. It is 

likely that the Sicilian Karnic beds include a higher 

stage which is not well known in the Hallstatt district· of the Alps. 

The zone of Tropites' subbullatus in California is 

rather sharply separated into two faunal subzonesa 'lower, the Trachyceras subzone, which carries an 

abundance of Trachyceras, Tropites of the' group 

Tropites subbullatus, Paratropites, and Olionites; and 

an upper, the Juvavites subzone, which carries a few 

survivors of the Tropites subbullatus group and an 

abundance of Tropites of the Tropites mojsvarensis 

group, Juvavites, Gonionotites, Metasibirites, and Arcestes. Discotropites, Sagenites, and the nautiloids 

occur in nearly equal numbers in the, two, faunal 

subzones. 

In its broader sense, the zone of Tropites subbullatus 

is one of the great interregional correlation zones of 

the earth, for it carries very closely related faunas in 

(1) the Mediterranean region; (2) the Californian 

province of the western American region; (3) the 

Alaskan province; and (4) the Indian region. This 

wide distribution is rivaled only by that of the 

Meekoceras fauna of the Lower Triassic ,and of the 

Arietites fauna of the Lower Jur~ssic, but both these 

faunas show little identity of species in remote parts 

of the earth. 

There was certainly no restricted Arctic-Pacific 

province for this epoch of the Triassic; but rather the 

province was coextensive with the ancient Tethys, 

which stretched from the old Mediterranean westward across the Atlantic to the Californian province 

and northward to Alaska and eastward from the 

Mediterranean to the Indian, region, for thus far does 

the community of species extend. 

Karnic fa'una of the Tropites subbullatus zone of Brock Mountain, Calif. 

Species Trachyceras 

subzone 

Tropites armatus Smith______________________ X 

arthaberi Smith_. _____________________________ _ bohmi Smith _________________________________ _ brockensis Smith ______________________________ _ dieneri Smith _________________________________ _ dilleri Smith _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

discobullatus Mojsisovics_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

fusobullatus Mojsisovics ______________ - - - - X 

hessi Smith __________________________________ _ j ol~~soni. ~mit~ _______________________________ _ kelh MOlSlSOVlCS •• ____________________________ _ kellyi Smith __________________________________ _ kokeni Smit _______________________ ~ __________ _ mojsvarensis Smith ___________________________ _ 

48172-27--2 

Juvavites 

subzone 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Trachy- Juva· 

Species ceras vites 

subzone subzone 

Tropites morani Smith ______________ '- ______________ _ X 

morloti Mojsisovics ___________________ - - _ - X 

occidentalis Smith________________________ X _____ _ philippi Smith. ____ .. __________________________ _ reticulatus Smith ______________________________ _ rotatorius Smith. _____________________________ _ rothpletzi Smith _____________________ ~ ________ _ schellwienensis Smith. _________________________ _ shastensis Smith. _____________________________ _ 

stearnsi Smith. _______________________________ _ 

subbullatus Hauer________________________ X 

torquillus Mojsisovics____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X traski Smith ___________ ,... ______________________ _ 

ursensis Smith. _______________________________ _ 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
6 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Karnic fauna of the Tropites subbullatus zone of Brock .71,{ ountain, Calif,-Continued 

Species 

Tropites welleri Smith ___________________ - __ _ wodani Mojsisovics _________________ - - - __ 

Anatropites hauchecornei Moj sisovics _____ - - - _ - Microtropites tubercularis Mojsisovics ____ - - - -- Margarites jokelyi Hauer ____________________ _ senilis Mojsisovics ________________ -_ -- --- septentrionalis Smith _______________ - - - __ Discotropites davisi Smith ___________________ _ 

empedoclis Gemmellaro _________ - - - - --- -- formosus Smith _________ .: ____ - - - - - - - - --- gemmellaroi Smith ___________________ - __ laurae Mojsisovics ________________ - _ - - - __ lineatus Smith _______________________ - __ 

mojsvarensis Smith ___________ - _ - ___ - - - -- sandlingensis Hauer ____________ - ___ - - - - - sengeli Mojsisovics ___________ - - - _ - - - - - -- theron Mojsisovics _____________ - ___ - - - -- Paratropites arnoldi Smith ________________ - __ antiselli Smith _________________________ _ 

dittmari Mojsisovics _______________ - - - ---

~~~~h~S~~h~~= = == == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = sellal MOlSlSOVlCS _______________ -- - - - - - --

(Gymnotropites) americanus Hyatt and Smith __ californicus Smith ____________________ --- laevis Smith ___________________________ _ 

rotundus Smith ____________________ --- -- ya tesi Smi th _________________________ - _ - (Paulotropites) colei Smith __________________ _ shastensis Smith _______________________ _ Tornquistites evolutus Hyatt and Smith ______ _ obolinus Dittmar _______________________ _ 

Homerites semiglobosus Hauer _______________ _ Jovites pacificus Smith __________________ - _ --- (Bacchites) bacchus Mojsisovics ______________ _ pinguis Smi th __________________________ _ sphaericus Smith _______________________ _ 

Leconteiceras californicum Hyatt and Smith ___ _ occidentale Smith ______________________ _ 

Celtites steindachneri Mojsisovics ___ ~ ________ _ Tropiceltites caducus Dittmar _______________ _ Sagenites dickersoni Smith __________________ _ erinaceus Dittmar ______________________ _ 

herbichi Moj sisovics ____________________ _ shastensis Smith _______________________ _ Juvavites adalberti Mojsisovics ______________ _ brockensis Smith _______________________ _ damesi Mojsisovics _____________________ _ edgari Mojsisovics ______________________ _ 

externiplicatus Mojsisovics ______________ _ intermittens Mojsisovics ________________ :- kellyi Smith ___________________________ _ knowltoni Smith _______________________ _ 

konnincki Mojsisovics __________________ _ mendenhalli Smith _____________________ _ 

obsoletus Smith _______________________ --

Tracby· 

ceras 

subzone 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

shastensis Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ 

subintermittens Hyatt and Smith ________ _ subinterruptus Mojsisovics ______________ _ strongi Smi th __________________________ _ 

Gonionotites hyatti Smith ___________________ _ northi Smith _________________________________ _ 

Metasibirites brockensis Smith _____________________ _ coei Smith __________________________________ _ 

frechi Hyatt and Smith _______________________ _ gracilis Smith ________________________________ _ 

modest us Smith _____ , _________________________ _ mojsvarensis Smith ___________________________ _ parvus Hyatt and Smith ______________________ _ pusillus Smith _______________________________ _ pygmaeus Smith _____________________________ _ shastensis Smith _____________________________ _ Arcestes carpen teri Smith _________________________ _ 

pacificus Hyatt and Smith_______________ X 

shastensis Smith _____________________________ _ traski Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ X· 

whitneyi Smith ______________________________ _ 

winnemae Smith __ --------- __________ -- _I X 

Paraganides californicus Hyatt and Smith______ X 

Juva· 

vites 

subzone 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Tracby· Juva· 

Species ceras vites 

subzone subzone 

Dieneria arthaberi Hyatt and Smith __ - _ - _ - _ - - - X 

Fremontites ashleyi Hyatt and Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Hauerites lawsoni Smith_____________________ X 

Klamathites kellyi Smith _________________________ _ schucherti Smith _______________________ - _____ _ 

Pinacoceras rex Mojsisovics _____ - - - - - ___ - - - - - _____ _ Discophyllites patens Mojsisovics ____________ _ Sirenites lawsoni Hyatt and Smith __ :.. ________ .;._ 

Sandlingites andersoni Hyatt and Smith _______ _ oribasus Dittmar _______________________ _ 

Trachyceras beckeri Smith ____ - - - - - ___ - _ - _ - -- californicum Smith ___________ - _________ _ lecontei Hyatt and Smith _____________ ' __ _ lindgreni Smith __________ - _ - - - _________ _ 

madisonense Smith ______ - - - - - - _______ - __ shastense Smith __________ - - _ - _________ _ 

Clionites americus Smith ______ - - - - - _________ _ californicus Hyatt and Smith ____________ _ careyi Smith. ____________ - - - - - _________ _ compactus Smith _________ - -- - _________ _ compressus Hyatt and Smith __ - _________ _ evolutus Smith _____________ -- _ - _______ _ fairbanksi Hyatt and Smith __ - - _________ _ merriami Hyatt and Smith ______________ _ minutus Smith _________________________ _ 

nanus Smith __________ - - - - - - - - - - ___ - ___ _ osmonti Smith __________ - - - -- - _ - _______ _ robustus Hyatt and Smith __ - - - _________ _ rugosus Hyatt and Smith ___ .:. - - _________ _ stan toni Smith ___________ - - - - - _________ _ tornquisti Smith __________ - - - - _________ _ whitneyi Smith _____________ - - _________ _ 

Metatirolites foliaceus Dittmar ____ - _________ _ quadrangulus Hauer ________ - - - _________ _ subpygmaeus Mojsisovics __ - - - - _________ _ Thisbites uhligi Mojsisovics _______ - _______ . __ _ Polycyclus henseli OppeL ______ - - - - _________ _ maj or Smi th __________ - _ - - - - - - _ - _______ _ nodifer Hyatt and Smith ________________ _ Choristoceras kellyi Smith _______ - - ________ ~_ 

klamathense Smith ______ - - - - - - _________ _ Arpadites gabbi Hyatt' and Smith ____________ _ kingi Smith ___ ~ _________ - - - - - _________ _ 

Atractites drakei Smith ______ - - - - - - _________ _ philippii Hyatt and Smith _______________ _ Dictyoconites ainericanus Smith _____________ _ Orthoceras shastense Hyatt and Smith ________ _ Proclydonautilus hessi Smith ________________ _ sauperi Hauer _________________________ _ 

spirolobus Dittmar __________ • __________ _ stan toni Smi th _____________ - ___________ _ 

triadicus Mojsisovics ____ - - - - ___________ _ Oxynautilus acutus Mojsisovics ______________ _ 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Grypoceras cooperi Smith ___________________ _ 

Mojsvaroceras turneri Hyatt and Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Cosmonautilus dilleri Hyatt and Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X hersheyi Smith _________________________ 1 _____ _ 

pacific us Smith _________________________ 1 _____ _ shastensis Smith _______________________ _ 

,Halobia cordilleran a Smith ________________________ _ austriaca Mojsisovics _________________________ _ gigan tea Smith _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ 

cf. H. rugosa GuembeL__________________ X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

'X 

X 

X 

X 

X orna X tis sima Smi th _______________________ I' - - - - - -

superba Mojsisovics:' - ------- --_ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ X X Posidonia jacksoni Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

madisonensis Smith_____________________ X 

Avicula soperi Smith________________________ X 

Gervilleia shastensis Smith __ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Pecten sheddi Smith _______________________ ::_ X' _____ _ Lima kimballi Smith ________________________ 'X 

Dimyodon storrsi Smith _____________________ I______ X Pachyca~dia .di~gles~ Smith ________________ ; _ _ X 

Cardlta lenkmsl Smlth_______________________ ______ X 

Myophoria brockensis Smith _________________ ;______ X 

Mytilus ursensis Smith ______________________ I______ X 

Myoconcha nana Smith ______________________ I' - - - - - - X 

Anoplophora shastensis Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X Unic~rdium gleimi Smith____________________ ______ X 
LOCALITIES OF UPPER TRIASSIC FOSSILS IN NORTH AMERICA 7 

Karnic fauna of the Tropites subbullatus zone of Brock Mountain, Calif.-Continued 

Species 

Tracbycems 

subzone 

Juva- I 

vites 

subzone 

Worthenia klamathensis Smith_______________ ______ X 

Collonia occidentalis Smith__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

obesa Smith____________________________ ______ X 

Patella shechani Smith______________________ X 

stuarti Smith___________________________ X 

Capulus silverthorni Smith___________________ X 

Omphaloptychia shastensis Smith _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Dielasma julicum Bittner____________________ X X 

Terebratula pyriformis Suess _______ .:_________ X X 

Spiriferina coreyi Smith __________________________ - _ X 

Spirigera milesi Smith_______________________ ______ X 

Rhynchonella howardi Smith ________________ - X X 

richardsoni Smith_______________________ X X 

winnemae Smith________________________ X X 

Isocrinus californicus Clark __________________ - X X 

Lower Noric fauna of the coral zone of the Hosselkus limestone of 

Brock Mountain, Calif. 

Spongiomorpha dendriformis Smith. 

cf. S. gibbosa Frech. 

tenuis Smith. 

Stromatomorpha californica Smith. 

Thecosmilia cf. T. fenestrata Reuss. 

Stylophyllopsis mojsvari Frech. 

Confusastrea decussata Reuss. 

Isastrea vancouverensis Clapp and Shimer. 

Isastrea profunda Reuss. 

Latimaeandra eucystis Frech. 

Stephanocoenia. cf. S. juvavica Frech. 

Astrocoenia shastensis Smith. 

Thamnastraea rectilamellosa val'. minor Frech. 

rectilamellosa Winkler. 

Spiriferin~ pittensis Smith. 

The Brock shale, about 1,000 feet thick, lies above 

the I-Iosselkus limestone. In it only Pseudomonotis 

subci7'cularis has been identified. 

At the junction of Cedar Creek and Little Cow 

Creek, 3 miles east of the Afterthought mine, Shasta 

County, Calif., the Upper Triassic is well exposed, 

both the I-Iosselkus limestone and the Brock shale 

being present. 

In the I-Iosselkus limestone, in the lower N oric coral 

zone, the writer has recognized the following forms: 

Species from the coral zone of Ceda?' Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Isastrea profunda. 

vancouverensis. 

Confusastrea grandissima. 

Stephanocoenia cf. S. juvavica. 

Latimaeandra eucystis. 

Thamnastraea rectilamellosa. 

Spongiomorpha dendriformis. 

cf. S. gibbosll. 

Spiriferina pittensis. 

Undetermined brachiopods, pelecypods, and ammonites. 

In the Pseudomonotis zone only Pseudomonotis subcircuZaris was identified. The writer has also found an 

isolated outcrop of the Hosselkus limestone on Bear 

Mountain, 2 miles northwest of Sherman's ranch and 

18 miles northeast of Redding. The fauna of the beds 

here, which is the same as at the other localities, is 

Tracby- Juva· 

Species ceras vites 

subzone subzone 

Shastasaurus alexandrae Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

altispinus Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

careyi Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

osmonti Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

pacificus Merriam_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Delphinosaurus perrini Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X' 

Merriamia zitteli Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Toretocnemus californicus Merriam_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X Thalatto~a.urus a~exandrae Merriam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X perrllll MerrIam _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

shastensis Merriam______________________ X X 

N ectosaurus halinus Merriam_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Hybodus shastensis Wemple _________________ ~ X 

Acrodus wempleae Jordan____________________ X 

characterized by Tropites s?-tbbullatus, Paratropites 

sellai, Discotropites sandlingensis, Sagenites herbichi, 

Trachyceras, Atractites, Halobia superba, and many 

other forms. 

The lower Noric coral zone has added another great 

interregional correlation zone to those already known 

in the Triassic. It extends westward from the Mediterranean region to California, northward from there' 

to Alaska, and eastward to the Himalayas in India. 

In all these regions it is characterized by the abundance 

of reef-forming Astraeidae, nearly related to modern 

reef-building forms that do not flourish in water that 

has a temperature below 74° F. It is highly probable 

that this equable temperature extended at least to 61 ° 

north latitude in the north Pacific. How far north it 

Inay have extended in the Mediterranean-Atlantic region there is no way of telling, for there is no strictly 

Inarine Triassic in Europe north of the Alps, in 45° 

north latitude. 

The coral fauna of the Upper Triassic, composed 

almost entirely of Hexacoralla, is unexpectedly rich 

for that early period. In the N oric coral zone of western Am.erica there are 6 genera and 18 species of Astraeidae, 2 genera and 3 species of Stylophoridae, 2 

genera' and 4 species of Fungidae, 3 genera and 8 species of Poritidae; in all, 18 genera and 33 species. 

The principal localities for this fauna are Brock 

Mountain and Cow Creek, Shasta County, Calif.; 

Eagle Creek, in the Blue Mountains; Oreg.; Cowichan 

Lake, Vancouver Island; Gravina Island, Alaska; and 

Iliamna Lake, near Cook Inlet, Alaska. 

Of this fauna, Astrocoenia and Stephanocoenia are 

still building reefs in the West Indies, and Halomitra 

still lives on the reefs in. the South Sea. Spongiomorpha is ancestral to Porites and Goniopora; Thecosmilia to Mussa/ Latimaeandra is probably ancestral 

to the recent brain corals Maeandra an~ Lepto7'ia; . 

Isastr~a is very similar to Goniastrea, and probably 

ancestral to it; Oorifusastrea is probably ancestral to 

07'bicella; and Thamnasttaea to Siderastrea and the 

f. the : more modern Fungidae. Of these corals thlol 

chief reef builders are Isasirea, G011:.iusastrea, Spongier 
8 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS .OF NORTH AMERICA 

morpha, and Stromatomorpha. The Triassic -reefs 

were masses of Isastrea and Oorifusastrea, with fringes 

of the branching and solid stocks of the massive 

Spongiomorpha, as on the modern reefs the Astraeidae 

have fringes of Porites, Madrepora, and Pocillopora. 

The thin incrusting Fungidae, Agaricia and similar 

forms, had their counterpart in Thamnastraea. The 

rare Halomitra of the South Sea lived on the reefs 

then as now. The slender and delicate Thecosmilia 

·flourished on sheltered parts of the reef, as Mussa does 

in this day. 

The species that are useful for interregional correlation are Spongiomorpha (Heptastylopsis) gibbosa, 

Spongiomorpha (Heptastylopsis) ramosa, Stephanoco~nia juvamca, Isastrea profunda, Oonfusastrea decussata, Oorifusastrea grandissima, Thecosmilia fenestrata, Thamnastraea rectilamellosa, all common and 

characteristic species in the Tyrolian Alps and all 

found at the same lower N oric horizon in the western 

American coral zone. Along with these species there 

are others of the same genera and other genera with 

species different from their European relatives, as Latimaeandra and Astrocoenia. The S pOrJ,giomorpha 

group is much more common in the American than in 

the Mediterranean region, though that may be an ac- . 

cident of collecting. The only genus thus far found 

in the American fauna and not known to occur in the 

Mediterranean fauna is the rare H alomitra. The 

coral zone fauna of America is an exact counterpart of 

that of the Zlambach beds of the Alps and giv.es us 

one of the most clearly defined interregional correlation zones in the Triassic. 

The general aspect of the Triassic reefs of America 

must have been strangely mQdern, but not like that 

of the region where .they are found as fossils. Instead 

of the massive mountains of California, Nevada, and 

Oregon there was a marginal archipelago, the outer 

barrier of the Triassic basin sea, probably very like 

that which now exists in the East Indies. Around the 

islands of this archipelago extended fringing reefs, as 

they do now in the coral seas. On the reefs flourished 

corals, a few of them generically identical with those 

now building reefs and others wonderfully like their 

modern descendants, probably like them in life even· 

in the bright colors. ' 

Around the reefs of the East Indies live the brilliant 

Nautilus and the exotic-looking pearl oysters. These 

forms also abounded on the American Triassic reefs 

and in addition those remarkable cousins of the 

Nautilus, the multiform Ammonites, which have no 

counterpart in modern life. 

The islands with their fringing reefs are swallowed 

up in the massive Cordilleran mountain system. The 

marginal sea that extended along the west coast of 

North America is dry land. The climate has changed 

from that of the balmy hotb.ouse Tropics, where the 

sea water had a temperature of more than 70° F., to 

the. kindly air of California, the arid continental waste 

of Nevada, and the biting cold temperate air of 

Alaska. Only the fossils remain as mute but certain 

evidence of ancient conditions. 

PLUMAS COUNTY, CALIF. 

The Triassic of California was first discovered in 

Plumas County, in Genesee Valley, on Indian Creek, 

near Robinson's ranch. The section there is very 

much the same as that in Shasta County, except that 

nothing older than the Halobiarbearing slates is known, 

and the Hosselkus limestone is not nearly so thick 

nor so rich in fossils as it is in the Brock Mountain 

section. The massive limestone, corresponding to the 

beds of the Trachyceras subzone of Shasta County, is 

comparatively barren of fossils, whereas the beds of 

the Pseudomonotis zone are better exposed and richer 

in fossils. 

Section of Triassic rocks in Genesee Valley, Plumas County, 

Calif· 

Upper Triassic: 

Noric: 

Pseudomonotis-bearing shales and limestones (Swearinger slate) with Pseudomonotis subcircularis, H alorites americanus, Rhabdoceras russelli, Arcestes cf. 

A. andersoni, Atractites sp. undet., and a few other 

forms. 

Karnic: 

Massive Hosselkus limestone with a few fossils (corresponding to the Tropites subbullatus zone of Sbasta 

County). 

Slates with Halobia superba, Tropites cf. T. subbullatus. 

This section agrees with that observed in Shasta 

County, Calif., and in the Muttleberry Mountains, 

West Humboldt Range, N ev. 

Fossils from the Pseudomonotis zone of Genesee Valley, Plumas 

. County, Calif. 

Arcestes andersoni? 

Halorites americanus. 

Rhabdoceras russelli. 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis. 

Avicula mucronata. 

Pecten deformis. 

Species not recognized (names only) 

Daonella tenuistriata Hyatt. 

Pecten (Hemientolium) daytonensis Hyatt. 

Pecten inexpectans Hyatt. 

Pecten lasseni Hyatt. 

Lima acuta Hyatt. 

Inoceramus? gervillioides Hyatt. 

Inoceramus? simplex Hyatt. 

Nucula tenuis Hyatt. 

Modiola triquetraeformis. 

Arcestes californiensis Hyatt. 

Rhynchonella solitaria Hyatt. 

All these unrecognized species are from beds of the 

lower N oric age (Swearinger slate) in Genesee Valley, 

Plumas County, listed by Hyatt,! but not described 

nor figured, so it is impossible to identify them. 

The writer has also observed a section similar to 

that in Genesee Valley on Rush Creek, half a mile 

1 Hyatt, Alpheus, Jura and Trias at Taylorville, Calif.: Geol. Soc. America Bull 

vol. 3. pp. 395-412, 1892. 
LOCALITIES OF UPP~R TR.IASSIC FOSSILS IN NOR.TH AMER.ICA 9 

abo\Te its junction with Feather Eiver. In the Hosselkus linlestone he found Halobia superba, Tropites 

to?'quillus, and Isoc?-inus californicus, characteristic of 

the Karnic zone of Tropites subbullatus. 

Diller 2 has described fronl the Taylorsville region, 

under the nanle of Foreman formation, a s~ries of 

slates and conglomerates with plant remains, first assigned to the Upper Triassic Rhaetic horizon. These 

beds, howe\Ter, have since been assigned by Ward S 

to the Jurassic. 

MINERAL KING, TULARE COUNTY, CALIF. 

'friassic slates that contain Pseudomonotis subcircula?-is?, Palaeoneilo?, and other indeterminable pelecypods and ammonites ha\Te been seen by ·the writer at 

Mineral King, in Tulare County. This fauna looks 

like that described by Burckhardt from Zacatecas and 

listed below. It is probably of Upper Triassic age, 

but the fossils are not sufficiently well preserved for 

specific identification .. 

AMERICAN CANYON, PLACER COUNTY, CALIF. 

Only the Pseudomonotis zone is known at this locality. It has been described by Alpheus Hyatt,4 and 

the following fossils listed: Monotis semiplicata, Monotis symmetrica, Daonella? subjecta, Daonella boechijO?'mis, and Daonella cardinoides. Of these species the 

first two are nothing more than synonyms of Pseudomonotis 'subcircularis, and the last three were never 

figured. It is, however, fairly certain that the slates 

of Sailor Canyon, a small tributary of American Canyon, belong to the Pseudomonotis subcircularis zone, 

and thus to the N oric stage of the Upper Triassic. 

WEST HUMBOLDT RANGE, NEV. 

W. M. Gabb 5 has described a few species from the 

Upper Triassic beds of the West Hunlboldt Eange, 

Nev. These species are listed below, along with others 

recognized by the writer. 

Upper 'P1'iassic fossils from the West Humboldt Range, Nev. 

Arcestes andersoni Hyatt and Smith. 

Placites humboldtensis Hyatt and Smith. 

Halorites american us Hyatt .. 

Rhabdoceras russelli Hyatt. 

Syringoceras spurri Smith. 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis Gabh. 

circularis Gabb. 

Myophoria humboldtensis Smith. 

Posidonia blatchleyi Gabb. 

daytonensis Gabb. 

All these forms came fronl the N oric shales that 

carry Pseudomonotis subcircularis in the upper par~ of 

the Star Peak iormation. The best place to collect at 

I DlIlor, J. S., Goology of tho Taylorsvillo region of California: Gool. Soc. America 

Bul!., vol. 3, pp. 369-394, 1892. . 

8 Ward, L. F., in DlIlor, J. S., Goology of the Taylorsville region: U. S. Geo!. 

Survoy Bull. 353, p. 56, 1008. . 

4 Hyatt, Alphous, Trios and Jura in tho Western States: Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., vol. 5, pp. 395-434, 1894. 

a Oabb. W M., Callrornia Oeol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, 1864; Descriptions 

of somo Socondary fossils from the Pacific States: Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 5, 

pp. 5-18, 1869. 

this horizon is in Muttleberry Canyon, about 8 miles 

east of Lovelocks. 

In the limestone underlying these shales in Star 

Canyon the writer found Halobia (cf. H. superba) and 

some indeterminable gastropods and pelecypods; 

probably of Karnic age. Most of the species described 

by Gabb 6 and by Meek 7 as belonging to the Upper 

Triassic really came out of the Middle Triassic, or 

Muschelkalk. These have already been treated by 

the writer elsewhere.s 

PILOT MOUNTAIN, NEV. 

Some years ago H. W. Turner discovered some corals 

in limestone in Dunlap Canyon, Pilot Mountain, near 

Mina, Mineral County, Nev. These corals were sent 

to the writer, who pronounced them Jurassic, as reported by J. E. Spurr upon this identification. A 

later examination of these corals has shown them to 

be more probably of Upper Triassic age, which is in 

perfect accord with the stratigraphy. The species 

determined are Montlivaultia cf. M. marmorea, 

Stephanocoenia cf. S. juvamca, and Isocrinus sp. undetermined. The two species of coral are well-known 

forms in the N oric beds of the Alps, and Stephanocoenia juvat-ica'occurs also in the N oric coral. zone of 

Shasta County, Calif. The Lower and Middle 

Jurassic of the 'Great Basin area are not known in the 

coral reef facies anywhere. 

Besides the localities for Upper Triassic fossils mentioned above Gabb has listed Pseudomonotis subcircularis from the East Range and from the vicinity .of 

New Pass, Desatoya Mountains. 

BLUE MOUNTAINS, OREG. 

In the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, at 

Martin Bridge, near the junction' of Paddy Creek 

with Eagle Eiver, in Baker County, the writer discovered in 1908 a small coral reef in the Upper Triassic 

limestones, of which a section is given below. 

It will be noted that this section is entirely different 

in lithologic sequence fronl that in Shasta County, 

Calif. Nothing lower than the HaZobia-bearing shales 

was found, . and the writer could not determine just 

what part corresponded to the Hosselkus limestone, 

for the Tropites zone was not exposed if it is present 

in that region. N or could the Pseudomonotis zone be 

found above the coral zone, though it is probably 

represented by the barren linlestone. The lower 

shales, whieh carry I-Ialobia oregone-nsis, were also 

found at the junction of the two forks of Eagle River, 

at Anthony's hydraulic mine, but there the limestones that should contain the coral reef are crystalline and the fossils are destroyed. Massive limestones 

are abundant on North Fork of Eagle River, but they 

are everywhere changed to marble. 

8 Gabb, W. M., Description of the Triossic fossils of California and the adj acent. 

territories: California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol 1, pp. 17-35, 1864. 

7 Meek, F. B., Paleontology: U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. Rept., vol. 4, pp. 1-197, 

1877. 

S Smith, J. P., The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 83,254 pp., 99 pIs., 1914. 
10 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Section on Eagle River, Baker County, Oreg. 

Upper Triassic: Feet 

Massive limestone without visible fossils____________ 60 

Dark-brown argillaceous shales; contain Halobia 

halorica and other species of H alobia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 

Thin-bedded limestone in 'which there are banks of 

corals-Thecosmilia norica Frech, Spongiomorpha, 

Heptastylis, and Montlivaultia norica Frech________ 40 

Barren shales_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 300 

Massive limestone without fossils· __________________ 100 

Calcareous shales; contain Halobia oregonensis, Halobia salinarum, Dittmarites sp. '!, and other fossils _ _ _ 30 

. In the lower'shales the writer recognized Halobia 

oregonensis, Halobia salinarum Bronn, Pecten (Entolium) ceruleus, and Dittmarites ~ sp. 

The coral zone contains Heptastylis oregonensis, 

Heptastylis aquilae, Montlivaultia norica, and Thecosmilia norica. 

This horizon is clearly lower N oric and represents 

the Fischerwiese fauna of the Alps. 

In the shales above the coral zone were found 

Halobia halorica and Halobia dilatata, both N oric 

speCIes. 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis has been found at the 

N oric horizon in the region of Wallow:a Lake. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA 

Whiteaves 9 has described Upper Triassic fossils 

from Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, 

and the mainland of British Columbia. Those from 

Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, which 

include Pseudomonotis subcircularis, Acrochordiceras? 

carlottense, Arniotites vancouverensis, Badiotites? carlottensis. and Aulacoceras carlottense, are all apparently 

from the Pseudomonotis zone . 

. From the mainland of British Columbia, on Liard 

River, about 25 miles below Devils Portage, Whiteaves described the following forms out of the Dawsonites zone, presumably of lower Karnic age: Spiriferina borealis, Terebratula liardensis, Monotis ovalis, 

Halobia occidentalis, Trigonodus? productus, Margarita' 

triassica, Nautilus liardensis, Popanoceras mcconnelli, 

Popanoceras lenticulare, and Trachyceras (Dawsonites) 

canadense. 

The Dawsonites fauna is recognizable in British 

Columbia, Bear Island in the Arctic' Ocean, and 

doubtfully in Alaska, and therefore furnishes another 

interregional correlation zone. It is supposed to 

belong below the zone of Halobia s1.lperba, but the two 

have not been observed in sequence. It is also not 

known that all these species came from the same 

horizon. 

Clapp and Shimer 10 described a fauna from Cowichan Lake, on Vancouver Island, which they assigned 

to the Jurassic. It would seem, however, that these 

9 Whiteaves, J. F., On some fossils from the Triassic rocks of British Columbia: 

Canada Oeol. Survey, Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 127-1.49, 

1889. 

10 Clapp, C. H., and Shimer, H. W., The Sutton Jurassic of the Vancouver group, 

Vancouver Island: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, pp. 426-438, pls. 40-42, 

1911. 

beds belong rather to the lower N oric horizon of the 

Upper Triassic. The arguments in favor of this view 

are given by Martin 11 in his paper on the Triassic rocks 

of Alaska, and the writer agrees with his conclusions. 

Clapp and Shimer described the forms listed below. 

Fauna of the Lower Noric coral zone of Vancouver Island 

Isastrea whiteavesi. 

vancou verensis. 

cowichanensis. 

. Thecosmilia suttonensis. 

dawsoni. 

Terebratula suttonensis. 

Myophoria suttonensis. 

Choristoceras su ttonensis. 

Of these species Isastrea whiteavesi (=( profunda 

Reuss), Isastrea vancouverensis~ Isastrea cowichanensis' 

(=Oonfusastrea) , Thecosmilia suttonensis (=T. fenes-

'trata) , Thecosmilia dawsoni (= T. delicatula) , and 

Ohoristoceras suttonense all occur in the lower N oric 

coral zone of Alaska; and Myophoria suttonensis occurs 

in the Upper Triassic, probably at the lower N oric 

horizon, of Alaska. 

ALASKA 

Upper Triassic faunas have in recent years been 

found at many places in Alaska. Martin 12 in his 

paper gives all the known localities, the local stratigraphy, and the lists of fossils so far as they had been 

determined. All the data presented below on Alaskan 

localities are taken from Martin's paper, except where' 

special references or statements are given. 

. Ohitina Valley.-The standard section of the Upper 

Triassic of Alaska is found in the Chitina Valley. 

The uppermost part of the section is made up of th~ 

McCarthy formation, which consists of shales, cherts, 

and limestones that aggregate 1,500 to 2,500 feet in 

thickness. and that contain Pseudomonotis subcircularis, Halobia sp., and Arniotites sp. 

Below the McCarthy formation lie the Nizina and 

Chitistone limestones, the probable equivalents of the 

Hosselkus limestone of California. The fossils listed 

by Martin from here include the following fossils of 

undetermined species: Pentacrinus, Terebratula, Spiriferina, Orbiculoidea?, Halobia cf. H. occidentalis, 

Halobia cf. H. superba, Pecten, Avicula, Hinnites?, 

Gryphaea, Myophoria, Pleuromya, Turbo?, Natica, 

Pseudomela'fl;ia, Tropites, Arniotites, Juvavites?, Arcestes, Orthoceras, Atractites. 

In addition to these forms the writer recognized, in 

material sent to him by the United States Geological 

Survey, the following: 

Locality 9927, east fork of Strelna Creek: Halobia dilatata, 

'Halobia cf. H. fallax, Halobia cf. H. lineata, probably of lower 

Norie age. . 

Locality 8946, Copper River region, south fork of Strelna 

Creek, on trail to west fork of Strelna Creek: Myophoria sut11 Martin, O. C., Triassic rocks of Alaska: Oeol. Soc. America BulL, vol. 27, pp. 

709,710, 1916. 

12 Martin, O. C., op. cit., pp. 685-718. 
LOCALITIES OF UPPER TRIASSIC FOSSILS IN NORTH AMERICA 11 

tonensis, Avicltla so peri. The former species occurs in the 

coral zone of Vancouver Island, and the latter in the Upper 

Triassic of California, and the beds here probably are of N orie 

age.' 

Locality 8153, Kuskulana River: lIalobia brooksi. 

Locality 9935, Rock Creek: H alobia austriaca. 

Locality 6319, Copper River region: Tropites stantoni. 

Locality 4810, Chitistone limestone, south side of Chitina 

River, Copper River region: Margarit'6s moffiti. 

Locality 9921, United States Geological Survey, north side 

of Strelna Creek, half a mile north of bench mark 3664: lIalobia 

ornatissima. 

Locality 6312, Nikolai Creek, Nizina district: Juvavites 

septentrionalis. 

These last si.x localities represent the Juvavites subzone of upper l\:arnic age, of' California and Admiralty 

Island. 

At locality 9941, United States Geological Survey, 

in a gulch on the north side of Kotsina River, 1 ~ 

miles below Kluvesa Bridge, in the Copper River region, 

was found Halobia superba/ the beds at this place probably belong to the zone of Tropites subbullatus, but 

the wide stratigraphic range of Halobia superba prevQnts more exact assignment. 

N'l.ttzotin and Alaska ?'anges.-In the Nutzotin and 

Alaska ranges was found the equivalent of the 

McCarthy fornlation, bearing Pse'l.tdomonotis subcirculm'is and Olionites (Shastites) sp., underlain by limestones with bearing Halobia cf. H. superba, Tropites sp., 

Discotropites sp., and Arcestes sp. These limestones 

are the probable equivalents of the Nizina and Chitist<;>ne 'limestones of the Chitina Valley and of the 

I-Iosselkus lilnestone of California. ' 

Ooole Inlet.-At several places around the shores of 

Cook Inlet Upper Triassic beds crop out in an upper 

series of shales and lilnestones that bears Pseudomonotis subcirculm'is and in places a lower series that 

bears Halobia cf. H: supe?·ba. 

Iliamna Lalee.-On the shores of Ilianlna Lake, ~ear 

Cook Inlet, Martin has discovered a coral zone not 

previously recognized elsewhere in Alaska. Its position is in the lower Noric, above the zone of Halobia 

supe?'ba, and below that of Pseudomonotis subcircularis. The wri ter 13 has already given a prelinlinary 

list of species found there. The following are described in this paper: 

U1Jpet Triassic corals from Iliamna Lake 

Spongiomorpha cf. S. ramosa. 

cf. S. gibbosa. 

Thecosmilia cf. T. fenestrata. 

caespitosa. 

Stylophyllopsis mojsvari. 

Confusastrea cf. C. dectlssata. 

cf. C. incrassata. 

cowichanensis. 

Isastrea vancou verensis. 

Montlivaultia martini. 

This locality on Ilia).nna Lake is nlost interesting, 

because it is the one farthest north at which a Triassic 

13 Smith, J. P., 'l'ho occllI'ronco of corul roofs in the Triassic of North Amorica: 

Am. Jour. ScI., 4th scr., vol. 33, pp. 92-90, 1912. 

fauna of tropical character has been found. Of the 

corals, Astrocoenia is still a reef builder, and Oonfusastrea, Isastrea, and Spongiomorpha are represented in 

modern tropical seas by little modified descendants. 

Unless these corals have changed their habits very 

greatly we must assume that they lived then under 

approxinlately the same conditions as now. That is, 

the waters of the Gulf of Alaska must have had a 

minimum temperature of not less than 70° F. 

This was not a, local phenomenon, for coral reefs 

with some of the same species have been found in 

beds of the same age on Gravina Island in southern 

Alaska, also in California, also in the Tyrolian Alps. 

And very similar forms occur in the Indian region in 

the same geologic horizon. Conditions lllUSt have 

been the same where all these closely related fossil 

faunas have been found. There is no possible question 

as to the tropical habitat of the Indian fauna, and 

there is equally little doubt as to the trdpical conditions of the others. 

Herring Bay, Admiralty Island.-The equivalent of 

the McCarthy formation occurs on Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, and contains Pseudo mono tis subcircuZaris. The lower N oric reef zone here contains no 

known corals, but at locality 10172, United States 

Geological Survey, south of False Point Pybus, it 

contains .i.l1yophoria sutton ens is , which is found elsewhere in Ala..<;ka and on Vancouver Island in the 

Upper Triassic. 

A slightly lower horizon is represented at locality 

10197, where Halobia cordillerana occurs, and also at 

locality 10196, which is the type locality for HaZobia 

d~lZiana, Halobia septentrionaZis, and Halobia symmetnca. 

The Juvavites subzone, the upper division of the 

Tropites subbvlZatus zone, of Karnic age, is represented 

at locality 10180, a point between Chapin and Herring 

bays. Here occur Halobia ornatissima, Juvavites 

brockensis, Juvavites knowltoni, Tropites cf. T. johnsoni, Discotropites saridZingensis, Discotropites davisi, 

Discotropites mojsvarensis, and Arcestes shastensis, all 

of which are species characteristic of this subzone in 

the I-Io~selkus lirnestone of Brock Mountain, Shasta 

County, Calif. The same horizon is represented at 

locality 8848, Un~ted States Geological Survey, a point 

at the north entrance of I-Ierring Bay, where are found 

Halobia ornatissima, Halobia austriaca, Halobia Zineata, }'fargarites cf. M. jokelyi, J uvavites externipZicatus, 

J uvavites knowltoni, J uvavites cf. J. subinterr~tptus , 

Arcestcs shastensis, Pinacoceras cf. P. rex, AuZacoceras 

cf. A. carlottense, and Nautilus sp. In the same zone, 

at locality 8847, near the last-mentioned place Halobia 

austriaca was also found. At locality 8849 Halobia 

disnncta is common, along with Halobia cordillerana. 

Hamilton Bay, Kupreanoj Island.-On Hamilton 

Bay, Kupreanof Island, the Pseudomonotis zone bears 

Pseudo mono tis subcircuZaris. The coral zone appears 
12 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

to be lacking and to be represented by an unconformity. The Juvavites subzone is present at locality 4823 

and bears Tropites cf. T. johnsoni and Halobia ornatissima. The Trachyceras subzone of California, the 

lower subzone of the Tropites subbullatus zone, is represented at locality 4822 by Trachyceras cf. T. lecontei 

and Dielasma hamiZtonense. This horizon was assigned 

by Martin 14 to the Dawsonites zone of Canada. This 

assignment may be corr'ect, but there is no proof in 

the fauna. 

Gravina Island.-Our knowledge of the Triassic 

geology of Gravina Island has recently been greatly 

amplified by Cha,pin. 15 The writer has studied the 

collections made by Chapin and Martin and by T. E. 

Bassett and C. O. Blackburn, of the Stanford University geologic expedition. The fossils all came from 

the narrow peninsula between Threemile Cove and 

Thompson Cove, from 3 to 5 miles north of Dall 

Head, and all represent the same horizon, the lower 

N oric. Here were found Halobia alaskana, Halobia 

dilatata, Oassianella gravinaensis, Myophoria beringiana, Protorcula bassetti, Purpurina? gravinaensis, Arcestes sp., Ohoristoceras cf. O. suttonense, Oonfusastrea 

borealis, Oonfusastrea cowichanensis, Oonfusastrea decussata, Oonfusastrea grandissima, Isastrea parva, Isastrea profunda, Isastrea vancouverensis, Thecosmilia 

fenestrata, Thecosmilia cf. T. delicatula, MontZivauZtia 

norica, Stylophyllopsis zitteli, Latimaeandra alaskana, 

Astrocoenia martini, Stephanocoenia cf. S. juvavica, 

Thamnastraea borealis, Thamnastraea rectilamellosa var. 

minor., Halomitra triadica, Spongiomorpha gibbosa, 

Spongiomorpha, ramosa, Stromatomorpha californica. 

A comparison with the lists from the lower N oric 

coral zone of Shasta County, Calif., shows that the, 

two faunas are almost completely identical, and the 

com'mon species at one locality are also the common 

species at the other. Both faunas are of the same 

age as the coral zone fauna of Iliamna Lake in Alaska 

and of Cowichan Lake on Vancouver Island. 

Skolai Pass,' Nabesna- White River district.-From 

Skolai Pass, in the N abesna-White River district Martin 16 has listed Pseudomonoti$ subcircularis from shales, 

and Olionites (Shastites) sp. from the overlying volcanicrocks. The specimen assigned to Olionites is Sirenites hayesi Smith, and the forms assigned to Pseudomonotis subcircularis are H alobia. This horizon is 

therefore probably that of the Karnic, and equivalent 

to that of the Tropites subbullatus zone. 

Nation River, Yukon Valley.-There are at least 

three horizons of Upper Triassic age near the mouth of 

Nation River. The beds at the upper horizon contain 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis, and these beds are underlain by calcareous shales and shaly limestone in which 

two and possibly three faunal horizons may be distinguished. At locality 9389, United States Geological 

It Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 27, p. 706, 1916. 

16 Chapin, Theodore, The structure and stratigraphy of Gravina and Revillagigedo islands, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 120, pp. 83-100, 1918. 

16 Op. cit., p. 600. 

Survey, 2 miles above the mouth of Nation River, 

there are shaly limestones that contain H alobia fallax, 

H alobia halorica, and H alobia lineata, species which in 

the Alps and in America characterize the horizon at the 

j unction of the beds of Karnic and N oric age and 

below the Pseudomonotis zone. 

At locality 4054, United States Geological Survey, 

a quarter of a mile above the mouth of Nation River, 

was found Halobia superb a, which elsewhere is characteristic of the zone of Tropites subbullatus. 

At locality 8897, United States Geological Survey, 

south of Yukon River, 1 mile above the mouth of 

Nation River, tht::re are calcareous shales that bear 

Halobia cordillerana, which is characteristic of the 

upper horizon of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, and 

,Halobia superb a, which is characteristic of the zone of 

Tropites subbullatus in general. At locality 8849, at 

the same place, in limestone less than 100 feet below 

locality 8897, were found Pecten yukonensis, Eumorphotis nationalis, Lima martini, Pleurophorus? overbecki,Orthoceras sp., Germanonautilus brooksi, Oladiscites martini, Nathorstites alaskanus, Trachyceras d. 

T. lecontei, Rhynchonella blackwelderi, Spiriferina 

yukonensis, and Dielasma chapini. This fauna suggests the Dawsonites fauna of British Columbia and of 

Bear Island in the Arctic Ocean. 

The known fauna from Nation River contains no 

members of the group of Tropites" and the coral zone 

appears' to be lacking in the section represented by 

calcareous shales. This conjunction may be only 

fortuitous, but it is suggestive. The corals of the 

coral zone are certainly tropical, as are probably the 

Tropitidae. Their absence, if real, may indicate a 

lower temperature of the sea here than that which 

prevailed in southern Alaska. 

Northeastern Alaska (Firth and Oanning valleys).-

The Triassic beds on Firth River show the two horizons. The beds at the upper horizon contain Pseudo-

'monotis subcircuZaris, and those at the lower contain 

Halobia cf. H. superba. The beds on Canning River 

have yielded Halobia cf. H. superba, Aviculopecten, 

Megalodon?, Gervilleia, Gryphaea, Oardium, Natica, 

Oladiscites mendenhalli, Olionites, and Atractites and are 

the probable equivalent of the Chitistone limestone. 

Above these beds lies the Pseudomonotis subcircularis 

zone. 

Northwestern Alaska.-Near Cape Lisburne and 

near Cape Thompson occur cherts and thin-bedded 

limestones that carry Pseudomonotis subcircularis, 

which has also been found at several other places in 

that general region. 

Ohulitna River.-At locality 10241, on the south 

bank of East Fork of Chulitna River, 1% miles below 

Camp 9, R. M. Overbeck found Heterastridium conglobatum, which in the Tyrol is characteristic of the upper 

Karnic; no other fossils were associated with this 

species, but the rocks here may be tentatively assigned 

to the same horizon. 
SPECIES RELATED. TO MEDITERRANEAN AND INDIAN SPECIES 13 

ZACATECAS, MEXICO Karnic .species of California nearly related to Mediterranean forms 

Burckhardt 17 has described Upper Triassic strata 

from Zacatecas, Mexico, comprising siliceous and 

sandy shales which lie at the Karnic horizon. The 

fo~sils'listed embrace Juvavites, Sirenites, Trachyceras, 

Olionites, and PaZaeoneiZo, the ammonites certainly 

indicating the Karnic age of the Alpine section and 

corresponding to the age of the Hosselkus limestone of 

the California section. . 

The material is too poor for specific identification, 

hence Burckhardt's descriptions and figures are not 

reproduced here, but for convenience his list and references to his text and plates are given. 

Upper Triassic fossils from Zacatecas, Mexico 

Sirenites smithi Burckhardt, p. 7, pI. 1, figs. la, lb. 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) sp. indet., p. 8, pI. 1, figs. 4a, 4b. 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) sp. indet., p. 8, pI. 1, figs. 5a, 5b. 

Clionites sp. indet., p. 8, pI. 1, figs. 3a, 3b. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) mojsvari, p. 9, pI. 1, figs. 2a, 2b; pI. 6, 

fig. 1. 

Palaeoneilo longa Burckhardt, p. 14, pI. 2, figs. la, lb. 

. zacatecana Burckhardt, p. 15, pI. 2, figs. 2a-2f; pI. 7, figs. 

1,2. 

broilii Burckhardt, p. 2, figs. 3a-3m; pI. 6, fig. 2; pl. 7, fig. 3. 

burkarti Burckhardt, p. 18, pI. 3, figs. 2a-2d; pI. 6, fig. 6; 

pI. 7, fig. 4. 

frechi Burckhardt, p. 19, pI. 2, figs. 4a, 4b. 

villadae Burckhardt, p. 19, pI. 2, figs. 5a, 5b. 

mexicana Burckhardt, p. 20, pI. 3, figs. la-ld; pI. 7, figs. 

16, 17. 

cordobae Burckhardt, p. 21, pI. 2, figs. 6a, 6b. 

triangularis Burckhardt, p. 22, pI. 3, figs. 3a-3h; pI. 7, 

figs. 6, 7. 

boesei Burckhardt, p. 23, pI. 4, figs. 3a-3e; pI. 5, figs. la, lb. 

aguilerae Burckhardt, p. 24, pI. 4, figs. 2a-2f; pI. 6, fig. 5; 

pI. 7, fig. 10. 

inflata Burckhardt, p. 25, pI. 4, figs. la-Hi pI. 6, fig. 4; pI. 7, 

fig. 11. 

humboldti Burckhardt, p. 26, pI. 4, figs. 5a-5d; pI. 7, fig. 9. 

circularis Burckhardt, p. 27, pI. 4, figs. 6a, 6bi pI. 7, 

fig. 5. 

cordiformis Burckhardt, p. 28, pI. 5, figs. la, lb. 

waitzi Burckhardt, p. 29, pI. 5, figs. 2a-2d. 

rectangularis Burckhardt, p. 30, pI. 5, figs. 3a-3d; pI. 6, 

fig. 3 i pI. 7, fig. 12. 

quadrata Burckhardt, p. 30, pI. 5, figs. 4a, 4b. 

ledaeformis Burckhardt, p. 31, pI. 5, figs. 6a-6ei pI. 7, fig. 14. 

costata Burckhardt, p. 32, pI. 5, figs. 7a-7di pI. 7, fig. 15. 

ordonezi Burckhardt, p. 33, pI. 5, figs. 5a"":5d; pI. 7, fig. 13. 

SPECIES OF THE UPPER TRIASSIC FAUNAS OF WEST. 

ERN NORTH AMERICA RELATED TO MEDITERRA. 

NEAN AND INDIAN SPECIES 

The following lists show the species of the Upper 

Triassic faunas of western North America that occur 

in the Mediterranean and Indian areas or that are 

related to forms that occur in those areas. 

17 Burckhardt, Carlos, La Caune marino du Trias~'sup6rieur~de Zacatecas: Inst. 

gool. MOxico Bol. 21, pp. 1-44, pIs. 1-8, 1905. 

Tropites' subbullntus zone, California 

Tropites armatus. 

discobullatus. 

fusobullatus. 

keili. 

keUyi. 

morloti. 

mojsvarensis. 

subbullatus. 

torquillus. 

wodani. 

Anatropites hauchecornei. 

Microtropites tuberculatus. 

Margarites jokelyi. 

senilis. 

Discotropites empedoclis. 

gemmellaroi. 

laurae. 

sandlingensis. 

sengeli. 

theron. 

Tornquistites obolinus. 

Sagenites erinaceus. 

herbichi. 

Homerites semiglobosus. 

Bacchites bacchus. 

Gonionotites hyatti. 

Juvavites adalberti. 

damesi. 

edgari. 

externiplicatus. 

intermittens. 

konnincki. 

subinterruptus. 

Tropiceltites caducus. 

Celtites steindachneri. 

Metasibirites brockensis. 

mojsvarensis. 

Arcestes sh!tstensis. 

Hauerites lawsoni. 

Pinacoceras rex. 

Discophyllites patens. 

Metatirolites foliaceus. 

subpygmaeus. 

quadrangulus. 

Thisbites uhligi. 

Polycyclus henseli. 

Trachyceras californicum. 

Sandlin gites oribasus. 

Dictyoconites californicus. 

Proclydonautilus triadicus. 

sauperi. 

spirolobus. 

Grypoceras cooperi. 

Halobia austriaca. 

cordillerana. 

rugosa. 

superba. 

Terebratula pyriformis: 

Dielasma julicum. 

Tropltes zone, Mediterranean 

Tropites teUeri. 

discobullatus. 

fusobullatus. 

keili. 

laestrigonus. 

morloti. 

quenstedti. 

subbullatus. 

torquillus. 

wodani. 

Anatropites hauchecornei. 

Microtropites tuberculatus. 

Margarites jokelyi. 

senilis. 

Discotropites empedoclis. 

gemmellaroi? 

laurae. 

sandlingensis. 

sengeli. 

theron. 

Tornquistites obolinus. 

Sagenites erinaceus . 

herbichi. 

Homerites semiglobosus. 

Bacchites bacchus. 

Gonionotites italicus. 

Juvavites adalberti. 

damesi. 

edgari. 

externiplicatus. 

intermittens. 

konnincki. 

sUbinterruptus. 

Tropiceltites caducus. 

Celtites steindachneri. 

Metasibirites spinescens. 

uhligi. 

Arcestes gaytani. 

Hauerites aesculapii. 

Pinacoceras rex. 

Discophyllites patens. 

Metatirolites foliaceus. 

subpygmaeus. 

quadrangulus. 

Thisbites uhligi. 

Polycyclus henseli. 

Trachyceras gredleri. 

Sandlin gites oribasus. 

Dictyoconites haugi. 

Proclydonautilus triadicus. 

sauperi. 

spirolobus. 

Grypoceras suessi. 

Halobia austriaca. 

fallax. 

rugosa. 

superba. 

Terebratula pyriformis. 

Dielasma jUhcum. 
14 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Karnic species of California nearly related to Indian forms 

Tropites subbullatus zone or California Tropites zone of India 

N oric species of western A merica nearly related to Mediterranean 

forms-Continued 

Western America-Continued Mediterranean-Continued Tropites fusobullatus. 

disco bullat us. 

mojsvarensis. 

subbullatus. 

torquillus. 

wodani. 

Tropites fusobullatus. 

diseobullatus. 

jalandhara. 

subbullatus. 

torquillus. 

wodani. 

Halorites amerieanus. 

Rhabdoeeras russelli. 

Heptastylis oregonensis. 

Halorites ramsaueri. 

Rhabdoeeras suessi. 

Heptastylis stromatoporoide'S. 

gibbosa. 

.ramosa. 

gibbosa. 

ramosa. 

Diseotropites sandlingensis. 

theroni. 

Polyeyelus henseli. 

Gonionotites hyatti. 

Diseophyllites insignis. 

Sagenites herbiehi. 

Diseotropi tes sandlingensis. 

kraffti. 

Polyeyelus henseli. 

Gonionotites gemmellaroi. 

Diseophyllites ebneri. 

Sagenites herbiehi. 

Stromatomorpha californiea. 

Theeosmilia delieatula. 

fenestrata. 

Stromatomorpha stylifora. 

Theeosmilia delieatula. 

fenestrata. 

noriea. noriea. 

eaespitosa. eaespitosa. 

erinaeeus. galeatus. 

Thamnastraea reetilamellosa. 

Montlivaultia marmorea. 

noriea. 

Thamnastraea reetilamellosa. 

Montlivaultia marmorea. 

Juvavites edgari. Juvavites edgari. noriea. 

broekensis. 

Jovites paeifieus. 

Margarites senilis. 

Areestes shastensis. 

Halobia superba. 

Terebratula pyriformis. 

Dielasm~ j ulieum. 

fiseheri. 

Jovites speetabilis. 

Margarites seniUs. 

Areestes gaytani. 

Halobia superba. 

Terebratula pyriformis. 

Dielasma j ulicum. 

Stylophyllopsis mojsvari. 

Confusastrea deeussata. 

Stylophyllopsis mojsvari. 

Confusastrea deeussata. 

grandissima. grandissima. 

inerassata. inerassata. 

Stephanoeoenia juvaviea. Stephanoeoenia juvavica. 

Astroeoenia martini. Astroeoenia waltheri. 

Isastrea profunda. Isastrea profunda. 

The species identical in the two regions occur also 

in the Mediterranean region, with which the American has a much closer affinity in the Karnic stage. 

Latimaeandra eucystis. Latimaeandra eueystis. 

The N oric species of western America nearly related 

to Mediterranean forms are chiefly confined to the 

pelecypods and the corals, and these are almost universal forms. .N oric species of western America nearly related to Mediterranean 

forms . 

Western America Mediterr anean MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE UPPER 

TRIASSIC OF NORTH AMERICA 

Halobia dilatata. 

fallax. 

haloriea. 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis. 

Arcestes andersoni. 

Halobia dilatata. 

fallax. 

halorica. 

oehotiea (Crimea). 

Areestes colo~i group. 

The marine invertebrate fauna obtained from the 

Upper Triassic beds of western North America, which 

is described and illustrated in this paper, includes the 

following species: 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of North America 

Karnic fauna or Shasta County. Calir. 

Name Illustration Stratigraphic position 

1. Tropites armatus Smith ______________ _ 

dilleri Smith _____________________ _ 

diseobullatus Mojsisovics __________ _ morloti Mojsisovies ______________ _ oecidentalis Smith ________________ _ 

PI. XXXIII, Figs. 1-7; PI. Tropites s'ttbbullatus 

LXIX, Figs. 1-12. zone. PI. LXVIII, Figs. 1-13 __________ ' ____ do ____________ _ PI. LXVIII, Figs. 32-34 _____________ do ____________ _ PI. LXIX, Figs. 13-2L _____________ do ____________ _ PI. LXX, Figs. 1-20 ________________ do ____________ _ subbullatus Hauer ________________ _ PI. XXXIV, Figs. 1-14; PI. _____ do ____________ _ 

LXXIX, Figs. 1-10. 

PI. LXVIII, F~gs. 1-3L ________ I _____ do ____________ _ PI. LXXIV, FIgs. 1-6 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXX, Figs. 21-28 _______________ do ____________ _ 

PI. LXXIV, ;Figs. 7-9----------I

-----do------------- PI. LXXI, FIgS. 1-3 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXI, Figs. 4-8 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LXII, Figs. 24-28 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXVII, Figs. 12-15 ______ :.. _____ do ____________ _ PI. LXVIII, Fil?s. 1-4 __________ , _____ do ____________ _ PI. LXXVII, FIgs. 1-lL ____________ do ____________ _ 

PI. LXXVIII, Figs. 18-26------I-----dO------------- PI. LXXII, Figs. 29-3L ____________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXVIII, Figs. 5-17 ____________ do ________ ' ____ _ PI. LXXV, Figs. 3-1L _________ , _____ do ____________ _ PI. LXXVI, Figs. 19-28 _____________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXIV, Figs. 10-15 _____________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXVI, Figs. 1-7 _______________ do __ '- _________ _ PI. LXXV, Figs. 12-16 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXVI, Figs. 8-18 ________________ ,.. ____________ 1 

PI. LXXV, Figs. 1, 2 _____________________________ _ 

PI. LXXII, Figs. 13-23 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ T1'opites subbullatus 

PI. LXXIII, Figs. 1-6_________ zone. PI. LXXIII, Figs. 7-18 ________ 1_ --- _do __ - - - - - - - - - -- PI. LXXII, Figs. 1-12 ______________ do _____________ 1 

PI. ~VIII, .Figs, 10-lL _____________ do ____________ _ 

PI. LIX, FIgS. 6-8 __________________ do ____________ _ 

torquillus Mojsisovies _____________ _ II. Tropites brockensis Smith ____________ _ fusobullatus Mojsisovies ___________ _ mojsvarensis Smith _______________ _ rotatorius Smith __________________ _ 

rothpletzi Smith __________________ _ III. Tropites keili Mojsisovics ______ ~ ____ _ kellyi Smith ____________ ~ ________ _ shastensis Smith __________________ _ sehellwieni Smith _________________ _ ursensis Smith ___________________ _ wodani Mojsisovies _______________ _ welleri Smith ____________________ _ 

IV. Tropites boehmi Smith ______________ _ dieneri Smith ____________________ _ johnsoni Smith ___________________ _ kokeni Smith ____________________ _ philippii Smith ___________________ _ reticulatus Smith _________________ _ traski Smith _____________________ _ arthaberi Smith __________________ _ hessi Smith _____________________ ' __ morani Smith ____________________ _ stearnsi Smith ___________________ _ 

Anatropites hauehecornei Mojsisovies _____ _ Microtropites tubereularis Mojsisovics ____ _ 

Occurrence elsewhere 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Do. 

Tyrolian Alps and India. 

Do. 

Do. 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Tyrolian Alps and India. 

Alaska. 

Tyrolian Alps. Do .. 
Name 

THE FAUNA 

Marine invertebrate fauna· of the Upper Triassic of North America-Continued 

Karnle Cauna oC Shasta County, CaIiC.-Continued 

Illustration Stratigraphie position 

15 

Occurrence elsewhere - - -- - -.... ---.----------- -------------------------1-----------

Margarites jokelyi Hauer _________________ PI. LVIII, Figs. 24-29 _________ Tropites subbullatus 

senilis .Mojsisovics ________ .: ________ -_ septentrionalis Smith _______________ _ 

Discotropites davisi Smith _______________ _ empedoclis Gemmellaro ______________ _ gemmellaroi Smith __________________ _ formosus Smith ____________________ _ lineatus Smith _____________________ _ laurae Mojsisovics ___ ' _______________ _ mojsvarensis Smith _________________ _ sandlingensis Hauer _______________ -_ 

sengeli Mojsisovics ______________ - _ -_ theron Mojsisovics _________________ _ Paratropites arnoldi Smith ______________ _ antiselli Smith _____________________ _ 

dittmari Mojsisovics ________________ _ gabbi Smith _______________________ _ gracilis Smith ______________________ _ 

sellai Mojsisovics __________________ -_ 

(Paulotropites) colei Smith __________ _ (Paulotropites) shastensis Smith ______ _ (Gymnotropites) american us Hyatt 

and Smith. 

(Gymnotropites) californicus Smith ___ _ Paratropites (Gymnotropites) laevis Smith 

(Gymnotropites) rotundus Smith _____ _ (Gymnotropites) yatesi Smith ________ _ Tornquistites evolutus Hyatt and Smith __ . __ obolinus Dittmar ___________________ _ 

Homerites semiglobosus Hauer __________ -_ 

Jovites pacificus Smith __________________ _ 

(Bacchites) bacchus Mojsisovics _____ _ (Bacchites) pinguis Smith ___________ _ (Bacchites) sphaericus Smith ________ _ Leconteiceras californicum Hyatt and 

Smith. occidentale Smith __________________ _ 

Tropiceltites caducus Dittmar ___________ _ 

Celtites steindachneri Mojsisovics ________ _ Sagenit,es dickersoni Smith ______________ _ erinaceus Dittmar __________________ _ herbichi Mojsisovics ________________ _ 

shastensis Smith ___________________ _ 

Juvavites adalberti Moj::;isovics __________ _ brockensis Smith ___________________ _ damesi Mojsisovics _________________ _ 

edgai.ri Mojsisovics __________________ _ cxterniplicatus Mojsisovics __________ _ . intermittens Mojsisovics _____________ _ kellyi Smith _______________________ _ kno\vltoni Smith ___________________ _ 

konnincld Mojsisovics _______________ 1 

mendenhalli Smith _________________ _ obsoletus Smith ____________________ _ 

subintermittens Hyatt and Smith ______ : 

subinterruptlls Mojsisovics ___________ ! 

1 

strongi ~mith:- ----- ____ -- -- __ -- __ ---I shastensis SmIth ____________________ I 

Gonionotites hyatti Smith _______________ _ northi Smith _______________________ _ 

Metasibirites brockensis Smith ___________ _ coei Smith _________________________ _ 

frechi Hyatt and Smith _____________ J 

I gracilis Smith _______________________ I 

modestlls Smith _____________________ I 

mojsvarensis Smith_ -... ______ -: ______ --I 

parvus Hyatt and SmIth ____________ _ 

p usill us Smi tl~ ____________ '- _________ I 

pygmaells Smlth _______ ---- __ ----- --I s hastensis Smith ___________________ _ 

zone. PI. LVIII, Figs. 33-36 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LIX, Figs. 27-33 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. IX, Figs. 4-6 ___________________ do ____________ _ PI. XI, Figs. 1-7 ___________________ do ____________ _ PI. X, Figs. 1-13 ___________________ do ____________ _ PI. XI, Figs. 23-28 _________________ do ____________ _ PI. X, Figs. 20,-29 _____________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XI, Figs. 8-22 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. VIII, Figs. 1-18 ________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. XXXV, Figs. 1-12; PI. _____ do ____________ _ 

XXXVI, Figs. 1-26. PI. X, Figs. 15-19 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. IX, Figs. 1-3 ___________________ do ____________ _ Pl. XXV, Figs. 3:....9 _________________ do ____________ _ PI. XXIV, Figs. 1-8 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. XXV, Figs. 1-2 _________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. XXIV, Figs. 9-13 ________ .-- _____ do ____________ _ PI. XXV, Figs. 10,-13 __________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XXIV, Figs. 14-16; PI. XXX, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 6-10,; PI. XXXI, Figs. 

1-26. PI. LVII, Figs. 22-23 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LVII, Figs. 12-2L ______________ do ____________ _ PI. XXXII, Figs. 1-10, _________ _____ do ____________ _ 

PI. LVII, Figs l-:-lL ________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. XXV, Figs. 16-20, ___________ ----do-------------

PI. XXV, Figs. 14-15 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XXV, Figs. 21-24 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XXXII, Figs. 11-2L ____________ do ____________ _ PI. LVIII, Figs. 12-15 ______________ do ____ .,. _______ _ PI. XXVIII, Figs. 19-24; PI. _____ do ____________ _ 

LIX, Figs. 21-26. 

PI. XIII, Figs. 11-13 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XIV, Figs. 1-5 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. XIV, Figs. 10,-12 ___________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XIV, Figs. 6-9 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. XXIX, Figs. 3-2L ______________ do ______ ..: _____ _ 

PI. LVIII, Figs. 16-20, _________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. LVIII, Figs. 1-5 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LVIII, Figs. 8-1 L ______________ do ____________ _ PI. XIV, Figs. 19-20, ___________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XII, Figs. 1-8 __________________ do ______ :.. _____ _ PI. XXVI, Figs. 1, 2; PI. XXVII, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 1-4; PI. XXVIII, Figs. 

1-18. 

PI. XII, Figs. 9-1L ________________ do ____________ _ PI. XVIII, Figs. 26-32 ______________ do ____________ _ PI,. XVI, Figs. 15-2,4- _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XIX, Figs. 23-29 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XVI, Figs. 11-14 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. XIX, Figs. 1-5 _________________ do ____________ _ PI. XIX, Figs 6-13 _________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. XVIII, Figs, 8-25 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XV, Figs. 16-19 _________________ do ________ :. ___ _ PI. XIX, Figs. 14-22 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. XV, Figs. 9-15 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. XV, Figs. 1-8 ___________________ do ____________ _ PI. XVI, Figs. 25-39; PI. XXX, _____ do ____________ _ 

Fi~s. 3-5 .. PI. XVIII, FIgS. 1-7; PI. XXX, _____ do ____________ _ 

Fi~s. 1, ~. PI. XVI, FIgs. 1-10, ____________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XIX,' Figs. 30,-32 __________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XIII, Figs. 1-10, ___________ _____ do ____________ _ PI. XIV, Figs. 13-18 _______________ .,.do ____________ _ PI. LX, Figs. 47-53 _________________ do ____________ ..:. PI. LX, Figs. 1-16 __________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. LX, Figs. 17-30" PI. LXXX, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. I-II. PI. LXI, Figs. 34-37 _______________ ,_do ____________ _ PI. LXI, Figs. 38-47 ________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. LXI, Figs. 8-2L ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LX, Figs. 31-46; PI. LXXIX, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 11-20,. PI. LXI, F~gs. 1-7 __ ~ ______ · _________ do ____________ _ PI. LIX, Figs. 34-47 _______________ '_do ____________ .:. PI. LXI, Figs. 22-33 ________________ do ____________ _ 

Tyrolian Alps and Alaska. 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Alaska. 

Sicily. 

Do. (?) 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Tyrolian Alps and Alaska. 

Do. 

Do. 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Alaska. 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Do. 

Alaska and Tyrolian Alps. 

Do. 

Alaska. 

Do. 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Tyrolian Alps and Alaska. 

Tyrolian Alps (?). 
16 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of North America-Continued 

Karnie fauna of Shasta County, CaIiC.-Continued 

Name Illustration Stratigraphic position Occurrence elsewhere 

Arcestes carpen~~i Smith ________________ PI. XXIII, Figs.'I-IL _________ ' Tropites subbullatus 

pacificus Hyatt and Smith ___________ _ 

shaste'nsis Smith ____________________ _ traski Smith _______________________ _ whitneyi Smith _____________________ _ winnemae Smith ___________________ _ 

Paraganides californicus Hyatt and Smith __ Dieneria arthaberi Hyatt and Smith ______ _ 

Fremontites ashleyi Hyatt and Smith _____ _ 

Hauerites lawsoili Smith _________________ _ Klamathites kellyi Smith _______________ _ 'schucherti Smith ___________________ _ 

Pinacoceras rex Moj sisovics ______________ _ 

Discophyllites patens Mojsisovics _________ _ 

Trachyceras beckeri Smith _______________ _ californicum Smith _________________ _ 

lecontei Hyatt and Smith ____________ _ 

lindgreni Smith ____________________ _ 

madisonense Smith _________________ _ shastense Smith ____________________ _ 

storrsi Smith _______________________ _ 

Sirenites lawsoni Hyatt and Smith ________ _ 

Sandlingites andersoni Hyatt and Smith ___ _ oribasus Dittmar ___________________ _ Clionites americanus Smith ______________ _ californicus Hyatt and Smith ________ _ careyi Smith _______________________ _ 

compactus Smith ___________________ _ 

compress us Hyatt and Smith ________ _ evolutus Smith _____________________ _ 

fairbanksi Hyatt and Smith __________ _ 

merriami Hyatt and Smith ____ :. _____ _ minutus Smith _____________________ _ nanus, Smith ______________________ _ 

osmonti Smith ______________ ' _______ _ 

robustus Hyatt and Smith ___________ _ 

rugosus Hyatt and Smith ____________ _ stantoni Smith _____________________ _ tornquisti Smith ____________________ _ w hi tneyi Smi th _____________________ _ 

Metatirolites foliaceus Dittmar ___________ _ quadrangulus Hauer ________________ _ subpygmaeus Mojsisovics ____________ _ Thisbites uhligi Mojsisovics ______________ _ Polycyclus henseli OppeL ________________ _ major Smith _______________________ _ 

nodifer Hyatt and Smith _____________ _ Choristoceras kellyi Smith ________________ _ klamathense Smith __________________ _ 

Arpadites gabbi Hyatt and Smith _________ _ 

kingi Smi th ________________________ _ 

Atractites d.rakei Smith __________________ _ philippii Hyatt and Smith ___________ _ Dictyoconites americanus Smith __________ _ 

Orthoceras shastense Hyatt and Smith ____ _ Proclydonautilus triadicus Mojsisovics _____ _ 

spirolobus Dittmar __________________ _ stantoni Smith _____________________ _ ursensis Smith ______________________ _ 

Cosmo nautilus dilleri Hyatt and Smith ____ _ 

hersheyi Smith _____________ .,. _______ _ pacificus Smith _____________________ _ 

shastensis Smith ___________ - _ - ______ _ 

zone. PI. XXIII, Figs. 12-23; PI. _____ do ____________ _ 

XXXVII, Figs. ,1-9; PI. . LXXXI, Figs. 1-9. PI. XXII, Figs. 7-26 ________________ do _____________ Alaska. 

PI. XXII, Figs. 27-4L ______________ do ____________ _ PI. XXII, Figs. 1-6 ____ :. ___________ do ____________ _ PI. XXIII, Figs. 24-33 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXX, Figs. 12-2L ____________ do ____________ _ PI. XXXVII, Figs. 13-16; PI. _____ do ____________ _ 

LXXXI, Figs. 10-25. 

PI. XXXVII, Figs. 10-12; PI. _____ do ____________ _ 

LXIII, Figs. 6-10. PI. LXIII, Figs. 22-29 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXIII, Figs. 1-5 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LXII, Figs. 14-17 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXII, Figs. 18-20; PI. CIII, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 13, 14. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Tyrolian Alps. 

PI. LXII, Figs. 1-13; PI. CIII, _____ do _____________ Sicily. 

Figs. 4-6. PI. IV, Figs. 1-8 ___________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. I, Figs. 1,2; PI. II, Figs. 1-7 ______ do ____________ _ PI. VI, Fig. 1; PI. XLIV, Figs. _____ do ____________ _ 

1, 2; PI. XLV, Figs. 1-9; PI. 

XLIV, Figs. 1-15. PI. III, Figs. 1-6 ___________________ do _____________ ' 

PI. VI, Figs. 2-14 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. V, Figs. 1-19 ___________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. VII, Figs. 1-4 ______________ Halobia rugosa zone_ 

PI. XLVI, Figs. 16, 17; PI. Tropites subbullat,us 

XLVII, Figs. 1-9. zone. ' PI. XLVII, Figs. 10-12 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LVII, Figs. 24-27 _______________ do _____________ Tyrolian Alps. PI. LXIV, Figs. 1-15 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXIII, Figs. 14-:21- ___________ do ____________ _ PI. LXVI, Figs. 1-12 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXVII, Figs. 12-23 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. XLIII, Figs. 1-15 _______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXVI, Figs. 13-20 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. XL, Figs. 1-11; PI. XLI, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 1-14. 

PI. LXXXII, Figs. 11-23 ____________ do ____________ _ PI. LXIV, Figs. 28-38 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXV, Figs. 1-7 _________________ do ____________ _ PI. LXVII, Figs. l-IL ______________ do ____________ _ PI. XLII, Figs. 1-19; PI. LXVI, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 30-32. PI. XLI, Figs. 15-26 ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LXIV, Figs. 1().,-27 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXV, Figs. 8-25 ________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. LXVI, Figs. 21-29 ______________ do ____________ _ PI. LXXXII, Figs. 1-10 _____________ do ____________ _ PI. LIX, Figs. 9-1L ________________ do ____________ _ PI. LIX, Figs. 4-8 __________________ do ____________ _ PI. LVIII, Figs. 6,7 ________________ do ____________ _ 'PI. LVII, Figs. 28-30 ________________ do ___ ~ _________ _ 

P1. LVIII, Figs. ~0-32---------- _____ do ______ ~ ______ _ PI. XXXVIII, FIgS. 1-18 ____________ do _____________ _ PI. LIX, Figs. 1-3 ___________________ do _____________ _ PI. LIX, Figs. 12-13 _________________ do _____________ _ PI. XXXIX, Figs. 1-17; PI. _____ do _____________ _ 

LXXXIII, Figs. 1-13. ' 

PI. LVll, Figs. 31-34----- __ 7 ________ do _____________ _ PI. LXXXIX, F~gs. 14, 15 ______ :. ____ do _____________ _ PI. XLVIII, Figs. 1-3 _______________ do _____________ _ PI. LXXXIX, Figs. 10-14 ____________ do _____________ _ 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

PI. XLVIII, Figs. 4-5 _______________ do _____________ _ PI. L, Figs. 1-17; PI. XLIX, _____ do ______________ Tyrolian Alps and India. 

Figs. 1-3. 

PI. LXXXVlII, Figs. 6-14 ___________ do ____ ., .. , ________ Tyrolian Alps. PI. LXXXV, Figs. 6-1L ____________ do _____________ _ PI. LXXXIV, Figs. 1-3; PI. _____ do _____________ _ 

LXXXV, Figs. 1-5. 

PI. LI, Fig. 1; PI. LII, Fig. 1; _____ do _____________ _ 

PI. LIII, Figs. 1, 2; PI. LIV, 

Figs. 1-4; PI. LV, figs. 1-11; 

PI. XC, Fig. 1; PI. XCI, Figs. 

1, 2; PI. XCII, Figs. I, 2. ,PI. LXXXIX, Figs. 1-9 ______________ do _____________ _ PI. LXXXVI, Figs. 1-15 _____________ do _____________ _ PI. LXXXVIl, Figs. 1-11 ____________ do ___ " _________ _ 
THE FAUNA 17 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of North America-Continued 

Karnlc Cauna oC Shasta County, CaIlC.-Continued 

Name Illustration Stratigraphic position Occurrence elsewhere 

Mojsvaroceras turneri Hyatt and Smith ____ PI. XLVIII, Figs. 6-1L ________ Tropites subbullatus 

zone. Juvavionautilus acutus Hauer _____________ Not figured------------------- _____ do _____________ _ Grypoceras cooperi Smith _________________ PI. LXXXVIII, Figs. 1-5 ____________ do _____________ _ 

Styrionautilus sauperi Hauer ______________ .PI. LXJSXV~Figs .. 12-18------- _____ do _____________ _ Clydonautilus hessi Smith ______________ .:. __ PI. LXXXVIII, FIgS. 15-19 __________ do _____________ _ Patella sheehani Smith ____________________ PI. XCVI, Figs. 28-29 ______________ -:do _____________ _ stuarti Smith____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. XCIV, Fig. 18 ___________________ do _____________ _ 

Capult~s silv~rthor~i Smi.th---------------- PI. XCIV, Fig. 15 ___________________ do _____________ _ Collom a occldentahs SmIth ___ ~ ____________ PI. XCIV, Figs. 16, 17 _______________ do _____________ _ Omphaloptychia obesa Smith ______________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 4 ____________________ do _____________ _ shastensis Smith _____________________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 5 ____________________ do _____________ _ Worthenia klamathensis Smith ____________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 3 ____________________ do ________ ..: ____ _ Halobia austriaca Mojsisovics _____________ PI. XCIX, Figs. 10-13 _______________ do ______________ Tyrolian Alps and Alaska. 

cordillerana Smith ____________________ PI. XCIII, Fig. 8; PI. XCVIII, _____ do ______________ Alaska. 

Fig. 9; PI. XCIX, Figs. 1-6. gigantea Smith ______________________ PI. XCIII, Figs. 6, 7; PI. XCIV, _____ do______________ Do. 

Figs. 1-3. 

ornatissima Smith ____________________ PI. XCIV, Figs. 4-6; PI. XCVII, _____ do______________ Do. 

Figs. 4-8. 

Halobia rugosa GuembeL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. VII, Figs. 7-10_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ H alobia rugosa zone__ Tyrolian Alps. 

superba Mojsisovics _________________ PI. XCIII, Figs. 1-5; PI. XCIV, Tropites subbullatus Do . . Fig. 7; PI. XCVII, Figs. 1-3. zone. Avicula soperi Smith ____________________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 9 ___________________ do ____________ _ Cassianella shastensis Smith ____ - _________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 6 ___________________ do _______ .:. ____ _ Pecten pittensis Smith ___________________ PI. VII, Fig. 5 ________________ Halobiarugosazone __ Lima kimballi Smith ____________________ PI. VII, Fig. 6 _____________________ do ____________ _ 

My til us ursensis Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. XCIV, Fig. 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tropites subbullatus 

zone. Dimyodon storrsi Smith __________________ PI. XCVI, Fig. L __________________ do ____________ _ Myo1?ho~ia b.ro~ken~is Smith ______________ PI. XCVI, Figs. 25, 26 ______________ do ____________ _ CardIta Jenkmsl Smlth ___________________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 2 ___________________ do ____________ _ Myoconcha nana Smith _________________ PI. XCIV, Figs. 10, 1L _______ ,. _____ do ____________ _ Cardiomorpha digglesi Smith _____________ PI. XCIV, Fig. 8 ___________________ do ____________ _ Anoplophora shastensis Smith ____________ PI. XCIV, Fig. 14- _________________ do ____________ _ Cardinia gleimi Smith ___________________ PI. XCVI, Figs. 7, 8 ________________ do ____________ _ Posidonia jacksoni Smith _________________ PI. XCIV, Fig. 13 __________________ do ____________ _ madisonensis Smith __________________ PI. XCIV, Fig. 12 __________________ do ____________ _ Terebratula pyriformi"a Suess _____________ PI. XCVI, Figs. 14,15 ______________ do _____________ Tyrolian Alps and India. 

Dielasma julicum Bittner ________________ PI..XCVI, Figs. 12,13 ______________ do_____________ Do. 

Spirigera milesi Smith ___________________ PI. XCVI, Figs. 10, 1L _____________ do ____________ _ 

Spiriferina coreyi Smith __________________ PI. XCV, Fig. 12 ______________ Spiriferina zone ____ _ Rhynchonella howardii Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. XCVI, Figs. 16-18_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tropites subbullatus 

zone. richardsoni Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ __ PI. XCVI, Figs. 19-2L _____________ do ____________ _ winpemae Smith ____________________ PI. XCVI, Figs. 22-24 ______________ do ____________ _ 

Isocrinus californicus Clark _______________ PI. XCV, Fig. 6; PI. CIV, Fig. 13 __ ,.. ___ do ____________ _ Encrinus hyatti Clark ____________________ PI. CIV, Figs. 14, 15 ________________ do ____________ _ Cidaris dilleri Clark _____________________ PI. CIV, Fig. 12 ____________________ do ____________ _ shastensis Clark ____ ~ ________________ PI. CIV, Fig. 1L ___________________ do ________ .:. ____ · 

Shastasaurus alexandrae Merriam_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Notfigured-- ____ ..: _________________ do ____________ _ altispinus Merriam _______________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ 

~:::K~t~M~~~~~~ = = = = = = = =:= = = = = = = = = === ==~~= = == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =~~== = = = = = = = = = = = . pacificus Merriam ________________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Delphinosaurus perrini Merriam _______________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Merriamia zitteli Merriam _____________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Toretocnemus californicus Merriam _____________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Thalattosaurus alexandrae Merriam ____________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ perrini Merriam __________________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ shastensis Merriam _______________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Nectosaurus halius Merriam _______________ . ____ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Hybodus shastensis Wemple ___________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ Acrodus wempleae Jordan _____________________ do ____________________________ do ____________ _ 

Karnic species oC Oregon. 

Halobia oregonensis Smith _______________ PI. XCV, Figs. 1,2 ____________ Halobia oregonensis 

zone. salinarum Bronn ____________________ PI. XCV, Fig. 7 ____________________ do _____________ Tyrolian Alps. Pecten ceruleus Smith ___________________ PI. XCV, Fig. 13 ___________________ do ____________ _ 
18 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of NQrth America-Continued 

Lower Kamie fauna of the Dawsonites zone of British Columbia 

Name Illustration Occurrence elsewhere 

Paranautilus liardensis Whiteaves ________ - _______________ PI. CVIl, Figs. 1, 2 ___________ _ Dawsonites canadensis Whiteaves ________________________ PI. CVIl, Figs. 8-10 ___________ Bear Island and Alaska. 

N athorstites lenticularis Whiteaves_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. CVIl, Figs. 6, 7__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Bear Island. 

mcconnelli Whiteaves_ _ _ _ _____ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ PI. CVlI, Figs. 3-5_ ____ _ __ __ __ Bear Island and Alaska(?). 

Margarita triassica Whiteaves ___________________________ PI. CVI, Figs. 14, 15 __________ _ Trigonodus productus Whiteaves ________ - _______________ PI. CVI, Figs. 11-13_~ ________ _ Pseudomonotis ovalis Whiteaves _________________________ PI. CVI, Fig. 8 _______________ _ 

Halobia occidentalis Whiteaves __________ - _______________ PI. CVI, Figs. 9,10 ___________ _ Dielasma liardense Whiteaves ___________________________ PI. CVI, Figs. 2-5 _____________ Alaska. 

Spiriferina borealis Whiteaves ___________________________ PI. CVI, Fig. L_______________ Do. 

~arnic fauna of Alaska 

Name Illustration Stratigraphic position and 

locality 

Dielasma chapini Smith_ __ __ __ ______ ___ _ _ PI. ClI, Figs. 4-6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ Nation River ______ _ hamiltonense Smith __________________ Pl. ClI, Figs. 14-16 ___________ Hamilton Bay _____ _ 

Rhynchonella blackwelderi Smith __________ PI. CII, Figs. 1-3 _____________ Nation RiveL _____ _ Spiriferina yukonensis Smith ______________ Pl. CI, Figs. 13, 14- ________________ do ____________ _ Lima martini Smith _____________________ PI. CI, Fig. 1L ____________________ do ____________ _ blackburni Smith ____________________ PI. ClII, Fig. 1L _____________ Karnic horizon _____ _ Pecten yukonensis Smith _________________ PI. C~ Figs.~, 10 __________________ do ____________ _ 

Halobia austriaca Mojsisovics _____________ PI. XvIX, FIgS. 10-13 ______________ do ____________ _ distincta Mojsisovics ____________ · _____ PI. XCVII, Figs. 9,10 ______________ do ____________ _ 

brooksi Smith __ ------------ _________ PI. XCIX, Figs. 7.:-.9 ___________ - __________________ _ lineata Muenster ____________________ PI. XCVIII, Figs. 13, 14 _______ Karnic or Noric horizon. 

cordillerana Smith ___________________ PI. XCIII, Fig. 8; PI. XCVIII, Upper Karnic horiFig. 9; Pl. XCIX, Figs. 1-6. zon. superba Mojsisovics _________________ Pl. XCIII, Figs. 1-5; PI. XCIV, _____ do-: ___________ _ 

Fig. 7; PI. XCVII, Figs. 1-3. ornatissima Smith ___________________ PI. XCIV, Figs. 4-6; PI. XCVII, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 4-8. . Eumorphotis nationalis Smith _____________ PI. CI, Fig. 12 ________________ Nation RiveL _____ _ Pleurophorus overbecki Smith ____________ PI. CI, Fig. 15 _____________________ do ____________ _ 

Protorcula alaskana Smith ________________ PI. CIlI, Figs. 9,10 ___________ Karnic horizon (?) __ _ Orthoceras sp _________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nation River ______ _ 

Occurrence elsewhere 

Karnic beds of Alps. 

Karnic and N oric beds of 

Alps. 

Do. 

California and Alps(?). 

Karnic beds of Alps. 

Do. (?) 

Germanonautilus brooksi Smith ____ . ______ PI. ClI, Figs. 7-10_. ________________ do ____________ _ 

Aulacoceras cf. A. carlottense Whiteaves _ _ PI. CVIII, Fig. 6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Herring Bay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Queen Charlotte Islands. 

Margarites moffiti Smith _________________ Pl. CIII, Figs. 1-3 _____________ 1 ___________________ _ 

cf. M. jokelyi Hauer _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. LVIII, Figs. 24-29_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Herring Bay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ California and Alps. 

Juvavites ~ro.ckensis S~i~h--:------------- PI. XVI, F~gs. 15-24 ________________ do_____________ Do. 

extermphcatus MOJSISOVICS ___________ PI. XIX, FIgS. 1-5 _________________ do_____________ Do. 

knowltoni Smith ____________________ PI. XV, Figs. 16-19 _________________ do _____________ · California. 

septentrionalis Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. XIX, Figs. 33, 34_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nizina district _____ _ cf. J. subinterruptus Mojsisovics_ _ _ _ _ _ PI. XXX, Figs. 1, 2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Herring Bay _______ _ Metasibirites shastensis Smith ____________ PI. LXI, Figs. 22-33 ________________ do ____________ _ 

Nathorstites alaskanus Smith _____________ PI. CIl, Figs. 11-13 ____________ Nation RiveL ______ 1 

Discophyllites patens Mojsi'sovics _________ PI. LXII, FIgS. 1-13; Pl. CIII, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 4-6. 

Pinacoceras cf. P. rex Mojsisovics_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. LXII, Figs. U~-20j PI. CIII, _____ do ____________ _ 

Figs. 13, 14. Cladiscites martini Smith _________________ PI. ClI, Figs. 17-20 ________________ do ____________ _ mendenhalli Smith __________________ PI. ClI, Figs. 21-24 ___________ Canning River _____ _ 

Trachyceras cf. T.lecontei Hyatt and Smith_ PI. VI, Fig. 1; PI. XLIV, Figs. ___________________ _ 

1, 2; PI. XLV, Figs. 1-9; PI. 

XLVI, Figs. 1-15., PI. CIII, Figs. 7, 8_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SkoJai Pass ________ _ PI. IX, Figs. 4-6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Herring Bay _______ _ PI. VIII, Figs. 1-18 _________________ do ____________ _ 

PI. XXXV, Figs. 1-12; PI.I _____ dO ____________ _ XXXVI, Figs. 1-26. 

Tropites stan toni Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. CII, Figs. ~5-27 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nizi~a districL ____ _ cf. T. johnsoni Smith ________________ PI. LXXIV, FIgS. 10-15 ________ , Herrmg Bay _______ _ 

Sirenites hayesi Smith __________________ _ Discotropites davisi Smith _______________ _ mojsvarensis Smith _________________ _ sandlingensis Hauer ________________ _ 

California and Alps. 

California. 

California and Sicily. 

California and Alps. 

California. 

Do. 

Do. 

California and Alps. 

California. 
THE FAUNA 19 

c 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of North A merica-Continued 

Fauna oC Sutton Cormation oC Vancouver Island 

Name Illustration Occurrence elsewhere 

Terebratula suttonensis Clapp and Shimer _______________ _ Myo~horia suttonensis Clapp and Shi~er ________________ _ Chol'lstoceras suttonense Clapp and Sh,Imer ______________ _ Alaska. 

Do. 

PI. CV, Fig. 7 ________________ _ PI. CV, Fig. 2 ________________ _ 

Isastrea profunda Reuss _______________________________ _ PI. CV, Figs. 5, 6 _____________ _ 

PI. CV, Fig. 8; PI. CXII, Figs. 

5-6; PI. CXIV, Figs. 1-3. 

Zlambach beds of Alps j Alaska 

and California. vancouverensis Clapp and Shimer ___________________ _ 

Confusastrea cowichanensis Clapp and Shimer ____________ _ 

PI. CV, Fig. 10; PI. CXII, Figs. 1-4~rPI. CXIV, Figs. 4-6; PI. CX_~I, Figs. 4, 5. 

PI. CV, Fig. 3,;. PI. CX.IV, Figs. 10-13; PI. \..iXXI, FIg. 1. 

Do. 

Alaska. 

decussata Reuss __________________________________ _ PI. CXIII, Fig. 7; PI. CXV, Figs. 

1-3; PI. CXXI, Fig. 2. 

Zlambach beds of Alps; also 

Alaska and California. Thecosmilia delicatula Frech ___________________________ _ PI. CV, Fig. 4 ________________ _ Zlambach beds of Alps; also 

Alaska. fenestrata Reuss ___________________________ ~ _______ PI. CV, Fig. L _______________ _ Alaska, California, and Zlambach 

beds of Alps. 

Lower Noric coral zone Cauna 

------.. ----------~----------------.---------------------------.---------------------~------------------

Name Ulustration Occurrence in North America Occurrence elsewhere 

Avicula soperi Smith _____________________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 9; PI. CIII, Fig. Alaska and California ___ _ 

12. Halobia dalliana Smith __________________ _ Alaska ________________ _ 

dilatata Mojsisovics ________________ _ PI. XCVIII, Figs. 5, 6 ________ _ 

PI. XCV, Fig. 5; PI. C, Figs. 1, 4_ Oregon and Alaska_ _ _ _ _ _ Tyrolian Alps. fallax Mojsisovics __________________ _ Alaska _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Do. 

halorica Mojsisovics ________________ _ PI. XCVIII, Figs. 10, 11- _____ _ 

PI. XCV, Figs. 3, 4; PI. XCVIII, Oregon and Alaska_ _ _ _ _ _ Do. 

Fig. 12. 

PI. XCVIII, Figs. 13, 14 _______ Alaska _________ ~ ______ _ PI. C, Figs. 5-7 ____________________ do ________________ _ PI. XCVIII, Figs. 1-4 _______________ do ________________ _ PI. XCVIII, Figs. 7, 8 ______________ do ________________ _ PI. CI, Figs. 4, 5 ___________________ do ________________ _ 

PI. CV, Fig. 2____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Alaska and British Colineata Muenster ___________________ _ alaskana Smith _____________________ _ 

septentrionalis Smith _______________ _ symmetrica Smith __________________ _ 

Cassianella gravinaensis Smith ___________ _ 

Myophoria suttonensis Clapp and Shimer __ _ lumbia. PI. CI, Fig. 3 _________________ Alaska ________________ _ 

PI. 

~~: CV, g~! ~~: Fig. ~================= 7 _________________ =====~~================= Vancouver Island _______ _ PI. XCV, Figs. 10, 11- _________ California _____________ _ PI. CV, Figs. 5, 6 ______________ Vancouver Island and 

beringiana Smith _________ ... _________ _ 

Purpurin a gravinaensis Smith ____________ _ Protorcula bassetti Smith ________________ _ Dielasma suttonense Clapp and Shimer ___ _ Spiriferina pittensis Smith _______________ _ 

Choristoceras suttonense Clapp and Shimer _ Alaska. 

Thecosmilia caespitosa Frech_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. CXXI, Fig. 7___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Alaska ________________ _ delicatula Frech _____________________ PI. CV, Fig. 4 _________________ Vancouver Island and 

Alaska. 

fen est rata Reuss ___________ ~--------- PI. CV, Figs. 1,9 __ .: ___________ Vancouver ·Island, Alaska. and California. PI. CXI, Figs. 1-4 ____ -' ________ Oregon ________________ _ 

PI. CXVIII, Fig. 10 ___________ California and Alaska ___ _ PI. CXI, Figs. 7-9__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Oregon and Alaska _____ _ Not figured__ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nevada _______________ _ 

PI. CXXI, Fig. 6 ______________ Iliamna Lake, Alaska ___ _ PI. CXI, Fig. 6 ________________ Oregon and Alaska _____ _ PI. CXIV, Figs. 7-9 ___________ Alaska ________________ _ 

PI. CV, Fig. 8; PI. CXII, Figs. California, Alaska, and 

5, 6; PI. CXIV Figs. 1-3. Vancouver Island. 

vancouverensis Clapp and Shimer _____ PI. CV, Fig. 10; PI. CXII, Figs. _____ do ________________ _ 

1-4; PI. CXIV, Figs. 4-6; 

PI. CXXI, Figs. 4, 5. 

llorica Frech _______________________ _ 

Stylophyllopsis mojsvari Frech ___________ _ zitteli Frech _______________________ _ 

Montlivaultia marmorea Frech ___________ _ martini Smith ______________________ _ norica Frech _______________________ _ Isastrea parva Smith ____________________ _ profunda Reuss ____________________ _ 

Alaska ________________ _ 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Latimaeandra alaskan a Smith _____________ Pl. CXV

t 

Figs. 11,12 _________ _ eucystis Frech ______________________ PI. CXI I, Figs. 8, 9 __________ _ Ca.Iifornia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Do. 

Confusastrea decussata Reuss _____________ PI. CXIII, Fig. 7; PI. CXV, 

Figs. 1-3; PI. CXXI, Fig. 2. 

PI. CXVI, Figs. 1, 2 __________ _ PI. CXV, Fig. 4 ______________ _ PI. CXXI, Fig. 3 _____________ _ 

PI. CV, Fig. 3; PI. CXIV, Figs. 10-13~ PI. CXXI, Fig. 1. 

PI. CXIl, Figs. 11-13 _________ _ PI. CXV

t 

Fi.g. 5 ______________ _ PI. CXI , FIgS. 7-10 __________ _ PI. CXV, Figs. 6-10 __________ _ PI. CXIII, Figs: 1-6 __________ _ 

borealis Smith _____________________ _ grandissima Frech __________________ _ incrassata Frech ____________________ _ 

cowichanensis Clapp and Shimer _____ _ 

Astrocoenia shastensis Smith _____________ _ martini Smith ______________________ _ 

Stephanocoenia j u va vica Frech ___________ _ Thamnastraea borealis Smith ____________ _ rectilamellosa Winkler ______________ _ 

rectilamellosa var. minor Frech _______ _ 

California and Alaska_ _ _ _ Zlambach 

Alaska ________________ _ 

California and Alaska ___ _ Alaska ________________ _ 

Vancouver Island and . Alaska. 

California _____________ _ Alaska ________________ _ 

California and Alaska ___ _ Alaska ________________ _ 

California _____________ _ 

Alaska and California ___ _ 

Alps. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

PI. CXVI, Fig. 3 j PI. CXVIII, Do. 

Figs. 5, 6. Halomitra triadica Smith _________________ PI. CXX, Figs. 7, 8 ____________ Alaska ________________ _ 

beds of 
20 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA :J 

Marine invertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic of North America-Continued 

Lower Noric coral zone fauna-Continued 

Name Illustration Stratigraphic position Occurrence elsewhere 

Spongiomorpha dendriformis Smith ________ P1. CXVII, Fig. 1; PI. CXVIII, California ______________ 

gibbosa Frech _________________ ~ _____ ' Figs. 1, 2. 

PI. CXX, Figs. 1-3; PI. CXXI, California and Alaska ____ Zlambach beds 

ramosa Frech _______________________ Figs. 14, 15. 

PI. CXX, Figs. 4, 5; PI. CXXI, AJaska _________ ~ _______ Alps. 

Do. F~s. 10-13. tenuis Smith ________________________ PI. XVIII, Fig. 3 ____________ California ______________ 

Heptas.tylis aquilae Smith ________________ PI. CIX, Figs. 1-6; PI. CXI, Oregon _________________ 

F~. 5. oregonensis Smith ___________________ PI. X, Figs. 1-5 ______________ _____ do _________________ 

Stromatomorpha californica Smith _________ PI. CXVIII, Fig. 4; PI. CXIX, California and Alaska ____ 

F~. 1; PI. CXX, Fig. 6.' 

Heterastridium conglobatum Reuss ________ PI. XVIII, Figs. 7-9 __________ Alaska _________________ Do. 

Noric fauna of the Pseudomonotis zone of western North America 

Name illustration Occurrence in North AmeriCa 

Aulacoceras carlottense Whiteaves _______________________ PI. CVIII, Fig. 6 _____________ _ Syringoceras spurri Smith ________________________ .:. ______ PI. CIV, Figs. 8, 9 ____________ _ Badiotites? carlottensis Whiteaves _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. CVIII, Fig. 5 _____________ _ Rhabdoceras russelli Hyatt _____________________________ PI. XLVII, Figs. 13-15; PI. 

LVI, Fig. 26. 

PIa cites humboldtensis Hyatt and Smith __________________ PI. LVI, Figs. 10-25 __________ _ 

Queen Charlotte Islands. 

Nevada. 

Queen Charlotte Islands. 

California and Nevada. 

Nevada. 

Do .. 

of 

Arcestes andersoni Hyatt and Smith _________ , ____________ PI. LVI, Figs. 1-9 ____________ _ Arniotites vancouverensis Whiteaves ____________________ PI. CVIII, Fig. 2 _____________ _ Vancouver Island and Queen 

Charlotte Islands. 

Juvavites? carlottensis Whiteaves _______________________ PI. CVIII, Fig. L ____________ _ Halorites americanus HyatL ____________________________ PI. XXIX, Figs. 1,2 __________ _ Monotis alaskana Smith ________________________________ PI. CI, Figs. 1,2 _____________ _ 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis Gabb _______________________ PI. XCV, Figs. 8-9; PI. CI, Fig. 

8; PI. CIV, Figs. 6, 7. circularis Gabb_ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. CIV, Fig. 5 _______________ _ 

Avicula mucronata Gabb_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _______ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ PI. CIV, Fig. L ______________ _ 

Posidonia blatchleyi Gabb ______________________________ PI. CIV, Fig. 4 _______________ _ daytonensis Gabb____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PI. CIV, Fig. 3 _______________ _ stella Gabb_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ __ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ PI. CIV, Fig. 10 _______ ~ ______ _ 

Pecten deformis Gabb __________________________________ PI. CIV, Fig. 2 _______________ _ Daonella? bochiformis Hyatt- _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ Not figured __________________ _ cardinoides Hyatt ________________________ , _______________ do ______________________ _ subjecta Hyatt _________________________________________ do ______________________ _ 

Cardinia? ponderosa Gabb __________________________________ do _____ - ________________ _ Myophoria humboldtensis Smith _________________________ PI. XCVI, Fig. 21- ___________ _ alta Gabb ____________________________________ , __ , _ _ PI. CIV, Fig. 16 ______________ _ 

Names only 

Arcestes californiensis Hyatt _________________________________________________________ _ 

Daonellatenuistriata Hyatt __________________________________________________________ _ Inoceramus g~rvillioides Hyatt _______________________________________________________ _ simplex Hyatt __________________________________________________________________ _ 

Pecten daytonensis HyatL ___________________________________________________________ _ inexpectans Hyatt _________________________________ - ____________________________ _ 

lasseni Hya tt _______________ ' ____________________________________________________ _ 

Lima acuta Hyatt __________________________________________________________________ _ N ucula tenuis ________________________________________________________ ~ _____________ _ 

Modiola triquetraeformis Hyatt _________________________________________________ : ____ _ Rhynchonella solitaria HyatL _____________________________ , ___________________________ _ 

California and Nevada. 

Alaska. 

Nevada, California, North Pacific, and AJaska. 

Nevada. 

California. 

Nevada. 

Do. 

Do. 

California. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Nevada. 

Do. 

Do. 

Plumas County, Calif. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
DEGENERATE OR RETARDED FORMS IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF CALIFORNIA 21 

CLASSIFICATION OF TRIASSIC AMMONOIDS 

rrhe systematic relationships of Triassic ammonoids 

are comparatively simple. There are in reality only 

two major stocks,one coming from the Gephyroceratidae and one from the Gastrioceras branch of the 

Glyphioceratidae. From the Gephyroceras stock came 

the Ceratitoidea and Pinacoceratoidea; from the 

Gastrioceras stock came the Ptychitoidea, the Tropitoidea, nnd the Arcestoidea. 

The genetic relationships are expressed in the diagram below. 

Most of .the larger groups of the Upper Triassic 

fauna are progressive, developing rapidly, giving rise 

to numerous normal genera, and multiplying in species 

with abundant individuals. 

Now, as the Upper Triassic faunas of the world are 

well known, it is not likely that there are many unknown groups of ammonoids in that time, and as these 

groups were in existence at the end of the Triassic 

period, it is more than prohable that the Jurassic 

ammonites must have developed out of the known 

groups. The genetic series of Lytoceras-PhyZZoceras is 

{

Lytoceratidaej 

{

XenOdiscidae Ceratiti?~e Ceratitoidea Hungantldae 

I 

Gephyroceras . Gymnitidae 

I 

Pronoritidae- N oritidae } 

. I-GOni010boceras{~~~~·:JI?J:~atidae Pinacoceratoidea 

Anarcestldael _ Beloceras--+ Prodromitidae- Pinacoceratidae 

J nit { Ptychitidae Ptychitoidea uve es Acrochordiceratidae Haloritidae .. Gastrioceras {SChistoceras --+ Celtitida.e ___ TropitidB;e } TropltOldea 

Agathiceras--.{Popanoceratl~ae.~ Arcestldae }Ar estoidea , Cladlscltldae c 

Arthaber 18 has given a most elaborate classification 

of Triassic ammonites, which differs considerably from 

that shown above. He recognizes five principal stocks 

(stamm), of which (I) Beloceratea, (II) Tornoceratea, 

and (III) Gephyroceratea correspond to the Gephyroceras stock in the table above. His (IV) Agathiceratea and (V) Gastrioceratea correspond to the 

Gastrioceras stock. 

The stock of Beloceratea can not stand,' for only a 

small part of the genera included by Arthaber in that 

group can possibly have been derived from BeZoceras. 

His Tornoceratea also can not be accepted, for the 

supposed components of that group are of very diverse 

origin, the Ptychitidae from the Gastrioceras stock and 

the Gymni tinae from the Gephyroceras branch of 

Xenodiscidae. As to the other groups, the writer 

agrees substantially with Arthaber. 

All five suborders are represented in the Upper 

Triassic of North America, the Ceratitoidea by Lytoceratidae and Ceratitidae; the Pinacoceratoidea by 

Haueritidae and Pinacoceratidae;. the Ptychitoidea 

by Ptychitidae; the Tropitoidea by Celtitidae, Haloritidae and Tropitidae; the Arcestoidea by ArceRtidae 

and Clu,discitidae. These are described fully under 

the proper heads. 

'l~he N oritidae and Hungaritidae, which are fairly 

common in the Upper Triassic beds of Europe: are 

lacking in North America in beds laid down at thn.t 

time, although Hungaritidae were abundant there in 

Middle Triassic time. 

The name Lytoceratoidea, formerly used by the 

writer to designate the group of MonophyZZites, Lytoceras, PhyZZoceras, and their kindred, is given up, since 

Arthaber has shown that this line was derived from 

the Xenodiscidae. The group is therefore placed 

under the Ceratitoidea. 

18 Arthabor, O. von, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. Pal!lontologie Oesterr,-Ungarns 

u. des Orients, Band 24, pp. 177-179, 1011. 

the only one that goes through from Triassic to 

Jurassic unchanged, but in Jurassic and even Cretaceous genera there are many reminiscences of Triassic 

genera, as seen in recapitulation in ontogeny and in 

arrested development, as well as in reversionary types. 

A discussion of this subject has been given elsewhere 

by the writer,I9 so there is no need of repetition here. 

DEGENERATE OR RETARDED FORMS IN THE UPPER 

TRIASSIC OF CALIFORNIA 

Although retarded forms, such as J.Vannites and 

Lecanites, are common in the Lower Triassic, these 

are simply nearly stationary, and in Paranannites and 

ThermaZites are still, to some extent, progressive. 

Even In the Middle Triassic Lecanites and Nannites 

still persist with little change but show by their 

dwarfed forms that they are no longer progressive. 

In the Upper Triassic none of the lett-over types 

persist, but there are many dwarfs that resemble the 

ancient fornls. These dwarfs are, without exception, 

. reversionary groups, arrested in development, and 

retrograding to the stage of evolution of their Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ancestors. Those known in 

California are listed below. 

Ptychitidae: 

Paraganidea californicus_ _ Fully retarded and reversionary to the stage of Devonian and early Carboniferous 

Halori tidae: 

Metasibirites brockensis __ _ coei _______________ _ 

frechi ______________ _ 

gracilis ____________ _ 

modestus __________ _ 

mojsvarensis _____ .. __ parvus _____________ _ 

pusillus ____________ _ 

pygrnaeus __________ _ 

shastensis __________ _ 

Aganides. 

All r~tarded in stage showing 

characters of Pericyclus of 

Carboniferous, Gastrioceras 

of Carboniferous, and Acrochordiceras of Middle Triassic. 

19 Smith, J. P., Acceleration of development in fossil Cephalopoda: Leland Stan· 

ford Junior Univ. Pub" univ. ser., 1914. 
22 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Haloritidae-Continued. 

Homerites semiglobosus ___ Some characters of primitive 

Acrochordiceras. 

1 

Arrested in development in 

Leconte~ceras californicum stage corresponding t~ some 

occldentale ________ :._ characters of GastrlOceras 

and Acrochordiceras. 

Jovites pacificus _________ Partly arrested. 

Bacchites bacchus ________ ReversioJ?ary by loss of sculpture. 

Halorites americanus_ _ _ _ _ Abnormal in body whorl. 

Gonionotites hyattL _____ jArrested and retarded in sculpnorthL_____________ ture and to some extent in 

pinguis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ septa .. 

Tropitidae: 

Tornquistites evolutus ____ }Retarded in characters resemobolinus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bling Tropigastrites. . 

Microtropites tubercularis_ Arrested in stage resembling 

Protropites. 

Tropiceltites caducus _____ Retarded in stage resembling 

both Gastrioceras and Tropigastrites. 

Celti tes steindachnerL _ _ _ _ Arrested in stage corresponding 

to transition from Gastrioceras to Celtites. 

Anatropites hauchecorneL Partly arrested in stage showing characters of Tropigastrites. 

Mar~arites. senilis_ - - - - - - -jpartlY arrested and retarded 

JokelyL: ____ .________ in Tropigastrites stage. septentrlOnahs ______ _ 

Pinacocera tidae: 

Dieneria arthaberi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Arrested in stage like Beatites 

of the Lower Triassic. 

Ceratitidae: 

Metatirolites foliaceus_ - - -jArrested in stage like Tirolites 

quadrangulus________ of the Lower Triassic. 

subpygmaeus _______ _ 

Choristoceras kellyi ______ !Ar:ested and uncoiling, revertklamathense_________ mgtoform between Bactrites 

and Anarcestes. 

Polycyc~us henselL------jRetarded in many characters 

nO~lfer - - - - - - - - - - - - - of primitive Xenodiscus. maJ or _____________ _ 

Rhabdoceras russelli ______ Reversionary to Bactrites in 

form, still ceratitic in septa. 

This bi tes uhligL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Retarded in some characters of 

primitive Ceratites, in others 

reversionary to .goniatite ancestor. 

Sandlingites andersonL ___ !Ret~r?ed in septa ~o early cer- oribasus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ atltlC ancestor, III sculpture 

. . to transitional Anolcites. 

Clionites careyL _________ jAlmost completely arrested in 

merriamL___________ Tirolites stage but retains 

minutus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the trachyceran furrow. 

americanus __________ }Retains some of the trachyfairbanksL__________ ceran SCUlpture. 

occidentalis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Partly reversionary in fo~m, 

evolutus ____________ j 

rugosus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ completely in septa. 

californicus __________ }Arrested in Tirolites stage alosmontL____________ most at maturity. 

compactus_ - - - - - - - - -jRetains some trachyceran char- . 

cOI?pres~us---------- acters but arrested in septa. whltneYL __________ _ 

nanus_ - - - - - - - - - - - - -!Retains most of the trachycerobustu~------------ ran sculpture but t.horoughly 

stanto~L._ - - - - - - - - - - retarded in septa. tornqUlstL _________ _ 

In all the species and genera cited above the reversion by arrest of development occurs, but it is never 

complete. In some characters the form may be completelyarrested, and in others it may still be up to the 

stage of its immediate ancestors. But even partial 

arrest of development is a sign of degeneration and is 

nearly always accompanied by dwarfing of the form 

and followed by early extinction. This phenomenon 

brings out the strange palingenesis of long extinct 

types, the reappearance in the old age of the race of 

characters that belonged to its long-forgotten youth. 

I t is true senescenc~, not of individuals but of the race. 

Alpheus Hyatt was not able to use these examples in 

his studies of ontogeny and phylogeny, for nearly all 

these dwarfed and arrested types have been made 

known since his classic studies were published. The 

prophetic mind of E. D. Cope foresaw the principles, 

but he had no examples. The writer has recently 

given a full discussion of arrest of development and 

retardation in fossil Cephalopoda, with illustrations.20 

The Upper Triassic cephalopod fauna, if one judges 

by the large number of dwarfed and arrested forms, 

was largely in a state of old age. Very few of these 

stocks passed over into the Jurassic period but were 

largely replaced by genera that came as vigorous 

immigrants from breeding grounds as yet unknown. 

In all the degenerate forms listed above degeneration 

seems to be very sudden, for they are little removed 

in time from the genera from which they must have 

retrograded, and the reversion toward their remote 

Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ancestors is exceedingly 

rapid. They show their degeneration partly in loss of 

the distinctive characters of their immediate ancestors, in reduction in size, in simplification of the 

septa, and in their· partial return to the characters of 

their remote ancestors, thus accentuating the characters of the radicle stock. 

The cause of this degeneration is not known, but it is 

essentially a dropping back in the race-retardation. 

These forms behave like those in unfavorable surroundings in showing unusual individual variation, which 

again is a return to the behavior of the stock in its 

distant youth. . 

Species living under unfavorable conditions show 

unusual individual variation and various degrees of 

reversion, as, for example, Gastrioceras diadema of the 

European" Coal Measures." This species, while the 

main stock was still young and progressive, lived under 

abnormal conditions in an oscillating basin, and it 

shows, by its extreme variability and the various 

degrees of reversion to Pericyclus, that something was 

wrong with it. The reversion is all along the line, and 

even the young stages vary as much as the mature 

forms. No constant tendency to the fixation of subspecies or varieties can be observed in this variation. 

This species is simply a group of individuals affected 

by abnormal conditions of salinity, or possibly temperature, and striving to adapt itself. The fundamen20 op. cit., pp. 12-19. 
TROPITOIDEA 23 

tal pathologic conditi~n calls forth deep-seated 

hereditary characters, and the species reverts to some 

of these. It plainly shows premature senility at 

a tilne when the race was not yet old. This species 

behaves exactly as does the" group of Olionites, but 

in that group, which was worn out in varying, the 

senility is real. 

A series of degenerate Olionites behaves entir"ely 

differently from one of progressive Tropites. In 

Olionites there is greater variation and difficulty of 

discrilllinating species, and the variation is extremely 

irregular and lawless. In Tropites there is also great 

variation, but it is linear and regular, between extremes 

of the series. There is no difficulty in placing a good 

specimen in that part of the linear series where it 

belongs, even though there lllay be difficulty in drawing 

the line between contiguous species. 

In addition to the more completely retarded or 

reversionary genera and species listed above, J uvavites 

and Trachyceras show a tendency to prolong their 

ontogeny. 

Several species of Juvavites linger in the stages corresponding to Gastrioceras and its immediate descendants, which is a beginning of arrest of development. 

T1'achyceras Zecontei remains until fully mature in the 

compressed, nearly smooth form characteristic of the 

ancestral Meekoceras. Trachyceras beckeri persists in 

that same stage until half grown, then suddenly reverts 

to the rough-shelled sculpture of the Ladinic species 

of Trachyceras. 

Arpadites might be called a persistent larval form, 

for in 11l0St characters it is not beyond Meekoceras. 

These degenerate and arrested or reversionary forms 

are of great value in classification, for through them 

we obtain confirmation of conclusions based upon the 

study of progressive genera in the same families. 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

Phylum MOLLUSCA 

Class CEPHALOPODA 

Order AMMONOIDEA 

Suborder TROPITOIDEA 

FornlS that have long body chamber, umbilical 

ribs or knots, periodic constrictions, usually strong 

surface sculpture, and cOlnparatively simple septa. 

The septa are digitate in the highly developed 

genera; simple or goniatitic in the primitive ancestral 

types; ceratitic in the transitional types; and either 

goniatitic or ceratitic in the arrested or retarded 

reversionary fornls. 

. The principal stocks of Tropitoidea" are as follows: 

1. Celtitidae: 

Celtites Mojsisovics_ - - - - - - - - --I 

Columbites Hyatt and Smith_ - - P' 't' 

Prenkites Arthaber____________ nmllve. 

Juvenites Smith_ - - ___________ J 

II. Haloritidae: 

Thermalites Smith ____________ } 

Isculites Mojsisovics __________ Transitional. 

Acrochordiceras Hyatt ________ _ 

Sagenites MOjSiSOViCS __________ j Halorites Moj sisovics _________ _ 

Jovite~ Mojsi~ovics----------- Fully developed. Bacchltes Smlth _____________ _ 

Juvavites Mojsisovics ________ _ 

Gonionotites Gemmellaro _____ _ 

Leconteiceras Smith_ - - - - - - - - --I 

Miltites Mojsisovics.." __________ R' t d 

Homerites Mojsisovics_________ everslOnary arres e . 

Metasibirites Mojsisovics ______ J 

III. Tropitidae: 

Tropites Mojsisovics.:. - - - - - - - __ j Protropites Arthaber - - - - - - - - - - 0 

Tropigastrites Smith __________ P . 

Paratropites Mojsisovics_ _ _ _ _ _ _ rogresSlve. 

Discotropites Hyatt and Smith_ 

Arniotites Hyatt _____________ _ 

Microtropites Mojsisovics_ - - - __ j Margarites Mojsisovics _______ _ 

Anatropites Mojsisovics_ - - - - - - R' t d 

Tropiceltites Mojsisovics___ _ _ _ _ everslOnary arres e . 

Styrites Mojsisovics __________ _ 

Tornquistites Hyatt and Smith_ 

The young stages of all Tropitoidea are like Gastrioceras, and all arrested reversionary forms tend to 

revert to gastrioceran characters, thus pointing to 

Gastrioceras as the family radicle. This genus is confined to the Carboniferous, where it is abundant and 

characteristic. It has been fully described and illustrated by the writer. 21 The type species of the genus, 

Gastrioceras Zisteri Martin, from the Middle Coal 

Measures of Manchester, England, is figured in Plate 

XX, Figures 8-12, for comparison with the young 

stages of Tropitoidea described and figured below. 

The group of Gastrioceras gZobuZosum seems to have 

been the starting point of the Haloritidae; hence a 

typical member of that group, Gastrioceras weZZeri 

" Slnith, from the" Upper Coal Measures" (Pennsylvanian) of Howard, Kans., is figured in Plate XX, 

Figures 14-17. 

A group transitional from Gastrioceras toward the 

Haloritidae is described below for comparison with 

the youthful stages of fully developed Haloritidae. 

JUVENITES Smith, n. gen. 

7'ype.-J uvenites kraffti Smith. " 

Form robust, moderately involute, widely umbilicate, cross 

sections trapezoidal. Surface with numerous close-set periodic 

constrictions. Body chamber long. Septa simple, goniatitic 

with divided ventral lobe, and two simple laterals: 

Juvenites includes the primitive Lower Triassic forms that 

hawe hitherto been classed under the arrested and reversionary 

Nannites: Nannites dieneri Hyatt and Smith, Nannites medius 

Krafft, Nannites herberti Diener, ?Nannites hindostanus Diener. 

Juvenites kraffti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, Figures 1-10 

Form broad, widely umbilicate, with low crescentic cross 

section. Surface with very numerous close-pressed folds, giving 

an imbricated appearance. Body chamber long. Septa simple, 

goniatitic, with" divided ve~tral and two laterals. 

21 Smith, J. P., The Carhoniferous ammonoids of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 42, pp. 82-98, 1903. 
24 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Closely related to J uvenites dieneri Hyatt and Smith 22 of 

the Lower Triassic but broader, less involute, more strongly 

sculptured, and more decidedly gastrioceran in appearance. 

Occurrence: Lower Triassic, Meekoceras zone, Warm Springs, 

northeast end of Bear Lake, Idaho. Named in memory of Dr. 

A. von Krafft. 

The genus OoZumbites Hyatt and Smith, of the 

Lower Triassic, is transitional from Gastrioceras toward the Tropitidae. It has already been fully described and illustrated by the writer,23 and its relation 

to the phylogeny of the Tropitoidea discussed. A 

farther link in the chain, transitional from OoZumbites 

toward Tropites, has been des.cribed by the writer 24 in 

Tropigastrit~s of the Middle Triassic. OoZumbites is 

nearest to Gastrioceras in time and relationship, and 

its forms agree perfectly with those of that genus until 

they attain a diameter of 15 millimeters. Tropigastrites, which is farther removed, passes through the 

Gastrioceras stage when its forms are less than 10 

millimeters' in diameter. Both OoZumbites and Tropigastrites appear to come from the group of Gastrioceras Z{steri, whereas the primitive Haloritidae appear 

to come from the group of Gastrioceras weZZeri . . These 

primitive Haloritidae are J uvenites Smith, described 

above, and ThermaZites Smith, n. gen., of which a 

species, ThermaZites thermarum Smith, n. sp., is described here for comparison with the young stages of 

the more specialized Haloritidae. 

Genus THERMALITES Smith, n. gen. 

1911. Isc1.tlites. Arthaber, Die Trias von Albanieu: Beitr. 

PaHi.ontologie Oesterr.-Ungarns u. -des Orients, ·Band 

24, p. 259. 

(Not 1893. Isculites Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

HalIstatterKalke: K.-k. geol. ReichsanstaltWienAbh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 64.) 

Type.-Thermalites thermarum Smith, n. sp. 

Form robust, subspherical, with broad subtrapezoidal 

. whorls, wide umbilicus. Surface with numerous constrictions 

and folds. Body chamber long. Septa with entire saddles 

and slightly serrated lobes of simple pattern. 

This genus is transitional from Juvenites to the Haloritidae, 

differing from the former only in the serration of the lobes and 

from the latter only in the rudimentary development of the 

sculpture and the very primitive septa. 

22 Hyatt, Alpheus, and Smith, J. P., The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 79, pI. 7, figs. 5-25,1905. 

23 Idem, pp. 50-52, 1905. Smith, J. P., Middle Triassic marine invertebrate 

faunas of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 83, pp. 36, 37, 1914; Acceleration 

of development in fossil Cephalopoda: Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pubs., univ. 

ser., p. 28, 1914. 

24 Smith, J. P., Middle Triassic marine invertebrateCuunfis of America: U. S, 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 83, pp. 25-33, 1914. 

Thermalites should probably include "I sculites" ongmts 

Arthaber,25 which certainly is not a member of Isculites and 

which is closely related to Thermalites thermarum. 

Thermalites thermarum Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, Figures 11-20 

Form robust, with highly arched, helmet-shaped, deeply 

embracing whorls, subtrapezoidal, moderately wide umbilicus. 

Surface with numerous strong constrictions, which become 

nearly obsolete with age and are replaced by rather weak folds. 

Septa with rounded entire saddles and serrated lobes. The 

external septa consist of a divided ventral lobe and two laterals; 

the internal septa consist of a divided antisiphonal and two 

laterals, all slightly serrated. The body chamber is more than 

one revolution in length. The height of the last whorl is 

nearly half the total diameter of the shell, and the width is 1~ 

times the height. The whorl is rather deeply embracing and 

is indented to half its height by the inner whorl. The width 

of the umbilicus is one-third of the diameter of the shell. 

Thermalites thermarum differs from " I sculites" originis 

Arthaber in being more trapezoidal and in having stronger 

SCUlpture. It is almost certainly congeneric with that species, 

and neither can belong to I sculites. It has also a very close 

resemblance to Juvenites kraffti Smith, differing only in the 

serration of the lobes, the form, sculpture, and ground plan of 

the septa being the same in both species. In both species the 

shell is ornamented with very fine cross striae of growth, and 

both lack suggestion of spiral lines, so common on most descendants of the gastrioceran stock. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Lower Triassic Meekoceras, 

zone of Aspen Ridge, Bannock County, and at Warm Springs, 

at the northeast end of Bear Lake, Idaho. 

Sibirites Mojsisovics of the Lower Triassic has been 

thought to be transitional from the gastrioceran stock 

to Acrochordiceras but is more likely a member of the 

Meekoceratidae. Acrochordiceras already shows the 

typical development of the Haloritidae. 

The young of Sagenites, Juvavites, and Metasibirites 

are more like the group of Gastrioceras weZZeri, agreeing in this with Juvenites and IscuZites. 

Mojsisovics regarded OeZtites Mojsisovics as t4e 

radicle of the -Tropitidae, but the typical forms of 

this genus are dwarfed, arrested, reversionary forms, 

largely confined to the Middle Triassic and already 

antedated by g~nuine tropitoid forms and probably 

not congeneric with the primi ti ve so-called OeZtites 

of the Lower Triassic. 

Proteusites Hauer, of the Middle Triassic, has been 

assigned to the Ceratitidae, but in the' opinion of the 

writer it belongs in the same genetic series with 

OoZumbites. 

The following diagram gives the writer's ideas of 

the phylogeny of the Tropitoidea. 

2~ Arthaber, G. von, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. Palltontologie Oesterr.-

Ungarns u. des Orients, Band 24, p. 259, pI. 23, figs. 1-10, 1911. 
TROPITOIDEA 25 

Phylogeny of Tropitoidea 

Microtropites+-l 

---I-~I Tornquistites +-E ---

Styrites+-E -----

,

--+ Paratropites 

Celtites+--I r~ Discot!opites 

I. Gastrioceras listeri groUP--1 Columbites ---TroPigastrites-+TroPiteS-\-I-1 

--+Proteusites Margarites~ 

---+ Protropites Anatropites+--

Tropiceltites+--

Metasibirites +--1 

Homerites ~-I 

Leconteiceras~1 

-+Halorites-~~ 

II. G!l.striocems welleri group--+J u veni te s-Thermali tes-Acrochordiceras-+\ 

In series I 'Protropites is a remarkable forerunner of 

Tropites, but it is too highly specialized for an ancestor; 

the other Tropitoidea in the Middle Triassic are not 

so far along as this Lower Triassic genus. Tropigastrites, on the other hand, is just ahead of OoZumbites in the series, and intel'lnediate between it and 

Tl'opites in all characters and in the development of 

the lobes and beginning of the keel. Arthaber 26 has 

described, from the Lower Triassic of Albania, 

OoZumbites mirditensis, which looks very like a transition to Tropites and may belong to Tropigastrites. It 

can hardly belong to OoZumbites. 

Just where Paratropites should be placed in the 

series is somewhat doubtful, but probably it is somewhere near Discotropites. Gymnotropites is the first 

step in degeneration fronl Parat7'opites, by loss of 

sculpture; next COlnes PauZotropites, in dwarfing and 

change of form; then ]licrotropites, in further dwarfing 

and simplification of septa; then Styr~tes and Tornquistites, in alnlost complete arrest of development and 

reversion to ancestral types. 

]largarites is only slightly reversionary, or rather 

arrested, frOln Tropites. AnatTopites is dwarfed and 

the septa silnplified. T1'opiceZtites is arrested and decidedly reversionary toward OoZumbites but retains the 

tropitoid keel. 

In series II, the I-Ialoritidae, Juvenites and ThermaZites are sinlple progressive forms, as is also Acrochordiceras, out of which canle Juvavites. HaZorites, and 

Sagenites as parallel developlnents. Homerites is 

arrested and reversionary fron1 HaZorites but retains 

10 Al'thl'lbol', G. von, op. cit., p. 263, pI. 24, figs. 2-4. 

I 

'-+Juvavites-IMiltites ~- I I Gonionotites ~ 

-Sagenites 

the rudimentary keel. J ovites and Bacchites are only 

slightly reversionary from HaZorites. Gonionotites is 

slightly arrested and 'reversionary from J uvavites by 

loss of sculpture and slight simplification of the septa. 

MiZtites is dwarfed but otherwise normal. Leconteiceras is arrested, dwarfed, and reversionary to some 

primitive ancestor of Acrochordiceras, possibly ThermaZites, but in some characters to PericycZus itself, the 

primitive ancestor of Gastrioceras. 

The Tropitoidea, which are more highly specialized 

and reached their full development earlier, show at 

the Karnic horizon of the Upper Triassic many more 

degenerate, and reversionary groups than do the Cera-

'titoidea, which were of slower development. The 

Ceratitoidea reached their height of development in 

the N oric stage and then produced a wealth of arrested 

reversionary genera. 

The distribution of Tropitoidea in the American 

Triassic is as follows: 

Lower Triassic: Juvenites, ThermaZites, OoZumbites, 

OeZtites; parent stocks of both Haloritidae and 

Tropitidae. 

Middle Triassic: Acrochordiceras, OeZtites, OoZumbites, Tropigastrites; groups transitional to Haloritidae 

and Tropitidae. 

Upper Triassic: Haloritidae: HaZorites, Jovites, Bacchites, Homerites, Leconteiceras, Metasibirites, Juvavites, 

Anatomites, Gonionotites, and Sagenites. Tropitidae: 

Tropites, Discotropites, P aratropites, P auZotropites, 

Gymnotropites, Margarites, A natropites, Microtropites, 

TropiceZtites, Tornquistites, and Arniotites? Celtitidae: OeZtites. 
26 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Family TROPITIDAE Mojsisovics 

Forms ranging from involute subspherical to evolute 

discoidal; body chamber long; keels and bordering 

furrows invariably present at maturity. Septa somewhat digitate in all highly specialized progressive 

genera; ceratitic in primitive progressive genera; and 

ceratitic or even goniatitic in arrested -and reversionary genera. All the forms show' at some stage of 

growth the umbilical knots and the periodic constrictions of Gastrioceras. 

The young stages of all Tropitidae are like Gastrioceras, which is the family radicle, and the genetic 

series is Gastrioceras-+ OoZumbites-+ Tropigastrites-+ Tro-' 

pites. In each of the later members the Gastrioceras 

stage of growth becomes smaller and shorter by acceleration of development. Each of the members of the 

main line gives off many' side branches, some of which 

are reversionary, and in the arrested or reversionary 

members the Gastrioceras stage is still as persistent as 

in the progressive members, but the later characters 

are successively obscured or obliterated. This phase 

of their development has been fully discussed by the 

writer elsewhere.27 

Genus TROPITES Mojsisovics 

1875. Tropites (part). Mojsisovics, in Neumayr, M., Die 4mmoniten der Kreide und die Systematik der Ammonitiden: Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 27, 

p.889. 

1879. Tropites (part). Mojsisovics, Vorlaufige kurze Uebersicht der Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen 

und Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Verh., p. 136. 

1893. Tropites (part). Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 184. 

1896. Tropites (part). Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss 

der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, 

p.39. 

1904. Tropites. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of the 

marine Trias of western America: California Acad. Sci. 

Proc., 3d ser., vol. I, p. 392. 

1904. Tropites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della. Sicilia, p. 94. 

1905. Tropites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 65. 

1906. Tropites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byans: Geol. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No. I, p. 145. 

1906. Tropites. Arthaber, Die alpine Trias des MediterranGebietes: Lethaea Geognostica, Teil 2, Das Mesozoicum, Band I, p. 372. . 

1908. Tropites. Diener, Upper Triassic and Liassic faunae of 

the exotic blocks of MalIa J ohar in the Bhot Mahals 

of Kumaon: Geol. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. I, pt. 1, p. 28. 

1908. Tropites. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and Noric faunae of 

Spiti: Geol. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 78. 

27 Smitb, J. P., Acceleration of development in fossil Cepbalopoda: Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pubs., Univ. ser., 1914. 

1914. Tropites_ Smith, Acceleration of .development in fossil 

Cephalopoda: Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., 

univ. ser., p. 9. 

1914. Tropites. Smith, The Middle 'rriassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S.· Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 83, p. 24. 

1914. Tropites. Welter, Obertriadische Ammoniten und Nautiloiden von Timor: Palaontologie von Timor, Lief. I, 

p.110. 

1920. Tropites. Diener, Neue Tropitoidea aus den Hallstatterkalken des Salzkammergutes: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien 

Denkschr.,Band 97, p. 38. 

The following description of Tropites is quoted 

from Hyatt and Smit'h:28 

Type.-Ammonites subbullatus Hauer.29 

Moderately evolute whorls, not deeply embracing, and not 

deeply indented by the inner whorls. Umbilicus open and deep, 

with steep walls. Whorls usually broader than high, with 

angular prominent umbilical shoulders and arched venter, 

which may be broad and flattened or helmet-shaped. At 

maturity the whorls are often contracted, showing egression, 

so that the body whorl is lower and narrower than the inner 

volution. The cross section is usually trapezoidal, and in the 

typical forms there are no flanks, for the venter is flattened so 

that it begins at the umbilical shoulders. Surface ornamented 

with strong umbilical knots, from which dichotomous ribs 

start out, curving gently across the sides to near the center, 

upon which a strong keel is developed, usually with marginal 

furrows at which the lateral ribs end. The surface of the shell 

also has spiral lines, which are not visible on the cast. No 

constrictions appear on the shell and [in most specimens] no 

knots except on the umbilical shoulders. The septa are ammonitic but not deeply digitate. The external lobe is divided by a 

siphonal saddle into two broad, shallow branches. The lateral 

lobe is still broader, and there are usually several auxiliaries, 

· which in the type species are on the steep umbilical walls. 

Since the height of the whorl varies greatly there is a corresponding variation in the number of the lateral lobes. The body 

chamber is long, at least a revolution in length. 

Mojsisovics 30 divides Tropites into five groups; 

(1) Tropites buZZati (Tropites s. s.); (2) Tropites spinosi 

· (subgenus Anatropites); (3) Tropites- Zabiati (subgenus 

PauZotropitesL' (4) Tropites aequabiZes (subgenus 

Paratropites); (5) Tropites gaZeoZi (subgenus J£icrotropites). Only the first group is now retained under 

Tropites, the others having all been separated as 

independent genera or as subgenera under other 

groups belonging to the Tropitidae. 

The genus Tropites appears rather suddenly in the 

Upper Triassic Karnic stage in the Mediterranean 

region, in the Himalayas, in California, and in Alaska. 

A few remnants live on into the Noric stage, but 

· here the entire genus disappears. Whether it really 

became extinct or merely changed into other forms 

is not yet known. 

28 Hyatt, Alpbeus, and Smitb, J. P., The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 66, 1905. 

29 Hauer, F. von, Ueber neue Cepbalopoden aus den marmorscbicbten von 

Hallstatt und Aussee: Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abb., Band 3, p. 19, pI. 4, figs. 1-4 

(not 5-7), 1849; Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cepbalopoden der Hallstlitter Kalke: 

K.-k. geol. Reicbsanstalt Wien Abb. Band 6 :Hll.lfte 2 ,po 187, pI. 106 figs. 1, 2, 

3, 5, 7; pI. 108; pI. no, fig. 6, 1893. 

aD MOjsisovics, E. von, Die Cepbalopoden der Hallstlltter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reicbsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Hlilfte 2, p. 184, 1893. 
TROPITOIDEA 27 

The writer 81 has already in several papers traced 

the development of Tropites from Gastrioceras of the 

Carboniferous through Oolumbites of the Lower 

Triassic and Tropigastrites of the Middle Triassic. 

The sequence of mature forms in the genetic series 

and the ontogeny of typical species in each genus 

in the series all agree. 

Tropites is represented in the Mediterranean region 

by a large nUlnber of species, in the Indian region by 

a considerable number, and in the western American 

region by a much greater wealth of forms than in 

any of the others. 

GROUPS OIl' TROPITES IN THE AMERIOAN TRIASSIO 

I. Group of Tropites subbullatus Hauer: Robust 

whorls, moderately weak sculpture, fine ribs curving 

gently forward to the ventral keel. This is a Mediterranean group, and nearly all Tropites of that region 

belong here. In America it is almost exclusively confined to the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the 

zone of Tropites subbullatus. . 

Tropites discobullatus Mojsisovics. 

torquillus Mojsisovics. 

dilleri Smith. 

subbullatus Hauer. 

subbullatus yare pacifica Smith. 

armatus Smith. 

morloti Mojsisovics. 

occidentalis Smith. 

fusobullatus Mojsisovics. 

II. Group of Tropites mojsvarensis Smith:. Ribs and 

umbilical knots strong; spiral lines moderately strong. 

Sculpture 11luch sharper than in Tropites subbullatu8 

group. Chiefly American and almost exclusively confined to the Juvavites subzone of the Tropites subbullatus zone. 

Tropites brockensis Smith. 

mojsvarensis Smith. 

rotatorius Smith. 

III. Group of Tropites welleri Smith: Strong, 

sharply forward-curving ribs, and strong spiral lines; 

umbilical knots well develope<;l. Chiefly American 

and entirely confined to the Juvavites subzone. 

Tropites keili Mojsisovics. 

wodani Mojsisovics. 

ur£ensis Smith. 

welleri Smith. 

schellwieni Smith. 

kellyi Smith. 

shastensis Smith. 

IV. Group of Tropites reticulatus Smith: Ribs and 

spirals strong: surface reticulate; ranging from laterally deprassed to strongly depressed forms; the latter 

forms develop spines on the ribs. Exclusively American and confined to the J uvavites subzone. _ .. _- ~--~.--------------------

31 Smith, J. P., The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: 

U. S. Oeol. Survey Prof. Paper 83, pp. 27 et seq., 1914; Acceleration of development 

in fossil Oephalopoda: Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., univ. ser., pp. 9 et 

~eq., 1914. 

Subgroup 1: 

Tropites reticulatus Smith. 

dieneri Smith. 

kokeni Smith. 

Subgroup 2: 

Tropites traski Smith. 

philippii Smith. 

johnsoni Smith. 

boehmi Smith. 

V. Group of Tropites morani Smith: Fine radial and 

nearly straight ribs, weak spirals, and little or no 

umbilical knots. Ranges from laterally compressed 

to spherical forms. ·Exclusively American, so far as 

known, and confined entirely to the Juvavites subzone. 

Tropites morani Smith. 

hessi Smith. 

arthaberi Smith. 

stan toni Smith. 

stearnsi Smith. 

rothpletzi Smith. 

Each group of Tropites gjven above forms a series 

of species in the making. In each series the species 

range from laterally compressed involute to depressed 

broad trapezoidal involute forms. In the more 

complete series t~re is nearly complete intergradation, but· there is total dissimilarity between the 

extremes. For example, there is hardly any break 

in the series from Tropites discobullatus to Tropites 

fusobullatus, and yet these two extremes are so 

dissimilar that one would almo~ be inclined to 

place the species in different genera. • 

Each series or group is a "gross Art," or superspecies, an assemblage of forms diverging from a 

common ancestor not far below them. As the common 

ancestor of all Tropites did not antedate them by a 

very long time, the different series have developed 

somewhat in the same direction, each series having 

species that are parallel with those in the other series. 

Although the compressed or the depressed members 

resemble each other, they are more closely related to 

the unlike members of their own group than they are 

to the like members' of the other groups. Thus, for 

example, Tropites fusobullatus, Tropites rotatorius, 

Tropites schellwieni, Tropites stearnsi, and Tropites 

boehmi are all broad depressed keg-shaped forms and 

resemble each other in many respects. But each one 

intergrades with a series of species unlike itself and 

wholly unlike the analogous species. The young 

of all the species are robust forms, though not like the 

extremes; and point to a species of medium depressed 

form as the common ancestor. 

The group of Tropites subbullatus is as well represented in Europe as in America; the other groups are 

almost entirely American. The abundance and completeness of these series is good proof that they are 

endemic in Pacific waters. It is not likely that if 

they were immigrants all the diverging members 

would have been able to make the journey'from one.' 

region to another unchanged. The similarity of 
28 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

corresponding members of the series is an example 

of parallelism or orthogenesis; that is, forms from a 

common ancestor (which could not possibly resemble 

all these species) developing along similar lines and 

producing convergence of species not very nearly 

related. 

This parallelism or con vergence or orthogenesis is 

most definitely illustrated in the genus Tropites, 

because this group was probably endemic in the 

Pacific region, and the species are seen in the making. 

In other regions Tropites is represented by fragments 

of series that reached those regions by immigration. 

N e'arly all the species of Tropites in India occur also in 

the Mediterranean region, and all the species common 

to America and India occur also in the Mediterranean. 

Also in the Mediterranean region nearly all the species 

of Tropites belong to group I, that of Tropites subbuZlatus, though there are a few stragglers from other 

groups. 

The genus Tropigastrites Smith, the probable 

immediate ancestor of Tropites, is very common in the 

Middle Triassic of Nevada, very rare and not typically 

developed in the Mediterranean, and wholly unknown 

in India. Tropites appears as an immigrant. in India 

and is represented by only a few of the hardier forms 

that are already specifically fixed. In the Mediterranean, which was much more closely connected with 

the Cordilleran sea in Upper Triassic time, Tropites 

als.o appears as anci.mmigrant, in much greater variety 

than it shows in India and much less than in America. 

In spite of Mojsisovics's exceedingly narrow interpretation of species, Tropites is represented in America 

by much more numerous forms than it shows in 

Europe. Also it seems to have appeared earlier, 

while the genus was still abundant, and to have lived 

longer. 

It is almost certainly an axiom that any group is 

endemic in that region where it is more abundantly 

represented by the greatest variety of forms and the 

greatest number of individuals and where intergradation between the component species of the genus is 

most nearly complete. There evolution and variation 

are just beginning, and elimination by natural selection has not yet shown its work. 

Series I, the Tropites subbullatus group, and series 

III, the Tropites weZleri group, are good illustrations of 

species in the process of formation, in which the intergradations are almost perfect from Tropites discobullatus to Tropites fusobullatus and from Tropites 

wodani to Tropites scheZlwieni, from thin discoidal to 

subspherical robust forms, all at least near1y contemporary. They have diverged so recently that natural 

selection has not yet had time to weed out the unfit 

and set the stamp of approval on the fit. And yet no 

systematist would place Tropites discobuZlatus and 

Tropites fusobuZlatus in the same species, nor could he 

do so with Tropites wodani and Tropites schellwieni, 

the extremes of the two series. 

One must admit variation without isolation, at the 

same place and at the same time, to the extent of 

developing species. These forms are all abund~nt 

in the beds in which they were found, and for the time 

at, least all equally successful, whatever may have 

happened to them later. Unfortunately their later 

history is not, now accessible, for just above the 

Tropites zone the facies changes to coral limestone, 

and Tropites disappears, never to be seen again in 

American waters. A similar change occurs in India 

and in the Mediterranean, the only other regions 

where the genus is known. 

GROUP OF TROPITES SUBBULLATUS 

Tropites discobullatus Mojsisovics 

Plate LXVIII, Figures 32-34 

1893. Tropites discobullatus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoi. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 212, pI. 102, figs. 7, 8; pI. 

104, figs. 1-6; pI. 105, figs. 2, 3, 4, 7. 

1896. Tropites cf. T. discobullatus. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur 

Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen 

des Himalaya: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., 

Band 63, p. 613, pI. 11, fig. 7. 

1906. Tropites discobullatus. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites 

limestone of Byans: Geoi. Survey India Mem .. 

Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 147, pi. 

4, fig. 1. 

1908. Tropites discobullatus. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and N orie 

faunae of Spiti: Geoi. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, sere 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 79, pI. 14, fig. 1. 

Laterally compressed, involute, high-whorled, with 

open, narrow umbilicus, gently rounded sides, and 

arched venter. Surface with very fine growth lines, 

. forming almost invisible folds, and almost microscopic 

spiral lines. Keel distinct, keel furrows almost obsolete. The height of the last whorl is less than half the 

total diameter of the shell, and the width is slightly 

greater than the height. The width of the umbilicu8 

is about one-fourth of the diameter of the shell. 

Tropites discobullatus is most nearly related to 

Tropites torquillus Mojsisovics but differs in its greater 

compression and much finer sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosse1kus limestone, in the zone of· Tropites subbullatus, lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone), 4 miles 

northeast of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, 1 

mile north of the trail from Squaw Creek to Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. It was first described from the 

same horizon at Hallstatt, in the Tyrolian Alps, 

Austria. 

Tropites torquillus Mojsisovics 

Plate LXVIII, Figures 1-31 

1893. Tropites torquillus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoi. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 210, pI'. 103, figs. 1-8; 

pI. 106, fig. 4. 

1904. Tropites torquillus. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy 

of the marine Trias of western America: California 

Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. 1, No. 10, p. 394, pI. 46, 

figs. 5, 6; pI. 47, fig. 4. 
TROPITOIDEA 29 

1904. 'l'1'01Jitcs tOf'quillus. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias 

superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 105. 

1908. 'l'r01Jites torquillus. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and Noric 

faunae of Spiti: GeoI. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 80, pI. 14, fig. 4. 

Fornl involute, robust; whorl high, helmet-shaped, 

deeply eInbracing, and deeply indented by the inner 

whorl. Umbilical shoulders angular, with nearly vertical walls. Sides curving gently from the shoulder to 

the venter, without abdominal shoulders, so that there 

is no separation into flanks and venter. The umbilicus 

is narrow and deep', exposing only the ~dge of the umbilical shoulders of the inner whorls. The height of 

the whorl is a little more than half the total diameter; 

the width is about 172 times the height; and the whorl 

is ina.ented to one-third of its height by the inner 

volution. The width of the umbilicus is a little more 

than one-fifth of the total diameter of the shell. The 

surface is ornamented with fine but distinct umbilical 

knots, from which fine dichotomous ribs curve forward 

up the sides; there are also fine spiral lines, visible 

onty on the outer shell. The l"eel is low and the keel 

ful'l'oWS nearly obsolete. The septa are of the type 

C01111110n in Tropites, almost exactly like those of 

T'r01Jites subbullatus, with a divided ventral lobe, a 

principal lateral, and a single auxiliary above the 

ventrnl shoulders. The septa are only moderately 

brachyphylloid. 

Tropites torquiZlus is nearly related to Tropites 

dilleri Snllth but differs in its more compressed whorl . 

and narrower umbilicus. It differs from Tropites 

discobuZlatus Mojsisovics in its more robust whorl and 

coarser sculpture. 

In the young stages the keel begins to show at 1.5 

lllillilneters, and at 3 111illimeters, the shell in shape, 

ornanlentntion, and septation shows a remarkable simiIn,l'ity to OoZumbites e'l.f,ropaeu·s Arthaber.32 The writer 

is of the opinion that OoZumbites europaeus does not 

belong to OoZumbites but to Protropites or Tropigast'rites. 

Occurrence: Very comInon in the Upper Triassic 

fIosselkus.linlestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the zone of Tropites subbv.lZatus, 3 

lniles eu,st of Madison's ranch, south end of Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. It was first described from the 

same horizon at Hallstatt in the Tyrolian Alps, 

Austria, and since then has also been found in the 

Karnic beds of the I-limalayas in India. 

Tropites dilleri Smith 

Plate LXVIII, Figure 13 

1904. 'l'1'o1Jites dillc1·i. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy 

of the marine Trias of western America: California 

Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. I, No. 10, p. 393, pI. 

46, figs. 3, 4; pI. 47, fig. 3. 

Involute, robust, whorls broad and helmet-shaped, 

curving gently from the sub angular umbilical shoulder -~. '~-"-'-------------------

82 Al'thnbol', O. von, ])io Trins von Albanion:. Beitr. Pall1onto\ogie Oesterr.-

Ungtll'llS 1I. des Orionts, Band 24, p. 261, pI. 23, figs. 15a-c, 1911. 

48172-27-3 

to the venter, ",·ithout abdominal shoulders. The 

umbilicus is rather narrow, with steep inner walls, 

exposing the umbilical shoulders of the inner whorls. 

There are weak umbilical knots, from which faint ribs 

run forward with a gentle curve over the flanks. 

There are also distinct fine spiral lines covering the 

entire shell. The ribs show on the cast as well as 

the outer shell, whereas the spiral lines are visible 

only on the outer shell. There is a low ventral keel 

border~d by deep keel furrows, showing more distinctly on the cast. The height of the whorl is less 

than half the diameter of the shell, the width is 1 % 

times the height, and the whorl is indented to more 

than one-third the height by the inner volution. 

The umbilicu!? is about one-sixth of the total diameter 

of the shell, becoming. wider and showing egression 

wi th age. Also the whorl becomes higher and narrower . in proportion as. maturity advances. The 

septa are only slightly digitate, as in Tropites subbuZZatus. 

Tropites diZZeri differs from the Tropites subbullat'Us 

in the narrower, higher whorl, and this difference is 

constant even in the early adolescent stages. It is 

intermediate between Tropites torquilZus and Tropites 

subbuZZatus; it is more robust and coarser than torquiZZus and is more compressed and has finer sculpture 

than subbuZZatus. It may be identical with the form 

described by Mojsisovics 33 as a variety of Tropitf.s 

tOl'quiZZus, which differs from the species to which it 

is ascribed in the broader whorl and wider umbilicus. 

Tropites diZZeri differs from Tropites discobuZZatus in 

these same characters, only to' a greater degree, for 

Tropites discobuZZatus is even more compressed. All 

these species of the narrow group may be more or less 

artificial; they are certainly not sharply separated, 

and probably form a series or "gross Art "-that is. a 

species in the making. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizo~ (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the zone of Tropites subbuZZat'l.ls, 3 miles 

east of Madison's ranch, south end of Brock MountHin, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Tropites subbullatus (Hauer) 

Plate XXXIV, Figures 1-14; Plate LXXIX, Figures 1-10 

1849. Ammonites subbullatus (part). Hauer, Ueber neue Cephalopoden aus den Marmorschichten von Hallstatt 

und Aussee: Haidinger's Abh., Band 3, p. 19, pI. 4./ 

figs. 1-4 (not 5-7). 

1893. Tropites subbullatus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstiitter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Hiilfte 2, p. 187, pI. 106, figs. I, 2, 3,5,7; 

pi. 107; pI. 108; pI. 110, fig. 6. . 

1905 Tropites 81tbbltllatus. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 67, pI. 34, figs. 1-14; pI. 79, figs. 

1-10. (Not pI. 33, figs. 1-7= Tropites annatu8 

Smith.) 

33 Mojsisovics, E. von. Die Cepbalopoden der Hallstl1tter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reicbsanstalt Wien Abb., Band ~, HaUte 2, pI. 106, fig. 4, 1893. 
30 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

1906. Tropites subbullatus. Arthaber, Die Alpine Trias des 

Mediterran-Gebietes: Lethaea Geognostica, Part 2, 

Das Mesozoicum, Band 1, pI. 45, fig. 6. 

1906. Tropites subbullatus. Diener, Fauna of the· Tropites 

limestone of Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 145, pI. 

4, figs. 6, 7. . 

1908. Tropites subbullatus. Diener, Upper Triassic and Liassic 

faunae of the exotic blocks of Molla J ohar in the Bhot 

Mahals of Kumaon: India Geol. Survey Mem., 

Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 28. 

1908. Tropites subbullatus. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, a.nd Norie 

faunae of Spiti: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.8, p. 78, pI. 14, 

. figs. 2, 3. 

1914. Tropites 8ubbullatus. Welter, Die obertriadischen Ammoniten und Nautiloiden von Timor: Palaontologie 

von Timor, Lief. 1, p. 110, pI. 19, figs. 11-13. 

1920. Tropites subbullatus. Diener, Neue Tropitoidea aus den 

Hallstatterkalken des Sal~kammergutes: K. Akad. 

Wiss Wien Denkschr., Band 97, p. 502. 

Form subglobose, broad, evolute; cross section 

trapezoidal. Whorl broad, arched but depressed, 

rising with gentle curve from the umbilicus to the 

venter without any marked abdominal shoulders. 

Umbilical shoulders abrupt and angular, with the 

inner walls steep. Umbilicus wide and deep, exposing the umbilical margins of the inner whorls, forming a funnel-shaped cavity with a spiral row of knots, 

marking the edges of the inner volutions. The 

breadth of the whorl is nearly equal to the diameter 

of the shell and is about twice the height. The 

whorl is indented to about one-fourth its height by 

the inner volution. The width of the umbilicus is 

about three-eighths of the total diameter. 

The venter is surmounted by a strong, low, median 

keel, bordered by shallow furrows. The umbilical 

margin is ornamented with a row of blunt nodes, and 

from these branch out the radial ribs, which run 

with a forward curve across the whorl to the keel 

furrows. These ribs are faint but invariably present 

and usually dichotomous, the division taking place 

about halfway between the umbilical margin and the 

keel. At maturity the keel becomes depressed and 

the ridges somet.imes cross it, giving to it a beaded 

appearance. The keel furrows are obscure in adolescence but become distinct at maturity. There are 

faint spiral lines on the outer shell, stronger on the 

venter than on the sides. 

The septa are ammonitic but not deeply digitate, 

the lobes more so than the saddles. The external 

lobe is divided by a nearly rectangular siphonal saddle into 'two narrow and short monacanthian lobes. 

The first lateral lobe is deep and broad; the second 

lateral lobe, just above the umbilical margin, is 

broad and shallow. On the inner slope of the umbilical walls there are two distinctly individualized 

auxiliaries. The first and second lateral saddles are 

narrower than the lobes and much narrower at the 

top than at the base. The antisiphonal lobe is 

narrow and is flanked by a paIr of similar laterals 

on each side. 

At maturity the spiral becomes wider, and the 

whorl does not keep up its rate of increase, showing 

the phenomenon of egression, so that not only the 

umbilical margins on the inner whorls but also part 

of their flanks may be seen in the umbilicus. At this 

stage also the umbilical nodes usually become obsolete. 

The young stages of Tropites subbulZatus are kegshaped and haye a broad umbilicus, sharp umbilical 

margins, no flanks, and very low whorls. The innermost 

volutions are nearlyglobose, but the whorl soon begins 

to flatten and the umbilical margin becomes angular; 

they have constrictionsc·but no other sculpture. The 

keel appears at a diameter of 2 millimeters. The 

umbilical nodes and the spiral striae appear at the 

diameter of 5 or 6 millimeters. A specimen, figured 

in Plate XXXIV, Figures 12-14, which shows the 

beginning of the umbilical nodes, gave the following 

dimensions: 

Dimensions of young specimen of Tropites subbullat'Us 

Millimeters 

Diameter _____ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. 3 

Height of last whorL___________________ 2.6 

Height of last whorl from preceding___ _ _ _ 1. 9 

Width of last whorL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. 3 

Involution____________________________ .7 

Width of umbilicus_____________________ 3.5 

The septa pass from the goniatite to the ammoni te 

stage at a diameter of 4.5 millimeters, and the nodes 

begin to be prolonged as ribs on the venter at a diameter 

of 7 or 8 millimeters. At a diameter of about 10 

millimeters the venter begins to arch, and from then 

on there is a steady progression toward mature 

characters. An adolescent specimen, which is figured 

in Plate XXXIV, Figures 6-8, gave the following 

dimensions: 

Dimensions of adolescent specimen of Tropites subbullatus 

Millimeters 

Diameter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. 5 

Height of last wh'orL___________________ 6.5 

Height of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

Width of last whorL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. 5 

Involution_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 5 

Width of umbilicus_____________________ 6.5 

Successively larger specimens gave the following 

dimensions: 

Dimensions of older specimens of Tropites subbullatus 

1 2 3 4 

---- Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Diameter ______________________ 25 40 60 80 

Height of last whorL ___________ 10 15.5 22 32 

Height of last whorl from preced7 11 15 19 ing __________________________ 

Width of last whorL ____________ 25 37 44 56 Involution _____________________ 3 4.5 7 13 

Width of umbilicus _____________ 7.5 

I 

14.5 25 30 
TROPITOIDEA 31 

These mensurements show that the whorl increases 

slowly in height but becomes more highly arched, 

whereas the relative width of the last whorl decreases. 

The umbilicus widens with age and shows egression, 

exposing the shoulders of the inner whorls as the spiral 

widens. This egression takes place at a diameter 

between 40 and 60 millimeters, when full maturity 

is reached. At a diameter of 80 millimeters the shell 

is already senile and shows degeneration in loss of 

distinct sculpture. 

The Alpine specimens of Tropites'subbullatus are 

extremely variable, so that it is almost impossible to 

define the limits of the species. The same thing is 

true of the Californian specimens. There are, however, 

some slight differences, such as the stronger spiral lines, 

deeper keel furrows, and broader whorl, which seem to 

be characteristic of the American types, and it was 

not possible to separate these from those identical in 

every other particular with the European forms: If 

the American forms should eventually be found to 

require a special designation the writer proposes for 

them the name Tropites subb'l1llatus var. pacifica Smith, 

n. var. 

Occurrence: Tropites subbullatus is characteristic of 

the upper ICarnic horizon of the Upper Triassic in the 

Tyrolian Alps; in California it is common at the same 

horizon and in the same faunal association in the 

I-Ioss~lkus limestone in the Trachyceras subzone, in 

Shasta County, on the ridge between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, about 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, 

where it was first discovered by Dr. H. W. Fairbanks. 

The specimens figured ,in this paper were collected at 

that locality by J. P. Slnith, who also found it on Bear 

Mountain, near Sherman's ranch, about 18 miles 

northeast of Redding. A species identical with this 

one has been found by the Geological Survey of Indi a 

in the Upper Triassic of the Himalayas. 

Tropites armatus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXXIII, Figures 1-7; Plate LXIX, Figures 1-12 

1905. 7'ropites subbullatus (part). Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, pI. 33, figs. 1-7. 

Forln very robust, Inoderately umbilicate, with 

broad, low-arched, deeply embracing whorls. Keel 

high, with deep bordering furrows. Surface with 

strong umbilical knots and weak ribs running with 

gentle curye to the venter. Spiral lines strongly developed. Septa moderately digitate, like those of 

Tropites subb'l.lllatus. 

1'he type of Tropites armatus was erroneously in-' 

eluded in Tropites subbuZlatus by Hyatt and Smith.84 

It differs from that species in the broader whorl, higher 

arch, fewer and stronger umbilical knots, and much 

deeper keel furrows. It differs from Tropites morloti 

84 Hyatt, Alphcus, and Smith, J. P., The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: 

U. S. Ocol. Survoy Prof. Paper 40, pI. 33, figs. 1-3, 1905. . 

Nlojsisovics in the narrower \\Thor! and umbilicus and 

stronger ventral knots. It is distinguished from Tropites telleri Mojsisovics in its somewhat more compressed form and weaker ribs. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the' Upper \) Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone), 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites morloti Mojsisovics 

Plate LXIX, Figures 13-24 

1893. Tropites morloti, Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band.6, Hal~te 2, p. 195, pI. 110, fig. 5. 

Form robust; whorls'broad, depressed with broadly 

arched venter, wide umbilicus, and sub angular ventral 

shoulders. Surface with strong umbilical knots, faint Q 

ribs, and strong spiral lines. Septa brachyphylloid, 

with the first lateral lobe moderately digitate. 

Tropites morloti is very like Tropites occidentalis 

Smith, from which it differs in its narrower and more 

highly arched whorls. It is broader than Tropites 

subbullatus Hauer, has a wider umbilicus, coarser umbilical knots, stronger spiral lines, and deeper keel 

furrows. 

Mojsisovics 85 says that the only distinction between 

Tropites morloti and Tropites fusobullatus Mojsisovics 

is in the more highly arched whorls of morloti, which 

also has much weaker sculpture thanfusobullatus. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic, Hosselkus 

limestone, in the zone of Tropites sub bullatus , lower 

horizon (Trachyceras subzone), 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It was. 

first found at the same horizon in the Tyrolian Alps, 

at Hallstatt, Austria, along with a kindred fauna. 

Tropites occidentalis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXX, Figures 1-20 

Form very broad, depressed, low, widely umbilicate, 

with broad, low-arched venter and almost no flanks. 

Whorl little embracing and little indented by the 

inner volutions. Surface with very weak umbilical 

knots and faint ribs. Spirals strong. Septa moderately digitate as in all the bullati. 

Tropites occidentalis is nearest to Tropites morloti 

Mojsisovics, differing in the more depressed and 

broader whorl and narrower umbilicus. It differs 

from Tropites fusob'l1llatus Mojsisovics in its weaker 

sculpture and more highly arched whorl. A nearly 

perfect series-Tropites discobullatus, Tropites torquillus, Tropites dilleri, Tropites subbullatus, Tropites 

subp'l1llatus var. pacifica, Tropites morloti, Tropites occidentalis-forms a "gross Art" or nearly related group 

36 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstiuter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

ReichsRnstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Hl1lfte 2, p. 195, 1893. 
32 UPPER TRIASSIC MARJNE INVERTEBRA'l'E FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

of species that diverge little from a common ancestor. 

All these species occur together in the same zone, and 

natural selection had not yet had time to segregate the 

distinct types. 

Occurcrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone), on Brock Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on the divide 

between Squaw Creek and, Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Tropites fusobuliatus Mojsisovics 

Plate LXX, Figures 21-28 

1893. Tropites fusobullatus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstatter Kalke: K:-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 194, pI. 109, figs. 1-3. 

1906. Tropites fusobullatus. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites 

" .;: : ~ limestone of Byans: India GeoL Survey Mell1., 

Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5; No.1, p. 145, 

o· pI. 5, fig. 3. 

Form very broad, with low, trapezoidal whorls and 

broad, nearly flat venter, without flanks. Umbilicus 

wide and egressing, the suture outside of the row of 

umbilical knots on the inner whorls. Surface with 

'coarse umbilical knots, strong bifurcating ribs, and 

deep keel furrows. Spiral lines very strong. 

Tropites fusobullat'us bears a close resemblance to 

Tropites rotatorius Smith, from which it differs in its 

narrower whorl, lower arch, and weaker sculpture. 

It is more evolute and has more depressed whorls than 

Tropites morloti Mojsisovics and also has coarser ribs 

and umbilical knots. It is distinguished from Tropites 

boehmi Snlith by the absence of spines at the bifurcation of the ribs between venter and umbilicus. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone), 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It was 

first described fronl the same horizon and fauna in the 

Tyrolian Alps at Hallstatt, Austria; later it was 

found in the same zone in the Himalayas of India. 

Tropites brockensis Smith, n. sp. 

'. Plate LXXIV, Figures 1-6 

Form laterally 'compressed, involute, high-whorled, 

narrowly umbilicate, and deeply embracing. Sides 

flattened, venter narrow and arched, ventral shoulders 

abruptly .rounded. Surface with rather coarse flattened ribs starting out in pairs from the blunt umbilical 

kn<:)ts and bifurcating halfway up the flanks, wit·hout 

shoulder knots. Spiral lines nearly obsolete. Septa 

brachyphylloid but not deeply digitate. . 

Tropites broclcensis differs from Tropites mojs'/)arens~s 

Smith in its larger size, narrower umbilicus, nlore 

finely divided ti.bs" and greater compression. In spite 

of its form it unmistakably belongs to the bullati. 

Occurrence: ~an~ i,n ... the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

-limestone,in the zone ''Of Tropitr;s subb'llUatus, upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), of Bear Cove, north end 

and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

GROUP OF TROPITES MOJSVARENSIS 

Tropites mojsvarensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXIV, Figures 7-9 

Form somewhat compressed laterally, with wide 

umbilicus, nl0derately high whorl, and flattened 

venter. Cross section trapezoidal, with strong ventral 

shoulders. Surface with strong ribs that start out in 

pairs from the sharp umbilical knots and run up to the 

ventral furrow without further bifurcation, meeting 

the periphery at a low angle. Spiral lines weak. 

Septa, as in all the bullati, only nl0derately digitate. 

Tropites mojsvarensis resembles Tropites traski Smith 

but differs in its broader whorl and stronger sculpture. 

It is also closely allied to Tropites quenstedti l\10jsisovics 36 but is slightly less evolute and has stronger 

::;cu]pture. Its cross section is 1110re trapezoidal than 

that of Tropites telleri Mojsisovics,37 and the ribs are 

sharper. 

N anled in melnory of Dr. E. Mojsisovics von Mojsval', the greatest authority on Triassic Cephalopoda. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullat'us, upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), 3 lniles east of Madison's 

ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites rotatorius Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXI, Figures 1-3 

Fornl robust, large; whorl broad and high, trapezoidal in cross section; evolute. and egressing, the outer 

whorl leaving bare. the row of umbilical knots of the 

inner, being little impressed by the inner volutions. 

Surface with coarse ribs that start from large knots on 

the Ulllbilical shoulder and swing forward, without bifurcation, to the ventral keel furrows. The spiral lines 

of the shell are almost obsolete but may be seen on 

some parts of the whorl. There are 24 umbilical knots 

to a revolution, and 32 lateral ribs, showing sonle 

intercalaries. Keel furrows very deep, keel strong but 

not prominent. 

Dimensions of type specimen of T?'opite8 rotatorius 

Millimeters 

Diameter _____________________________ - _ 94 

Height of last whorL_____________________ 30 

Height of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 

Width of umbilicus ______________________ ·44 

The septa were not seen on the two specimens 

found. . 

Tropites rotatorius is related to Tropites fusobullatus 

Mojsisovics, from which it differs in larger size, " . 

36 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. 

R~ichsanstaltWien Abh., Band 6, H!tlfte 2, p. 202, pI. 127, fig. 10, 1893. 

37 Idem, p. 201, pI. HI, figs. 6-9. 
TROPIT'OIDEA 33 

COiLl'Sel' sculpture, and higher and 1110re trapezoidal 

whorls. It ]nay be a descendant ofjusobull(Ltus, 1110dified in the in terval between the two subzones of the 

T'J'OlJites subbuZlatus zone. 

It rese:mbles T'r01Jites morloti Mojsisovics in the 

broad eYolYing whorl but differs in the higher trapezoidal cross section and the rugose sculpture. 

T'J'opites rotatorius is the largest known species of the 

genus and is yery different fronl any other species in 

shape as well as in sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus linlestone, in the Tropites subbullatus zone, upper 

horizon (Juv(L'vites subzone), at the north end and west 

side of Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, 

Cnlif. 

GltOUP OJ!' Tl~OPIT}i~S WELLERI 

Tropites keili Mojsisovics 

Plate LXXII, Figures 24-28 

1893. 7'1'Opitcs kcili. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstii.tter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Hii.lfte 2, p. 220, pI. 113, fig. 16. 

Shell small, laterally cOlnpressed, sides and yenter 

s01newhat flattened, with distinct ventral shoulders;' 

high-whorled and narrowly ulubilicate. Keel and keel 

furrows small but distinct. Surface ornamented with 

very fine mnbilical knots a,nd lateral ribs 'that swing 

forward in a broad curye to the keel. Septa nloderately digitate, as in all T'J'opites, but nl0re so than in 

the subbullcLtus group. ' 

Tropites keiZi is the nlost c01npressed member of the 

group of Tropites welleri, differing fronl the others in its 

extreIlle compression and fineness of ornamentation, in 

this respect l'eselubling somewhat Paratropites, but 

easily distinguished fronl that group by the fine spiral 

lines on the shell and the character of the ornamentation. 

It also '!'esmnbles T'J'OlJites morani, from whic)1 it is distinguished by the strongly curved ribs and finer sculpture. It has even greater reseIublance to Tropites 

discobullcLtus but is distinguished by its flattened instead of rounded flanks and its strongly curved ribs. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic fIosselkus lilnestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

upper horizon (Juva'ltvites subzone), of Brock Mountain, 

north end and west side, between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It is associated with 

T'J'opites welleri, Juvavites subinterruptus, I-Ialobia 

giganteo, , and other species. It was first found in the 

Tyrolian Alps, in the Salne association and at the sam·o 

horizon. 

Tropites wodani Mojsisovics 

Plate LXXII, Figures 29-31 

1893. 7'ropitcs wodani. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 221, pI. 116, fig. 6. 

1906. 7'ropitcswodani. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone 

of Byans: Ged. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 152, pI. 5, fig. 6. 

Shell small, laterally compressed, involute, with 

flattened sides and pronounced ventral shoulders. 

Keel and keel furrows well developed. Septa digitate 

but not more so than is customary with, Tropites. 

Tropites wodani is nearly related to Tropites keili but 

differs in its slightly wider umbilicus, stronger lateral 

ribs, and less digitate septa. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic fIosselkus limestone, in' the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the northwest end 

of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. It was first described 

from the same horizon in the Tyrolian Alps and was 

later found in the Tropites s'u,bbullatus zone of the 

Himalayas in India. 

Tropites ursensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVIII, Figures 18-26 

Form moderately robust, somewhat compressed 

laterally, with narrow but open umbilicus and abruptly 

rounded ventral shoulders. 'Whorls deeply embracing, 

and not deeply indented. Surface with fine' sharp 

dichotomous ribs that start out, generally in pairs, 

fronl fine umbilical knots, curve gently forward on the 

flanks, bifurcate again on the shoulders and then swing 

sharply forward. Keel higher than usual on Tropites, 

keel furrows shallow. Spiral lines strong and fine. 

Septa moderately digitate. 

Tropites ursensis is more COIn pressed than Tropites 

welleri and has finer sculpture and slightly narrower 

umbilicus. It is also apparently closely allied to 

Tropites acutangulus ~ Mojsisovics,:l8 but the Indian 

species has less pronounced sculpture and much 

greater indentation. 

Occurrence: Quite common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subb'l,dlatus, 

upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north end of 

Brock Mountain, in Bear Coye (whence the nn.lne), 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. . 

Tropites welleri Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVIII, Figures 5-17 

Form 'subglobose, rather inYolute, with open but 

narrow umbilicus, high-arched and rounded whorls, 

deeply embracing,.and deeply iInpressed by the inner 

whorls. Surface with strong bifurcating ribs that 

start fr01n strong umbilical knots, generally in pairs, 

and fork a second time about halfway up the flanks, ' 

then bend sharply forward to the v~ntral keel furrow. 

There are about 13 umbilical knots to a revolution, 

about 20 lateral ribs, and about 49 ribs on the ventral 

slope. Spiral lines sharply defined. 

Tropites welleri is very closely related to Tropites 

schellwieni Smith, with which it is associated, but 

88 Mojsisovics, E. von, Beitr!tge zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden 

Faunen des Himalaya: K. Akad. Wiss Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 38, pI. 11, 

, figs. 4a-b, 1896. 
34 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

differs in its smaller size, greater compression, narrower and more highly arched whorls, narrower umbilicus, and finer sculpture. It differs from Tropites 

ursensis Smith in its more robust whorls, wider umbilicus, and coarser sculpture. It is distinguished 

from Tropites telZeri Mojsisovics by its narrower 

umbilicus and sharp, forward-bending ribs. It differs 

from Tropites johnsoni Smith in its round instead of 

trapezoidal whorl, in its sharper dichot.omous ribs, and 

in lacking the shoulder knots. It is distinguished from 

Tropites laestrigonus Gemmellaro by its broader whorl, 

narrower umbilicus, and sharper ribs, but it is more 

nearly related to that species than to 'any other in the 

Mediterranean fauna. 

Named in hon.or of Dr. Stuart Weller. 

Occurrence: Tropites welZeri is very abundant in the 

Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of 

Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), 

at the north end of Brock Mountain, Squ~w Creek, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites schellwieni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVII, Figures 1-11 

Large subglobose, moderately involute, with open 

umbilicus and arched whorls, deeply embracing but 

little impressed by the inner volutions. Surface of 

shell and cast with strong, forward-bending, dichotomous ribs, starting from umbilical knots. Spiral 

lines sharply defined. Septa of the type that is 

common in Tropites, as in members of the Tropites 

subbullatus group. 

Tropites schellwieni is closely ailied with Tropites 

welleri Smith but differs in its greater size, broader 

whorl, wider umbilicus, and stronger sculpture. It is 

more robust than Tropites telleri Mojsisovics and has 

narrower umbilicus and stronger ribs and knots. It 

differs from Tropites fU80bullatus Mojsisovics in. the 

narrower umbilicus, sharp, sickle-shaped, forwardbending ribs, and the high arch of the venter. Both 

of these species are the extremes of their groups and 

resemble each other superficially more than they do the 

more compressed members in their own series, but 

each one intergrades with a series of species fundamentally different. Tropites schellwieni also has a 

certain superficial resemblance to Tropites boehmi 

Smith but differs in the higher arch"of the whorls and 

the absence of spines on the ribs. 

Named in memory of Dr. E. Schellwien. 

Occurrence: Commqn in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north end of 

Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites kellyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVII, Figures 12-15 

Form robust, evolute, widely umbilicate. Whorl 

low, hroad, little enlbracing and little indented by the' 

inner vol'utions; cross section trapezoidal at maturity. 

Surface with very coarse umbilical knots, about 17 to 

a revolution, from which arise forking ribs in pairs 

that usually bifurcate a second tiqle halfway tow8.rd 

the venter. These ribs bend very sharply forward 

toward the ventral keel borders. Keel strong but not 

high; keel furrows deep. Septa rather strongly digitate, the fingerlike extensions of the first lateral lobe 

being unusually long. The height of the whorl is 

one-third of the diameter of the shell, and the width 

is twice the height. The width of the umbilicus is 

half the diameter of the shell. 

Tropites kellyi is nl0st nearly related to Tropites 

shastensis Smith but differs in its much wider umbilicus, more depressed whorl, stronger ribs and 

umbilical knots. It differs from Tropites schelZwieni 

Smith in its trapezoidal outline, more depressed 

whorl, and coarser sculpture. In form it is more like 

Tropites fusobullatus than any other European species 

but. differs in the sharp, forward-bending dichotomous 

ribs. 

Named for Kelly's ranch. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), on the 

North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

ranch, Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVIII, Figures 1-4 

Form robust, evolute, widely umbilicate, deeply 

embracing and not deeply indented. Whorls rather 

highly arched, inclining toward trapezoidaL Surface 

with fine, sharp ribs that start out, usually in pairs, 

from the urnbilical knots and fork halfway up the 

flanks and occasionally on the ventral shoulders. 

Spiral lines very fine but visible. Keel strong; 

keel furrows deeply incised. There are 18 umbilical 

knots to a revolution to about 30 primary lateral 

ribs. Septa brachyphylloid, like those of all typical 

Tropites. 

Tropites shastensis resembles Tropites welleri Smith 

but differs in its wider umbilieus and much finer 

SCUlpture. It also is related to Tropites laestrigonus 

Gemmellaro but is distinguished by its greater compression and more numerous ribs. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone; in the Tropites subbullatus zone, 

upper horizon (Juvamtes subzone), on the North Fork 

of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch. 

GROUP OF' TROPITES RETICULATUS 

Tropites reticulatus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVI, Figures 8-18 

Form laterally compressed, rather involute, discoidal. Sides flattened, umbilicus narrow, venter 

narrow with rounded shoulders, and ventral keel 
TROPITOIDEA 35 

bordered by shallow furrows. Body chamber long, 

considerably more than a reV'olution. Surface ornamented by fine, dichotomous, i'adial ribs that run 

nearly straight up to the venter. The ribs are crossed 

by fine, closely set spiral lines, giving a sharply reticulate aspect to the outer shell. Septa of the type 

that is common in Tropites, ammonitic, and deeply 

digitate, Inore so than in the group of Tropites subbulla,tus. 

Tropites reticulatus is the comnlonest mem bel' of 

the group of reticulati and is most nearly related to 

Tropites dieneri Smith, from which it differs in the 

more compressed form and finer sculpture. It is 

the most compressed of all known Tropites and might 

on this account be assigned to Discotropites. There 

is, however, an unbroken series-Tropites reticulatus, 

TrolJites dieneri, Tropites lco7ceni-and the last-named 

species of this group has no resmnblance to DiscotrolJites but shows further transition to another 

group-Tropites philippii, Tropites johnsoni, Tropites 

boehmi. The end member of this last group is more 

robust and Inore highly sculptured than Tropites 

subbullatus. 

Occurrence: Rather comlnon at the upper horizon 

(Juvavites subzone) of the Tr01Jites subbuZZatus zone 

of the Upper Triassic I-Iosselkus limestone, on the 

North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

ranch; also in the same beds in Bear Cove, Brock 

Mountain, north end and east side, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites dieneri Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXV I, Figures 19-28 

Form moderately compressed, involute, discoidal, 

with narrow venter and distinct ventral shoulders. 

Surface ornamented with rather fine radial ribs and 

shal~p, spiral lines, giving a strongly reticulate asp'ect 

to the surface of the shell. Septa rather complex 

and Inore deeply digitate than they are on most 

species of Tropites. 

Tropites dieneri resembles Tropites reticulatus Smith 

but is more robust, with broader whorl and stronger 

sculpture. This species also resembles Tropites quintini Mojsisovics,s9 from which it differs in the finer 

ribs, more compressed whorl, and greater reticulation 

of the sunace. 

Tropites dieneri forms the link in the series Tropit~s 

reticulatus, Tropites dieneri, Tropites 7co7ceni, which 

shows almost complete intergradation. 

Named in honor of Dr. Carl Diener. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), on the North 

Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

8. MoJslsovlcs, E. von, Die Cepbalopoden der HallstlUter Kalke: K.-k. geol 

Reicbsanstalt Wlen Abb., Band 6, HILUte 2, p. 202, pI. 127, fig. 10, 1893. . 

Tropites kokeni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXVI, Figures 1-7 

FOrIll involute, somewhat compressed' laterally, 

robust, with flattened venter and rounded ventral 

shoulders. Surface ornamented with fine, sharp 

radial ribs that bifurcate on the sides and run with 

very gentle curves to the furrow bordering the keel; 

also with sharp, close-set spiral lines, reticulating the 

surface of the shell. Septa rather deeply digitft.te, as 

in all members of this group .. 

Tropites 7co7ceni is most nearly related to Tropites 

dieneri Smith, from which it differs in its more robust 

whorl and stronger sculpture. It also resembles 

Tropites philippii Smith but differs in the finer sculpture and lack of distinct knots at the bifurcation of the 

ribs on the sides. There are, however, rudimentary 

knots at the bifurcation, so that it forms a nearly 

complete intergradation between Tropites dieneri 

and Tropites philippii. 

Named in memory of Dr. E. Koken. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

lilnestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), of North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, 

Calif. . 

Tropites traski Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXV, Figures 1, 2 

Form robust, moderately compressed, involute, 

with abruptly rounded ventral shoulders. Surface 

with sharp umbilical knots, 18 to a revolution. Ribs 

commonly bifurcate on the umbilical knots and again 

on the flanks. Weak shoulder knots in some places 

are developed at the second bifurcation. Spiral lines 

weak. G Septa moderately digitate, as in other members 

of this group. 

Tropites tras7ci is most nearly related to Tropites 

mojsvarensis Smith, from which it differs in the 

greater compression and finer sculpture. It also 

resembles Tropites alexis ~fojsisovics 40 but differs 

chiefly in the strong development of the umbilical 

knots. 

The height' of the last whorl is one-third of the 

diameter of the shell, and the width is slightly greater 

than the height. The width of the umbilicus is onethird of the diameter of the shell. 

Named in memory of Dr. John B. Trask, the first 

State geologist of California and a pioneer paleontologist. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

40 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reicbsanstalt Wien Abb., Band 6, HILUte 2, p. 215, pI. 111, fig. 4,1893. 
36 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Tropites philippii Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXV, Figures 12-16 

Form robust, somewhat compressed laterally, involute, with arched venter and rounded ventral 

shoulders. Surface with strong ribs that bifurcate 

just below the ventral shoulders and extend obliquely 

forward, forming weak knots 011 the umbilicus at the 

bifurcation and also terminal knots on the ridge 

bordering the keel furrows. Spiral lines rather coarse 

and close set but without forming distinct reticulation. 

Tropites phiZippii is closely related to Tropites 

johnsoni Smith but is more compre.ssed and has weaker 

sculpture. The series Tropites phiZippii, Tropites 

johnsoni, Tropites boehmi is complete, but the extremes 

are far apart. The intergradation toward Tropites 

7co7ceni of the more compressed series is not so complete. 

Named in memory of Dr. E. Philippi, whose monograph of the Oeratites nodosus fauna is a lasting monument. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Ho~selkus 

limestone, in the zone of Tropites subb'uZZa,tus, upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), on the North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Tropites johnsoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXIV, Figures 10-15 

Form thick set, trapezoidal, moderately involute, 

somewhat compressed laterally, with open umbilicus, 

angular ventral shoulders. Whorls deeply embracing 

but not deeply indented by the inner volution. Surface with strong ribs, starting from strong umbilical 

knots, bifurcating on the ventral shoulders with the 

formation of blunt spines at the bifurcation and ending in knots at the keel furrows. Spiral lines weakly 

developed. Septa. brachyphylloid. 

This is the middle member of the series Tropites 

phiZippii, Tropites johnsoni, Tropites boehmi, all of 

which have strong bifurcating ribs and shoulder 

knots or spines and show a superficial resemblance to 

Jlargarites Mojsisovics. It is somewhat like Tropites 

subbuZZatus Hauer but differs in the ar,tgular outline 

of the whorl and the shoulder knots. Tropites john-, 

soni has also some resemblance to Tropites Zaestri-

'gonus Gemmellaro and possibly has kinship with 

that species but is more involute, has stronger sculpture, and more trapezoidal outline. Probably, however, this resemblance is simply convergence in two 

nearly parallel but different series, both grading 

from compressed to broad and depressed forms, each 

'really a iC gross Art," in the sense that this term is 

used by German paleontologists. 

Named in honor of H. R. Johnson, who assisted 

in collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 

upper horizon (Juvav'ites subzone), on the North Fork 

of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch and 

at the same horizon, at the north end of Brock Moun- ' 

tain, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. It was 

also found in the Juvavites subzone on Admiralty 

Island, Alaska, at locality 10180, a point between 

Herring Bay and Chapin Bay. 

Tropites boehmi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXV, Figures 3-11 

Form very robust, broad, depressed, with angular 

shoulders, wide and egressing umbilicus, and flattened 

broad venter. Surface with strong ribs forming 

spines on the umbilicus, on the bifurcation of the 

ribs, and on the ventral ridges. The spiral lines on 

the shell are weaker than on less highly sculptured 

members of' the group. Septa of the type common 

in Tropites. 

Tropites boehmi is most nearly related to Tropites 

johnsoni in the same series but is much broader and 

more rugose. It also resembles Tropites jusobuZZatu8 

Mojs.isovics but is more involute an~,,!l.Ot so depressed, 

and It also has stronger ribs and spines. In youth 

the shell is low, broad, and barrel-shaped, as in Tropite8 

jU8obuZZatus, at which stage the resemblance between 

the two is greater than it is at maturity. 

Named in memory of Dr. G. Boehm. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone,' in the zone of Tropites sub buZZatus , upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north end of 

Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

GROUP OF TROPITES MORANI 

Tropites morani Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXIII, Figures 7-18 

Form laterally compressed, with narrow umbilicus, 

flattened sides, narrow arched venter, and rounded 

shoulders. Keel and keel furrows not strong. Surface with rather fine and nearly. straight ribs, multiplying by intercalation. No knots on umbilicus. 

Spiral lines nearly obsolete. Septa as on Tropites 

subbuZZatu8, brachyphylloid, not dee ly digitate. The 

WiCit1:iOftne whori is about one-t rd t e Iameter of 

the shell, and the height is slightly greater than the 

width. The whorl is deeply embracing and is deeply 

indented by the inner volution. 

Tropites morani is the most compressed member of 

the series Tropites. morani, Tropites hessi, Tropites 

arthaberi, Tropites stearnsi, in which the whorl becomes steadily more depressed and the sculpture 

gradually stronger, until the end member is nearly 

spherical. It also resembles Tropites 7ceiZi Mojsisovies, of the group of Tropites weZZeri, but differs in 

the nearly straight ribs. It has also a superficial 

resemblance to Tropites reticuZatus Smith and Tropites 

dieneri Smith but differs in the lack of reticulation 

on the shell. Tropites morani differs from the flatter 
TROPITOIDEA 37 

mmnbers of the gl'OUp of Tropites mojsvarensis in 

lacking the biful'cation of the ribs on the flanks and 

in the nearly straight course of the ribs to the keel 

without the forward bend on the shoulders. 

Named in honor of R. B. Moran, who assisted in 

collecting tllis fauna. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the Tropites subbullatus zone, upper 

horizon (J uvavites subzone), at' the north end and 

west side of Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Tropites hessi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXIII, Figures 1-6 

Fonn laterally compressed, discoidal, narrowly 

umbilicate, with sOlnewhat arched venter. Whorl 

deeply embracing and increasing rapidly in height. 

Surface with fine radial simple ribs running nearly 

straight to the venter, starting fronl smu11 umbilical 

knots. Spiral lines on the shell nearly obsolete. 

Septa llloderately digitate, as in all members of the 

series. 

TI'OlJites hessi falls between Tropites mO'l'ani and 

Tr01Jites (t,1,thabe'l'i, being mOre robust than T. mO'l'ani 

and 1110re compressed than' T. a'l'thabe'l'i. Its form is 

ahnost exactly like that of T'I'opites to'l'quillus Mojsisovics in the series of T'I'opites subbuUatus, but it differs 

in its coarser ribs and less defined spirals. 

N aIlled in honor of F. L. Hess, of the United States 

Geological Survey. , 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus limestone, in the zone of T'I'opites sub bullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, 

Shas ta County, Calif. ' 

Tropites arthaberi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXII, Figures 13-23 

Fonn robust, subglobose, involute, narrowly umbilicate., with rounded whorls twice as wide as the height, 

deeply embracing, and not deeply impressed. Surface 

with fine ribs that do not bend sharply forward nor 

bifurcate but multiply by intercalation and are without knots, either umbilical or ventral. Furrows bordering the low keel are shallow. The width is threefourths the diameter and twice the height of the whorl. 

The width of the umbilicus is less than one-fourth the 

diameter of the shell. The septa are brachyphylloid, 

as in all true T'I'opites. 

T'I'opites a'l'thabe'l'i is in the' series between T'I'opites 

hessi Smith and T'I'opites stearnsi Smith; it is more 

robust and depressed than hessi and l'ess robust and 

depressed than stearnsi. Its sculpture is also intermediate, affording an almost complete intergradation. 

There is no European species nearly related to this 

nor to any other menlber of the group. 

Named in honor of Dr. G. von Arthaber. 

48172-27--4 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), on the North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly'S ranch, and at 

the san1e horizon at the north end of Brock Mountain, 

Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites stearnsi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXII, Figures 1-12 

Form l!obust, involute, subspherical, with narrow 

umbilicus, broad, low whorl, deeply embracing and 

not deeply impressed by the inner volutlon. Surface 

with rather fine radial dichotomous ribs that meet the 

ventral keel border nearly at right angles. No knots, 

either umbilical or ventral. Spiral lines very weak. 

Septa slightly digitate, brachyphylloid. The width of 

the whorl is nearly equal to the diameter and nearly 

twice as great as, the height. The umbilicus is only 

about one-fifth of the diameter. 

Tropites stearnsi is closely related to Tropites arthaberi, with which it is associated, but differs in its 

broader, Inore depressed whorl, wider mnbilicus, and 

slightly coarser ribs. There is SOll1e resemblance to a 

species figured by Arthaber 41 under the name of 

Tropites subbullatus. ' If the figures of Tropites subbullatus given by Mojsisovics are correct Arthaber's 

species can not belong to T. subbullatus, and it may be 

a European representative of the series under discussion. 

N aIlled in memory of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, whose 

contributions to the conchology of the Californian 

province are a lasting n10nument. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Tropites subb'l.dlatus zone, 

upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north end 

and west side of Brock' Mountain, Squaw Creek, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Tropites rothpletzi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXI, Figures 4-8 

, Form thick set, with rather low, broadly rounded 

whorl, showing slight egression, exposing the umbilical 

,shoulders of the inner whorls. Umbilicus moderately 

wide. Surface with coarse, nearly straight ribs that 

bifurcate occasionally on the flanks and meet the keel 

border almost at right angles. Spiral lines obsolete. 

Septa of the usual digitation. 

Tropites rothpletzi is related to Tropites arthaberi 

Smith but is distinguished by its wider umbilicus, 

egression of the whorl, and much coarser sculpture. 

It is much more ~ompressed than Tropites stearnsi and 

lacks the barrel-shaped whorl. 

Named in honor of Dr. A. Rothpletz. 

Occurrence: Very rar'e in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper 

II Arthaber, G, von, Die Alpine Trias dOB Mediterran-Gebietes: Letha Geognostiac, TneiJ 2, Das M:sozoicUDl, Band 1, p1.45, figs. 6a, b, c, 1906 
38 UPPER TRIASSIC MAR.INE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north end and west 

side'of Brock Mountain, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Tropites stan toni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CII, Figures 25-27 

Form robust, moderately involute, with whorl 

helmet-shaped, rounded sides and venter, without 

pronounced ventral shoulders but with abrupt umbilical shoulders and deep umbilicus exposing the 

inner coils in step form. Outer coil only slightly indented by the inner volution and embracing about 

two-thirds of the inner. Ventral keel strong, bordered 

by deep furrows. Surface of the shell with' fine 

rtLdial ribs that start from weak knots just above the 

umbilical shoulder and bifurcate nearly halfway up 

the flanks and again on the ventral shoulder just below the keel furrows. Length of body chamber more 

than a revolution. Septa unknown. 

Named in honor of Dr. T. W. Stanton. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the beds of upper Karnic 

age in Alaska; Chitistone limestone at locality 

"No. 6319, locality 571, short· distance west of Potter's tunnel" (quotation from the original label) 

Nizina district, Alaska. 42 

Genus DISCOTROPITES Hyatt and Smith 

1879 Eutomoceras . . Mojsisovics, VorHLufige kurze Uebersicht 

der Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und 

Juvavischen Trias: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Verh.,. p. 136. 

1893. Eutomoceras. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 283. 

1904. Eutomoceras. Gemmellaro,' I cefalopodi del Trias 

superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 77. 

1905. Discotropites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.61. 

1906. Eutomoceras. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone 

. of Byans: Geol. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 136. 

1908. Discotropites. Diener, Uppe~ Triassic and Liassic 

fauna of the exotic blocks of Malla Johar in the 

Bhot Mahals of Kumaon: Geol. Survey India Mem., 

'Palaeontologia Indica, sere 15, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 26. 

(Not 1877 .. Eutomoceras Meek, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 

Rept., vol. 6, p. 126.) 

Type.-Ammonites sandlingensis Hauer. 

Involute, discoidal, laterally compressed; whorls 

deeply enlbracing and deeply indented by the inner 

whorls. Sides flattened; venter narrow, acute, and 

surmounted by a high keel, which in some species is 

hollow and in others is solid. Surface ornamented 

with dichotomous sickle-shaped rtbs, which bend 

forward on the flanks and become obsolete at the 

base of the keel; in some species the enlargement of 

these ribs on the abdomen forms rounded shoulders. 

Umbilical knots are invariably present, and knots or 

'2 Moffit, F. H., and Capps, S. R., Geology and mineral resources of the Nizina 

district, J\laska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 448, p. 25, 1911. • 

rudimentary spines may. be present on the ribs but 

are not numerous. Besides the ribs the shell is ornamen'ted with distinct spiral lines, which give a reticulated aspect to the surface. No constrictions or 

varices are known. The septa are ammonitic, the 

lobes and saddles being digitate but not deeply so. 

The external lobe is long and deeply divided by a 

siphonal saddle. There is only one principal lateral 

lobe, but there is one well-developed auxiliary and a 

second smaller auxiliary on the umbilical shoulder. 

The body chamber is long and comprises the last 

volution. 

Discotropites is very common in Upper Triassic 

rocks of Karnic age in the Californian province. 

It is represented by species that belong to the two 

artificial groups Punctati and Striati, established by 

Mojsisovics. As there are all possible intergradations from the striate to the punctate forms, the 

writer does not consider these groups as having any 

significance. -

GROUPS. OF DISCOTROPITES IN THE CALIFORNIAN 

TRIASSIC 

I. Group of Discotropites sandlingensis Hauer 

(Striati): With fine spirals, sharp ribs, and no knots 

on the ribs. 

Discotropites formosus Smith. 

sandlingensis Hauer. 

II. Group of Discotropites theron Dittmar: With fine 

spirals, sharp ribs, and rudimentary fine knots on the 

ribs where they are crossed by the spiral lines. 

Discotropites empedoclis Gemmellaro. 

theron Dittmar. 

III. Group of Discotropites mojsvarensis Smith 

(Punctati): With fine spirals, stronger ribs, and distinct knots on the ribs where crossed by the spirals. 

Discotropites davisi Smith. 

gemmellaroi Smith . 

lineatus Smith. 

laurae Mojsisovics. 

mojsvarensis Smith. 

sengeli Mojsisovics. 

davisi Smith. 

Of these groups the group of Discotropites sandlingensis is the only one found at the lower horizon 

(Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 

and it is almost confined to that horizon. The other 

species are confined to the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, where they 

are very abundant. 

Discotropites is also well represented in the Karnic 

stage of, the Alpine region and of the Indian region, 

and Discotropites sandlingensis is present in all three 

great Triassic regions-western America, the Mediterranean, and the Indian. . 

All known members of Discotropites have dichotomous falcoid ribs, umbilical knots or remna.nts of 

them, a ventral keel, spiral lines on the shell, and 
TROPITOIDEA 39 

digitate septa. They all show a gastrioceran stage in 

the young, indicating an origin from Gastrioceras. 

'1'hey also show such similarity to the compressed 

species of Tropites that a common origin of the two 

genera is a certainty, and the common ancestor was 

not very far back. The relation to Tropites is much 

closot' than that to Paratropites. 

OItOUP OF DISCOTROPITES SANDLINGENSIS 

Discotropites sandlingensis (Hauer) 

Plate XXXV, It'igures 1-12; Plate XXXVI, Figures 1-26 

1849. Ammonite,,:: sandlingensis. Hauer, Ueber neue Cephalopoden aus clen Marmorschichten von Hallstatt und 

Aussee: Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abh., Band 31 p. 10, 

pI. 3, figs. 10-12. 

1866. Amrnonites sancllingensis. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der 

HaUstii.tter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostischepalaeontologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 370. 

'1893. E1ttornoceras sandlingense. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstiitter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, pt. 2, p. 285, pI. 130, figs. 

11-13; pI. 131, figs. 1-1l. . 

1904. E1ttornoceras sandlingense. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del 

Trias superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, 

p. 77, pI. 8, figs, 8-10. 

1904. Eutornoceras sandlingense. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of the marine Trias of western America: California Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 397, pI. 46, 

fig. 10; pI. 48, figs. 5, 6. 

1905. Discotropites sandlingensis. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. 

Survey Prof. Pa~er 40, p. 63, pI. 35, fi~s. 1-12; pI. 36, 

figs. 1-26. 

Type.-Discolropites Hyatt and Smith. 

Involute, laterally compressed, discoidal, deeply 

embracing, and deeply indented by the inner volution. 

Umbilicus narrow, one-eighth of the diameter of the 

shell, but exposing the umbilical shoulders of the inner 

whorls. Umbilical shoulders abruptly rounded. Sides 

flattened convex, curving gently to the acute venter 

with hardly any abdominal shoulders. Venter narrOw and acute, surmounted by a high hollow keel, 

which is thinner at the base than at the top and is 

without bordering furrows. ' The outer whorl is half 

the diameter of the shell, and its breadth is half the 

height. It is indented to one-third of its height by the 

inner volution and 'conceals three-fourths of that 

volution. 

Surface ornamented with numerous fine but distinct sickle-sJ:taped ribs that show in the nliddle of the 

flanks a gentle backward curve and then bend forward to the base of the keel, where they become 

obsolete. These ribs are either single or dichotomous, 

the division taking place nearly halfway up the flanks. 

The ribs are rounded, low, and narrower than the intercostal spaces; thel'e are about 60 to a revolution on the 

mature shell. In addition to the ribs there are numerous fine spiral lines, which in crossing the ribs give to 

theIn a beaded appearance. Both ribs and spiral 

lines show distinctly on the cast as well as on the shell. 

Around the umbilicus there is a row of small knots, 

the remnant of coarse umbilical ribs in the Tropites 

stage of growth. 

Septa ammonitic but comparatively simple; lobes 

and saddles all digitate but not deeply so. External 

·lobe divided by a shallow siphonal saddle into two 

short branches. First lateral broader and deeper; 

second lateral less than half the size of the first; 

auxiliary shallow and composed of two or three indentations on the umbilical shoulder. The antisiphonal 

lobe is flanked by three internal laterals. 

Mojsisovics described the second lateral as an auxiliary, but it is too well developed to be so considered, 

especially as the occurrence of the real auxiliary on the 

umbilical shoulder makes such a definition incorrect. 

The septa figured by Mojsisovics were taken from a 

small specimen on which the auxiliary was not yet 

distinctly developed. 

The young of Discotropites sandlingensis are robust 

and not discoidal, resembling Paratropites; they can, 

however,: be distinguished from that genus by their 

sharper venter. In the earlier stages the sculpture is 

much rougher than at maturity, resembling that of 

Tropites; but in Discotropites sandlingensis the ribs 

appear before the keel at a diameter pf 0.9 millimeter, 

whereas the keel does not appear until a diameter of 

2.7 millimeters is reached. In all species of Tropites 

and Paratropites that have been examined by the 

writer the keel appears before the lateral ribs are 

developed. From the development of this species it is 

clear that Paratropites was near the parent stock and 

that Discotropites has departed less from that radicle 

than has Tropites. The earlier larval stages of this 

species are like Gastrioceras, as is shown by two specimens figured on Plate ~",{VI, Figures 10-13, 17, 

and 18, that have the following dimensions: 

Dimensions of two specimens of Discotropites 

Diameter ______________________________ _ 

Height of last whorL ___________________ _ 

Height of last whorl from preceding ________ ' 

Width of last whorL ____________________ _ Involution _____________________________ _ 

Width of umbilicus _____________________ _ 

1. Specimen shown in PI. XXXVI, Figs. 17, 18. 

2. Specimen shown in PI. XXXVI, Figs. 10-13. 

Mm. 

1.36 

.52 

.37 

.70 

.15 

.43 

2 

Mm. 

2. 68 

1. 32 

.92 

1. 92 

.40 

.65 

This gastrioceran stage makes it evident that 

Discotropites developed out of the Glyphioceratidae, 

probably from Gastrioceras itself, and the transition 

to the tropitoid characters teaches us to look in the 

Lower Triassic for some form with lateral ribs, highly 

arched acute venter, incipient keel, and simple 

goniatitic septa. Such a genus is yet unknown, but 

the young stages of Discotropites, Paratropites, and 

.Tropites show what it is like. Styrites fills part of these 

requirements, but it has lost the ribs and become more 
40 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRAT'E FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERIGA 

involute and is thus itself highly specialized in rp.ost 

respects. TropiceZtites, too, has preserved many of 

the characters of the unknown primitiv'e form but 

has also acquired some that the primitive form could 

not have possessed. These two genera are known 

only from the Upper Triassic and could hardly be 

expected to preserve all the ancestral characters, but 

they are valuable in interpreting the nleaning of the 

young stages of Discotropites. 

The California specimens of Discotropites sandlingensis show as much variation as those from the Alps, 

there being no' constancy in the size and number of 

the ribs. They also show in some prematurely adult 

specimens the development of abdominal shoulders, 

where the ribs thicken just as they bend forward near 

the base of the keel, giving a decided resemblance to 

Harpoceras. 

The agreement with the figures and descriptions 

given by Mojsisovics of Discotropites sandlingensis of the 

Alpine province is as perfect as could be wished. The 

only possible difference is in the development of a 

distinct auxiliary lobe, but the figure of the septa 

'given by Mojsisovics was taken from a small specimen, 

where the auxiliary lobe would not have been developed. Many of the California specimens are certainly 

more like the type than some of the figures given by 

Mojsisovics are like each other. 

Mojsisovics assigned Ammonites sandlingensis Hauer 

to Eutomoceras Hyatt, which was based on a single 

imperfect specimen from the Middle Triassic of 

Nevada. Further collections of the type, Eutomoceras 

laubei Meek, have shown that its septa are ceratitic 

and that it belongs to the Ceratitoidea, being closely' 

allied to Hungarites. The generic diagnosis of Eutomoceras given by Mojsisovics was based on Ammonites 

sandlingensis, and therefore this group has· been renamed by Hyatt and Slnith Discotropites, with Ammonites sandlingensis Hauer as the type. 

Dimen:sion8 of a large specimen of Di8cotropites sandlingensis 

[See PI. xxxv, Figs. 1,2] 

Millimeters 

. Diameter~______________________________ 70 

Height of last whorL_____________________ 37 

H eight of last whorl from preceding _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 

Width of last whorL _____________________ 19 

Involution______________________________ 12 

Width of umbilicus______________________ 9 

Occurrence: Discotropites sandlingensis is common 

in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the 

subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 3 miles 

east of Madison's ranch, on the divide between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta' County, Calif. This 

locality is 6 miles northeast of Winthrop and half a 

mile north of the trail from Madison's to Brock's 

ranch on Pit River. In the Alps this species is common in the same horizon and in the same association 

as in California. It was also found in the Juvavites 

subzone of Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska, 

locality 10180, a point between Chapin Bay and 

Herring Bay. 

Discotropites formosus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XI, Figures 23-28 

Form involute, strongly compressed laterally, with 

gently convex sides, sharp narrow venter without 

shoulders, and with high, sharp keel. Surface with 

fine dichotomous falcoid ribs, with fine spiral lines 

close set and small umbilical knots. There are no 

knots on the ribs at the crossing of the spiral lines. 

Body chamber long. Septa rather strongly digitate. 

Discotropites formosus is most nearly related to 

Discotropites sandlingensis, from which it differs only 

in its greater compression and finer sculpture. The 

two forms may intergrade and the differences may be 

only varietal, as they occur togethel', but such intergradations are not known. It is treated as an 

independent species until further information may be 

obtained. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock ~1ountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

GROUP OF DISCOTROPITES THERON 

Discotropites theron (Dittmar) 

Plate IX, Figures 1-3 

1866. Ammonites theron. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der Hallstatter 

Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostische-palaeontologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 52, pI. 21, figs. 15-17. 

1893. Eutomoceras theron. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoi. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halite 2, p. 289, pI. 130, figs. 4-6. 

1904. Eutomoceras theron. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias 

superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 79, 

pI. 29, fig. 28. 

Form completely involute, discoidal, strongly compressed laterally, thin, high-whorled, completely embracing and deeply indented by the inner volutions. 

Venter narrow and angular, with low keel. Surfa,ce 

with broad low dichotomous ribs, narrow interspaces, 

and fine distinct spiral lines. Here and there rudiments 

of fine knots may be seen on th~ ribs. Body chamber 

long. Septa moderately digitate, very like those of 

Discotropites sandlingensis. 

Discotropites theron is most nearly related to Discotropites kraffti Diener 43 but has the ribs straighter and 

the spirals weaker and lacks the spiral knots almost 

entirely. It seems to the writer that these characters 

are hardly specific, but they may be due to differences 

in age of the individuals. 

Discotropites theron also resembles Discotropites mojsisovicsi Diener; from which it differs in the finer 

spirals, coarser umbilical knots, and less complex 

digitation of the septa. 

.a Diener, C., Fauna of the Tropites limestone of Byans: Geol. Survey India 

Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 136, pI. ,j, fig. 1, 1906. 
TROPITOIDEA 41 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus . 

.lilnestone, at the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north end and 

west side of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

. Doubtful specimens were also found at the lower 

horizon (Trachyceras subzone). It was first described 

from the same horizon in the Hallstatt limestone of 

the Tyrolian Alps. 

Discotropites empedoclis (Gemmellaro) 

Plate XI, Figures 1-7 

1904. Eutomoceras empedoclis.Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del 

Trias superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, 

p. 86, pI. 15, fig. 17. 

Strongly compressed laterally, discoidal, completely 

involute, with high trun whorls, narrow angular venter, 

and low keel. Ribs flattened and narrow, with sharply 

incised interspaces, falcoid. Spiral lines weak, with no 

traces of the spiral knots. Body chamber long. 

Septa moderately digitate. 

Discotr01Jites eml>edoclis differs from Discotropites 

theron in its flatter ribs, weaker spiral lines, and absence of any traces of the spiral rows of knots. It 

may be only a variety of Discotropites theron. 

Occurrence: Very rare .in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north end 

of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. 1 where it is associated 

wi th Tr'opites welleri, Discot1'opites theron, J uvavites 

s1~binterr'uptus, Areestes pacificus, Proclydonau.tilus triadieus, Halobia superba, and other species. It was 

first described from the same horizon in Sicily. 

GROUP O:1!' DISCOTROPITES MO.TSV ARENSIS SMITH 

Discotropites Jineatus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate X, Figures 20-29 

Shell very involute, strongly compressed laterally, 

with flattened sides, narrow venter with sub angular 

shoulders, and low keel. Radial dichotomous ribs 

exceedingly fine. Spiral lines on the outer shell fine 

and sharp, fonning very small and closely spaced 

spiral.rows of knots where they cross the ribs. Body 

chamber nlore than a revolution in length. Septa 

moderately digitate. 

Discotropites ZineattlS resembles Discotropites acutus 

Mojsisovics but differs in the ribs, which are finer in 

youth and coarser at maturity than those of acutus. 

It differs fronl Discotropites formosus Smith in its 

abrupt ventral shoulders, finer ribs, finer sp~ral lines, 

and rows of knots. "It is the beginning of the series 

of Punctati, a group that is very homogeneous and 

forms a "gross ·Art." 

Occurrence : Very common in the Upper Triassic 

lIosselkus limestone at the upper horizon (J uvavites 

subzone) of Tropites subbullatus zone, Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. It was also found rarely at the lower 

hori~on (Trachyceras subzone), on Brock Mountain . 

Discotropites gemmellaroi Smith, n. sp: 

Plate X, Figures 1-13 

Fol'lu involute, discoidal, narrowly umbilicate, 

deeply embracing, and deeply indented by the inner 

volutions. Whorls strongly compressed, trun, with 

narrowly rounded venter and sharp keel. Surface 

with sharp falciform ribs bifurcating on the sides, 

sharp spiral lines, and very fine lknots arranged in 

spiral rows on the ribs; there!are also weak umbilical 

tuberc1es. The body chamber is long. The septa 

are. moderately digitate, as in all members of Discotropites. 

Discotropites gemmelZaroi is probably identical with 

n form from Sicily described by Arthaber 44 as Discotropites sandlingensis. 

Discotropites gemmeZZaroi falls between Discotropites 

lineatus and Discotropites Zaurae/ it is trucker and has, 

coarser sculpture than D. lineat1lS and is thinner 

and has finer sculpture than D. Za1f.rae. It is more 

compressed than Discotropites sandl1:ngensis and has 

finer ribs and less rounded venter. It differs from 

Discotropites theron in its broader venter, finer and 

sharper ribs, and stronger knots on t.he spiral lines. 

It also resembles Discotropites 7craifti Diener, which 

is probably equal to Discotrop·ites theron, and differs 

from it in the sal11e details. It differs from Discotropites euhemerae Gemmellaro in its slightly more compressed form, finer sculpture, and knots at the ends of 

the ribs, which do not bend forward at such a sharp 

angle as those on the Sicilian species. 

In poorly preserved material Discotropites gemmelZaroi is difficult to distinguish from Discotropites 

sandlingensis, but there is no difficulty when the 

outer shell is preserved, as the fine rows of knots 

on D. gemmellaroi are· so diagnostic. 

Named in memory of ·Prof. G. G emmell 0,1'0 , whose 

work on Triassic faunas is a credit to Italy and' a 

valuable legacy to paleontology. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north 

end of Brock Mountain, both on the west and the 

east sides, between Squaw Creek and Pit Rive~, 

Shasta County, Calif .. It is associated with Tropites 

weZZeri, J uvavites subi-nterruptus, Discotropites theron, 

Arcestes pacificus, Sagenites herbichi, ProcZydonautiZu8 

triadicus, Halobia superba, and otheI: species. 

H Arthaber, G. von, Die Alpine Trias des Mediterran Gebietcs: Lethaea Geognostiea, Teil2, Das Mesozoicum, Band 1, p. 461, text fig., 1906. 
42 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Discotropites laurae (Mojsisovics) 

Plate XI, Figures 8-22 

1893. Eutomoceras ·laurae. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoi. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halite 2, p. 294, pI. 131, figs. 13, 16-18; 

pI. 193, fig. 3. 

1904. Eutomoceras laurae. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias 

superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 91, 

pI. 8, figs. 13, 14. 

Form strongly compressed laterally, narrowly umbilicate, sides flattened, venter narrow, with abrupt 

shoulders and strong keel. Surface with radial 

falcoid dichotomous ribs, coarse spiral lines, and spiral 

rows of moderately coarse knots where the lines cross 

the ribs. Body chamber long. Septa digitate but 

not unusually so. 

Discotropites laurae falls in the series between 

Discotropites gemmellaroi and Discotropites sengeli; it 

is more robust than D. gemmellaroi and has finer and 

coarser ribs and knots; it is less robust than D. sengeZi 

and has more numerous and finer ribs, knots, and 

spiral lines. The ventral shoulders are more abrupt 

than on Discotropites gemmeZZaroi, especially in youth, 

and the differences as to· ribs, knots~ and spirals 

persist down to a very small size. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, of Bear Cove, 

north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River; also on North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. It was first described from the same 

horizon in the Hallstatt limestone of the Tyrolian 

Alps, Austria. 

Discotropites sengeli (Mojsisovics) 

Plate X, Figures 15-19 

1893. Eutomoceras sengeli. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 294, pI. 121, .:fig. 14. 

Form involute, discoidal, with flattened sides sloping 

up to the sub angular ventral shoulders, narrow venter, 

and high sharp keel. Falcoid dichotomous ribs, 

coarse, and bending sharply forward at the venter. 

Spiral lines strong and forming blunt knots where 

they cross the ribs. In youth there are five rows of 

spiral knots, increasing to nine at maturity. Body 

chamber long. Septa digitate but not strongly ~o. 

Discotropites sengeZi resembles Discotropites laurae 

and Discotropites mojsvarensis, ·being thicker and with 

coarser sculpture than D. Zaurae and ~hinner and 

with finer sculpture than D. mojsvarensis. It is a 

link in the series Discotropites Zineatus, Discotropites 

lav,rae, Discotropites sengeZi, Discotrop#es mojsvarensis, 

which forms a " gross Art" with almost ~omplete intergradation; all the species occur together, yet the 

·extremes are widely separated. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North Fork 

of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; also 

on Brock Mountain between Squaw Creek and Pit. 

River, Shasta County, Calif. It was first described 

from the same horizon in the Hallstatt limestone in 

the Tyrolian AI ps. 

Discotropites mojsvarensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate VIII, Figures 1-18 

Form robust, moderately involute, open but narrow 

umbilicus, with flattened sides, strong ventral shoulders, and thick keel. Strong falcoid dichotomous 

ribs, bending abruptly forward on the venter. Very 

strong spiral lines, forming tub.ercles where they cross 

the ribs. Body chamber long. Septa like those of 

all typical Discotropites, moderately digitate. The 

form and ornamentation are decidedly arietiform and 

bear some resemblance to the arietiform Eutomoceras 

(HaZilucites) of the Middle Triassic but differ in the 

. spiral lines, long body chamber, and digitate septa. 

Discotropites mojsvarensis dearly belongs to the Tropitidae, whereas Eutomoceras is a member of the 

Hungaritidap. 

Discotropites mojsvarensis is most nearly related to 

Discotropites davisi, from which it differs in its greater 

compression, finer ribs, and slightly narrower umbilicus. 

Named in memory of Dr. E. Mojsisovics von Mojsval', the great master of Triassic paleontology. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic I-Iosselkus limestone in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone of Bear Cove, 

at the nort.h end and east side of Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. It was also found in the Juvavites subzone of 

Admiralty Island, Alaska, at locality 10180, a point 

between Chapin and Herring bays. 

Discotropites davisi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 4-6 

Form robust, only moderately involute, compressed 

laterally, but with abrupt shoulders and relatively 

broad venter. Keel high and strong. Heavy falcoid 

dichotomous ribs; spiral lines and rows of knots in 

youth, nearly obsolete in age. Body chamber long. 

Form decidedly arietiform, more so than that of any 

other species of Discotropites. Septa digitate. 

Discotropites davisi resembles Discotropites mojsvarensis but is more robust, with stronger ribs, and has 

less developed spines and spiral lines. 

Named in honor of C. H. Davis, who assisted in 

coliecting this fauna. . 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 
TROPITOIDEA 43 

County, Calif. It was found in the,Juvavites subzone 

of Admiralty Island, Alaska, at locality 10180, a 

point between Chapin and I-Ierring bays. 

Genus PARATROPITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Pamtropites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstiitter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Hiilfte 2, p. 184. 

1904. Parat1·opites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 109. 

1904. ParatrOl)ites. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of 

the marine Trias of western America: California 

Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. I, p. 396. 

1905. PamtrOl)ites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. 'Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 53. 

Mojsisovics gave this name to what he considered 

a subgenus under Tropites and did not name any type 

nor ~nention any species under the diagnosis. The 

first species described by him under this group, 

Paratropites bidichotomus Mojsisovics,45 would then, 

according to usage, become the type, but it is neither 

characteristic nor well known. The com~nonest and 

best-known species of the group, Paratropites satu·rnus 

Dittmar, would seem to afford a much better basis 

for the generic diagnosis, and this form, along with 

Paratropites sellai Mojsisovics, must have served the 

author as prototype of the group. 

The [onn is laterally compressed, deeply embracing, 

and deeply indented by the inner whorls. The sides' 

are flattened convex, the venter narrow, and the 

whorls usually much higher than wide, The umbilicus is narrow, the inner volutions usually being concealed. Unlbilical knots are present on most species, 

and fron1 these knots dichotonlous ribs run with gentle 

forward curve up the flanks and bend forward on the 

abdoJninal shoulders. On the venter there is a distinct central keel that generally has furrows on each 

side, at which lateral ribs end. The keel is smooth 

and is not crenulated by the ribs. No spines occur 

and knots only on the umbilicus. Constrictions have 

not been observed on any of the numerous species of 

the group. 

The septa are alnmonitic but not deeply digitate, 

dolichophyllic, of the Tropites type. The ventral' 

lobe is divided by a shallow siphonal saddle. There 

are generally two principal laterals and an auxiliary, 

but in so~ne species there is only one principal lateral, 

and the second nlust be regarded as an auxiliary. 

The body cha:mber is long, and at maturity shows a 

tendency to obsolescence of the ribs and also an 

egression of the whorl. 

Most species of this group are compressed laterally 

and high-whorled, but some are subglobose in shape. 

Paratr01Jites seems to be equally as nearly related to 

I~ MOjsisovics, E. von, Die Cepbolopoden der HaJlst11tter Kalke: K"k. geol. 

Ueichsanstalt Wien Abh., Baud 6, HUHte 2, p. 234, pI. 127, fig. 11, 1893. 

Discotropites as to Tropites and may possibly be a 

connecting link between them, or, more properly 

speaking, it seems to have departed less from the 

ancestral typethan they. This relation is emphasized 

by the fact that in Paratropites the adult whorls differ 

litile from the youthful stages, whereas in Trop"ites 

and Discotropites great changes take place in growth. 

Under this genus three groups of species may be 

recognized: (I) Group of Paratropites sellai Mojsisovies, characterized by the strong lateral ribs, Paratropites s. s. (II) Group of Paratropites americanus 

Hyatt and Smith, subgenus Gymnotropites Hyatt and 

Smith, characterized by obsolescence of the ribs, 

which persist faintly only in early youth. (Ill) 

Group of Paratropite,s janus, subgenus Paulotropites 

Mojsisovics, characterized by obsolescence of sculpture and strong development of paulos tomes. 

Paratropites appears in the Mediterranean region 

and in California, in the Karnic stage of the Upper 

Triassic. According to our present knowledge, it is 

entirely confined to that horizon. 

In the zone of Tropites subbulZatus of Shasta County, 

Calif., Paratropites is represented by two species 

identical with Alpine forms, Paratropites seZlai Mojsisovics and Paratropites dittmari Mojsisovics, besides a 

large number of new species closely related to Alpine 

forms. 

The subgenus Gymnotropites is not recorded outside 

of California, although Paratropites marii Mojsisovies, 

of the Alpine province, may be a form transitional to 

this group. 

Paratropites antiselli Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, Figures 1-8 

Form very robust, subglobose, involute, with 

rounded flanks and broadly rounded venter, without 

shoulders. Ribs coarse, with deeply incised narrow 

interspaces, bending forward in a broad curve high 

up on the flanks. Keel strong but low, bordered by 

deep furrows .. Body chamber long. Septa of moderate digitation. 

Paratropites antiseZZi is nearest to Paratropites 

arnoldi, from which it differs in its more robust subglobose form, coarser and fewer ribs, and greater size. 

It differs from Paratropites seZZai even more in these 

characters and is the most globose member of Paratropites. This characteristic persists even in. extrem'e 

youth, specimens only 10 millimeters i~ diameter 

being easily distinguished from the kindred forms. 

Named in memory of Dr. Thomas Antisell, a pioneer 

geologist of California. . 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone at the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

. subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 
44 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVER,TEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Paratropites arnoldi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 3-9 

Form very robust, subglobose; involute, somewhat 

compressed laterally, with sides sloping steeply up to 

the rounded venter, without distinct shoulders. 

Ribs. broad, with narrow interspaces, running nearly 

straight, obliquely forward up to the flanks and bending abruptly forward on the shoulders. Keel strong 

but low, bordered by deeply incised furrows. Body 

chamber long. Septa moderately digitate, with 

" divided ventral lobe, large first lateral, slightly smaller 

second lateral, and small auxiliary lobe on the umbilical shoulder, all with about the same amount of 

digitation. The internal lobes consist of a dorsal 

and three laterals. 

Paratropites arnoZdi differs from Pa.ratropites seZZai 

only in its more robust and thick-set form. The 

details of ribs, septa, keel, and furrows are very 

similar on the two species. It differs from Paratropites gabbi in its lack of compression and of distinct 

shoulders and in its more distinct ribs. It has a 

greater resemblance to Paratropites antiseZZi, from 

which it differs in its less obese form and rather finer 

ribs, which in Paratropites antiseZZi are fewer, coarser, 

and more regularly curved. 

Named in honor of Dr. Ralph Arnold, who assisted 

in collecting this fauna. 

Occu~rence: Rar~ in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

linlestone at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Paratropites dittmari Mojsisovics 

Plate XXV, Figures 1, 2 

1893. Trop'Ctes (Paratropites) dittmari. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halite 2, p. 245, pl. 115, 

fig. 4. 

1904. Paratropites dittmari. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of the marine Trias of western America: 

California Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., _ vol. 1, No. 10, 

p. 396, pI. 46, fig. 1; pI. 47, fig. l. 

Involute, discoidal, laterally compressed, highwhorled; whorls deeply embracing, deeply indented 

by the inner volutions. Sides flattened convex, 

with abr~ptly rounded ulnbilical shoulders and gently 

rounded ventral shoulders. Venter narrow and arched 

with keel and marginal furrows. Umbilicus narrow', 

almost closed at maturity, becoming slightly wider 

with advancing age. Surface ornamented with sharply incised bifurcating ribs, running nearly straight 

up the flanks and bending abruptly forward on the 

shoulders. The ribs branch near the umbilicus and 

again on the flanks in an irregular manner. The 

height of the whorl is about half of the total diameter, 

and the width is two-thirds ot the height. Umbilical 

knots are not developed at maturity. 

Septa digitate, like those of all Paratropites, but of 

simple pattern and not deeply divided. 

Paratropites dittmari is closely allied to Paratropites 

seZZai, with which it is associated in both the Alpine 

region and in California. It differs from that species 

in its more compressed whorl, ·fewer and flatter ribs, 

and the obsolescence of the umbilical knots. These 

same characters also distinguish it from Paratropites 

saturnus Dittmar, on which also the lateral ribs are 

not straight but curve broadly forward on the flanks. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbuZZatus, 

lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone), on Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, about 3 miles east of the forestry station and 

half a mile north of the trail to Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. It was first described from the Tyrolian Alps, at the same horizon and in the same association as in California. 

Paratropites gabbi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, Figures 9-13 

Form large, involute, high-whorled, laterally COlnpressed, with closed umbilicus, sides sloping steeply 

up to the abrupt shoulders; venter rather narrow and 

somewhat flattened. Ribs brO'ad and weak, running 

nearly straight, obliquely up the flanks to the shoulder, 

then curving sharply forward on the venter. Keel 

strong, keel furrows deep. Body chamber long. 

Septa moderately digitate, like those of all Paratropites. 

'Paratropites gabb'i resembles' Paratropites seZZai, 

from which it is distinguished by the tendency to. 

obsolescence of the ribs, by the abrupt ventral shoulders, and by its greater size. It is somewhat similar 

to Paratropites arnoZdi but differs in being less robust 

and more compressed, in having distinct shoulders, 

and in showing obsolescence of the ribs. 

Named in memory of W. M. Gabb. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites S1lbbuZlatus zone, 3 miles east of Madi- . 

son's ranch, on Brock Mountain" between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Paratropites gracilis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 10-13 . 

Shell small, high-whorled, involute, very much 

compressed laterally, sides flattened, ventral shoulders 

sub angular, venter narrow and flat. Keel sharp, keel 

furrows deeply incised. Dichotomous ribs very fine, 

little wider than the interspaces. The body chamber 

is long. Septa digitate but not so strongly as in 

larger species of the genus. The height of the whorl 

is more than half the total diameter of the shell, and 

the width is three-fifths of the height. 
TROPITOIDEA 45 

P(t1Y1Jropites g1ywilis is the slnallest and slenderest 

species of the genus. It resembles the young stages of 

Discotr01Jites theron but differs in the total lack of 

spiral lines and rows of fine tubercles characteristic of 

that genus and species. Its septa are also lnore complex than those of the young of any species of Discotr01Jites of the same size. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyce,ras 

subzone) of the T1'opites subb'l.tllatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Paratropites sellai Mojsisovics 

Plate XXIV, Figures 14-16; Plate XXX, Figures 0-10; Plate 

XXXI, Figures 1-26 

1893. 'P1'o1Jites (Paratropites) sellai. Mojsisovic~, Die Cephal,opoden de .. Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geoi. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6,Halfte 2, p. 242, pI. 114, 

figs. 2,4-10; pl. 115, figs. 5, 6, 9, 10, 11; pl. 113, fig. 23. 

1905. Pamtropites sellai. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 54 .. pI. 30, figs. 6-10; pI. 31, figs. 1-26. 

1866. 11 m.monites S(tt1trnm (part). Dittmar, Zur Fauna der 

Hallstii.tter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostischepalaeontologische Beitriige, Band 1, p. 367, pI. 16, 

figs. 4, 5, 6, 8 (not figs. 1, 2, 3, 7). 

Fornl involute, robust, somewhat compl'essed laterally; whorl high, deeply embracing, and deeply 

indented by the inner whorls. In youth the whorl is 

highly arched, with convex sides and rounded venter, 

but :in age the sides beconle flattened, the abdominal 

shoulders pronounced, and the venter somewhat 

flattened. The umbilicus is nn,lTOW and conceals the 

inner volutions; its breadth nmges from one-eighth to 

one-twelfth of the dianleter' of the shell. The outer 

whorl is about half the diameter of the shell and 

approxilnately as wide ap, high; the greatest breadth is 

at the base of t~le w\orl, just above the umbilical 

shoulders. It is indonted to half its height hy the 

inner whorl and conceals the inner whorl entirely. 

In the younger str.ges the form is subglobose and the 

umbilicus virtually closed. On the venter there is a 

low nledian keel, bounded by shallow but distinct 

InarginH.l furrows; these furrows are very distinct on 

the cast but, less so on the shell. 

Surface ornamented with l'aclial ribs that begin in 

• bundles on the umbilical border, run up the sides with 

a forward etu'ye, and bend abruptly forward on the 

umbilical shoulder to the margins of the keel furrows. 

Thes'e ribs are usually dichotomous, the division taking 

place at one-third of the height of the whorl; they are 

broacl and rounded, much wider than the intercostal 

spaces. In old age the ribs become weaker and the 

shell is nearly smooth, only the keel remaining distinct. 

Septa anlmonitic but simple, not deeply digitate. 

TIle external lobe is diyided by a rectangular siphonn.l 

saddle into two shO.i't branches; the first lateral lobe 

is larger than the external and the second lateral about 

11S large as the external; the alLxilin.ry lobe on the umbilical shoulder is distinctly individualized but smaller 

than thf> second lateral. The antisiphonal lobe is 

flanked by three internal laterals and an au.xiliary on 

each sidP-o 

The ]9Tval, stages of Paratrnpites selZai resemble 

Gastrioc~r'as in their wide umbilicus and low helmetshaped ~horls. The keel appears at a diameter of 

2 lnillimeters, but the lateral ribs do not develop until 

a diameter of 3.5 millimeters is reached. The septa 

begin t,t) be ammonitic at a diameter of 4 millimeters. 

The development o,f the species is unusually simple for 

such a highly specialized ammonite, and the little 

change that takes place from the larval period to 

maturity shows that this genus has departed very little 

from its ancestral characters. It is therefore highly 

probable that the early adolescent stage of Paratropites 

gives a good indication as to what the ancestor of 

Tropites was like-involute, robust, with highly. 

arched w:o.orl, rounded abdominal shoulders, strong 

keel without bordering furrows, obscure umbilical 

ribs, and simple goniH.tite septa. No mature form is 

yet known that possesses these characters, but they 

are seen also' in the young of Tropites and Discotropites, and many of them are preserved, although 

considerably modified, in mature forms of Styrites and 

Tropiceltites. . , 

Paratropites sellai is most nearly related to Paratropites saturnus Dittmar, but, acco.rding to Mojsisovics, 

it differs from that species in having one more lateral 

lobe, in the straighter IH.teral ribs, and in the fewer 

and weaker ulnbilical nodes. The figures of the two 

species given by Mojsisovics are indistinguishable, and 

frOln- a careful examination of the original specinlens 

of the two H)Tatt was convinced that there are intergradations' between Paratropites selZai and Paratropites 

saturnus. Among more than 400 American specl'-

mens of this species, however, the writer could find 

none 'with the characters attributed to Paratropites 

satur'nus, ~nd he has retained the name proposed by 

Mojsisovics. -' 

This species is also closely related to Paratropites 

dittmari Mojsisovics, with which it is associated both 

in the Alps and, in 'CaliforniH., but differs from that 

species in its more robust, thicker whorl. Paratropites 

dittmari is thinner and more discoidal. 

Occurrence: Paratropites seZZai is very conunon in 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of 

Tropites sub buZlat'l.ts , Trachyceras subzone, Shasta 

County, Calif. The figured specimens all Cf~me from 

Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, about 2Y2 miles northeast of Madison's 

ranch, 6 miles northeast of the Bully Hill nline. It 

was found in this horizon in the Hosselkus linlestone 

at several places along Squaw Creek, invariably in 

the same association, with Tropites s'l.tbbulZatus Hauer, 

Discotropites sandlingensis Hauer, ProcZydonautiZus 

triadic us Mojsisovics, Sagenites herbichi Mojsisovics, 

H.nd HaZobia 8uperba Mojsisovics. 
46 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Subgenus GYMNOTROPITES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Gymnotropites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 56. 

Type.-Paratropites americanus Hyatt and Smith. 

In volute, laterally compressed, discoidal, deeply 

embracing, and deeply indented by the inner whorls. 

Sides flattened, venter narrow, surmounted by a keel, 

with little or no marginal furrows. Umbilicus narrow. 

Sides almost smooth, ornamented only with cross 

striae. In some forms transitional to Paratropites 

s. s. there are in the adolescent stage obscure rudiments of the lateral ribs. Septa ammonitic; external 

lobe divided by a siphonal saddle. There are usually 

two laterals and a small auxiliary lobe. 

This subgenus is distinguished from Paratropites s. s. 

only by its smooth shell, the other characters being 

identical; it is connected with that group by transitional species and undoubtedly has developed out of 

Paratropites. It also resembles Styrites but differs 

from that genus in its more robust form and ammonitic septa. 

Gymnotropites is known only from the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Shasta County, Calif., 

in the zone of Tropites sub bullatus , Trachyceras subzone, where it is represented by several species. 

Paratropites (Gymnotropites) americanus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XXXII, Figures 1-10 

1905. Paratropites (Gymnotropites) " americanus. Hyatt and 

Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: 

U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 40, "p. 56, pI. 32, figs. 

1-10. 

Involute, discoidal, laterally compressed. Whorl 

deeply embracing and deeply indented by the inner 

whorl. Sides flattened, venter narrow with obscure 

abdOlninal shoulders, and low median keel, without 

bordering furrows. Cross section of whorl high and 

narrow. Umbilicus closed, umbilical shoulders abruptly rounded. The height of the whorl i~ one and 

one-third times the width and slightly lllore than half 

the total diameter of the shell. The outer whorl 

covers the inner almost entirely and is indented by it 

to nearly half the height. Surface of the shell nearly 

smooth, ornamented only with fine cross striae, which 

are bundled into faint folds. The septa are ammo.nitic, 

both lobes and" saddles being weakly digitate. The 

divided external lobe is flanked by two laterals and an 

auxiliary, decreasing In size toward the umbilicus. 

The antisiphonal lobe is flanked by three internal 

laterals and an auxiliary. In the young stages the 

folds are stronger, forming true ribs like those of Paratropites, thus indicating the origin of this group of 

smooth forms. 

This species resembles Paratropites marii Mojsisovics but is thinner and smoother. It has a stronger 

external resemblance to Styrites reinischii Moj sisovics 46 

• 46 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K. ok. geol. 

Hcichsanstalt \vicn Abh., Band 6, H1ilfte" 2,p. 281, pI. 21, fig. 3. 

but differs from that species in having ammonitic 

instead of goniatitic septa. 

Occurrence: P aratropites (Gymnotropites) ame1vicanus Hyatt and Smith was found in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras subzone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on the divide between Squaw 

"Creek and Pit River, half a mile north of the trail 

from Madison's to Brock's ranch on Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. This locality is about 6 nliles 

northeast of the Bully Hill mine. 

Paratropites (Gymnotropites) caliCornicus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LVII, Figures 1-11 

For~ hig4-whorled, involute, laterally compressed, 

with nearly flat sides, narrow arched venter, and 

moderately high keel without furrows. Umbilicus 

closed. Body chamber long. Surface smooth, with 

only fine striae of growth. Septa moderately digitate. 

Paratropites californicus is closely related to Paratropites amencanus, from which it differs only in its 

thicker whorl, which is very like that of Paratropites 

dittmari Mojsisovics, without the sculpture of that 

species. It is less robust than Paratropites laevis. 

The group of Gymnotropitesforms a "gross Art "-Paratropites amencanus, Paratropites californicus, Paratropites laems, Paratropites rotundus-all closely related and possibly intergrading forms and yet separated widely at the extremes. These species have as 

yet diverged but little from their common ancestor, 

and all are probable retrogrades by loss of sculpture 

from Paratrop"ites. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Tra.,. 

chyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 

3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on" Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Paratropites (Gymnotropites) laevis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 16-20 

Form moderately robust, involute, laterally compressed, with closed umbilicus, gently convex sides, 

and narrow arched venter, with distinct keel without 

bordering furrows. Surface smooth, with only striae 

of growth. Body chamber long. Septa only moderately complex. 

Paratropites laems resembles Paratropites cal~f~rnicus but differs in its more robust shape, which is 

very like that of ParatrQpites 8ellai, without the ribs 

of that species. It is considerably more compressed 

than P aratropite8 rotundus. " 

Occurrence : Rare in the Upper Triassic I-Iosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of 

"Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 
TROPITOIDEA 47 

Paratropites (Gymnotropites) rotundus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 14, 15 

Form robust, subspherical, involute, with rounded 

flanks and venter, without shoulders. Umbilicus 

closed. . Keel strong, without furrows. Surface 

s.mooth, with only striae of growth. Body chamber 

long. Septa nloderately complex. 

Pa1'at1'opites rotundus is . very similar to ParatTOIJites laevis but differs in its more rotund form, 

which is nearly as robust as Paratropites antiselli, 

without the ribs of that species. It is the most 

rotund species of the group of Gymnotropites and 

stands at the end of its series. 

Occurrence: Hare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit Hiver, Shasta County, Calif. 

Paratropites (Gymnotropites) yatesi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 21-24 

FOl'1n laterally compressed, involute, 4igh-whorled, 

with sonlewhat flattened sides, narrow venter, and 

rounded shoulders. Keel well developed, with furrows. Surface with very weak ribs and umbilical 

knots, becOllling obsolete at maturity. Body chamber 

long. Septa digitate. 

Pa1'at?'Op1~tes YOJtesi is closely related to PaTatTopites 

maTii Mojsisovics,47 but differs in its narrower ulllbilicus and weaker lllnbilical nodes. In shape it is very 

like Pal'atropites califol'nicus but is distinguished by 

its vestigial sculpture. It is prob~bly transitional 

fr0111 (l'ymnotl'opites to Pal'atl'opites s. s., being not so 

arrested in the development of the sculpture as are 

the other species of the subgenus. 

Nl1lned in 11lenlory of Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, a 

pioneer naturalist of California. 

Occurrence: Quite common in the Upper Triassic 

lIosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (TTacleycel'as 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east 

('-If Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squn,w Crock and Pit Hiver, Shasta County, Calif. 

Subgenus PAULOTROPITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Pa~tlotropites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstii,tter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

lhnd 6, HiUfte 2, p. 185. 

1904. Pcwlotropites. Gellllllellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiOl'e della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 118. 

TY1Je.- T?'olJites janus Dittmar. 

This group was established by Mojsisovics to include 

the group of Tropites Zabiati, which differ from other 

Incmbers of the fmnily in the possession of periodic 

paulos tomes that replace the ordinary sculpture of 

the Tropitidae. It is evidently a partly degenerate 

and atn,vistic form frol11 PaTatTopites and hence is 

included as a subgenus under that group. 

47 1\1ojslsovlcs, E. von, Dlc Cephalopodcn der Hallstlttter Kalkc: K.·k. geol. 

Hclchsonstolt Wloll Abh., Bond 6, lJ!1lftc 2, p. 244, pI. 115, figs. 2,3,1893. 

Paulotropites is confined to the Upper Triassic 

Karnic stage of the Mediterranean region and' is 

present at the same horizon in California. 

Paratropites (Paulotropites) colei Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LVII, Figures 22-23 

Form very robust, depressed, broad, involute, subspherical. Surface at maturity nearly smooth, with 

only weak paulostomes forming a forward-pointing 

sinus; in youth with weak ribs parallel to the paulo-. 

stomes. Keel and furrows much reduced at maturity, 

strong in youth. Body chamber long. Septa digitate. 

Pal'atl'opites colei is more robust than PaTatl'opites 

shastensis and has stronger development of the paulostomes. It is broader and more robust than any 

European members of PaulotTopites. 

Named in honor of Frank L. Cole, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Tl'achyceTas subzone) of the TTopites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit HiveI', Shasta County, Calif. 

Paratropites (Paulotropites) shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LVII, Figures 12-21 

Form robust" subspherical in youth, laterally compressed at maturity) with . whorl becoming higher and 

narrower, and developing sub angular ventral shoulders. Keel low and keel furrows nearly obsolete at 

maturity, both very strongly developed in youth. 

Surface nearly smooth at maturity, except vestiges of 

the paulos tomes or ridges and constrictions of the 

temporary apertures; in youth with very strong forward-curving ribs, with deeply incised interspaces and 

paulostomes. Body chamber long. Septa digitate. 

Pal'atropites shastensis.is somewhat like PaTatl'opites 

seelandi Mojsisovics 48 but differs in the obsolescence 

of the ribs and the weakening of the keel and furrows. 

It belongs to the same group as Paratropites labiatus 

Mojsisovics and ParatTopites janus Dittmar but has 

much weaker paulostomes than those species. It is 

less divergent from GymnotTopites than any of the 

European members of ParatTopites. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone in the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the TTopites subbuZlatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County,· Calif. 

Genus MICROTROPITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Microtropites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: I<'-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 186 . 

. 1904. Microtropites. Gellllllellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias 

superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 117. 

Type.-A mmonites galeoZus Hauer. 

Includes dwarfed, arrested, degenerate forms of the 

Tropitidae,· with compact whorl, ventral keel, re19 1\1ojsisovics, E. von., op. cit., p. 217, pI. 112, fig. 6. 

o 
48 UPPER TR.IASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

duced and simplified septa, and obsolescence of 

sculpture. This is the group of Tropites gaZeoZi of 

Mojsisovics. 

Confined to the Upper Triassic Karnic stage of the 

Mediterranean region and is present at the same 

horizon in California. 

Microtropites tubercularis Mojsisovics 

Plate LIX, Figures 14-20 

1893. Microtropites tubercularis. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 258, pI. 113, fig. 8; 

pI. 129, figs. 11, 12. 

Dwarf form, small, completely involute, thick set, 

somewhat compressed laterally, with flattened sides, 

abruptly rounded shoulders, and rather low venter. 

High, sharp ventral keel, bordered by deep furrows. 

Surface slnooth, with only lines of growth. Body 

chamber long. Septa with rounded saddles and 

slightly serrated lobes of very simple, type. This 

species is an arrested form, reversionary toward the 

ancestral stock. It greatly resembles Protropites 

Arthaber,49 from the Lower Triassic. This resemblance may indicate that Protropites is really the 

ancestral stock of Tropites, or it may indicate an 

accidental convergence of forms with a common 

ancestry, one progressive and the other retrogressive 

and arrested in some of the characters of the comlnon 

ancestor but diverging in others. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone in the upper horizon (.Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites snbbuZZatus zone, at the north end and 

west side of .Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. .Microtropites 

tubercnZaris was first described from the same horizon 

in the Hallstatt limestone of the Tyrolian Alps. 

Genus MARGARITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Jl1argarites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der' Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 297 .. 

1904. Margarites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 124. 

1906. Margm·ites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 139. 

Forms small, 'compact, somewhat evolute, with 

trapezoidal cross section, ventral keel and lateral ribs 

armed with sharp spines. Septa somewhat simplified; 

body chamber long. 

This group is somewhat arrested and reversionary 

from Tropites; it is distinguished especially by the development of the spines, a phylogerontic character. 

It is, however, by no means so far degenerate as 

Microtropites or Anatropites. 

Confined to the Upper Triassic Karnic stage of the 

Mediterranean region, the Himalayas, and California. 

49 Arthaber, G. von, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. PaHiontologi~ Oesterr.-

Ungarns u. des Orients, Band 24, p. 255, pI. 29, figs. 9-16, 1911. 

o 

Margarites jokelyi (Hauer) 

Plate LVIII, Figures 24-29 

1855. Ammonites jokelyi. Hauer, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

Cephalopoden-Fauna der Hallstatter Schichten: K. 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 9, p. 11, pI. 4, 

figs. 1, 2, 7. . 

1893. Margarites jokelyi. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, HiHfte 2, p. 301, pI. 117, figs. 11-14; pI. 

118, figs. 1-4, 7. 

1904. Margarites jokelyi. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias 

superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 125. 

Form robust, evolute, little embracing, widely umbilicate.. Whorls robust, with abrupt ventral shoulders, convex flanks, rounded ventral shoulders, and 

rather high venter. Keel very high and sharp, 

bordered by shallow furrows. Surface with coarse 

umbilical ribs, curving on the flanks and bifurcating on 

the shoulders, then swinging sharply forward, becoming much finer on the ventral slope. There is a row 

of nodes or blunt spines on .the ribs at the shoulders. 

Body chamber long. Septa not seen on the American 

specimens. In youth the whorl is low and broad, 

distinctly trapezoidal, and very gastrioceran, except 

that the keel persists to a very early stage. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hoss~lkus 

limestone, at the upper horizon (.Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbulZatus zone, on North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. It is associated with Tropites weZZeril 

DiscophyZZites insignis, J uvavites subinterruptus, H omerites semigZobosus, ProcZydonautiZus triadicus, H aZobia 

superba, and oth~r species. It was also found in the 

Juvavites subzone of Admiralty Island, Alaska, at 

locality 8848, at the north entrance to Herring Bay. 

Margarites moffiti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIII, Figures 1-3 

Form robust, thick set, evolute, widely umbilicate. 

Whorls trapezoidal, with abrupt umbilical shoulders, 

convex flanks, and rounded venter. Ventral keel low , 

·bordered by deep furrows. Surface ornamented wi~h 

bifurcating ribs and blunt spines. There are three 

rows of spines-one just above the umbilical shoulder, 

a second in the middle of the flanks where the ribs 

bifurcate, and a third on the ventral shoulder, immediately below the keel furrows. Septa and length of 

body chamber unknown. 

J.liargarites moffiti resembles }'{argarites auctus Dittmar, of the Tropites subbuZZatus fauna in the Alpine 

region, but differs from that' species in being nlOre 

robust and slightly more involute and in having 

stronger sculpture and deep keel furrows. 

Named in ·honor of F. H. Moffit. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the J uvavites subzone of the 

zone of Tropites subbuZZatus, at locality 4810, south 

side of Chitistone River, Nizina district, Alaska. 50 

bO Moffit, F. H., and Capps, S. R., Geology and mineral resources of the Nizina 

district, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 448, p. 24, 1911. 
TROPITOIDEA 49 

Margarites senilis Mojsisovics 

Plate LVIII, Figures 33-36 

1893. ft1aro(wites senilis. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: 1"C-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 'Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Hii.lfte 2, p. 307, pI. 118, figs. 1,8-10, 12, 

14-16. 

Dwarf form, small, llloderately evolute, thick set, 

with low and rather broad whorl, with angular ventral 

shoulder~, nfi,rrow flanks, abrupt ventral shoulders and 

arched yenter; keel sharp, with distinct bordering 

furrows. There is a row of sharp nodes on the ulnbilical shoulders and a similar row of coarser ones on the 

yen tral shoulders. There are also radial ribs, rather 

'strong on the flanks, which swing abruptly forward and 

beco,me obsolete on the ventral slope. Body chamber 

long. Septa weakly digitate. 

lJla'l'ga'l'ites senilis differs fr01n Ala1'ga1'ites septen-

:trio,{l,aZis in its broader whorl, angular shoulders, flattened :flanks, and the double row of nodes on the sides. 

Both are arrested, dwarf, reversionary fornls, and 

both probably resemble the prilllitive ancestral type, 

though still retaining the keel" and the digitate septa. 

Oc~urrencc: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullat'lJs zone: on North Fork 

{)f Squaw Creek, 3 llliles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. It is associated with T1'01Jites 'I.velle1'i, 

DiscOIJhyllites pOJtens, J uvavites 8'1.lbinter1''I.IJpt'l.lS, Home1'-

ites semigZobos'l.LS, P1'ocZyclonauJtil'l.Ls t1'iaclicus, Halobia 

SlllJel'bCt, find other species. 

Margarites septentrionalis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate L~X, Figures 27-33 

Dwad fonll, SIll all , rather 'evolute, lllediulll widely 

11mbilicate, whorl deeply embracing but not deeply 

indented by the inner whorls. Somewhat compressed 

laterally, with abruptly rounded shoulders, low venter, 

and' strong keel bordered by deep furrows. Surface 

with fine dichot01110US ribs that curve forward on the 

:flanks and bend sharply forward to the keel furrows. 

~ody chmllber long. Septa slightly digitate, though 

not so greatly as in progressive Tropitidae. 

M(//rgarites septent1'ionalis greatly resembles Margarites senilis, from "which it differs in its greater lateral 

compression, higher shoulders, and Inore flattened 

venter and in the absence of the double row of spines 

on the sides. In youth the resemblance of the two 

species is llluch greater, both having low broad trapezoidal whorls, with a row of nodes on the umbilical 

shoulder, and both lacking ventral shoulders, but even 

in youth MCt'rga1'ites septentrionalis is not so broad nor 

so depressed and has weaker nodes. Both' are 

arrested forms, reversionary 'toward the ancestral 

type, being almost gastrioceran in f01'1n, thouO'h 

tl'opitoid in keel and septa. b 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus linlestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North Fork 

of Squaw Creek, 3 Illiles north of I(elly's ranch, ShaRtft 

County, Calif. 

Genus ANATROPITES Mojsisovics 

1893 . .Anat1"opites. Mojsisovics, 'Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halite 2, p. 187. 

1904. Anatropites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 120. 

1905. Anatropites. Diener, Fauna of the Tr01Jites limestone of 

Byans: Geol. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 153. 

Form slender, evolute, little embracing, with lateral 

ribs, ventral keel and keel furrows, and umbilical 

nodes. Septa simple, only slightly digitate. Body 

chaIn bel' long. 

This group is a degenerate one, reversionary by 

arrest of development toward OeZtites but retaining the 

1110re complex septation and the tropitoid keel. It is 

represented in the Upper Triassic of Ainerica by a 

single species, Anat1'opites haucheco'rnei Mojsisovics. 

Anatropites hauchecornei MojsisQvics 

Plate LVIII, Figures 21-23 

,1893. Tropites (Anatr01Jites) hauchecornei. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh" Band 6, HaUte 2, p. 226, pI. 

127, figs. 14, 15. 

Form extremely slender, evolute, with wide, shallow 

umbilicus and whorls scarcely embracing. Surface 

ornamented with lateral ribs, uD;lbilical and lllarginal 

nodes, and strong keel and keel furrows. Septa only 

slightly digitate. 

In youth this species resembles a very slender 

~la1'ga1'ite8 and no doubt is merely a further degeneration from that genus. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hossel-

,kus linlestone, in the T1'opites subbuZZatus zone, upper 

horizon (Juvavites subzone), on North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ~anch, Shasta County, 

Calif.; associated with T1'opites welle1'i, Sagenites he1'-

bichi, H ome1'ites semiglobosus, J uvavites kelZyi, and other 

species. It was first described from the same horizon 

in the Tyrolian Alps. 

Genus TROPICELTITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Tropiceltites. MOjsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halite 2, p. 369. 

1906. Tropiceltites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Ryans: Geol. Survey India Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 156. 

(Not 1905. Tropiceltites Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 58. = M etasibirites Mojsisovics.) 

1911. ?Tropiceltites. Arthaber, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. 

Palaontologie Oesterr.-Ungarns u. des Orients, Band 

24, p. 268. 
50 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Tropiceltites caducus (Dittmar) 

Plate LVIII, Figures 1-5 

1866. Ammonites caducus. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der Hallstatter 

Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostische-palaeontologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 3~1, pI. 14, figs. 14, 15. 

1893. Tropiceltites caducus. - Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 383, pI. 121, fig. 57; pI. 128, 

figs. 10-12. -

Dwarf form, arrested in development, reversionary. 

Evolute, slender, little embracing -and little indented. 

Surface with weak lateral ribs and slender ventral 

keel, without bordering furrows. Body chamber long. 

Tropiceltites caducus is unlike any other known 

species of the genus and does not belong to the 

typical group. The American specimens are exactly 

like the figures and descriptions given by Mojsisovics 

of those of the Hallstatt limestone. -

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North Fork 

0f Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. It is associated with numerous 

species of Tropites, J uvavites, Arcestes, Discotropites, 

Proclydonautilus, Halobia superba, and other species. 

It was first described from the Karnic Hallstatt limestone of the Tyrolian Alps. 

Genus TORNQUISTITES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Tornquistites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 59. 

Type.- Tornquis.tites evolutus Hyatt and Smith. 

Evolute, discoidal, little embracing, laterally compressed, low whorls, increasing very slowly in height. 

Cross section of whorl helmet-shaped; sides flat 

convex, venter narrowly rounded. Umbilicus very 

wide and shallow. At maturity there is a faint 

threadlike central elevation, which is the rudiment 

of a keel that is prominent in the adolescent period. 

Surface ornamented with fine rib~ that are sigmoidal 

on the sides and cross the venter. Septa apparently 

goniatitic but show under the lens a faint serration 

of the lateral lobe. 

The young stages of this genus are more involute, 

with higher whorls, and a distinct ventral keel, like 

Styrites Mojsisovics. This genus resembles Lecanites 

Mojsisovics but differs from it in the faint serration 

of the lateral lobe, the much stronger sculpture, and 

in the young stages. 

Tornquistites evolutus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate :X;XXII, Figures 11-21 

1905. Tornquistites evolutus. Hyatt and Smith, The 'Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 60, pI. 32, figs. 11-21. 

Evolute, laterally compressed, widely umbilieate. 

Whorls laterally compressed, low, and increasing 

slowly in height, little embracing, and little indented 

by the inner whorl. Cross section of the whorl 

elongate oval, with rounded abdominal shoulders and 

narrow arched venter. In the middle of the venter 

is a faint threadlike elevation, which is the remnant 

of a keel that is prominent in the young stages. The 

height of the whorl is slightly less than one-third of 

the total diameter, and the width is about two-thirdsof the height. The indentation is about one-eighth of 

the height. The width of the umbilicus is about 

one-third of the diameter of the shell. The body 

chamber is at least one revolution long. The surface, 

of the shell and of the cast is ornamented with weak 

folds that bend sharply fo!"ward on the abdominal 

shoulders, forming a narrow sinus on the venter. 

Septa faintly ceratitic, the first lateral lobe being 

slightly serrated, all the others being goniatitic. 

The external lobe is divided by a small siphonal 

notch into two short branches; the first lateral lobe 

is larger, and occasionally shows under the lens. 

faint traces of serration; the second is smaller and 

entire; on the umbilical shoulder is a very small 

auxiliary. The antisiphonallobe is long and narrow, 

flanked by a single short internal lateral on each side. 

This species is nearest to " Isculites" obolinus Dittmar,. 

which probably belongs to the same genus but differs. 

from it in the greater evolution and stronger sculpture. 

Occurrence: Tornquistites evolutus is rather common in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus linlestone, in 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus CTrachyceras subzone) ,_ 

3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on the divide between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

It was most abundant at a place half a mile north of 

the trail from Madison's to Brock's ranch on Pit 

River. 

Tornquistites obolinus (Dittmar) 

Plate LVIII, Figures 12-15 

1886. Ammonites obolinus. Dittmar, Zur- Fauna derHall--

statter Kalke in Benecke, E. W., Geognostischepalaeontologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 356, pI. 14, 

figs. 7-9. 

1893. I sculites obolinus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden derHallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 66, pI. 87, figs. 4a-d. . 

A dwarfed, arrested, degenerate form, reversionary 

toward the ancestral type. Involute, widely umbili--

cate, with flattened sides and narrowly rounded 

venter. Very weak folds, almost invisible, on theflanks. Septa said t"o be goniatitic, not observed on. 

the American specimens. Body chamber long. 

Mojsisovics assigned this species to 1sculites, aI--

though it has no resemblance to the type of that 

genus, which is a rotund, involute, Arcestes-like form,. 

with distinctly serrated septa. It is closely related 

to Tornquistites evolutus from which it differs only in 

its greater involution, narrower umbilicus, and weaker 

sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras sub-
TROPITOIDEA 51 

zone) of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County,. Calif. 

Also found in the Karnic stage of the Tyrolian Alps., 

Genus ARNIOTITES Hyatt 

1889. Arniotites. Hyatt, in Whiteaves, J. F., The fossils of 

the Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Geol. Survey 

Canada, CO~ltr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, 

p.144. 

TY1Je.-Arniotites vancouverensis Hyatt. 

Form evolute, discoidal, widely umbilicate, laterally compressed; whorls rather slender, ,with subquadratic outline, little embracing, and little indented 

by the inner whorls. Surface with strong, simple, 

nearly straight radial :ribs and high ventral keel with 

marginal furrows. Septa and length of body chamber 

unknown. 

This genus probably belongs to the Tropitidae and 

may furnish a connecting link between that group 

and the Arietidae. It is decidedly arietiform and can 

hardly belong to the Ceratitidae. 

Professor flyatt included in Arniotites members of 

Bc£Zatonites Mojsi80vics, to which it has no resemblance nor kinship, but as he specifies the type species 

of Arniot'ites, there need be no confusion in determining the limits of the genus. It is certainly not 

oongeneric with the group of Balatonites arietiformis, 

nor with Eutomoceras. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic, in beds of Noric age, 

on Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, Alaska, 

and in California. 

Arniotites vancouverensis Whiteaves 

Plate CVIII, Figure 2 

1889. Arniotites va,ncouverensis. Whiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Geol. Survey, 

Canada, Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, 

p. 146, pI. 19, fig. 2. 

Shell arietiform, small, laterally compressed; widely 

umbilicate, evolute; whorls barely embracing, cross 

sections subquadratic. Surface with strong simple 

nearly straight lateral ribs; ventral keel and marginal 

furrows distinct. Septa and length of body chamber 

unknown. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic, presumably in the 

Pseudomonotis zone, at Crescent' Inlet, Moresby 

Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; 

also at Forward Inlet, near Observatory Rock, on the 

northwest coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia; also in Sailor Canyon, American River, Placer 

County, Calif.; also probably in the McCarthy 

formation, Pseudomonotis zone, of Alaska. 

Family CELTITIDAE Mojsisovics 

Genus CELTITES Mojsisovics 

1882. Celtites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterran en Triasprovinz: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 10, p. 145. 

1892. Celtites. Hauer, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Cephalopoden aus der Trias von Bosnien: K. Akad. Wiss. 

Wien Denkschr., Band 59, Theil 1, p. 273. 

1893. Celtites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 345. 

1895. Celtites. Waagen, Fossils from the Ceratite formation; 

Salt Range fossils: India GeoI. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 13, vol. 2, p. 69 .. 

1905. Celtites. Hyatt and- Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.125. 

1911. Celtites. Arthaber, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. 

Palaontologie Oesterr.-Ungarns u. des Orients, Band. 

24, p. 266. . 

1914. Celtites. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. GeoI. Survey 

Prof. Paper 83, p. 34. 

Celtites steindachneri Mojsisovics 

Plate LVIII, Figures 8-11 

1903. Celtites steindachneri. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Ba.nd 6, Halfte 2, p. 355, pI. 122, figs. 34:i-d. 

Dwarf form, slender, evolute, little embracing, 

widely umbilicate, whorls subrectangular in cross section, body chamber long. Weak periodic constrictions. Fine, sharp, straight ribs that cross the venter. 

GeZtites steindachneri lacks the robust trapezoidal 

whorl so characteristic of the typical GeZtites of the 

Middle Triassic and is probably much more degenerate 

than they are. As compared with GeZtites gabbi Smith, 

of the Middle Triassic of Nevada, it is arrested in 

development. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, on the North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shast~ 

County, Calif. It is associated with Tropites weZZer~, 

H omerites semigZobosus, J uvavites subinterruptus, Discotropites Zineatus, ProcZydonautiZus triadicus, HaZo~ia 

superba, and other species. In the Hallst~tt regIOn 

of Austria it was found in the middle KarnlC Trachyceras aonoides beds, a somewhat lower horizon than 

that in California. 

Family HALORITIDAE Mojsisovics 

The phylogeny of the Haloritidae has already been 

discussed under the heading "Tropitoidea." (See 

pp. 23-25.) All members of this group of which 

the ontogeny is known have adolescent stages .resembling ThermaZites and young stages resembhng 

Juvenites and the group' of Gastrioceras gZobulosum. 

Arthaber has split off Acrochordiceras and its kindred 

as a family, Acrochordiceratidae, which, however, is 

not more than a subfamily. 

The Haloritidae are represented in the Upper 

Triassic of North America by Sagenites Mojsisovics; 

subgenus T1·achysagenites Mojsisovics; HaZorites M.ojsisovics; J ovites Mojsisovics; subgenus Bacch~tes 

Smith; J'1.wavites Mojsisovics; subgenus Anatom~tes 
52 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Mojsisovics; Gonionotites Gemmellaro; Leconteiceras 

Smith; Homerites Mojsisovics; and Metasibirites 

Mojsisovics. 

. All these except H alorites occur in the zone of 

Tropite8 subbullatus of the Hosselkus limestone, of 

Shasta County, Calif., and all except Leconteiceras 

occur In the Upper Triassic of the Mediterranean 

regIon. 

Genus HALORITES Mojsisovics 

1878. Ilalorites. Mojsisovics, Die Dolomitriffe von Siidtirol 

und Venetien, p. 50. 

1879. Halorites. Mojsisovics, VorHiufige kurze Uebersicht der 

Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und Juvavischen Trias: IC-k. geo1. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh., 

p.136. 

1893. Halorites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 

6, Halfte 2, p. 11. 

1896. Halorites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

ol~ertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. 'Vien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 578. 

1904. Halorites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 145. 

1905. Halorites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.41. 

Halorites americanus Hyatt 

Plate XXIX, Figures 1, 2 

1864. Ammonites ramsa'ueri. Gabb (not Quenstedt) " California 

Geo1. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 27, pI. 3, figs. 

21, 21a. 

1892. Halorites americamlS. Hyatt, Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

. vol. 3, p. 398. 

1905. Halorites americanus. HYl:\.tt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geoi. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 42, pI. 29, figs. 1, 2. 

{Not 1846. Ammonites ramsaueri. Quenstedt in von Hauer, 

F., Die Cephalopoden des Salzkammergutes aus der 

Sammlung des Fiirsten Metternich, p. 32, pI. 8, 

figs. 1, 2.) 

Subglobose, involute, deeply embracing; whorls 

highly arched, with convex sides and rounded broad 

venters. Umbilicus closed. Surface ornamented with 

distinct ribs that· start from the umbilicus and run 

without interruption straight across the center. On 

these ribs are closely arranged tubercles, which do not 

seem to be in regular spirals. Septa unknown. 

Gabb compared this species to Halorites ramsaueri, 

but it is not a member of that group of Acatenati; its 

nearest affinities are with the group of Haloritescatenati, 

although on account of the imperfect preservation of 

the California specimens no direct comparison with 

any European species may be made. 

Genus HOMERITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Homerites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 13. 

1905. HomeTites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.42. 

merites semiglobosus (Hauer) 

Plate XXVIII, Figures 19-24; Plate LIX, Figures 21-26 

1855. Ammonites semigloboS1lS. Hauer, Beitrage zur Kenntniss 

der Cephalopoden-Fauna der Hallstatter Schichten: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 9, p. 155, pI. 4, 

figs. 10-13. 

1860. Ammonites scmiglobosus. Hauer, Nachtrag zur Kenntniss 

der Cephalopoden-Fauna der Hallstatter Schichten: 

K. Akad. Wiss. 'Vien Sitzungsber., Band 41, p. 145, 

pI. 4, figs. 8-10. 

1893. H omerites semiglobosus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopodell 

der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Ha:1fte 2, p. 57, pI. 89, figs. 1-6. 

1905. Halorites (Homerites) semiglobosus. Hyatt and Smith, 

The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. 

GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 43, pI. 28, figs. 19-24. 

Shell SIn all , robust, involute, subglobose, deeply 

embracing, and deeply indented by the inner whorls. 

Whorl somewhat compressed laterally, highly arched, 

with convex sides and rather broad venter. The surface is ornamented with radial ribs that run nearly 

straight up the sides. In the middle of the venter 

there is a weak keel, bounded by a row of spines on 

each side. These spines are generally placed at the 

ends of the lu,teral ribs but may also occupy internlediate spaces. They begin with a large pair of hornlike protuberances at the beginning of the body 

. chamber. The inner whorls are rounded, with ribs 

like those of Halorites running frunl the umbilicus 

across the low and arched venter, with no interruption. On the chambered part of the shell there are no 

spines and no keel, so that the appearance of the 

rough sculpture marks the mature stage of the body 

chamber. The septa are ceratitic; the external lobe 

is divided by a siphonal notch into two short simple 

branches. The first and second laterals are serrated. 

The saddles are all rounded and entire. Inner septa 

not seen. The specimens from California agree with 

those figured and described by Mojsisovics fronl the 

Alpine province. 

Occurrence: Homerites semiglobosus was found in 

the Upper Triassic, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, on 

the west side of North Fork of Squaw Creek, 18 miles 

northeast of the Bully Hill mine, Shasta County, 

. Calif. The horizon at~ which it was found is in the 

upper part of the Hosselkus limestone, above the 

Tropites subbullatus zone, in the Juvavites subzone. 

It was also found 2 miles northwest of Brock's ranch, 

on the divide between 'Squaw Creek and Pit River, at 

the same horizon as that at the first-named locality. 

In the Alpine province this species is associated with 

Tropites sub bullatu.s , but in California it occurs somewhat later than that species. 

Genus JOVITES Mojsisovics 

1893. J ovites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Ha,llstatter 

Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, 

Halite 2, p. 13. 
TROPITOlDEA 53 

1896. Jovites. Mojsisovics, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: K. 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 589. 

1904. Jovites. Geminellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regiono occidentale della Sicilia, p. 146. 

1906. Jovites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, sor. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 118. 

1908. J ovites. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and N oric faunae of 

Spiti: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 86. 

Fornl globose, involute, with egressing and narrowing body whorls. Surface with rather fine radial ribs 

that alternate on the venter, at the threadlike central 

keel ridge. '"1"here are also fine longitudinal striae. 

The type of J ovitesis Halorites dac'U,s Mojsisovics,51 

and nearly all species of the genus, whether in Europe, 

India, or America, agree pretty well with the type. 

I t differs frOln Halorites in In,cking the rows of knots 

nnd in possessing spiral strit1.e and the rudimentary 

keel. Its .septa are also reduced or arrested, as compm'ed with those of Halorites. 

J ovites is represented in America by one species and 

by the subgenus Bacchites Smith, with three species. 

Jovites pncificus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIII, Figures 11-13 

Subspher.icnl, involute, with strong, straight, comnlonly dichotOlnous ribs that alternate at the ventral 

threadlike keel ridge. '"1"he bifurcation of the ribs 

takes place one-third of the distance up the flanks. 

Body chamber long. Septa not observed on the 

specinlens found thus fnr, but the form and ornamentation nlake the reference to J ovites certain. 

J ovites 2)ac~ficfus has SOlne resemblance to J ovites 

spect(£bilis Diener, of the Upper Triassic of India, but 

differs in its somewhat nlore globose form and coarser 

ribs. 

Occurtence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hossel-, 

kus linlestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullat'l.ts zone, of Bear Cove, north 

end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif.; associated with T1'opites welle1'i, Discotropites lineatus, 

J'lwavites subinterruptus, Metasibirites frechi, Arcestes 

pacijic'l.ts, Proclydona'l.ttilus triadicus, Halobia superba, 

and other species. 

Subgenus BACCHITES Smith, n. subgen. 

Type.-Juvavites bacch'l.ts Mojsisovics. 52 

Fonll involute, subspherical, closed umbilicus, 

whorls rounded. Surface almost smooth, with. faint 

transv'erse ribs, vestigial constrictions, and faint 

threadlike keel ridge. Septa only slightly digitate. 

Body chamber long. 

61 :Mqjslsovlcs, E. von, Dio Cephalopoden dor Hallstutter Kalke: K.·k. geol. 

Rolchsanstalt Wlou Abh., 13aud 6, H!llfto 2, p. 49, pI. 84, figs. 1-8, 1893. 

U Mojslsoyics, K von, Dio Cophalopoden dor Hal\st!1ttcr Kalke: K.·k. geol. 

Rclchsfil1stalt Wlon Abh., Baud 6, H!1lfto 2, p. 143, pl. 86, fig. 7; pI. 87, t1gs.14-21, 1893. 

This group was placed by Mojsisovics under 

Juvavites but has lnuch closer affinities with Jovites, 

to which it bears the saIpe relation that Gymnotropites 

does to Paratropites. It is partly arrested and 

slightly reversionary, though not yet very far fronl 

the J ovites group. 

Bacchites is represented in Alnerica, in the Tropites 

subbullatus zone, by three species-J vvites bacchus 

Mojsisovics, J ovites pingu'l.s Smith, and J ovites sphaericus Smith. It also occurs in the Mediterranean 

region in the same horizon. 

Jovites (Bacchites) bacchus (Mojsisovics) 

Plate XIV, Figures 1-5 

1893. Juvavites (Anatomites) bacchus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstiitter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 143,' pI. 86, 

fig. 7; pI. 87, figs. 14-21. 

Fonn subglobose, somewhat conlpressed laterally, 

with rounded flanks and venter; narrowly umbilicate· 

surface nearly smooth but with faint spiral linesr 

weak traces of lateral ribs, vestiges ,of periodic constrictions, and a very weak threadlike keel ridge. 

Body chamber lnore than a revolution in length. 

Septa very weakly amlnonitic, with ventral divided 

lobe, a large lateral lobe, a smaller second lateral 

lobe, and two snlall auxiliary lobes. 

This species was assigned by Mojsisovics to his 

subgenus Anatomites, but the rudimentary keel, the 

reduced sculpture, and the partly arrested lobes and 

saddles show that the species can not belong to that 

group. It bears the samo. relation to J ovites as 

Gymnotropites does to Paratropites and is tl1erefore 

taken as the type of the new subgenus Bacchites. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullat'l.ts zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. The 

American specilnens agree in all details ,vith tl;lOse 

frOln the IIallstatt limestone of the 'fyrolian Alps, 

Austria. 

Jovites (Bacchites) pinguis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIV, Fi'gures 10-12 

Form large, involute, high whorled, laterally 

compressed, narrowly umbilicate, sides and venter 

rounded, without devcloplnent of shoulders. Surface 

of shell nearly smooth but with .a weak low keel 

ridge and a few weak folds. Body chamber long. 

Septa digitate but simple. 

J ovites pinguis resembles J ovites bacch'l.ts but differs 

in its lnore robust form and nlore pronounced sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus, on Brock Mountain, 

1 mile north of the trail fronl Squaw Creek to Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. 
54 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE 'INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Jovites (8acchites) sphaericus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate' XIV, Figures 6-9 

Form globose, involute, narrowly umbilicate, deeply 

embracing. Surface with faint spiral lines, nearly 

obsolete ribs, weak traces of periodic constrictions, 

and rudimentary keel ridge. Body chamber long. 

Septa barely ammonitic. 

J ovites sphaericus is closely related to J ovites 

bacchus, from which it differs in its more globose whorl. 

Together with that species it is assigned to the new 

subgenus Bacchites, which is a further degenerate 

form of Jovites. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic. 

Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 nliles 

east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus JUVAVITES Mojsisovics 

1879. Juvavites. Mojsisovics, VorHiufige kurze Uebersicht 

der Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und 

Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Verh., p. 136. 

1893. J1wavites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hall:' 

statter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, HaUte 2, p. 74. 

1896. Juvavites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden~Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 603. 

1904. J'uvavites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

, della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 182. 

1905. J uvavites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 45. 

1906. J uvavites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 114. 

1908. Juvavites. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and Noric faunae of 

Spiti: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 114. 

Type.-Ammonites ehrZichi Hauer. 53 

Involute, laterally compressed, with convex sides 

and rounded venter. Umbilicus narrow. Whorls 

deeply embracing and deeply indented by the inner 

whorls. Form subglobose but in some specimens 

flattened to subdiscoidal. 

Surface ornamented with dichotomous ribs that 

extend over the rounded abdomen, although 'they may 

be interrupted along the siphonal area. Besides 

these ribs, constrictions generally occur at short 

intervals. 

Septa ammonitic but not deeply digitate. The 

external lobe is divided by a siphonal saddle; there 

are two principal lateral lobes present and commonly 

two small auxiliaries. 

63 Hauer, F. von, Beitr!ige zur Kenntniss Oephalopoden-Fauna der Hallst!itter 

Schichten: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 9, p. 155, pI. 4, figs. 14-15 (not 

figs. 16-18), 1855. Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Oephalopoden der Hallst!itter Kalke: 

K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt WieIi Abh., Band 6, Ralfte 2, p. 79, pI. 89, fig. 11, 1893. 

Mojsisovics 54 divides the genus into five groups, 

forming three subgenera: 

Juvavites S. s.: 

Continui. 

Interrupti. 

Subgenus Anatomites: 

Scissi. 

Intermittentes. 

Subgenus Dimorphites: 

Dimorphi. 

In the Continui the ribs run uninterruptedly across 

~he venter. In the Interrupti the ribs are interrupted 

In the center of the siphonal area and alternate on 

opposite sides. Both these groups appear to lack 

cons'trictions'. In the Scissi and the Intermittentes 

the ribs are interrupted by a slight ventral furrow 

but do not alternate on opposite sides. In both 

groups there are periodic constrictions of the shell, 

accompanied by ani elevation or rib parallel to the 

constriction. N either the constrictions nor the ribs 

parallel to the constrictions are interrupted by the 

ventral furrow but run across the abdomen. In the 

Intermittentes the constrictions diyide the sculpture 

into distinct fields, in which a bundling of the ribs is 

visible. 

The Dimorphi are laterally compressed, with high 

whorls and narrow venters, and lack the constrictions. 

The ribs cross the venter and form abdominal shoulder 

angles. 

The groups of Scissi and Intermittentes make up the 

subgenus Anatomites Mojsisovics, for which no type 

was cited but of which Juvavites rot1tnduS Mojsisovics 55 

is first described under the group Scissi. 

Juvavites s. s., and Anatomites are both characteristic of the Upper Triassic Karnic and Noric horizons, 

in which they are found in the Alpine province, in the 

Himalayas, and in California. 

Juvavites? carlottensis (Whiteaves) 

Plate CVIlI, Figure 1 

1889. Acrochordicerasf carlottense. Whiteaves, The fossils of 

the Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian Palaeontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 141, pI. 19, fig. 1. 

Shell involute, laterally compressed, deeply embracing, with narrow umbilicus and somewhat flattened 

venter. Surface ornamented with fine dividing ribs, 

which on the flanks break into elongate . tubercles. 

Length of body ,chamber and septa unknown; hence 

the generic reference is doubtful.. The species can not 

be assigned to Acrochordiceras, and only Juvavites is 

left for it. 

Oc~urrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic beds, 

probably in the Pseudomonotis subcircularis zone, of 

Houston Stewart Channel, Queen Charlotte Islands, 

British Columbia. 

. 51 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Oephalopoden der Hallst!itter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh" Band 6, H1UCte 2, p. 74, 1893. 

55 Idem, p. 98, pI. 80, figs. 6-8; pI. 126, fig. 11; pI. 195, fig. 11. 
TROPITOIDEA 55 

JUV8vites kellyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XVIII, Figures 8-25 

Fornl involute, strongly compressed laterally, with 

narrow rounded venter. Constrictions lacking at maturity. Ribs fine, branching low down on the flanks 

. and often a second tillle on the abdominal shoulders. 

They alternate on the venter without median furrow. 

Sopta rather strongly digitate. Body chamber long. 

Juvavites keZlyi is very closely related to Juvavites 

.subinterrupt'l.lS Mojsisovics, from which it differs only 

in the general lateral compression and the finer ribs. 

''1'ho two forms 111ay be Illale and female of the same 

species, but the difference is constant, and there is no 

intergradation, in spite of the constant association of 

the two. 

Named for Kelly's ranch, in recognition of the hospitality of the Kelly fl1l11ily to visiting geologists for a 

quarter. of a century. 

Occurrence : Very conlmon in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North 

Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 Iniles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. ' 

JUV8vites knowltoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XV, Figures 16-19 

FOrIlllarge, robust, laterally conlpressed, completely 

involute, cOll1pletely enlbracing, and deeply indented 

by the inner whorl. Surface with Illoderately coarse 

bifurcating ribs that alternate, without furrows, on 

the llledian line. Constrictions obsolete, so that there 

is no separation of the shell into areas of different 

ornalnentation. Body chamber long. Septa deeply 

digitate, in keeping with the size. 

J'wvavites- knowZtoni is nearest to J uvavites subinterl'uptus, frOlll which it differs in its larger size, coarser 

ribs, and broader. whorl. . 

Nalned in honor of Dr. F. H. Knowlton. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

liIllestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 lniles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, 

Calif. It was also found in the Juvavites subzone of 

Admiralty Island, Alaska, at locality 10180, a point 

between Chapin and Herring bays; also at locality 

8848, ·a point at the north entrance of Herring Bay. 

JUV8vites subinterruptus Mojsisovics 

Plate XVIII, Figures 1-7j Plate XXX, Figures 1, 2 

1893. Juvavites subintermpt'us. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstiitter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Hiilfte 2, l?l. 89, fig. 13j pI. 90, figs. 2, 3j 

pI. 126, fig. 16. 

1905. J-twavites s~tbinterruptus. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 46, pI. 30, figs. I, 2. 

ForDl robust, involute, laterally. conlpressed. Whorl 

high with flattened convex sides, sloping abdominal 

shoulders, and highly arched venter. Deeply embracing and deeply indented by the inner whorls. 

Umbilicus narrow, almost closed, showing none of 

the interior volutions'. The height of the whorl is 

somewhat more than half the total diameter, and it·is 

indented to half its height by the inner volution . 

The width of the whorl is slightly less than the height, 

and the point of greatest width falls just above the 

umbilical shoulders. The surface is ornamented with 

radial dichotomous ribs that branch at a point about 

one-third of the height of the whorl and often a second 

time on the abdominal shoulders. These ribs are 

interrupted on the venter and alternate on the two 

sides. , There is no ventral furrow, and no constrictions have been seen. The septa are ammonitic, 

deeply digitate. The external lobe is divided by a 

siphonal saddle into two rather short branches. 'The 

first lateral lobe is long and wide, followed by a similar 

but smaller second lateral. There are also three 

auxiliaries. The antisiphonallobe is long and narrow, 

flanked by five internal laterals on each side, growing 

snlaller and simpler toward the umbilicus. 

The California speCimens agree exactly with those 

described by Mojsisovics fronl the Alpine province. 

This species differs from Juvamtes interruptus Mojsisovics in its greater thickness, more complex septa, and 

greater curvature of the ribs on the abdominal 

shoulders. ' 

Occurrence: Juvavites subinterruptus was first found 

in the Alps in the Upper Triassic Iniddle ICarnic stage, 

below the zooo of Tropites subbullatus. It was found 

by the writer in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper or Juvamtes subzone of the zone of 

Tropites subbullatus, near Terrup Chetta (Cottonwood 

Flat), on Squaw Creek, 9 llliles northeast of the Bully 

Hill mine and 6 miles above Madison's ranch, also on 

Brock Mountain ~bout 3 miles east of Madison's ranch 

on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, all 

in Shasta County, Calif. The figured specimens were 

collected near Terrup Chetta, on the divide between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

The species was also found in the Juvamtes subzone of U 

Admiralty Island, Alaska, at locality 8848, a point at 

the north entrance of Herring Bay. 

Subgenus ANATOMITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Anatomites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wlen Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 74. 

1896. Anatomites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 31. 

1904. Anatomites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 186. 

1905: Anatomites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.47. 

1906. Anatomites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 128. 
56 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Juvavites (Anatomites) adalberti Mojsisovics 

Plate XVIII, Figures 26-32 

1893. Juvavites (Anatomites) adalberti. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 115, pI. 93, 

figs. 12-14. 

Form laterally compressed, with flattened sides, 

rather distinct shoulders, and low, narrowly rounded 

venter. Surface with four or five con3trictions and 

numerous bifurcating ribs, all swinging obliquely 

forward in a broad curve. The ribs fork first low down 

on the flanks and a second time at the shoulder. Body 

chamber long. Septa moderately digitate, like all the 

group. 

J'IJ,Vavites adalberti differs from Juvavites subinterruptus in the obliquity of the ribs and in the possession 

of constriction. It belongs to the group of Anatomites, 

but there is no separation into area3 of different 

ornamentation. 

Occurrence: Not uncommon in the Upper Tria3sic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North 

Fork of Squaw Cree~{, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) brockensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XVI, Figures 15-24 

Form robust, involute, somewhat compressed laterally, with convex sides and rounded venter. Three or 

four periodic constrictions divide the volution into 

areas of distinct sculpture, which begins anew after 

each constriction and dies out rapidly. The rather 

coarse .bifurcating ribs alternate at the median interruption without a furrow: The body chamber is long. 

Septa moderately digitate. 

J uvavites brockensis falls in the series between 

Juvavites subintermittens and Juvavites damesi Mojsisovics; it is more robust than J. subintermittens and 

more compressed than J. damesi, arid it grows much 

larger than either. It also is very closely related to 

Juvavites fischeri Mojsisovics, from which it differs 

in the more distinct alternation of the ribs on the 

venter and the stronger division of the sculpture into 

areas between which there are nearly smooth spaces. 

In age the ribs are nearly obsolete, and only the 

constrictions remain d.istinct; the shell then resembles 

Gonionotites, except that there is no change in the 

shape· of the whorl. The young stages re.3emble the 

compressed group of Gastrioceras. 

Occurrence : Very common in the Upper Triassic 

H03selkus limestone, at the upper horizon (J'ItVavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, at the north 

end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek an~ Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. It was also found in the 

Juvavites subzone of Admiralty Island, Alaska, at 

locality 10180, a point between Chapin and Herring 

bays. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) damesi Mojsisovics 

Plate XIX, Figures 23-29 

1893. JuvaIJites (A nato mites) damesi. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 118, pI. 93,. 

figs. 19, 22. 

Fornl robust, involute, subglobose, with sOlnewhat 

compressed sides, indistinct shoulders and broadly 

rounded venter. Surface sculpture divided by constrictions into four ar'eas to a revolution, in which the, 

ribs become coarser toward the constriction, then 

beyond it for a little dis tance are weak, becolning' 

gradually stronger until another climax is reached. 

Body chamber long. Septa only moderately digitate. 

Juvavites damesi is very closely related to Juvavites' 

brockensis, from which it differs in being so.mewhat 

more robust and in having somewhat coarser sculpture. 

The details of septation and ornamentation are on the· 

same general.plan. It resembles Juvavites ed[lari Mojsisvics but differs in its fewer and coarser ribs, which 

alternate on the venter without the furrow of ,h.tvavites· 

• edgari, and with a distinct grouping of sculpture into 

areas, which is lacking on Juvavites ed[lari. 

Occurrence: Rather cO.mmon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites' 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It was 

described from the same horizon in the Hallstatt 

limestone of the Tyrolian Alps, Austria. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) edgari Mojsisovics 

Plate XVI, Figures 11-14 

1893. JUIJaIJites (Anatomites) edgari. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter· Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 125, pI. 92~ 

figs. 13, 14. 

Form very robust, subglobose, with even rounding 

of flanks and venter, without shoulders. Surface with 

numerous rather coarse dichotomous ribs a.Iternating 

at the median line with a small furrow. There are 

about four obscure constrictions to a revolutionr 

but there is no division by these .into areas of differentiated sculpture. 

Juvavites edgari resembles Juvavites damesi but 

differs in its more globose form and in not having the 

surface sculpture differentiated into areas. It differs 

from Juvavites strongi in being less globose and in 

having coarser ribs alternating at a median furrow. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, between Squa.w 

Cr~ek and Pit River., Shasta County, Calif. . 
TROPITOIDEA 57 

Juvnvites (Anntomites) externiplicntus Mojsisovics 

Plate XIX, Figures 1-5 

1893 .. hwavitcs (Anato'ln'itcs) cxtcrni1JZicat'l.ts. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden del' Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. 

I{,cichsanstalt "rien Abh., Band 6, Hiilfte 2, p. 137, 

pI. 93, figs. 1, 2. 

Shell smnn, very 11luch compressed laterally; 

involute; Ycntel' narrow with abruptly rounded ventral 

shoulders. Sculpture alnlost obsolete on the sides; 

rather distinct on the shoulders and venter. The 

ribs m'e very fine, bundled in four distinct areas, 

between which there are barren spaces, and marked 

by faint constrictions. The ribs alternate on opposite 

sides of the ventral band and bend sharply forward 

at the shoulders. The body chamber is long. Septa 

distinctly anlll10nitic but not so digitate as those on 

J'U/vavites s'u,binte'rruIJtus and J uvavites kelZyi. 

This species rcsenlbles J'llvavites konnincki, from 

which it differs in its greater conlpression and stronger 

sculpture. 

The height of the whorl is half the diameter of the 

shell, find the width is slightly more than half the 

height. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus lilnestone, in the upper' horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the T'I'OlJ'it()s s'l.lbb'ullat'lls zone, on North 

li'ol'k of Sq llil,W Creek, 3 Iniles north of I(elly's ranch, 

Shl1sta County, Calif. It was first found at the same 

horizon in the Hallstatt limestone of the Tyrolian· 

Alps, Austria. It was also found in the Juvavites 

subzone on Admiralty Island, Alaska, at locality 

10180, a point between Herring and Chapin bays. 

Juvuvites (Anntomites) intermittens Mojsisovics 

Plate XIX, Figures 6-13 

1893 . .Jlw(l.vitcs (Anatomitcs) intcnnittcns. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden del' Hallstii.tter Kalke: IC-k. geol. 

llcichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Hiilfte 2. p. 112, 

pI. 93, figs. 6-10. 

Fonn entirely involute, rather strongly conlpressed 

latc.l'nHy, with narrowly rounded venter, without 

distinct shoulders. Sculpture broken up into four 

iLl'O.lS to a reYolution, interrupted by constrictions at 

whieh tho ribs tn,ke a new start, leaying nearly obsolete 

ILreas between. The ribs are fine, bifurcnte on the 

sides, ilnd nlternate on the median line without 

furrow. The body chamber is long. Septa moderately digitate, with divided ventral lobe, two laterals, 

anel. two auxiliaries. 

J u,v:wites inter mittens is closely related to Juvwvites 

8nb'inte7'lnittens, from which it differs in greater lateral 

COnl}ll'Ossion, finer ribs, and less distinct division of 

the sculpture into areas. 

Occurrence: Un,ther comnlon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus linlestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tr01Jites subb'l.£.llat'l.£.s zone, at the 

north end and we~t side of Brock Mountain; alsoin 

Bear Cove, on the east side of the same mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. It is associated with Tropites welleri, Discotrop?:tes lineatus, J uvavites subinte'l''l'uptus, P'l'ocZydonautilus t'l'iadicus, Halobia· supe'l'ba, and other species. 

Juvnvites (Anatomites) konnincki Mojsisovics 

Plate XIX, Figures 14-22 

1893. Juvavites (Anatomitcs) konnincki. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2" p. 123, pI. 91, 

fig. 11; pI. 92, fig. 2. ' 

Form small, involute, laterally compressed, completely embracing, with flattened sides, and narrowly 

rounded umbilicus. Sculpture nearly obsolete, showing only as faint ribs, divided into ill-defined areas. 

Septa of the type common in J uvavites. 

Juva1Jites konnincki is very like Juvavites obliterans 

Mojsisovics in the obsolescence of sculpture but is 

thicker. It differs from Juvavites externiplicatus 

chiefly in the more complete obsolescence of the ribs. 

It also resembles Juvavites toulai Mojsisovics but 

differs in being thicker and in having the fine ribs 

much closer together and. not separated into distinct 

areas. 

Occurrence: Uather common ,in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullat'l./'s zone, in Bear 

Cove, at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. . 

Juvavites (Anatomites) me~denhalli Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XV, Figures 9-15 

, Form large, robust, involute, with convex sides, 

compressed laterally, and arched venter without 

distinct shoulders. Constrictions only faintly indicated at maturity, strong in youth. Bifurcating ribs 

very fine and not distinctly separated into areas, alternating on the venter; without furrow. Sculpture very 

unifornlly distributed over the surface. Body chamber long. Septa moderately digitate. 

J uvavites mendenhaZli resembles J uvavites crasseplicatus Mojsisovics but differs in its more compressed 

whorl. It has no close resemblance to any other 

described species. In youth the ribs and constrictions are stronger, as in all species of Juvavites. 

Named in honor of W. C. Mendenhall. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, at Bear Cove, 

at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 
58 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBR:ATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Juvavites (Anatomites) obsoletus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XV, Figures 1-8 

Form large, robust, completely involute, with flattened sides, abruptly rounded ventral shoulders, and 

broad, slightly convex venter. Four or five strong 

constrictions to a revolution, bending forward in a 

broad curve on the venter. Ribs nearly obsolete at 

maturity. In youth the ribs are developed, in the 

manner common in Juvavites, though they are much 

weaker than on most species. Body chamber long. 

Juvavites obsoletus resembles Juvavites mendenhalli 

but differs in the strong constrictions, weaker ribs, 

and pronounced shoulders. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper. horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, in Bear 

Cove, at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Juv~vites (Anatomites) septentrionalis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIX, Figures 33-34 

Form robust, somewhat compressed laterally, 

. with flattened sides, and rounded venter. Whorls 

involute, narrowly umbilicate, deeply embracing, 

and deeply indented by the inner volution. Surface 

ornamented with coarse ribs that bifurcate in the 

middle of the' flanks and cross the vent~r without 

interruption or alternation. There is also an intercalary rib between every second pair of ribs. 0 Septa 

unknown. I 

J uvavites septentrional'is is very closely related to 

Juvavites gelonis Gemmellaro 56 but differs from the 

Mediterranean species in greater lateral compression 

and in having the periodic constrictions almost 

obsolete. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Nizina district, 

Nicolai Creek, Alaska, locality 6312, in the Juvavites 

subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIX, Figures 30-32 

Shell of medium size, robust, oval in cross section. 

Whorls broad, high helmet-shaped, deeply embracing, 

and deeply indented by the inner whorls. The height 

of the whorl is half the diameter of the shell and the 

breadth slightly greater than the height. The outer 

whorl is impressed to half its height by the inner 

whorl. The ~mbilicus is narrow, being one-seventh 

of the total diameter of the shell. The surface is 

ornamented with fine ribs that bifurcate low down 

on the flanks, and cross the venter in a broad forwardextending sinus without interruption or alternation. 

10 G~mmellaro, G. G., I cefalopodi del Trias superiore della regione occidentale 

della Sicilia, p. 213, pI. 17, figs. 3, 4, 1904. 

Traces of constrictions are seen on the shell, but they 

are almost obsolete. Septa moderately digitate, as is 

common in J uvavites. 

Juvavites shastensis is very closely related to Juvavites alterniplicatus Hauer, as figured by Mojsisovics,57 

but differs from the European species in its slightly 

coarser ribs in the mature stage. This difference 

would ha~dly be significant if the two species occurred 

in the same region. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the J'Ltvavites subzone of the 

zone of Tropites subb'Ullatus, 1 mile north of the quarry, 

on the west side of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) strongi Smith, ~. sp. 

Plate XVI, Fi'gu,res 1-10 

Fornl almost spherical, involute, whorls curving 

from umbilicus to venter without shoulders, completely 

embracing, and very deeply impressed by the inner 

whorl. Surface with distinct, numerous, rather coarse 

bifurcating ribs, not separated into areas of different 

sculpture; about five indistinct constrictions to a 

revolution. The ribs usually alternate at the median 

line without furrow, but· they sometimes cross the 

venter without interruption or alternation. Body 

chamber long. Septa moderately digitate, though 

not more so than in typical species of J uvavites. 

Juvavites strongi has some resemblance to Juvavites 

edgari in shape but differs in its :r;nore robust form,' 

finer ribs, and less distinct constrictions. Both 

species are intermediate between J uvavites s. s. and 

Anatomitfl-s. In the opinion of the writer there should 

. be no such subgeneric distinction. 

Named in honor of A. M. Strong, who has assisted 

the writer in collecting Triassic fossils in many parts 

of the West. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north end and 

west side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Juvavites (Anatomites) subintermittens Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XVI, Figures 25-39; Plate XXX, Figures 3-'-5 

1905. Juvavites (Anatomites) subintennittens. Hyatt and Smith,. 

The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S ~ 

. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 47, pI. 30, figs. 3-5. 

Involute, laterally compressed, deeply embracing,. 

and deeply indented by the inner whorls. Sides. 

somewhat flattened, venter rounded and narrow, 

without prominent abdominal shoulders. Umbilicus. 

narrow; exposing none of the interior volutions. Surface ornamented with radial dichotomous ribs which. 

divide about midway up the flanks and again at the· 

abdominal shoulders, curving gently forward. These· 

37 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallst1ttter Kalke: K.-k. geoL 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, H1Ufte2, p. 138, pI. 94, figs. 1-5, 1893. 
TROPITOIDEA 59 

t'ibs are interrupted in the nliddle of the ven,ter, and 

alternate on the two sides, but thei'e is no' furrow. 

There are also three or four deep constrictions to each 

revolution, dividing the sculpture into well-marked 

periods. The septa are ammonitic, divided into a 

number of lobes and saddles. 

JClwavites subintermittens is nearest of kin to Juvavites intennittens Mojsisovics 58 but differs from that 

species in the greater lateral compression of the whorl 

and the coarser dbs. 

Occurrence: J'l.wavites subintermittens was found by 

the writ~r in the Upper 11'iassic Hosselkus lim.estone, 

in the upper part (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites 

subb'l.tllat'l.ts zone, near Terrup Chetta, on Squaw Creek, 

about 9 miles northeast of the Bully Hill mine, and 

, 6 miles northeast of Madison's ranch, Shasta County, 

Calif. It was also found by the writer on the west 

side of the North Fork of Squaw Creek, Shasta County, 

3 Iniles north of Kelly's ranch, and 15 miles northeast 

of Madison's ranch. The figured specinlens were 

collected on th~ divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

Rivet', near Terrup Chetta, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus GONIONOTITES Gemmellaro 

190.1. Gonionotites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 124. . 

1908. Gonionotites. Diener, Upper Triassic and Liassic faunae 

of the exotic blocks of MalIa Johar in the Bhot Mahals 

of J(umaon: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ReI'. 15, vol. 1, No.1, p. 47. 

1920. Gonionotites. Diener, Neue Tropitoidea aus den Hall~ 

stti.ttcr Kalken des Salzkammergutes: Akad. 'Viss. 

Wicn Denkschr., Band 97, p. 490. 

1923. Gonionotile8. Diener, Ammonoidea Trachyostraca aus 

del' mittleren und oberen Trias von Timor, in 2e 

Nederlandsche Timor-Expedit.ie, 1916, onder leiding 

van Dr. H. G. Jonker: Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen 

in Ned. O. Indie, 1920, Verh., pt. 4. p. 145. 

Type. -Gonionotites italicus. 59 

Involute, laterally compressed, high-whorled, completely embracing and deeply indented. Greatest 

thickness at the umbilical shoulder. Umbilicus entirely closed. On the body chamber at maturity the 

whorl widens abruptly, giving a broad and flattened 

venter. Surface at maturity nearly smooth, with 

faint vestiges of ribs and ventral ridge; in youth with 

stronger sculpture, somewhat like Juvavites. Septa 

very weakly mnmonitic, evidently degenerate and 

arrested. Body chamber mO.re than a revolution 

long. 

Gonionotites is evidently a somewhat arrested form, 

descendant from some group of Juvavites, as indicated by the form and by the sculpture in youth. 

The degeneration is indicated by the lack of sculpture 

and the simplification of the septa at maturity. 

68 MoJslsovlcs, E. von, Dlo Cophalopoden der Hallstlltter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Holcbsnnstalt Wlon Abh., Dnnd 6, H!1lfte 2, p. 112, pI. 93, figs. 6-10, 1893. 

60 OelDlDollnro~ O. 0., I coCalopodi dol Trins suporiore della regione occidentale 

dolln Slcllla, p. 158, pI. 5, figs. 6-7; pI. 9, fig. 7; pI. 21, figs. 4-6; pI. 30, fig. 8, 1904. 

Gonionotites is abundant in the Upper Triassic of 

Sicily and India. In the California province it is 

abundant in the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbullatus zone. 

Gonionotites hyatti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIII, Figures 1-10 

Form entirely involute, laterally compressed, entirely embracing and deeply indented by the inner 

whorls. Flanks sloping steeply from the closed umbilicus to the indistinct ventral shoulders. Venter 

roof-shaped, with low angle. At full maturity the 

venter flattens out and the angle disappears. Surface at maturity nearly smooth but with vestiges of 

the ventral ridge and faint traces of the ribs on the 

ventral shoulders. Body chamber more than a revolution in length. Septa weakly ammonitic, with 

divided ventral lobe, large broad lateral, slllall second 

lateral, and still smaller auxiliary lobe, all with weak 

crenulations of the septal line and no digitation. The 

C)height of the last whorl is half the diameter of the 

I' shell, and the width is half the height. 

In youth the stronger sculpture indicates derivation from Juv(tvites, from which it is a degenerate by 

partial arrest of development in sculpture and septation. It is rather closely related to Gonionotites 

itaZicus Gemmellaro, from which it is distinguished 

by its less compressed whorl and simpler septa. 

Named in memory of Prof. Alpheus Hyatt. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 

upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), in Bear Cove at 

the east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Gonionotites northi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIV, Figures 13-18 

Form robu~t, completely involute, somewhat compressed laterally. Whorls sloping upward to the distinct. ventral shoulder; venter somewhat flattened, and 

with vestige of the rudimentary keel ridge. Surface 

with very fine radial ribs, almost obsolete but still 

showing alternation at the median line. Body chamber at maturity narrowing and becoming more compressed than in youth. 

Gonionotites northi is more robust and has more 

distinct sculpture than Gonionotites hyatti. In form 

it has considerable resemblance to Juvavites obsoZetu8 

but differs in lacking the periodic constrictions. 

Named in honor of Wheeler North, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. ' 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the, Tropites subbuZZatus zone, of Bear Cove, 

north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 
60 UPPEJl, TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Genus SAGENITES Mojsisovics 

1879. Sagenites. Mojsisovics, VorHiufige kurze Uebersicht d~r 

Ammoniten-Gattungen del' Mediterranen und J uvavischen Trias: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh. 

p. 141. ' 

1893. Sagenites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden del' Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Bano 6, Halfte 2, p. 1.55. 

1896. Sagenites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntnis~ del' ohertriad is chen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: K. 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 608. 

1904. Sagenites. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 139. 

1904. Sagenites. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of the . 

marine Trias of western America: California Acad. 

Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 399. 

1905. Sagenites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopoo 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 37. 

1908. Sagenites. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and Noric faunae 

of Spiti: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, p. 82. 

Sagenites dickersoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XIV, Figures 19, 20 

Form robust, narrowly umbilicate, with rounded 

flanks and venter. Surface with weak umbilical 

knots and ribs running from them in pairs across the 

vent~r without interruption, sometimes alternating on 

the opposite sides. Rather strong spiral lines on the 

outer shell. The width of the last whorl is 1 V2 times 

the height, and more than half the diameter o{the shell. 

The form has some suggestion of Juvavites, but the 

width of the umbilicus and the spiral lines prevent 

assignment to that genus. 

Named in honor of Dr. R. E. Dickerson, of the 

California Academy of Sciences. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Subgenus TRACHYSAGENITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Tmchysagenites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden del' 

Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 156. 

1905. Trachysagenites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 3'8. 

Sagenites (Trachysagenites) erinaceus (Dittmar) 

Plate XII, Figures 1-8 

1866. Ammonites erinaceus. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der Hallsta'tter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostischepalaeontologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 380, pI. 17, figs. 

15-17. 

1893. Sagenites (Trachysagenites) erinaceus. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden del' Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, H~lfte 2, p. 179, 

pI. 100, figs. 2-4. 

Form robust, involute, with rounded whorls; umbilicus very nanow and deep, with steep inner whorls. 

o 

Curvature of flanks and venter unifornl, without 

shoulders. Surface with" fine simple ribs, a few of 

them dichotomous, running straight up the sides and 

across the venter, without interruption or furrow. 

There are 12 rows of fine blunt spines arranged equidistantly on the ribs. Septa ammonitic, rather deeply 

digitate, with divided ventral lobe, large first lateral, 

small second lateral, and still smaller auxiliary. Body 

chamber more than a revolution in length. 

Sagenites erinace'fJ,s differs from Sagenites herbichi in 

its more robust shape, coarser ribs, and fewer rows of 

spines. It is also very similar to Sagenites galeatus 

Diener; from which it is distinguished by its more 

depressed whorl and fewer rows of knots. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (J uvavites ' 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, of Bear Cove, 

north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, ,Calif. 

Sagenites (Trachysagenites) herbichi Mojsisovics 

Plate XXVI, Figures 1, 2; Plate XXVII, Figures 1-4; Plate 

XXVIII, Figures 1-18 

1893. Sagenites (Trachysagenites) herbichi. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 180, 

pI. 101, fig. 3; pI. 102, figs. 1-6. 

1904. Sagenites (Trachysagenites) herbichi. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of the marine Trias of western 

America: California Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. 1, 

p. 399, pI. 46, figs. 7, 8; pI. 47, figs. 5, 6. 

1905. Sagenites (Trachysagenites)· herbichi. Hyatt and" Smith, 

The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. 

Geoi. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 39, pI. 26, figs. 1, 2; 

pI. 27, figs. 1-4; pI. 28, figs. 1-18. 

1908. Sagenites ('l'rachysagenites) herbichi. Diener, Ladinic, 

Carnic, and Noric faunae of Spiti: India Geol. Survey 

Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.3, 

p. 82, pI. 15, fig. 2. 

1920. Sagenites herbichi. Diener, Neue Tropitoidea aus den 

Hallstfi.tter Kalken des Salzkammergutes: Akad. Wiss. 

Wien Denkschr., Band 97, p. 500. 

1920. Sagenites smithii. Diener, Neue Tropitoidea aus den 

Hallstatter Kalken des Salzkammergutes: Akad. Wiss. 

Wien Denkschr., Band 97; p. 500. 

Form subglobose, somewhat compressed laterally, 

robust, involute. Whorl highly arched, helmetshaped, deeply embracing, increasing rapidly in height, 

and not deeply indented by the inner volutions. 

Sides convex, curving to the broad venter without 

any marked abdominal shoulders. Umbilical shoulders abruptly rounded with the inner walls steep. 

Ulnbilicus deep and narrow but exposing the umbilical 

shoulders of the inner whorls and becoming wide 

with age. Body chamber long, apparently comprising 

an entire revolution. 

Surface ornamented with numerous closely set 

slnall radial ribs that run nearly straight from the 

umbilicus across the venter, usually divid~ng on the 

flanks. On these ribs there are spiral rows of short 

spines or knots, r9.nging fronl 9 to 13 rows on each 
'l'R·OPITOIDEA 61 

half of the shell, showing only on the outer shell and 

not on the cast. This sculpture is the same over all 

parts of the whorl, and there is no interruption on the 

venter nOlo is there any ventral furrow. This character 

easily distinguishes Trachysagenites from Trachyceras, 

with which it is associated, and the spiral arrangelllent of the spines separates it fronl HaZorites. 

Tho sopta are ammonitic and more deeply digitate 

. than is con1111on in the Tropitoidea. The external 

lobe is divided by a shallow siphonal saddle into two 

short narrow branches. The first lateral lobe is long 

and llloderately broad and is divided into two branches 

at the end. '1'he second lateral lobe is shorter and narrower but also digitate. On the umbilical shoulder is 

a distinctly individualized auxiliary lobe, not unlike 

the second lateral but smaller. There are three 

lateral saddles, all narrow but long and deeply digitate. 

The antisiphonal lobe is long and narrow and is 

flanked by two sil11ilar internal laterals on e.ach side. 

This species grew to a very large size. The specimen 

figurod in Plate XXVI, Figures 1 and 2, as shown 

below, has a diameter of 110 millimeters and is broken 

at the very beginning of the body chanlber, so another 

revolution lllUSt have been added to its size, which 

would lllake the total diameter of the cOlnpleted 

whod l1lore than 200 millil11eters. 

Dimensions and 1Jr01JOrtions of a chambered S1Jecimen of Sagenites 

herbichi . 

Diameter ______________________________ _ 

Height of last whorL ___________________ _ 

Height of last whorl from preceding ______ _ Width of last whorL ____________________ _ Involution _____________________________ _ 

Width of umbilicus _____________________ _ 

Dimen· 

sions 

(milli· 

meters) 

110 

57 

46 

57 

11 

16 

Ratio 

1. 00 

.51 

.41 

.10 

.10 

.14 

The greatest width is at about one-third the height 

of the whorl. The height and breadth of the whorl 

are equal, and slightly Inore than half the total diameter. The outer volution conceals three-fourths of 

the inner and is indented to less than one-fifth of the 

height by it. These dimensions are remarkably 

constant fronl adolescence to maturity, as the measurements of a slnall specimen show: 

Dimensions and V)1'oportions of a small specimen of Sagenites 

herbichi 

... _--_ .. - -----------:-------;----

DiameteL _______________________ - ____ _ 

Height of last whorL. __________________ _ 

Height of last whorl from preceding ______ _ \\'idth of last whorL ________ - _ - - - - - - - - -- Involutioll ____________________________ _ 

Width of umbilicus _____________________ _ 

Dimensions 

(milli· Ratio 

meters) 

30 

16 

12 

19 

4 

3. 5 

1. 00 

.53 

.40 

.63 

. 13 

.11 

,., --.- -_._--.'-----...:..----

48172-27--5 

In the adolescent shell the whorl is broader, the involution slightly less, and the umbilicus somewhat 

narrower. 

The septa shown in Plate XXVII, Figure 2, were 

taken from a specimen at the diameter of 80 millimeters and are of course much more conlplex than 

those figured by Mojsisovics,60 which were taken from 

a specimen at the diameter of 35 millimeters. At this 

size the septa of the specimens from California are like 

those shown on specimens from the Alps. 

The young of Sagenites herbichi are subglobose and 

very like the adults in form, except that the whorl is 

proportionately broader and the umbilicus wider. At 

this larval stage the young are like the Carboniferous 

Glyphioceratidre in form and septa and probably:correspond to Gastrioceras. 

The lateral ribs appear at a dIameter of 4 millimeters 

and the spiral rows of knots at a diameter of 5 millimeters. The septa pass from the goniatite to the 

ammonite stage of development at a diameter of 2.8 

millinleters. From there on little change occurs in the 

characters, except the increasing lateral compression 

and complexity of septation. 

Sagenites herbichi is very like Sagenites erinaceus 

Dittmar, as figured by Mojsisovics,61 but differs from 

that species in its greater lateral compression, more 

numerous spiral rows of knots, and much nlore numerous and finer radial ribs; also in Sagenites erinaceus 

the lobes are shorter and broader, the second lateral is small and scarcely divided, and the auxiliary 

is represented only by a small notch on the umbilical 

shoulder. 

Occurrence: Sagenites herbichi Mojsisovics is common in the Upper Triassic of the Alps, in the zone of 

Tropites subbuZZatus. In California it is abundant at 

this same horizon in the Hosselkus limestone, in both 

subzones, Trachyceras and Juvavites, where it is associated with Sagenites erinaceus, Tropites subbuZZatus, 

Discotropites sa'ndZingensis, and HaZobia superba, and 

a nUlnber of other species characteristic of the Alpine 

province. 

The figured specimens were collected on the divide 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 Iniles east of 

Madison's ranch and 6 nli1es northeast of the Bully 

Hill mine, Shasta County, Calif. 

Diener 62 proposes to segregate the specimen illustrated in Plate XXVII, Figures 1 and 2, as Sagenites 

smithii, because of the enlargement of the external 

saddle. However, this form intergrades perfectly 

with numerous other typical specimens and is an un-. 

usually large and probably old individual. All other 

figures published have been taken from nluch smaller 

speciInens. 

60 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallst!1tter Kalke: K.·k. geo" 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, pI. 101, fig. 3, 1893 . 

C1 Idem, pI. 100, figs. 2-4. 

62 Diener, C., Neue Tropitoidea aus den Hallst!1tter Kalken des Salzkammergutes: 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 97, p. 500, 1920. 
62 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVER'rEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

g.agenit~s (Trachysagenites) shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XII, Figures 9-11 

Form robust, somewhat compressed laterally, with 

slightly flattened sides and narrowly arched venter. 

Umbilicus narrow, with walls nearly vertical. Whorls 

increasing rapidly in height, deeply embracing, and 

only moderately indented by the inner whorl. Surface 

ornamented with about 13 spiral rows of short blunt 

spines on each side of the shell, crossed by fine radial 

dichotomous ribs. Septa unknown, as the shell is preser'Ved on the entire specimen which serves as the 

type. 

Sagenites shastensis is closely related to Sagenites 

herbichi, with which it is associated in California, but 

differs from that well-known species in its much greater 

cOlnpression, narrower venter, and finer sculpture. It 

also differs from Sagenites erinaceus in the same characters and .to a greater degree, as S. erinaceus is much 

thicker and coarser, in shape as well as in sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare (one specimen) in the Upper 

Triassic HO.sselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites 

subbuZZatus, lower or Trachyceras subzone, of Broc~ 

Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, about 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif.; associated with Tropite~ subbuZZatus, Trachyceras Zecontei, Sagenites herbichi, HaZobia superba, and other specieR. 

Genus METASIBIRITES Mojsisovics 

1893.· Sibirites. Mojsisovics (part), Die Cephalopoden del' 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 327. 

iS96. M etasibirites. Mojsisovi'cs, Beitrage zur Kenntni~ss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 616. 

1905. Tardeceras. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 44. 

1905. Tropiceltites. Hyatt and Smith (part), The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 58. 

1906. l.letasibirites. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone 

of Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 135. . 

1914. Metasibirites. Smith, Acceleration. of development in 

fossil Cephalopoda: Leland Stanford Junior Univ. 

Pub., univ. ser., p. 14. 

Dwarf forms, robust, thick set, with whorls usually 

broad and depressed, but somewhat compressed 

laterally in some species; umbilicus usually wide a~d 

deep, but narrow in the compressed forms. Surface 

with umbilical knots and fine lateral ril?s often beCOIning nearly obsolete on the venter, and a weak 

. rudimentary or vestigial keel without bordering 

furrows .. Septa very simple, with divided goniatitic 

ventral lobe, weakly serrated lateral, and sinlple 

auxiliary. Body chamber considerably more than a 

revol u tion in length. 

Mojsisovics 63 first described this group as belonging 

to Sibirites Mojsisovics, and later he named the 

subgenus Metasibirites to include them. They certainly do not belong to the group of Sibirites pretiosus, 

the type of the genus, and are not even descendants 

of that group. Krafft 64 says that Sibirites has no 

kinship with Metasibirites. Arthaber 65 says that 

Sibirites belongs to the Ceratitoidea, whereas Metasibirites is placed under the Gastrioceratea. 

Hyatt and. Smith 66 named the genus Tardeceras to 

include the compressed forms of this group. But 

this genus can ·not stand, for the compressed species 

intergrade completely with those that are depressed 

and evolute. Mojsisovics 67 described" Tropites" parvuZus, with entire saddles and weakly serrated lateral 

lobes. This spe~ies belongs to Metasibirites. Gemmellaro 68 described "Styrites" tropitoides, with umbilical knots, persistent keel, semilunular whorl, and 

serrated first lateral lobe. This spe~ies should probably be placed under Metasibirites. It is stretching 

Styrites entirely too much to include it. He also 

described Tropites aZoysii, septa unknown, but with 

the form of Metasibirites. 69 

Mojsisovics 70 figured the following species, which 

were afterward described as typical Metasibirites: 

M. spinescens, the type of the genus; M. protractu8 

Mojsisovics; M. uhZigi Mojsisovics; M. tietzei Mojsisovics; M. annuZosus Mojsisovics; M. crassus Mojsisovics, all from the lower N oric beds of the Hallstatt 

region in Austria. The septa of .J."iletasibirites spinescens alone were· known to him and are said to be 

entirely goniatitic, though Mojsisovics stated that 

the specimen had suffered from etching, and the 

delicate serration might have disappeared under the· 

operation. All the American species of this genusr 

represented by hundreds of individuals, show the· 

serration on the lateral lobe when the shell is removed 

carefully, and the delicate serration usually disappear~ 

on etching with acid. 

Metasibirites is a dwarf and arrested in development. It is reversionary to the Paleozoic ancestral 

type-in form and sculpture to Gastrioceras or PericycZus ·of the Carboniferous, in septa to some primitive genus of the Lower Triassic. In som~ respects it 

resembles Acrochordiceras Hyatt but differs in the 

possession of the rhdimentary or vestigial keel. 

This same character is possessed by the, contemporary 

63 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der HallsttLtter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, HlilCte 2, p. 327, 1893. 

61 Krafft, A. von, Lower Triassic Cephalopoda from Spiti, MalIa Johar, and 

Byans: India Oeol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 6, No.1, 

pp. 124-130, 1909 . 

• 6~ Arthaber, O. von, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. Palltontologie Oesterr.· 

Ungarns u. des Orients, Band 24, Hert 3, p. 254, 1911 . 

66 Hyatt, Alpheus, and Smith, J. P., The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: 

U. S. Oeol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 44,1905. 

67 Mojsisovics, E. von, op. cit., p. 255. 

68 Oemmellaro, O. G., I cefalopodi del Trias superiore della regione occidentale 

della Sicilia, p. 18, 1004. 

69 Idem, p. 39. 

iO Mojsisovics, E. von, op. cit., pI. 124. 
TROPITOIDEA 63 

HctZol'ites Mojsisovics and may not be hereditary from 

keeled ancestors but is rather an old-age character 

of degenerate for.IDs, for all of the later Tropitoidea 

tend to develop this keel. 

Like all arrested forms this group is intensely 

variable, and it is nearly impossible to draw specific 

lines in it. I'rhe enornlOUS material at hand from 

America could easily be sorted into 20 species instead of the 10 species that have been described. 

Some specinlens showed complete 0 bsolescerice of the 

keel, others of the ventral ribs, and still others of the 

serrations on the lftteral lobe, though they were connected by complete intergradations with the typical 

forms .• 

The following species are recognized in the American 

Upper Triassic: ~letasibirites parvus .Hyatt and 

Smith, ~1. p'l.lsillus Snlith, M. pygmaeus Smith; 

~1. frechi :Hyatt and Smith, M. gracilis Smith, M. 

mojsvarensis Smith, M. coei Smith, M. shastensis 

Sluith, M. brockensis Smith, and M. modestus Smithall with rudimentary keels, and all with serrated lateral lobe, though the forms range from those that are 

broad and depressed to those that have laterally 

compressed and involute whorls. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus lilnestone, in the zone of Tropites subbuZlcttus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), on Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. The genus is rare in the Upper 

Triassic of the Alps and of the Himalayas in India. 

In the J'l.lvcLVites subzone of Brock Mountain one 

could easily collect· in half an hour more specimens 

than are known elsewhere in all the world. 

Metasibirites brockensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LX, Figures 47-53 

Fornl small, broad-'shouldered, depressed, evolute, 

widely unlbilicate. Surface with coarse umbilical 

spines, lateral ribs that cross the venter. In youth,' 

there are occasional constrictions. There are faint 

traces of the ventral keel. Septa have faint serrations on the first lateral lobe; the others are simple. 

In youth this species is exactly 'like Gastrioceras 

with'strong umbilical knots and, ribs, flattened venter, 

occasional constrictions, and gonintitic lobes. In 

sonle respects it has reverted to Pericyclus in the 

smiace ornmuentation. Its sculpture nnd septation, 

however, suggest inlmediate derivation from Acrocho1'(lice1'(lS or some other member of the Halorit!dae 

nnd reversion by arrest of development toward 

Go,strioceras. Metasibirites brockensis is closely related to Metasibirites spinescens Hauer but differs 

in its broader whorls, conrser ribs, and fewer spines. 

Certainly neither species has any near kinship with 

Sibirites pretiosus Eichwald, and they are not even 

reversionary toward it. The Lower Triassic forms 

have no keel, either, vestiginl or rudimentary. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone in the zone of' Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) at the north 

end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Metasibirites coei Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LX, Figures 1-16 

Form robust, moderately involute, whorl depressed, 

with arched venter and very abrupt umbilical walls. 

Surface with umbilical folds from which single or dichotomous ribs run across the venter. Rudimentary 

threadlike keel strongly developed. Body chamber 

low. Septa hav~ strong serrations on the first lateral 

lobe; the others are goniatitic. 

Metasibirites coei resembles Metasibirites frechi 

Hyatt and Smith but is much more robust and has 

coarser sculpture; it is more involute and has a more 

highly arched whorl and coarser ventral ribs than 

Metasibirites\ mojsvarensis. It has no close affinity 

with any of the European species of the genus. 

Named for H. S. Coe, who assisted in collecting this 

fauna .. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the south 

end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, Shasta C.ounty, Calif. 

Metasibirites frechi (Hyatt and Smith) 

Plate LX, Figures 17-30j Plate LXXX, Figures 1-11 

1905. Tropiceltites frechi. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 59, pI. 80, figs. 1-11. 

Moderately involute, with inflated whorls, highly 

arched, and somewhat compressed laterally, becoming 

relatively narrower with age. Abdominal shoulders 

rounded, venter broad, provided with a distinct low 

keel at maturity. Umbilicus rather narrow and deep. 

Surface ornamented with strong laternl ribs, which 

at maturity cross the keel in folds but in adolescence 

become obsolete on the abdominal shoulders. In the 

young shells there are only umbilical ribs without the 

keel. There are no keel furrows at any stage. Septa 

ceratitic; the external lobe is divided into two narrow, 

short branches; the lateral and the auxiliary are larger. 

The body chamber is at least a revolution in length. 

In the young stages there is neither keel nor ventral 

ribs; the form is depressed and broad and resembles 

Gastrioceras, which may be the parent of this group. 

Metasibirites frechi in all essential characters agrees 

exactly with tl1e group of Metasibirites spinescens. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), on Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. 
64 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OJ!' NOR.TH AMERICA 

Metasibirites gracilis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXI, Figures 34~37 

Shell small, moderately evolute, not deeply embracing, umbilicate, somewhat compressed laterally. 

Surface with rather coarse and occasionally dichotolllOUS ribs that cross' the venter without interruption, 

showing the faint vestigial keel only in adolescence and 

early maturity. Body chamber more than a revolution long. Young stages coronate and gastrioceran 

but less so than in most species of the genus~ 

Metasibirites gracilis has some resemblance in shape 

to Metasibirites parvus but is more widely evolute and 

has much stronger sculpture; it is more compressed 

than Metasibirites frechi and has ~ider umbilicus, 

stronger ribs, ·and' weaker. keel. ':fhe septa are like 

those of all the other American species of Metasibirites; 

the lateral lobe is serrated and all the other lobes and 

saddles goniatitic. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the upper ,or J uvavites 

subzone of the Upper Triassic zone of Tropites subbullatus, in the Hosselkus limestone at the north end 

of Brock Mountain, about 5 miles north of Madison's 

ranch, on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Metasibirites modestus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXI, Figures 38-47 

Dwarf form, robust, very involute, narrowly um-

. bilicate; whorls rounded and broad, with only slight 

indication of the ventral shoulder. Surface nearly 

smooth at maturity, with very weak umbilical ribs 

that run out into fine lines crossing the venter. Rudimentary keel 'very small but distinct. Body chamber 

long. Septa have first lateral lobe serrated. 

In youth the whorl is gastrioceran in shape, with 

coarse umbilical ribs as in all MetasibiriUs. 

Metasibirites modestus resembles Metasibirites coei 

but differs in the greater lateral compression and the 

obsolescence of the ribs. These differences persist 

even in youth. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone at the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, at the north end and 

west side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Metasibirites mojsvarensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXI, Figures 8-21 

Small, robust, thick set, broad whorl; form de-

'pressed, evolute, little embracing, widely umbilicate. 

Surface with sharp umbilical dichotomous ribs that 

cross the v,enter without interruption. In the young 

stages there are a few constrictions. There are faint 

remnants of the vestigial or rudimentary keel characteristic of the genus. Septa have first lateral lobe 

'weakly serrated; the others are goniatitic. 

Metasibirites mojsvarensis is very like Metasibirites 

uhligi Mojsisovlcs,71 but is more involute, with narrower umbilicus and coarser sculpture, and has traces 

of the keel. It differs from Metasibiritescrassus Mojsisovics in the narrower umbilicus and coarser sculpture 

but agrees with it in general shape and in possession 

of the vestigial keel. It is much more depressed and 

proportionally broader than Metasibirites frechi ITyatt 

and Smith. 

Named in memory of Dr. E. Mojsisovics von 

Mojsvar. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites s'l.Lbbullatus, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the .north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Metasibirites parvus (Hyatt and Smith) 

Plate LX, Figures 31-46; Plate LXXIX, Figures 11-20 

1905. Tardeceras parvum. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 44, pI. 79, figs. 11-30. 

Dwarf 'form, involute, deeply embracing, whorllaterally compressed, with flattened sides, rounded abdominal shoulders, and rather broad, flattened venter. 

Umbilicus very narrow, almost closed, concealing the 

inner volutions. ' Surface ornamented with fine dichotomous ribs that start from bu~dles on the umbilical 

shoulder and run nearly straight up the sides and 

across the abdominal shoulders. They become much 

weaker on the venter but are still visible. The septa 

are weakly ceratitic; the external lobe is divided by a 

siphonal notch; the lateral lobe is broad, shallow, and 

slightly serrated; the second lateral is small, rounded, 

and entire. The saddles are all entire. 

This ~pecies resembles Sibirites but is too involute 

and the sculpture on the venter is too faint for that 

genus. It also resembles Juvavites, but the character 

of the sculpture, the flattened sides and venter, and the 

simple ceratitic septa forbid a reference to that genus. 

In its early youth this species has a low, broad 

trapezoidal whorl, and umbilical ribs, with a few constrictions and nea~ly smooth venter, as in Gastrioceras. 

In adolescence the form resembles Gastrioceras, . and 

in later stages the ribs are prolonged until they cross 

the venter. 

The generic name Tardeceras, which was based on 

this species, is now dropped, as the species intergrades 

completely with forms typical of Metasibirites. 

Occurrence: Metasibirites parvus was found by 

the writer in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, 

in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, in the upper or 

Juvavites subzone,3 miles east of Madison's !'~nch, on 

the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, half 

a mile north of the trail across to Brock's ranch, in 

Shasta County, Calif. 

il Mojsisovics, E. von, op. cit., p. 331, pI. 124, figs. 5-6. 
TROPITOIDEA 65 

Metasibirites pusillus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXI, Figures 1-7 

Shell small, robust, involute, rotund but sOlnewhat 

cOll1pressed laterally; venter broadly rounded. Umbilicus narrow, disclosing very little of the inner 

whorls. Surf~ce with fine sharp ribs that usually 

branch on the flanks and alternate at the Ineeting 

wi th the faint threadlike keel, which gives an aspect 

strongly reminiscent of Juvavites. The body chan1ber 

is n10re than a .revolution in length. The septa are 

goniatitic, with the exception of the slightly serrated 

lateral lobe. The ventral lobe is divided as in all 

Inembers of this genus. 

Jletasibirites pusillus resembles Metasibirites pygmaeus but is son1ewhat less con1pressed and differs 

also in its stronger J1wavites-like sculpture. It is 

less rounded and has finer and sharper ribs than 

Jletasibirites frechi. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the upper or Juvavites 

subzone of the zone of T'ropites subbullatus in the 

IIosselkus limestone (Upper Triassic), at the north 

end of Brock Mountain, about 5 miles north of 

~1adison's ranch on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Metasibirites pygmaeus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LIX, Figures 34-47 

FOfln In.terally compressed, rather involute, with 

deep narrow umbilicus, ffattened sides, subangular 

ventral shoulders, and arched venter. Surface with 

fine dichotomous curving ribs that cross the venter 

without interruption; also a threadlike keel that is 

nearly obsolete at Inaturity. Septa have the first 

lateral lobe wen.ldy serrated, all others are goniatitic. 

Jletasibirites pygmaeus is closely related to Metasibirites parvus I-Iyatt and SInith, from which it 

differs in its slightly broader, n10re square shoulders 

anel less compressed whorl, and finer, close-set ribs. 

It is distinguished fron1 J{etasibirites frechi by its 

finer sculpture, greater compression, and flattened 

,'Tenter. It belongs to the group named by Hyatt 

and Smith TCLrcleceras, which is no longer consider~d 

as a valid genus, n.s it is nothing more than a group of 

species under Jletasibirites. The writer does not 

even regard it as a subgenus. 

Occurrence: Very con1111on in the Upper Triassic 

lIosselkus limestone in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

upper horizon (Juvavites subzone), at the north end 

of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

Ri\'Ter, Shasta County, Calif. 

Metasibirites shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXI, Figures 22-33 

Shell snuul, robust, somewhat compressedlaternlly, 

nlodern,tely widely umbilicate, not deeply embracing. 

Whorls helmet-shaped, with broadly rounded venter 

and without distinct ventral shoulders. Umbilical 

shoulders sharp. Surface wit.h strong and often 

dichotomous ribs, bundling on the umbilical shoulders, 

and forking about halfway up the flanks, crossing the 

venter without interruption. In adolescence and early 

maturity there is visible a very weak vestigial threadlike keel. Body chamber more than a revolution in 

length. Septa goniatitic, except the lateral lobe, which 

is weakly serrated. 

Jletasibirites shastensis is less robust and depressed 

than Metasibirites coei; it is more robust and less com::" 

pressed than Metasibirites frechi, forming almost a 

connecting link between those two species. 

In the young stages the form is decidedly coronate .. 

as in most species of Metasibirites, but more so than 

in most of them. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the upper or Juvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, in 

the Hosselkus limestone (Upper Triassic), at the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, 5 miles north 

of Madison's ranch, on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Genus LECONTEICERAS Smith 

1905. Leconteia. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.35. 

(Not 1893. Lecontia. Champion, Biologia Centrali-Americana, 

Coleoptera, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 453.) 

1914. Leconteicems. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 83, p. 38. 

Type.-Lecont.eiceras califor'nicum Hyatt and Smith. 

Whorls involute, subglobose, deeply embracing, and 

deeply indented by the inner volutions. Sides convex, 

rising to the highly arched venter without any abdominal shoulder. Umbilicus narrow, becoming wider at 

maturity. Body chamber at least a revolution in 

length. Septa ceratitic; external lobe narrow, goniatitic, divided by a small siphonal notch into two 

sharp branches; lateral lobe and auxiliary broad, 

shallow, and serrated. External saddle high, rounded, 

and entire; lateral saddle similar but lower; antisiphonal lobe long, narrow, and entire, flanked by a 

shorter interna.llaterallobe. Internal saddles similar 

to the externals. Surface ornamented with 'strong, 

straight, or gently flexuous ribs, which pass without 

interruption across the venter but become much wider 

on that portion of the shell. The ribs are not all of 

equal height, every third or fourth one being stronger 

and higher than the intervening ones, which at 

maturity may become nearly obsolete. On the outer 

shell these ribs are smooth, without nodes, but internal 

casts show the ribs slightly interrupted by a ventral 

furrow, bounded by rows of knots on the ends of the 

ribs. 

This genus resembles Helictites and Polycyclus but 

differs from them in the greater involution and the 

long body chamber. The young of Leconteiceras are 

not like those. of the Ceratitidre but subglohose like 

those of Sagenites. For these reasons the genus IS 

assigned to the Halori tidae of the Tropi toiden" 
66 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Leconteiceras was named in honor of the late Prof. 

Joseph Le Conte. This genus is characteristic of the 

zone of Tropites subbullatus in the Upper Triassic 6f 

California and at present 'is known only in that 

provInce. 

Leconteiceras caliCornicum (Hyatt and Smith) 

Plate XXIX, Figures 3-21 

1905. Leconteia californica. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 36, pI. 29, figs. 3-21. 

1914. Leconteiceras californicum. Smith, The Middle Triassic 

marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. 

GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 83, p. 38. 

Form involute, subglobose. Whorls deeply embracing· and deeply indented by the" inner volutions; 

highly arched, rounded, with no abdominal shouldere. 

Cross section crescentic. Umbilicus narrow, almost 

closed, concealing the inner whorls. Umbilical shoulders abruptly rounded: with steep inner walls. The 

height of the whorl is half the total diameter, the 

width is about 1 ~ times the height, and the whorl 

is indented to more than one-third of its height by 

the inner whorl. The surface is ornamented with 

simple coarse ribs that run nearly straight up the 

sides from the umbilicus and across the venter without 

interruption. These ribs are broad and rounded, 

much wider than the narrow, deep intercostal furrowR; 

they show on the cast as strongly as on the outer shell 

but are interrupted by a shallow median. furrow, 

which is bounded by a row of t.ubercles at the ends of 

the ri bs. At maturity the ribs grow very much coarser 

and some become obsolete or nearly so. At this stage 

also the whorl becomes somewhat compressed laterally, so that it resembles Lobites. The body chamber 

is long, at least a revolution. The septa are ceratitic: 

the external lobe is divided by a small siphonal notch 

into two sharp branches; the lateral lobe is longer, 

broader, and serrated. The auxiliary is shallow, broad, 

and serrated. The antisiphonallobe is long, narrow, 

simple, and pointed, flanked by a similar internal 

lateral on each side. The saddles, both internal and 

external, are all entire, broad, and rounded. 

The development of this species is extremely simple, and the young stages" are very like the mature 

forms. In the larval stage the shell is evolute, low 

whorled, with wide umbilicus and broad whorl with 

trapezoidal cross section, like Gastrioceras. At the 

diameter of 1.6 millimeters strong tub~rcles appear on 

the umbilica~ shoulders, still further increasing the 

resemblance to that Carboniferous genus, and the 

septa also are of that type. The glyphioceran constrictions appear at short intervals on the shell. At a 

diameter of 4 millimeters the ribs cross the venter and 

the cop.strictions cease, but the form is still like that of 

Gastrioceras. At a diameter of 4.5 millinleters the 

median furrow with the nlarginal tubercles appears 

on the inner cast, and at .5 millimeters the lateral lobe 

becomes ceratitic. This species preserves in its 

ontogeny an unusually perfect record of its race history, for even at maturity so nlany glyphioceran 

characters are still visible"and in its larval and adolescent stages such perfect resemblanc'e to Paleozoic 

goniatite genera may be seen. 

Leconteiceras calijornicum has an external resemblance to Polycyclus nasturtium but is much more 

involute and has a long body ch8:mber. Also the 

young stages point to the Glyphioceratidae as the 

Paleozoic radicle from which it came, whereas Polycyclus is supposed to belong to the stock of Ceratitidae. 

Although Leconteiceras is classed in the Haloritidae, 

it is much simpler than any other members of that 

stock and is much nearer the parent family. It is a 

reversionary form but not a persistent ancestral type, 

such a genus as one would expect to find in the Lower 

.Triassic or Permian. It is a connecting link between 

the Haloritidae and the Glyphioceratidae, showing 

kinship by reversion. 

Occurrence: Leconteiceras calijornicum is comnlon in 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of 

Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras subzone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, and half a mile north of the trail 

from Madison's to Brock's ranch on Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. It was also found in the same horizon 

on Bear Mountain, near Sherman's ranch, south of 

Pit River, 2 miles north of the road from Redding to 

Copper City, and at several other places on the divide 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River. It has not yet 

been found outside of Shasta County. 

The figured specimens all came fronl Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch and half a nlile 

north of the trail from Madison's to Brock's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Leconteiceras occidentale Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LVIII, Figures 16-20 

Form robust, oply moderately involute, deeply embracing, somewhat compressed laterally, rather widely 

umbilicate. Surface with strong folds that run fronl 

the umbilicus across the venter, with a pair of ribs in 

the middle, forming a slight furrow, seen only on the 

inner cast. Septa slightly ceratitic. Body chamber 

more than a revolution in length. 

Leconteiceras occidentale resembles Leconteiceras californicum but differs in its more compressed and"widely 

umbilicate whorl; the two agree exactly in ornamentation and septa. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 
UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 67 

Suborder ARCESTOIDEA 

Family POPANOCERATIDAE Hyatt 

This family is represented in the Upper Triassic of 

North America only by the genus Nathorstites Boehm, 

which appears to be a boreal group; it occurs only in 

British Columbia and on Bear Island in the Arctic 

Ocetl.n, in the Dawsonites zone, at the lower Karnic 

horizon. 

Genus NATHORSTITES Boehm 

1903. Nathorstites. Boehm, Ueber die obertriadische Faunader 

Bareninsel: Ie svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 37, 

No.3, p. 61. 

Type.-Popanoceras mcconnelli Whi teaves. 

Forms compressed, somewhat arched, involute, 

narrowly umbilicate. Venter narrowed to a median 

angle. Surface smooth. Rody chamber long. Septa 

with rounded, entire saddles, and serrated lobes. 

Occurrence: In the Boreal facies of the Upper 

Triassic of Alaska and the Arctic Ocean. Represented by three species, Nathorstites mcconnelli, 

Nathorstiteslenticularis, and Nathorstites alaskanus. 

Nathorstites alaskanus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIl, Figures 11-13 

Shell small, evolute, with broad, low trapezoidal 

whorl, and wide, deep umbilicus. Surface with weak 

cross folds and striae of growth. No ribs nor constrictions visible. Length of body chamber unknown. 

Septa ceratitic, with serrated lobes and rounded saddles. The ventral lobe is divided, and there are two 

laterals and two auxiliaries. 

This species resembles Nathorstites mojsvari Boehm, 

from the Dawsonites zone of Bear Island, differing 

from the Arctic species only in its somewhat weaker 

sculpture and in its slightly greater breadth. 

Occurrence: Very rare in beds of Karnic age, probably Dawsonites zone, at locality 9385, United States 

Geological Survey (= 8849), on the south bank of 

Yukon River, opposite the mouth of Nation River, 

Alaska; the species is associated with Pecten alaskanus, 

Trachyceras cf. T. lecontei, Eumorphotis nationalis, and 

other forms. 

Nathorstites lenticularis (Whiteaves) 

Plate CVIl, Figures 6, 7 

1889. Popanoceras mcconnelli var. lenticularis. Whiteaves, The 

fossils of the Triassic rocks of British Columbia: 

Contr. Canadian Palaeontology, vol. I, pt. 2, p. 140, 

pl. 18, fig. 3a. 

1903. Nathorstites lenticularis. Boehm, Ueber die obertriadische Fauna der Bareninsel: K. svenska Vet.-Akad. 

Hand!., vol. 37, No.3, p. 61, pl. 7, figs. 6-14, 44. 

Shell sublenticular but invariably with umbilical 

depression. Greatest breadth less than half the 

diameter of the shell. Sides arched to the venter, 

curving without shoulders to the ventral angle, which 

is very obtuse. Umbilicus deep, with steep sides, and 

very narrow. Outer whorl deeply embracing, deeply 

impressed by the inner volution. 

Nathorstites lenticularis differs from Nathorstites 

mcconnelli in its greater lateral compression and more 

.acute venter. It agrees with that species in its long 

body chamber, almost total lack of sculpture, simple 

entire saddles, and weakly serrated lobes. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic, presumably at a lower Karnic horizon, 25 miles below 

Devils Portage, Liard River, British Columbia; also 

on Bear Island in the Arctic Ocean. 

Nathorstites mcconnelli (Whiteaves) 

Plate CVIl, Figures 3-5 

1889. Popanoceras mcconnelli. Whiteaves, The Triassic fossils 

of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian 'Paleontology, 

vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 138, pI. 18, figs. 280, 2b. 

1903. Nathorstites mcconnelli. Boehm, Ueber die obertriadische 

Fauna der Bareninsel: K. svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 

vol. 37, No.3, p. 61. 

Shell globosely subienticular, with umbilical depression; umbilicus narrow and deep, with steep sides. 

Height of whorl less than twice the width; deeply 

embracing and deeply impressed by the inner volutions. Cross section curving up to the bluntly subangular venter. Surface nearly smooth, with indistinct spiral striations and very weak transverse 

plications, which do not cross the venter. Septa 

with six simple external and six internal lobes on each 

side; the saddles are rounded and entire and the lobes 

finely serrated. This is evidently a very primitive 

arcestoid form. 

Occurrence: In the Dawsonites zone, of lower 

Karnic age, on Liard River, 25 miles below Devils 

Portage, British Columbia; also in beds of the sanle 

age on Bear Island, in the Arctic Ocean. 

Family ARCESTIDAE Mojsisovics 

Genus ARCESTES Suess 

1865. Arcestes (in part). Suess, Ueber Ammonites: K. Akad. 

Wiss~ Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 52, p. 76. 

1869. Arcestes (in part). Laube, Die Fauna der Schichten 

von St. Cassian: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., 

Band 30, p. 86. 

1873. Arcestes (in part). Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, p. 71. 

1879. Arcestes. Mojsisovics, Vorlaufige kurze Uebersicht der 

Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh., p. 134. 

1882. Arcestes. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 10, p. 153. 

1893. Arcestes. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter 

Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 

6, Hiilfte 2, p. 785. 

1896. Arcestes. Mojsisovics, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 79. 

1902. Arcestes. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopod en der Hallstiitter 

Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 

6, Halfte I, Supplement-Heft, p. 261. 

1904. Arcestes. Gemmellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore 

della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 255. 
\ 

68 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

1905. Arcestes. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 73. 

1906. Arcestes. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byan/?: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, sere 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 174. 

1907. Arcestes. Diener, The fauna of the Himalayan Muschelkalk: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, sere 15, vol. 5, No.2, p. 125. 

Arcestes andersoni Hyatt and Smith 

Plate LVI, Figures 1-9 

1905. Arcestes andersoni. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. 'Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 74, pI. 56, figs. 1-9. 

Form globose, involute, whorls depressed, deeply 

embracing, and deeply indented by the inner volutions. 

Umbilicus narrow and apparently closed in age. 

Venter broad and slightly flattened, flanks curving 

from the umbilicus without any ventral shoulders; 

umbilical shoulders A.bruptlyrounded. Suriacesmooth, 

but on the inner whorls there. are about four constrictions to a revolution; these constrictions bend gently 

forward, nlaking a broad, shallow sinus on the venter. 

The surface of the outer whorl seems to be free from 

constrictions. The septa are extremely complex, 

deeply and finely digitate, and are divided into a large 

number of· nearly equal lobes and saddles. There are 

five external and five internal lateral lobes. The 

height of the whorl is about half the total diameter of 

the shell, the width is about 1}4 times the height, 

and the indentation is about three-fifths of the height. 

This species belongs to the group of Arcestes coloni, 

characteristic of the Upper Triassic, especially of the 

N oric horizon. 

Occurrence: Arcestes andersoni was found first 

by F. M. Anderson in the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone of Muttleberry Canyon, West Humboldt Mountains, in the road 8 nliles southeast of 

Lovelocks, Nev. The writer found along with it 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis Gabb, Rhabdoceras russelli Hyatt, Placites humboldtensis Hyatt and Smith, 

Halorites americanus Hyatt. 

Subgenus PROARCESTES Mojsisovics 

1893. Proarcestes. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: I{'-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 785. 

1896. Proarcestes. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 655. 

1902. Proarcestes. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien .Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 259. 

1905. Proarcestes. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 74. 

1906. Proarcestes. Diener, Fauna of the TrlJP-ites limestone of 

Byans: India GeoI. Survey Mem.,' Palaeontologia 

Indica, sere 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 177. 

1914. Proarcestes. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 83, p. 43. 

Arcestes (Proarcestes) carpenteri Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, Figures 1-11 

Form laterally compressed, with gently convex 

flanks and narrowly rounded venter, without shoulders; umbilicus narrow but not cl03ed, with very gentle 

slope of the umbilical walls. Surface with four or five 

labiae to a revolution. Septa moderately digitate. 

Arcestes carpenteri is much more compre3sed than 

Arcestes pacific us and Arcestes shastensis; it has a 

much greater re3e.mblance to Arcestes antoni1.: Mo'jsisovics 72 but differs in its distinct labiae, not obsolete 

on the mature shell. 

Named in memory of Dr. Philip P. Carpenter, the 

pioneer conchologist, of California. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic H03-

selkus limestone, at the upper horizon (J uvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, of the 

North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

ranch; also in the same horizon on Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Arcestes (Proarcestes) pacificus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XXIII, Figures 12-23; Plate XXXVII, Figures 1-9; 

Plate LXXXI, Figures 1-9 

1905. Arcestes (Proarcestes) pacificus. Hyatt and Smith, The 

Triassic cephalopod genera of' America: U. S. GeoI. 

Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 75, pI. 81, figs. 1-9; pI. 37, 

figs. 1-9. 

Involute, globose; whorls broad, helmet-shaped, 

deeply embracing, and deeply indented by the inner 

volutions. Umbilicus very narrow, almost closed, 

:umbilical shoulders abruptly rounded. Venter broad, 

with low arch and broadly rounded abdominal 

shoulders. The height of the ~whorl is about half the 

total diameter of the shell and about two-thirds of the 

width; it is indented by the inner volution to threefifths of the height. 

The surface is ornamented with fine radial striae of 

growth and with strong constrictions that occur about 

four to a revolution and are visible on both cast and 

shell. These constrictions curve gently forward on 

the flanks, forming a broad, shallow crest on the venter. 

The body chamber is more than a revolution in length. 

The septa are divided into numerous lobes and 

saddles and are ammonitic but not deeply digitate. 

The ventral lobe is divided, and there are four principal lateral lobes and an auxiliary; all except the 

~uxiliary are of about the same size and have the 

same long and narrOw shape. 

In the youthful stages this species illustrates clearly 

its phylogeny. The smallest stage that could be correlated with any known genus is that at a diameter of 

1. 7 millimeters, when the form and septa correspond 

to Adrianites Gemmellaro, of the Permian. The septa 

are goniatitic and tongue-shaped and have numerous 

72 MOjsisovics, E. von, Die Cepbalopoden der Hallst!1tter Kalke: K-k. geol. 

Reicbsanstalt Wein Abb .• Band 6, H!ilfte 1, p. 106, pI. 54, figs. 9-14, 1875. 
ARCESTOIDEA 69 

lobes and saddles. At a diameter of 2.16 millimeters 

the lobes become slightly digitate at the end, as in 

Stacheoceras of the Pernlian. At a diameter of 3 millimeters the septa are tuore conlplex, as in Popanoceras. 

At a diameter of 5 millinleters the septa already are 

charncteristic of Arcestes. The constrictions begin at 

a din,lneter of about 11uillilneter and continue throughout life; the whorl also undergoes little change in 

shape. 

Occurrence: Very conlmon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Juvavites subzone of the 

zone of Tropites subbullatus,. on the divide between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 :miles east of Madison's 

ranch and half a mile north of the trail to Brock's 

ranch, in Shasta County, Calif. It is also common in 

the limestone east of Squaw Creek, near Terrup 

Chetta (Cottonwood Flat), a place about 6 miles 

north of the first-mentioned locality, in the same beds 

and in the same association of fossils. 

Arcestes (Proarcestes) shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, Figures 7-26 

Fornl of luoderate size, subglobose, somewhat compressed laterally, involute. Surface with four or five 

oblique, sharply incised constrictions to a revolution, 

and fine striae of growth parallel to them. Septa 

moderately digitate. Body chamber long. 

Al'cestes shastensis is very closely related to Arcestes 

l.Jac'ijicus but differs in its more compressed form and 

In ore oblique constrictions. In septation the two are 

exactly alike, both being more complex than Arcestes 

tras7ci and both being less globose than Arcestes 

whit'neyi. Arcestes shastensis has also a close resemblttnce to ATcestes s'l.(,blabiatus Mojsisovics 73 but is 

sOlnewhat thicker and rounder than the European 

species. Possiply these two species may intergrade. 

Occurrence: Exceedingly common in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon 

(J'l.tvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 

on North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of 

Kelly's ranch; also at the same horizon on Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shnsta County, Calif. It was also found in the 

J'l.tvavites zone of Admiralty Island, Alaska, at locality 

10180, a point between Chapin and Herring bays. 

Arcestes (Proarcestes) traski Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, Figures 17-41 

Shell small, subspherica.l, somewhat depressed, 

completely involute. Surface with four rather deeply 

incised constrictions only slightly oblique, and witho~t 

forward-bending sinus on the venter. There are also 

varices bordering the constrictions. Both varices and 

constrictions are distinct on the cast as well as on the 

shell. Septa with nUnlerous lobes and saddles, 

Inoderately digitate. Body chamber long. 

73 IdOIl1, p. 04, pI. 55, fig. 12. 

48172-27-6 

The septa are simpler than those of Arcestes pacificus 

and Arcestes shastensis, and the form is more robust 

than that of those species, resembling small specimens 

of Arcestes whitneyi. It differs from Arcestes whitneyi 

in its lnuch smaller size, fewer and less digitate lobes, 

and much stronger constrictions and varices. It has 

a great resemblance to Arcestes ciceronis Mojsisovics 74 

but differs in its more, depressed form and its stronger 

and more numerous constrictions. 

Named in memory 'of Dr. John B. Trask. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek, and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Arcestes (Proarcestes) whitneyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, Figures 1-6 

Form nearly spherical, conlpletely involute. Foul' 

01' five weak labiae or constrictions pointing obliquely 

forward, also distinct varices with the labiae. These 

are stronger on the young shell, both constrictions 

and varices being nearly obsolete at maturity. Septa 

with numerous lobes and saddles, only moderately 

digitate, Body chamber long. 

A1~estes whitneyi is closely related to Arcestes 

pacijicus, from which it differs in its more globose 

form, the obsolescence of constrictions and varices, 

and in its much greater size. It is also similar to 

Arcestes ausseeanus Hauer, as figured by Mojsisovics,75 

but lacks the constrictions on the mature shell, which 

are still well developed on the European species. 

Named in memory of Prof. J. D. Whitney. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North Fork 

of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; also 

at the same horizon at the north end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

Coun ty, Calif. 

Arcestes (Proarcestes) winnemae Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, Figures 24-33 

Form robust, involute, subspherical. Whorls low, 

broad, with broa~ly flattened venter, abruptly rounded 

ventral shoulders, and somewhat flattened flanks. 

Umbilicus almost closed, with abrupt walls. Surface 

with strong constrictions, four to a revolution, which 

bend strongly forward on the flanks and run straight 

across the venter. These constrictions are strongly 

impressed on the cast but only weakly developed on 

the ou ter shell. The varix or raised ridge along the 

side of the constriction is visible on the shell. In 

addition to these features there are fine growth lines 

and very faint cross ridges, which are seen on both 

shell and cast. Septa with divided external lobe and 

five laterals almost of equal size and only very slightly 

71 Idem, p. 103, pI. 51, fig. 2; pI. 54, figs. 4-7. 

7~ Idem, p. 09, pI. 51, figs. 1 and 4; pI. 53, figs. 2 Eand 31 
70 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

digitate; internal septa with antisiphonal and five 

nearly equal-sized laterals, very like the external 

lobes. The body chamber is more than a revolution 

in length. The height of the whorl is 172 times the 

width, and half the diameter of the shell; it is indented 

to five-eighths of the height and embraces the inner 

whorl entirely. 

This species is a close relative of Arcestes tras7ci, 

. from which it differs in the broader, lower whorl and 

flattened venter. It is the probable ancestor of 

Arcestes whitneyi, from which it differs in its smaller 

size, less rounded form, and much stronger constrictions. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of 

the~one of Tropites subbullatus, at the stone quarry 

on .:arock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw 

Cr'eek and Pit River, on the trail to Brock's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. The specific name is given in 

honor of a traditional heroine of the ~hasta tribe., 

Family CLADISCITIDAE Mojsisovics 

Genus CLADISCITES Mojsisovics 

1879. Cladiscites. Mojsisovics, VorHiufige kurze Uebersicht 

1ier Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und 

Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Verh., p. 134. 

1882. Cladiscites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Abh., Band 10, p. 173. 

1896. Cladiscites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wi en Denkschr., Band 63, p. 656. 

1902. Cladiscites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wi en . Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 279. 

Type.-"Arcestes" tornatus Bronn. 

Involute, deeply embracing whorls, with long body 

chamber; without constrictions, ribs, or varices. Sur-

,face of shell shows fine spiral lines. Septa complex, 

digitate, with numerous lobes and saddles. arranged. 

serially. 

This genus differs from Arcestes chiefly in the lack 

of constrictions or varices and in the possession of 

.spirallines on the shell. 

Represented in the Upper Triassic of western 

America by two species. 

Cladiscites martini Smith, n. ap. 

Plate CII, Figures 17-20 

Form thick set, involute, completely embracing, 

and deeply indented by the inner whorls. Umbilicus 

completely closed. Flanks and venter somewhat 

. rounded, with distinct ventral shoulder, giving a 

subquadratic cross section. Surface without constrictions or varices but with fine spiral striae, visible 

only on the outer shell. Septa with narrow lobes 

and broad saddles, all rather deeply digitate~ There 

are an external lobe, three laterals, and four auxiliaries, 

, decreasing in size toward the umbilicus. Internal 

septa unknown. 

This species is somewhat related to Oladiscites tornatus, the type of the genus being somewhat more 

quadratic than that species. 

Named in honor of Dr. G. C. Martin. 

Occurrence : Very rare in Upper Triassic rocks of 

Karnic age, associated with Halobia superba var. 

'cordillerana, Trachyceras cf. T. lecontei, in Alaska, 

Yukon Valley, a third of a mile northeast of the mouth 

of Nation River; locality 9385, United States Geological Survey. Collected by Eliot Blackwelder. 

Cladiscites mendenhalli Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CII, Figures 21-24 

Shell small, thick set, subspherical. Umbilicus 

completely closed. Venter broadly rounded, curving 

to the flanks without ventral shoulders. Surface 

with very fine spiral striae and without constrictions. 

Septa with eight external lobes of about the same 

width as the saddles; one external lobe, three lateral 

10 bes, and four auxiliary lobes on each side. 

Oladiscites mendenhaUi differs from Oladiscites martini in being more robust and in not having the striking 

difference in the size of the lobes and saddles. 

Named in honor of W. C. Mendenhall. 

Occurrence: Very rare in Upper Triassic rocks, 

presumably of Karnic age, in Canning River region, 

Alaska. Locality 10304 (30B). Anglo-American Expedition. E. de K. Leffingwell, collector. 

Suborder PTYCHITOIDEA 

Family PTYCHITIDAE Mojsisovics 

Genus PARAGANIDES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Paraganides. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

, genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 77. 

Type . ..:-Paraganides calijornicus Hyatt and Smith. 

Dwarf forms; involute, laterally compressed, deeply 

embracing, umbilicus narrow; all the inner whorls 

concealed by the outer. Sides flattened, whorl proportionally high, with somewhat narrowly rounded 

venter. Surface nearly smooth but ornamented with 

faint ribs, which bifurcate on the umbilical shoulders 

and run nearly straight up the sides and across the 

venter without interruption. No constrictions have 

been observed on this group. The septa are goniatitic; 

lobes and saddles all short; one principal lateral, and a 

second lateral or auxiliary on the umbilical shoulders. 

The antisiphonal (internal) lobe is like the external 

and is flanked by a pair of short laterals . 

This genus differs from Nannites only in the undivided external lobe. It resembles Aganides Montfort 

of the Carboniferous and may be a reversion to that 

stock by arrested development. It differs from Aganides chiefly in the possession of the second lateral 10 be. 

Paraganides is known only from the Upper Triassic 

zone of Tropites ,subbullatus of Shasta County, Calif., 

where it is represented by a single species. 
;I 

PTYCHITOIDEA, PIN ACOCERATOIDEA 71 

Paraganides californicus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate LXXX, Figures 12-21 

1905. Paraganides californicus. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 78, pI. 80, figs. 12-21. 

Involute, robust, laterally compressed. Umbilicus 

closed. Whorl high helmet-shaped, with flattened 

sides, and rOlmded venter, with rounded but distinct 

abdOlninal shoulders. Tpe height of the whorl is 

slightly more than half the total diameter, and the 

width is about two-thirds of the height. It ~.s indented to half its height by the inner whorl. The 

body chamber is at least a revolution long. The 

surface is ornalnented with weak radial folds that 

start from the umbilical shoulders and run nearly 

straight across the venter without interruption. 

These folds are parallel to the fine cross striae of 

growth. The septa are goniatitic. The external lobe 

is undivided and rounded; there are two laterals very 

like the external, and the antisiphonallobe is flanked 

by a pair of internal laterals, as in Nannites. . 

The young stages of this species are subglobose, 

with open ..unbilicus. 

Occurrence: Paraganides californicu8 is rather common in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trac!l.yceras subzone, 

on the limestone belt on the divide between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, about 3 miles east of Madison's 

ranch, Shasta County, Calif. ' 

Suborder PINACOCERATOIDEA 

,Forms laterally compressed, discoidal, narrowly 

lunbilicate; ,-renters narrow, in few genera rounded, 

generally either bicarinate and channeled or carinate. 

Septa generally lanceolate or ceratitic but digitate in 

the nlore highly specialized groups; in all families. 

characterized by the tendency to form adventitious 

lobes. 

The Gephyroceratidae are doubtless the ancestors 

of the Pinacoceratoidea, but not all groups under 

this suborder came from the same genus; some came' 

frOlu Gephyroceras, some fronl Manticoceras, some 

from Timanites, and some from J3eloceras. The suborder is not polyphyletic but is a rapidly branching 

family tree. 

This suborder includes four well-defined families: 

I. Pronoritidae: Compressed, discoidal, with lanceolate 'septa, all derived from Gephyroceras through 

Pro no rites; includes Pronorites, Sicanites, Oordille·· 

rites, and Medlicottia. 

II. Thalassoceratidae: Compressed forms with 

rounded venters and strongly digitate lobes; includes 

Dimorphoceras, Thalassoceras, Procarnites ?, Oarnites?, 

Ussuria, and Sturia. 

III. Haueritidae: Compressed, involute, bicarinate, 

with lanceolate-digitate lobes, connected with Gephyroceras through Gonioloboceras and Texites; includes 

Lanceolites, Arthaberites, Fremontites, Hauerites, and 

Klamathites. 

IV. Sageceratidae: Compressed, involute, mostly 

carinate, with septa ranging from lanceolate to 

complex digitate; derived from Timanites or Beloceras 

through Prodromites,' includes Aspe'!1ites, Sageceras, 

and Pseudosageceras. Arthaber 76 has prepared a 

very elaborate classification of this group, in which 

he uses the name Beloceratea for it instead of 

Pinacoceratoidea. The substitute can hardly stand, 

for only one of the four families could have come 

from Beloce7'as. Arthaber's classification is as follows: 

Stamm Beloceratea 

Family I. Beloceratidae: Beloceras, M edlicottia, Propinacoceras, Sicanites, Pseudosageceras, Sageceras, Cordil.lerites. 

Family II. Noritidae: Pronorites, Parapronorites, Daraelites, 

Norites. 

Family III. Prodromitidae: Prodromites, Hedenstroemia 

Aspenites, Longobar.dites, Paranorites. 

Family IV. Pinacoceratidae: Beatites, Pinacoceras, Pompeckjites, Placites. 

Family V. Carnitidae: Procarnites, Ussuria, Arthaberites, 

Carnites, Metacarnites, Bambanagites, Tibetites, Pseudosirenites, 

Pseudohauerites. ' 

Of the genera cited above the great majority could 

not possibly have come from Beloceras,' hence there 

is no reason for substituting a new name for the 

time-honored designation introduced by Mojsisovics 

many years ago, even though the limits of the group 

h~ve been greatly changed: 

The writer's ideas concerning the phylogeny of the 

descendants of the Gephyroceratidae are expressed 

in the table at the foot of thjs page. 

76 Arthaber, O. von, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. Pall1ontologie Oesterr.· 

Ungarns u. des Orients, Band 24, pp. 177, 198-216, 1911. 

Phylogeny of the descendants of the Gephyroceratidae 

L . {-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Lytoceratidae---+ Phy lloceratidae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ecamtes XenodiscUS-4 Meekoceras~Ceratitidae 

________________________________ Pronorites __________________________ {~~~~:~~i~~:~~~~~ 

Gephyroceras Cordillerites ___ - __ _ 

{

ThalaSsoceras---+ Ussuria---+Sturia ____ _ 

{

DimOrPhoceras __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Procarnites?---+Carnites? ___________ _ 

Gonioloboceras fFremontites- - _._ - Pinaco~~ratoidea 

Texites---+Lanceolites---+Arthaberites ________________________ 'Hauerites ______ _ 

Klamathites ____ _ 

'Beloceras ____ { Prodromites __ - Aspenites ' 

(Timanites) _____________ {pseudosageceras----- - - - - - ---- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (?) Pinacoceras ___ _ 

. Sageceras ' . , 
72 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Gephyroceras is the parent radicle of the entire 

suborder, with Beloceras as a bra~ch, derived as follows: Gephyroceras -~ Timanites ---7Probeloceras ---7Beloceras. At present Prodromites is the only Carboniferous genus known to belong to the stock of Beloceras, 

but there must be others as yet unknown.. The whole 

suborder is made up of thin-shelled forms not readily 

preserved, and so Illany additions have been made in 

the last few years that our knowledge of the group is 

just beginning. 

In the above table it is very doubtful whether the 

N oritidae should be placed under the Pinacoceratoidea 

or the Ceratitoidea, for though they are related to th~ 

stock of Pronorites they form no adventitious lobes. 

The four families given in the writer's classification 

of the Pinacoceratoidea are really superfamilies and 

will eventually be subdivided. 

Family I. Pronoritidae, is represented in the American Triassic only by Cordillerites of the Lower Triassic, 

though Pronorites is found in the Carboniferous and 

Medlicottia in the PerIllian. 

Family II. Thalassoceratidae, is represented in the 

American Triassic by Ussuria and Sturia, both in the 

Lower Triassic. 

Family III. Haueritidae, is represented in the Lower 

Tr~assic of America by Lanceolites and in the Upper 

TrIassic by Fremontites, Hauerites, and Klamathites. 

The Paleozoic ancestors of the group, GonioZoboceras 

and Texites, are found in the" Coal Measures" (Pennsylvanian series). 

Family IV. Pinacoceratidae, is represented in the 

Lower Triassic of America by Aspenites and Pseudosageceras; in the Middle Triassic by Sageceras; in the 

Upper Triassic by Pinacoceras, Dieneria, and Placites. 

The Paleozoic ancestral type, Prodromites, occurs at 

several places in the Mississippian series (" Lower 

Carboniferous ") . 

Family HAUERITIDAE Smith 

Forms compressed, discoidal, involute, high-whorled; 

venters narrow, bicarinate, and channeled. Surface 

nearly sIllooth; with a few weak folds. Septa with 

lanceolate .10be8, digitate in the more complex members, and In all with adventitious lobes more or less 

individualized. Body chamber short. 

The family includes LanceoZites of the Lower Triassic, Arthaberites of the Middle Triassic, and Hauerites, 

Fremontites, and Klamathites of the Upper Triassic. 

. Some of these genera have been included by Arthaber 

In the family Carnitidae, but that group is heterogeneo.us and polyp1:.lyletic, and it is very unlikely that 

Carn~tes belongs to it; hence the name Haueritidae is 

substituted, based on the well-known genus Hauerites. 

The phylogeny of the group is discussed under the 

Pinacoceratoidea and under the genus Klamathites. 

T~~ family is represented in the Upper Triassic of 

AmerIca by Klamathites, Hauerites, and Fremontites. 

Genus HAUERITES . Mojsisovics 

1893. Hauerites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter 

Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 'Vien Abh., Band 6, 

Halfte 2, p. 517. 

1896. Hauerites. Mojsisovics, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya:' K. 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Ban9- 63, p. 645. 

1905. Hauerites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p. 104. . 

1911. Pseudohauerites. Arthaber, Die Trias von Albanien: 

Beitr. Palaontologie Oesterr.-Ungarns u. des Orients, 

Band 24, p. 215. 

Type.-Ammonites rarestriatus Hauer.77 

Involute, discoidal, laterally conlpressed, deeply enlbracing, and deeply indented by the inner whorls. 

Umbilicus narrow, concealing the inner whorls. Sides 

flattened. convex, curving without abdominal shoulders 

up to the narrow venter, which is deeply channeled 

and bounded by narrow keels. Sides ornamented 

with fine sigmoidal foldlike ribs and with striae parallel 

to these ribs. Body chamber short. Septa amnlonitic, not deeply digitate, and very little above the ceratitic stage of development. They c~nsist of a series of 

adventitious lobes, an external lobe, a first and second 

lateral, and an auxiliary series. The adventitious 

lobes are formed by secondary division of the siphonal 

and first lateral saddle. 

This genus was first described by Mojsisovics as a 

subgenus of CyrtopZe'urites, but he afterward O'ave it 

independent rank. It was classed by hinl with the 

Ceratitidae, but the character of the septa and the 

ontogeny of the group forbid such a classification. 

The young stages of this genus bear no resemblance to 

Dinarites or TiroZites but do resenlble the O'enus 

Ambites, supposed by Waagen to be one of the ~tock forms of the N oritidae. The characters of the septa 

are such that this genus must be placed in WaaO'en's 

group of Pinacoceratidae. b 

Hauerites is known only from the Upper Triassic 

Karnic. and N oric stages of the Alpine province; 

the Karnic stage of the Himalayas.; and the same 

horizon in California, where it is represented by 

Hauerites Zawsoni Smith. 

Hauerites lawsoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXIII, Figures 22-29 

Shell small, strongly compressed laterally, highwhorled, narrowly umbilicate, smooth. Venter narrow, bicarinate, and rather deeply channeled. Body 

chamber short. Septa deeply digitate, with principal, 

adventitious, and auxiliary lobes. 

Hauerites Za'Wsoni resembles Hauerites aesculapii 

Mojsisovics but differs from it in being more compressed and smoother and i.n lacking crenulations on 

77 Hauer, F. von, Ueber neue Cephalopoden aus den Murmorschichten von Hallstatt und Aussee: Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abh., Band 3, p. 11, pI. 5, fig. 10; pI. 6, 

figs. 4-5, 1849. Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Htillstatter Kalke: 

K.-k. geol. Reichsunstult Wien Abh., Band 6, Hfilfte 2, p. 529, pI. 150, fig. 5, 1893. 
PI~ ACOCERATOIDEA 73 

the ventral keels. It also differs fr0111 Fremontites 

(lJshleyi in its greater cOl11pression, its lack of the lateral 

ribs, and the stronger development of the adventitious 

series of lobes. . 

N fi.l11ed in honor of Dr. A. C. Lawson. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 1-I08selkus limestone, in the 'Eone of T1'opites subbullatus, 

lower horizon (Trachyce1'as subzone), on Brock Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on the trail from 

the United States forestry station to Pit River) Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Genus KLAMATHITES Smith, n. gen. 

Typ~.-Klamathites schucherti Smith, n. sp. 

Form involute, laterally compressed, with narrow 

venter, either channeled or slightly rounded; sides 

fiattened. W110rlS high, narrow, and deeply embracing. .Surface nearly smooth or with weak lateral 

folds. Body chamber relatively short, not more than 

t~ree-fourths of a revolution. Septa consist of three 

series, adventitious, principal, and auxiliary. The 

saddles are rounded and but slightly brachyphyllic, 

the lobes partly lanceolate, and partly ceratitic. The 

three adventitious lobes are long, narrow lanceolate; 

the first lateral lobe is unsymmetrically divided into 

several secondary lobes, all somewhat lanceolate; the 

second lateral lobe is serrated; the auxiliary series is 

long and slightly serrated. 'fhis type of septation 

reselubles that of Oordillerites Hyatt and Smith and 

L(lJ'f!Jceolites FIyatt and Smith, of the I.lower Triassic of 

Anlerica, but is much more complex than that of 

either of those genera. In youth the septation of 

Ill(wno,thites is sOlnewhat like that of Hedenstroemia 

Waagen, although· there is probably no near relationship between them. '"1"'he form of Illamathites shows 

considerable resemblance to Metacarnites Diener, but 

Jfeiacarnites has thoroughly ammonitic lobes and 

saddles and is altogether much more highly specialized, 

the first lateral lobe 'retaining nothing of the lanceolate 

character. Pm'CI,tibetites Mojsisovics, which may belong to the Pinacoceratoidea, has the same general 

plan of septation, but though the adventitious series 

is rather similar to that of Illamathites the first lateral 

lobe shows none of the division into lanceolate secondary lobes, . being merely ceratitic. Bambanagites 

~10jsisovics is another genus with which Illamathites 

sho~lld be compared, but Bctmbanagites has the septa 

thoroughly ammonitic, of the Pinacoceras type, and 

lacks the lanceolate character and also has strong 

lateral ribs. 

Arthaber 78 has nanled the fanlily Carnitidae, under 

the Pinacoceratoidea, to include compressed. discoidal 

forIns, with narrow venters and complex adventitious 

lobes. I-Ie includes in that family the following 

genera: Oarnites Mojsisovics, Metacarnites Diener, 

P1'ocarnites Arthaber, A1'thaberites Diener, Ussuria 

Diener, Bambanagites Mojsisovics," Tibetites and its 

78 Arthnbcr, G. von, op. cit., p. 211. 

subgenera Anatibetites and Pm'atibetites Mojsisovics, 

Pseudosirenites Arthaber (including the compressed 

discoidal forms with adventitious lobes, which Mojsisovics places in Si1'enites) , Pseudohauerites Arthaber, 

and Lanceolites Hyatt and Smith. To this list should 

be added Klamathites Smith and Fremontites Smith. 

Ussuria should be dropped from the number in spite 

of its adventitious lobes, for its young stages are wholly 

unlike the Beloceratidae. The writer has given above 

his reasons for substituting the name Haueritidae for 

Carnitidae. This group forms one of the most homogeneous and continuous phyla known among the 

ammonoids in the Mediterranean region, the Indian 

reg' on, and in western Am'erica; it ranges from the 

Lower to the Upper Triassic. 

Klamathites resembles Hauerites Mojsisovics, with 

which it is nearly related, but differs in its more 

strongly lanceolate and less digitate septa and in its 

more complex adventitious series. It also resembles 

Tibetites Mojsisovics, but that genus has strong 

sculpture and ceratitic rather than lanceolate lobes. 

Paratibetites MojsisoviQs is more like Klamathites and 

is also nearly smooth, but the ground plan of its septa 

is the same as that of Tibetites . . Bambanagites Mojsisovics is another similar group but has strong lateral 

ribs, and its septa are thoroughly ammonitic, of the 

Pinacoceras type. Metacarnites Diener agrees with 

Klamathites. in form and in losing at maturity the 

biangular venter but differs from it in more complex 

dolichophyllic lobes. 

Another kindred genus is Fremontites Smith, which 

differs only in its short and little-developed adventitious series. 

IGamathites is related to the Carnitidae. as defined 

by Arthaber 79 but is not very closely allied to Oarnites 

and certainly is not a descendant of Procarnites 

Arthaber. A possible ancestor is Arthaberites 80 

Diener, in the Middle Triassic. A more distant 

ancestor may be found in Lanceolites 81 Hyatt and 

Smith, of the Lower Triassic, which has a very 

similar but nluch sil11pler ground plan of septa, 

purely lanceolate, without any secondary digitations, 

and a little-developed adventitious series of lobes. 

(See PI. XXI, figs. 9a-c.) 

The Paleozoic radicle of Klamathites and of the 

entire group of Haueritidae is probably Texites 

Smith, n. gen., type "Dimorphoceras" texanum 

Smith,82 of the Cisco group (Pennsylvanian) of Texas. 

This species was wrongly assigned to Dimorphoceras, 

from which it differs in developing the rudiments of 

the adventitious lobes. It has the same compressed 

form, biangular channeled venter, and sm.ooth shell, 

characteristic of Lanceolites and Klamathites, and its 

7V Artbaber, G. von, op. cit., p. 211. 

so Idem, p. 217, fig. 9. 

81 Hyatt, Alpheus, and Smith, J. P., The TriasSiC cephalopod genera of America: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 113, 1905. 

82 Smith, J. P., The Carboniferous ammonoids of Americ!: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 42, p. 126, pI. 20, figs. 12-15, 1903. 
74 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

septa are still simply goniatitic. This species is 

refigured in ~late XX, Figures 4-7, for cOlnparison 

with'the young stages of more highly specialized 

~embers of the group. 

A still more distant ancestor is probably GonioZoboceras Hyatt, of the Carboniferous, of which a 

species, GonioZoboceras weZZeri Smith, is figured in 

Plate XX, Figures 1-3, to show the derivation from 

the Gephyroceratidae. 

Occurrence: Klamathites is known only in Upper 

Triassic rocks of Karnic age, zone of Tropites S1lbbuZZatus, in western Alnerica, where it is represented, by 

two species, Klamathites schucherti Smith and Klamathites keZlyi Smith. 

Klamathites schucherti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXII, Figures 14-17 

Form laterally COlnpressed, discoidal, completely 

involute, umbilicus closed. Sides flattened, with 

very gentle convexity. Outer whorls completely 

embracing and indented by the inner to two-thirds 

of the height. Venter narrow, biangulate and channeled in youth and slightly convex at hlaturity. 

Surface of shell and cast shows low, weak, curved 

folds, which are much stronger in youth. Septa of 

the lanceolate type, slightly ammonitic, brachyphylloid, with numereus lobes and saddles, principal, 

adventitious, and auxiliary. The first lateral lobe is 

deeply divided into long fingerlike extensions, and the 

external saddle is broken up into a series of adventitious lobes and saddles. The auxiliary series of lobes 

is shorter and simpler. The body chamber is short, 

not more than three-fourths of a revolution. 

Klamathites schucherti is closely related to Klamathites keZlyi Smith but differs in the greater simplicity 

of the septa, which are less digitate. There is also a 

close similarity in form to Fremontites ashZeyi Hyatt 

and Smith, but the sculpture is simpler and the septa 

are much more complex than those of Fremontites. 

The ground plan of the septa is the salne as that of 

LanceoZites Hyatt and Smith but differs in the greater 

division into numerous lobes and saddles and in the 

full development of the adventitious series. 

Klamathites schucherti is chosen as the type of a 

new genus because of the striking differences between 

this group and all others of the Pinacoceratoidea. 

Nanled in honor of Prof. Charles Schuchert. 

Occurrence: Rare in the upper beds (Juvavites subzone) of the zone of Tropites subb1lZZatus in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone, North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Klamathites kellyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXIII, Figures 1-5 

Form involute, na~rowly umbilicate, discoidal, 

strongly com!'ressed laterally, deeply embracing, and 

deeply impressed by the inner whorls. . Venter narrow 

and slightly convex at maturity. Surface nearly 

smooth, with weak lateral folds aiInost obsolete at 

maturity. Body chamber apparently short. Septa 

complex, thoroughly ammonitic, of the brachyphylloid 

type, with principal, auxiliary, and adventitious lobes, 

the latter formed by subdivision of the external saddle. 

Klamathites kellyi is closely related to Klamathites 

schucherti Smith, from which it differs in slightly larger 

size and in much greater complexity of septa, which 

are less lanceolate and more digitate than those of 

I(lamathites schucherti at the same size. It differs 

from Fremontites ashZeyi Hyatt and Smith in weaker 

s~ulpture and greater complexity of septa. 

Named for its occurrence near Kelly's ranch, .which 

has been for many years the central point for all 

geologic work in that region. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the upper beds (Jllvavites subzone) of the 

Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, and in the same 

beds at the nbrth end and west side of Brock Mountain, 

Squaw Creek, .5 miles north of the forestry station, in 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus FREMONTITES Smith, n. gen. 

Type.-" Ha1lerites" ashZeyi Hyatt and Smith. 

Form involute, narrowly umbilicate, laterally conlpressed, high and narrow whorled, sides flattened, and 

venter narrow, biangulate, and channeled. Surface 

with low, curved folds. Body chamber short. Septa 

nl0derately complex, with short and little-divided 

adventitious series of lobes, which are formed by subdivision of the original e~:ternallobe. 

Fl'emonti.tes differs from KZamathites in the greater 

simplicity of septa, the weak subdivision of the principal lateral lobe, and the shorter adventitious series. 

The septa are much less lanceolate and more like those 

of typical N oritidae. The position of the genus issO).newhat between KZamathites and Hauerites, but it has 

more resemblance to the parent LanceoZites than has 

either of those genera. 

The type species, Fremontites ashleyi, was erroneously assigned to Hauerites by Hyatt and Smith,S3 

but new material found later shows different generic 

characters and necessitates founding a new genus. 

Named in memory of the "Pathfinder" of California, Gen. John C. Fremont. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbuZlatus, Trachyceras 

subzone, Shasta County, Calif. 

,Fremontites ashleyi (Hyatt and Smith) 

Plate XXVII, Figures 10-12; Plate LXIII, Figures 6-21 

1905. H auerites ashleyi. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic' 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 104, pI. 38, figs. 10-12. 

83 Hyatt, Alpheus, and Smith, J. P., The 'l'riassic cephalopod genera o( America: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 104, 1906. 
PIN ACOCERATOIDEA 

Involute, discoidal, laterally compressed. Whorl 

high, with flattened convex sides and narrow venter, 

slightly concave, bounded by sharp n1arginal shoulder 

angles. Deeply en1bracing and deeply indented by 

the inner whorl. Umbilicus narrow, almost closed, 

not exposing any of the interior volutions. The 

height of the whorl is three-fifths of t.he total diameter, 

and the width is half the height. It is indented to 

slightly 1110re thal~ one-third of the height by the inner 

whorl. The width of the venter between the marginal 

angles is 2.5 nlillirneters on a specimen 40 millimeters 

in dian1eter. The surface is ornall1ented with rather 

strong sigll10idal ribs and parallel cross striae that 

bend sharply forward in the middle of the flanks and 

then backward toward the abdominal shoulders, where 

they again curve forward, slightly crenulating the 

shoulder angles. The septa are ammonitic but are 

very little above the ceratitic stage of development, 

the lobes being only slightly digitate and the saddles' 

slightly serrated. The external lobe is divided by 

secondary saddles into a series of adventitious lobes, 

all short and acute; the first lateral is long and wide, 

somewhat digitate, the second lateral is much smaller 

and siInpler. The au..xiliary lobe is divided into several small lobes. 

Fremo'ntites ashZeyi is 1110st nearly related to Hauerites 

a,esc'lJ,Zal)ii Mojsisovics but differs in its flatter and 

broader venter, shallower ventral furrow, weaker 

crenulation of the marginal shoulder angles, and less 

cOlnplex septa. Also in Hauerites aescuZapii the first 

lateral saddle is unsystematically divided, which is 

not its condition in Fremontites ashZeyi. 

This species is similar to KZamathites schucherti but 

differs in the less distinctly lanceolate lobes and in the 

111uch shorter adventitious series. It also resembles 

Haue1'ites Zawsoni, with which it is associated, but is 

Inore robust and larger and has simpler digitation of 

the septa. 

The species was erroneously assigned to Hauerites 

by lIyatt and Smith; further study and the finding of 

I1101'e Inaterial have shown the writer that it is not a 

typical Ilauerites but that it differs sufficiently to serve 

as type of a new genus of the same family. 

Occurrence: Fremontites ashZeyi was found in the 

Upper Triassic I-Iosselkus limestone, in the zone of 

TrOl)ites subbuZZatus, Trachyceras subzone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, in the limestone beds on the divide 

between Squaw Creek nnd Pit River, half a mile north 

of the trail across the divide, in Shasta County, Calif. 

Family' PINACOCERATIDAE Mojsisovics 

Genus PINACOCERAS Mojsisovics 

1873, Pinacoceras, Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstti.tter Kalke: IC-k. ge.ol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, p. 65. 

1882. P·inacoceras. MOjsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Tl'iasprovinz: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 10, p. 195. 

1902. Pinacoceras. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 293. 

1906. Pinacoceras. Diener, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of 

Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 161. 

Forms strongly compressed, involute, discoidal. 

Venter acutely carinate. Surface either smooth or 

with weak folds .. Body chamber short. Septa very 

deeply and finely digitate, with complex development 

of the adventitious and the auxiliary series of lobes. 

This genus occurs in the Upper Triassic of the Alps 

and the Himalayas and in America is represented by a 

single species that is common to those two regions. 

Pinacoceras rex Mojsisovics 

Plate LXII, Figures 18-20; Plate CIII, Figures 13, 14 

1873. Pinacoceras ·rex. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, p. 65, pI. 23, figs. 8, 9. 

1906. Pinacoceras rex. Diener, India Geol. Survey Meni., 

Palaeontologia Indica,. ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 164, 

pI. 14, fig. 4. 

Involute, laterally compressed, thin, acute venter. 

Surface n~arly smooth, with very weak, low, radial 

folds. Umbilicus moderately wide. Septa of the exceedingly complex pinacoceran type, with numerous 

adventitious and auxiliary lobes, all deeply digitate. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the' upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Ieelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif.; it is associated with Tropites weZZeri 

J"!vavites subinterruptus, Ho~erites semigZobosus, HaZo~ b~a superba, and other speCIes. It was also found at 

the same horizon in the Tyrolian Alps, near Hallstatt, 

Austria; also in the Tropites limestone of Byans, in 

the Himalayas, India. It was somewhat doubtfully 

identified from the Juvavites subzone of Admiralty 

Island, Alaska, at locality 8848, a point at the north 

entrance to Herring Bay, where it is associated with 

a fauna identical with that of the Hosselkus limestone of Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus DIENERIA Hyatt and Smith 

1905 .. Dieneria. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

. genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 105. 

Type.-Dieneria arthaberi 'Hyatt and Smith. 

Involute, laterally compressed, discoidal, deeply 

embracing whorls deeply indented ~ by the inner 

volutions. Sides flattened, venter narrow, with angular margins, and without furrow or keel. Umbilicus 

very narrow, exposing but little of the inner whorls. 

Surface smooth, ornamented only with flexuous lines 

of growth. Septa very simple, just in the transition 

from the goniatitic to the ceratitic stage. The 

external lobe is divided by a shallow siphonal notch;' 

the first lateral lobe is broad, shallow, and slightly 
76 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

serrated; the second lateral is smaller and entire; 

following this the septum runs in a nearly straight line 

to the umbilical suture, with the auxiliary lobes 

indicated only by undulations. 

This genus resembles greatly Ambites Waagen, from 

which it differs in the slightly serrated first lateral 

lobe, which in Ambites is entire. The young are exactly like Ambites. 

Dieneria is known only from the Upper Triassic 

zone of Tropites subbullatus, of Shasta County, Calif., 

where it is represented by a single species. 

Dieneria arthaberi Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XXXVII, Figures 13-16; Plate LXXXI, Figures 10-25 

1905. Dieneria arthaberi. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof.. Paper 40, p. 106, pI. 37, figs. 13-16; pI. 81, 

figs. 10-25. 

Form involute, discoidal, laterally compressed. 

Whorl high and increasing rapidly in height; deeply 

embracing and deeply indented by the inper whorls. 

Umbilicus very narrow, almost closed, exposing only 

the umbilical shoulders of the inner whorls. Sides 

almost flat; venter narrow and flat, bounded by angular 

margins; without ventral furrow or keel. The heigh~ 

of the whorl is seven-twelfths of the total diameter, 

and the width is about one-third of the height. The 

indentation or involution is less than one-third of the 

height of the whorl. The surface is smooth and is 

ornamented only with fine flexuous cross striae of 

growth. Septa very simple; only the first lateral lobe 

is slightly serrated, and all the other lobes and the 

saddles are entire. The external lobe is divided by a 

shallow siphonal notch in to two small branches; the 

first lateral is broader, deeper, and weakly serrated; 

the second lateral is small and entire; the auxiliary 

series is represented l;>y a nearly straight. line, with 

only slight undulations on the flank just above the 

umbilicus. 

The young of this species is more robust than the 

mature shell and has rounded venters, without abdominal marginal angles. The septa are goniatitic, 

like those of Ambites Waagen, toward which it may be 

reversionary. Dieneria arthaberi has a strong external 

resemblance to Fremontites ashleyi Hyatt and Smith 

but differs in its less complex septa and in the absence 

of lateral ribs and abdominal furrow. 

The abdominal angles appear at a diameter of 3.5 

nlillimeters, and the first lateral lobe becOlnes serrated 

at a diameter of 8 millimeters. 

The young stages of Hauerites are like the mature 

forms of Dieneria, and both genera in the young stages 

resemble also Beneckeia tenuis Seebach, but the mature 

form of Dieneria arthaberi differs from that species 

in lacking a ventral keel and in having the septa 

simpler. In Beneckeia both the first and the second 

lateral lobes are serrated, and the auxiliary series has 

distinct lobes. 

The genus Ambites, to which the young stages of 

Dieneria are compared, is assigned by Waagen to the 

Noritidae, but the writer thinks this group should be 

assigned to the Pinacoceratidae. 

Dimensions of a young specimen of Dieneria arthaberi in the 

A mbites stage 

[See Plate LXXXI, figs. 15-18] 

Millimeters 

Diameter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. 60 

Height of last whorL ____________________ 1. 92 

Height of last whorl from preceding ________ 1. 48 

Width of last whorL ____________________ 1.24 

Involution_ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ ____ ____ __ ___ _ _ _ _ . 44 

Width of umbilicus______________________ .72 

Dimensions of the type specimen of Dieneria arthaberi . 

Millimeters 

Diameter _____________________________ :.. 15 

Height of last whorL____________________ 8.5 

Height' of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 

Width of last whorL____________________ 2.7 

Involution_ _ __ __ ____ ___ _ _ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. 5 

Width of umbilicus _____________________ 2 

Occurrence: Dieneria arthaberi was found by the 

writer in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras subzone, 

3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on the divide between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, half a mile north of the 

trail from Madison's to Brock's ranch, in Shasta 

County, Calif. It was associated 'with a large nlunber 

of typical species of the upper Karnic fauna. 

Genus PLACITES Mojsisovics 

1896. Placites. Mojsisovics, Ueber den chronologischen Umfang des Dachsteinkalkes: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 105, pt. 1, p. 18. 

1896. Placites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Fauna des Himalaya: R .. 

Akad. 'Viss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 63, p. 663. 

1905. Placites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod. 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40,. 

p.l07. 

Type.-Group of Pinacoceras platyphyllum Mojsi~o-· 

vics. 

Form involute, laterally compressed, discoidal,. 

whorls deeply embracing and deeply indented by the· 

inner volutions; sides flattened, venter narrow and. 

rounded. Surface smooth, destitute of all ornamentation. Septa complex, digitate, with an external lobe, 

two principal lateral lobes, and a series of auxiliaries. 

At maturity the external lobe is secondarily divided 

into a short adventitious series. 

This genus is characteristic of the Upper Triassic of 

the Mediterranean and Oriental regions. It began in 

the Karnic stage but became much more common in 

the N oric. In America it is represented by a single 

species, in beds of N oric age in Nevada. 
CEIL\TIIOIDL\ 77 

Placites humboldtensis Hyatt and Smith 

Plate LVI, li'igures 10-25 

1905. Placitas h1~mboldtensis. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Swrvey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 107, p1. 56, figs. 10-25. 

Involute, discoidal, laterally compressed; whorl high 

and narrow, increasing rapidly in height, deeply embracing, and deeply indented by the inner volutions; 

venter narrow and rounded. Surface smooth. Length 

of body chamber unknown. Septa complex, deeply 

digitate, showing an external lobe, two principal lobes, 

and a short auxiliary series. The external lobe is 

divided into small branches that Inight be termed an 

adventitious series, but the septa do not resemble 

those of the undoubted Pinacoceratoidea, and the 

species 11lay have to be removed from that group. 

Pl(wites humbolcltensis Hyatt and Smith is a very 

near ally of Placites sahtntala Mojsisovics,84 of the 

Noric stage of India, but differs from that species in 

the greater cOlnplexity and deepe)' digitation of the 

lobes and saddles. 

D'imensions of the type specimen of Placites hwrnboldtensis 

Millimeters 

Diameter __________________________ .. ___ 27 

:Height of last whorL ____________________ 16 

Height of last whorl from preceding _______ 11 

Width of last whorL ___________ '" ________ 7.5 

Invoiution _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ 5 

'Vidth of umbilicus______________________ 0 

Occurrence: Upper part (Pse'l.ldomonotis zone) of 

Star Peak formation, Muttleberry Canyon, West 

I-Iumboldt Mountains, on road 8 miles southeast of 

Lovelocks, Nev., associated with PSe'l.ldomonotis s'l.l-bCi1'C'l.tlm'is Gabb, Arcestes andersoni, Rh(tbdoceras russelli I-Iyatt, and Il(tlorites american?)'s I-Iyatt. 

Subord'er CERATITOIDEA 

Forn1 evolute or involute, laterally compressed; 

body chamber usually short but long in some genera; 

surface in 1110St specilnens ornamented with ribs, in 

some specilnens with knots or spines. Septa goniatitic in S0111e primitive forn1s, ceratitic in most, and 

anullonitic in a few highly specialized genera. 

As recognized in this paper the group of Ceratitoiclea corresponds to the group as est,ablished by 

I-Iyatt and Sn1ith 85 with the addition of the Phyllocel'atidae, as Arthaber 86 has shown that }'!onophyllites 

comes fro)n the Xenocliscidae. 

The Ceratitoidea Inust have been ultimately derived from the Gephyroceratidae of the Devonian, as 

shown by the writer 87 in several papers. -~ ... '._ .. ---------_._----------------- 81 MoJ5lsovlcs, 1':. von, Beitrtlge zur Kenntniss der obertriadlschen Cephalopoden-Faunon dl's Himalaya: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 665, 

pI. 10, figs. 3-5, 1806. 

~~ Hyatt, Alpheus, and Smith, J. P., '1'ho Triassic cephalopod genel:a of America: 

U. S. 0001. Survoy Prof. Papor 40, p. 30, 1006. 

60 Arthabor, O. von, Die 'l'rillS VOIl Albanien: Beltr. Pal!1ontologie Oesterr.-

Ungarns II. dcs Orlonts, Band 24, p. 232, HHl. 

81 Smith, J. P., Acceleration of dovelopment in fossil Cephalopoda: Leland 

St.anford Junior Unlv. Pub., uni\'. ser., p. 21,1014; U. S. Oeol. Survey Prof. Paper 

83, pp. 65 et seq., 1014. 

Under the Ceratitoidea are included the Ceratitidae, 

the Hungaritidae, the Meekoceratidae, the Gymnitidae, the Xenodiscidae, and the Phylloceratidae. 

Only the Ceratitidae and the Phylloceratirlae occur 

in the Upper Triassic of North An1erica. 

Family CERATITIDAE Mojsisovics 

Represented in the Upper Triassic of ~orth America 

by Trachyceras, Sirenites, Arpadites, Olionites, Da'Wsonites, Sandlingites, Tirolites (JletatiroZites) , PolycycZus, 

Ohoristoceras, Thisbites, and Rhabdoceras. 

The phylogeny of the Ceratitidae has been treated 

fully by the '''Titer 88 elsewhere, so there is no need of 

repetition here. 

Arthaber 89 names but does not describe a family 

1'rachyceratidae. As this group is not characterized, 

it is not possible to use it, for there is no idea as to 

what would be its limits. Eventually, of course, 

the Ceratitidae will be subdivided into families or 

subfamilies, but the n1aterial in the hands of the 

writer is not sufficient for such a critical revision as 

would be necessary. 

Genus TRACHYCERAS Laube 

1869. Tmchycems. Laube, Ueber Ammonites aon Mi.inster und 

dessen Verwandte: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., 

Band 59, Abt. 1, p. 7. 

1877. Tmchycems. Meek, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Expl. 40th 

Par. Rept., vol. 4, p. 116. 

1879. Tmchycems. Mojsisovics, VorHiufige kurze Uebersicht 

del' Ammoniten-Gattungen del' Mediterranen und 

Juvavischen Trias: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 'Vi en 

Verb., p. 140. 

1882. Tmchycems (part). Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden det' 

Mediterranen Triasprovinz: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Abh., Band 10, p. 93. 

1889. Tmchycems. Hyatt, in Whiteaves, Fossils of the Triassic 

rocks of British Columbia: Canada Geol. Survey, 

ContI'. Canadian Palaeontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 142. 

[=Dawsonites Boehm.J 

1893. Tmchycems. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden del' Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 'Vien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 617. 

1895. Tmchycems. Mojsisovics, Beitriige zur Kenntniss del' 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wicn Denkschr., Band 63, p. 646. 

1898. Protmchycems. Tornquist, Neuere Beitriige zur Geologie 

und Palaontologie del' Umgebung von Recoaro und 

Schio in Venetien: Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., 

Band 50, Heft 4, p. 659. 

1903. Tmchycems. Frech, Neue Cephalopoden aus den Buchensteiner, Wengener und Raibler Schichten des si.idlichen 

Bakony: Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung 

des Balatonsees, Band I, Theil 1, p. 21. ' 

1904. Tmchycems. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of 

the marine Trias of western America: California Acad. 

Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 387. 

1905. Tmchycems. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

geIlera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p. 191. . 

S8 Smith, J. P., The Middle TrillSsic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: 

U. S. Oeo1. Survey Prof. Paper 83, pp. 65 et seq" 1914. 

ED Arthaber, O. von, Die Trias von Albanien: Beitr. Pal!1ontologie Oesterr.- I Ungarns u, des Orients, Band 24, p. 178, 1911. 

• 
78 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

1907. Trachyceras. Diener, The fauna of the Himalayan 

Muschelkalk: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, 15th ser., vol. 5, No.2, p. 94. 

1913. Trachyceras. Simionescu, Fauna Amonitilor Triasici de 

la Hagighiol (Dobrogea): Academia Romana Pub. 34, 

p.295. 

1914. Trachyceras. Smith, The'Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 83, p. 127. 

Subgenus PROTRACHYCERAS Mojsisovics 

1893. Protrachyceras. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt W ien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 618. 

1896. Protrachyceras. Mojsisovics,· Beitrage zur Kenntniss de:r: 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himaluy'a: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 63, p. 646. 

1898. Protrachyceras. Tornquist, Neuere Beitrage zur Geologie 

und Palaontologie der Umgebung von Recoaro und 

Schio in Venetien: Deutsche geol. Gesell.' Zeitschr., 

Band 50, p. 659. 

1904. Protiachyceras. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of 

the marine Trias of western America: California Acad. 

Sci. Proc., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 387. 

1905. Protrachyceras. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 193. 

1914. Protrachyceras. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine 

invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 83, p. 121. 

No type is expressly given by Mojsisovics for this 

subgenus, but the species first mentioned is Trachyceras chiesense Mojsisovics,D° which is merely afragment 

and could hardly have been the typical form in the 

mind of the author. The first form described under 

the new subgenus was Protrachyceras rudolphi Mojsisovics,ot which is much more characteristic, but even· 

this species is not well known. 

Studies by the writer, Diener, Philippi, and others, 

show that Trachyceras is probably a polyphyletic 

genus, and that one set of species came from the 

Tirolites stock and the other probably from Meekoceras. The stock from which came Trachyceras aon, 

the type of the genus, is not known. The American 

species seem to have come from the Meekoceras branch 

as far as can be determined by their reversions toward 

primitive types, but the Olionites species associated 

with them are invariably reversionary toward Tirolites. 

Trachyceras is represented in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbul~atusJ 

Trachyceras subzone, in Shasta County, Calif., by 

several very fine species, which form a series or 

," gross Art" and which suggest complete intergradation, although the extremes are as unlike each other 

as it is possible for species in the same genus to be. 

The species of Trachyceras in the American Upper 

Triassic are arranged in a series that begins with the 

lllOSt compressed and discoidal form and, ends with 

the most robust. They all occur together in the same 

vO Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 10, p. 95, pI. 34, fig. 4, 1882. 

QI Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstlltter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, HIlUte ~ p. 623, pI. 166, figs. 2, 3, 1893. 

bed and therefore do not represent an evolutionary 

series but forms that have departed in different 

degrees from the 'ancestral type or that have reverted 

in different degrees toward that type. Of these the 

compressed forms are most 'specialized and least 

primitive, although they are more strongly reversionary toward the ancient and primitive ancestor Meekoceras. The more :robust and coarsely sculptured 

fonus are more primitive and are closer to the immediate ancestors in the Ladinic stage, when Trachyceras 

was at its height of development. The series of 

species is arranged as follows: 

Trachyceras lecontei Hyatt and Smith (compressed). 

shastense Smith (compressed). 

madisonense Smith (somewhat compressed). 

lindgreni Smith (intermediate). 

beckeri Smith (rugose and robust). 

californicum Smith (very robust). 

Trachyceras storrsi SmIth, which is probably robust, 

occurs in lower beds and does not belong in the series. 

The occurrence of typical species of Trachyceras in 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus is an anomaly, for in 

the Mediterranean region the two faunas never occur 

together. This anomaly may be explained by Trachyceras living later in the California province or by 

Tropites appearing earlier. As the writer has shown 

that Tropites was probably endemic in the California 

region, the latter explanation is probably correct. 

At any rate there can be no doubt about the occurrence 

together of Tropites and Trachyceras, for the writer 

has frequently collected them in the same hand 

specimen. 

Trachyceras (P"rotrachyceras) lecontei Hyatt and Smith 

Plate VI, Figure 1; Plate XLIV, Figures I, 2; Plate XLV, 

Figures 1-9; Plate XLVI, Figures 1-15 

1905. Trachyceras (Protrachycera~) lecontei. Hyatt and Smith, 

The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 194, pI. 44, figs. I, 2; 

pI. 45, figs. 1-9; pI. 46, figs. 1-15. 

Form' discoidal, involute, laterally compressed. 

Whorls narrow, high, deeply embracing but not 

deeply indented by the inner volutions. Umbilical 

shoulders abruptly rounded, inner walls steep, umbilicus narrow, exposing very little of the inner 

whorls. Sides flattened, with the greatest width just 

above the shoulders, sloping 'with gentle convexity 

up to the margin. Venter very narrow, slightly 

flattened, and with shallow median furrow, bounded 

by a row of small tubercles. The height of the whorl 

is more than twice its width and nearly three-fifths of 

the total diameter. The whorl is indented to onefourth Qf its height by the inner volution and conceals 

two-thirds of this volution. The width of the umbilicus of the adult is about one-eighth of the total 

diameter of the shell, whereas that of the adolescent 

. stages is much narrower proportionally, being only 

about one-tenth. 
CERATITOIDEA 79 

The surface is ornamented with very fine fOI;wardcurving radial ribs and coarser spiral ridges. These 

ridges number about twelve on the sides and form small 

tubercles where they cross the radial ribs. These 

spiral rows of tubercles are closer together near the' 

ventral margin than on the flanks. On the umbilical 

shoulders there is a row of somewhat coarser knots. 

The septa are anlmonitic, the lobes and saddles 

deeply digit'ate. The external lobe is divided by a 

small siphonal saddle into two short and broad divisions; the first lateral is broad tlnd deep; the second 

lateral is similar 'in shape to the first but much shorter 

and not so deeply digitate. The alL"'Ciliary is broad and 

shallow, with several divisions. The external saddle 

is somewhat narrower than the first lateral lobe and 

long; the second is sonlewhat longer but not so deeply 

divided. The alL"'Ciliary saddle is shorter and broader 

in proportion to its length. The antisiphonal lobe is 

long and naTr'ow and is flanked by three internal 

laterals on each side. , 

The earlier lal'~7al stages are smooth, the radial ribs 

beginning as fine folds at a diameter of about 2.5 

Inillimeters. The spiral rows of tubercles appear at a 

diameter of 4 millimeters, at first with only a few rows 

nnd the tubercles wide apart. 

The septa begin to be allullonitic at a diameter of 4 

millimeters, there being no ceratitic stage intervening 

between the gcniatitic and the H,nnllonitic stages of 

deyelopmen t. 

Until the appeara.nce of the spiral rows of tubercles 

the whorls are evolute, low, and broad, but at this 

stage they begin to be involute and laterally COlllpressed. 

Dimensions oj some S1Jccimens oj Trachyceras lecontei 

I;m tel' _____________________ 3. 91 Diame 

Height 

Height 

of ia,Rt whorL ___________ 

of last whorl from precedi! 19---------------------- Width 

Involll 

Width 

of last whorL ___________ tion ____________________ 

of lImhiliclls _____________ 

2. 04 

1. 70 

2. 46 

.34 

.76 

_21_3_ 4 5 

Mm, Mm. Mm. Mm. 

5 8.3 12 26 

3.3 4.5 7 15 

2. 5 3.6 5 12.5 

3 4. 5 5.5 10 

.8 .9 2 2. 5 

1 1.4 1.7 2.5 

6 

Mm. 

40 

23.5 

18 

13 

5.5 

4 

Dimens'ions and mtios of type specimens of Trachyceras lecontei 

[Sec PI. XLIV, figs. 1, 21 

I 

Dimensionsl 

(mill i- Uatios 

meters) 

.-. --------·------:..1----1----

Diameter _____________________________ _ 

Height of last whorL ___________________ _ 

Height of last whorl from preceding ______ _ Width of last whorL ___________________ _ Involu~on ____________________________ _ 

Width of umbilicus ________ ~ __ ... _________ _ 

141 

83 

60 

41 

23 

14 

1 

.59 

.42 

.29 

.17 

.10 

Trachyceras Zecontei resembles Trachyceras attila 

Mojsisovics 112 but differs from that species in its 

G2 MoJslsovlcs, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstl1tter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reiehsanstnlt W10n Abh., Band 6, Hl1lfte 2, p. 633, pI. 169, figs. 6-9; pI. 170, figs. I, 2,1893. 

greater lateral compression, finer sculpture, more complex septa, and narrower umbilicus. 

Occurrence: Trachyceras lecontei is not uncommon 

in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the 

Tropites subbullatus zone, Trachyceras subzone, 3 

Iniles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, half a mile north of the trail from Madison's to Brock's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. It is 

associated with Tropites subbuZlatus, Paratropites sellai, 

Discotropites sandlingensis, Halobia ~uperba, and many 

other species characteristic of this horizon. In the 

same bed were found several other species of Trachyceras, all apparently new but nearly related to Alpine 

forms. 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) beckeri Smith, n. sp. 

Plate IV, Figures 1-8 

Form at maturity robust, 'thick set, with broadly 

rounded venter, involute, deeply embracing. Surface 

with coarse ribs and strong, spiral rows of spines. 

Body chamber short. 'Septa deeply digitate. 

In youth laterally compressed, with very fine rows 

of spiral lines that form weak knots on the low radial 

ribs .. At 111aturity the form and sculpture are very 

like those of Trachyceras californicum and in youth 

like Trachyceras shastense. The change is sudden, 

and the growth of Trachyceras becken forms a sharp 

contrast to that Qf the other two species mentioned. 

Trachyceras shastense is uniformly rather compressed 

and finely sculptured from youth to old age, and 

Trachyceras californicum is equally uniformly robust 

and coarse through life. The suddenness of the change 

suggests reversion from the highly specialized type of 

Trachyceras shastense to the primitive type of Trachyceras californicum, although all three species were 

collected from the same bed. This species probably 

shows a prolongation of ontogeny. 

Named in memory of Dr. G. F. Becker. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It was 

associated with Tropites subbullatus, Paratropites 

sellai, Discotropites sandlingensis, Trachyceras calijornicum, Proclydonautilus triadicus, Iialobia superba, 

and other forms. 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) caUfornictim Smith, n. sp. 

Plate I, Figures 1, 2; Plate II, Figures 1-7 

Large, robust, involute, with gently convex sides, 

rounded shoulders, arched venter with deep furrow. 

Surface with radial ribs branching in pairs on the 

unlbilicus and a second time on the ventral shoulders; 

spiral roWs of spines alternating in size from umbilicus 

to Yenter, three rows on the flanks and tW9 rows on 

the ventral slope being filier than the others; the 
80 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVE~TEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

coarse spines lie in five rows, four on the sides, and 

one on the border of the ventral furrow,:,' Rather 

fine spiral lines connect the spines and give a beautifully cancellate appearance to the outer' shell. The 

ribs become strong and the spines weak at maturity. 

There are 14 umbilical knots and about twice as many 

shoulder knots to a revolution.' The spiral rows or 

lines are about 10 in number, fornling spines where 

they cross the ribs. Numerous -intercalary ribs alternate with the primary series. Body chamber about 

two-thirds of a revolution in length. Septa deeply 

digitate, with long and wide external lobe, a larger 

first lateral, a somewhat smaller second lateral, and 

large well-developed auxiliary lobe, all lobes and 

saddles being rather deeply divided by many secondary branches. 

In youth the spines are much stronger and the'shell 

Inore rugose than at maturity, which gives some 

suggestion of Nevadites as the possible ancestor. 

Dimensions of the type specimen of.Trachyceras calif01'nicum 

Millimeters 

Diarneter _______________________________ 170 

Height of last whorL___ _ _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 90 

Width of last whorL _________ '_____________ 63 

Involution_ _ _ ___ ____ ___ __ __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 18 

Width of urnbilicus_______________________ 26 

The height of the whorl is more than half th~ 

total diameter, the width is two-thirds of the height, 

and the inner whorl is embraced to two-thirds of its 

height by the outer. The umbilicus is narrow for 

this group-less than one-six:th of the diameter of the 

shell. 

Trachyceras californicum is neare$t to Trachyceras 

gredleri Mojsisovics 93 but is distinguished by its greater 

involution, greater lateral compression, and stronger 

ribs and spines. It is distinguished from Trachyceras 

ladinum Mojsisovics 94 by its more robust whorl 

and coarser sculpture and is somewhat intermediate 

between the two Mediterranean species. 

Trachyceras californicum is distinguished from 

Trachyceras lindgreni by its greater involution and 

coarser spines. These differen,ces persist even in 

youth, for Trachyceras californicum is robust and 

rugose even at a very small size, but in the other 

American species of robust Trachyceras the young 

stages show much weaker sculpture. 

Occurrence:, This species was found by the writer 

in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the 

lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites 

subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, at 

the south end of Brock Mountain, about halfway 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. I t was in the same bed with Tropites subbullatus, Paratropites sellai, Discotropites sandlingensis, 

93 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. 

Oeol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 10, p, 117, pIs. 17, 18, 1882. 

Ql Idem, p. 125. 

Sagenites herbichi, Proclydonautilus triadicus, Clionites 

jairbanksi, Halobia superba, and many other species 

characteristic of this horizon. Either Trachyceras 

lived longer in the California province, or else, as 

the writer believes, Tropites appeared there earlier 

than it did in the Mediterranean region. In Europe 

Trachyceras does not OCClli' along with Tropites, but 

on Brock Mountain the writer repeatedly found them 

both in the same hand specimen, and at each place 

unmistakably in the same bed. 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) Iindgreni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate III, Figures 1-6 

Form large, robust, involute, narrowly unlbilicate, 

with flattened sides, rounded venter, and deep furrow. 

Whorls deeply embracing and rather deeply indented 

by the inner whorls. Surface shows rather fine radial 

ribs and fine rows of knots instead of spines on the 

shell, alternating irregularly, in some places with two '" 

intermediate finer rows instead of one. Also the 

ribs do not bend forward at the ventral shoulder knots. 

The body chamber is about two-thirds of a revolution 

in length. The septa are deeply digitate, as in all 

this group of Trachyceras, very like those of Trachyceras calijornicum. 

Trachyceras lindgreni is intermediate between Trachyceras madisonense and Trachyceras californicum, 

with which it is associated; more robust and with 

coarser sculpture than Trachyce'J'as madisonense; lnore 

compressed and with weaker spines and ribs than 

Trachyceres californicum. I t is also somewhat similar 

to Trachyceras ladinum Mojsisovics, of the Mediterranean region but differs in the details of its surface 

sculpture, as will be seen from the figures. 

Nmned in honor of Prof. Waldemar Lindgren. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone,at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It was 

associated with Tropites, ' subbullatus, Paratropites 

sellai, Clionites jai'J'banksi, Proclydonautilus triadicus, 

Halobia superba, and many: other species characteristic 

of this horizon. ' 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) madisonense Smith, n. sp. 

Plate VI, Figures 2-14 

Form moderately robust, somewhat compressed 

laterally, involute, narrowly umbilicate, with flattened 

sides and rather narrow arched venter. Surface 

with fine radial ribs a;nd medium-sized knots arranged 

in spiral rows. Septa digitate but not deeply so. 

Body chamber short. 

Trachyceras madisonense is intermediate between 

Trachyceras shastense and Trachyceras lindgreni. It 
CERATITOIDEA 81 

is 111 ore robust and 1110re coarsely sculptured than 

Tl'achyceras madisOne?lSe and is nlore conlpressed and 

less strongly ornamented with ribs and spines than 

T1'achyce1'os Zindgreni. It is also a smaller species 

than either of those. 

N a1ned for Madison's ranch, for n1any years the 

starting point for geologic work in this region. 

Occurrence: Not unCOll1n10n in the Upper Triassic 

Ifosselkus limestone, in the lower horizon (T1'achyceras subzone) of the Trol)ites subbullatus zone, 3 miles 

east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. It was associated with T1'opites subbuZlatus, 

Pa1'at1'opites sellai, Discot'l'opites san dlingen sis , Trachyce1'as ca,lijo1'nicum, Clionites jairbanksi, Proclydonautilus t1viadicus, I-Ialobia supe1'ba, and other species. 

Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) shastense Smith 

Plate V, Figures 1-19 

1904. 'l'rachyceras (Protrachyceras) shas/.ense. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of the marine Trias of western 

America: California Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., \;01. 

1, p. 301, pI. 46, figs. 9, Oa; pI. 48, figs. 3, 4. 

Fonl1 involute, subrobust, laterally conlpressed, 

whorls deeply en1bracing and deeply indented by the 

inner volutions. Sides flattened, venter narrow and 

rounded, with shallow ventral furrow. Un1bilicus 

llanow, exposing only the umbilical shoulders of the 

inner whorls. The height of the whorl is 1110re than 

half the diameter, and the width is two-thirds of the 

~eight; the whorl is impressed to 1110re than one-fourth 

of its height by the inner volution. The width of 

the mnbilicus is slightly n10re than one-seventh of the 

total diaIneter of the shell. The surface is orna-· 

Inented with fine dichotomous falcoid radial ribs and 

'fine spiral rows of knots on the ribs. There are about 

eleven of the spiral rows of knots, which are rudimentary spilles. As the shell grows older the number of 

rows is augmented by intercalating secondary rows, 

smaller than the primary. The row of spines bordering the '7entrnl furrow .is the coarsest, as in most of the 

Trachycerata. 

Tl'achyceras shastense is most nearly related to 

Tl'achyceras lecontei, with which it is associated, 

but differs fronl it in the nlore robust whorl and coarser 

sculpture; the radial ribs are coarser and the spiral 

rows of knots are coarser and fewer. It differs from 

Tl'achycer(t,s attila Mojsisovics in being less robust 

and in its finer sculpture and also in its nlore complex 

septa. . 

Occurrence: Rather con1mon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the lower horizon (Trachyce1YhS 

subzone) of the T1'olJites subbullatus zone, 3 miles 

east of ~1adison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Trachycerus (Protrachyceras) storrsi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate VII, Figures 1-4 

Form large, robust, involute, deeply embracing. 

Surface with coarse curved bifurcating ribs and six 

to seven spiral rows of coarse knots on the ribs. 

In youth the ribs are much finer, with n10re numerous 

and smaller spines. Septa and length of body chan1-

ber unknown. 

Trachyceras storrsi resembles Trachyceras gredleri 

Mojsisovics, but the state of preservation prevents 

nearer comparison, for Trachyce1'as storrsi is known 

only in compressed casts in slates. 

Named in honor of James Storrs, who assisted 

J. S. Diller in his work in northern California. . 

Occurren~e: V~ry common in the Upper Triassic 

]Ialobia rugosa zone of the Pit 'shale, about 200 feet 

below the Hosselkus limestone, 3 miles east of MadIson's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus SIRENITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Sirenites. lVIojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden del' Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, HaUte 2, p. 725. 

1896. Sirenites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss del' obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wi en Denkschr., vol. 63, p. 649. 

1905. Sirenites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 193. 

Type.-Ammonites sentico5US Dittmar.95 

Involute, robust, laterally compressed, deeply embracing, and deeply indented by the inner whorls. 

Sides flattened convex; whorls high and increasing 

rapidly in height. Venter broad, with somewhat 

abrupt abdominal shoulders and distinct ventral 

furrow. Sculpture consists of strong ribs that start 

out from the umbili9uS and run nearly straight or 

with sign10idal bend to the abdominal shoulders, 

where they bifurcate on strong knots and then bend 

sharply forward. There are also spiral rows of knots 

or spines on the lateral ribs. Thesep.ta are ammonitic, 

like those of Trachyceras, from whic1? Sirenites d\ffers 

in the bifurcation of the ribs and the forward bending 

at the knots on the abdominal shoulders. The body 

chamber is short, and the other characters like those 

of Trachyceras or Protrachyceras, from which latter 

group Mojsisovics supposes Sirenites to have been 

derived. The various subgenera of this genus are 

not represented in the American region, so it is unnecessary to discuss them. 

Sirenites is characteristic of the Upper Triassic 

and N oric stages. In America it is known only in the 

zone of Tropites subbulZat'Us. The species described 

below is the only one known in the United States. 

g~ Dittmar, A. von, Zur Fauna der Hallst1itter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., 

Oeognostische-palaeontologische Beitrlige, Band 1, p. 375; pI. 17, figs. 8, 9,1866. 
,82 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRA'rE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Sirenites lawsoni Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLVI, Figures 16,17; Plate XLVII, Figures 1-9 

1905. Sirenites lawsoni. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 198, pI. 46, figs. 16, 17; pI. 47, 

figs. 1-9. 

Involute, robust, somewhat compressed laterally. 

Whorls deeply embracing and deeply indented by 

the inner volutions. The height of the whorl is half 

the total diameter; the breadth is four-fifths of the 

height, and the indentation is about one-sixth of the 

height. The greatest breadth is at the umbilical 

shoulders; the flanks converge steeply to the abdomi~al shoulders, where the width is reduced to onehalf. The venter is arched but low, rising but little 

above the shoulders. The umbilicus is deep and 

narrow; it is only one-sixth of the diameter but 

exposes nearly all the inner whorls. The umbilical 

shoulders are abrupt, with nearly vertical inner slope. 

Although the outer whorl is deeply embracing, covering two-thirds of the inner, the two whorls are scarcely 

in contact. The shell is uncoiling, for the young 

stages show much greater involution than is visible 

at maturity. The sculpture consists of radial ribs, 

provided with short spines or knots, fine spiral lines 

on the outer shell, and a shallow ventral furrow. The 

ribs bend slightly backward on the flanks until they 

r~ach the shoulders, where they develop large knots, 

bIfurcate, and turn abruptly forward, ending in a 

single row of knots on the margins of the ventral 

furrow. The a~ternate ribs also usually bifurcate on 

the flanks, not far above the umbilicus. The knots 

.or spines are obscure on the flanks but become very 

strong on the shoulders. There is a second smaller 

row above the shoulders, halfway between them and 

the row of knots on the margins of the furrow. The 

septa are ammonitic, like those of Trachyceras, both 

lobes and saddles being strongly digitate. 

The young stages are involute and globose in shape, 

with coarse radial ribs and rows of knots arrancred in . b 

spiral lines. They resemble exactly the Brotheus 

stage in the dev~lopment of Trachyceras and do not 

retain any trace of TiroZites. At the diameter of 6 

millimeters the alternate ribs become larger than the 

others, soon developing into prominent folds with 

two or three ribs between them. At a diameter of 

25 millimeters the folds lose their prominence, the 

shoulders and the shoulder knots are developed, and 

the shell enters the Sirenites stage, which is characterized by the furrow and the bifurcating ribs. T4e 

form now becomes more ~ompressed laterally, and 

from this stage onward little change takes place except 

increase in size and in relative height of the whorls. 

Mojsisovics considered this genus as a descendant 

of Protrachyceras, and its development shows it to be 

nearly related to that subgenus. In fact, it is very 

doubtful whether such a minor character as the bundling of the ribs on th~ shoulders should be regarded 

as of generic importance. However, it does not 

agree exactly with any of the species of Protrachyceras 

known in America, and therefore the writer has 

retained the name as it is customarily used. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbuZlatus, Trachycerassubzone, on the divide between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, and half a. 

mile north of the trail to Brock's ranch in Shasta 

County, Calif. The young of this 'species are not 

uncommon in the limestone at this locality, but only 

one adult specimen was found. 

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. A. C .. 

Lawson. 

Sirenites hayesi Smith, n. sp.' 

Plate CIlI, Figures 7, 8 

Shell small, involute, with flattened, compressed 

sides, and narrow, high, deeply channeled venter .. 

Surface ornamented with sigmoidal ribs that bifurcate, 

at one-third of the distance up the flanks from the 

umbilicus and b~d sharply forward on the ventral 

shoulders. There are also five rows of nodes or short 

spines-one on the umbilical shoulder, two on the 

flanks, on~ on the ventral shoulder, and one on the 

ridge bordering the ventral furrow. There are als(} 

faint suggestions of secondary rows of nodes on the 

flanks between the primaries. Septa and length 

of body chamber unknown. 

Sirenites hayesi is most nearly related to Sirenites' 

senticosus Dittmar, from the Karnic stage of the 

Tyrolian Alps, from which it differs chiefly in the 

somewhat coarser ribs and nodes; otherwise the twospecies show a remarkable resemblance. 

Named in honor of Dr. C. W. Hayes. 

Occurrence: Very rare in Upper Triassic rocks of 

Karnic age at locality 8479, United States Geologic"al 

Survey, about 3 miles from foot of glacier on Middle 

Fork of White River, near Skolai Pass in the Alaskan 

Range; associated with HaZobi'1 cf: H. superba. This 

locality is referred by G. C. Martin 116 to the Pseudomono tis zone, which was based on a mistaken identification of the Sirenites and the Halobia. 

Genu~ SANDLINGITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Sandlingites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 70. 

1896. Sandlingites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 648. 

1905. Sandlingites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 200. 

Type.-Ammonites oribasU8 Dittmar.1l7 

go. Martin, G. C., Triassic rocks of Alaska: Geol. Soc. America BulL, vol. 27. 

p. 696, 1916. 

97 Dittmar, A. von, Zur Fauna der Hallst1ttter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostiscbe-palaeontologiscbe Beitr1tge, Band 1, p. 384, pI. 18, figs. 8-10, 1866. 

Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cepbalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.·k. geol. Reicbsanstalt Wien Abb., Band 6, H1tlfte 2, p. 706, pI. 167, figs. 5-7, 1~93. 

o 
CERATITOIDEA 83 

Evolute, little mnbracing, subquH,dratic whorls, 

increasing slowly in height. Un1bilicus wide and 

ra.ther shallow. Venter flattened, with shallow ventral 

furrow, not bounded by keels. Surface ornamented 

with sniooth falcoid dichotomous ribs that cross the 

ventral furrow. In early youth the form is like 

Tirolites, and next it becomes like Protr,whycerl£s, 

with spines on the ribs.. Toward maturity the spines 

beconle obsolete, and the ventral furrow almost 

disappears. The septa are ceratitic on all the forms 

known and appear to be even goniatitic on some 

species. 

This genus is made up wholly of dwarf forms, 

probably degenerates, and is confined largely to the 

Karnic stage of the Upper Triassic, but a very few 

species are found in the N oric stage. 

In America this genus has been found only in beds 

oi Ka rnic age, zone of Tropites subbullatus. 

Sandlingites andersoni Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLVII, Figures 10-12 

1905. 8andlingites andersoni. Hyatt and Smith,' The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geoi. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 200, pI. 47, figs. 10-12 .. 

" Fon11 evolute, laterally compressed, with whorls 

little elnbracing, and little indenteq. by the inner 

volutions: Cross section of whorl sub quadratic, the 

height being equal to the breadth and somewhat l110re 

than one-third of the total diameter of the shell. The 

flanks are flattened and the umbilical and abdominal 

shoulders abruptly rounded; the venter ;~~ low. The 

ulnbilicus is shallow and broad, being.more than onethird of the diameter of the shell. . The surface is 

ornamented with radical ribs, which begin in blunt 

spines on the umbilical shoulders; the alternate ones 

generally bifurcate. there, run straight up the flanks, 

branch a second time on the abdOl11inal shoulder knots, 

and then cross the venter with a forward bend. On 

these ribs on each side there are four rows of knots, or 

blunt spine~, one row on the abdOlninal shoulders, and 

a fourth row on the venter. The ventral pair of spine 

rows do not stand opposite each other, but alternate. 

The septa are ceratitic, only the lobes being weakly 

serrated; there is a small divided ventral,. a large 

lateral lobe, small second lateral, and a smaller auxiliary at the ul11bilical suture. The body chamber seems 

to have been three-fourths of a revolution in lengt.h. 

The young portion. of the shell shows a decided resemblance to Anolcites, which is, doubtless, the ancestor of Sandlingites. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of' Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras 

subzone, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, and half a 

lnile north of the trail to Brock's ranch, in Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Only a single sp.ecimen was found in five seasons of 

collecting at this locality, where anunonites are extremely abundant in the lower beds of the Hosselkus 

limestone. 

The specific nalne is given in honor of Frank M. 

Anderson, who. assisted in collecting the rich fauna. 

obtained at this place. 

Sandlingites oribasus (Dittmar) 

Plate LVII, Figures 24-27 

1866. Ammonites oribasus. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der Hallstatter 

Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostische-palaeoI,ltologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 384, pI. 18~ figs. 8-10. 

1893. Sandlingites oribasus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der HallstatterKalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 706, pI. 167, figs. 5-7. 

Dwarf form, evolute, -little embracing, widely umbilicate; whorls increase rather rapidly in height and 

give a discoidal appearance to the shell. Sides compressed, venter rounded, with a very low median 

depression, the remnant of the trachyceran furrow. 

Surface with very fine ribs, alternately dichotomous 

on the umbilicus, often forking a second tilne about 

two-thirds of the distance up the flanks and ending at 

the ventral depression without alternation on opposite sides. There are rudimentary knots at the second 

bifurcation. In youth the ribs cross the venter without interruption or furrow. The body chamber is less 

than two-thirds of a revolution in length. Septa 

goniatitic, with scarcely divided ventral lobe, one 

large lateral, and a small auxiliary. 

Sandlingites oribasus is an arrested fOrIn, partly reversionary to the ancestors of the Trachycel~atea but 

retaining the traces of trachyceran forn1 and sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare ill the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachycer ('s subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of 

. Madison's rancp., on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus CLIONITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Clionites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, HaUte 2, p. 451. 

1896. Clionites. Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 

obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen des Himalaya: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 624. 

1905. Clionites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p. 181. 

Type.-Olionites angulo8Us Mojsisovics. 98 

Evolute, little embracing, whorl low, breadth 

usually equal to. the height, increasing slowly in 

height. Umbilicus wide and shallow. Umbilical 

shoulders abrupt, sides flattened. venter somewhat 

flattened, with distinct abdominal shoulders. Surface 

98 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Rallstlitter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reicbsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Rlilfte 2, p. 465, pI. 122, fig. 10, 1893. 
84 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERIOA 

ornamented with strong ribs, gen~rally dichotOlnous, 

which run nearly straight up the sides and commonly 

bifurcate just below the shoulders and then bend 

sharply forward. There is a ventral furrow, bounded 

by ridges made by the ends of the ribs. These ridges 

are rows of knots or spines, and the ribs are provided 

with similar knots arranged in spiral rows from the 

ulnbilical shoulders to the ridges bordering the furrow. 

Although these spines are present on nlost species of 

this group, they are lacking on the first species mentioned and described by Mojsisovics, Clionites angulpsus, and therefore this form is only technically the 

type. The body chamber is short, as in most of the 

Ceratitidae. The septa are ceratitic; the external 

lobe is di"Vided by a shallow siphonal saddle intg two 

short narrow branches, which may be either entire 

or slightly serrated; the lateral lobe is larger and invariably serrated; and there is also an auxiliary lobe 

on the umbilical shoulder. The saddles are all 

rounded and entire. 

Mojsisovics regarded this group as a subgenus of 

Arpadites, fronl which it differs in the greater evolution and in the strong spiny ribs and the ventral 

furrow bounded by rows of knots instead of continuous lnarginal keels, and also in having one lobe 

less on the sides. For these reasons, and because 

several distinct subgeneric groups nlay be distinguished 

under it, the writer regrords Clionites as an independent 

genus. Although it probably had a common origin 

with Arpadites, it is neither ancestor nor descendant 

of that genus and therefore should have independent 

rank. 

This group is abundantly represented in the Upper 

Triassic of the Mediterranean region, of India, and 

of California. All known species are evolute, widely 

umbilicate, with whorls low and increasing slowly 

in height; the umbilical and ventral shoulders are 

abrupt, the sides flattened, and the venter low, with 

a median furrow bounded by low ridges. The surface 

is always rugose, with radial ribs, either simple or 

bifurcating, and spiral rows of knots or spines. The 

body chamber is short, and the septa always ceratitic. 

This group has been shown by the writer to be a 

reversionary degenerate genus, derived from Trachyceras. It is reverting in septa and form to Tirolites, though it retains the trachyceran furrow in all 

species and the sculpture of that genus in most of 

thenl. It is one of the best examples of arrested 

development and shows the usual variability of such 

forms. It is very difficult to draw specific lines in it, 

and even to distinguish the subgenera or groups of 

species. 

Clionites is represented in the Upper Triassic of 

America by a large number of species, which for 

convenience are separated into groups or subgenera. 

These species are nlore closely related to the Indian 

species than to those of the Mediterranean reO'ion. o 

GROUPS OF CLIONITES IN THE AMERICAN TRIASSIC 

1. Group of Clionites fairbanksi Hyatt and Snlith 

(Traskites Hyatt and Smith): All American species of 

Clionites are retarded and arrested in different degrees.. Of these the group of Clionites fairbanksi is 

least retarded and most nearly normal. It is retarded in septation to the stage of development of 

the primitive Trachyceratea of the Middle Triassic, 

but the forms have much of the shape and ornamentation of Protrachyceras of the Upper Triassic. Its 

changes in ontogeny are slow but regular, and the 

Tirolites stage occurs early in its history and is not 

unduly prolonged. It has dropped behind its immediate ancestors only a little and is only slightly reversionary. 

The two species of this group, Clionites fairbanksi 

Hyatt and Smith and Clionites americanus Smith, 

were formerly considered by the writer as belonging 

to Clionites s. s., but later collecting and study show 

that it intergrades with Traskites. 

2. Group of Clionites robustus Hyatt and Slnith 

(Traskites Hyatt and Smith): This group at nlaturity 

is still very like Trachyceras in form and ::3culpture, 

"with strong spines 'on well-developed ribs and the 

deep trachyceran furrow, but its septa are n1erely 

ceratitic. It also shows considerable retardation in 

the prolongation of ontogeny, in the persistence and 

exaggeration of the TiroZites stage, with low, square, 

broad whorl, with projecting shoulders and strong 

shoulder knots-the 'so-called "CaZijornites" stageuntil very late in life. But it does finally grow out 

of this stage before maturity. CZionites tornq1.l.isti 

Smith is transitional from group 1. 

Represented in America by OZionites robustus Hyatt 

and Smith, Clionites stantoni Smith, CZionites tornquisti Smith, and Clionites nanus Smith. 

3. Group of CZionites compressus Hyatt and Smith 

(Shastites Hyatt and Smith)': These species are very 

like the group of Clionites fairbanksi in their slow 

and orderly development and also in the .retention of 

ancestral trachyceran shape and sculpture and in the 

retarded septation. Degeneration is shown chiefly in 

loss of sculpture at maturity and reduction of the 

spines to rows of blunt nodes. The group is more 

reversionary and more distinctly arreste<;l in development than the group of Clionites fairbanksi, from 

which it must have been derived. 

Represented in America by' CZionites compressus 

Hyatt and -Smith, CZionites compactus Smith, and 

Clionites whitneyi Smith. 

4. Group of CZionites rugosu8 Hyatt and Smith 

(Stantonites Hyatt and Smith): 'This group is arrested 

in the ceratitic stage of septation and also has the 

sculpture very much reduced, the trachyceran spines 

being reduced to rows of nodes. It has also become 

extremely evolute, thus showing degeneration in the 
CERATITOIDEA 85 

tendency to ~nroll. The Til'oZites stage is very much 

prolonged, but the shell grows out of it completely 

and gradually before maturity. 

Represented in Alnerica by GZionites evoZ'ldus Smith 

and GZionites rugosus' Hyatt and Smith. 

5. Group of GZionites caZijornicus Hyatt and Smith. 

(Neanites Hyatt and Slnith): This group is still more 

retarded and prolongs the TiroZites stage with the 

additional characters of pronounced sculpture (the 

OaZij01'nites stage) almost to maturity, in exaggerated 

developnrent .. Then suddenly at maturity it grows 

out of this stage, becomes hi.gh-whorled, n,nd loses 

its strong sculpture. 

1'hi8 group is developed out of that of OZionites 

rOb'llst'l.(,S by prolongation of the ontogeny, and though 

it is not .exactly a persistent ancestral type it lingers 

persistently in sonle of the ancestral characters. 

Represented in America by OZionites caZ~fornicus 

Hyatt and Smith, GZionites minutus Snlith, and OZionites osmonti Snlith. .? 

6. Group of GZionites merl'iami Hyatt and Smith 

(G(t7~fornites Hyatt and Smith): This group is completely retarded in the stage with strong TiroZites 

characters, simple septa and exaggerated shoulder 

],nots, but still has the trachyceran furrow and sculpture which TiroZites never had. It is a persistent 

adolescent stage, with nearly complete arrest of developlnent, the final chapter in the downward progre3s 

of the race, unless perhaps MetatiroZites should fill this 

place in the reverse phylogeny. 

Represented in Anlerica by Glionites careyi Smith 

and GZionites merriami :Hyatt and Smith. 

Subgenus TRASKITES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. '1'1'aslcites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 186. 

Type.-Glionites robustus Hyatt ~nd Slnith. 

Evolute, littie elnbracing, whorls low and broad 

with quadratic cross section. Venter broad and flat~ tened, with distinct ventral furrow, bordered by rows 

of spines. Sides ornamented with strong, straight 

ribs, provided with short spines fro)n the umbilicus 

to the square abdominal shoulders, where there is a 

row of strong spines. Rows of spines also Occur on 

the ribs wh'ere they cross the venter between the 

abdolninal shoulders and the ridges bordering the 

furrow. 

The young persist in the Gal~fornites stage of growth 

un til late in life and Inake the transition to the Traskites type of sculpture quite suddenly. Septa ceratitic. 

Body chaInber short. 

This group looks very like Distichites Mojsisovics 

but is distinguished by having ceratitic instead of 

am)l1onitic septa. It is known only in the Upper 

Triassic zone of Tropites s'llbb'llZhttus of Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Clionites (Traskites) americanus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXIV, Figures 1-15 

Form evolute, little embracing, and little inlpressed 

by the inner volution, widely umbilicate. Whorls 

with angular ventral and umbilical shoulders , flat , vertical flanks, and low venter, with deep ventral 

furrow. Surface with stout lateral ribs alternatinO' in . 0 

size, the alternate coarser ribs bifurcatinO' at the o 

coarse shoulder knots and running obliquely forward 

to the ridge bordering the ventral furrow. There are 

SLX rows of spines, two of which are coarse-those on 

the umbilical shoulder and on the ventral shoulder. 

The two rows on the flanks and the row on the ventral 

'ridge are somewhat finer, and the row in the niiddle 

of the slightly sloping ventral arc is very fine. The 

row of shoulder spines is alternately coarse and fine, 

which gives a very characteristic ornal1lentation to 

the shell. The body chamber is short, about threefourths of a revolution. The septa are ceratitic, with 

entire saddles and serrated lobes. 

Olionites americanus is distinguished froln Glionites 

fairbanksi by its square shoulders, less cOlnpressed 

whorl, and the more pronounced alternation of the 

ribs and spines. It differs from Glionites tornquisti 

Smith in its less rectangular cross section and fine 

sculpture. It is a smaller species than either' of those, 

and shows old-age characters at a much snlaller size. 

Glionites american'l.l8 belongs in' the series GZionites 

jairbanksi and OZionites americanus, both of which are 

very closely related and form rather a "gross Art" 

than two sharply defined species. They are both 

equally arrested and reversionary, having been retttrded in the TiroZites stage in form but retaining the 

furrow and an equal amount of the tl~achyceran sculpture. 

As in all arrested and reversionary groups the separation of species is exceedingly difficult ancl'uncertain; 

there are no two individuals exactly alike, in either 

fornl or sculpture, so that it is much easier to Inultiply thenl unnecessarily than to limit thenl correctly. 

Occurrence: Exceedingly abundant in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon 

(Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 

3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Clionites (Traskites) fairbanksi Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XL, Figures 1-11; Plate XLI, Figures 1-14 

1905. Clionites' jairbanlcsi. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S .. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 183, pI. 40, figs. 1-11; pI. 41, figs. 

1-14. 

Evolute, discoidal, widely umbilicate, laterally 

compressed. Whorl low and increasing slowly in 

height, little enlbracing, and little indented by the 
86 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

inner volution!:l. The t..1l1bilicaI shoulders are abrupt, 

with steep inward slope; the sides are flattened, and 

slope gently outward, so that the whorl is slightly 

broader at the abdominal than at the umbilical 

shoulders. The cross section is subrectangular, and 

the breadth of the whorl is five-sixths of the .height. 

The abdominal shoulders occur at three-fourths of the 

height of the whorl and slope abruptly to the rather 

high venter. The height of the whorl is slightly m.ore 

than one-third of the total diameter of the shell, and 

the indentation is about one-tenth of the height. 

The umbilicus is wide and 'shallow and is two-fifths of 

the total diameter. The surface is ornamented with 

coarse radial ribs, which begin in knots on the umbilical 

shoulder, run nearly straight up the flanks, bend 

abruptly forward at the abdominal shoulders, and 

end in knots on the sides of the ventral furrow. The 

alternate ribs bifurcate on the abdominal shoulder, 

so that the ventral ribs are finer than those on the 

flanks. On' the ribs there are spiral rows of short 

spines, five rows on the flanks, and two between the 

abdominal shoulder knots and the ventral furrow. 

The septa are ceratitic, the saddles all rounded and 

entire, the lobes all serrated. The ventral lobe is 

divided by a short siphonal notch into two narrow, 

slightly serrated branches, which fall upon the external 

row of knots. The first lateral, which falls on the 

abdominal shoulders, is broader and deeper, with 

fine . serrations ; the second lateral is about one-third 

the size of the first, generally trifid, and falls on the 

umbilical shoulder. On the umbilical slope, partly 

concealed by the involution, is a sluall auxiliary lobe, 

only slightly serrated. 

The length of the body chamber is nearly threefourths of a revolution. 

In old age the ribs come very much closer together, 

the spines become longer, and one or two additional 

rows of knots are intercalated on the flanks. The 

whorl becomes rounder, nearly as broad as high, and 

the abdominal shoulders cease to be angular. The 

species grew to a diameter of at least 80 millimeters, 

for several broken specimens of that size have been 

found. Senile degeneration usually begins at a-diameter of about 60 millimeters, although on some specin;lens it begins prematurely at a diameter of 40 

millimeters. 

In the larval stage the whorl is broader than high, 

with trapezoidal cross section, narrow flanks, angular 

abdominal shoulders, and broad, flattened venter. 

The surface is ornamented only with umbilical ribs, 

forming nodes on the abdominal shoulders. There 

are no spines and no ventral furrow, and the abdomen 

is smooth. This stage corresponds to Tirolites. 

At a diameter of about 5 millimeters the ribs begin 

to extend beyond the shoulders, ending in a row of 

knots on each side of the center, although as yet there 

is no ventral furrow. At about 6 millimeters the 

furrow begins to show, and the shell enters the Oalifornites stage. The whorl now grows steadily higher 

in proportion to its width, the rows of incipient spines 

begin to be visible, and at a diameter of about 10 

millimeters the shell enters the Olionites stage, although 

it does not attain the characters distinctive of this 

species until it reaches a diameter of 25 millimeters. 

The nearest described species to Olionites fairbanksi 

is Olionites woodwardi Mojsisovics 99 from the N oric 

stage of the Upper Triassic of India, but the Indian 

species has fewer spiral rows of knots and a much 

wider ventral furrow. The dimensions and other 

characters of the two species' appear to be identical. 

Olionites spino sus Mojsisovics, from the same 

horizon in India, is more similar to the California 

species in its sculpture but differs in its lower and 

broader whorl. 

Dimensions of the type specimen of Clionites fairbanksi 

[See PI. XL, figs. 1-41 

Millimeters 

Diameter ________ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65 

Height of last whorL___________________ 22.5 

Height of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ 20. 5 

Width of last whorL___________________ 17.5 

Involution____________________________ 2 

Width of umbilicus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,5. 5 

Dimensions of specimens of Clionites fairban1csi in younger stages 

I 1 2 I 3 4 5 6 7 

I~m. ------------ Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Diameter _______________ 5. 08 7.5010.20 14 17.5 32 47 

Height of last whorL ____ 1. 64 2.,60 3. 40 5 6.3 11. 5 18 

Height of last whorl from preceding _____________ 1. 40 2. 20 3. 10 4. 6 5. 3 HJ. 2 15.5 

Width of last whorL _____ 2. 60 3. 80 4. 70 5.2 7 10. 3 13. 5 In volution ______________ .24 .40 .30 .40 1 1.3 2. 5 

Width of umbilicus ______ 2. 24 3. 08 4. 20 5. 5 7 13 18 

Olionites fairbanksi is the most typical member of 

the genus in the 'American fauna. It is an exceedingly variable species, and it was found very difficu lt 

to draw the line between this and kindred forms. 

The young stages especially are more and more alike 

the smaller they are taken, so that it becomes nearly 

impossible to distinguish the young of this species 

from those of several others in the larval and early 

adolescent stages, and it is even difficult to distinguish the young of Olionites s. s. frolp those of the 

subgenera Traskites, Stantonites, and Shastites until 

the adolescent stage has begun. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras subzone, on the divide between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch and 

half a mile north ~of the trail to Brock's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. H. W. 

Fairbanks, the discoverer of this fauna. 

gO Mojsisovics, E. von, Beitrl!.ge zur Keimtniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden· 

Faunen des Himalaya: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 63, p. 624, pI. 18, 

figs. 4, 5, 1896. 
CERATITOIDEA 87 

Clionites (Traskites) robustus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLII, Figures 1-19j Plate LXVI, Figures 30-32 

1905. Clionites (Traskites) robustus. Hyatt and Smith, The 

Triassic cephalopod genera 'of America: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 186, pI. 42, figs. 1-19. 

Fornl robust, thick set, evolute, discoidal. Whorl 

low, increasing slowly in height, little embracing, and 

little indented by the inner volution. Cross section 

sub quadratic, with flattened sides, square abdominal 

shoulders, and low, little arched venter. Umbilical 

shoulders square, umbilical slope nearly vertical. The 

umbilicus is rather deep and wide and is two-fifths of 

the total diameter of the shell. The height of the 

whorl is one-third of the diameter of the shell, the 

width is sOlllewhat greater than the height, and the 

indentation is one-seventh of the height. 

The sculpture is very lllarked and is com.posed of 

strong l:adial ribs and spiral rows \ of spines. The 

ribs run straight across the flanks, the alternate ribs 

dividing in to two or sOllletil1leS three smaller ones on 

the strong abdominal shoulder knots. The interluediate ribs are 'usually undivided but bend sharply 

forward on the shoulders, as do the others. There 

are three spiral rows of snlall spines on the flanksa large row that forms knots on the shoulders, a small 

row on the ventral slope, and another larger row on 

the ridge that borders the' ventral furrow. The first 

row lies on the umbilical shoulders, and some of the 

spines grow to considerable length, as do also those 

on the abdol1linal shoulders and the ventral ridge. 

The septa are ceratitic, with 'entire saddles and 

serrated lobes; a divided ventral lobe, a large first 

lateral on the abdominal shoulder, a small second 

lateral on the flanks, a smaller auxiliary on the unlbilical slope, a rather long undivided antisiphonal, 

and a pair of internal laterals. 

In the larval stage the form and ornamentation are 

like those of Tirolites,' the whorl is low, broad, ,vith 

trapezoidal cross section and nan-ow flanks, provided 

with marginal spines, and a low" flattened ,venter 

without furrow or other ornamentation. At a diameter of 5 nlillimeters the ventral furrow appears, and 

the shell then corresponds to Oalifornites. At this 

size, too, the flanks grow higher and the marginal 

knots are prolonged into lateral ribs, which cease on 

the abdonlinal shoulders. At a diameter of 8 milliIneters the ribs begin to show on the venter and the 

row of spines appears on the ridge that borders' the 

ventral furrow. This stage marks the beginning of 

the characters of Traskites" although 'those of Oalij01'11ites persist until the shell is nearly mature. In 

fact, the subgeneric character of Traskites is the 

preservation, at maturity, of most of the characters 

of OaZifo1'11ites-the low, broad whorl, flattened venter, 

and strong marginal spines. 

The young of Olionites ares Mojsisovics 1 resembles 

the adult stage of Olionites (Traskites) robustus. 

This resemblance suggests that the European species, 

which occurs in ,the higher N oric beds, luay have been 

developed out of the group of Traskites. There is, 

however, no mature form known anywhere else that 

might be compared with the species from California. 

Dimensions of the type specimen of Clionites robustus 

[See PI. XLII, figs. 1-31 

Millimeterli 

Diameter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 

Height of last whorL ____________________ 20 

Height of last whorl from preceding _______ 19 

Width of last whorL ____________________ 23. 5 

Involution ______ .::: _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 'I 

Width of umbilicus ______________________ 24 

Dimensions of young stages of Clionites robustus, showing changes 

in development 

1 2 3 4 5 

-------- Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Diameter ___________ ' _____ 4. 88 7.10 10. 5 16 26 

Height of last whorL _____ 

Height of last whorl from 

1. 52 2. 52 3. 5 6 10.5 

preceding ______________ 1. 28 2. 04 3 5 9 

Width of last whorL ______ 3. 08 4. 24 5.6 7.8 11 

Involution _______________ .34 .48 .5' 1 1.5 

Width of umbilicus _______ 2. 28 3.18 4. 2 6.5 10.5 

These figures show the relatiye iD;crease in the 

height of the whorl as maturity is approached. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus lime- , 

stone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the zone of 

Tropites subbullatus, on the divide between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch 

and half a mile north of the trail to Brock's ranch in 

Shasta County, Calif. This species is rather common 

in these lower beds of the Hosselkus limestone but 

above the strata in which Tropites subbullatus is most 

common. 

Clionites (Traskites) stantoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXIV, ,Figures 16-27 

Form robust, moderately evolute, widely umbilicate, 

with subrectangular cross section, parallel sides, subangular shoulders, and somewhat sloping venter. ' 

Surface with fine close-set ribs, alternately finer and 

coarser, bifurcating on the ventral shoulders and bending sharply forward. There are also seven rows of 

short blunt spines on the ribs-four on the flanks, one 

on the ventral shoulder, and two on the ventral slope. 

The aperture has a projecting hoodlike expansion, 

showing a decided change in sculpture. The ventral 

furrow is sharply incised. Body chamber nearly threefourths of a revolution in length. Septa with serrated 

lobes and entire saddles. 

1 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstlltter Kalke: K-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, HllIrte 2, p. 478, pI. 140, fig. 2, 1893. 
88 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Clionites stantoni is closely related to Clionites robustus but differs in its narrower and less robust whorl 

and finer, more closely set ribs and spines. It is more 

involute than Clionites tornquisti, has finer ribs and 

spines and somewhat broader whorl, and is much 

smaller. 

In youth Clionites stantoni and Clionites robustus are 

almost exactly alike, but the difference in breadth of 

the whorls persists almost down to the larval stages. 

In very early youth nearly all the American species of 

Clionites are very similar. 

Named in honor of Dr. T. W. Stanton. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone at the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 'miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Clionites (Traskites) tornquisti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXV, Figures 8-25 

Rather robust, evolute, widely umbilicate, whorl 

rectangular in cross section, with' angular shoulders, 

parallel sides and somewhat sloping venter. Surface 

with coarse and fine ribs alternating, the coarser ones 

bifurcating on the ventral shoulders. Seven rows of 

blunt spines on the ribs. Ventral furrow rather deep, 

bordered by low ridge~. Body chamber two-thirds of 

a revolution in length. Septa with rounded entire 

saddles and serrated lobes. 

The young stages are only moderately broad, with 

sharp sculpture and rather square shoulders, very like 

the young of all Clionites. The entire larval stages 

are exactly. like TiroZites, toward which the species is 

reversIOnary. 

Clionites tornquisti is intetmediate between the group 

of Clionites fairbanksi and CZionites robustus, being 

more robust and strongly sculptured than the former, 

and more slender and finely ornamented than the 

latter. It is transitional from the group of Clionites 

s. s. to the subgenus Traskites. ' 

Named for Dr. Alexander Tornquist. 

Occurrence: Very abundant in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Clionites (Traskites) nanu8 Smith, n. s~p. 

Plate LXV, Figures 1-7 

Dwarf form, robust, thick set, moderately evolute, 

with square cross section, flattened venter, and distinct 

ventral furrow. Surface has fine ribs and spines, 

which form knots on the ventral shoulders. 

Clionites nanus resembles a dwarf form of Clionites 

robustus but differs in its very small size, reaching 

maturity at a dimeter of 20 millimeters. It has more 

resemblance to Clionites stantoni but differs likewise in 

its lnuch smaller size and finer sculpture. 

, . Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hossel-

. kus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 nliles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Subgenus SHASTITES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Shastites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40', p. 188. 

Type.-Clionites compressus Hyatt and Smith. 

Whorls somewhat evolute, laterally cOlnpressed, 

higher than wide, rather deeply embracing, sides flattened, venter narrow. Unlbilicus rather narrow. 

Sigmoidal ribs ending in knots, fornling almost con- ' 

tinuous ridges bordering the central furrow. Spines 

nearly obsolete, represented only by tubercles on the 

ribs. ,The young retain the spines but lose them early. 

Septa ceratitic, 'as in CZionites s. s. 

ShcLstites is known at present only in the zone of 

Tropites subbuZZatus, in the Upper Triassic of Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Clionites (Shastites) compressus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLIII, Figures 1-15 

1905. Clionites (Shastites) compressus. Hyatt and Smith, The 

Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 188, pI. 43, figs. 1-15. 

Moderately evolute, discoidal, very nluch compressed laterally. Whorl increasing rather rapidly in 

height, embracing nearly half of the inner volution 

but not deeply indented by it. ,The height of the 

whorl is three-eighths of the total dialneter, and the 

width is three-fourths of the height. It is indented 

to one-ninth of the height by the inner volution. 

The width of the unlbilicus is three-eighths of tile total 

diameter of the shell. 

The surface is ornanlented with slender signloidal 

radial ribs, which bend gently forward high up on the 

flanks, ending at the margins of the deep ventral furrow. There are on each side seven rows of small 

knots· .or rudimentary spines, four on the flanks, one 

on the indistinct abdominal shoulders, one on the 

arched sides of the venter, and one on the ridge that 

borders the ventral furrow. These spines beconle 

weaker as the shell grows larger and are ahnost obsolete at maturity., They occur only on the ribs, never 

on the intervening depressions. The septa are ceratitic, of the type that is common in Clionites, consisting of a divided ventral, a large first lateral lobe, a 

small second lateral, 'a small auxiliary on the umbilical slope, and a narrow internal antisiphonal lobe 

with a single lateral on each side. 

In ,the young stage the shell is evolute and has a 

trapezoidal cross section, with no flanks and a broad, 

flattened venter, corresponding to TiroZites. At a diameter of 5 millimeters the ventral furrow begins, and 

the marginal nodes extend obliquely across the venter 
CERATITOIDEA 89 

to the ful'l'ow. This stage corresponds to OaZijornites. 

The flanks bec01ne gradually higher and the venter 

l110re rounded until the OZionites stage is reached, 

which happens at a dimneter of about 10 ;l.l1illi111eters. 

The lateral conlpression characteristic of this species 

does not bec01ne 111arked until the shell has attained a 

diameter of about 20 l11illinleters; but even in the 

adolescent stages the fine sigll10idal ribs, alnlost wholly 

destitute of spines, would distinguish OZionites com2)1'es8'1.('s frol11 all other species. 

Dimensions of the tY1Je specimen of Clionites com1JreSS1tS 

Milli· 

meters Diameter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 

Height of last whorL ____________________ 18 

Hoeight of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 

Width of last whorL ____________________ 14.5 

Involutioll_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 2 

Width of umbilicus _____________________ 18 

Olionites comlJ1'essus differs fr01n all other species of 

Olionites in the late larval and adolescent stages, in 

the fine sculpture and narrowness of the whorl, especially in contrast to sinlilar stage~ of growth in Trask:it'es, St(('ntonites, and Neanites. The subgenus Shastites has departed farther frol11 the OaZ~fornites stock 

than any of the others, and though it retains the 

TiToZites stage to an equal degree, it has alnl0st lost 

that cOl'l'esponding to OaZijornites. It further shows 

its acceleration of development in the early stage at 

which it takes on characters of Olionites. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the zone of Tr01Jites subbuZlatus, Trachyceras subzone, 

<911 divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, about 

3 m.iles east of Madison's ranch and half a l11ile north 

of the trail frol11 Madison's to Brock's ranch, Shasta 

County, Cnlif. This species is 111uch less COll1nl0n 

than 1110St other species of Olionites which occur in 

this beel. It is associated with the usual fossils of 

the zone of TrolJites subbuZZatus. 

Clionites (Shastites) compactus· Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXVII, Figures 12-23 

Form moderately involute, robust, laterally compressed, shoulders slightly developed, venter sloping 

gently. Ventral furrow deep. Surface bears radial 

ribs wh ich bifurcate on the shoulders and extend 

forward across the ventral slope. Si.."X spiral rows of 

rather coarse knots, those on the umbilicus and on the 

ventral shoulder being coarser. 

Olionites compactus is the l1l0St involute of the 

American species of this genus. It is somewhat like 

Si1'e'nites but differs in its ornamentation and septation. 

It differs fronl Olionites compressus in its greater 

inYolution, much more robust whorls, and coarser 

ribs and knots. It differs frol11 Olionites fairbanksi 

in the narrower umbilicus, greater conlpression, and 

finer ribs. This robust shape persists even in the 

very young stages, which 11lay easily be distinguished 

by this character. The larval stitges are as broad as 

those of Olionites rob'l.('stus or Olionites stantoni but 

have fine curving ribs and no knots or spines. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone at the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles 

east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Oalif. 

Clionites (Shastites) whitneyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXVI, Figures 21-29 

Form laterally compressed, widely umbilicate, with 

flattened sides and narrow venter. Ventral furrow 

sharply incised. Surface with fine, somewhat curved 

ribs and spiral rows of fine knots. Body chamber 

short. Septa with serrated lobes. 

Olionites whitneyi is somewhat intermediate between 

Olionites fairbanksi and Olionites compressus. It is 

more compressed and has finer ribs and spines than 

Olionites fairbanksi and is less compressed and has 

greater development of the rows of knots than 

Olionites compressus and its ribs are coarser. 

Named in menlory of Prof. J. D. Whitney, whose 

work on the geology of California is a lasting source of 

pride to the State. 

Occurrence: Not uncommon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles 

east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek aI;ld Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Subgenus STANTONITES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Stantonites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p. 185. 

Type.-Olionites rugosus Hyatt and Smith. 

Evolute, little embracing, whorls low, and not 

increasing rapidly in height, cross section subquadratic. 

Inner whorls not concealed by the outer and scarcely 

indenting them. Umbilicus wide and shallow, Surface ornamented with coarse ribs, which are broken 

up into knots that are the modifications of the spines 

of Olionites s. s. The ventral furrow is distinct, 

bordered by rows of knots, and there is a second row on 

the abdominal shoulder. Septa ceratitic. This is 

probably a phylogerontic modification of the group, 

for in old age the whorls scarcely touch. The rugose 

modification of the sculpture begins in early youth. 

This subgenus is known only in the Upper Triassic 

zone of Tropites subbuZlatus, Shasta County, Calif. 

Clionites (Stantonites) rugosus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLI, Figures 15-26 

1905. Clionites (Stantonites) rugoS'l.ts. Hyatt and Smith, The 

Triassic cephalopod genera of Americd: U. S. GeoI. 

Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 185, pI. 41, figs. 15-26. 

Evolute, discoidal, widely umbilicate, laterally 

compressed. Whorl low and increasing very slowly 

in height, little embracing, and scarcely indented by 
90 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

the inner volution. The cross section is sub quadrati . 

The height of the whorl is s~ightly less than one-third 

of the total diameter of the shell, and the breadth is 

four-fifths of the height. The umbilicus is wide and 

shallow, being three-sevenths of the total diameter. 

The umbilical shoulders are abruptly rounded, with 

a steep inner slope. The sides are flattened and nearly 

parallel. The' abdominal shoulders are square. . The 

venter is low, the center being but little higher than 

the shoulders. The surface is ornamented with radial 

ribs, spiral rows of knots, and a ventral furrow. The 

ribs run straight up the sides to the shoulders and 

then bifurcate and are continued obliquely forward 

by smaller ribs. Between the principal lateral ribs 

there is usually a smaller one that does not bifurcate. 

On each side there are six rows of knots-four small 

ones on the flanks, a large one on the abdominal 

shoulders, and another smaller one on each side of 

the ventral furrow. The unusual development of 

the abdominal shoulder knots is the chief characteristic of this subgenus. The form is extremely evolute. 

This character begins at a very early age and is a 

mark of degeneration, which also shows itself in the 

reduction of the spines to knots. 

The septa are ceratitic, saddles rounded and entire, 

lobes serrated-all of the type that is common in 

Olionites; a small divided ventral lobe, large first 

lateral, small second lateral, and still smaller auxiliary 

on the umbilical slope. 

The adolescent stages are so like the mature forms 

that no description of them is necessary. The larval 

stage is like that of Olionitesfairbanksi and corresponds 

to Tirolites. It also passes through the Oalijornites 

stage in early adolescence. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras 

subzone, about 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on 

the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

about 6 miles northeast of Bully Hill mine; in Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Clionites (Stantonites) evolutus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXVI, Figures 13-20 

Form very evolute, widely umbilicate, whorls 

barely touching, riot embracing; laterally compressed, 

slender, with narrow venter. Ventral furrow deep. 

Body chamber short. Septa with serrated lobes. 

Surface bears fine ribs that run nearly straight to the 

ventral shoulders, continued on the ventral slope by 

the knots. Five or six rows of blunt spines, which 

form coarse knots on the shoulders. Both ribs and 

spines alternate in size and give a delicate and 

beautiful ornamentation to the shell. . 

Olionites evoZutus is the most evolute and slender of 

the American species. It differs from Olionites rugosus 

in its greater evolution and much finer sculpture. It 

has also some resemblance to Olionites whitneyi but is 

easily distinguished by its slender whorl and straighter 

ribs. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone at the" lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. . 

Subgenus NEANITES Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Neanites. Hyatt and S~ith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40t 

p.189. 

Type.-Olionites caZijornicus Hyatt and Smith, n. sp. 

Evolute, little embracing, low-whorled, involute. 

Wide umbilicus, abrupt umbilical shoulders ... Cross 

section sub quadratic. Ventral furrow much reduced. 

Ribs run nearly straight from umbilicus to border of 

the ventral furrow; spines obsolete, represented only by 

small knots. Septa ceratitic. The chief characteristic 

of this group is the persistence of the OaZijornites stage 

until the end of the adolescent period and then the 

sudden change to the characters of OZionites. In the 

adolescent stage the whorls are low and broad, with 

square abdominal shoulders provided with long spines 

and flattened venter. At maturity the venter is 

highly arched. 

Neanites is known only from the Upper Triassic 

zone of Tropites subbuZZatus, of Shasta County, Calif. 

Clionites (Neanites) californicus Hyatt and Smith 

Plate LXXXIII, Figures 14-27 

1905. Clionites (Neanites) californicus. Hyatt and Smith, Theo 

Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. 

'Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 190, pI. 83, figs. 14-27. 

Evolute, robust, widely umbilicate. Whorl subquadratic in cross section, height and breadth equal 

and' about two-fifths of the total diameter of the 

shell. The whorl increas~s slowly in height and is 

little embracing and little indented by· the inner 

volution. The umbilical shoulders are abrupt, with 

steep inner slope. The sides are flat and nearly 

parallel. The abdominal shoulder occurs at threefourths of the height of the whorl, is gently rounded, 

and slopes gradually up to· the broad, low venter. 

The umbilicus is wide and deep, the width being 

slightly more than one-third of the total diameter of 

the shell. The surface is ornamented with a shallow 

ventral furrow, fine radial ribs bending forward on 

the abdominal shoulders, and spiral rows of knots, 

becoming almost obsolete' at maturity. The ribs are 

close together and sigmoidal. There are five rows of 

knots-one on the umbilical shoulder, one, sometimes 

double, on the flanks a short distance above the 

shoulder, one on the abdominal shoulder, one halfway 

up the ventral slope, and one on the ridge that borders 

the ventral furrow. Both ribs and knots grow finer 
CERATITOIDEA 91 

'at 11laturity, the knots becoming nearly obsolete. 

The septa are ceI'atitic, like those of all other OZionites. 

The Inost salient character of this species is the sudden 

change from the adolescent to the mature stage, when 

the whorl becomes sub quadratic instead of trapezoidal 

in cross section, the venter becomes arched instead of 

flattened, and the strong row of marginal spines becomes obsolete. 

In the larval stage the shell is evolute, with deep, 

wide umbilicus and broad trapezoidal whorl. The 

flunks consist merely of a narrow angular umbilical 

ridge, and the venter is broad and nearly flat. The 

only ornamentation consists of rather strong marginal 

spines, which are prolonged in very faint ribs on the 

venter. This stage corre:sponds exactly with Tirolites 

in shape, ornamentation, and septa. At a diameter 

of slightly less than 5 millimeters the ventral furrow appears, the ribs begin to show more decidedly 

above the shoulders, and the flanks increase in height. 

This stage resembles and corresponds to Californites 

in all its characters, the septa now being ceratitic, as 

in that genus. 'rhe Californites stage lasts until' a 

dinnleter of about 25 millimeters is reached. Then 

suddenly the marginal spines disappear, the flanks 

become higher, the venter arches, and the radial 

sculpture grows weak. The form is then mature, and 

the characters of Neanites have been assumed. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras 

subzone, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, about 3 miles east of Madison!s ranch and 

half a mile ll:orth of the trail leading to Brock's ranch, 

in Shasta County, Calif. . 

Clionites (Neanites) minutus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXIV, Figures 28-38 

Dwarf form, with slender, little-embracing whorls, 

rectangular cross section, and wide umbilicus. Surface 

with ventral furrow and lateral ribs, which hifurcate 

011 the square shoulders' and run across the flattened 

venter; spines very small. Septa ceratitic. Body 

cham ber short. 

Clionjtes minutus has some resemblance to OZionites 

merriami, especially in youth, but at maturity its 

characters change abruptly to those of Neanites, and 

it then resembles Clionites californicus but is much 

more slender and is like Tirolites, from which it is 

distinguished only by the· furrow and the ventral 

sculpture. " 

Occurrence: Rare in the U ppe:r~ Tri~ssic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon' (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta Cou~ty, Calif. 

Clionites (N eanites) osmonti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXVII, Figures 1-11 

Form robust, evolute, widely umbilicate, with angular ventral shoulders, flat sides and highly arched 

venter. Ventral furrow' deep, bordered by ridges. 

'Surface with strong lateral ribs, which bifurcate on 

the ventral shoulders and continue strong on the 

venter. Spiral rows of knots or blunt spines, especially 

strong on the shoulders. Until near maturity the 

whorl is low, broad, and square, and the shell resembles Tirolites in everything but sculpture. It persists 

unusually long in the Californites stage but changes 

suddenly at maturity to OZionites in shape and ornamentation. 

Clionites osmonti is most nearly related to Clionites 

californicus but differs in its coarser ribs and spines 

and in arched venter. 

Named in honor of V. C. Osmont, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbu,llatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

. Subgenus CALIFORNITES' Hyatt and Smith 

# 

1905. Californites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.179. 

Type.-Californites merriami Hyatt and Smith. 

Evolute, low whorled, little embracing, scarcely 

impressed by the inner volutions. Umbilicus wide, 

umbilical shoulders abrupt, cross section trapezoidal, 

with flattened sides that slope outwardly to the angular 

abdominal shoulders. Venter low arched, nearly 

smooth, and with distinct ventral furrow. Sides orna-' 

men ted with straight ribs that have short knots on 

them and end ·in strong spines on the abdominal shoulders. The venter is nearly smooth. The septa are 

ceratitic and consist of a divided external lobe, a principal lateral, and a small auxiliary on the umbilicus. 

The body chamber is short. 

This group is almost completely reversionary to 

Tirolites and differs from it chiefly in the ventral 

furrow. It is of especial importance in the phylogenetic history of the group of Clionites, for all spinose 

members of that group go through a distinct Californites stage and some persist in it almost until 

maturity. 

Californites is known only from the Upper Triassic 

zone of Tropites subbullatus, of Shasta County, Calif., 

where the species described below have been found. 
92 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Clionites (Californites) merriami Hyatt and Smith 

Plate LXXXII, Figures 11-23 

1905. Californites merriami. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 180, pI. ~2, figs. 11-23. 

Form evolute, robust, lo~ whorled. Whorl little 

Bmbracing and little indented by the inner volution; 

low and increasing slowly in height. Cross section 

trapezoidal, wider at top. Sides flattened, sloping 

outward. Abdominal shoulders abrupt and square, 

venter flattened and broad. The height of the 

whorl is less than one-third of the total diameter of 

the shell; the width is glightly greater than the height, 

and the indentation is only one-ninth of the height. 

The width of the umbilicus is three-sevenths of the 

total diameter of the shell. The surface is ornamented 

with coarse ribs that start from a row of knots on the 

ulnbilical shoulders and run straight up the sides, 

ending in strong spines on the abdominal shoulders. 

From these marginal spines finer ribs extend obliquely 

forward on the venter. There is a strong median 

furrow on the venter, bounded by low, rounded ridges, 

at which the fine ventral ribs become obsolete. The 

septa are ceratitic, all the saddles being entire. The 

Bxternal lobe is divided by a small siphonal notch 

into two narrow, short, simple lobes, which fall upon 

the ridges bounding the median furrow. The lateral 

is larger aRd serrated and falls upon the abdominal 

shoulder. On the flank, just above the umbilical 

shoulder, is the small, simple auxiliary lobe. The 

first and second saddles are large and broadly rounded. 

The young stages of this species are exactly like 

TiroZites, and the mature form differs from that genus 

only in the second lobe on the flank and the median 

furrow. The median furrow appears at a diameter 

of about 6 millimeters. 

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. John C. 

'Merriam. 

Occurrence: OaZijornites merriami Hyatt and Smith 

was found by the writer in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbuZZat1.tS, 

Trachyceras subzone, in the limestone belt on the divide 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, about 3 miles 

Bast of ~1adison's ranch and half a mile north of the 

trail from Madison's :r:anch to Brock's ranch on Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. This locality is 6 miles 

northeast of the Bully Hill mine. 

Clionites (Californites) careyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXVI, Figures 1-12 

Form thick set, square shouldered, widely umbilicate; whorls little embracing and little indented by 

the inner volutions, with rectangular cross section. 

Surface with lateral ribs, becoming almost obsolete on 

the flattened venter; spines on the ribs strong, especially on the angular ventral shoulders. Ventral furrow deeply incised. Septa ceratitic. 

Olionites careyi belongs to the group of Olion'ites 

merriami, of the subgenus OaZijornites Hyatt and 

Smith; iIi' both these species the TiroZites stage. is 

prolonged almost to maturity, but both have the 

trachyceran furrow and some remnants of trachyceran 

sculpture. 

GZionites careyi is arrested in developnlent and lnore 

strongly retarded than any other known species of 

Trachvceratea. It differs from Olionites merriami 

in its ~uch broader and more robust whorl. Its form 

is very like that of Thetidites Mojsisovics, but it 

differs in possession of the ventral furrow and certainly does not belong to the Sibiritidae. It differs 

from the adolescent stages of Olionites (Neanites) 

osmonti in being ·more depressed, broader, and more 

rugose. 

Named in honor ot E. P. Carey, ~ho assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County,' Calif. 

Subgenus DAWSONITES' Boehm 

1903. Dawsonites. Boehm, Ueber die obertriadische Fauna der 

Bareninsel: K. svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band 37, 

No.3, p. 56. 

Type.-Trachyceras canadense Whiteaves. 

Form laterally compressed, moderately evolute, 

with open umbilicus, flattened sides, and rounded 

venter, with deep ventral furrow. Surface ornamented 

wi.th sharp dichotomous ribs that bifurcate on the 

middle of the flanks and bend sharply forward on 

the shoulders.. There are spiral rows of blunt nodes 

on the ribs. Septa with rounded entire saddles and 

serrated lobes. 

Dawsonites is quite possibly identical with Shastites, 

but the few fragmentary specimens thus far found 

are hardly sufficient to justify this reference. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic of Canada, 

Alaska, and Bear Island, presumably in beds of 

Karnic age. 

Clionites (Dawsonites) canadensis (Whiteave~) 

Plate CVII, Figures 8-10 

1889. Trachyceras canadense. Whiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian 

Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 142, pl. 18, figs. 4a, 4b. 

1903. Dawsonites canadensis . . Boehm, Ueber die obertriadische 

Fauna der Bareninsel: K. svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 

Band 37, No.3, p. 56, pI. 6, figs. 25-30. 

Shell laterally compressed, with somewhat flattened 

sides, broadly rounded venter, open but not broad 

umbilicus, distinct ventnil furrow. Involute, but 

not deeplY' embraced, the whorl increasing rather 

rapidly in height. Height 'Of the whorl a little greater 

than the breadth. Surface with transverse ribs and 

spiral rows of small close-set tubercles. The ribs 
CERATITOIDEA 93 

often bifurcate on nodes or tubercles and sometimes 

again on the Hanks. They run nearly straight up the 

sides and turn sharply forward on the ventral shoulder. 

Septa with rounded entire saddles' and serrated lobes~ 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic, presumably in 

beds of lower l\:arnic age, on Liard River, about 25 

miles below Devils Portage, British Columbia; also 

on Bear Island, in the Arctic Ocean. 

Genus ARPADITES Mojsisovics 

1879. Ar1Jadites. Mojsisovics, VorHiufige kurze Uebersicht der 

Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Rcichsanstalt Wi en Verh.,p. 140. 

1882. Arpadites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wi en 

Abh., Band 10, p. 52. 

1893. Arpadites (part). Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstiitter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 450. 

1898. Arpaditcs. Tornquist, Neuere Beitrage zur Geologie und 

Paliiontologie der Umgebung von Recoaro und Schio 

in Venetien: Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 

50, Beft 4, p. 647. 

1905. Arpadites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 174. 

Type.-Ammonites arZJadis Mojsisovics. 2 

As originally defined, Arpadites embraced rather 

evolute, discoidal, laterally compressed forms, with 

wide, shallow umbilicus, fiattened sides, and narrow 

venters. The whorls are not deeply embracing but 

are higher th an wide. 'rhe venter has a furrow 

bounded by ridges or keels and may be either smooth 

01' cl'enulated. There are umbilical knots from which 

ribs extend toward the shoulder keels, commonly 

becoming fainter on the sides, on which a few tubercles 

may be developed. The septa are ceratitic, with 

rounded narrow entire saddles, and serrated lobes, of 

which there are four, the divided external, the two 

laterals, and a slnall auxiliary on the umbilical shoulder. 

Arpadites is clearly a descendant of Oeratites, from 

which it differs in the greater lateral compression, the 

narrow venter, the ventral furrow bounded by shoulder 

keels, and the absence of the elongated auxiliary 

series of lobes. 

This genus is known at present from the upper 

Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of the Alps and in 

the lower part of the Upper Triassic of the Alps, 

India, and California, where, it is represeq.ted by 

Arpadites gabbi and by A. kingi. 

Arpadites gabbi Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XXXIX, l?igures 1-17; Plate LXXXIII, Figures 1-13 

1905. Arpadites gabbi Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod gonera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 175, pI. 39, figs. 1-17; pI. 83, figs. 1-13 .• t 

I Mojsisovics, E. von, Doltr!lgo zur Kenntniss der Cephalopoden-Fauna der 

Oouischon Qruppo: K.·k. gool. Holchsanstalt Jahrb., Wien 1870, p. 109, pI. 5, fig. 6; 

Dlo Cophalopodon dor Mcdltorranoll Triaspl'ovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

\vIOll Abb., Band 10, p. 54, pl. 25, fig. 29, 1882. 

48172-27-7 

Laterally compressed, involute, discoidal, deeply 

embracing, and deeply indented by the inner volutions. 

Whorls high and narrow, increasing rapidly in height. 

Umbilical shoulders abruptly rounded, sides flattened 

convex. Venter narrow, channeled, bounded by marginal ridges slightly beaded. The height of the whorl 

is a little more than half the total diameter; the 

breadth of the whorl is three-sevenths of the height. 

The outer whorl covers seven-eighths of the inner and 

is indented to two-sevenths of the height by it. The 

umbilicus is narrow but open, exposing the umbilical 

shoulders of the inner whorls in steps; its width is one-

. eighth of the diameter of the shell. The surface of 

the shell is ornamented with umbilical knots, which 

are extended up the sides in low folds, made up of 

bundles of sigmoidal striae. These folds are faint on 

the sides but become strong again at the abdominal 

marginal ridges, giving to them a beaded appearance. 

This sculpture shows on the cast as well as on the shell. 

The septa are ceratitic, saddles all rounded and entire, 

lobes all serrated. The ventral lobe is divided by a 

shallow siphonal notch into two short narrow branches 

with three serrations. The first lateral lobe is broad 

and deep, terminating in fine serrations. The second 

lateral is smaller, less than half the size of the first, 

and trifid. The auxiliary series is composed of two 

small lobes, hardly more than notches, on the umbilical 

shoulder. The antisiphonal lobe is rather long and 

narrow and is flanked by a shorter lateral. , 

The foregoing description applies only to the mature 

shell, for the young stages are absolutely unlike the 

adults. The inner coils, up to a diameter of 2.5 

millimeters, are evolute, broad, low whorled, with 

wide umbilicus, genuine Tirolites in shape, with depressed volutions, somewhat flattened venter, and 

strong marginal tubercles but no furrow. The ventral 

lobe is undivided and narrow, and there is but a single 

lateral, with a very small aux:iliary on the umbilical 

shoulder. The antisiphonallobe is flanked by a small 

lateral, hardly larger than the external alL~iliary. 

Dimensions of larval stage 'of ArpadUes gabbi just before appearance of furrow 

Millimeters 

Diameter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. 19 

Height of last whorL____________________ .80 

Height of last whorl from preceding _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 68 

vVidth of last whorL ____________________ 1. 32 

Involution_ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 12 

Width of umbilicus______________________ .80 

At the diameter of 2.5 millimeters the ventral furrow 

begins, but the Tirolites shape persists for half of a 

revolution farther, to the diameter of 4 millimeters. 

At this size the whorl becomes higher and the sides 

developed. The tubercles are no longer lateral but 

umbilical, and the stage corresponds to Dinarites with 

the exception of the ventral furrow. 

<7 
94 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBl1ATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Dimensions of two specimens of A rpadites gabbi at Dinarites 

stage 

])iameter __________________________________ _ 

Height of last whorL _______________________ _ 

Height of last whorl from preceding __________ _ Width of last whorL ________________________ _ Involution _________________________________ _ 

Width of umbilicus _________________________ _ 

:Afm. 

4. 60 

1. 70 

1. 26 

2. 12 

.44 

1. 85 

2 

Mm. 

12 

5 

4 

4. 5 

1 

3. 5 

These dimensions show the whorl to be proportionally higher and the umbilicus narrower than in the 

Tirolites stage; the marginal knots have become um- . 

bilical ribs, which are extended up the sides but do not 

reach the abdominal shoulders. This stage lasts to 

the dIameter of 11 millimeters. At this size the whorl 

increases rapidly in height and becomes laterally compressed. . The shell is now analogous to Ceratites, in 

which stage it remains to the diameter of about 20 

millimeters. 

Dimensions of specimen of Arpadites gabbi at Ceratites stage 

Millimeters 

])iameter ___ - - __ - - - _____ - ___ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17. 

Height of last whorL____________________ 7 

Height of last whorl from preceding _______ 5.5 

Width of last whorL ____________________ 6.5 

InvolutioiL _______ -_ ___ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ 1. 5 

Width of umbilicus______________________ 5.5 

The shell then gradually makes the transition to the 

Arpadites stage, becoming more involute, the lateral 

ribs less pronounced, and the ridges bordering the 

ventral furrow are beaded by the ends of the lateral 

ribs. 

Arpadites gabbi is more involute than any other 

described species of this genus. Its nearest relative 

is Arpadites cinensis Mojsisovics,3 but Arpadites gabbi 

differs from the Alpine species in its greater involution, 

narrower umbilicus, higher whorl, crenulated abdominal ridges, and in its more complex septa. The late 

adolescent stages of Arpadites gabbi are very like the 

mature form of Arpadites cinensis, which is in keeping 

with the later age of the American species. 

: :Occurrence: Arpadites gabbi was found by the 

writer in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 'Trachyceras subzone, 

on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 

miles east of Madison's ranch and half a mile north 

of the trail from Madison's ranch to Brock's ranch, 

on Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. This locality is 

about 6 miles northeast of Winthrop. It was asso 

ciated with Tropites subbullatus Hauer,. Tropites torquillus Mojsisovics, Paratropites sellai Mojsisovics, 

Sagenites herbichi Mojsisovics, Discotropites sandlingensis Hauer, Halobia superba Mojsisovics, and many 

other forms characteristic of the upper Karnic horizon. 

8 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: 

K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstait Wien Abh., Band 10, p. 56, pI. 26, figs. 3-15, 1882. 

Arpadites kingi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LVII, Figures 31-34 

Form robust, laterally compressed, with umbilicus 

narrow but open, venter narrow, with ventral furrow 

bordered by beaded keels. Ribs on the flanks rather 

strong, persisting at maturity. Body chamber short. 

Arpadites kingi resembles Arpadites gabbi but 

differs in its coarse lateral ribs, umbilical knots, and 

strongly beaded keels. These characters are all 

present on Arpadites gabbi but disappear at maturity, 

whereas on Arpadites kingi they are present through 

life. 

Named in memory of Clarence King. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of t.he zone of Tropites sub bullatus , 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus TIROLITES Mojsisovics 

1878. Tirolites. Mojsisovics, ])ie ])olomitriffe von SUdtirol 

und Venetien, p. 43. 

1879. Tirolites. Mojsisovics, VorHi.ufige kurze Uebersicht der 

Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh., 

p.138. 

1882. Tirolites. Mojsisovics, ])ie Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 10, p. 64. 

1893. Tirolites. Mojsisovics, ])ie Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 588. 

1902. Tirolites. Mojsisovics, ])ie Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 324. 

1903. Tirolites. Kittl, ·])ie Cephalopoden der oberen Werfener 

Schichten von Muc in ])almatien: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 20, p. 29. 

1905. Tirolites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

40, p. 158. 

1914. Tirolites. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 83, p. 68. 

Type.-cc Oeratites" idrianus fIauer. 4 

Subgenus METATIROLITES Mojsisovics 

1893. M etatirolites. Mojsisovics, ])ie Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 588. 

1905. Metatirolites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

'p.160. 

Type.-Ammonites foliaceus Dittmar.s 

Evolute, little-embracing, robust whorls, with wide 

lJlllbilicus. Cross section quadratic, sides flattened, 

II hdominal shoulders square, venter flattened and 

j Hauer, F. von, Cephalopoden aus der unteren Trias der Alpen: K. Akad. 

• Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Band 52, p. 610, pI. 1, figs. 4, 5, 1865. Mojsisovies, E. 

von, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Abh., Band 10, p. 67, pI. 1, fig. 1, 1882. 

6 Dittmar, A. von, Zur Fauna der Hallstatter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geog- . 

nostische-palaeontologische Beitrlige, Band 1, p. 358, pI. 15, figs.lQ-12, 1866; Mojsisovies, Die Cephalopoden der HaUstatter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Rcichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 590, pI. 140, figs. 1-5, 1893. 
CERATITOIDEA 95 

broad, without any ventral furrow. A row of spines is 

seen on the abdonlinal shoulders as in TiroZites s. s. 

The septa consist of a divided external lobe, serrated 

first lateral, and a distinct auxiliary lobe on the umbilical shoulder. This latter character is the only mark 

of distinction from TiroZites, from which this subgenus 

undoubtedly descends. 

Metatirolites is found in the Upper Triassic, Karnic 

stage, zone of Tropites subbuZZatus, in the Mediterraneltn region, to which it has been supposed, up to the 

present, to be 'confined. The writer found Metatiro lites Joliaceus Dittmltr in the Upper Triassic of 

Shasta County, Calif., associated with HaZobia superba 

Mojsisovics, Discotropites sandZingensits Hauer, Sagenites herbichi Mojsisovics, Tropites subb'l.tZZatus Hauer, 

and ;many other species characteristic of the upper 

Karnic. 

Tirolites (Metatirolites) foliaceus (Dittmar) 

Plate LXXXII, Figures 1-10 

1866. Ammonites jol-iace'Ms. Dittmar, Zur Fauna; der Hallstiitter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostischepalacontologische Beitrage, Band I, p. 358, pI. 15, figs. 

10-12. 

1893. J.{etatirolites joliaceus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstlitter Kalke: K.-k. geoI. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 590, pI. 140, figs. 1-5. 

1905. 'Pirolites (M etatirolites) joliace~ts. Hyatt and Smith, 

The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. 

GeoI. Survey Prof. Paper 40, p. 160, pI. 82, figs. 1-10. 

Fonn evolute, robust, little 'embracing, ~nd little 

indented by the inner volutions. Whorls low and increasing slowly in height, trapezoidal in shape; sides 

f1attened and sloping outward, with square, angular 

abdOlninal shoulders and flattened, broad venter. 

Ulnbilical shoulders rounded, umbilicus wide and deep, 

exposing the inner volutions. The height of the whorl 

is about equal to the width and is half of the total diameter. The width of the umbilicus is about one-third 

of the diallleter of the shell. 

On the nbcIolllinal shoulders is a row of strong but 

blunt knots, which are the renlnants of the Tirolites 

spines. In addition to these, the surface is ornamented 

with fino r£tdiol striae, which run nearly straight up 

the sidos and bend sharply forward at the lnarginal 

knots, forlning a broad and deep sinus on the venter. 

On the venter are seen 'also fine spiral lines, which give 

a s01newhat reticulated appearance to this portion of 

the sh~ll. On the side£ are low folds which become 

stronger on tho venter, bending forward, parallel to the 

cross striae. The septa are ceratitic; the external lobe 

is narrow and divided by a slllall siphonal notch; the 

lateral lobe is larger, distinctly serrated, and falls on 

the abdOlninal shoulder angle; on the mnbilical slope 

thero is a Slllall but distinct second lnteral or auxiliary 

lobe. The antisiphonallobe is narrow and is flanked 

by a single short internal lateral on each side. 

There is no other species with which TiroZites JoZiaceus Inay be cOlnpared, but the California specimens' 

agree exactly with the figures ~nd descriptions of those 

from the Alps, and there can be doubt of the identity of 

those frOln the two regions, in spite of their geographic 

separation, for the horizon and faunal association are 

the same in both places. . 

Occurrence: TiroZites (MetatiroZites) foliace'l.ts was 

first found in the Upper Triassic zone of Tropites subbullatus of the Alps. InoCalifornia it was found in the 

same zone, in the Hosselkus limestone, Trachyceras 

subzone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif.; it 

is associated with Tropite8 subbuZZatus, Paratropites 

seZlai, Sagenite8 herbichi, Discotropites sandlingensis,. 

Halobia superba, and nlany other species characteristic 

of this zone. 

TiroJites (Metatirolites) subpygmaeus (Mojsisovics) 

Plate LIX, Figures 4-8 

1893. Ceratites subpygmaeus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalop oden 

der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 402, pI. 140, figs. 6-7. 

A dwarf, arrested, degenerate form, with qu adrangular whorls, square ventral shoulders, rather 

involute, with broad, flattened venter, and sides sloping 

inward toward the umbilicus. Rather strong ventral 

shoulder knots, with ribs running up to' them from 

the umbilicus and becoming nearly obsolete on the 

venter. Septa goniatitic, with undivided ventral 

lobe, onr. lateral, and an auxiliary. 

This species was described by Mojsisovics as 

Oeratites, but he thought it might belong to Heraclites. 

It certainly has no kinship with either genus. It 

resembles Tirolites quadranguZus Hauer, with which it 

is associated, but differs in its more robust whorl and. 

stronger sculpture. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the upper l).orizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, on the North Fork of 

SqUH,W Creek, 3 miles n~rth of Kelly's ranch, Shas ta 

County, Calif. It is associated with Tropites' welleri, 

H ome1,ites subglobosus, J uvavites subinteTTuptus, Halobia super9a, and other species. It was de3cribed froln 

the Sallle horizon, near Hallstatt in the Tyrolian Alps, 

Austria. 

Tirolites (Metatirolites) quadrangulus (Hauer) 

Plate LIX, Figures 9-11 

1860. Clydonites quadrangultts. Hauer, Nachtrag zur Kenntniss 

del' Cephalopoden-Faunen der Hallstatter Schichten: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Band 41, p. 131, 

pI. 5, figs. 3-6. 

1893. Ceratites (Dinarites) quadrangulus. MOjsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 401, pI. 

140, fig. 8. \ 

Dwarf form, shell very slnall, subrectangular, subangular shoulders, and flat, rather broad venter. 

Somewhat inv:olute, with narrow umbilicus. Sculp-. 

() 
o 

96 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

ture very weak, with fine lines of growth, weak 

nodes on the ventral shoulders, and almost obsolete 

ribs. Septa goniatitic, with undivided ventral lobe 

and a broad lateral; the auxiliary concealed by the 

umbilicus.. There is no siphonal saddle. This is an 

arrested degenerate form, neither Oeratites, Dinarites, 

nor true Tirolites, but a reversion toward the ancestral. 

type. 

It resembles Tirolites subpygmaeus but is less robust, 

with much weaker sculpture. 

Occurrence: Verv rare in the Upper Tria.c:;sic 

Hosselkus limestonUe, at the upper horizon (JuvGivites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on the 

North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

ranch, Shasta County, Calif.; it is associated with 

Tropites welleri, Juvavites subinterruptus, and many 

other species. It was first found in the Upper 

Triassic of the Hallstatt limestone of the Austrian 

Alps, in approximately the same horizon and 

association. 

Genus POLYCYCLUS Mojsisovics !J 

1889. Polycyclus. Mojsisovics, Nachweis der Zone des Tropites 

8ubbullatu8 in den Hallstatter Kalken bei Hallein: 

K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh., p. 281. 

1893. Polycyclu8. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 

6, Halfte 2, p. 534. 

1905: Polycycl1('8. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p. 201. 

Type.~Ammonites nasturtium Dittmar.6 

Evolute little-embracing, low whorls, laterally 

.co~npressed, and increasing very slowly in height. 

Cross section oval, height greater than the breadth. 

Umbilicus wide and very shallow. Venter highly 

arched. Surface ornamented with simple, undivided 

strong ribs that run from the umbilical shoulders 

nearly straight across the venter without interruption. 

Spines and constrictions are unknown in this genus. 

The septa are usually goniatitic, but traces of serration are sometimes visible on the lateral lobe. The 

ventral lobe is divided by a small siphonal notch; 

there are two laterals, of which the second may be 

considered as the auxiliary. Internal antisiphonallobe 

long. 

PolycycZus appears in the Upper Triassic of the Al~s 

and in the Upper Triassic (Hosselkus limestone) In 

California, in the zone of Tropites subbulZatus. In the 

Alps it occurs also sparingly in the N oric stage. In 

California three species have been found, Polycyclus 

hens eli Oppel, Polycyclus nodifer Hyatt and Smith, and 

Polycyclus major Smith. 

8 Dittmar A. von Zur Fauna der Hallsttitter Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostische-p~aeontologische Beitr!1ge, Band 1, p. 358, pI. 14, figs. 24-37,1866. Mojsisovies, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallst!1tter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Abh., Band 6, H!Llfte 2, p. 535, pI. 132, figs. 27-36, 1893. 

Polycyclus nodifer Hyatt sn.d Smith 

Plate XXXVIII, Figures 1-18 

1905. Polycyclu8 nodifer. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of Am~rica: U. S. GeoI. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 201, pI. 88, figs. 1-18. 

Evolute, discoidal, laterally compressed, widely 

umbilicate. Whorls low and increasing very slowly in 

height, little embracing, and scarcely indented by the 

inner volution. The height of the whorl is one-third 

of the total diameter of the shell, and the width is 

three-fourths of the height. The umbilical shoulders 

are abruptly rounded, the flanks somewhat flattened, 

. the venter low, rising but little above the abrupt 

abdominal shoulders. The umbilicus is wide and 

shallow, being about three-sevenths of the diameter of 

the shell. The surface is ornamented with strong 

radial ribs which run from the umbilicus up the fla:q.ks 

and across the venter and are considerably broader 

than the intervening spaces. On the cast there is 

seen on the venter a slight furrow, which does not interrupt the ribs but depresses them. On each side of th~s 

furrow the ribs are raised into low Imots. ThIs 

sculpture is not visible on the shell. The septa are 

goniatitic except the first lateral lobe, which is very 

slightly ceratitic. The ventral lobe is divided by a 

small siphonal notch into two short narrow branches; 

the first lateral lobe is proportionally much larger; the 

second lateral and the auxiliary are exceedingly small; 

the internal or dorsaflobe is narrow and rather long, 

flanked on each side by a small internal lateral. 

This species is most nearly related to Polycyclus 

hens eli Oppel, and especially to the variety ~irect~, 

figured by Mojsisovics,7 but Polycyclus nodifer IS 

more evolute than the Tyrolian species, and the nodes 

on its ribs serve as distinguishing characters. . All the 

other marks and the faunal association are the same. 

. In the same beds with Polycyclus nodifer there is a 

species that is almost undoubtedly identical wit~ 

Polycyclus hens eli, and it is not unlikely that a tranSItion between the two species may be traced. 

In the young stages the shell is subglobose, but the 

umbilicus speedily widens and the whorl becomes 

relatively lower. The lateral ribs begin at the diameter of 1.6 millimeters, at first as umbilical knots. The 

ventral knots and furrow begin at a diameter of 3.2 

millimeters. The serration of the first lat~ral lobe 

begins at a diameter of about 8 millimeters. The 

largest specimens found had a diameter of about 25 

millimeters. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Trachyceras subzone, 

on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 

miles east of Madison's ranch and half a mile north of 

the trail to Brock's ranch in Shasta County, Calif. 

7 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallst1itter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, H1ilCte 2, pI. 132, figs. 7-11, 1893. 
CERATITOIDEA 97 

Polycyclus henseli (Oppel) 

Plate LVII, Figures 28-30 

1865. Ammonites henseli. Oppel, Palaeontologische Mittheilungen, Band 1, p. 132, pI. 41, fig. 3. 

1866. Ammonites henseli. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der Hallstatter 

Kalke: Geognostische-palaeontologische Beitrage, 

Band 1, p. 357, pI. 14, figs. 16-20. 

1893. Polycycl1tS henseli. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Hii.lfte 2, p. 536, pI. 132, figs. 7-23. 

190Q. Polycyclus hens eli. Diener, Fauna o'f the 1'ropites limestone of Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 74, pI. 7, fig. 12. 

Dwarf, arrested, degenerate fornl, evolute, laterally 

cOlllpressecl, widely unlbilicate. Sm·face with strong 

ribs running frOln the unlbilicus across the venter 

without interruption. Septa with simple lobes, except 

the first lateral, which is slightly serrated. Body 

chamber short. 

Polycyclus henseZi is closely related to PoZycycZus 

nod~fer, differing in lacking the ventral fm'row and the 

nodes at the ends of the ribs. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus lilnestone, in the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Polycyclus major Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LVIII, Figures 3~-32 

Form evolute, discoidal, laterally compressed, widely 

ulnbilicate, with flattened sides, and narrow flattened 

venter, with abrupt ventral shoulders. There is a 

very shallow ventral furrow. Surface with fine nearly 

straight ribs that run fronl the mnbilicus across the 

venter without interruption but with a median depression or shallow furrow nlade by the knots on the ribs 

at the ventral shoulder. The outer whorl embraces 

nearly half of the inner but is only slightly indented 

by it. Body chamber short. Septa with rounded 

saddles and serrated lobes; there are a divided ventral 

lobe, a large lateral, and a very snla11 second lateral; 

the auxiliary is indicated only by a notch on the 

umbilical suture. 

Polycyclus major resembles PoZycycZus nodifer but is 

distinguished by its much greater size, more numerous 

and finer ribs, and greater lateral compression. It 

differs frOl11 Ohoristoceras keZZyi in its greater lateral 

compression, f1.attened instead of subrectangular whorl, 

deeper ventral furrow, more distinct knots at ends of 

the ribs, and greater involution. It is probably internlediate between PoZycycZus and Ohoristoceras. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

liInestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

Tropites subb'l.l.lZatus zone, on the North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, 

Cnlif. 

Genus 'CHORISTOCERAS Hauer 

1865. Choristoceras. Hauer, Eine neue Cephalopodensippe aus 

den Kossener Schichten: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Band 52, p. 654. 

1893. Choristoceras. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, HaUte 2, p. 543. 

l'ype.-Ohoristoceras marshi Hauer.8 

Form with open spiral, uncoiling in age, but closecoiled in youth. Simple, undivided, usually ending in 

spines at the ventral furrow. Lobes commonly ceratitic 

but in SOlne specimens merely indented. Body 

chamber short. 

This is a degenerate, arrested genus, probably descended from PoZycycZus. It is confined wherever 

known to the upper beds of the Upper Triassic: 

Ohoristoceras is represented in the California province by two species, Ohoristocei'as keZZyi and Ohoristoceras kZamathense, which are described below. 

Choristoceras kellyi Smith, D. sp. 

Plate LIX, Figures 1-3 

Form slender, evolute, widely umbilicate; whorls 

barely touching but not uncoiling. Surface with 

strong ribs crossing the venter, with shallow ventral 

furrow, bordered by rows of weak tubercles. Septa 

bear serrated lobes and rounded saddles. Ventral 

lobe divided and short, first lateral lobe larger, second 

lateral lobe very small, auxiliary barely indicated at 

the ventral suture; internal lateral lobe obsolete. 

This form is intennediate between Ohoristoceras 

and PoZycycZus, differing from the latter in the degen:. 

eration of the lobes and the beginning of uncoiling. 

Ohoristoceras keZZyi differs from Ohoristoceras kZamathense in its shallower ventral furrow and weaker 

knots at the ventral ends of the ribs. 

Named in honor' of Kelly's ranch. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of, 

the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on the North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of I(e11y's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. It is associated with Tropites weZZeri, 

Juvavites sub interruptus, Homerites semigZobosus, HaZobia superba, and other species. 

Choristoceras klamathense Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LIX, Figures 12, 13 

Evolute, slender, loosely coiled, but not uncoiling; 

whorls increasing very slowly in size; umbilicus widening very rapidly in the young stages. Whorls subquadratic in cross section, higher than wide, with 

rounded umbilical and abrupt ventral shoulders. 

Venter moderately broad, with ventral furrow. 

Numerous close-set slender ribs running 'from the 

umbiiicus and ending in spines or knots at the ridge 

S Hauer, F. von, Eine neue Cephalopodensippe aus den K6ssener Schichten: 

K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Band 52, p, 654, pI. 1, figs, 1-8. 
98 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

bordering the ventral furrow; there is also a second 

row of much smaller knots just below the shoulder. 

Septa not seen. 

Ohoristoceras kZamathense differs from PoZycycZus 

nodifer in its stronger furrow and sharper spines; it 

is distinguished from Ohoristoceras keZZyi by its 

stronger ventral furrow and rows of knots and 

slenderer whorl. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, of Bear Cove, at the 

north end and east side Qf Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

It is associated with Tropites weZZeri, It!etasibirites 

frechi, Discotropites Zineatus, J uvavites subinterruptus, 

ProcZydonautiZus triadicus, HaZobia superba, and other 

species. 

Choristoceras suttonense Clapp and Shimer 

Plate CV, Figures 5, 6 

1911. Choristoceras suttonense. Clapp and Shimer, The Sutton 

Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver Island, 

B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, No. 12, 

p. 434, pI. 40, figs. 4, 6. 

Clapp and Shimer describe this species as follows: 

Whorls laterally compressed, but little or not at all embracing, as evidenced by the absence of any impressed zone, and 

increasing very slowly in size. Cross section oval with breadth 

about four-fifths of the height; sides broadly rounded; venter 

slightly flattened. Surface ornamented with strong simple 

ribs that cross the umbilical region, though there much weaker, 

increase in strength up the sides to the ventral shoulders, and 

run straight across the venter. On the venter the ribs are 

d~pressed by a slight furrow; this depression of the ribs accentuates their height on the ventral shoulders into the appearance 

of low knobs bordering. the furrow. Lobes and saddles entire, 

except that the ventral lobe is divided by a small siphonal 

notch. There are two narrow lateral lobes, the second lateral 

being about two-thirds the depth of the first. The three sadd~es are much broader than the lobes, the first saddle being 

very deep. Internal antisiphonal lobe not as deep as the 

second lateral. 

Clapp and Shimer assign this species to the' Lias 

(Lower Jurassic), but Ohoristoceras is exclusively 

Upper Triassic in its occurrence, and the other forms 

in the Sutton formation appear to be more probably 

Triassic than Jurassic; the writer agrees with Martin 9 

in assigning this species and the accompanying fauna 

.to the lower Noric zone of the Upper Triassic. 

Occurrence: Sutton fornlation, Cowichan Lake, 

Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 

Genus THISBITES Mojsisovics 

1893. Thisbites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 2, p. 399. 

Type.-Thisbites agricoZae Mojsisovics.10 

Dwarf forms, arrested, reversionary, evolute, rather 

widely umbilicate. Falciform ribs, commonly form9 Martin, G. C., Triassic rocks of Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol .27, p 

09, 1916. 

10 Mojsisovics, E. von, oil. cit., p. 438, pI. 142, figs. 16-20. 

ing bundles on the umbilical shoulders; ventral keel, 

commonly with bordering furrows. Septa goniatitic 

very much reduced. Body chamber short. 

Thisbites is rather common in the Upper Triassic 

of the Mediterranean region and is represented In 

America by a single species. 

Thisbites uhligi Mojsisovics 

Plate LVIII, Figures 6, 7 

1893. Thisbites uhligi. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halite 2, p. 435, pI. 142, fig. 38. 

Form somewhat compressed laterally, with subangular shoulders, strong ventral keel, and curved 

lateral ribs. It has some resemblance to the young of 

Discotropites mojsvarensis Smith but lacks the nodes. 

This species is probably reversionary to the keeled 

Oeratites of the Middle Triassic and resembles thenl 

in form but is still more primitive or reversionary in 

the simplicity of its septa, which have been arrested 

in the goniatitic stage that corresponds to Gephyroceras of the Devonian or some other kindred form. 

Thisbites, like all other arrested forms, is never 

entirely reversionary to anyone genus in all its characters but retains some characters from all along its 

line of ancestors. This is now known to have been 

the rule with degenerate arrested genera and species. 

Thisbites uhZigi is very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on the 

North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

ranch, Shasta County, Calif. It was first found at 

the same horizon in the Hallstatt limestone of the 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Genus BADIOTITES Mojsisovics 

1879: Badiotites. Mojsisovics, Vorlaufige kurze Uebersicht der 

Ammoniten-Gattungen der Mediterranen und Juvavischen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh., 

p.142. 

Moderately evolute, umbilicate, with compressed 

sides, and somewhat acute venter; sickle-shaped ribs; 

goniatitic septa, with enti~e lobes and saddles; body 

chamber short. Mojsisovics lists Badiotites eryx 

Muenster and Badiotites glaucus Muenster as the two 

characteristic species. Both occur' in the St. Cassian 

beds, in the lower part of the Upper Triassic of the Alps. 

The American species assigned to Badiotites has 

probably no near kinship with. that genus. 

Badiotites? carlottensis Whiteaves 

Plate CVIII, Figure 5 

1889. Badiotites carlottensis. White aves , The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian 

Palaeontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 148, pI. 19, fig. 5. 

Whiteaves describes this species as follows: 

Shell small, strongly compressed at the side, periphery sharp 

but not distinctly keeled; whorls increasing rapidly in breadth 
CERATITOIDEA 99 

in the dorsoventral direction. Surface of the outer volution 

marked by crowded, r~gularly disposed, and nearly equidistant 

minute and falcate riblike folds, which curve concavely forward on each of the sides and which are apparently not interrupted on the periphery. Sutural line unknown. 

Just why this obscure fragment should have been 

assigned to Badiotites, the writer is unable to see. 

'1"'11is gonus is ono of the least known in all the Upper 

Triassic fauna and one of the most ilnprobable. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic, probably Pse'l.tdomonotis zone, of I-Iouston Stewart Channel, 

Queen Charlotte Isla,nds, British Columbia. 

Genus RHABDOCERAS Hauer 

1860. llhabcloceras. Hauer, Beitrage zur Kenntniss del' Cephalopoden-Fauna del' Hallstatter Kalke: K. Akad. Wiss. 

"Vien Sitzungsber., Band 41, p. 124. 

1893. IVwbcloccras. MOjsisovics, Die Cephalopodeil del' Hallstiitter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, IHilfte 2, p. 570. 

1905. Rhctbcloccl'as. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40, 

p.202. 

T!I1.)e.-Rhabdoceras suessi Hauer.ll 

Shell consists of a straight shaft, with ~arginal 

siphuncle, forward-pointing siphonal collars, and septa 

divided into lobes and saddles. The ventral lobe is 

diyided, and there are two laterals and an undivided 

antisiphonal lobe. In fIauer's generic diagnosis it is· 

stated that the lobes are clydonitic, unserrated, and 

the California species has similar septa. The form 

hnd a larval coil nt the beginning, but this coil has not 

yet been found on the American species. 

This genus is distinguished from Bactrites by its 

forward-pointing siphonal collars and more complex 

septa; from BacuZites it is distinguished by its simpler 

gonil1titic septa. 

Rhabdoceras is known only from the Upper Triassic. 

In the Alpine province it occurs only in the N oric 

stage, and the beds of Plulllas County, Calif., where 

it has been found, belong at this stage also. 

Rhabdoce?'as suessi Hauer is the only European 

species of this genus, and Rhabdoceras russeZZi Hyatt 

is the only other representative known. 

Rhabdoceras russelli Hyatt 

Plate XLVII, Figures 13-15; Plate LVI, Figure 26 

1892. Rhabcloceras ntssclli. Hyatt, Jura and Trias at Taylorsville, Calif.: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 3, p. 398. 

1905. lVwbcloce1'as 1'ltsselli. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 203, pI. 47, figs. 13-15; pI. 56, fig. 26. 

Shell straight, slender, increasing very slowly in 

size; cross section oval; the venter more sharply 

rounded than the dorsum. Surface ornamented with 

cross ribs tha.t run entirely around the shell, with 

gentle backward bend on the dorsum and the venter. 

II Hauor, F. von, Doitrl1ge zur Kenntniss der Cephalopoden-Fauna der Halltl1tter Kalko: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Band 41, p. 125, pI. 2, figs. 9-16. 

The ribs are not prolllinent and are narrower than the 

interspaces. Septa goniatitic, with long, rounded 

saddles and linguaeform lobes. The ventral lobe is 

divided by a long saddle into two slender branches; 

there are two tongue-shaped laterals and a smaller 

undivided dorsal lobe. . 

This species resembles Rhabdoceras suessi Hauer as 

described by Mojsisovics,12 but differs from that 

Alpine species in having the cross section 'more oval, 

the ribs not so strong, and the lobes and saddles longer 

at the oome size. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Brock shale (of 

N oric age and overlying the Hosselkus limestone), in 

the calcareous beds in the upper part of the Pseudomonotis zone, in Shasta County, Calif. It was associated with Pseudomonotis subcircuZaris Gabb, HaZorites 

americanus Hyatt, aiJ.d Atractites sp. indet., along with 

many pelecypods. 

The writer also found it in the Pseudomonotis zone 

of Muttleberry Canyon, West Humboldt Range, 8 

miles southeast of Lovelocks, Nev .. It is associated 

with Pseudomonotis subcircuZaris Gabb, Arcestes andersoni Hyatt and Smith, PZacites humboZdtensis Hyatt 

and Smith, HaZorites cf. H. americanus Hyatt, Myophoria hl1,mboZdtensis, and other species not. identified. 

Family PHYLLOCERATIDAE Mojsisovics 

Genus RHACOPHYLLITES Zittel 

1885. Rhacophyllites. Zittel, Handbuch der Palaeontologie, 

Band 2, p. 439. 

1902. Rhacophyllites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 317. 

Type.-Ammonites neojurensis Quenstedt. 

Evolute, discoidal, widely umbilicate, laterally compressed. Surface with striae of growth. Septa with 

phylloid saddle and monophyllic lobes. 

RhacophyZZites is represented in the American Triassic 

only by the subgenus DiscophyZZites Hyatt, of whi,ch 

there is a single species. 

Subgenus DISCOPHYLLITES Hyatt 

1900. Discophyllites. Hyatt, Cephalopoda, in Zittel, K. A., 

Textbook of Palaeontology (translation by Eastman), 

vol. 1, p. 566. 

1906. Discophyllites. Diener, Fauna of the. Tropites limestone 

of Byans: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 173. 

1918. Discophyllites. Trechmann, The Trias of :New Zealand: 

Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 73, pt. 3, p. 184. 

1919. Discophyllites. Diener, Neue Ammonoidea leiostraca aus 

den Hallstatter Kalken des :Salzkammergutes: Akad. 

Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 97, p. 381. 

Type.-RhacophyZZites patens Mojsisovics. 

Form rather evolute, discoidal, laterally compressed. 

Surface with only striae of growth. Body chamber 

short .. Septa only moderately phylloid, with leaflike 

expansions of the saddles and digitate lobes. This 

U )\1ojsisovics E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstl1tter Kalkej K.-k. geol' 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Hl1lfte 2, p. 571, pI. 133, figs. 10-17, 1893. 
100 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA. 

genus is transitional from Monophyllites to Phylloceras. 

It is represented in the Karnic stage of the Upper 

Triassic by Discophyllites ebneri Mojsisovics, and Dis:-

cophyllites ins ignis Gemmell aro ; in tlie transitional beds 

between Karnic and N oric by Discophyllites paten.s 

Mojsisovics; and in the true Noric by Discophyllites 

fioweri Diener. 

Of these species only Discophyllites patens occurs in 

America. 

Rhacophyllites (Discophyllites) patens (Mojsisovics) 

• Plate LXII, Figures 1-13i Plate CIII, Figures 4-6 

1874. Lytoceras patens. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, p. 34, pI. 16, fig. 13i pI. 19, fig. 17. 

1902. Rhacophyllites (Discophyllites) patens. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden der Hallstat~r Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement Heft, p. 321. 

1914. Discophyllites cf. D. ebneri. Welter, Obertriadische Ammoniten und Nautiloiden von Timor: Palaontologie 

von Timor, Lief. I, p. 202, pI. 30, figs. 10 and 11i text 

figs. 74-76. 

1919. Discophyllites patens. Diener, Neue Ammonoidea leiostraca aus den Hallsta tter Kalken des Salzkammergutes: Akad. Wiss. Wi en Denkschr., Band 97,.p. 381, 

text figs. on p. 382. 

FOrln robust,· moderately evolute, rather widely 

umbilicate, little embracing, and little indented by the 

inner volutions. Flanks sloping gently up to the 

narrow venter, giving an oval rather than a· cordiform 

. cross section. Body chamber short. Surface with 

only striae of growth. Septa with phylloid saddles 

and deeply digitate lobes. In youth the saddles are 

entire and rounded, whereas the lobes are trifid as in 

primitive species of Monophyllites. 

Rhacophyllites patens resembles Rhacophyllites ebneri 

Mojsisovics,Is differing in its shorter siphonal lobe, 

and somewhat more distinctly phylloid lateral saddles. 

Rhacophyllites patens also greatly resembles Rhacophyllites insignis Gemmellaro, from the Karnic beds 

of Sicily, from which it differs chiefly in its oval instead 

of cordiforln cross section; otherwise the two species 

are exactly alike. The writer is of the opinion that 

Rhacophyllites patens, Rhacophyllites ebneri, and Rhacophyllites insignis are all specifically identical but can 

not decide the question for lack of material from 

Sicily and India. 

The collection at Stanford University, however, 

contains perfect material of this species from the 

Austrian Alps and from Timor, and the writer can see 

no differences between forms from Timor and Austria, 

nor between these and specimens from California. 

Diener also is of the opinion that Discophyllites ebneri 

is a synonym of D. patens. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) ·of 

13 Mojsisovics, E. von, Beitrltge zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen CephalopodenFaunen des Himalaya: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkscbr., Band 63, p. 668, pI. 19, 

fig. 6, 1893. ' 

the Tropites subbullatus zone, at several places on 

Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, and on the North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 

miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Cali£.-; 

also on Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska. It is 

associated with Tropites welleri, D,iscotropites lineatus, 

Homerites semiglobosus, Juvavites subinterruptus, Sagenites herbichi, Arcestes pacijicus, Proclydonautilus triadicus, Halobia superba, and other species. 

Rhacophyllites patens was first described as coming 

fr~m the Noric beds of the Tyrolian Alps, but later 

studie~ in that region have shown that the beds are 

transitional from Karnic to Noric, just as are the beds 

in Shasta County, Calif. 

Order BELEMNOIDEA 

Family BELEMNITIDAE 

Genus ATRACTITES Gumbel 

1861. Atractites. Gumbel, Geognostische Beschreibung des 

bayerischen Alpengebirges, p. 475. 

1871. Aulacoceras (part). Moj'sisovics, Ueber das BelemnitidenGeschlecht A 1.tlacoceras: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wi en Jahrb., p. 41. 

1880. A ulacoceras (part). Branco, Beobachtungen an A ulacoceras: Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., p. 401.. 

1882. Atractites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wi en 

Abh., Band 10, p. 299. 

1887. Atractites. Hauer, Cephalopoden des Bosnischen Muschelkalkes von Han Bulog bei Sarajevo: K. Akad. 

Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 54, p. 3 . 

1896. Atractites. Toula, Eine Muschelkalkfauna am Golfe von 

Ismid in Kleinasien; Beitr. Palaontologie Oesterr.-

Ungarns u. des Orients, Band 10, p. 185. 

1902. Atractites. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 192. 

1904. Atractites. Martelli, Cefalopodi triasi0i di Boljevici 

presso Vir nel Montenegro: Palaeontographia Italica, 

vol. 10, p. 137. 

1905; Atractites. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod 

genera of America, p. 204. 

1907. Atractites. Diener, The fauna of the Himalayan Muschelkalk: India Geol. Suryey Mem .. Palaeontologia 

Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, Mem. No.2, p. 21. 

1914. Atractites. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 83, p. 138. 

The genus A tractites , as restricted by Mojsisovics, 

comprises belemnoid forms with long phragmocone 

and short guard. The phragmocone is chambered, 

long and slender, has simple concave septa, marginal 

siphuncle, backward-pointing siphonal collars, and a 

calcareous protoconch. The guard is the calcareous 

sheath. 

Atractites drakei Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXIX, Figures 15, 16 

Small, slender, laterally compressed, with flattened 

guard and slender phragmocone .. Much smaller and 

slenderer than A. philippii and differing also in the 

compression. Named in honor of Dr. N. F. Drake. 
BELEMNOIDEA, NAUTILOIDEA 101 

Occurrence: Rather comnlon in the Upper Triassic 

IIosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Atractites philippii Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLVIII, Figures 1-3 

1905. Atmctites lJhilimJii. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 204, pI. 48, figs. 1-3. 

For.m long, slender, conical, with cylindrical cross 

section. Angle of increase very small. Phragmocone 

long and slender, with chamber walls set close together, marginal siphuncle, backward-pointing siphonal collars, short siphonal lobe, and calcareous 

protoconch. Guard thick and massive, not extending 

Far beyond the snlall end of the chambered internal 

'1.hell, and not enlarged below the end, as is common 

in At?'actites. 

The guard was not developed 'until the chanlbered 

shell was seyeral centimeters long, for specimens of this 

size were found without any trace of the ostracum. 

Occurrence: Common in the upper part (J uvavites 

subzone) of the zone of Tropites subbuZZatus in the 

Upper 1'riassic I-Iosselkus limestone on the divide 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, in Shasta County, Calif.; also at 

the Salne horizon on Bear 110untain, about 20 miles 

n'ortheast of Redding, in the same county. 

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. E. 

Philippi. 

Genus AULACOCERAS Ha.uer 

Aulacoceras carlottense Whiteaves 

Plate CVIII, Figure 6 

1889. A ~Ilacoceras carlottense. Whiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Canada Geol. 

Survey ContI'. Canadian Paleontology, vol. I, p. 2, 

p. 149, pI. 19, fig. 6. . 

Whitea\-res describes this species as follows: 

Guard elongated, in the more perfect though smaller of the 

only two specimens collected, which may therefore be regarded 

as the type of the species, narrowly conical and increasing very 

slowly in thickness from the acutely pointed posterior end, 

whose apex is slightly excentric; in the larger but less perfect 

example comparatively thick, somewhat fusiform and bluntly 

pointed posteriorly, with apex distinctly excentric. Alveolus 

and phragmocone ·unknown. Outer sm'face marked by closeset, rounded longitudinal ribs, which are separated from each 

other by narrow but deep linear furrows. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic, presunul.bly Pseudomonotis zone, at I-Iouston Stewart Channel, Queen 

Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 

Genus DICTYOCONITES Mojsisovi9S 

1902. Dictyoconites., Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden del' HallstiLtter Kalke: Ie-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Hii.lfte I, Supplement-Heft, p. 182. 

48172-27--8 

1904. Dictyoconites. Geminellaro, I cefalopodi del Trias superiore della regione occidentale della Sicilia, p. 304. 

Type.-AuZacoceras reticuZatum Hauer. 

Belemnoid forms, with great development of the 

phragmocone and the rostrunl on the guard still 

rudimentary; long chambered cones with simple septa, 

forward-pointing siphonal collars, and marginal siphuncle. Rostrum usually not preserved and consisting only of a rudimentary development at the lower 

end of the shell. 

The species assigned to this genus were formerly 

assigned to Orthoceras and later to AuZacoceras. They 

differ fr0111 A uZacoceras chiefly in the ventral position 

of the siphuncle and the rudimentary nature of the 

rostrum. 

Occurrence:' Not uncomnlon in the Upper Triassic 

of the Alps, Sicily, and California. 

Dictyoconites americanus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXIX, Fig,ures 10-14 

Shell large, conical, consisting chiefly of the chanlbered phragmocone, with obscure traces of the 

radially striate rostrum. Siphuncle marginal. Cross 

section nearly circular. Angle of the shell, 13 0 ; 

length, 250 millimeters; breadth, about 40 millimeters; distance between the chambers, about 7 

millimeters. Surface ornaillented with striae of 

growth,that make a broad sinus on the dorsal side of 

the shell. 

Dictyoconites americanus has some resemblance to 

D. haugi Mojsisovics 14 but differs in the greater 

angle of growth of the shell, which is only about 7 

degrees on the European species. 

Occul'l~ence: Not uncomnlon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the 

zone of Tropites subbuZZatu8, of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Order NAUTILOIDEA 

Genus ORTHOCERAS Breyn 

Shell straight or nearly so, tapering; siphuncle 

median or submedian, neyer marginal. Septa convex toward the apex, straight in cross section. This. 

form is the simplest and comnlonest member of the 

Orthoceratidae; as thus defined the genus ranges from 

the Ordovician to the Upper Triassic, with very 

little change. Species are distinguished by the angle of 

growth, the surface ornanlentation, the distance apart 

of the septa, and the position and size of the siphuncle. 

But these differences are so slight that it is extremely 

unsatisfactory to attempt to separate most species of 

this group, and it is still more unsatisfactory to try 

14 MOjsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstlltter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, H!Ufte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 188, pI. 15, figs. 

3,4, 1902. 
102 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

to identify or compare species which are supposed to 

be identical but which occur at different localities and 

in different association. 

In America it has been found sparingly in the Lower 

Triassic, but it is very common in the Middle Triassic 

of Nevada and occurs at a few places in the Upper 

Triassic of California. 

Orthoceras shastense Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLVIII, Figures 4, 5 

1905. Orthoceras shastense. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper .40, p. 210, pI. 48, figs. 4, 5. 

Shell small, slender, angle of increase about 6°. 

Cross section circular, siphuncle median. Surface 

smooth. Septa close together, distant about half the 

diameter of the shell. 

This species resembles Orthoceras bla7cei Gabb, from 

the Middle Triassic of the Humboldt Range, Nev., 

but differ's from that species in its smaller angle of 

increase and in its rather more distant septa. 

Occurrence: A few specimens were found by J. P. 

Smith in the Upper Triassic Hosselklis limestone, in 

the Trachyceras subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, about 3 miles east of Madison's ranch and half 

a mile north of the trail to Brock's ranch, in Shasta 

County, Calif. They were associated with Tropites 

sub bullatus , Discotropites sandlingensis, Sagenites herbichi, Halobia superba, and many other species characteristic of this zone. 

Genus PARANAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

1902. Paranautilus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 205. 

1914. Paranautilus. Smith, The Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 83, p. 142. 

Paranautilus liardensis (Whiteaves) 

Plate CVIl, Figures 1, 2 

1889. Nautilus liardensis. Whiteaves, The fossils of the Triassic 

rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 137, pI. 18, figs. 1, 1a. 

Form robust, subspherical; venter broadly depressed, umbilicus deep and narrow. Cross section 

elliptical. Septa nearly straight, without lobes or 

saddles. Surface sculpture consists of transverse 

striae of growth. . 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic on Liard River, 

25 miles below Devils Portage, British Columbia, at 

the horizon of Dawsonites canadensis, presumably of 

lower Karnic age. 

Genus PROCLYDONAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

1902. Proclydonautilus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 207. 

1905. Proclydonautilus. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 205. 

Type.-Nautilus griesbachi Mojsisovics. 

Form involute, with high, rounded whorls, nearly 

smooth shell, narrow umbilicus, and nearly central 

siphuncle. The septa are divided into numerous 

lobes and saddles. The broad ventral saddle is 

divided by a shallow funnel-shaped lobe; there is 

also a broad and deep lateral lobe. The internal 

part of the septum shows no lobes nor saddles. The 

young stages are like the Carboniferous' genus Coloceras 

(Nautilus globatus Meek and Worthen), and the 

transition fronl the Paleozoic to the Triassic type of 

septa is very gradual. Mojsisovics 15 formerly assigned 

Nautilus triadicus to his genus Clydonautilus, from 

which, however, it may be distinguished by having 

one less lateral lobe, a rounded instead of angular 

whorl, and the shape of the inner volutions. The 

writer is very doubtful if Proclydonautilus triadicus 

belongs to the same group with Clydonautilus. 

Proclydonautilus triadicus Mojsisovics 

Plate XLIX, Figures 1-3; Plate L, Figures 1-17 

1873. Nautilus triadicus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wi~n 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, p. 27, pI. 14, figs. 1-4. 

1882. Clydonautilu8 triadicu8. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 10, p. 27. 

1902. Proclydonautilus triadicus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, 

p.209. 

1905. Proclydonautilu8 triadicus. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America: U. S. GeoI. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 206, pI. 49, figs. 1-3; pI. 50, figs. 

1-10. 

Involute, somewhat compressed laterally, highwhorled, with broadly rounded flanks and venter 

without any angle on either. Umbilicus completely 

closed; broadly rounded umbilical shoulders. The 

I whorl is slightly broader than it is high, and the 

greatest breadth is even with the projection of the 

top of the inner whorl. The height. of the whorl is 

two-thirds of the total diameter. The siphuncle lies 

a little below the center. The surface is smooth and 

I has no ornamentation except the exceedingly fine 

radial striae of growth, which bend backward on the 

venter, forming a broad hyponomic sinus. 

16 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.·k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band lO ,p. 281 ,1882. 
· NAUTILOIDEA 103 

The septa are sinuous, showing both lobes and 

saddles; the broad and deep ventral saddle is divided 

by a narrow and shallow abdominal lobe; the lateral 

lobe is long and rather broad; on the umbilicus there 

is a second lateral lobe, shallow and br.oad. There 

is no illternallobe. 

Relative dimensions of the adult shell 

Millimeters Dimncter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 

Height of last whorL____________________ .66 

Height of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 46 

Width of last whorL ____________________ .70 

Involution _____________________________ .20 

Width of umbilicus _____________________ .00 

The largest· specimen found had a diameter of 97 

Inillinleters; the average size of mature specimens 

was n.bout 70 nlillimeters. In the youngest stages 

there is no lobe nor saddle, the septum is straight, 

and the shape is globose; at this' stage the shell correspo~ds to the Carboniferous genus Ooloceras Hyatt 

CNautilus globatus Meek and Worthen). At a diameter 

of 7 Inillimeters the ventral lobe begins to develop 

and at a dimneter of 10 millimeters the lateral lobes 

and saddles are visible; at this stage the whorl ceases 

to be globose and becomes higher. At a diameter of 

25 millimeters the shell has all the characters of 

Inaturity, and the only later changes are those in 

size. On the ontogeny of this species we are able 

to connect a highly specialized Mesozoic group with 

the Paleozoic radicle. 

Occlu'rence: Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, 

in both subzones of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

3 Iniles east of Madison's ranch and half a mile north 

of the trail to Brock's ranch, in Shasta County, Calif. 

This form is one of the commonest cephalopods in 

the~e beds. 

Proclydonautilus spirolobus (Dittmar) 

Plate LXXXVIII, Figures 6-14 

1866. N a~ttihts spirolobus. Dittmar, Zur Fauna der Hallstti.ttcr Kalke, in Benecke, E. W., Geognostischepalaeontologische Beitrage, Band 1, p. 352, pI. 13, 

figs. 1, 2. 

1902. Proclydoncmtil1ts spirolobus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden del' Hallstatter Kalke: Ie-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, J-Hilfte 1, Supplement-Heft, 

p. 211, pI. 10, fig. 3; pI. 11, fig. 1. 

Subspherical, involute, with flanks and venter 

rounded, without shoulders. Aperture flaring and 

. lunate. Surface with strong growth lines, almost 

amounting to ribs, parallel to the aperture. Septa 

with short, little-de,-reloped ventral lobe, and large 

lateral; the ventral lobe is developed only toward 

maturity, and thus the species differs from Proclydonautilus triadicus, in which the lobe is well developed 

in youth. Also Proclydonautilus spirolobus is broader. 

It differs from Proclydonautilus goniatites chiefly in 

its less spherical form. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper' Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the. Tropites subbullatus zone, Juvavites 

subzone, at the north end of Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

It is associated with Tropites welleri, Discotropites 

lineatus, Juvavites subinterruptus, Sagenites herbichi, 

Proclydonautilus triadicus, Halobia superba, and other 

species. 

I t was first described from the lower N oric beds 

of the Hallstatt limestone, of the Tyrolian Alps, 

Austria. 

Proclydonautilus stantoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXV, Figures 6-11 

Robust, involute, subspherical,· with rounded flanks, 

subangular shoulders, and narrow flattened band on 

the venter. Surface with sinuous growth lines, 

making a broad, shallow backward-curving sinus on 

the venter. Septa with short narrow ventral lobe 

and deep lateral. 

Proclydonautilus stantoni resembles Proclydonautilus 

triadicus but is much smaller and differs in the flattened 

band and the more robust form. 

Named in honor of Dr. T. W. Stanton. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) 

of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Proc1ydonautilus ursensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXIV, Figures 1-3; Plate LXXXV,' Figures 1-5 

Form large, subspherical, completely involute, 

deeply embracing but not deeply indented by the 

inner whorls. Umbilicus closed. Surface smooth. 

Septa with small V-shaped ventral lobe and deep 

broad lateral. 

P. ursensis re~embles Proclydonautilus triadicus 

but is more globose and much larger; it also has the 

ventral lobe undeveloped in youth, being thus retarded 

in development but not arrested. It is closer to 

Proclydonautilus goniatites Hauer 16 but is much 

larger and does not have the flanks so greatly 

expanded. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at Bear 

Cove, at the north end and east side of Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

J6 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalolloden der Hallstl1tter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Relcbsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Hl1lCte 1, Supplement-HeCt, p. 210, pl. 11, figs.·2, 

3,1902. 
104 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Genus COSMONAUTILUS Hyatt and Smith 

1905. Cosmonautilus . . Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: U. S. Geoi. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 207. 

Type.-Oosmonautilus dilleri Hyatt and Smith. 

Form involute, high whorled, laterally compressed, 

with narrow flattened venter and distinct abdominal 

shoulders. Surface at. maturity smooth, with only 

the fstriae of growth. Septa very sinuous, with 

bro~d rounded ventral lobe, long. principal lateral, 

and' a shallow small lobe outside of the umbilicus. 

The internal septum has no lobe. Siphuncle above 

the center. 

In the adolescent stage this' genus resembles Metacoceras (M. cavatiforme Hyatt),17 In these stages the 

whorl is broad, much lower than at maturity, with 

simple septa, and there is a strong row of tubercles 

on the angular abdominal shoulders. The phylogeny 

of this group seems to be Temnocheilus~ Metacoceras~ 

Oosmonautilus. Olydonautilus Mojsisovics is evidently a descendant of this genus, for O. quenstedti 

Mojsisovics 18 in its youth goes th~ou~h.a st~ge exactly 

like Oosmonautilus. This genus IS dIstIngUIshed from 

its de~cendant in lacking one pair of lateral lobes 

and in the primitive character of its young, the 

simplicity of the septa, and the strong marginal 

tubercles. 

Oosmonautilus is known only in the Triassic and is 

represented in California by several new species. 

Olydonautilus biangularis Mojsisovics, of the Upper 

Triassic of the Himalayas in India, appears to belong 

to this genus, as may also some of the European 

species assigned by Mojsisovics to Olydonautilus. 

Cosmonautilus dilleri Hyatt and Smith 

. Plate LI, Figure 1; Plate LU, Figure 1; Plate LIlI, Figures 1-

2; Plate LIV, Figures 1-4; Plate LV, Figures 1-11; Plate 

XC, Figure 1; Plate XCI; Figures 1, 2; Plate XCII, Figures 

1,2 

1905. Cosmonautilus dilleri. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod genera of America, p. 207, pI. i51, fig. 1; 

pI. 52, fig. 1; pI. 53, figs. 1, 2; pI. 54, figs. 1-4; pI. 55, 

figs. 1-11. 

Form involute, high-whorled, somewhat compressed 

laterally, deeply embracing, and deeply indented by 

the inner volutions. Greatest breadth of the whorl at 

a point even with the projection of the inner volutio~. 

The height of the whorl is two-thirds of the total dIameter of the shell, the width is six-sevenths of the 

height, and the indentation by the inner volution is less 

than one-third of the height. The whorl is broadly 

convex and slopes up from the widest point to the 

abruptly rounded abdominal shoulders; the ve~ter is 

flattened, and its width between the shoulders IS less 

17 Hyatt, Alpheus, Carboniferous cephalopods: Texas Geol. Survey Second Ann. 

Rept., p. 334, figs. 30-33, 1891. 

18 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, H!1ifte 1, p. 22, pI. 9, figs. 1,3, 1873. 

than· one-third of the greatest breadth of the whorl. 

The siphuncle is above t.he center of the chamber. 

The septa are sinuous, divided externally into complex lobes and saddles. The long ventral saddle is 

divided by a broad U-shaped ventral lobe, forming two 

very narrow tongue-shaped saddles on the abdominal 

shoulders; there is a deep and broad principal lobe, 

with rounded extremity, and a small shallow lateral 

on the umbilical slope. The internal septum has no 

lobe nor saddles. The surface of the shell is smooth 

at maturity and shows only fine cross striae of growth. 

In youth, until the shell attains a diameter of 8 

millimeters, the whorl is subglobose and perfectly 

smooth, with simple straight septa. At this size the 

abdominal shoulders begin to develop,' and very soon 

faint tubercles begin to appear on .the shoulders; this 

sculpture rapidly grows strong, until the shape, sculpture, and septa are very like those of Metacoceras Hy~t~. 

When the shell has attained a diameter of 12 mIllImeters, however, the septa already show the sinuous 

lobes and saddles characteristic of the mature form, 

except that they are not so complex. Thus the characters of Metacoceras and those of Oosmonautilus occur 

simultaneously in the same individual, which may 

indicate either that the Paleozoic characters are retarded in the development or that the Mesozoic characters are unduly accelerated in their appearance. 

When the shell attains a diameter of 35 millimeters, 

the tubercles become obsolete and the shoulders lose 

their angularity. The shell is then entering on maturity, and from this time onward it does not change 

in any essential characters; the whorls become proportionally higher and more oompressed laterally, but 

. retain their general characters, except that the flattened band on the venter becomes more pronounced. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the Juvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites sub bullatus on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

3 ~iles east of 'Madison's ranch and half a mile north 

of the trail to Brock's ranch, in Shasta County, Calif. 

This ~pecies is not so common as Proclydonautilus 

triadicus but is not uncommon. J. P. Smith also 

found it in the same horizon at Terrup Chetta (Cottonwood Flat) near Squaw Creek, about 6 miles north of , . the locality just mentioned. The specific nanle IS 

given in honor of J. S. Diller, 

CosmonautiIus hersheyi Smith, n. sp. 

PIa te LXXXIX, Figures 1-9 

Laterally compressed, involute, with flattened sides, . 

subanO'ular shoulders, and rather narrow venter. 

Surfacbe with fine sinuous growth lines. Septa with 

broad U-shaped ventral lobe and deep lateral. 

O. hersheyi is more compressed than O. diZZeri, with 

angular shoulders and distinct lateral furrow under 

them. It resembles the genus StyrionautiZus but differs in the septa, which are of the true OosmonautiZus 

type. 
NAUTILOIDEA 105 

N anled in honor of Oscar Ii. I-Iershey. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north end of 

Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, CaJif. 

Cosmonautilus pacificus Smith; n. sp. 

Plate LXXXVI, Figures 1-15 

Form high-whorled, robust, rather involute, with 

flattened sides, sub angular ventral shoulders and 

moderately broad, ~attened venter. Surface ornamented with very fine close-set ribs, with strong backward curve. 'rhere are small tubercles on the ventral 

shoulder angles, distinct in youth and nearly obsolete 

in age. Body chanlber short, as in all nautiloids. 

Septa with broad, shallow U-shaped ventral lobe, deep 

and broad lateral, with a second lateral indicated on 

the ventral suture. 

In early youth the shell is rounded but soon beCOInes angular and develops the shoulder knots, corresponding to jletacoceras,' then the whorl becomes 

1110re round-shouldered and the shell resembles OosmoncLutilus cZilleri,· toward maturity the shoulders again 

beconle angular and the resemblance to Metacoceras 

again becomes pronounced, except in the septa, which 

retain the character of Oosmonautilus. The fine sharp 

curved ribs persist through life, making this the handsomest species of Na1.ttilus in the American Triassic. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus linlestone, in the upper horizon (J uvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbull~tus zone, at the north 

end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 

Pit Hiver, Shasta County, Calif. 

Cosmonautilus shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXVII, Figures 1-11 

Fornl involute, laterally compressed, thick set, with 

so:mowhat flattened sides, angular shoulders and brQad 

flattened venter. Surface with strong blunt nodes on 

the shoulders. Body chamber ~hort. Septa wi~h 

broad, shn.Uow U-shaped ventral lobe and broad deep 

lateral. 

O. shcLstensis in fornl is a typical jletacoceras but 

differs in the strongly sinuous septa; it is either partly 

reversionary to that genus or retarded in that stage. 

It resembles O. pacijicus but differs in the more robust 

whorl, the persistence of the ventral nodes, and the 

absence of the fine sinuous ribs. At maturity it bears 

some resemblance to the young of O. dilleri, but it has 

little similarity to that species at the same size. Both 

evidently come from Metacoceras, but O. shastensis 

retains Inany charact.ers of that genus until maturity, 

whereas O. clilleri loses them entirely. O. shastensis is 

thus the lnost primitive or else the most reversionary 

species of the genus Oosmonautilus. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hossel-

. kus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subb1.tllatus zone, at Bear Cover 

at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta CountYt 

Calif. 

Genus GERMANONAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

Germanonautilus brooksi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CII, Figures 7-10 

Shell moderately evolute, with open umbilicus, 

whorls broader than high, deeply embracing. Cross 

section low, crescentic, with broadly arched venter, 

more sharply curving flanks, and steep umbilical walls. 

There is only a faint suggestion of the ventral shoulders 

usually characteristic of the group and no remnant of 

the nodes. Surface shows fine striae of growth and 

spiral lines. The striae of growth bend backward on 

the venter, forming a deep broad sinus. The septa 

show a broad, shallow ventral lobe, and a short funnelshaped ventral or annular lobe. Siphuncle central. 

Named in honor of Dr. A. H. Brooks. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic beds of 

Karnic age in Alaska, Yukon Valley, locality 9384, 

United States Geological Survey, opposite mouth of 

Nation River; collected by E. Blackwelder. 

Genus MOJSV AROCERAS Hyatt 

1883. M ojsvaroceras. Hyatt, Genera of fossil cephalopods: 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 22, p. 269. 

1882. Temnocheilus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz: K.-k. geoL Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 10, p. 226. 

1905. Mojsvaroceras. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic cephalopod genera of America: lJ. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 40, p. 208. 

(Not 1844. Temnocheilus. McCoy, Synopsis of the characters 

of the Carboniferous limestone fossils of Ireland, p. 20.) 

Type.- Temnocheilus neumayri Mojsisovics. 1,o 

Form evolute, with low, broad quadrangular, littleembracing whorls; wide, deep umbilicus; and two 

rows of lateral tubercles, one on the umbilical and one 

on the abdominal shoulders. The septa show broad, 

shallow ventral and lateral lobes and a funnel-shaped 

dorsal or annular lobe. 

The primitive shape and septa strongly resemble 

those of the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Foordiceras 

Hyatt, through which group jlojsvaroceras has probably descended from Temnocheilus. Most of the 

species assigned by Hyatt to .1110jsvaroceras have been 

described under the name of Temnocheilus, but this 

genus will have to be restricted to the less-specialized 

Paleozoic members of the group. 

As thus defined Mojsvaroceras is known only in the 

Triassic. In America the species described below is 

the only certain representative, but there .are some· 

forms in the Middle Triassic that may belong here. 

19 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Oephaiopoden der M:editerranen Triasprovinz: K.·k'. 

geol. Reichsanstait Wien Abh., Band 10. p. 267, pI. 88, figs. 1, 2, 1882. 
106 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Mojsvaroceras turneri Hyatt and Smith 

Plate XLVIII, Figures 6-11 

1905. Mojsvaroceras turneri. Hyatt and Smith, The Triassic 

cephalopod 'genera of America: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 40, p. 209, pI. 48, figs. 6-11. 

Evolute, whorls subquadratic, low and broad, with 

flanks narrowing slightly to the abruptly rounded 

abdominal shoulders. Whorls rather deeply indented 

by the inner volutions. Surface nearly smooth but 

ornamented with weak tubercles on the flanks and on 

the abdominal shoulders. 'The. umbilicus is deep and 

wide, and the inner walls are very steep. 

. Dimensions of type specimen of M ojsvaroceras turneri 

Millimeters 

Diameter_______________________________ 90 

Height of last whorL ______ .:_.,.____________ 40 

Height of last whorl from preceding_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

Width of last whorL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60 

Involution______________________________ 10 

Width of umbilicus_______________________ 25 

The septa are slightly sinuous, with a broad" shallow 

ventral lobe, a similar lateral lobe, and 'a funnelshaped dorsal or annular lobe. The siphuncle is 

below the center of the whorl. 

Occurrence: Two specimens were found by J. P. 

Smith in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the Trachyceras subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, about 3 miles east of Madison's ranch and half 

a mile north of the trail to Brock's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Genus SYRINGOCERAS Hyatt 

1894. Syringoceras. Hyatt, Phylogeny of an acquired characteristic: Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., .vol. 32, p. 546. 

1900. Syringoceras. Hyatt, Cephalopoda, in Zittel, K. A., 

Textbook 'of Palaeontology (Eastman's translation), 

p. 521. 

1902. Syringoceras. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geoi. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 214. 

Type.-Nautilus barrandei Hauer. 

Form evolute, with rounded little-embracing whorls, 

wide umbilicus, slightly compressed sides, and flattened venter. Umbilicus invariably perforated. 

Sculpture consists of ,fine growth lines and spirals. 

Septa very 'simple, nearly straight, but with well-. 

developed annular lobe. 

Occurrence: Common from Middle Triassic through 

the Upper Triassic. In America it is represented by 

a single species in. the Pseudomonotis subcircularis 

zone, of upper Noric age. 

Syringoceras spurri Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIV, Figures 8, 9 

Form moderately robust, somewhat compress 

laterally, with open though not very wide um' ilicus 

and rounded venter. Surface shows fine, sharp 

backward-curving growth lines. Septa have only 

gentle curves; no real lobes nor saddles on the outside. 

Annular lobe not observed. 

S. spurri resembles S. altius Mojsisovics 20 but 

differs in being more compressed and less wid~ly 

umbilicate. 

Named in honor of J. E. Spurr. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis zone of the Star Peak 

formation, in Muttleberry Canyon, in the West 

Humboldt Range, abQut 8 miles southeast of Lovelocks, Nev.; it is associated with Rhabdoceras russelli, 

Halorites americanus, Arcestes andersoni, Placites 

humboldtensis, and other spe-cies. 

Genus JUVAVIONAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

1902. Juvavionautilus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geo!. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 222. 

Type.-Nautilus heterophyZlus Hauer. 

Form evolute, little-embracing, with sonlewhat 

rounded young and subtrapezoidal adult cross·section. 

Surface smooth, with only fine sinuous lines' of growth. 

Septa simple, with broad sl;lallow ventral saddle, a 

similar lateral lobe, and a small annular lobe. 

This genus appears to have been derived from 

Syringonautilus and is essentially characteristic of 

the N oric stage. 

Subgenus OXYNAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

1902. Oxynautilus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt "Vien Abh., 

Band 6, Halfte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 223. 

Whorls somewhat more involute than those on 

Juvavionautilus, laterally compressed, and sharpened 

into a high, massive keel. Surface with fine sinuous 

growth lines and no other ornamentation. Septa 

with narrow ventral saddle, and broad lateral lobe. 

Occurrence: Confined to the N oric stage of the 

Upper Triassic, and represented by a single species, 

Juvavionautilus (Oxynautilus) acutus Hauer. 

Juvavionautilus (Oxynautilus) acutus (Hauer) 

1846. Nautilus acutus.' Hauer, Die Cephalopoden des Salzkammergutes aus der Sammlung des Ftirsten Metternieh, p. 38, pI. 1.1, figs. 1, 2. 

1902. J uvavionautilus (Oxynautilus) acutus. Mojsisovics, Die 

Cephalopoden der Hallstatter Kalke: JC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, Halfte 1,' Supplement-Heft, p. 226, pI. 2, fig. 1; 'pI. 3, fig. 1. 

Form somewhat evolute, widely umbilicate, strongly 

compressed laterally, with narrow venter, surmounted 

by a strong keel. Surface smooth. Septa with 

narrow ventral saddle and broad lateral lobe. 

Occurrence: Only a single specimen was found in 

the Upper Triassic I-Iosselkus limestone, above the 

coral zone at the base of the beds of N oric age at the 

20 Mojsisovics, E. von, Die Cephalopoden der Hallstlitter Kalke: K.-k. geoL 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 6, HilUte 1, Supplement-Heft, p. 219, pI. 6, fig. 2, 

1902. 
NAUTILOIDEA .107 

east side of the north end of Brock Mountain, between 

Pit River and Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

This specimen was completely shattered in the attempt 

to get it out of the splintery rock matrix and could 

not be illustrated. 

Genus GRYPOCERAS Hyatt 

. 1883. Grypoccms. Hyatt, Genera of fossil Cephalopoda, p. 269. 

1900. Grypocems. Hyatt, Cepl1alopoda, in Zittel, K. A., Textbook of Palaeontology (translated by Eastman), 

p. 521. 

1902. Grypoceras. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der HallstiLtter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., 

13~nd 6, Hiilfte I, Supplement-Heft, p. 227. 

Subgenus GRYPONAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

1902. Gryponautil~ts. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

HallstlLtter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, IHUfte I, Suppleme~lt-Heft, p. 227. 

Type.-G'rypoceras gaZeatum Mojsisovics. 

Involute, robust, square-shouldered, with flattened 

venter, and strong shoulder knots. Septa very simple, 

with no lobes nor saddles. 

Gryponautilus is either a very primitive group, which 

retains until Inaturity the essential characters of 

]letacoceras, or else it is a reversion, by arrest of developnlent, toward that genus. It is intermediate 

between Metacoceras and Oosmonautilus, is primitive 

in character, and resembles the early adolescent stages 

of OosmonautiZus. . 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Karnic 

stago of the Tyrolian Alps and India an~ corresponding beds in California. 

Grypoceras (Gryponautilus) cooperi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXVIII, Figures 1-5 

Fornl very robust, with subrectangular cross section, 

moderately wide umbilicus, flattened sides, angular 

,ventral shoulders, and broad, very slightly convex 

venter. The ventral shoulders are armed with strong 

nodes. The septa are nearly straight; they form only 

a slight angle at the shoulders and give a broad and 

shallow backward-curving sinus on the venter. This 

genus retains at maturity most of the characters of 

]letacoceras, and Grypoceras cooperi is unusually 

prilnitive; it is a genuine an achronisnl , either an 

arrested or a reversionary form. 

Grypoceras cooperi is very closely related to Grypoce'/'as suessi Mojsisovics but differs in its more robust 

fornl, -mder and convex instead of concave venter, 

wider umbilicus, and coarser nodes. It also resembles 

Grypoceras suessijorme Diener,21 but differs from that 

species in being more compressed and in having a 

narrower umbilicus. It lies between Grypoceras suessi 

and Grypoceras suessijorme, and more material would 

probably show an intergradation between the three 

species. 

Named in memory of Dr. J. G. Cooper. 

II Dlonor, Carl, Upper Triassic and Liassic faunao of the exotic blocks of MalIa 

Johar In tho Dhot Mahnls of Kumaon: India Gool. Survey Mom., Palaeontologia 

Indica, sor. 15, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 54, pI. 10, fig. 1, 1908 

Occurrence: Very rare 'in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvav~tes subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, in Bear Cove, 

at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

'Genus STYRIONAUTILUS Mojsisovics 

1902. Styrionautilus. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Hiilfte I, Supplement-Heft, p. 206. 

Type.-Nautilus styriacus Mojsisovics. 

Involute, globose forms, with rounded venter. 

Se'pta with lateral lobes but without distinct ventral 

lobe. This genus is supposed to have developed out 

of Paranautilus, but transitional forms are lacking. 

StyrionautiZus is doubtfully represented in America 

by S. sauperi, in Upper Triassic beds of Karnic age. 

Styrionautilus sauperi (Hauer) 

Plate LXXXV, Figures 12-18 

1846. Nautilus sauperi. Hauer, Cephalopoden des Muschelmarmors von Bleiberg in Karnten: Haidinger's 

Naturw. Abh., Band I, p. 26, pI. I, figs. 1-4. 

1847. Nautilus sauperi. Hauer,' Cephalopod en des Muschelmarmors von Bleiberg in Karnten: Haidinger's 

Naturw. Abh., Band I, p. 261, pI. 8, figs. 4, 5. 

1873. Nautilus sauperi. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden der 

Hallstatter Kalke: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt WienAbh., 

Band 6, Halfte I, p. 28, pI. 14, figs. 5, 6; pI. 15, fig. 1. 

L902. Sty rio nautilus sauperi. Mojsisovics, Die Cephalopoden 

der Hallstatter Kalke: IC-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Abh., Band 6, Halfte I, p. 209, text fig. 6. 

Robust, involute, with flattened sides, subangular 

shoulders, and flat, narrow venter. Surface with fine 

'sinuous growth lines. 'Septa with very small narrow 

ventral lobe and broad lateral lobe. Mojsisovics 

classed tIllS species as intermediate between OZydonautilus and Styrionautilu8, but it has great resemblance 

in form to Oosmonautilus in spite of the difference in 

its septa. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, at Bear Cove, at the 

north end and east side of Brock Mountajn, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

It was first described from the same horizon in the 

Hallstatt limestone of the Tyrolian Alps, Austria. 

Genus CLYDONAUTILUS Mojsis~vics 

Clydonautilus hessi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate LXXXVIII, Figures 15-19 

F.orm robust, rather involute, with subrectangular 

cross section, subangular shoulders and broad, flattened venter. Surface with sinuous growth lines 

bending backward in a broad, shallow sinus on the 

venter and with weak folds parallel to the lines. 

Septa with short narrow ventrQ,llobe and wide, deep 

lateral lobe. 
108, UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Olydonautilus hessi is more robust and thick set"than 

Proclydonautilus triadicus; its form suggests that of 

Oosmonautilus, but it has no marginal nodes at any" 

stage of growth. Its shape and septation do not 

agree with those of Proclydonautilus but suggest rela-" 

tionship to the more primitive Mojsvaroceras. 

Named in honor of Frank L. Hess, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Not unconlmon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 

miles east of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Oreek and Pit River, Shasta Oounty, 

Calif. 

Class GASTROPODA 

Genus CAPUL US Montfort 

Capulus silverthorni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figure 15 

Shell of medium size, highly arched, with flaring 

aperture, and prominent incurved slender apex. 

Surface with only weak concentric wrinkles. 

Named for the Silverthorn family, to whom the 

writer is indebted for many kindnesses. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone~ in" the Trachyceras subzone of the 

zone of Tropites subbullatus, of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Oreek and Pit River, Shasta Oounty, Oalif. 

Genus PATELLA Linne 

Patella stuarti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figure 18 

Form elliptic-oval, with apex slightly excentric, 

about two-fifths of the distanc~ from the end. Shell. 

subconical, with very low apical angle. Surface ornamented with extremely fine radial lines from apex 

to periphery. 

Named in honor of W. E. Stuart, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, at the north 

end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta Oounty, Oalif. 

Patella sheehani Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 28, 29 

Form conical, with apex nearly central, and high 

apical angle, about 90°. The specimen is a cast and 

the external shell is unknown, but it seems to show 

traces of concentric lines only. 

Named in honor of J. F. Sheehan, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North Fork 

of Squaw Oreek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta Oounty, Oalif. 

Genus COLLONIA Gray 

Collonia occidentalis Smith, n." sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figures 16, 17 

Shell small, turbinate, with low apical angle, 

rounded whorls increasing rapidly in size; sutures 

deeply impressed. Surface with very fine spiral lines. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone; in the lower horizon (Trachyceras 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Oreek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus OMPHALOPTYCHA Ammon 

Omphaloptycha obesa Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 4 

Form turreted, with low spire, blunt apical angle, 

lower whorls becoming tumid. Suture deeply impressed. Surface with weak radial folds. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites su"bbuZZat'1.lB zone, on North Fork of Squaw 

Oreek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta Oounty, 

Oalif. 

Omphaloptycha shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 5 

Form high-spired, increasing slowly in breadth, 

whorls about half as high as wide; suture deeply impressed. Surface smooth. Neither a.perture nor apex 

seen. This species belongs to the group of Ohemnitzi-alike gastropods that is very common in the Triassic. 

There is much doubt whether it ought to be separated 

from Ohemnitzia. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, in the upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of. 

the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta Oounty, 

Oalif. 

Genus WORTHENIA De Koninck 

W orthenia klamathensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 3 

Form turbinate, with high spire, apical angle about 

40°. Body whorl broad, with somewhat flattened 

base. About seven whorls with deeply impressed 

sutures. Surface with three or four obscure spiral 

ridges. The generic characters of Worthenia can not 

be made out on the poorly preserved specimen; it is 

assigned to that genus because of its resembhmce to 

other species of Pleurotomaria-like forms of Triassic 

age. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North 

Fork of Squaw Oreek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. 
GASTROPODA, PELECYPODA 109 

Genus PROTORCULA Kittl 

1899. Protorcula. Kittl, Die Gastropoden der Esinokalke, nebst 

einer Revision der Gastropoden der Marmolatakalke: 

K.-k. naturhist. Hofmus. Ann., Band 14, Nos. I, 2, 

p.184. 

1913. Protorcula. Krumbeck, Obere Trias von Buru und Mis61: 

Palaeontographica, Suppl. 4, Abt. 2, Lief. I, Abschnitt I, p. 85. 

Turreted forms with high slender spire, angular 

whorls, and short canal. The genus was established 

to include the Oerithium-like forms of Triassic age. o 

Protorcula alaskana Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CnI, Figures 9, 10 

Form slender, with high spire; apical angle about 

12°. About eight whorls, with shallow sinus and 

prominent shoulder near bottom of whorl. Surface 

ornamented with very fine backward-curving striae 

of growth, crossed by somewhat coarser spiral lines 

and with rather coarse nodes, about 24 to a whorl, on 

the shoulder angle. 

TIlls species is very similar to Protorcula par,,-?ula 

Krumbeck, from the Upper Triassic of eastern India, 

but differs in its smaller apical angle, shallower sinus, 

less pronounced shoulder, find coarser sculpture. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic, in 

b~ds probably of Karnic age, in Alaska, at locality 

10093, United States Geological Survey. " Copeland 

Creek at Camp July 14. S. R. C., July 15, 1917." 

Associated with Lima blackb'l.lrnei. 

Protorcula bassetti Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figure 7 

Forlu slender, with high spire, angle of spire about 

12°: nine whorls, with a sharp angle below the middle. 

Surface nearly smooth but with faint nodes on the 

shoulder angle. This species differs. from ProtorcuZa 

aZas7cana in havillg the shoulder angle near the middle 

of the whorl instead of near the base, also in the weakness of its sculpture. 

Named in honor of T. E. Bassett, of the Stanford 

University geologic expedition, who assisted in collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zono of lower N oric age, at locality 8834, United States 

Geological Survey, north arm of Threemile Cove, 

noar Dall fIead, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

Genus PURPURINA D'Orbigny 

Purpurina gravinaensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figure 6 

Shell of luedium size, whorls fine, thick, set, somewhat tabulate at the suture. Body whorl more than 

half the total height. On each whorl there is a deep 

spiral furrow just below the tabulate shoulder. Surface ornamented with strong longitudinal ribs or folds, 

about 40 to a whorl. () 

This species is not closely related to any other 

known form, but its shell characters are sufficiently 

definite to make its reference to Purpurina reasonably 

certain. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic coral zone 

of lower N oric age, on Gravina Island, Alaska, locality 

9536, Fivemile Cove. 

Genus MARGARITA Leach 

Margarita triassica Whiteaves 

Plate CVI, Figures 14, 15 

1889. Margarita triassica. Whiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Canada Geol. 

Survey, Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, 

p. 136, pI. 17, figs. 8, 8a. 

Shell small, turbinate, about as broad as high; four 

whorls, increasing rapidly in size; deeply and narrowly 

umbilicate; aperture nearly circular; outer lip thin and 

simple. Surface ornamented with four raised spiral 

lines on the upper half of the whorl. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic, presumably in 

the Pse'l.ldomonotis zone, about 30 miles below Devil's 

Portage on Liard River, British Columbia. 

Class PELECYPODA 

Genus MYOPHORIA Bronn 

Myophoria alta Gabb 

Plate CIV, Figure 16 

1864. Myophoria alta. Gabb, Description of the Triassic fossils 

of California and the adjacent territories: California 

Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 33, pI. 6, fig. 33. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell small, inequilateral, higher than wide, abruptly truncated posteriorly i anterior end and base broadly rounded i 

beaks central, approximate, curved anteriorly i umbonal ridge 

acute, with a slight depression immediately in advancei surface 

posterior to this ridge abruptly descending to the posterior 

margin, and with a few radiating linesi anterior to it the surface 

is marked only by faint concentric lines. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis 

zone, of lower N oric age, in the Swearinger slate of 

Genesee Valley, Plumas County, Calif.; and also in 

the same zone at Dun Glen, East Range, Humboldt 

County, Nev. 

Myophoria beringiana Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figure 3 

Shell large, with high backward-curving beak; 

muscle impressions large, pallial line entire. Surface 

of inner cast ornamented with eight coarse radial ribs 

impressed on the cast. Hinge and surface ornamentation of outer shell unknown. 

Myophoria beringiana does not resemble any described species of this genus and superficially appears 

to ·be more like Trigonia, but its association is with 

Triassic fossils, and the occurrence of a Trigonia at 

that horizon is improbable. 
110 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic beds of 

lower N oric age, locality 8836, United States Geological Survey, Bostwick Inlet, Gravina Island, Alaska, 

associated with Arcestes sp. 

Myophoria brockensis Smith,- n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 25, 26 

Shell rather large, trigonal; beaks prominent and 

only slightly curved. Surface smooth, except the 

fine concentric growth lines. Posterior area sharply 

defined by an obtuse angle running fronl the beak 

diagonally backward. Hinge not seen, but the shape 

makes the generic reference reasonably certain. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus linlestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, at the north 

end and east side of Brock Mountain, about 6 miles 

, east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and 

Fit River, Shasta County, Calif. ' 

Myophoria humboldtensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 27 

Shell medium in size, trigonal in shape, with slightly 

curved anterior beak. Surface with five coarse radial 

ribs. . The finer sculpture has all disappeared. There 

is no known Alnerican species with which to compare 

this one, nor would the obscure details allow such a 

comparison. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Pseudomonotis subcircuZaris zone of N oric age, in the 

Star Peak formation in Muttleberry Canyon, about 

12 miles east of Lovelocks, Nev., associated with 

Arcestes andersoni, Rhabdoceras russeZZi, PZacites humboZdtensis, and Pseudomonotis subcircuZaris. 

Myophoria suttonensis Clapp and Shimer 

Plate CV, Figure 2 

1911. Myophoria suttonensis. Clapp and Shimer, The Sutton 

Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver Island, 

B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Rist. Proc., vol. 34, No. 12, 

p. 433, pI. 41, figs. 12-14. 

Clapp and Shimer describe this species as follows: 

Shell trigonal, inequilateral, with rounded anterior and produced and angular posterior margin. Breadth and height 

about equal. Beaks situated slightly anterior to middle. 

Surface marked with a radial ridge extending from the umbos 

to the posterior border, separating from the rest of the shell the 

posterior dorsal area, which bears a different ornamentation. 

Main body, of shell ornamented with from 17 to 19 radiating 

ribs; these ribs are much broader than the interspaces and are 

broadly rounded on top; they are strongly but minutely 

crenulated by crowded concentric striae. In the sinus bounding 

the radial ridge anteriorly there are two smaller radial ribs; 

from there, however, the ribs at once become strong and 

prominent and thence slowly decrease in strength toward the 

anterior portion of the shell, where they become very weak 

or are wholly absent. Numerous concentric striae are prominent upon the ribs but become especially strong at the anterior 

margin. The radial ribs are much smaller on the umbonal 

area, where they are crossed by three or four Trigonia-like 

strong transverse ridges. 

Posterior dorsal area nearly smooth. The ornamentatiol~ 

consists of concentric growth lines, most prominent over a 

broad, low medial rib. Cardinal teeth typical of other Myo-" 

phorias-that is, two in the right valve, with vertical striations 

upon their outer and inner edges. These fit into corresponding 

socket-like teeth on the left valve that are striated only upon 

their inner edges. 

This species is nearly related to Myophoria goZdjussi 

Munster, differing in the stronger and broader posterior ridge, with two radial ribs instead of one rib on 

the sinus, and in the absence of prOlninent radial ribs 

from the flattened area behind the radial ridge, where 

Myophoria goZdjussi has about three strong radial ribs. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Sutton formation of 

Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 

This formation was assigned by Clapp and Shimer to 

the Lower Jurassic, but the fauna points rather to the 

lower N oric horizon of the Upper Triassic series. ' 

Genus ANOPLOPHORA Sand berger 

Anoplophora? shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figure 14 

Form oblong, with blunt anterior and rounded 

posterior margin; umbo near the front, not prominent. 

Surface with fine radial lines running from the beak 

to the margin. Hinge not seen; consequently the 

generic reference is uncertain. ' 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North 

Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus TRIGONODUS Sandberger 

Trigonodus? productus Whiteaves 

1889. Trigonodus'l productus. Whiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Canada GeoI. 

Survey, Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, 

p. 13~ pI. 17, figs. 7a, 7b. 

Shell small, trigonal, slightly compressed, very 

inequilateral, longer than high, with beaks far to the 

front, and hardly projecting above the cardinal border. 

Surface marked by numerous fine concentric growth 

lines. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic, presumably in the 

Pseudomonotis zone, of lower N oric age, about 30 

miles below Devil's Portage on Liard River, British 

ColWllbia. 

Genus CARDINIA Agassiz 

Cardinia gleimi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 7, 8 

Shell subtrigonal, highly arched, with high, incurved, 

anterior beak. Surface of shell with fine concentric 

growth lines. Surface of cast with rather coarse concentric wrinkles. 

Named in honor of Eo M. Gleim, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 
PELECYPODA 111 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the 

T'I'opites subbullatus zone, on North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Cardinia? ponderosa Gabb 

1869. Cardinia ponderosa. Gabb, Descriptions of some secondary fossils from the Pacific States: Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 5, p. 13, pI. 6, figs. 11, 11a. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell largo, elongate, suboval, very thick; beaks a little more 

than a fourth of the length from the anterior end, very small, 

placed close together; ends broadly and nearly equally rounded, 

anterior a little the narrowest, cardinal margin slightly arched; 

base very broadly convex, nearly straight; immediately under 

tho beaks tho outline is very slightly emarginate; lunule none; 

ligament moderate in size, narrow, not prominent. Surface 

markod by rough, irregular lines of growth closely placed. 

Internal margin entire; pallial line strongly marked; muscular 

scars shallow. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic, presumably in the 

Pseudomonotis zone of lower N oric age, at New Pass, 

Desatoya Mountains, Ney. 

Genus CARDIOMORPHA De Koninck 

Cardiomorpha? digglesi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figure 8 

Shell subcircular, highly arched, with rather short 

hinge line, and pronlinent, slender, in curving beaks, 

inclining forward, with slight obliquity. Surface with 

fine concentric wrinkles parallel with the growth lines. 

lIinge not seen; hence the generic reference is in doubt. 

N aUled in melnory of J. A. Diggles, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

liInestone, Juvavites and Trachyceras subzones of the 

T'I'01)ites subbullatus zone, on Brock Mountain, about 

3 Iniles en,st of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit HiYer, Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus CARDITA Bruguiere 

Cardita jenkinsi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 2 

Shell SIll all, trigonal, beak anterior. Surface with 

about 21 fine rounded radial ribs about one-third the 

width of the interspaces; also with low concentric 

wrinkles parallel with the growth lines .. Hinge not 

seen, but the forlll lllakes the generic reference probable. 

N l1lned in honor of Hubert Jenkins, who assisted 

in collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus lilnestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 nliles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

county, Calif. 

Genus PLEUROPHORUS King 

Pleurophorus overbecki Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figure 15 

Shell small, elongate, with gibbous beak at the 

anterior end. Muscle impressions large, pallial line 

entire. Surface with only concentric ridges parallel 

with the growth lines. 

Pleurophorus overbeck{ is closely related to P. 

anderssoni Boehnl, from the Nathorstites zone of Bear 

Island but differs from the Arctic species in its m9re 

conlpact form and weaker sculpture. 

Named in honor of Dr. R. M. Overbeck. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic at locality 

No. 9384, Yukon Valley, opposite ll10uth of Nation 

RiYer, belo\v the Iialobia superba zone and in a fauna 

that resembles the Arctic Dawsonites fauna. 

Genus MYOCONCHA Sowerby 

Myoconcha nana S~ith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figures 10, 11 

Shell small, oblique, with short hinge line and beak 

far to' the front. Surface with only weak lines of 

growth. Very like ]lodiolus but differs in the shortness of the hinge line and the obliquity of the shell. 

Occurrence: Not uncommon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North 

Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; 

also at the same horizon at the north end of Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus MYTILUS Linne 

My til us ursensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figure 9 

Shell small, spatulate, with rounded posterior and 

acute anterior. Hinge line short. Surface with weak 

concentric lines of growth. Length, 54 millimeters; 

breadth, 16 millimeters. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at Bear 

Cove, at the north end and east side of Brock 

Mountain, . between Squaw Creek' and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus AVICULA Bruguiere 

A vicula mucronata Gabb 

Plate CIV, Figure 1 

1864. Avicula mucronata: Gabb, Description of the Triassic 

fossils of California and the adjacent territories: 

California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 30, 

pI. 5, fig. 27. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell small, compressed, oblique; beaks central; anterior 

basal margin rounded, obliquely truncated; posterior prominent; anterior ear unknown; posterior broad at the base, 
112 UPPER TRIASSIC MARlNE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

emarginate below, and produced at the extremity in the form 

of a slender spinelike process. Surface marked by fine, 

irregular, linear, radiating ribs, crossed by a few lines of 

growth. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone, of lower Noric age, in the Swearinger 

slate near Robinson's (Gifford's) ranch, c Genesee 

Valley, Plumas County, Calif. 

A vicula so peri Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 9; Plate CUI, Figure 12 

Form small, oblique, with short anterior and long 

posterior wing. Beak of the left valve prominent. 

Surface smooth. Very like A. pannonica Bittner, as 

figured and described by Waagen 22 but lacks the 

concentric sculpture. It also greatly resembles A. 

caudata Bittner, as figured by Diener,23 but the 

material is hardly good enough for identification, In 

view of the wide separation of the two forms. 

Named in honor of E. F. Soper. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North 

Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. Also· present in limestone of 

lower N oric age at locality 8946 on Rock Creek, near 

Strelna Creek, Alaska. 

Genus CASSIANELLA Beyrich 

Cassia nella shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 6 

Form small, with left valve highly arched, beak incurving and hooklike. Rounded angular ridge at 

the rear. Wings rather short. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, on North Fork. 

of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Cassianella gravinaensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figures 4, 5 

Shell small, with moderately long straight hinge 

line, short anterior and posterior wings, and with 

both valves highly arched. Surface ornamentation 

unknown, all specimens being inlier casts. 

O. gravinaensis has some resemblance to O. tectiformis Boehm, from the Upper Triassic of Bear 

Island, but differs from the Arctic species in the 

greater convexity of the valves and in the less pronounced angle from the beaks to the margin. 

Occurrence: Rare in beds of lower Noric~ age at 

locality 8836, Bostwick Inlet, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

22 Waagen, L., Die Lamellibrancbiaten der Pachycardientuffe· der Seiser AIm: 

K.·k. gool. Reiohsanstalt Wien Abb., Band 18, Heft 2, p. 8~, pI. 34, fig. 2, 1907. 

23 Diener, Carl, Fauna of the Tropites limestone of Byans: India Geol. Survey 

Mem., Palaeontologia, Indica ser. 15, vol. 5, No.1, p. 10, pI. 17, fig. 8,1906. 

Genus· POSIDONIA Bronn 

Posidonia blatchleyi (Gabb) 

Plate CIV, Figtlre 4 . 

1869. Posidonomya blatchleyi. Gabb, Descriptions of some secondary fossils from the Pacific States: Am. Jour. 

Conchology, vol. p, p. 13, pI. 6, fig. 12. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell large, flattened, obliquely semicircular; beaks small, 

nearly central, cardinal margin not so long as the width of the 

shell, straight for a short distance on both sides of the beaks, 

then bending down with a regular curve posteriorly, subangulated anteriorly; base narrowly rounded, most prominent directly opposite the posterior end of the cardinal line; anterior 

end, with a portion of the base, forming about a third of a circle; 

posterior end less convex. Surface marked by irregular and 

not very prominent concentric lines and undulations. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic, presumably in 

the Pseudomonotis zone, of lower Noric age, at New 

Pass, Desatoya Mountains, Nev. 

Posidonia daytonensis (Gabb) 

Plate CIV, Figure 2 

1864. Posido~omya daytonensis. Gabb, Description of the 

Triassic fossils of California and the adjacent territories: . California Geol. Survey,· Paleontology, vol. 1, 

p. 32, pI. 6, fig. 32. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell flattened, oblique, beaks small, not prominent. Cardinalline straight, shorter than the greatest length of the shell. 

Buccal margin excavated below the hinge line, convex below, 

merging insensibly into the base. Anal margin convex below, 

nearly straight above, and inclined inward to meet the hinge 

line. Surface depressed, marked on the cast by a few faint 

concentric undulations. 

Occurrence: Presumably in the Upper Triassic, exact horizon unknown, in EI' Dorado Canyon, near 

Dayton, Nev. 

Posidonia jacksoni Smith, n. sp. 

,Plate XC~V, Figure 13 

Shell small, oblique elongate-oval, with low, straight 

hinge line, and rather coarse concentric growth lines, 

almost amounting to ribs or' wrinkles. Smaller and 

more coarsely sculptured than Posidonia madisonensis. 

Named for B. N. Jackson, who assisted in collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic IIosselkus limestone, lower horizon (Trnchyceras subzone) of 

the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, 3 nliles east of Madison's 

ranch, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Posidonia madisonensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figure 12 

Shell small, oblique, elongate, wider than high, with 

unusually long hinge line. Surface with fine concentric growth lines. Larger than Posidonia jackson.i and 

with finer sculpture. 

Named in honor of Madison's ranch. 
PELEOYPODA 113 

OcculTence: Very COllllllon in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus linlostonc, at the upper horizon (Juvavites 

subzone) of the Tropites s1.iJbb1.iJllatus zone, at the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creek and Pit Hiver, Shasta County, Calif. 

Posidonia stella (Gabb) 

Plate CIV, Figure 10 

1864. Posidonomya stella. Gabb, Description of the Triassic 

fossils of California and the adjacent territories: California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 32, pI. 6, 

fig. 31. 

Gabb doscribes this species as follows: 

Shell subcircular, convex, inequilateral; beaks prominent, 

anterior. Cardinal margin rounded in advance, straight and 

slightly sloping posteriorly and uniting with the anal margin 

by a curve. Surface smooth or marked by a few regular concentric, rounded ribs. 

Occurrence: Preslullably in the Upper Triassic, definite horizon unknown, of Star Canyon, West Humboldt Hange, Ney. 

Genus HALOBIA Bronn 

1830. Ifalobia. Bronn, Neues Jahrb., Jahrg. 1, p. 284. 

1874. Ifalobia. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triad is chen Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und If alobia: IC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, pp. 1-3S. 

1882. 11 alobia. Gemmellaro, SuI Trias della regione occideniiale della Sicilia: R. accad. Lincei Mem.,,,3d ser., vol. 

12, p. 279. 

1899. Halobia. Bittner, Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata: Geol. Survey India Mem., Paleontologia Indica, sel". 15, vol. 3, pt. 2. 

1903. Ifalobia. Bohm, Ueber die obertriadische Fauna der 

Bitreninsel: K. svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 37, 

No.3, p. 30. 

1904. Ifalobia. Smith, California Aca,d. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., 

Geology, vol. 1, p. 403. 

1907. If alobia. IGttl, Die Triasfossilien vom Heureka Sund: 

Rept. Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the 

Fram, 1898-1902, No.7, p. 14. 

1912. Halobia. Kittl, Materialien zu einen Monographie der 

Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias; Resultate del' 

wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, Band 

1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, p. 85. 

1918. Ifalobia. Trechmn,nn, The Trias of New Zealand: Geol. 

Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 73, pt. 3, p. 197. 

Type.-HaZobia saZinar'l.iJ1n Bronn. 

Aviculoid shells, thIn, cOlnpressed, inequilateral, 

with the u1nbo in advance of the center. Hinge 

line long and straight, edentulous; equivalve, rounded 

in front and roar; without byssal notch; anterior ear 

sOlnewhat differentiated fro1n the rest of the shell, 

separated by a grooye; surface of shell ornamented 

by sharp radial ribs, generally bundled, and increasing in nmnber by bifurcation and intercalation. 

HaZobia is distinguished fro1n DaoneZZa Mojsisovics 

by .... tho differentiation of the anterior ear and doubtless intergrades with that genus. In its development 

stages it begins life as a Pos'iclonia, then becomes like 

DaoneZZa, and at the end of the laryal stage takes on 

tho characters of Ilalobia. 

HaZobia is nearly world-wide in distributiori in the 

Karnic and Noric stages of the Upper Triassic and 

is the IlIOSt important and characteristic pelecypod 

genus in those horizons. It is represented by a large 

number of species, many of which have interregional 

distribution and are useful in correlation; the best 

known of these is HaZobia superba Mojsisovics, which 

is a diagnostic zone fossil in the Mediterranean region, 

in western America, and in India. The genus is 

represented in A1nerica by a large number of species, 

described below. 

Halobia alaskana Smith, n. sp. 

Plate C, Figures 5-7 

Form large, symmetrical, with relatively short hinge 

line and beak near the middle. An terior ear not 

sharply differentiated, qeing indicated only by a 

shallow furrow and change in ornamentation. Surface ornanlented with fine, sharp radial ribs, with 

narrow interspaces. The ribs are often dichotomous 

but do not bundle and are rather evenly distributed, 

except that, as is usual in HaZobia, the posterior part 

of 'the shell is less strongly ribbed than the anterior. 

H aZobia alas7cana has some resemblance to H aZobia 

occidentaZis but differs in its great size. It also resembles IlaZobia insignis Gemlnellaro, from which it 

is distinguished by its greater height in proportion 

to its length and by its finer, less distinctly dichotomous ribs. Its sculpture greatly resembles that of 

HaZobia diZatata, with which it is ~ssociated, but that 

species is much longer than high. 

Occurrence: Hare at locality' 9533, United States 

Geological Survey, Thompson Cove, Gravina Island, 

Alaska, in shales interbedded in the coral zone of 

lower N oric age. 

Halobia austriaca Mojsisovics 

Plate XCIX, Figures, 10-13 

1874. Ifalobia austriaca. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen 

Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und H alobia: K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p.26, 

pI. 4, figs. 1~3, pI. 5, fig. 14. 

1906. Ifalobia austriaca. Arthaber, Lethaea Geognostica, Band 

2, Teil 1, pI. 45, fig. 2. 

1912. Ifalobia austriaca. Kittl" Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des 

Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, 

l~. 101, pI. 6, figs. 11-14. 

Form nearly symnletric, sonlewhat longer than 

high, with the beak only slightly anterior to the middle 

of the straight hinge line and projecting somewhat 

above it. Anterior ear arched and sharply divided 

from the body' of the shell by a distinct furrow. 

Posterior portion not developed as an ear but different 

from the rest of the shell in its weak sculpture. Surface of the young stage ornamented with strong concentric wrinkles parallel to the growth lines, extending about 10 millimeters fronl the beak. Entire sur-
114 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

face with strong radial broad and flattish ribs with . ' narro~er Interspaces; these ribs are stronger on the 

anter~or part of the shell, as in all this group, and lack 

the zIgzag change of direction of the group of H alobia 

superba. Halobia austriaca differs from Halobia charlyana Mojsisovics in its greater symmetry and fewer 

flatter ribs. It is also closely related to Halobid 

halorica Mojsisovics of the beds of N oric age in Europe 

and America but differs from that species in the 

stronger wrinkles on the beak and in the fewer 

broader ribs. ' 

Kittl, in his monograph cited above, has named a 

lar~e number of species under this group, several of 

whIch probably belong to Halobia austriaca for the 

differences which he uses as specific chara~ters can 

hardly be more than individual variation. As these 

va:ieties are not known tp occur in America, the 

WrIter can not enter into a critical discussion of them. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

beds o~ Karnic age in Alaska, in the upper division 

(Juv~v~tes subzone) of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, 

100alIty 9935, United States Geological Survey, between forks of Rock Creek, region of Kuskulana River 

Alaska, associated with Halobia ornatissima' also rar~ in the s~me subzone on Admiralty Island, locality 

8847, Umted States Geological Survey point at north 

entrance of Herring Bay, along with Halobia ornatissima; also rare in the same subzone on North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. This species appears to be a good 

mar~er for the Juvavites subzone throughout the 

CordIlleran sea of western America. 

Halobia brooksi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIX, Figures 7-9 

. Form . ra~her symmetric, longer than high, only 

slIghtly oblIque; with high beaks, somewhat in advance 

of the middle of the hinge line. ' Anterior ear strongly r 

developed and separated from the body of the shell 

by a deep furrow; posterior ear not developed as such 

but distinguished by lack of ribs. Surface of the 

beaks and young stage with rather strong concentric 

wrinkles parallel with the growth lines. Surface of 

the shell. with strong radial ribs, generally divided, 

bundled In twos and threes, beginning near the beaks 

and at a distance of about 26 millimeters from th~ beak, forming an indistinct zigzag in direction. 

Halobia brooksi is very closely related to H. austriaca 

but differs in the somewhat coarser ribs and in the 

zigzag of their direction. It is also very similar to 

Halobia ocevjana Kittl,24 from the Karnic beds of 

Bosnia, but differs from the Balkan speoies in its 

somewhat finer ribs. 

Named in honor of Dr. A. H. Brooks. 

U Kitt!, E., Materialien zu einen Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der 

Trias: Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees Band 1 Teil 

] ,Paleontologie, Band 2, p. 158, text fig. 36, 1912. " 

Occurrence: Rare in the Halobia-bearing beds of 

upper Karnic or lower Noric age at locality 8153, ridge 

on west bank of Roadhouse Creek, 2 miles from Kuskulana River, Chitina region, Alaska. 

Halobia cordillerana Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIII, Figure 8; Plate XCVIII, Figure 9; Plate XCIX, 

Figures 1-6 

1916.' Halobia cf. H. superba. Martin, Triassic rocks of 

Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 27, p. 708, pI. 

29, fig. 2. 

Form large, oval, symmetric, with prominent beak 

nearly in the middle of the long straight hinge line. 

An~erior portion of the shell broadly rounded, posterIOr more narrowly rounded, and slightly prolonged. 

Beak and young stages of shell prominent highly 

arched. Anterior ear sharply defined from' rest of 

the shell by a distinct furrow and ornamented with 

co~centric lines and two strong radial ridges. Postenor ear less sharply though still distinctly defined. 

Beaks strongly wrinkled to height of about 12 nlilli-

~eters. Surface with fine radial dichotomous ribs 

making a sharp zigzag in their course at height of 

about 10 ~illimeters, then running nearly straight 

but ~ecomIng somewhat wavy. The ribbing on the 

anterIOr part of the shell is much coarser than on the 

posterior, ~upon which the sculpture is so fine that it 

looks almost smooth. Halobia cordillerana is most· 

?lo~ely allied to Halobia superba, from which it differs 

I~ Its more symmetric shape and finer ribbing. It 

dIffers fr.om Halobia fallax in its greater size, more 

~~m~trIc. shape, and slightly coarser sc~pture. It 

I~ dIstInguIshed from Halobia oregonensis by its greater 

SIze, more sYll?J1letric shape, less obliquity of the 

beak, and finer concentric wrinkles on the young 

stages. It also resembles Halobia zitteli, from whioh 

it is distinguished by its greater symmetry, finer 

sculpture,. and more strongly defined anterior ear. 

Halobia cordillerana is more likely to be confused with 

Halobia superbescens Kittl but differs in its much 

. greater size and coarser sculpture. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Juvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, of upper 

Karnic age, at locality 8897, Yukon Valley, 1 mile 

above the mouth of Nation River; also at locality 

10267, United States Geological Survey, Yukon Valley, on Trout Creek about 3 miles above the mouth. 

At the former locality its horizon was about 10 feet 

above beds with Halobia superba. It was also found 

at locality 10197, United States Geological Survey, 

Keku Islet No.1, Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, 

Alaska. 

The writer has also collected this species ill the 

Juvavites subzone of the Tropites subbullatus zone of 

the Hosselkus limestone on Brock Mountain, Shasta 

County, Calif. 
PELECYPOD-A 115 

Halobia dalliana' Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVIII, Figures 5, 6 

Shell of medium size, sonlewhat lon'ger than high, 

oblique, with projecting beak two-thirds of the distance from rear to front. Surface ornamented with 

extremely fine radial ribs and strong concentric 

wrinkles. The ribs do not change in direction as the 

shell grows larger, thus distinguishing this species 

from H alobia septentrionalis. The ear is very small 

but definitely developed, thus determining the genus 

as Halobia and not Posidonomya. 

Halobia dalliana, resembles Halobia symmetrica, 

with which it is associated, but differs in the fineness 

of its ribs and greater length of the hinge line. 

Named in honor of Dr. W. II. Dall. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic, at locality 

, 10196, Keku Islet No.1, fIerring Bay, Admiralty 

Island, Alaska, in beds that seem to 'be of upper Karnic 

age. 

Hnlobia dilatata Kittl 

Plate XCV, Figure 5; Plate C, Figures 1-4 

1912. IIalobia dilatata. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des 

Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, 

p. 115, pI. 8, fig. 9. 

Shell large, oval, wider than high, the largest specimens 8 centimeters in width and 6 centimeters in 

height. IIinge line long and straight, nearly the full 

width of the shell. Beak little prominent, situated at 

about one-third of the distance from the front to the 

rear. 

Surface ornmnented with strong radial ribs and 

weaker concentric growth lines that form wrinkles or 

undulations on the surface. The radial ribs commonly branch and are stronger on the front than on 

the rear. They run straight from the vicinity of the 

beak to the outer margin without interruption or 

change of direction. The ears are visible, separated 

from the rest of the shell by a furrow, though not well 

developed. The Alaskan specimens agree in all respects-great size, shape, and surface ornamentationwith those from the Tyrol. 

This is one of the largest species of the Halobiidae, 

being surpassed only by Halobia gigantea. It is a 

good horiz9n Inarker, as it occurs in the same stratigraphic position in regions nearly 9,000 miles apart. 

fIowever, on account of its rarity in the Tyrolian and 

the Alpine provinces, Halobia dilatata could hardly 

be chosen as a zone fossil. 

Occurrence: Halobia dilatata was first described 

fronl the N oric beds of Sirius Kogel near Ischl, in the 

Tyrolian Alps. It was found by T. E. Bassett and 

C. O. Blackburn, of the Stanford University geologic 

expedition, in the Halobia-bearing beds of Noric age 

above the coral zone of Thompson Cove on Dall Head, 

Gravina Island, Alaska. The writer' found this 

species immediately above the coral zone near the 

junction of Paddy and Eagle creeks, Blue Mountains, 

Baker County, Oreg. 

Halobia distincta Mojsisovics 

Plate XCVII, Figures 9-10 

1874. H alobia distincta. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen 

Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und H alobia: IC-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 28. 

pI. 4, fig. II. 

1912. Halobia distincta. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, ,Band 2, p. 133, 

pI. 8, figs. 17, 18. 

Shell small, inequilateral, oblique oval, somewhat 

longer than high. Hinge line rather long and straight, 

with the prominent beak situated three-fifths of the 

distance from the rear to the front. Anterior ear 

small but sharply defined, separated' from the rest of 

the shell by a distinct furrow. Surface of the shell 

ornamented with radial ribs and fine concentric wrinkles parallel to the growth'lines. The radial ribs are 

fine, dichotomous, and very numerous; they are so fine 

on the triangular area at the rear of the shell as to be 

almost invisible. 

HaZobia distincta resembles H. Zineata but differs 

in its smaller size and more numerous and finer ribs. 

It differs from H. saZinarum in its less oblique shape 

and slightly coarser ribs. 

Mojsisovics in the description of his type says that' 

the triangular area at the rear is smooth, but Kittl 

says that the type specimens show the ribs, and they 

are shown in Kittl's illustrations. 

Occurrence: Rather common ~n beds of upper Karnic 

, age, in the Juvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites 

subbuZlatus, at locality 8849, United States Geological 

Survey, a point at north entrance of Herring Bay: 

Admiralty Island, Alaska. 

Halobia fallax Mojsisovics 

Plate XCVIII, Figures 10, 11 

1874. Halobia fallax. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und H alobia: K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 29, 

pt. 5, figs. 5, 6. 

1912. Halobia fallax. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Mon~graphie 

der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: Resultate 

der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, 

Band I, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, p. 151, pI. 7, 

fig. 20, and text fig. 32. 

Shell small, unsymmetric, somewhat oblique, with 

the beak nearly two-thirds forward on the hinge line. 

Anterior ear well defined, separated from the rest of 

the shell by a furrow. Surface ornamented with fine 

sharp ribs, which are much stronger toward the front, 
116 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

and generally in pairs. At a distance of about 12 

millimeters from the beak the ribs bend sharply forward, with a distinct zigzag, and then continue their 

direction toward the outer border. The surface of 

the beak and young stage has fine concentric wrinkles 

parallel to the growth lines; these disappear toward 

the border. Halobia fallax is very closely related to 

Halobia cordillerana, from which it differs in its smaller 

size, finer ribs, and more oblique form. It is highly 

probable that they both belong to one variable species. 

This species is also closely related to Halobia zitteli 

Lindstrom, as figured by Kittl; 25 the only differences 

in the two species are that the Arctic species has 

slightly coarser ribs and has the posterior ear differentiated. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in beds of Karnic age in 

the Yukon Valley, locality No. 9383, United States 

Geological Survey, 2 miles above mouth of Nation 

River; associated with Halobia lineata and Halobia 

halorica. 

It was first described from the lower N oric beds of 

the Austrian Alps but also occurs in the Karnic stage 

in that region. 

Halobia gigantea Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIII, Figures 6, 7; Plate XCIV, Figures 1-3 

Form very large, oblique, beak prominent, somewhat excentric, slightly anterior, and with fine concentric wrinkles. Surface with fine sharp dichotomous 

ribs, which form a marked zigzag at a height of 15 

millimeters from the apex and then continue their 

straight course to the margin. At this point there is 

a rather deep concentric furrow, separating the adolescent from the mature stage. 

Halobia gigantea is very closely related to H. superba 

but ,differs in its much greater size and somewhat 

coarser ribs. It is also related to Halobia zitteli, as 

figured by Kittl, from which it is distinguished by 

its greater size and more distinct concentric wrinkles 

on the beak. It differs from Halobia cordillerana in its 

much greater size and coarser ribs; from Halobia fascigera Bittner, of the Indian region, in the greater length 

in proportion to the height, and in the lack of bundling 

of. the ribs. 

Occurrence : Very common in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus 'limestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the Tropites subbullatus zone, at the north 

end of Brock Mountain, east side (Bear Cove), and 

west side, . between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. It also occurs in the lower or 

Trachyceras subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus on Brock Mountain but is much less common 

than in the upper subzone. 

23 Kittl, E., Die Triasfossilien vom Heureka Sund: Rept. Second Norwegian 

Arctic Expedition in the Fram, 1898-1902, No.7, p. 14, pI. 1, figs. 7-11, 1907. 

Halobia halorica Mojsisovics 

Plate XCV, Figures 3, 4 

1874. Halobia halorica. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen 

Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und H alobia: K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 33, 

pI. 5, fig. 1. 

1912. Halobia halorica. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des 

Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, 

p. 116, fig. 25. 

Form somewhat symmetric, wider than high. 

Surface with fine radial ribs dividing in twos and threes, 

somewhat bundled irregularly and lacking the usual 

zigzag at end of the adolescent stage. Ears very 

weakly developed. The adolescent stage from the 

beak to a height of 15 millimeters is covered with 

strong concentric wrinkles. 

Halobia halorica is more symmetric and less oblique. 

and has coarser ribs than Halobia dilatata. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic Halobiabearing shales, of lower N oric age, above the coral 

zone, at Martin Bridge, near the junction of Paddy 

and Eagle creeks, Blue Mountains, Baker County, 

Oreg. It was also found at' locality 9383, Yukon 

Valley, Alaska, 2 miles above the mouth of Nation 

River, associated with Halobia fallax and H. lineata. 

This species was first described from the lower 

Noric of the Tyrolian Alps. 

Halobia lineata (Muensier) 

Plate XCVIII, Figures 13, 14 

1833. Monotis lineata. Muenster (in Goldfuss), Petrifacta 

Germaniae, vol. 2, p. 140, pI. 121, fig. 3. 

1874. Halobia lineata. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen 

Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und H alobia: K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 29, 

figs. 2-4. 

1906. H alobia lineata. Arthaber, Lethaea Geognostica" Band 

2, Teil 1, pI. 47, fig. 6. 

1912. Halobia lineata. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balaton sees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, p. 135. 

Shell small, erect, with the beak two-thirds forward on 

the hinge line. Anterior ear narrow but sharply defined. 

Surface ornamented with fine regular concentric 

wrinkles parallel to the growth lines and with fine 

radial ribs, which are equally strong on the front 

and the rear and lack the zigzag break in dire.ction 

that is so common on Halobia. Halobia lineata 

differs from Halobia salinarum in its finer ribs and 

more symmetric shape and from Halobia celtica 

chiefly in the flatter, finer ribs. 

Occurrence: Rare in beds of upper Karnic or lower 

Noric age at locality 9383 United States Geological 

Survey, Yukon Valley, on Nation River,· 2 miles 

above the mouth. 

This species was first described from the lower 

Noric of the Tyrolian Alps but also occurs rarely 

in the upper Karnic. 
PELECYPOD:A. 117 

Halobia occidentalis Whiteaves 

Plate CVI, Figures 9, 10 

1889. H alobia occidentalis. Whiteaves, Fossils of the Triassic 

rocks of British Columbia: Canada Geol. Survey, 

Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 134, 

pI. 17, figs. 5, 6. 

Somewhat convex, inequilateral, a little higher 

than long. Marginal outline subovate, broadest 

above the middle. Posterior margin broadly rounded; 

anterior a little shorter than the posterior, also 

rounded but less broadly. Beaks in advance of the 

middle of the hinge line, which is long and straight. 

Surface with numerous fine, raised, threadlike radial 

ribs, narrower than the interspaces and somewhat 

wavy; also with weak concentric growth lines. There 

is ;110 interruption of the straight radial direction of 

the ribs, as there is in the group of HaZobia superba, 

and the ear is less sharply differentiated from the 

rest of the shell than in that group. 

Occurrence : Upper Triassic, in beds of lower Karnic (n u,ge, on Liard River, about 25 miles below 

Devil's Portage, British Columbia. 

Halobia oregonensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCV, Figures 1, 2 

Form suboval, oblique, wider than high; beaks small 

and excentric, situated two-fifths of the dist.ance from 

the front. Shell with strong concentric wrinkles in 

youth, persisting almost through life. Surface with 

fine radial dichotomous ribs, with obscure zigzag at 

height of about 10 millimeters. Anterior ear sharply 

defined; posterior ear distinct but less sharply defined. 

HaZobia oregonensis is related to HaZobia cordiZZerana 

but is distinguished by its more oblique shape, by the 

excentric position of the beak, and by the less distinct 

zigzag of the ribs at the ond of the adolescent stage. 

It is more closely related to H. zitteZi Lindstrom, as 

figured and described by Kittl/6 but differs in its 

smaller size, greater obliquity, and less distinct zigzag 

of the l'ibs at the end of the adolescent stage. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

Halobia-bearing shales of Baker County, Oreg. This 

horizon is about 500 feet below the beds with HaZobia 

diZatata and HaZobia haZorica. I t is thought to be 

of Ka,rnic age and approxinlately equivalent to the 

HaZobia superba zone of Shasta County, Calif. 

Halobia ornatissima Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCIV, Figures 4-6 i Plate XCVII, Figures 4-8 

Form broad, with long, straight hinge line, high and 

pl.'ominent beak near middle of hinge line; wider than 

high: Anterior ear with raised ridge and groove, 

strongly ribbed radially and sharply set off from the 

rest of the shell. Posterior ea,r less sharply set off but 

-------------------------------------------- t6 Klttl, E" Dlo 'rrlasfossilien VOID Heuraka Sund: Rapt, Second Norwegian 

Arctic Expedition in the Fram, 1898-1902, No.7, p. 14, pI. 1, figs. 7-11,1907. 

marked by two distinct raised ridges. Surface of beak 

with strong concentric wrinkles down to a distance 

of 12 millimeters from the apex. Surface of shell with 

strong, sharp radial ribs, dividing in twos or threes, 

beginning near the apex, and making a sharp zigzag 

at a height of about 12 millimeters. These ribs cover 

the entire shell from anterior to posterior hinge. 

HaZobia ornatissima is closely related to HaZobia 

superba but differs in its stronger ribs and a more distinct differentiation of the anterior and posterior ears. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) of the 

Tropites subbuZZatus zone at the north end and west 

side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, Shasta Count,V, Calif. 

HaZobia' ornatissima is very common at locality 

4823, north side of Hamilt,on Bay~ Kupreanof Island, 

Alaska; als9 at locality 10180, United States Geo~ 

logical Survey, a point between Herring and Chapin 

bays, Alaska; at both places in the Juvavites subzon~ 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone. 

Halobia rugosa Gumbel 

Plate VII, Figures 7-10 

1861. Halobia 1"I.tgosa. GUmbel, 'Geognostische Beschreibung 

des bayerischen Alpengebirges, p. 275. 

1863. Posidonomya semiradiata. Schafhautl, SUdbayerns Lethaea Geognostica, p. 368, pI. 69a, fig. 9. 

1865. Halobia haueri. Stur, Die geologische Karte der nordostlichen Kalkalpen: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 

Verh., p. 44. 

1874. Halobia rugosa. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und Halobia: JC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 31, pI. 4, 

figs. 7, 8. 

1906. Halobia rugosa. Arthaber, Die alpine Trias des Mediterran-Gebietes: Lethaea Geognostica, Teil 2, Das 

Mesozoicum, Band 1, pI. 42, figs. 1, 2. 

1912. Halobia rugosa. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des 

Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 

'2, p. 149. 

Form somewhat more symmetric than HaZobia 

superba; surface with projecting beak of young shell 

ornamented with fine, sharp concentric wrinkles, without radial ribs; the rest of the shell is ornamented with 

sharp raised ribs, somewhat wavy, and with concentric wrinkles less distinct than on the beak. In other 

species of HaZobia the radial ribs are incised, and on 

this species they proj ect above the general level. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic HaZobitt 

rugosa zone of the Pit shale, with Trachyceras storrsi, 

about 200 feet below the Tropites subbulZatus zone, on 

Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit Riv~r, 

Shasta County, Calif. The horizon is in the lower 

Karnic. The species was, found first in the lower. 

Karnic of the Austrian Alps, where it is very comnlon. 
118 UPPER TR.IA-SSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Halobia salinarum Bronn 

Plate XCV,Figure 7 

1830. Halobia salinarum. Bronn, Ueber die Muschel-Versteinerungen des siiddeutschen Steinsalzgebirges: Jahrb. 

Min., etc., 1830, p. 282, pI. 4, fig. 3. 

. 1874. Halobia salinarum. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen 

Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und. H alobia: K.-k. 

geo1. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 28, 

pI. 4, figs. 12-14. 

1906. Halobia salinarum. Arthaber, Die Alpine Trias des 

Mediterran-Gebietes: Lethaea Geognostica, Teil 2, Das 

Mesozoicum, Band 1, pI. 48, figs. 4, 5. 

1912. Halobia salinarum. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, p. 134. 

Shell small, oblique, with distinct anterior ear; ribs 

exceedingly fine, not bundled, and without the usual 

zigzag at end of adolescent stage. The ribs are finer 

even than on Halobia dilatata. 

Occurrence: Common in the Upper Triassic Halobiabearing shales, 500 feet below the coral zone, at 

Martin Bridge, near the junction of Paddy and Eagle 

creeks, Blue Mountains, Baker County, Oreg.; associated with Halobia oregonensis Smith. The horizon 

is supposed to be the approximate equivalent of the 

Halobia superba zone in Shasta County, Calif. 

Halobia septentrionalis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVIII, Figures 1-4 

Shell of medium size, oblique, somewhat longer than 

high, with long, straight hinge line, and prominent 

beak slightly in advance of the middle. Surface ornamented with very fine, sharp radial ribs, not bundled, 

and with strong concentric wrinldes parallel with the 

growth lines. The ribs at a distance of about 10 millimeters from the beak make a sudden change forward 

in their direction but without any zigzag such as 

occurs in many species of this group. 

Halobia septentrionalis is closely related to Halobia 

fallax but differs chiefly in the greater fineness of the 

ribs, the strong concentric sculpture, and the less pronounced angle in the forward course of the ribs. 

Occurrence: Rare at locality 10196, Keku Islet No.1, 

Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska, in beds that 

appear to be of lower N oric or upper Karnic age. 

Halobia superba Mojsisovics 

Plate XCIII, Figures 1-5; Plate XCIV, Figure 7; Plate XCVII, 

Figures 1-3 

1874. Halobia superba. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen 

Pelecypoden-Gattungen Daonella und H alobia: IC-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Abh., Band 7, Heft 2, p. 30, 

pI. 4, figs. 9, 10. 

1904. Halobia superba. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy 

of the marine Trias of western America: California 

Acad. Sci. Proc., 3d ser., Geology, vol. 1, No. 10, 

p. 403, pI. 48, figs. 1, 2. 

1908. Halobia superba. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and Noric 

faunae of Spiti: India GeoI. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 5, Mem. 3, p. 94, pI. 16, 

fig. 7. 

1912. Halobia superba. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias: 

Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des 

Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, 

p. 151, pI. 7, figs. 17, 18. 

Form elongate, wider than high, rounded in front 

and rear; hinge line long and straight; with slender 

conical beak projecting slightly above it. Beak in advance of the center, making the shell slightly inequilateral. Anterior ear differentiated from the rest of 

the shell by a furrow, and by coarser ornamentation. 

Surface ornamented with fine radial ribs, not bundled, 

close set, and with interspaces narrower than the ribs. 

They increase by bifurcation and intercalation, becoming slightly coarser and much more numerous 

toward the margins. There are also faint but disc tinct concentric wrinkles, strongest on the young 

shell. At a height of 12 to 15 millinleters the ribs 

suddenly bend forward, at a strong concentric wrinkle, 

and then as suddenly resume their radial direction. 

This sudden change of direction happens again once or 

twice at greater age, giving a zigzag appearance to the 

ornamentation. In front and in the rear near the hingo 

line the ribs run straight from umbo to periphery. 

Halobia superba is lllost nearly related to Halobia 

gigantea Smith but differs in its smaller size and somewhat finer ribs. It differs from Halobia cordillerana 

Smith in its coarser ribs and more oblique shape; 

fronl Halobia oregonensis Snlith it differs in its greater 

size and more symmetric f.orm. The writer is of the 

opinion that a large nunlber of the so-called species of 

Halobia, distinguished by Mojsisovics and Kittl, in 

the works cited above, are nothing more than individual variations of Halobia superba. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper .Triassic 

Heosselkus limestone, in the zone of Tropites subbullatus, especially in the Trachyceras subzone, on 

Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River,· 3 miles east of the forestry station, 

Shasta County, Calif.; also at the same horizon at 

many other places in Shasta and Plumas counties, 

Calif., and in Alaska. It was first described from the 

same horizon in the Tyrolian Alps in Austria and occurs at many places in the Mediterranean region; it 

also occurs in the Tropites subbullatus zone in the Himalayas in India. In all three regions it was associated 

with Tropites subbullatus, Discotropites sandlingensis, 

Pa,ratropites sellai, Sagenites herbichi, and Proclydonautilus triadicus. It is the commonest and most 

widely distributed species of the Karnic fauna and is 

most useful in correlation because of its abundance 

and its diagnostic character. 

Halobia superba has been found at a number of 

places in Alaska, invariably in beds of upper Karnic 

age. The best locality in that region is locality 4054, 

United States Geological Survey, Yukon Valley, onefourth mile above the mouth of Nat-ion River. 
PELECYPOD.<\. 119 

Halobia symmetrica Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVIII,' Figures 7, 8 

Shell of nloderate size, oval, much higher than long, 

with short, straight hinge line and rounded contour. 

Anterior ear sll1all but well defined. Surface of shell 

shows strong concentric wrinkles parallel to the growth 

lines and very fine radial ribs, which run straight from 

bn.ck to periphery without any zigzag in their course. 

This character, as well as the shape, distinguishes 

11alobict symmetrica from Halobi(t septentrionalis. 

From 11alobia daZliana it is distinguished by its symluetric shape. It is not nearly related to any European 

species of Jla,lobia and is more like Posidonia than is 

C01nmOll in the group. 

Occurrence: Rather conlmon in the Upper Triassic 

slates, of lower Noric~ age, on Herring Bay, Admiralty 

Island, at locality 10196, Keku Islet No. 1. Collected 

by G. II. Girty. 

Genus DAONELLA Mojsisovics 

187~L DCtOnclla. Mojsisovics, Ueber die triadischen PelecypodenGattul1gen Daonella und 11 alobia: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wiell Abh.,. Band 7, No.2, p. 6. 

It is not likely that any of the species listed below 

really belong to DaoneZla, bu t as they were described 

by .Alpheus :Hyatt under that name and not figured, 

it is now nearly impossible to determine their true 

relationship. They ought to be listed as mere nomina 

nudn., but as the nf1lnes were accompanied by a partial 

description they are included in the present work for 

the sake of conlpleteness. 

Daonella? bochiformis Hyatt 

1894. DCtOnell(L Mehiformis. Hyatt, Trias and Jura in the 

Western States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, 

p.415. 

Fornl elliptical, with long, straight hinge line. 

Surface with concentric ridges and radial lines closely 

orowded. This species is sl1id by Hyatt to resemble 

DaoneZZct bochi Mojsisovics, fronl the upper Muschelkalk of Austria, but to differ fronl the European species 

in having the lUl1bo nearer the middle, the concentric 

ridges })10re linear, and the radial lines more distinct 

and closely crowded. 

This species has not been figured and only briefly 

described, so that it is doubtful whether it should be 

recognized. . 

Occurronce: Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone, of 

N OrlC age, in the Sailor Canyon fornlation, at Sailor 

Canyon, about 14 Iniles south of Cisco, Calif: 

Daonellu? cardinoides Hyatt 

1894. Dao.ncll(£ eard'inoicles. Hyatt, Trias and Jura in the 

Western States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, 

p.416. 

I-Iyatt describes this species as follows: 

The valve of this shell often has an outline like some species 

of Card'inia and the longitudinal striae are correspondingly 

curved toward the anterior and posterior ends; otherwise it is 

'3imilar to D. boehifo1'1nis. 

This species has never been figured, and the above 

brief description by I-Iyatt leaves it almost unrecognizable. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis 

zone, of Noric age, in the Sailor Canyon formation, at 

Sailor Canyon, on Alnerican River, 14 miles south of 

Cisco, Calif. 

Daonella? subjecta Hyatt 

1894. Daonella? s1lbjeeta. Hyatt, Trias and Jura in the 'Western 

States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, p. 415. 

Outline elliptical, length considerably greater than 

height; hinge line long and straight, without ears. 

Surface with coarse concentric ridges on' the umbo, 

becOlning finer outwardly; also with radial lines alternating in size, and more prominent near the middle. 

This species was not figured and not fully described, 

so its position is in doubt. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis 

zone, of N oric age, in the Sailor Canyon formation, in 

Sailor Canyon, on American River, about 14 miles 

south of Cisco, Calif. . 

Genus MONOTIS Bronn 

1830. klonot'is. Bronn, Ueber die Muschel-Versteinerungen des 

sliddeutschen Steinsalz-Gebirges: Neues Jahrb., Jahrg. 

1, p. 279. 

1886. Monotis. Teller, in Mojsisovics, Arktische Triasfaunen: 

Acad. sci. St.-Petersbourg Mem., 7th ser., vol. 23, 

No.6, p. 106. 

1'912. Monotis. Kittl, Materialien zu einer Monographie der 

Halobiidae und Monotidae del' Trias: Resultate der 

wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, Band 

I, Teil 1, Paleontologie, Band 2, p. 166. 

Shell inequivalve, obliquely ovate, with radial 

ribbing. Beak projecting toward the anterior end 

of the hinge line. Triangular posterior ear behind the 

beak. Anterior ear lacking, which is the sole difference 

separating this genus from Pseudomonotis. 

The type is J.lfonotis salinaria Bronn, a species 

alnl0st world-wide in its occurrence in the Upper 

Triassic. 

Represented in Alnerica by Monotis alaskana,. a 

near relative of ~lonotis salinaria. 

Monotis alaskana Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figures 1, 2 

Shell equivalve, unsymmetric, obliquely ovate, leaning strongly forward. Hinge long and straight. Beak 

slightly projecting, lying in the lniddle of the hinge 

line. Posterior triangular ear differentiated from the 

rest of the shell. Anterior ear undev~loped. Surface 

with strong, fine radial ribs alternating in size and 

very weak concentric growth lines. 

~fonotis alaskana differs from Monotis salinaria in 

its longer hinge line, lnore sYlnmetric shape, and finer 

radial ribs. It differs from Pseudomonotis subcircularis in lacking the anterior ear and in having much 

weaker radial ribs and concentric growth lines. 
120 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone, at locality 9961, United States Geological Survey, F. 43, on Mill Creek, near the forks, 

Copper River region, Alaska. 

Genus PSEUDOMONOTIS Beyrich 

1862. Pseudomonotis. Beyrich, Ueber zwei neue Formengruppen aus der Familie der A viculiden: Deutsche 

geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 14, p. 9. 

1886. Pseudomonotis. Teller, in Mojsisovics, Arktische Triasfaunen: Acad. sci. St.-Petersbourg Mem., 7th ser., 

vol. 23, No.6, p. 105. 

1900. Pseudomonotis. Bittner, Ueber Pseudomonotis telleri und 

verwandte Arten der unteren Trias: K.-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt Wien Jahrb., Band 50,·pp. 559-592. 

1904. Pseudomonotis. Smith, The comparative stratigraphy of 

the marine Trias of western America: California Acad. 

Sci. Proc., 3d ser., Geology, vol. 1, No. 10, p. 407. 

1913. Pseudomonotis. Wittenburg, Sur Ie forme caracteristique 

de Pseudomonotis du Trias superieur du Caucase 

et d' Alaska: Acad. imp. sci. St.-Petersbourg Bull., 6th 

ser., vol. 7, p. 475. 

1918. Pseudomonotis. Trechmann, The Trias of New Zealand: 

Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 73, pt. 3, p. 191. 

Type.-Pseudomonotis ochotica Keyserling. 

Inequivalve, inequilateral, form oblique, higher than 

wide, hinge line straight and long. Left valve arched, 

right valve flatter; anterior ear on both valves distinct, with byssal notch in right valve. Strong radial 

ribs, with concentric wrinkles. 

Beyrich named no type for the genus but made it 

ciear that he meant this particular group. Accordingly, Teller and Bittner have kept Pseudomonotis for 

the group of Pseudomonotis ochotica. The genus in the 

broader sense has numerous species from the Permian 

through the Mesozoic; but the species of the genus as 

restricted by Teller and Bittner are limited to the 

Upper Triassic and are especially characteristic of the 

Noric stage, in the Arctic-Pacific and the American 

regions. This group of species has members in this 

horizon in Siberia, Alaska, Japan, Nevada, California, 

Oregon, Peru, Colombia, New Zealand, New Cale-

. donia, the Indian Archipelago, and also in the Crimea, 

invariably in beds of Noric age. 

Pseudomonotis circularis (Gabb) 

Plate CIV, Figure 5 

1869. Monotis circuZaris. Gabb, Descriptions of some secondary fossils from the Pacific States: Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 5, p. 15, pI. 7, figs. 14, 14a. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell large, flattened, nearly circular, beaks small, median; 

anterior side, bone, and posterior side forming a regular, 

continuous and nearly equal curve throughout; cardinal margin 

nearly straight and two-thirds as long as the width of the shell, 

ending anteriorly by a slight angle; posteriorly produced into 

a prominent ear a little longer than high. The lateral face of 

the ear is slightly emarginate below. Surface closely sculptured 

by very faint, flat, radiating ribs separated by linear depressions, 

the whole crossed by numerous minute and very regular concentric lines. Internally the· radiating ribs are even more 

strongly marked than on the surface. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Pseudo mono tis zone, of 

lower N oric age, at New Pass, Desatoya Mountains, 

Nev. 

Pseudomonotis ovalis (Whiteaves) 

Plate CVI, Figure 8 

1889: .Monotis ovaZis. Whiteaves, The fossils of the Triassic 

rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian Paleon-

. ·tology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 132, pI. 17, fig. 4. 

Shell small, compressed, oval in outline, broadly 

elliptical, slightly inequilateral; height about one-" 

fourth greater than the length. Anterior side shorter 

than the posterior, with nearly straight margin; 

posterior broadly rounded. Surface ornamented with 

flat, radial ribs, in some places with a small, narrow, 

intercalary rib. Anterior ear unknown, the only 

specimen being a left valve. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone, of 

lower N oric age, about 25 miles below Devils Portage 

in Liard River, British Columbia. 

Pseudomonotis subcircularis (Gabb) 

Plate XCV, Figures 8, 9; Plate CI, Figure 8; Plate CIV, 

Figures 6, 7; Plate CVI, Figures 6, 7 

1864. Monotis subcirc1iZaris. Gabb, California Geol. Survey, 

Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 31, pI. 6, figs. 29, 29a. 

1886. Pseudomonotis subcircuZaris. Teller, in Mojsisovics 

Arktische Triasfaunen: Acad. imp. sci. St.-Petersbourg Mem., 7th ser., vol. 23, No.6, p. 113. 

1889. Monotis subcircularis. 'Vhiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian 

Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 131, pI. 17, figs. 3, 3a. 

1894. Monotis semiplicata. Hyatt, Trias and Jura in the Western States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, p. 414. 

1894. Monotis symmetrica. Hyatt, Trias and Jura in the Western States: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, p. 414. 

1904. Pseudomonotis subcircularis. Smith, California Acad. 

Sci. Proc., 3d ser., Geology, vol. 1, ;No. 10, p. 407, pI. 

49, figs. 1-3. 

1912. Monotis subcircularis. Kittl, Materialien zu einer 

Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der 

Trias: Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung 

des Balatonsees,' Band 1, Teil 1, Paleontologie, 

Band 2, p. 169. 

1916. Pseudomonotis subcircularis. Martin, Triassic rocks of 

Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 27, p. 712, pI. 29, 

fig. 1; pI. 30, figs .. 1, 2. 

Form and ornamentation extremely variable; pectinoid, inequilateral, inequivalve, oblique, broadly 

ovate, with the greatest height toward the rear. 

Front broadly rounded, rear sloping gently up to the 

hinge line. Left valve highly arched, right valve 

flatter. Hinge line straight, a little more than onethird of the total length of the shell. Length slightly 

greater than height. Anterior ear with byssal notch 

in right valve, the character that distinguishes this 

genus from MO'TI:otis. Posterior ears alike on both 

valves. 
PELECYPODA 121 

Surface ornamented with rather coarse radial ribs, 

ab.out 26 in number, and between most of these there 

are fine intercalary ribs. The prilnary ribs begin 

near the beak, hut the intercalaries do not appear 

until a height of about 15 nlillinleters is reached. The 

interspaces are considerably wider than the ribs., 

There are also fine concentric wrinkles or striae over 

the entire surface. In youth the shell is nluch more 

elliptical in shape, longer than high, and the ribs 

fewer as well as coarser in proportion to the size 

of the shell. . 

This species is nearly allied to the variety described 

by Teller 27 as Pseudomonotis ochotica val'. densistriata 

and may be identical with it, but the writer is not 

convinced that all the so-called varieties of Pseudomonotis ochotica belong to that species, for the 

accompanying faunas are not identical, and some of 

thenl are not even very silnilar. At any rate this 

species, or group of species, is nearly circum-Pncific in 

distribution; 

Occurrence: Pse'l.tdomonotis subcircuZarise is, very 

conlnlon in the Upper Triassic PSe'l.tdomonotis zone, 

in the Swearinger slate of Genesee Valley near Robinson's ranch (Gifford's ru,nch), Plumas County, Calif.; 

also in the Brock sha.le on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif.; 

also in Muttleberry Canyon, 9 miles east of Lovelocks, 

I-Iunlboldt County, Nev.; in the Blue Mountains 

(Eagle Mountains) of northeastern Oregon; in :British 

Coltnnbia; and at severa.l places in Alaska. It is also 

cited fronl Peru and Colombia. The kindred species, 

Pseudomonotis ochotica, ranges from Siberia to Japan, 

the Crimea, and the Indian Archipelago, in all these 

regions at the same horizon. 

Pseudomonotis subcirc'l.tZaris was assoCiated, in Plumas County, with HaZ01'ites americanus, and Rhabdoceras russeZZi; in Nevada with HaZorites arnericanus, 

Rhabdoceras russeZZi, Arcestes andersoni, and Placites 

humboZdtensis. 

Genus EUMORPHOTIS Bittner 

1900. Emnorphotis. Bittner, Ueber Pse1tdomonotis telleri und 

verwandte Arten der unteren Trias: IC-k. geol. 

Reichsanstalt 'Vien Jahrb., Band 50, p. 566. 

1903. Emnorpholis. Boehm, Ueber die obertriadische Fauna 

del' Biireninsel: K. svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band 

37, No.3, p. 27. 

This genus was established to include the Pectenlike fonlls of what had been called Pseudomonotis. It 

, is conU11on in the European and the Arctic Triassic. 

Eumorphotis nationalis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figure 12 

Shell small, compact, pectinoid, with anterior ear 

developed but without byssal notch; posterior ear 

a7 'rollor, F., ill MoJsisovics, E. \"011, Arktischo TriasCaunen: Acad. sci. St.-P~tersbourg IVtOm., 7th ser., vol. 23, No.6, p. 116, pI. 17, figs. 7-15 

hardly differentiated. Surface gently arched and 

ornamented with fine radial alternating ribs. 

This species is somewhat related to Eumorphotis 

arctus Boehm from the Upper Triassic Dawsonites 

zone of Beur Island, Arctic Ocean. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Triassic beds of lower 

Karnic ~ age at locality 9385, south bank of Yukon 

River, opposite Nation River, Alaska, in what is 

probably the Dawsonites zone. 

Genus PECTEN Klein 

Pecten deformis Gabb 

Plate CIV, Figure 2 

1864. Pecten deformis. Gabb, Description of the Triassic 

fossils of California and the adjacent territories: 

California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 33, 

pI. 6, fig. 34. 

Gabb describes this species as follows: 

Shell small, thin, compressed, inequilateral, base oblique, 

ends subequal;' sides sloping with a slight convexity from the 

apex; ears subequal, moderate in size. Surface marked by 

about 25 irregular, rather large, radiating ribs, a few of which 

arise at some distance from the beaks. These are crossed by 

very fine concentric lines. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone, in 

the Swearinger slate at Robinson's (Gifford's) r~nch, 

Genesee Valley, Plumas Count)T, Calif. 

Subgenus ENTOLIUM 

Pecten (Entolium) ceruleus Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCV, Figure 13 

Form nearly cil~cular, with short straight hinge 

line and ears little developed. Attachment line of 

mantle deep. Surface smooth, without radial or 

concentric sculpture. 

This species is very closely reIn ted tQ Pecten haZZensis W tHumann, as figured by Arthaber,28 but 

differs chiefly in the depth of the mantle attachment 

lines. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic HaZobia oregonensis zone at the junction of Paddy and Eagle 

creeks, Baker County, Blue Mountains, Oreg. 

Pecten (Entolium) pittensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate VII, Figure 5 

Fonl1 snlall, subcircular, with small equal ears 

and coarse concentric wrinkles parallel to the growth 

lines. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic HaZobia 

rugosa zone, in the upper part of the Pit shale on 

Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 'Pit 

River, Shasta" County, Calif. 

29 Arthaber, G. VOIl, Die alpine 'l'rias des Mediterran-Gebietes: Lcthaoa Geognostiea, Teil 2, Das Mesozoicum, Band 1, pI. 42, fig. 6, 1906. 
122 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Pecten (Entolium) yukonensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figures 9, 10 

Shell large, nearly circular in outline. Surface 

nearly smooth, with extremely fine radial lines. Contour gently arched. Inner cast sho'ws sharp angles 

running from the beak toward the periphery, dividing I 

the shell into three nearly equal areas. Angle of 

the beak very obtuse. Ears short, anterior and 

posterior equally developed, with' the reentrant 

angle characteristic of EntoZium. 

This species is closely related to Pecten' oebergi 

Lundgren, from the Dawsonites zone of Bear Island , but differs in its greater size, blunter apical angle, 

and more oblique position of the ears. 

Occurrence: Very rare in Upper Triassic beds of 

Karnic age, probably Dawsonites zone at locality 

9384 (=8849) United States Geological Survey, 

south bank of Yukon River, opposite Nation River, 

Alaska. 

Genus DIMYODON Munier-Chalmas 

Dimyodon storrsi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figure 1 

Shell small, sub oval, with narrow hinge line, and 

prominent beak. Surface with wavy radial lines, 

cancellated by the concentric growth lines. Surface 

somewhat wrinkled.' Hinge not visible, but the shape 

and ornamentation make the generic reference certain. 

It has a strong similarity to Dimyodon intustriatum 

Emmrich, of the Rhaetic ,beds of Austria, differing 

in its broader form and more highly ornate surface. ' 

Named in honor of James Storrs. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper horizon (Juvavites subzone) 

of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on North Fork of 

Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Genus LIMA Bruguiere 

Lima kimballi Smith, n. sp. ' 

Plate VII, Figure 6 

Shell small, somewhat oblique, with narrow hinge 

line and elongate shell. Surface with fine radial 

ribs. 

Named in honor of E. B. Kimball, who assisted in 

collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic, in the 

HaZobia rugosa zone of the Pit shale of Brock Mountain 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

'Calif. 

Lima blackburnei Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIlI, Figure 11 

Shell small, oblique, with very short hinge line: 

Known only as an inner cast, 'without impress of sculpture from the outside. Mantle line and muscle 

impressions very prominent. Wholly unlike the other 

known American Triassic species of Lima. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Trif1ssic, 

presumably in beds of Karnic age, at locality 10093, 

Copeland Creek at Camp July 14, 1917, S. R. C[apps], 

Alaska; it is associated with ProtorcuZa aZaskana. 

Lima martini Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figure 11 

Shell large, oblique, oval, with short hinge line and 

moderately prominent beak. Surface strongly convex, 

ornamented with numerous fine, sharp radial ribs 

with interspaces slightly wider than the ribs. Concentric growth lines strongly impressed. 

Lima martini is closely related to L. swenanderi 

Boehm,29 from the Dawsonites zone of Bear Island 

but differs from that species in its somewhat finel~ ribs and in the lack of alternation in them. 

Named in honor of Dr. G. C. Martin. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the beds below those that 

carry HaZobia cordiZZerana at locality 9384, United 

States Geological Survey, Yukon Valley, south bank, 

opposite Nation River; in a fauna that may possibly 

correspond to the Dawsonites fauna of British Columbia and the Arctic sea. 

Phylum MOLLUSCOIDEA 

Class BRACHIOPODA 

Genus RHYNCHONELLA Fischer de Waldheim 

Rhynchonella blackwelderi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIl, Figures I, 3 

Shell of medium size, compact, trigonal. Both 

valves rather highly arched; pedicle valve with deep 

sinus and brachial valve with corresponding high 

rounded central ridge. Surface ornamented with 

fine radial ribs, which are most distinct -on the sinus 

and on the median ridge. 

RhynchoneZZa bZackweZderi is very closely related to 

RhynchoneZZa generosa Bittner,so differing chiefly In 

the somewhat coarser radial ribs. 

Named in honor of Dr. Eliot Blackwelder. 

Occurrence: Very rare ~n the Upper Triassic, in 

beds of Karnic age, at locality 8895, United States 

Geological Survey, in the Yukon Valley, mouth of 

Nation River, Alaska. 

Rhynchonella howardi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 16-18 

Form robust, thick set, with shallow median sinus; 

one strong plication on the sinus and two on the 

median ridge of the, opposite valve; two smaller 

, plications on the sides. 

RhynchoneZZa howardi differs from RhynchoneZZa 

richardsoni in the shallower sinus and fewer plications. 

19 Boehm, J., Ueber die obertriadische Fauna der B1ireninsel: K. svenska Vet.-

Akad. HandI., Band 37, No.3, p. 20, pI. 2, figs. 7, 8, 15, 21, 1903. 

ao Bittner, Alexander, Brachiopoden der alpinen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt 

Wien Abh., Band 14, p. 227, pI. 39, fig. 10, 1890. 
BRAOHIOPODA 123 

Nalned in honor of J. C. IIoward, to whom the 

writer is greatly indebted for hospitality and assistance 

while collecting in Shasta County. 

Occurrence: Hather common in the Upper Triassic 

Ifosselkus limestone, at the lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, of 

Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River~ Shasta County, Calif. 

Rhynchonella richardsoni Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 19-21 

Form small, compact; high median ridge with three 

or four plications on the upper valve; deep sinus with 

two or three plications on the lower valve; sides with 

two smaller plications on either side. Beak pointed 

and not prOlninent. Very like R. trinodosi Bittner, . 

of the Middle Triassic of the Alps and the Ifimalayas, 

but mOre than twice as large and with more pronounced median sinus. This is the most abundant 

species of RhynchoneZZa in the Californian Triassic, 

and is named in honor of G. B. Richardson, who 

assisted in preparing the Redding folio. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus limestone, lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, on the south 

end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 

Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Rhynchonella winnemae Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 22-24 

Form sonlewhat compressed, with hardly any sinus 

and snlall beak; three small plications on the sinus 

and seve~'al very fine plications on the sides. Less 

rounded and robust than Rhynchonella richardsoni 

and with finer and more numerous plications. 

N alned for a legendary heroine of the Shasta tribe, 

who lived on the slopes of Brock Mountain. 

Occurrence: Not unconlmon in the Upper Triassic 

Ifosselkus limestone; lower horizon (Trachyceras subzone) of the Tropites subbuZlatus zone, of Brock 

Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Genus DIELASMA King 

Dielasma chapini Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIl, Figures 4-6 

Shell small, subovate, with brachial valve highly 

arched; pedicle valve concave. Margin with high 

ridge on brachial valve with two strong plications; 

deep sinus on pedicle valve with one plication. 

'1'lis species is closely related to Dielas,ma juZicum 

of the Upper Triassic of the Alps, India, and California, from which it differs chiefly in the strength of 

the plication. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic, in beds 

of Karnic age, at locality 9384, United States Geological Survey, mouth of Nation River, Yukon Valley, 

Alaska. The specific name is given in honor of Mr. 

Theodore Chapin, whose work has added greatly to 

our knowledge of the stratigraphy of Alaska. 

Dielasma hamiltonense Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CIl, Figures 14-16 

Shell small, subovate, both . valves arched; strong 

median fold that forms a ridge with three strong longitudin~l plications on the brachial valve, and a sinus 

with two similar plications on the pedicle valve. -

This species is very closely related to Dielasma juZicum, but differs in the greater number and strength 

of the plications. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic, in beds 

of Karnic age, at locality 4822, United States Geological Survey, on Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island, 

Alaska; it is associated with Protrachyceras sp. 

Dielasma liardense (Whiteaves) 

Plate CVI, Figures 2-5 

1889. Terebratula liardensis. Whiteaves, The fossils of the 

Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian 

Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 130, pl. 17, figs. 2a-c. 

Shell small, robust, oval; both valves convex, the 

ventral more so; beak moderately prominent, with 

rounded foramen. Umbo of dor:sal valve small. Surface smooth, with three broad gentle marginal plications and faint concentric growth lines. 

This species is closely related to DieZasma aff. 

D. piriforme Suess, as figured in the present work, 

but differs in the less prominent beak, smaller size, 

less robust form, and stronger plications. It maY'be 

identical with the true DieZasma piriforme. 

Occurrence: In the Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis 

zone about 25 miles below Devils Portage on Liard 

River, British Columbia. 

Dielasma julicum .(Bittner) 

Plate XCVI, Figures 12-13 

1890. Terebratula julica. Bittner, Brachiopoden der alpinen 

Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt ViTien Abh., vol. 14, 

p. 125, pI. 4, figs. 14 and 15; pI. 39, figs. 15, 16. 

1900. Terebratula julica. Bittner, Brachiopoden aus der Trias 

des Bakonyerwaldes: Resultate der wissenschaftlichen 

Erforschung des Balatonsees, Band 1, Teil1, p. 5, pI. 1, 

figs. 8-28; pI. 5, figs. 20, 21. 

1908. Dielasma julicum. Diener, Ladinic, Carnic, and Noric 

faunae of Spiti: India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, sere 15, vol. 5, Mem. 3, p. 92, pI. 16, 

fig. 4. 

1913. Dielasma julicum. Diener, Triassic faunae of Kashmir: 

India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, new 

. ser., vol. 5, Mem. 1, p. 114, pI. 13, fig. 2Z. 

Shell small, suboval; beaks slender, curving forward 

only slightly. Surface with only fine growth lines. 
124 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRAT'E FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Margins strongly plicate, fonning two high marginal 

ridges on the dorsal valve, and corresponding sinuses 

on the ventral. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

lilnestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the zone of 

Trol)ites subbuZZatus, on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. It 

was also found in the Upper Triassic of Austria and 

India. 

Dielasma suttonens,e (Clapp and Shimer) 

Plate CV, Figure 7 

1911. Terebratula suttonensis. Clapp and Shimer, Boston Soc. 

, Nat. Rist. Proc., vol. 34, No. 12, p. 432, pI. 40, figs. 

2,3. 

Clapp and Shimer describe this species as follows: 

Elongate biconvex, truncate anteriorly; pedicle valve broadI y convex toward the beak, becoming flattened toward the front, 

forming there a broad sinus in which is a low median ridge with 

a shallow depression on either side. The outer side of the 

prominent ridges bordering the median sinus flattened, giving 

to this portion of the shell a somewhat flattened' appearance. 

Brachial valve regularly convex from back to front, with a 

shallow median depression anteriorly, bounded by rathoc prominent folds on either side. Laterally from each of these folds 

is a broad sinus corresponding to the' prominent ridges of the 

pedicle valve. Surface smooth except for low concentric growth 

lines. Length about 3 centimeters, breadth about 2 centimeters. 

Occurrence: In the Sutton formation of Cowichan 

Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, assigned 

by Clapp and Shimer to the Lower Jurassic but more 

likely belonging to the lower N oric horizon of the 

Upper Triassic. Better specimens will probably show 

this species to be identical with Dielasma julicum 

Bittner, a widespread species in the Upper Triassic of 

Europe, Asia, and America. 

Genus TEREBRATULA Klein 

Terebratula? piriformis Suess 

Plate XCVI, Figures 14, 15 

1890. Terebrat'ttla afr. T. piriformis. Bittner, Brachiopoden der 

alpinen Trias: K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Wien Verh., 

vol. 14, p. 157, pI. 39, figs. 12-14. 

1900. Terebratula afr. T. piriformis. Bittner, Brachiopoden 

aus del' Trias des Bakonyerwaldes: Resultate der 

wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, Band 

1, Teil 1, p. 9, pI. 1, figs. 29-39. 

1906. Terebratula piriformis. Arthaber, Die alpine Trias des 

Mediterran-Gebietes: Lethaea Geognostica, Teil 2, 

Das Mesozoicum, Band 1, pI. 49, figs. 13a-d. 

Shell small, suboval, both valves strongly arched; 

beak n10derately slender, curved gently forward. Surface with only delicate concentric growth lines. Margin gently plicate. 

,This con1mon species appears to be identical with 

the forn1 described by Bittner under the above name 

froln Austria. He did not identify it positively with 

TerebratuZa pirijormis Suess but thought'it,nlight be 

identical. 

Occurrence: Very conlmon in the Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of 

the zone of Tropites subbuZZatus, on Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Genus SPIRIFERINA D'Orbigny 

Spiriferina borealis Whiteaves 

Plate CVI, Figure 1 

1889. Spiriferina borealis. Whiteaves, The fossils of the Triassic rocks of British Columbia: Contr. Canadian 

Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 128, pI. 17, fig. 1. 

Shell robust, subelliptical; hinge line' relatively short; 

ventral valve with broad, high curved beak; area 

broadly triangular, three times as broad as the height; 

dorsal valve with low rounded unlbo; and a broad 

marginal fold corresponding to the sinus on the ventral valve. Surface of dorsal valve marked by 11 

broad angula~ plications; ventral valve similarly 

ornamented by 10 plications. 

Occurrence: Upper Triassic Pseudomonotis zone of 

lower Noric age, about 25 miles below Devils Portage, 

on Liard River, British Columbia. 

Spiriferina coreyi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCV, Figure 12 

Form robust (lower valve only known), with high 

curved beak, broad median sinus with sharp central 

ridge and four coarse plications on either side. 

Named in nlemory of Henry M. Corey, who assisted in collecting this fauna. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper horizon (J uvavites subzone) of 

the Tropites subbuZZatus zone, at the north end of 

Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Spiriferina pittensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCV, Figures 10, 11 

Form cOlnpact, square shouldered; lower valve with 

rather low beak, deep median sinus, and seven coarse 

plications on either side; upper valve with high Inedian 

ridge with seven plications on the sides. 

Occurrence: Exceedingly conunon in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus lin1estone, in the Spirijerina zone 

above the coral zone,. on Brock Mountain, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Spiriferina yukonensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CI, Figures 13, 14 

Size mediun1, broad, square shouldered, thick set. 

Brachial valve with broad high median ridge without 

ribs; flanks with seven sharp radial ribs on either side. 

Pedicle valve with broad, deep median sinus, without 

ribs, flanked by sevep sharp lateral ribs on either side. 

Hinge area wide, beak high and sharp. Concentric 

growth lines sharply defined. 
ECHINODERMATA 125 

8Z)'i1"IJ(frina Y'l.i.lconen8is resembles S. fortis Bittner of 

IilIO Upper Triassic of the Alpine region, differing in its 

Ii nor ancllll0ro numorous radial ribs on the flanks. 

Occurronce : Very rare in the Upper Triassic zone of 

IJ.aZobia cOTdillerana, at locality 9385, one-third of a 

milo northoast of tho Inouth of Nation River, Yukon 

Valley, Alaska. It is associated with Trachyceras cf. 

T. Zeco'nle'i and Oladiscites martini. 

Genus SPIRIGERA D'Orbigny 

Spirigera milesi Smith, n. sp. 

Plate XCVI, Figures 10, 11 

]FOl'.tn olongate, nalTOW, high-shouldered, comprossod, slendor, with very weak 111arginal plications. 

'vV'oathorod. spocimens show traces of the spiral brachia. 

Very liko SZJ'i'l'?:gm'a, stoZicz7ca,i Bittner, of the Middle 

Tr.in,ssic of India, but 1TIOre slender and elongate and 

rnueh hu·gor. 

N amod :in :memory of John NIilo~, the p.ioneer 

sottilor of Squaw Creok. 

Oceurroneo : Not IIJlCOnUnon in the Upper Triassic 

110sso1kus li:mestone, upper horizon (J'llrV([,vites subzone) of tho T'I'opites s'l(,bb'l.tZZa,tus zone, at the north 

ond and wost s.ido of Brock Mountain, between Squaw 

Creok fLnd Pit Hiver, Shastn County, Calif. 

Phylum ECHINODERMATA 

Class CRINOIDEA 

Genus ISOCRINUS von Meyer 

Isocrinus californicus Clark 

Plate XCV, Figure 6; Plate CIV, Figure 13 

.1.H.t5. 1 socrinws ca.lijomicll,s. Clark and Twitchell, The :Mesozoic a.nd Cenozoic l~chinodermata of the United 

States: U. S. Goo1. Survey :Mon. 54, p. 21., pt i, 

figs. 2u.-c. 

Clark describos this species as follows: 

Column composed of medium-sized rnther thin pentagonal 

joill tH, witjl\ sharp roenterillg angles. Tho crenulated ridges 

nre mUlet' lHtlTowly petnloid, and each area is sharply termiIInted n,t its olltor oxtrornity. Column p~rforated by largo 

carm1. DiInonsions, coillmn: Diameter of joint, 2 to 5 milliIlloters; length of joillt, Y2 to 1. millimcter. 

OCCUITenCO: Vcry e0l11111on in tho Upper Triassic 

Ilosse]kus lilll0$tono of Rush Creek, PIUlllas County, 

Cnlif.; also in the "Cedar fonnation,l1 2V2 miles 

west of Round Mountain, Shasta County, Calif.; 

also in tho IIosselkus linlestone, Juvavites subzone of 

the zono of T1'opites subbuZlat'lts, of Brock Mountain, 

Shasta County, Cnlif. 

481.72-27-0 

Genus ENCRINUS Schulze 

Encrinus hyatti Clark 

Plate CIV, Figures 14, 15 

1915. Encrinus hyatti. Clark and Twitchell, The Mesozoic and 

Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 22, pI. 1, figs. 3a, 3b. 

Clark describes this species as follows: 

Column composed of large, thin, round to oval joints. 

Surfaces of joints covered with fine, bifurcating striations, 

producing a close suture. Column perforated with canal of 

rather small size. Dimensions, column: Diameter of joint, 

5 to 10 millimeters; length of joint, 1 to 3 millimeters. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic "Cedar 

formation," at Oscar tunnel, 2V2 miles southeast of 

Longville, Plunlas County, Calif. 

Class ECHINOIDEA 

Genus CIDARIS Leske 

Cidaris shastensis Clark 

Pla.te CIV, Figure 11 

UH5. G-ilia1"is slwslensis. Clark and Twitchell, The Mesozoic 

and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 23, pI. 7, fig. 5. 

Clark describes this species as follows: 

Test apparently large. lnterambulacral areas wide. Tubercles large, circular, with depressed areolas; miliary space 

large. 

Occurrence: Known only in a single fragmentary 

specimen from the equivalent of the Upper Triassic 

Ifosselkus' limestone in the "Cedar formation," 2Y2 

miles west of Round Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

Cidaris dilleri Clark 

Plate CIV, Figure 12 

1915. Cidari~ dilled. Clark and Twitchell, The Mesozoic and 

Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 54, p. 23, pI. 1, fig. 6. 

Clnrk describes this species as follows: 

Test appu,rently of medium size; ambulacral area.s narrow, 

flexuous, with two rows of granules between the poriferous 

avenues; intemmbulacral areas of moderate width. Tubercles 

of medium size with oval areolas; boss crenulated; mamelon 

perforated; miliary space narrow. 

Occurrence: Known only in a single fragmentary 

specimen frOlu equivalent of the Upper Triassic· 

Hosselkus lirnestone in the "Cedar formation," 2 Y2 

miles west of Round Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 
126 UPPER 1'RIASSIC MAR.INE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Upper Triassic coral zone fauna of lower Noric age, in western America 

California Oregon Vancouver 

Island 

Gravina 

Island, 

Alaska 

Cook Iulet, 

Alaska 

Thecosmilia caespitosa Frech_____________________________________ ? - _________ --------__ __________ X 

delicatula Frech ____ - - - _ - _ - ___ - - _______ - - ___ - ____________ - __ - - __ - - - - - - ____ - ____ - X ___________________ _ 

fenestrata Reuss____________________________________________ ? __________ X X X norica Frech _______________________________________ ~ _______ --________ X _____________________________ _ 

Montlivaultia marmorea Frech_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________ _ 

martini Smith_ - _ - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ - - _ - - - __ - - __ - - - __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ - - _ - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - _ - _______ - X noricaFrech ____________________________________________ ~ __ --________ X ---------- X _________ _ Stylophyllopsis mojsvari Frech ______________________ ·_____________ X __________ __________ __________ X z~teli Frech ________________________________________________ --________ X ---_______ X _________ _ 

Isast;~~f~~d:a ~~~~~= == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ----X ----= = = = = = = = = = ----X ---- ~ ----X ---- vancouverensis Clapp and Shimer_____________________________ X __________ X X ? 

Latimaeandra alaskana Smith_ - - ___ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _________ _ eucystis Frech __________________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________ _ 

Confusastrea decussata Reuss____________________________________ X __________ X X X 

grandissima Frech ____ - ___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _________ - _______ - _ _ X _________ _ 

incrassa ta Frech ___ - - - - __ - - ___ - ____ - ___ - ____ - _______________ - - - - - - ___ - ____ - ___ - - __ - __ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X borealis Smith ______________________________________________ --________ __________ __________ X _________ _ 

cowichanensis Clapp and Shimer _____ ~------------------------ --________ __________ X X _________ _ Astrocoenia shastensis Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________ _ martini Smith_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _________ _ 

Stephanocoenia juvavica Frech___________________________________ X __________ __________ X _________ _ Thamnastraea borealis Smith_ - - __ - - ___ - - ___ - __ - - - ___ - ___ - ___ - - __ - - - - - - __ - - ____ - ___ - - __ - ___ - _ _ _ X _________ _ rectilamellosa Winkler _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________ _ var. minor Frech _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ____ - ____ - _ - - ___ - _ _ _ X _________ _ Halomitra triadica Smith_:.. ____ -__________________________________ -- ___________________ . _____ ~___ X· _________ _ Spongiomorpha dendriformis Smith ____________________ ..: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________ _ gibbosaFrech ________________ ~_____________________________ X __________ ---_______ X ? . ramosa Frech ________ - ______________________ . _____________________________________ .: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X . _________ _ tenuis Smith ____________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________ _ 

Heptastylis aquilae Smith ______________________________ :..________ __________ X _____________________________ _ oregonensis Smith ______________________________________________ - - ___ ~ X _____________________________ _ Stromatomorpha californica Smith ______________________________ -:_ X __________ __________ X _________ _ 

Phylum COELENTERATA 

Class ANTHOZOA 

Subclass HEXACORALLA" 

. Family ASTRAEIDAE 

Genus MONTLIVAULTIA Lamor.oux 

Solitary I-Iexacoralla, cylindrical, conical, or turbinate. Septa numerous, with' upper edges serrated. 

Columella absen t. 

This genus is COlnmon in the Triassic and Jurassic 

tLnd disappears in the Tertiary. It is represented in 

the Triassic of western An1erica by three characteristic species. 

Montlivaultia marmorea Frech 

1890. Montlivaultia marmorea. Frech, Die Korallen der 

juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 

37, p. 41, pI. 11, figs. 6, 6a. 

G Large single Hexacoralla, with bluntly conical shape, 

and elliptical cross section. Septa exceedingly fine 

and numerous, meeting along a line, without columella. 

This species is distinguished frOln all others in the 

group by its gigantic size and the extreme fineness 

and great number of the septa. 

Occurrence: Very rare in theU pper Triassic limestone of N oric age, in Dunlap Canyon, at the north 

end of Pilot Mountain, Esmeralda County, near 

Mina, Nev. Collected by I-I. W. Turner. 

Montlivaultia martini Smith, n. SPa 

Plate CXXI, Figure 6 

Cross section elongate oval. Outer wall thickened. 

Septa comparatively few in number, arranged in three 

cycles, first and second of 12 each, third of 24. Only 

the first· cycle reaches the center. Dissepiments fonn 

continuous concentric rings, especially near the center. 

jJ{ontZivaultia martini differs from Montlivaultia 

norica in its more oval cross section, its fewer septa, and 

the rings fornled by dissepiments. 

N anled in: honor of the collector, Dr. G. C. 

Martin. . 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper 'Triassic coral 

zone of lower N oric age at Iliamna Lake, near Cook 

Inlet, Alaska. 

Montlivaultia norica Frech 

Plate CXI, Figure 6 

1854. Montlivaultia capuliformis. Reuss (not Milne-Edwards 

and Haime), Beitriige zur Characteristik der Kreideschichten in. den Ostalpen, besonders im Gosauthale 

und am \Volfgangsee: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., 

Band 7, pI. 6, figs. 16, 17. 

'1890. Montlivaultia norica. Frech, Die Korallen del juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 

39, pI. 3, figs. 9a-b; pI. 10, figs. 1-5; pI. 13, figs. 1-7; 

pI. 18, figs. 17, 17a. 

Form conical, thick set, with elongate elliptical 

cross section. Septa very numerous, at least 150, not 

meeting in a point but on a line, in keeping with the 
ANTHOZOA 127 

ellipticnl forHl. The ellipticnl cross section is not, 

constant but rather irregular. 

OcculTence: Hare in the Upper Triassic coral zone 

of lower N oric age, about 500 feet above the shales 

with Halobia oregonensis, at Martin Bridge over Eagle 

Creek at tho ,junction with Paddy Creek, Blue 

Mountains, Oreg. This species was first described 

fro:m tho lowor Noric Zlalnbach beds, of the Austrian 

Alps, whore it is the comlnonest species of the 'entire 

eOl·al fauna. It was also found in the coral zone of 

lower N oric age on Gravina Island, locality 8835, 

United Sliates Geological Survey, on the north arm of 

the covn Bmiles north of Dan lIeael, Alaska. 

Genus STYLOPHYLLOPSIS F:rech 

1890. Styl01)hyllo1Jsis. Frech, Die KoralLen del' juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 48. 

Type.-StylolJhyllopsis zitteli Frech. 

Siulple or only slightly divided Hexacoralla, with 

round cross section and few septa, which are between 

tho isolated rods of StylophyZl'l.lrn and the compact 

I tUl1ellae of JllontZiva'l.lltio,. 

Occurrence: Represented in the Triassic of North 

America by a single species; COlnnlon in the Triassic 

and J·urassic of Europe. 

Stylophyllopsis mojsvari Frech 

Plate CXVIII, Figure 10 

1890. Stylophyllopsis rnojsvari. Frech, Die Korallen del' . 

juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 

37, p. 52, pI. 10, figs. 7-14i pI. 12, fig. 15i pI. 13, fig: 16. 

Forln bluntly conical, with subelliptical cross section. Septa few, and Ineeting in the center, without 

columella. H,esernbles jJlontlivaultia norica Frech, of 

the Alpine region nnd of the Blue Mountains of 

Oregon, fronl which species it differs in its rounder 

cross section and Inuch fewer septa. 

OcculTence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic 

I-Iosselkus limestone, in the coral zone of lower N oric 

ago, about 100 feet above the zone of' Tropites s·ubbuZlatus, at the north end and west side of Brock 

Mountain, about 9 miJes northeast of Bully lEll, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

Stylophyllopsis zitteli Frech 

Plate CXI, Figures 7-9 

1890. Stylophyllo1JS'is z'itteli. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographicaj Band 37, 

p. 48, pI. 13, figs. 9-15, 17-24. 

:Roundish cross section, branching forms less 

common than single. Septa ordinarily in three cycles, 

24; ])10re rarely 34, 42, 56. 

Smaller than StylolJhyZZ01).'sis nwjsvari, with HlO1'e 

nurnerolls septit, and commonly distinctly branching 

Kliocd(!4. 

Occul'1'ence: In the lower N odc Zlambach beds of 

the Fischerwiese, in the Austrian Alps; very rare in 

the coral zone of lower N oric age at Martin Bridge on 

Eagle Creek, Blue Mountains, Baker County, Oreg.; 

also in the same zone at locality 8834, Thre~mile 

Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

Genus THECOSMILIA Milne-Edwards and Haime 

Stock thick, branching, bushy, with deeply embedded 

calyces. Septa numerous, with spines or knobs. 

Thick walls, longitudinally ribbed, and a few transverse wrinkles. Colunlella lacking or rudimentary. 

Rather COlllllon in the Upper ,Triassic of Anlerica. 

Thecosmilia .caespitosa Reuss 

Plate CXXI, Figure 7 

1865. Thecosrnilia caespitosa. Reuss, Ueber einige Anthozoen 

der Kossener Schichten und der alpinen Trias: K. 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Band 50, p. 159, pI. 

3, fig. 2. 

1890. Thecosmilia caespitosa. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, 

p. 7, pI. I, figs. 1-13. 

Irregular branching stocks, about 10 lnillimeters in 

diameter, of oval cross section. Septa arranged in 

four cycles, numbering in all from 42 to 48. 

This species differs from Thecosrnilia norica in its 

smaller size and much finer and more widely separated 

septa. It differs from Thecosrnilia fenestrata in its 

greater average size and less numerous septa. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the coral zone of lower 

N oric age of Iliamna Lake near Cook Inlet, Alaska. 

It was first described fr0111 the sanle horizon of the 

Zlambach beds of the Fischerwiese, Tyrolian Alps. 

'fhecosmilia delicatula (Frech) 

Plate CV, Figure 4 

1890. Rhabdophyllia delicatula. Frech, Die Korallen der 

juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 

37, p. 19, pI. 3, figs. la-c. 

1911. Calarnophyllia dawsoni. Clapp and Shimer, The Sutton 

Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver Island, 

B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Rist. Proc., vol. 34, No. 12, 

p. 431, pI. 40, fig. Ii pI. 42, fig. 16. 

Clapp and Shil11er describe this species as follows: 

Similar to C. suttonensis in number and cycles of costae and 

presumably of septa (the septa are not sufficiently weil preserved to be made out· with certainty). The corallites are 

smaller (3 to 3.5 millimeters in diameter), branch more frequently, are more irregularly diverging, and are separated by 

about their diameter. 

Occurrence: In the Sutton formation, Cowichan 

Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, assigned 

by Clapp, and Shimer to the Lower Jurassic', but 

belonging to the Upper Triassic coral zone of lower 

Noric age. 

This species was first, described from the Rhaetic 

stage of the Upper Triassic of ~he Tyrolian Alps. 
128 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Thecosmilia fenestrata (Reuss) 

Plate CV, Figures I, 9 

1854. Calamophyllia jenestrata. Reuss, Beitrage zur Characteristik der Kreideschichten in den Ostalpen: K. Akad. 

Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Band 7, pI. 5, figs. 20, 21. 

1890. Thecosmilia jenestrata. Frech, ])ie Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37 , p. 9, pI. 1, figs. 25-27; pI. 2, figs. 1-17. 

1911. Calamophyllia suttonensis. Clapp and Shimer, The 

Sutton Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver 

Island, B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, 

No. 12, p. 431; pI. 40, figs. 5-7; pl. 41, fig. 15. 

'I'hick-set branching stocks, 5 to 10 luillimetel's 

thick, with numerous ,septa, in four or five cycles, up 

to 50, of which from 9 to 12 stand out as primaries. 

Spines on the septa well developed. The branches 

are connected and supported by many irregular 

apophyses. 

Thecosmilia jenestrata differs' from T. norica in its 

smaller size and less nUlnerous septa. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic coral zone 

of lower N oric age, on Iliamna Lake, near Cook Inlet, 

Alaska; also at the same horizOl; and in the sanle 

association near Dall Head on Gravina Island, Alaska; 

also under the name of Oalamophyllia suttonensis 

Clapp and Shimer, described from the Sutton beds 

of Vancouver Island, assigned by Clapp and Shinler 

to the Jurassic but certainly belonging to the Upper 

Triassic. It was first described from the lower N oric 

coral zone of the Austrian Alps, Zlambach beds, where 

it is extremely common. 

Thecosmilia norica Frech 

Plate CXI, Figures 1-4 

1890. Thecosmilia norica. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 9, 

pI. 1, figs. 14-24; pI. 10, figs. 6, 6a. 

Stocks branching, bushy, thick set. Cross section 

subelliptic. Corallites large, up to 20 millimeters 

diameter. Septa arranged in four or five cycles, of 

which the first and second reach the center. 

This species is distinguished from Thecosmilia 

jenestrata by its greater size, irregular branching, 

and by the lack of the lateral rootlike projections 

which characterize most species of this genus. 

Occurrence: Rather common in the Upper Triassic 

coral zone of lower N oric age near Martin Bridge, 

at the junction of Paddy and Eagle creeks, Blue 

Mountains, Baker County, Oreg. This species was 

first described from the same horizon, in the Zlambach 

beds of the Fischerwiese, Tyrolian Alps, where it is 

one of the common species. 

. Genus ISASTREA Milne-Edwards and Haime 

Compound I-Iexacoralla, with corallites prismatic 

and closely crowded. Calyces polygonal, with fused 

walls; columella ilnperfect or absent. 

This genus is a notable reef former frOll1 the Trjassic 

to the Cretaceous periods; it is represented in the 

Alnerican Triassic by three species. 

Isastrea parva Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXIV, Figures 7-9 

Stocks small, irregular, incrusting. Calyces irregular, polygonal, shallow, about 1 millinleter in width; 

septa about 24, apparently in three cycles. 

This species greatly resembles lsastrea vo/nCO'lweTensis, with which it is associated, and differs only in 

the slnaller size of the stocks ancl the calyces, which 

are less than half the diameter of those of 18(u~tl'f(11 

vancouverensis. 

Occurrence: Very rare in th e Upper Tri ass i c coral 

zone of lower Noric age at Threemile Cove, Gravina 

Island, A1n,ska. 

Isastrea profunda Reuss 

Plate CV, Figure 8; Plate CXIl, Figures 5, 6; Plate CXIV, 

Figures 1-3 

1854. Isastraea 1)rojunda. Reuss, K. Akad. 'Viss. vVien Denkschr., Band 7, p. 116, pI. 9, figs. 5, 6. 

1890. Isastraea profunda. Frech, Die Koranen der juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 21, 

pI. 5, figs. 1-3. 

1911. Isastrea whiteavesi (part). Clapp and Shimer, The 

Sutton Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver 

Island, B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, 

No. 12, p. 429, pI. 40, fig. 9 (not fig. 10, which =: Conjusastrea decussata). 

Compound incrusting stocks; calyces polygonal, 

somewhat irregular in shape, averaging 3 millimeters 

in diameter, with thickened walls. Septa f\,l'rangccl in 

three or four cycles, numbering from 24 to 4:0. Columella absent. 

Isastrea profunda differs from lsastrea vanCO'l.WeTensis, with which it is associated, in the greater size of its 

calyces and more regular polygonal shape. 

Occurrence: Rare in the coral zone of lower N oric 

age in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Bear 

Cove at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain, 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. It was first describeg from the same horizon 

in the Zlambach beds of the Fischerwiese in the 

Tyrolian Alps. It is also common in the same zone at 

Threemile Cove near Dall Head, Gravina Island, 

·Alaska. A specimen from the Sutton formation on 

Vancouver Island was named by Clapp and Shimer 

Isastrea whiteavesi. 

Isastrea vancouverensis Clapp and Shimer 

Plate CV, Figure 10; Plate' CXIl, Figures 1-4; Plate CXIV, 

Figures 4-6; Plate CXXI,. Figures 4, 5 

1911. I sastrea vanco1werensis. Clapp and Shi mer, The Sutton 

Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver Island, 

B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, No. 12, 

p. 430; pI. 40, fig. 8; pI. 42, fig. 17. 
ANTHOZOA 129 

Gln.pp iI,nd ShjJuel' describe this species as follCiws: 

Comllum HlttHl:iive; closoly crowded corallites irregularly 

hexagonn.L or rounded, united directly by their relatively thin 

walls. Calyces exceedingly deep, with average diameter of 

about 2 millimeters. In the best preserved corallites the septa 

reach almost to the center. The. septa are very poorly preserved, seldom appearing except as vertical ridges on the inner 

walll:!. They are apparently from 20 to 30 in number and there 

ttre indicatiollFi of two cycles. There is a suggestion of the 

presence of a spongy columella and of tabulae. 

I.n good speeimens thero are three cycles of septiL, 

Illlleh :morc distinct tho.n one would infer fl'om, the 

lI.bove dOHeription. 

OceuITenee: In the Sutton formation of Cowichn.n 

Lake, VaneolLver Island, British Columbia, which was 

assigned by Clo.pp fI.nd Shimel' to the Lower J'ul'ussic, 

but which belongs to the Upper Tl'iu.ssic coral zone of 

]owel' N oric age, itS developed in Co.lifornia, Oregon, 

and Alaska, This species is conlmon in this zone, in 

the Ilossclkus lin1estone on Brock Mountain, Shasta 

COlin ty, Calif.; ulso at Iliamnn, Lake, nen.]' Cook 

rnlel;, Alaska; and at Thl'eemile Cove n.ncl Fivemile 

Covu, IHlItr Dan :fIend, on Gl'avinn. Island, Alns'kn. 

Genus CONFUSASTREA D'Orbigny 

HHfl. Coui'u.s(Lslrca. D'Orbigny, Note sur les polypiers fossiles, 

p.l0. 

1851.. ConJ'usastrea. Milne-Edwards and Haime, Polypiers 

fossiles des terrains paleozoiques: Mus. hist. nat. 

Archives, vol. 5, p. 98. 

1854. AdeZast1'ea. Reuss, Beitrage zur Characteristik del' 

Kl'eideschichten in den Ostalpen: IC Akad. Wiss. 

Wien Denkschr., Band 7, p. 115. 

'IS!}6. ConJ'usast1·ea. Milne-Edwards and HaiJne, Histoire IlatUl'elle des coralliaires, vol. 2, p. 481.. 

:t 8Sfi. COl1J'u.sa.strca. J(oby, Monogmphie des polypiers jlll'assiques do la Suisse: Schweizer. paleont. Gesell. Abh., 

vol. 12, p. 257. 

,1890. Phyllococn'l:a. Froch, Die Korallen del' juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Pn.laeontogmphica, Band 37, p. 26. 

Not Phyllocoenia Milne-]~c1wards and Hahne (= Orbicella). 

Type.-OoTlfLLsastrea b'l.LrguncZiae Michelin. 

C01npact on branching stocks. Calyces with indistinct wo.lls, and several cycles of septa. The coenenchynl is crossed by some of the septa, as in OrbiceZZa. 

Tho principo.l septa are thickened in the middle, which, 

together with the scantiness of the dissepinlents, 

n.ppco.rs to be the chief distinction between this genus 

and OrM,cella, 

Frech has ol'roneously united OOTifusastrea, with 

PhyZZocoen'ia" but the irregular calyces, the multiplication by subdivision, and the scantiness of the dissepiments are sufficient for generic separation. Also 

Vaughan 31 has shown that PhyZZocoenia is nothing 

more tho.n a synonym of OrbiceZZa. It therefore seems 

propor to return to the old name for the genus. Oonfusast1'e(£ HI ay be ancestral to the late Mesozoic, Tertiary, and :moder.t1 O'l'biceZZa (PhyZZocoenia, HeZiastren) 

but can hat'dly be congeneric with them. 

81 Vuughull, ~I\. W., U. S. Nnt. 'MilS. 131111. IO!l. p. !l!lIi, 1911. 

001ifusastrea is a notable reef former in the Jurassic 

of Europe; it also is COnll110n in the Upper' Triassic of 

the Alps; of Shasta County, Calif.; of the Sutton formation on Vancouver Island; and in the coral zone of 

lower Noric age on Gravina Island, Alaska; and on 

Iliamna Lake, Alaska, 

Confusastrea borealis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXVI, Figures 1, 2 

. Stocks large, branching, al'bol'ifol'm, as nlueh as 

50 centimeters jn length, and with the branches 3 01' 

4 centimeters in thickness. The oval calyces are 

o.bout 2.5 milli1netersin width, depressed and shallow 

and are 1. luillimeter apn,rt but are united by costae, 

The septa are in three cycles, 6 : 6 : 1.2. Of these, 

the primaries reach the cen tel', the secondaries almost, 

and the Tertiary septa o.l'e short. Cohunella rudimentary. Oonfusastrea bOl'enZis has some resen1-

blance to Oonfusast?'ea cowichanensis Clapp and 

Shimer, but differs in the Inuch larger size of the 

stocks, in being arborifol'lu instead of compact 01' 

incrusting, and in the fewer septa, 24 instead of :36. 

This species beloilgs to the gl'Oup formerly assigned 

by Frech to PhyZlocoenin. 

Occurrence: Raee in the coral zone of lo\ver N oric 

age at Thremnile Cove, near Dall IIead, on Gravina 

Island, Alaska, associated with OOnf'l.LSastrea decussata, 

Oonfusastrea, grnndissima, Isastrea profunda, and other 

species. 

Confusastrea cowichanensis Clapp and Shimer 

Plate CV, Figllre :3; Plate CXIV, Figures 10-13; Plate CXXI, 

Figure 1 

1911. /s(!'strca cowichancnsis. Clapp and Shimer, The Sutton 

Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver Island, 

,<,B.C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, No. 12, 

p. 429, pI. 41, fig. 11. 

Clapp and Shi111er describe this species as follows: 

Corallum incrusting, calyces irregularly hexagonal, united 

to oue another by relatively thick walls with evidences of 

coenenchyma upon the sides as in I sastrea whiteavesi. Calyces 

rather deep (1.5 to 2 mm.), diameter about 3 mm.; walls about 

0.8 mm. thick. Septa 24, in three cycles, the third rudimentary. 

There is a tendency for the first two cycles to be irregularly 

developed, so that the symmetry is apparently quadrameral. 

Columella rudimentary. . 

Occurrence: In the Sutton formation of Cowichan 

Lake on Vancouver Island, British Colulnbia, assigned 

by Clapp and Shimer to the Lower Jurassic, but 

belonging to the Upper Triassic coral zone of lower 

N oric age, as seen in California, Oregon, and Alaska. 

This species also occurs in this zone at locality 8834, 

near Dull IIead, on Gravina Island, north arm of cove 

3 l11iles north of Dall I-Iead, associated with a genuine 

Upper Triassic fauna.. Also in the same zone on 

Iliamna Lake, near Cook Inlet, Alaska. It belongs 

to Oonfusastl'ea and not to Isnstrea, and there are four 

cycles with 36 septa instead of three with 24:. 
130 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Confusastrea decussata (Reuss) 

Plate CXIlI, lrigure 7; Plate CXV, Figures 1-3; Plate CXXI, 

Figure 2 

1854. Phyllocoenia decussata. Reuss, Beitrage zur Characteristik der Kreideschichten in den Ostalpen: K. 

Akad. Wiss. Wi en Denkschr., Band 7, p. 99, pI. 13, 

figs. 2, 3. 

1890. Phyllocoenia decussata. Frech, Die Korallen der juva_ 

vischen Triasprovinz: PalaeOlltographica, Band 37, 

p. 28, pI. 7, figs. 1-10. 

1911. I sastrea whiieavesi (part). Clapp and Shimer, The Sutton Jurassic of the Vancouver group, Vancouver 

Island, B. C.: Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., vol. 34, 

No. 12, p. 429, pI. 40, fig. 10 (not fig. 9). 

Compact, flattened as knobby stocks, never 

branched. Polygonal calyces separated by a more or 

less distinct wall and united by long ribs. Real 

confluence of the septa of neighboring calyces does not 

occur. Dianleter of the calyces from 4 to 6 millinleters. Septa numbering 36 when complete, in four 

cycles. The thickening of the septa corresponds to 

the ringlike elevation that surrounds the calyx. 

This species was regarded by Frech as belonging to 

PhyZZocoenia;, however, the type of PhyZlocoenia (PhyZZocoenia irradians) , from the Tertiary of Italy, has been 

shown by Vaughan to belong to OrbiceZZa. I-Ience we 

must return to D'Orbigny's old name Confusastrea for 

the group. 

Occurrence: Rare in the coral zone of the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone at Bear Cove, on Broek 

Mquntain, Calif.; also in ,the same zone at Threemile 

Cove, Dall Head, Gravina Island, Alaska. Associated 

with Co~fu8astrea grandissima, Isastrea profunda, 

Astrocoenia, Stephanocoenia, Thamnastraea, Spongiomorpha, and other species. Also in the Sutton forhlation of V ancou ver Island, confused by Clapp and 

Shimer with Isastrea whiteavesi, which itself is a 

synonym for Isastrea profunda. Doubtfully identified 

from the coral zone of lower N oric age at Iliamna 

Lake, near Cook Inlet, Alaska. 

Confusastrea grandissima (Frech) 

Plate CXV, Figure 4 

1890. Phyllocoenia grandissima. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavis chen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, 

p. 31, p] 3, figs. 10, 11; pI. 9, figs. 1-7a. 

Irregular stocks, with very large calyces, not distinctly separated. Dialneter of calyces as lnuch as 

20 millimeters. Septa in three cycles 36 in maximum 

number, ancI' running across the space between the 

calyces. 

Confusastrea grandissima is dis tinguished from all 

other Triassic species of this genus by its large size 

and the coarseness of its septa, as well as by the irregularity of its calyces. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zone of lower N oric age at localit.y No. 9537, on FiveJnile Cove near Dallllead, on Gravina Island, Alaska 

(15 A. Ch., 130); also at l'hreemile Cove on Gravina 

Island, Alaska; also in the sa;me zone and in the sanIe 

association in the Hosselkus limestone of Cow Creek 

near Ingot, Shasta County, Calif. 

Confusastrea incra~sata (Frech) 

Plate CXXI, Figure 3 

1890. Phyllocoenia incrassata. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz: Band 37, p. 30, pI. 8, figs. 1-14. 

Irregular, brancbing, in some specimens dendritic 

stocks. Calyces roundish or oval, with distinct walls, 

and united by ribs. Septa nunIerous, 40 to 50. 

Calyces 4 to 7 millimeters in diameter. 

Confusastrea incrassata differs from Confusastrea 

decussata, with which it is associat,ed in both Europe 

and America, 'in the branching stocks, the larger size 

of the calyces and the more numerous septa. 

Occurrence: Rare in the coral zone of lower N oric 

age at Iliamna Lake, near Cook Inlet, Alaska. It 

was first described from the lower N oric Zlambach 

beds of the Fischerwiese, Austrian Alps. 

Genus LATIMAEANDRA D'Orbigny 

Compound branching stocks, with elongate calyces 

merging into one another, arranged in rows. Septa 

numerous and thin, formed of trabeculae in fanlike 

order. Synapticulae in horizontal rows. 

Rare in the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous systems. 

Represented in the Upper Triassic beds of Europe 

by several species and in America by two species. 

Latimaeandra ,alaskana Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXV, Figures 11, 12 

Stocks small, compact. Calyces small, elongate, 

'confluent, fusing together in a very irregular manner. 

The calyces vary greatly in size and shape, some being 

regular and nearly circular, averaging about 3 millimeters in diameter; others are oblong, 6 millimeters 

in length, and 2.5 millimeters in width. The septa are 

poorly preserved but appear t.o be about 24 in three 

cycles. 

This species resembles Latimaeandra norica var. 

minor Frech, from the Noric beds of the Tyrolian 

Alps, but differs from the European form in its InllCh 

smaller size and less numerous septa. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the coral zone of low~r 

Noric age at Threemile Cove, near Dall Head, Gravina 

Island, Alaska. 

Latimaeandra eucystis Frech 

Plate CXIII, Figures 8, 9 

1890. I sastraea (Latimaeandra) eucystis. Frech, Die Korallen der 

juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 

37, p. 26, pI. 6, fig. 10; pI. 7, figs. 11, 12. 

-Stocks small. Calyces elongate, fusing together in 

an irregular nIanner, with septa lneeting ttlong a line' 
ANTHOZOA 131 

,instead of in a center, giving a strong resemblance to 

.J.f.aeandra. This character distinguishes the species 

f1"0111 all other Anlerican Triassic corals. 

Occurrence : Very rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zone of lower Noric age in the I-Iosselkus limestone on 

tho North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles northwest of 

Kelly's ranch; also in the same zone near the junction 

of Cow and Cedar creeks, 3 miles east of Ingot, Shasta 

County, Calif. It was first described from the lower 

Noric Zlambach beds of the Fischerwiese in the Tyrolian Alps. 

Family FUNGIDAE Dana 

Genus THAMNASTRAEA Lesauvage 

COlnpound ffattened stocks. Calyces without walls, 

u.nited by riblike septa. Columella rodlike or rudilnentary. The well-developed septa are spread out 

fanlike, and consist of rows of cylindrical trabeculae 

bound together by synapticulae. 

Occurrence: A common reef coral fronl the Triassic 

to the Tertiary. 

Thumnustrneu redilumellosu Winkler 

Plate CXIII, Figures 1-6 

:t R61. Tham1t(£slraea rectilamellosa. Winkler, Der Oberkeuper, 

nach Studien in den bayrischen Alpen: Deutsche geol. 

Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 13, p. 487, pI. 8, fig. 7. 

1861. 'j'hamnastraea alpina. Winkler, idem, p. 487, pI. 8, fig. 8. 

1861. 'l'hamnaslraea plana. Winkler, idem, p. 488, pI. 7, fig. 9. 

1890. 'llhamn(£straea reclilal1wllosa. Frech, Die Korallen der 

juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 

37, p. 60, pI. 16, figs. 1-15i pI. 17, figs. 7, 8. 

Stocks flattened, mushroom-like, or irregularly con-

,rex. Calyces rather large, 7 or 8 millimeters in diamoter, without walls, and united by ribs. Septa fused 

.in tIte center to fL spongy mass resembling a columella; 

lIT,ranged in two distinct cycles and ,nunlbering from 

20 to 26. 

TAamnast1'aea TectilameZlosa differs fr01n Tham'nasI'I'(UUL n01·ica in the s]naller size of the calyces, in the 

less distinct alternation of the cycles, and in the 

development of the pseudocohunella. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

eO,l'al zono of lower N oric age in the Hosselkus lilnestone near the junction of Cow and Cedar creeks, 

n,bout 3 lUiles east of Ingot, Shasta County, Calif.; 

o.1so in the sam.e zone o.t the north end of Brock 

Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. It was. first described fr01n the lower N oric Zlambach beds of the 

Fischerwiese in the Tyrolian Alps and occurs also at 

the Rhaetic horizon in the Alps. 

Thumnustrnca rcctilamellosa Winkler var. minor Frech 

Plate CXVI, Figure 3i Plate CXVIII, Figures 5-6 

1890. Thamnaslraea reclilamellosa var. minor. Frech, Die 

l(orallen der j u va vischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 62, pI. 17, fig. 12. 

Stocks smn]l, calyces about half the size of the 

tiypicll1 f01'ln. Septa eighteen, not distinctly alternating, nleeting in the center in a pseudocolumella. 

This variety is closely related to the typical for1n 

of the species but differs in its slnaller size and more 

slender and delicate septa. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zone of lower N oric age at Threemile Cove near Dall 

Head, Gravina Island, Alaska, associated with Oonjusastrea borealis, Oonfl.llSastTea decussata, and other 

species. Collected by T. E. Bassett and C. O. Blackburn, of the Stanford University geological expedition. 

The writer has also collected tllls variety in the same 

zone in the Hosselkus limestone at Bear Cove, at the 

north end and east side of Brock Mountain, Shasta 

County, Calif. 

Thamnustraea borealis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXV, Figures 6-10 

Stocks small, compact, knobby or branching. 

Calyces small, about 3 millimeters in diameter, 

placed at regular intervals,without walls, and united 

by ribs. Septa 24, in three cycles, 6 : 6 : 12; the 

third, which is rudimentary and without columella, 

unites the calyces. 

Thamnastraea borealis differs fr01n Thamnastraea 

rectiZamelZosa in its much smaller size, fewer septa, and 

branching compact stocks. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zone of lower Noric age at Dall Head, Gravina Island, 

Alaska. It occurs at locality 9900, United States 

Geological Survey, 11 A. Ch. 1337, A. 20, Gravina 

Island; also at locality 9537, United States Geological 

Survey, 15 A. Ch. 130, west coast of Gravina Island, 

7 miles north of Dall Head, from which place the type 

specimen came . 

Genus HALO MITRA Dana 

1846. Halomilra. Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. during the years 

1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of 

Charles 'Vilkes. U. S. N., vol. 7, p. 311. 

Halomitra triadica Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXX, Figures 7, 8 

Stock small, cap-shaped, roughly conical. Upper 

surface convex, with calyces radiating frOlll the central 

apex. Septa of the individual calyces leaving the 

radial arrangement around their own centers and 

becoming radial from the apex. Lower surface with 

epitheca, concave. 

This species has some resemblance to the modern 

" Neptune's cap" of the s.outh seas and is probably 

generically related to that form. There are no 

known species of this group in the immense interval 

between the Upper Triassic and the present, but that 

is no reason why they should not haye existed. The 

rarity of the modern Halomitra shows it to be an 

old group. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zone of lower N oric age at locality 10097, United 

States Geological Survey, on Threemile Bay, near 

Dall Head, south end of Gravina Island, Alaska. 
132 UPPBH. TRIASSIC MAH.INB INVJ!mTEBUATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Family STYLOPHORIDAE Milne-Edwards and Haime 

Genus ASTROCOENIA Milne-Edwards and Haime 

Type.-Astrocoenia numismaZis Defrance. 

Irregular knoblike stocks, with small roundish or 

polygonal calyces, united by walls; consisting of 

several rows of primary trabeculae bound together 

by steroplasm. Septa well developed, grouped in 

cycles, with distinct columella and without pali. 

Dissepiments horizontal and scanty. 

This genus is a notable reef former from the Triassic 

to the Tertiary. Represented in Upper" Triassic 

beds of lower N oric age in America by two species. 

Astrocoenia martini Smith, 11. sp. 

Plate CXV, Figure 5 

Stocks slnall, compact, irregular. Calyces shallow, 

rather close set, united by coenenchynl. Dianleter of 

calyces, about 3 millinleters. Septa 12, in two cycles. 

Astrocoenia martini has some resemblance to 

Astrocoenia waZtheri Frech, from the N oric coral 

zone of the Austrian Alps, but differs in its larger 

calyces and fewer septa. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper 'Triassic coral 

zone of lower N oric n.ge at Dall I-Iead, Grn.vina Island, 

Alaska. 'Type from locality 8830, United States 

Geological Survey, collected by G. C. Martin, after 

whom the species is named. 

Astrocoenia shastensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXII, Figures 11-13 

Compact spreading stocks, with small rounded 

calyces from 2 to 3 D1illilneters in dianleter, connected 

by the walls and sonle coenenchYlll. Septa about 24, 

arranged in two or n10re cycles, all distinctly dentate, 

and united with the slender columella. Dissepilllents 

horizontal and nunlerous. 

Astrocoenia shastensis differs frolll A.stl'oCOeni(L waltheri in the nlllCh greater size of the stock, slnallel' 

columella, and In ore nllll1erOUS finely dentate septa. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the Upper 'Triassic coral 

zone of lower N oric age in the I-Iosselkus lill1estone on 

the north end and west side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit H.iver, Shasta County, 

Calif. 

Genus STEPHANOCOENIA Milne-Edwards and Haime 

Massive stocks with polygonal calyces, united by 

their walls. Septa numerous and lo:qg; only radial 

plates, and no synapticulae, in the visceral space. 

Columella pencil-shaped, surrounded by rods. Dissepiments spongy and well -developed. 

'This genus ranges from the Triassic to the present 

but is particularly abundant in the Triassic, in which 

formation it is represented by several species in Europe 

and one in America". The type of the genus is the 

Recent species, Stephanocoenia intersepta Esper, from 

the Caribbean Sea. 

Stephanocoenia juvavica Frech 

Plate CXII, Figures 7-10 

1890. Stephanocoeniajuvavica. Frech, Die Korallen del' juvav ischen Tl'iasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, 

p. 38, text figure. 

Compact, Inassive, knobby stocks, with sDlall round 

calyces well separated. Septa not numerous, frOITI 24 

to 30, somewhat irregular, not" arranged in distinct 

cycles, joining the central columella, which is surrounded by irregular rods or pali, which are distinctly 

visible only in the calyces. In some specimens the 

septa J?lerge in the middle to a spongelike Inass. 

Occurrence: Rare in the contI zone of lower N oric 

age in the Upper 'Triassic I-Iosselkus lilnestone of 

Brock Mountain, Shasta" County, Calif.; also in the 

sanle zone on Ilia111na Lake ncar Cook Inlet, Alaska. 

It was fi.rst described f1'0111 the lower Noric Zlambach 

beds of the Fischerwiese in the TYJ:olian Alps. 

Family PORITIDAE Dana 

Subfamily SPONGIOMORPHINAE Frech 

Composite tuberous I-Iexacol'alla of very ineguln.r 

fOl'ln, with skeleton consisting of colunlns or trabeculae, 

bound together by synapticulae at approximately 

equal altitudes, fonning s0111ewhat regular layers. 

H.epresented in America by Spongiomorpha, HelJtastyZis and Stromatomorpha. 

Frech has named also a subgenus HeptastyZ01)sis, 

which differs from HeptastyZis in no very essential 

respect. The writer can also" find no real difference 

separating Spongiomorpha frolll Stromatomorpha)' but 

for convenience the fOrI11s in which radial structure 

predOlninates are assigned to SpongiOTt~OTpha, whoron.s 

those in which concentric layers predOJninate are 

ascribed to St'J'omatomOrl)ha. 

This group is supposed to be ancostrnl to the 

Poritidae, and HeptastyZis bears a close resernblance 

to the 1110dern falnily, e~pecially to the genus GO'niol)oTa Quoy and Gailnard, which is the sinlplest H.ecent 

genus of I-Iexacoralla. This group nlay represent the 

ancestral type of I-Iexacol'alla, although its f-irst 

appearance is along with well-developed Astraeidae, 

Fungidae, and Stylop'horidae. 

Genus SPONGIOMORPHA Frech 

1890. Spongiomorpha. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischcn 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 68. 

Type.-Spongiomorpha acycZica Frech. 

Skeleton composed of strong prinlary rods ,vithout 

any trace of radial arrangement in calyces; horizontal 

apophyses at more or less regular intervals. 

This genus is fairly common in the Upper Triassic 

of the Alps, California, Oregon, and Alaska and is 

represented by several species that are notable reef 

formers. 
ANTHOZOA 133 

Subgenus HEPTASTYLOPSIS Frech 

1890. Heptastylopsis. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 68. 

Type.-HeptastyZopsis gibbosa Frech. 

Stocks of irregular shape, consisting of well-developed radial rods or trabeculae and horiz'ontal -rods or 

synapticulae, which form more or less distinct concentric layers. Calyces consisting of six or more 

primary rods arranged in irregular radial symmetry 

around a vertical rod that acts as a columella. 

'rhis subgenus appears to differ from Heptastylis 

chiefly in the less regular arrangement of the calyces. 

To the writer this difference seems to be specific 

rather than generic. . 

Represented in the Upper .Triassic of America by 

HeptastyZopsis gibbosa Frech,· Heptastylopsis ramosa 

Frech, Heptastylopsis dendriformis Smith, and HeptastyZopsis tenuis Smith. 

Spongiornorpha (Heptastylopsis) dendriformis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate eXVII, l!"'igure 1; Plate eXVIII, Figures 1, 2 

Stocks large, arboriform, from 25 to 30 centinleters 

long, and with the branches from 8 to 10 millimeters 

in diameter, diverging from the nUl,in stock but 

keeping roughly parallel. The inner structure consists of minute primary radial rods or trabeculae 

united by synapticulae at irregular intervals. The 

calyces consist of six or more primary rods arranged 

with some radial symmetry around a central rod that 

acts as a columella. 

Spongiomorpha dendriformis is closely related to 

Spongiomorpha ramosa Frech, from which it differs in 

its Inuch greater size and more proJific branching of 

ti11e stocks. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

coral zone of lower N oric age in the Hosselkus limestone, at Bear Cove on the east side of Brock Mountain, and on Little Cow Creek half a mile east of the 

ju~ction ~th Cedar Creek, in Shasta County, Calif. 

ThIS speCIes must have played the part in the ancient 

reefs that now falls to the madrepores. 

Spongiornorpha (Heptastylopsis) gibbosa Frech 

Plate ex X, Figures 1-3; Plate eXXI, Figures 14, 1.5 

1890. Srpongiomorpha (H eptastylopsis) gibbosa. Frech, Die 

Koral1en dE'r juvavischen Triasproviu?: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 75, text figs. a-e. 

~tocks small, irregular, compact, consisting of radial 

prImary rods or trabeculae and horizontal dissepiments o~ synapticulae, forming more or less regular 

concentrIc layers. Calyces formed by about six rods 

arranged irregularly in radial symmetry around a 

seventh rod as a columella. This arrangement is 

. 48172-27-10 

visible only on the unweathered surface of the stock 

and has not been observed on any of the American 

specimens. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic coral zone 

of lower N oric age at localities 8834 and 8835, United 

States Geological Survey, near Dall Head, on Gravina 

Island, Alaska. Also doubtfully in the same zone on 

~agle River, Blue Mountains, Baker County, Oreg.; 

In the same zone on Iliamna Lake near Cook Inlet , Alaska; and in the same zone of the Hosselkus limestone near the junction of Cedar and Cow creeks, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

. Spongiornorpha (Heptas.tylopsis) rarnosa Frech 

Plate CXX, Figures 4, 5; Plate eXXI, Figures 10-13 

1890. Spong~~morpha (Heptastylopsis) ramosa. Frech, Die 

Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 76, text figs. a-e. 

Stocks small, irregular, branching, a few centimeters 

long and 1 or 2 centimeters in diameter. The inner 

structure consists of radially divergent trabeculae 

or primary rods, strongly developed, with weak 

synapticulae forming poorly developed dissepiments 

at rather irregular intervals. The calyces are shown 

by six or more trabeculae, which are arranged in rude 

radial sylnmetry around a seventh rod as a columella. 

This structure is in all essentials like that of Porites, . 

and even more like· that of Goniopora, except that in 

Spongiomorpha there is no coalescence of the rods into 

septa or true dissepiments. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the coral zone of lower 

N oric age at Threemile Cove near Dall Head, on Gravina Island, Alaska. Rather doubtful in the same 

zone at Iliarpna Lake, near Cook I~let, Alaska. 

This species was first described from the same horizon, 

from the classic locality of the Ziambach beds in the 

Tyrolian Alps. 

Spongiomorpha .(Heptastylopsis) tenuis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate CXVIII, Figure 3 

Stocks small, irregular, incrusting or slightly br~nching, composed of radial diverging slender tubes or 

rods, connected by apophyses at fairly regular intervals, forming rather distinct layers. Some slight 

radial symmetry of the rods as septa, in calyces WAS 

observed. 

This species is very closely related to SpongiomorlJha, 

ramosa Frech and differs chiefly in the slenderness of 

the rods. 

Occurrence: Very rare in the coral zone of lower 

N oric age in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone 

on North Fork of Squaw Creek, :3 miles north of 

Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif . 
134 UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA 

Genus HEPTASTYLIS Frech 

1890. Heptastylis. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 69. 

Type . .,-HeptastyZis stromatoporoides Frech. 

Composite colonial Hexacoralla, with irregular 

calyces, composed of a number of rods arranged with 

more or less radial symmetry around a columella, 

without any trace of septal plates. The primary 

rods fill up the spaces between the calyces and are 

connected at more 0 or less regular intervals by horizontal synapticulae. It will be seen that HeptastyZis . 

has a very close resemblance to the modern genus 

Goniopora Quoy and Gaimard. 

HeptastyZopsis was described by Frech as a subgenus under Spongiomorpha, whereas HeptastyZis was 

described by him as an independent genus. The 

writer, however, can find in Frech's descriptions and 

figures no essential difference between HeptastyZopsis 

and HeptastyZis. 

Occurrence: Rare in the N oric coral zone in the 

°Tyrolian Alps and in the same zone of the Blue 

Mountains of Oregon. 

Heptastylis aquilae Smith, n. sp. 

Plate. eIX, Figures 1-6; Plate eXI, Figure 5 

Stocks compact, irregular, in some specimens kidoney-shaped, as much as 10 centimeters in diameter. 

The primary rods radiate from 0 a common center 

in close-set order and are closely connected at rather 

irregular intervals by synapticulae, forming rather 

indistinct concentric layers. 0 There is some slight 

regularity in the radial symmetry of the calyces. 

H eptastyZis aquiZae is associated with anod closely 

related to HeptastyZis oregonensis, from which it differs 

in the greater size of the primary rods, the more distinct apophyses, and the irregularity of the concentric 

layers. It is somewhat similar to that species in shape 

and size but is easily distinguished by its much more 

irregular and branching form. 

Occurrence: Very common in the coral ozone of 

lower Noric age aobout 500 feet above the beds with 

HaZobia oregonensis, at Martin Bridge, at the junction of Eagle and Paddy creeks, Blue Mountains, 

Baker County, Oreg. 

Heptastylis oregonensis Smith, n. sp. 

Plate ex, Figures 1-5 

Form subspherical, oval, or kidney-shaped, in masses 

as much as 10 centimeters in diameter. Composed of 

close-set primary 0 rods arranged in irregular radial 

symmetry in calyces around a rod acting as a columella, 

and connecte~ oat regular intervals by horizontal 

apophyses or synapticulae, which form distinct layers. 

The calyces are visible only on the unweathered surface of the coral head. 

This species resembl~s H eptastyZopsis gibbosa Frech 

but differs chiefly in its greater size, longer tubes,' and 

much more distinct calyces. 

It is more nearly related to HeptastyZis aquilae, 

with which it is associated, but differs from that 

species in the smaller size of the primary rods, more 

regular shape, and more distinct concentric layers. 

Occurrence: Rather rare in the Upper Triassic coral 

zone of lower Noric age, about 500 feet above the beds 

with Halobia oregonensis, at Martin Bridge, at the 

junction of Eagle and Paddy creeks, Blue Mountains, 

Baker County, Oreg. 

Genus STROMATOMORPHA Frer.h 

1890. Stromatomorpha. Frech, Die Korallen der juvavischen 

Triasprovinz: Palaeontographica, Band 37, p. 69. 

Type.-Stromatomorpha stylifera Frech. 

Skeleton composed of trabeculae without any trace 

of radial arrangement as septa. Horizontal synapticulae at regular altitudes, forming definite concentric 

layers. 

Chiefly confined to the Upper Triassic Noric horizon 

of the Tyrolian Alps, the Klamath Mountains of 

Shasta County, Calif., and the coral zone of Alaska. 

Stromatomorpha californica Smith, n. sp. 

Plate eXVIII, Figure 4; Plate eXIX, Figure 1; Plate exx, 

Figure 6 

Large, compact stocks as much as 40 centimeters 

in width, composed of fine primary rods or trabeculae, 

without any trace of radial arrangement as septa in 

calyces. Horizontal apophyses or synapticulae at 

regular altitudes, forming definite concentric layers, 

which are much more prominent than the radial 

elements. 

Stromatomorpha caZifornica differs frolJl all known 

species of the Spongiomorphidae in its enormous size 

'and more predominant horizontal layers. 

Occurrence: Very common in the Upper Triassic 

coral zone, of lower N oric age, in the Hosselkus 

limestone, on the east side of Brock Mountain, on Pit 

River, at the mouth of Brock Creek, Shasta County, 

Calif., where it is the most common coral; also -iIi the 

same zone at locality 9900, United States Geological 

Survey, 11 A. Ch. 137 (Theodore Chapin), near Dall 

Head, on Gravina Island, Alaska. 

Class HYDROZOA 

Genus HETERASTRIDIUM Reuss 

Roundish or oval bodies, composed of fine-branching radial calcareous fibers. The rather compact 

skeleton is penetrated by the polyp tubes, of which 

there are two sorts: the larger one with circular openings and smaller ones with radial septa. 
HYDROZOA 135 

Hete;astridium appears to be intermediate between 

the Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea and the Recent Hyd7'ocoralla. It is fairly common in the Upper Triassic. 

from India, through' the Alps, to Alaska. Represented 

in America by a single species. 

Heternstridium conglobntum Reuss 

Plate ex VIII, Figures 7-9 

1865. Heterastridium conglobatum. Reuss, Ueber einige Anthozoen der Kossener Schichten und der alpinen Trias: 

Ie Akad. Wiss. Wi en Sitzungsber., Band 51, p. 6, 

pIs. 1, 2; pI. 4, fig. 3. 

1890. H eterastridium conglobatum. Frech, Die Korallen der 

juvavischen Triasprovinz: Paiaeontographica, Band 

37, p. 96, text fig. 

Roundish or oval bodies, the largest of which are 10 

centimeters in diameter. Inner structure of radial 

calcareous fibers, which are united at nearly equal intervals by apophyses, giving a distinctly concentric 

structure to cross sections. These fibers are arranged 

radially around two sorts of calyces, round ones without septa, and the other in which the rods stand in 

radial symmetric arrangement. 

Occurrence: Rare in the Upper Triassic beds of 

Noric age at locality "10241, United States Geological 

Survey, East Fork of Chulitna River, 1Y2 miles below 

Camp 9, Alaska/' 

PLA~rES I-eX·XI 

48172-27-11 137 
PLATE I 

FIGUHES 1, 2. T'I'achyccras (Protrachyccras) calijornic'um Smith, n. sp. (pp. 79-80). Type. From the Upper Triassic Hosselklls 

limestone} Truchyccras subzone of the zone of 'Propitcs' s1tbbllZZatlls on Brock Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's 

ranch, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

138 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PI.ATE I 

• 

UP PE H T HfASSI C MARINE I NVEHT EBHAT E FOSSILS 
u. S.::::GEOLOGICAL SUUygy PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE II 

5 

UPPER TIlIASSIC MAHlNE NVERTEBRATI~ FOSS[LS 
PLATE II 

FIOURI~S 1.-7. 'PrCtchyceras (ProlrCtchyceras) callfornic~m~ Smith, n. sp. (pp. 79-80). 

1.. Type. 

2-4. Early mature stage. 

5-7. Adolescent stage. 

All specimens figured on this pla,te came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, 'Prachyceras subzone of the 

zone of 'l'ropiles s'ubb'Ullal'lls on Brock :Mountain, 3 miles east of "Madison's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J'. P. Smith. 

139 
PLATE III 

FIGURES 1-6. 'Prachyceras (Protrachyceras) lindgreni Smith, n. sp. (p. 80). 

1-3. Type. 

4"':'6. Immature specimen. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, 'Prachyceras subzone of the 

'Propites subb1.dlatus zone of Brock Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. Collection 

of J .. P. Smith. 

140 

"-~i 

'I 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE III 

2 

6 

5 

UPPER TRIASSIC MAHlNE INVERT EBRATE }'OSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE IV 

1 

8 

5 

UPPEI{ THIASSIC MAR1NE INVEHTEB HATE FOSSILS 
PLATE IV 

Flounl~S 1-8. Trachyceras (Prot1'(Lchycems) beckeri Smith, n. sp. (p. 79). 

1-3. Type. 

4:. EfI,r!y llu'tture stage. 

5-8. Immature specimen showing the chfl,nge in sculpture. 

AIL specimcnsfigurecl on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, Trachyceras subzone of the 

zone of 'P1'opites s'!lbb'ltllatus at the south end of Brock :Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

141 
'-"'-"~-'~·7""'::~·~. "~"'~'~' ~I·--. 

411. 

PLATE V 

FIGUlmS 1-19. Tmchycems (PTotrachycems) slwstense Smith (p. 81). 

1, 2 .. Side view and septa. 

3-6. Type, refigured. 

7, 8. Immature shell. 

9. Septa of the same. 

10, 11. IImllature shell. 

12. Septa of the same shell. 

13, 14. Adolescent stage. 

15, 16. Early adolescent stage. 

17-19. Tl~ansition from larval stage. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, Tmchyceras subzone of the 

zone of TTopites subbullal1(s on Brock Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, Shasta Cou'nty, Calif.' Figures 

1 anel 2, collection of U. S. Geological Survey; Figures 3-:-19, collection of J. P. Smith. 

142 

'-,''';''1 

] 

\ 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSION AL l'AI'EIl J41 PLATE V 

2 

5 

3 

6 4 

7 

wvv···· X 3 

12 

10 

11 18 

X 3 X2 16 

19 

UPPEH THIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGlCAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE VI 

11 X 3 

8 

X2 

X 2 14 

Ul'l'Ell TRIASS[C ~lAH NE INVERTEI3HATE FOSSILS 
PLATE VI 

Ftk: ult.m 1. 'l''/'achyceras (P'/'ot,rctchycems) leconte'i Hyatt and Smith (pp. 7S-79). Showing perfect surface ornamentation. 

FIClUHI~S 2-14. 'l',/,Ctchyceras (P'l'otmchyce'ras) macl-isonense Smith, n. sp. (pp. SO-Sl). 

2,3. Type. 

4, .5. InHnature specimen. 

6. Septa of the same specimen. 

7. Adolescent specimen. 

S. Septa, of the same specimen. 

9, 10. Adolescent specimen; diameter 20 millimeters. 

11. Septa, of the same specinlen. 

12-14. Late (n,rvat stage; diameter 11 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, 'i'mchycems subzone of the 

'1'1'o1)ites s'ubb'llliCtt'llS zone of Brock :Mountain, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. Figure I, 

co1.1ection ofU. S. Geological Survey; Figures 2-14, collection of J. P. Smith. 

143 
PLATE VII 

FIGURES 1-<1. TTachyceras (ProtTachyceras) SiOTTSi Smith, ll. sp. (p. 81). 

1. Type. 

2. A smaller specimen. 

3. Immature stage. 

4. Adolescent specinien". 

FIGUHE 5. Pecten (Entolil~m)" pittensis Smith, ll. sp. (p. 121). Type. 

l~IGURE 6. Lima kimballi Smith, 11. sp. (p. 122). Type. 

FIGURES 7-10. Halobia n~gosaGi.imbel (p. 117). 

7. Pair of valves showing SCUlpture. 

8. Showing shape and sculpture. 

9. Left valve. 

10. Right valve, showing larval shell. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Halobia n~gosa zone of the Pit shale on Brock Mountain, Sluista County, Calif. Collection of J. P~ Smith. 

144 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSI ONAL PAPER 141 PLATE VII 

2 

4 

3 

5 

6 

8 7 

UPPER T IUASSIC MARl E INVEI1T EB lUTE FOSSILS 
c. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE VIII 

2 

6 7 

4 

X 3 X 3 

12 18 5 X 3 

tr'v-v:. 14 

18 X8 

x 2 X 2 X 2 X4 X4 X4 

8 9 10 11 15 16 17 

UPPER TRIASSIC MALUNE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE VIII 

.U'IGUlms 1-18. lJ£scot.'I'01rites 'IIwjsl!arensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 42). 

1-3. Type. 

4, 5. Immature specimen. 

6, 7. L[tte adolescent stage. 

S, 9. Early adolescent stage; din,meter 15 millimeters. 

la, 11. Tmnsitional from ItLrval to adolescent stage; diameter 8 millimeters. 

12-14. L:1te larval sttLge; "diameter .5 milli~neters. 

15-18. Larval stage; diameter 3 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the J1wnvites subzone of the zone of 1'ro1JiteS subb1tllat11,s in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Beal' Cove, Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological 

Surve.v. 

4S17:!-27--12 145 
• PLATE IX 

FIGURl~S 1-3. DiscotTopites theTon Mojsisovics (pp. 40-41). 

1, 2. Mature shell. 

3. Septa of the same specimen. 

FIGURl~s 4-6. DiscotTopites davisi Smith, n. sp. (pp. 42-43). Type, shell and septa. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Juvavites subzone of the zone of TTopites subbullatus in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone at t.he north end and west side of Brock Mountain, Shasta COl.luty, Calif. Collection 

of U. S. Geological Survey. 

146 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE IX '\y, .... ' ..... : i\'~' , '~ ! 

, 

, 

, 

3 

/ 2 

4 

UPPEll TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SU RVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE X 

X 3 

12 11 

13 

X 2 X 2 

3 8 9 

10 

7 X 2 

6 

17 

15 

.t f\ N~{ ~ ~ X2 

19 

16 

14 

23 24 25 26 

29 X4 

X 2 

X 2 

28 

UPP"H TIHASSl e '\1AH I E INVERTEBHATE FOSSI LS 
PLATE X 

• FlOuru~s 1-13. D'iscot'l"opites (Jemmellctro'i Smith, n. sp. (p. 41). 

1-4. Type. 

5. Septa of another specimen. 

6, 7. Adolescent specimen; dhuneter 15 millimeters. 

8-10. l!:arly n,dolescent stage; din,meter 9 millimeters. 

11-13. En,rly adolescent stn,ge; din,meter 7 millimeters. 

FlGurm 14. Discotro1lites davis'i Sm~th, n. sp. (pp. 42-43). Mature specimen, younger than the type. 

FrauRms 15-19. D'iscotro1lites sen(JeZi :Mojsisovies (p. 42). 

15, 16. Adult specimen. 

17, 18. Younger specimen, showing septa. 

19. Septn, of the sn,me specimen. 

Flourms 20-29. D'iscotr01J'ites l-ineatus Smit.h, n. sp. (p. 41). 

20, 21.. Type. 

22. SepttL of n,nother speeirnen. 

23, 24. Late n,dolesccnt stn,ge. 

25, 26. Shell. 

27-29. Shell. 

All specimens figured on this plate eame from the J'uvavites subzone of the 'l'r01jiies s'ubb'ullat1ls zone of the Upper 

Triassic lIosselkus limestone n,t the north end of Brock :Mountain, Shast.a County, Cn,lif. Collection of U. S. 

Geological Survey. 

147 
PLATE XI 

FIGURES 1-7. Discotropites empedoclis Gemmellaro (p. 41). 

1. Adult specimen. 

2-4. Showing septa. 

5-7'. Adolescent stage. 

FIGUHES 8-22. Discotropites laurae Mojsisovics (p. 42). 

8-10. Adult shell. 

11. Septa of another specimen. 

12, 13. Early mature stage. 

14-16. Adolescent stage. 

17-19. Adolescent stage; diameter 8.5 millimeters. 

20-22. Late larval stage; diameter 5 millimeters. 

FIGUHES 23-28. Discotropites jormos1ls Smith, 11. sp. (p. 40). 

23-25. Type. 

26, 27. Smaller specimen. 

28. Early mature stage. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Tropites subbullat1ls zone of the Upper. Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone of Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-7 from the hwavites subzone, North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles 

north of Kelly's ranch; collection of U. S. GeologicaI' Survey. Figures 8":"'22 froIl,1 the Juvavites subzone, north 

end of Brock Mountain; collection of U. S. Geological Survey. Figures 23-28 from the Tmchyceras subzone 

south end of Brock Mountain; collection of J. P. Smith. 

148 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRO~'ESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE Xl 

3 

t 

5 6 

.. ~ 7 

i'~ 11 12 13 

,:VV\JJ 

16 X4 

8 

14 15 ~ .. 

19 x 6 

9 x 2 

17 18 

10 

,:~ 

22 X6 28 

x 3 X 3 

20 21 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSIL<; 
U. S. GEOLOGI CAL SURVEY 

10 

, ,--

: 

I 

7 

8 

4 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE X II 

2 

11 

UPPER T!lIASSIC MARl E I NVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XII 

FIGUHI~S 1-8. 8agcn:I:lcs ('1'rachyw(Jcn'ilcs) crinaccw; Dittmar (p. (0). 

1-3. IVLature)hell. 

4. Septa. of another specimen. 

5, 6. Ettrly Inature stage. 

7, 8. Late :\clolescent sta,ge. 

FIGUllmS 9-11. 8a(Jcnilcs ('1"l"achysa(Jcnilcs) shaslcnsis Smith, n. sp. (p. (2). Type. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from'the 'l'1'opiles subb1tllahts zone of the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Brock IVlountain, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-4 from the J1w(wites subzone; collection of U. S. 

Geologictd Survey. Figures 5-11 from the 'l'rachyceras subzone; collection of J. P. Smith. 

149 
FIGURES 1-10. Gonionotites hyatti Smith, n. sp. (p. 59). 

1-3. Type. 

4, 5. View sllowing obsolescence of sculpture. 

PLATE XIII 

6, 7. View showing vestiges of "J1wavites" sculpture'. 

8-10. Adolescent stage. 

FIGUB.Es:11-13. Jovites pacijiC1ts Smith, n. sp. (p. 53). Type. 

AU specimens figured on this plate came from the J'uvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites S1lbb'ullahls in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological tlurvey. Figures 1-10 

from Bear Cove, Brock Mountain. Figures 11-13 from North Fork of Squa,y Creek, 3 miles n:orth of Kelly's ranch. 

150 

" 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XIII 

7 X 2 

J{\j\A, .. 10 x 2 

4 

UPPER T RIASSIC MARINE INVERT EB RATE FOSSIlB 
U. S. GEOLOGlCAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLA'l'E XIV 

4 5 

2 

3 

7 

10 

9 X 2 

14 

!'~~ 12 

16 

":-/~ X 2 

15 

UPPEH TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XIV 

F.raulu~s 1-5 . .lov'ites (J3c£cchites) bacch1tS IVlojsisovics (p. 53). 

1-3. Adult specimen. 

4, 5. 'Younger specimen, showing vestiges of sculpture. 

FrClUltmS 6-9 . .Jov'ites (l3acchites) sphaericns Smith, n. sp. (p. 54). 

6, 7. Type. 

8, 9. A younger specimen, showing septa. 

F£GUltI~s 10-12 . .Jovites (l3acchites) 1Jing1tis Smith, n. sp. (p. 53). Type. 

F.raultms 13-18. Goniotites\northi Smith, n. sp. (p. 59). 

13-15. Type. Septn. X 2. 

16-18. Young specimen; diameter 10 millimeters. 

FJClulms 19, 20. Sagenites dicke'l'soni Smith, n. sp. (p. 60). Type. 

The originn.is of Figures 1-18 n.re from the 'Prachyceras subzone of the zone of 'P1'o1Jites s1tbb1lllatlls in the Upper Trin.·ssic Hosselkus .limestone at the wuth end of Brock IVlouutain, on tl:e clivic!e i:et\YEen Equaw CrEek and Pit River 

Shn.stn. County, Cn.lif. Figures 1-9, collection of J. P. Smith; Figures 10-18, collection of U. S. Geologicn.l Survey. 

Theoriginn.ls of FigUl'es 19, 20 n.re from the .J1wcwites subzone of the sn.me zone of the Hosselkus liinestone n.t Bear 

Cove. north end of Brock Ivlountn.in; collection of U. S. Geo\ogicn.l Survey. ' 

151 
PLATE XV 

FIGurms 1-8. J'u,vavites (Anatomites) obsoletus Smith, 11. sp. (p. 58). 

1,2. Type. 

3-5. YOlll1ger specimen. 

6-8. Adolescent stage.' . 

FIGUl'tES 9-15. J'uvavites (Anatomites) mendenhalli Smith, n. SI). W. 57). 

9,10. Type.' 

11-13. Early mature stage. 

14, 15. Adolescent stage. . 

FIGURES 16-19. Juva:vites knowltoni Smith, n. sp. (p. 55). 

16-18 .. Type .. 

19. Early mat~re .~tage. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the J'uvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites subb1lllat-us in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Bear Cove, Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. Collectio'n of ·D. S. Geological 

Survey. 

152 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XV 

3 t n 4 

vii~: x 2 

2 

8 X 2 

10 

X 2 13 

14 15 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE I VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 

• 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XVI 

4 

6 7 

5 8 X4 

2 

3 17 X 2 X 2 

9 10 

X 2 

13 14 11 

15 l6 

23 

22 

20 

'\~ 

24 XIO 

Wlrti 12 

18 19 

21 x 2 

27 

31 

29 

36 X4 

26 

30 25 

X 2 

33 X 2 X 2 39 X6 37 X 3 

UPPEn TnrASS[C MAR[NE INVE l:tTEB HATE FOS [is 
PLATE XVI 

F.louJms 1-10. /-twavites (llnatomites) stTongi Smith, n. sp. (p. 5S). 

1-3. Type. 

4, 5. Adolescent'specimen. 

6-S. Adolescent stage; diameter 11 millimeters. 

9, 10. Adolescent stage; diameter 7.5 millimeters. 

FIC:un.l~s 11-14. J'ILvavites (A,nato'ln'ites) edgaTi l\10jsisovics (p. 56). 

ll, 12. Typical specimen. 

13, 14:. Adolescent stage. 

FloUlms 15-24. J'Uvavites (Ana.to'ln'ites) bTockensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 56). 

15-17. T'ype. 

lS, 1.9. Mattll'e specimen. 

20, 21.. Early mature stage. 

22, 23. Adolescent stage, 

24. Septa 1. 0 of specimen; diameter 5 millimeters; larval stage. 

FIG unms 25-39. Juvav'ites (ll nato mites) s1tbinte1'1nittens Hyatt and Smith (pp. 5S-59). 

25-27. IVlnture specimen. 

2S-30. Shell tl,nd septn. 

31, 32. Adolescent stage. ~ 

33-36'. Transition from goniatite to ammonite stage; diameter 6.5 millimeters. 

37-39. Larval stu,ge, like Ga.stTioce1'(l.s; diameter 5 millimeters. 

~\Il specimens figured on' this plate came from the J1wa.vites subzone of the zone of Tropites subb1tllatus in the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the north end of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. 

Geological Survey. 

153 

48172-27--13 

• 
• 

PLATE XVII 

FlGuru~s 1-30. Tro]J'igastr'ites trojan'lts Smith. Middle Triassic Daonella zone, Fossil Hill, south fork of American Canyon; 'Vest 

Humboldt Range, Nev. 

1-3. Side, front, and rear of the type. 

4. Septa of the type . 

. 5. Side view of another specimen, to show the sculpture. 

6-8. Side, front, and rear of a specimen in' the early adult stage; diameter 27..5 millimeters. 

9. Septa of the above specimen, at dianieter 24 millimeters. 

10. Septa of the same specimen, at diameter 31 millimeters. 

11, 12. Side and front .views, late adolescent stage; diameter 19 millimeters. 

13. Septa of the above specimen. 

14. Cross section, early adult stage. 

15; 16. Adolescent stage; diameter 12 millimeters. 

17. Septa of the above specimen; diameter 10 millimeters. 

18, 19. Inner coil of the above specimen, adolescent stage; diameter 10 millimeters, side and front. 

20-22. Side, front, and rear, early adolescent stage; diameter 8 millimeters. 

23. Side view, larval stage; diameter 2 millimeters. ' 

24-26. End of larval stage, corresponding to Gastrioceras; diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

27. Septa of the same. 

28-30. Larval stage; diameter 3.5 millimeters. 

, All specimens figured on this plate were collected byJ. P. Smith. Collection of U. S. Geological Slirvey. These 

figures are introduced here for comparison with young stages of Upper Triassic; ammonites. 

154 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSlONAL PAPER 141 PLA'l' E XVII 

X 2 

4 

2 3 

5 

9 X 4 

10 X-.3 6 7 8 

13 X4 15 

11 12 14 

2 

19 20 21 22 

18 

17 X4 

16 

27 x 10 28 

23 24 25 26 29 30 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE I NVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1 

9 

X 1)t? 

14 

15 

X 3 X 3 

21 22 

2 

5 t······· r vv '--:' 

.----.... X 3 

7 

13 

X 2 

16 

X4 

23 24 25 

31 

17 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XVIII 

18 

3 

~ (l0 

\ X2 

4 

11 12 

20 

28 

X Ii 

X 3 19 

UPPEH TRIASSIC MAHINE TN\ ERTEBRATE FOSSIIB 
PLATE XVIII 

FlGmms }-:: J:u/J(wites ~1ibint61T~tpt'!tS Mojsisovics (p. 55).' 

1, 2 . .1.yplCul specllnen. 

3,4. Another specimen. 

5-7. Adolescent stage. 

Fraunms 8-25. /'lw(wites 7cellyi Smith, n. sp. (p. 55). 

8-10. Type. 

11-13. Srnaller specimen. 

].4, 15. Adolescent stage. 

16-18. Adolescent stH,ge; diameter 9 millimeters. 

19,20. :Lal'vn.l stage; diameter 5 millimeters. . 

21,22. Larval'stH,ge; diameter 4 millimeters. 

23-25. Larval stage; diameter 3 millimeters; corresponding to group of Gastrioceras globulowm. 

Fraunms 26-32. JUI)(wites (A.natomites) adalbert'i Mojsisovics (p. 56). 

26-28. lVlature specimen. 

29, 30. Endy mature stage. 

31, 32. LfLte adolescent stage. 

All specirnens figUl'ed on this plate came from the bwavites subzone of the zone of 'Propites s1tbbullatus in the Upper 

~Fl'ilLssic Hosselkus limestone on the North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch,Shasta County, 

Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

155 
PLATE XIX 

FIGUH.1!:S 1-5. hwavites (Anatomites) externiplical'tts lVlojsisovics (0. 57). 

1-3. Adult stage; shell natqral size, septa X2. 

4, 5. Adolescent stage. 

FIGURES 6-13. J'uvavites (Anatomites) intennittens Mojsisovics (p. 57). 

6, 7. Mature stage. 

8-10. Early mature stage. 

11-13. Adolescent stage. 

FIGUltES 14-22. hWQvites (Anatomites) konninckii Mojsisovics (p. 5i). 

14, 15. Mature specimen. 

16, 17 . Younger stage. 

18. Septa of another specimen. 

19, 20. Adolescent stage. 

21, 22. Late larval stage. 

FIQUHES 23-29. Jiwavites (Anatomites) damesi Mojsisovics (p. 56). 

23, 24. Mature stage. 

25-27. Early mature stage. 

28, 29. Adolescent stage. 

FWUltES 30-32. hwavites (Anatomites) shastensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 58). Type specimen. 

FIGmms 33; 34. Jlwavites (Anatomites) septentrionalis Smith, n. sp. (p. 58). Type. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Juvavites subzone of. the Upper Triassic zone of 1'ropites subbllilal1ts. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. Figures 1-13 from the Hosselkus limestone, North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif.; Figures 14-29 from Hosselkus limestone at Bear 

Cove, Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif.; Figures 30-32 from Hosselkus ·limestone on west side of Brock 

Mountain 1 mile north of the quarry; Figures 33, 34 from Nikolai Creek, Nizina district, Alaska, locality No. 

6312, U. S. Geol. Survey. 

156 
U . S. GEOLOG[CAL SURVEY 

1 

r\J\r~' X 2 

3 

14 

19 

,tf\ n / .. ./ 

\rN V V X3 

27 

. ' ...... b,. 

1IIItiJI':.'J' .~'. 

25 

1.,111 ... : ....•......... r.J,.· .. '.~.\ ,~~. ""! .~,.. . 

20 

PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE XIX 

X 2 

4 5 

2 7 6 

9 8 

12 11 

13 X 2 

10 X 2 

15 

17 16 

21 22 

28 

23 24 

)-v'o~ 32 

26 

UPPER TRIASS IC MARl ' E INVERTEBRATE FOSS ILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XX 

3 

1 

______ A ,t, . ,,{ · 

7 

8 9 

.. ~ 

17 X4 12 

14 15 

18 

24 

UPPER TlUASSIC MAHINE INVEH.TEnH.ATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XX: 

!i'IOUltBS 1-3. Goniolobocems welleri Smith. Type, refigured. Cisco group (Pennsylvanian), Graham, Tex. 

11'10 UH.ms 4-7. 'l.'ex'ites te:Gan'llS Smith. Type, refigured. Cisco group (Pennsylvanian), Graham, Tex. 

FIounms 8-13. Oastrioceras lister'i IVl::trtin. Typical s'pecimen, Middle Coal Measures, Manchester, England. Larval stages. 

FloUJtms 14-17. G(£st'r'io~ems welleri Smith. Typical specimen, from the "Upper Coal Measures" (Pennsylvanin.n) at Howard, 

]{ans. 

!i'rouJms 18-20. Stacheoceras ganti Smith. "Upper Coal measui·es" (Pennsylvanian) at Howard, Kans. 

Flomm 21.. Proclrom'ites gorbyi Miller. Typical specimen. Chouteau limestone (Mississippian), Pettis County, Mo. 

Flounms 22-24. Ay(£thicems c'iscoense Smith. Type, refigured. Cisco group (Pennsylvanian), Graham, Young County. Tex. 

Figures 1-7 ftnd 21-24 are from U. S. Geol. 8urvey Mon. 42, the Carboniferous ammonoids of America. These 

f'igmes are introduced here for comparison with young stages of Upper Triassic ammonites. 

157 
PLATE XXI 

FIGU[U~S 1-10. Jnvenites k'rajJti Smith, 11. sp. (pp. 23-24). 

1-3. Type. 

4-6. Same specimen, with one-half of the whorl removed. 

7. Old-age form, showing sculpture and septa. 

S-10. Adolescent stage; diameter 5 millimeters. 

FIGUHES 11-20. Thermulites thermarum Smith, n. sp. (p. 24). 

11-14. Type. . 

15. Septa of another specimen. 

16~lS. Adult specimen, showing typical sculpture. 

19, 20. Early mature stage; diameter 10 millimeters. 

FLGUHES 21-23. Lanceolites compactus Hyatt and Smith. Adolescent stage; diameter S millimeters. 

FIGum~s 24-40. Uss'uriu waageni Hyatt and Smith. 

24-26. Larval stage, corresponding to Manticoceras to Dimorphoceras to Thalassoceras; diameter 1.S millimeters. 

27-29. Larval stage, transitional from M ant'l;coceras to Dimorphoceras; diameter 4.4 millimeters. 

30-33. Early adolescent stage, transitional from Dimorphoceras to Thalassoceras; diameter 6.5 millimeters. 

34-36. Adolescent stage, diameter 12 millimeters; resembling Thalassoceras. 

37,3S. Early mature stage, showing beginning of adventitious lobes. 

39, 40. Early mature stage, showing adventitious lobes. 

All specimens figured on tl~is plate came from the Lower Triassic Meelcoceras zone of southeastern Idaho. Collection 

of U. S. Geological Survey. These figures are introduced here for comparison with young stages of Upper Tria~sic 

ammonites. 

158 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY 

PROFESSl ONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXI 

3 

4 5 

X 3 

~ X 3 

X 3 6 

8 9 

7 

11 12 W\fY" 10 x 8 

'~/ifW 16 17 

14 x 3 

18 

23 X l !--Z 

20 x 1Y2 19 

21 

24 25 

J1~ 29 X10 

27 

34 35 32 31 

,,~rw 36 x 4 

X 8 

33 

37 

UPPER TlUASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

7 

14 

17 X 5 

23 

X 15 

24 25 

X 3 

PRO~'ESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXlI 

2 

5 

8 

15 

X 3 

tJ Jl[V~IL~! 

16 

X6 

21 

26 X 30 

}·J\~M'u 31 

34 x 6 i~' 40 x 8 

41 1~'x8 35 

UPPEH THTASf; , I e MA[IINF • INVERIEBHATE ' " FOSS[LS 

X4 

X3 

X 3 

10 

37 x 8 

X4 
PLATE XXII 

FIOUJmS 1-6. Arcestes (P1'oarcestes) 'I.chitneyi Smith, n. sp. (p. 69). 

1, 2. Type. 

3, 4. Showing outer shell nearly perfect. 

5. Septa, from another specimen of equal size. 

6. Old-age form, showing the aperture. 

Fraurtms 7-26. Arcestes (P1'ow'ces(es) shastensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 69). 

7,8. Type. 

9-11. Cotype. 

12-14. ;\dolescent stage. (j 

i5-l7. Adolescent stage, diameter 6.5 millimeters; l:esembling Megaphyllites. 

18-20. Adolescent stage, dialheter 3 millimeters; transitional from Stac/wocems to PopcLnocems. 

21-23. Late brval stage, diameter 2.25 millimeters; Stacheocems stage. 

24-26. :Carval stage, diameter 1..3 millimeters; transitional from Gastriocems to Ad1:ianites stage. 

FIOUUlDS 27-41. Arcesies (P1'oarcestes) tmski Smith, n. sp. (p. 69). 

27-28. Type. 

29, 30. Early mature stage. 

31. Septa of another specimen. 

32-34. Adolescent stage; diameter 6.5 millimeters. 

35-37. L::Lr\r::ti stage, diameter 4 millimeters; corresponding to Popanocems. 

38-~U. :CiLrvH,1 stage, transitional from Acl1'ianites to Stacheocems; diameter 3 millimeters. 

Figmes 1-26 are from the upper or J'l.wavites subzone of the zone of 'l'1'07Jites :mbb1Lllat'l.ls in the Upper Triassic 

:Hosselkus limestone on the North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif.; 

collection of U. S. Geological Survey. Figures 27-41 are from the lower or 'l'1'(Lchyce1'(Ls subzone of the zone of 

'l'ro7J'ites s'ubbullat1Ls'in the Hosselkus limestone at the old stone quarry on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, Shasta County, Calif.; collection of J. P. Smith. 

159· 
PLATE XXIII 

FlGUB.i~s 1-11. Arcestes (Proarcesies) carpenteri Smith, n. sp. (p. 68). 

1, 2. Type. 

3-5. Smaller specimen. 

6, 7. Adolescent specimen; diameter 8.5 millimeters. 

8-11. Diameter 3.3 millimeters; o septa in Figure 100from larger part of shell at diameter 3 millimeters; septa in Figure 11 

from the younger part of the shell, diameter 1.5 millimet~rs, showing transition fi'om Adrianitesto Stacheoceras to 

Waagenoceras-like lobes. 

FlG URES 12-23. Arcestes (Proarcestes) pacificus Hyatt Ind Smith (pp. 680-69). 

12, 13. Mature specimen with shell. 

14-16. Mature specimen with shell removed. 

17-19. Adolescent stage; diameter 10 millimeters. 

20-23. Larval stage; diameter 3 millimeters 0 • 

Figure 22, septa at diameter 3 millimeters; Figure o 23, septa at diameter 2 millimeters, showing Adrianites stage and 

transition from Stacheoceras to Popanoceroas or TVaagenoceras-like septa. 

FIGUlms 24-33. Arcestes (Proarcestes) winnemae Smith, n. sp. (pp. 69-70). 

24, 25. Type. 

26-28. Cotype. 

29, 30. Early mature stage; diameter 13 millimeters. 

31-33. Larval stage; diameter 2.5 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, zone of l'ro])iles s1tbb1tllat'lls, 

of Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-23 froin the Jnvavites subzone on the North Fork' of Squaw Creek; collection 

of U. S. Geological Survey. Figures 24-33 from the Trachyceras subzone at south end of Brock Mountain; collection of J. P. Smith. 0 0 

] 60 
1:. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 14l PLATE XXIII 

6 

2 3 4 

1 x 2 

7 

X5 ,,~\S 'Y'1Vl!lJ() I \f ViMf~~i~f( X4 

: 10 x 10 X 10 5 

8 9 11 

12 13 14 15 

16 X 3 

20 

17 18 

UnJl/lJ~ 19 x 5 . 21 26 27 

1l¥\JrUw 

2il X 10 28 X 3 

32 

Y,10 

24 25 33 29 :~() 

UPPER TlUASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBHATE }' OSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1 

4 

7 

16 

'~'1' : _ ~ J .. I I I, 

I I 

I I 

3 

5 

9 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 14l PLATE XXIV 

UPPEH THIASSIC MAHI E INVEHTEB HATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XXIV 

FlO UHms 1-8. Pm·a.l'/·o1)ites antiselli Smith; n. sp. (p. 43). 

1-3. Type. 

4-6. Cotype, shell natural size. 

7, 8. Eai'ly mature stage. 

FIOUJmS 9-13. Pct1'at'l'op-ites (Iabbi Smith, n. sp. (p. 44). 

9,10. Type. 

11-13. End,)' mature stage, showing septa. 

FlOunms 14-16 .. Pm'a,t'l'opites sellai .Mojsisovics (p. 45). Early mature stage. 

. All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, Tmchycel'as subzone of the 

zone of T'l'o1JiteS s,ttbb1tllat'lls of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-13 from the old quarry at the 

south end of Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River; collection of J. P. Smith. Figures 14-16 from the divide, 1 mile north of the quarry; collection of U. S. Geological ~urvey. 

48172-27--14 161 
PLATE XXV 

FIGU1~ES 1,2. Paratropites diUmari Mojs~sovics (p. 44). Refigured (originally in California Acad. Sci. Proc.,.3d ser., Geology, vol. 

1, pJ. 47, fig. 1, 1904). 

l"IGUHES 3-9. Paratropites arnoldi Smith, n. sp. (p. 44). 

3-6. Type. 

7-9. Early mature stage. 

FIGUln~S 10-13. Paratropites gracilis Smith, 11. sp. (pp. 44-45). Type .. 

FIGURES 14, 15. Paratropites (Gyrrmol1·opites) rot1mdlls Smith, n. sp. (p. 47). Type. 

FLGurms 16-20. Paratropites (GymnotrOTJites) laevis Smith, 11. sp. (p. 46). 

16-18. Type. 

19, 20. Early mature stage, showing vestigial sculpture. 

FIGUIU~S 21-24. Paratropites (Gymnotropites) yatesi Smith, ll. sp. (p. 47). 

21, 22. Type. 

23, 24. Shell and septa. 

All specimens figured 011 this plate came from the l'rachyceras subzone of the zone of l'ropites s1tbb'ullatus i II the Upper 

Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-15, 21-24,·coi!ec·tio11 of J. P. Smith; Figures 16-20, collection 

of U. S. Geological Survey. 

]62 

• 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE XXV 

1 2 

7 8 

3 

9 

16 

X 2 

18 X 2 

24 

UPPE R TIUASsrc Vr nr E I VE HTEI3RATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SU RVEY PIWFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXVI 

2 

UPPER TlUASSIC MAR INE I NVERTEBll ATE FOSSI LS 
o 

PLATE XXVI 

F1GUnl~S 1, 2. 8(1.(feniles herb'ichi Mojsisovics (p. 60). Side and front views of a large specimen, showing the decrease of the spines 

and increase of the radial ribs in old age. From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in ·the 'P1'opiles s1tbb~tllat-lts 

zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of 

U. S. National Museum. 

163 
PLATE XXVII 

FIGURES 1-4. Sagenites herbichi Mojsisovics (p. 60). 

1, 2. Side view and septa of a specimen with tile shell removed to show the smooth cast. 

3, 4. Side and front views, showing the shell at maturity. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Tropites snbb1tllatus zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between 

Squaw Creek arid Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

164 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIOK AL PAPER 141 PLATE XXVII 

1 

3 4 

UPP lcH TRIASSIC MARl ' E I ' VEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSlONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXVIU 

2 

6 7 8 

4 

11 12 13 

!J 10 

14 X 6 

15 16 17 

19 20 

18 X 20 

23 22 21 

24 X6 

UPPER TRIASSIC MAmNE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLA TE XXVIII 

li'lCl UH.gS 1-18. S((.(Jcnitcs hcrbichi Mojsisovics (p. 60). 

1-3. Side and front views and septa of all immature specimen; diameter 45 millimeters. 

4, 5. Side and front views of an immature speciinen, showing the shell at. this stage; diameter 34 millimeters. 

(i-8. Side, front, n,nd rear views of an adolescent specimen, showing the beginning of the sculpture; diameter 9.5 millimeters. 

9, 10. Side and front views of a smaller adolescent specimen; diameter 6.5 millimeters. . 

11-14. Side, fwnt, and rear views and septa, showing the transition from goniatite to ammonite; diameter 4.8 millimeters. 

15-18. Side, front, and rear views and septa, larval stage, corresponding. to the goniatite ancestor of S((.gcnitcs; diameter 

2.4 millimeters. 

From Uppel' Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Tr01)itcs s1tbb1tllat'Us zone, 3 miles east of :Madison's ranch, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

F[(lurtl~s 19-24. HO'lncr'ites scmiglobos'tMJ Hauer (p. 52). 

19, 20. Side and I'ear views. 

21-23. Side, front, and rear views. 

24. Septa of same specimens. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in J1wavitcs subzone of Tropites s1tbbullat'1ts zone, California. Figures 19, 

20 from divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River; Figures 21-24 from west bank of North Fork of Squaw Creek 

3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

165 
c 

PLATE XXIX 

FIGUHlBS 1, 2. Haloriles american'us Hyatt (p. 52). Copied from Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, pI. 3, figs. 21, 21a. From 

Upper Triassic beds of Noric age, in the Swearinger slate (above the Hosselkus limestone), near Genesee, Plumas 

County, Calif. 

FIGURES 3-21. Leconleiceras cal1/ornicnm Hyatt and Smith (p. 66). 

3-6. Side, front, and rear views and septa of the type specimen. 

7. Side view of another specimen, showing the constriction near the aperture. 

S. Cross section. 

9. Septa, drawn from a broken whorl. 

10, 11. Views from side and above of specimens, showing contraction of body chamber at the apertui·e. 

12, 13., Side and rear views of specimen with outer shell removed, showing the ventral rows of knots on the cast. 

14-16. Side, front, and rear views of an adolescent specimen, showing the beginning of the knots on the ribs; diameter 

9 millimeters. . 

17, IS. Side and front views of larval specimen; diameter 2.9 millimeters. 

19-21. Side, front, and rear views of larval specimen, to' show the beginning of the umbilical ribs; diameter 2.5 millimeters. 

FrJm Uppel.' Triassic Hosselkus limestone, Tmchycems subzone of the zone of Tropitcs s1tbb'ullat1tS, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collectiori of, J. P. Smith. 

166 
{; S. GEOLOGlCAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER l4l PLATE: XXlX 

Ii X3 

4 

10 X 2 

11 12 1il 

14 15 Hi ]7 

21 20 19 18 

UPPER T IUASSIC MARINE TNVEB.TERRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEl PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXX 

3 4 

1 2 

6 7 

X2 

8 10 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XXX 

li'lOO'ltmS 1, 2. J'u,vav'ites s,ltb'inter1'1t1Jt'tts Mojsisovics (p. 55). Side and front views. From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in 

the 'l'r01)'ites s,ttbb,ltllat'u.s zone, J,ltv(wites subzone, near Terrup Chetta, 6 miles north of Madison's mnch, on divide 

between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. . 

Flo O'I'I~S 3-5 . .hwa.v'ites 11 nato mites s,ltbintennittens :Hyatt and Smith (pp. 58-59). Side and front views and septa. From the 

saine zone nen,r Terrup Chetta, 6 miles north of Madison's ranch, on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Collection of .J. P. Smith. 

FlO O'ims 6-10. Pamtropites sellai MOjsisovics (p. 45). 

Creek and Pit River, Slw,sta County, 

6, 7. Side nncl front views of an old specimen. 

From the same zone 3 miles east of Madison's mnch, between Squaw 

Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

8-10. Side nnd front views and septa of a mature specimen. 

167, 
FIGUHES 1-26. Pamtropites sellai Mojsisovics (p. 45). 

1. Septa of a mature specimen. 

2, 3. Side and front views. 

4-6. Side, front, and rear views. 

7, 8. Side and rear views. 

PLATE XXXI 

9, 10. Side and front views; diameter 21 millimeters. 

11-13. Side, front, and rear views; diameter 12 millimeters. 

14-16. Side, front, and rear views; diameter 7 millimeters. 

17-20. Side, front, and rear views and septa; diameter, 4.93 millimeters. 

21-23. Side and front views and septa; diameter 4 millimeters. 

24-26. Side and front views and. septa; diameter 2.3 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone in the zoile of T~·opites subbullnttlS, Tmchyceras subzone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, betweeil Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. p'~ Smith. 

168 

.J l .' 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSLONAL PAPER 141 PLATJ, XXXI 

X2 

2 

4 5 6 7 8 

9 10 11 12 13 

14 15 16 17 18 19 

20 Xl 0 21 22 

24 25 

23 X 10 26 XIS 

UPPER THiASSIC MARINE ) VERTEJ3RATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 14l PLATE XXX[[ 

3 

5 X4 

4A 4 

7 !) 

17 ]8 

15 16 

11 12 13 

14 X 3 19 X3 

20 ;;ll x 5 

UPPER TRIASSIC MAHlI\'E INVERTEBRATE FOSSIl.S 
PLATE XXXII 

FI0Ultms 1-10. Parat'l'OlJites (Oymnot'l'olJ'ites) cww1'icamts Hyatt and Smith (p. 46). 

1, 2. Side·ttlld front views of the type specimen. 

3-5. Side, front, and real' views and septa. 

6, 7. Side and front views; diameter 10 millimeters. (Septa not exact; they should show a divided ventral lobe.) 

10. Side view; diameter 6.5 millimeters. 

FlOumns 11-21. l'o1'nq'Uisl'ites evol'ut,u,s Hyatt and Smith (p. 50). 

11-14. Side, front, and real' views and septa of the type specimen. 

15, 1.6. Side and front views. 

17-19. Side and front views ttnd septa. 

20,21. Views showing the keel on the inner volutions; diameter, 7.5 millimeters; X 5. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, l'rachyceras subzone of the 'J'1'opites 

s'ublmllatu,s zone, 3 miles east of M~tdison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

Collection of J. P. Smith. 

169 
PLA TE XXXIII 

FiGURES 1-7. Tropites annatus Smith, n. sp. (p. 31). 

1-3. Side, front, and rear views of the type specim~n; diaineter 83 millimeters. 

4. Septa from another specimen. 

5-7. Side, front, and rear views of an adult specimen. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Tmchycems subzone of the Tropites s1/'bbllllatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

170 
C. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSI ONAL PAPER 14l PLATE XXX III 

2 

4 

5 

3 

6 7 

UPPER TRlASS[C MAUl IE I VERTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONA L PA P8R 141 PLATE XXXI V 

1 2 

3 4 5 

6 7 

9 10 11 

12 13 14 

UPPER TH IASSIC MAHINE) VEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XXXIV 

Flaurms 1-14. T1·o1Jiles s'!/,bb'ttllal'll,s Hauer (pp. 29-31). 

1, 2. Side and front views of adult specimen. 

3-5. Side, front, and ren,r views of an adolescent specimen; diameter 27 millimeters. 

6-8. Side, front, and rear views, adolescent stage; diameter 17.5 millimeters. 

9-11. Side, front, and rear views, adolescent stage; diameter 9.5 millimeters. 

12-14. Side, front, and rea,I" views, adolescent stage; 'diameter 7 millimeters. 

]Trom Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the 'Propites s1tbbll.llaius zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's' ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

171 
PLATE XXXV 

FIG UUES 1-12. Discotropites sandlingensis Hauer (pp. 39-40). 

1, 2. Side view and septa of a large specimen, showing the hollow keel. 

3-6. Side, front, and rear views and septa, with the outer shell removed, showing the low keel on the cast; diameter .48 

millimeters. 

7, 8. Side and front views, showing the 'coarse sculpture. 

9. An artificial cast, showing the radial ribs, spiral lines, keel, a~d umbilical nodes. 

10-12. Side and front views and septa; diameter 29.5 millimeters. 

From Upper T~iassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the Tropites s1tbb'I.lllatus zone. 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

172 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXXV 

2 

4 3 5 

7 8 9 

12 x 2 

10 11 

UPPE I1 TI1IASSIC MARINE INVE£lTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSlO ' AL PAPER 141 PLATE XXXVI 

(j 

X10 I X1 0 

13 X1 0 

12 11 10 

14 15 ](i 17 

19 20 

21 X4 

18 

22 23 24 X4 2::> 26 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XXXVI 

Flo IJlms' 1-26. D'iscotr01)ites san(llingensis Hauer (pp. 39-40). 

1-3. Siele, front, and rear views, showing the beginning of the lateral ribs; diameter 5.5 millimeters. 

4-7. Side, front, and rear views and septa; diameter 4.25 millimeters. 

8, 9. Fragment of whorl anel septa; diameter 3.20 millimeters. 

10-13. Siele, front, and real' views ttnd septa, larval stage; diameter 2.68 millimeters. 

14-16. Side, front, and rem' views, larval stage; diameter 1.50 millimeters. 

17,18. Side and front views, larval stage;. diameter 1.36 millimeters. 

19-21. Shell and septa; diameter 15.5 millimeters. 

22-24. Shell and septa; diameter 10 millimeters. 

25, 26. Outer shell ttncl the keel; diameter 9 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic ]losselkus limestone, in the 'Pn;'chyceras s.ubzone of the 'l'ropiles s1tbbullahls zone, 3 miles east 

of :Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

173 
PLAI'E XXXVII 

FIGURES 1-9. Arcestes (Proarcestes) pacificus Hyatt and Smith (pp. 68-69). 

1-3. Side and front views and septa, Stacheoceras stage; diameter 2.97 millimeters. 

4-6. Side and front views and septa, Popanoceras stage; diameter 2.16 .millimeters. 

7-9. Side and front views and septa, Adrianites stage; diameter 1.7 millimeters. 

FIGURES 10-12. Ji'remontites ashleyi Hyatt and Smith (pp. 74-75). Side and front views and septa. 

FIGURES 13-16. Dieneria arthaberi Hyatt and Smith (p. 76). 

13, 14. Side and front views; diameter, 15 millimeters. 

15, 16. Side view and septa, showing the goniatitic character. 

• 

All specimens figured on this plate came from Upper Triassic. Hosselkus limestone, in the J1wavites subzone of the 

'Pr01Jites subb1tllat'us zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County. 

Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

174 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

2 

<I 

4 5 

(j XIS 

~ .. 

[) ...• ...

, .......... ".-

, I 1 

7 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXXVII 

10 

X 15 

13 

](j 

VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 

12 

15 

11 

Xl 

X2 

14 

X2 

X4 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURYEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER HI PLATE XXXVIII 

5 6 

1 2 3 

4 X 4 7 8 

12 11 10 9 

X 5 15 Xl0 

13 14 

18 X 20 

17 16 

UPPEH TRIASSIC MARINE INVEHTERRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XXXVIII 

FlO unlnS 1-18. Polycycl-ttS nocUje1' Hyatt n,nd Smith (p. 96). 

1-4:. Side, front, and rear views, and septa. 

5, 6. Side and front views. 

7, 8. Side and front views, showing the outer shell. 

9, 10. Side and fl'ont views, showing both shell and cast. 

11, 12. Side and front views; din,meter 10 millimeters. 

13-15. Side n,nd front views and septa; adolescent stage; diameter 3.5 millimeters. 

16-18. Side and front views and septa; b,rval stage; diameter 2 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Ilosse1kus limestone, in the 'l'mchyceras subzone of the 'l'1'opites snbbullatus zone, 3 miles en,st 

of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

175 
PLATE XXXIX 

IT[QUR1~S 1-17. ArpacZites gabbi Hyatt and Smith (p. 93-94). 

1-3". Side and front views and septa. 

4-7. Side, front, and rear views, and septa. 

8, 9. Side and front views at early maturity. 

10-12. Side and front views and septa; diameter 18.5 millimeters. 

13, 14. Side and front views; diameter 12.5 millimeters. 

15-17. Side, front, and rear views; end of adolescent stage; diameter 10 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the 'Tropites S1tbbullahts zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-3, collection of U. S. 

National Museum; Figures 4-17, collection of J. P. Smith. 

176 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XXXI X 

3 

2 

4 

8 9 

5 6 

10 11 

12 X4 7 

X2 

13 14 15 16 17 

UPPER TRIASSIC MA IUNE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
r u. S. GEOLOClCAL SURVEY PROFESSION AL PAPER 141 PLATE XL 

1 

5 

2 3 6 7 8 

9 10 11 X2 

UPPEH TlUASSIC MAHlNE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XL 

FtouJms 1-11. Cl-ion'it~s (1'1'as/cttes) jai1'ba1iksi Hyatt and Smith (pp. 85-86). 

1-4. Side, front, and rear views, ttnd septa of the type specimen. 

5. Side view of an old specimen, showing the rough sculpture in old age. 

6-8. Side, front, and rear views; diameter 49 millimeters. 

9-11. Side, front, and rear views; clianleter 32 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the 1'mchycems subzone of the 'l'Topites subbullatus zone, 3 miles east 

of IVlttclison's r~'U1ch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-4, collection of U. S. 

National Museum; Figures 5-11, collection of J. P. Smith. 

4S.l72-2i--lG 177 
PLATE XLI 

FIGUHES 1-14. Clionites (Traskites) fairbanksi Hyatt and Smith (pp. 85-86). 

1, 2. Side and rear views; diameter 17.5 millimeters. 

3-5. Side, front, and rear views; adolescent stage; diameter 14 millimeters. 

6-8. Adolescent stage; diameter 10.20 millimeters .. 

9-11. Adolescent stage; diameter 7.5 millimeters. 

12-14. Adolescent stage; c()rresponding to Tirolites; c:iiameter 5.08 millimeters. 

FIGUHES 15-26. Clionites (Stantonites) rll,gosll,s Hyatt and Smith (pp. 89-90). 

15-17. Side and front views, and septa of type specimen. 

18, 19. Side and front views. 

20, 21. Side and front views, adolescent specimen; diameter 20 millimeters. 

22, 23. Side and front views, adolescent stage; diameter 14 millimeters. 

24-26. Side, front, and rear views, Tirolites stage; diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzoi1C of the 

Tropites sll,bb1tllatll,s zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

178 
U . S . GEOLOGI CAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAl> PAPER 141 PLATE XLI 

X2 

2 6 X2 

7 8 

II 

3 4 

11 

5 10 

14 13 12 

Ifi Hi 

1 18 111 

20 

17 X2 21 

26 24 22 

UPPER THIASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
u. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XLII 

2 3 

' ).. 

I 

6 X2 

4 

5 7 8 

9 10 

11 12 13 

14 15 16 17 18 19 

UPPER TI1TASS[C MARINE l NVERT EBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XLII 

Fraunms 1-19. Cl'ion'ites ('1'raskites) ?'Ob1tstus Hyatt and Smith (p. 87). 

1-3. Side, front, and rear views of the type specimen. 

4-6. Side and front views and septa. 

7, 8. Side and rear views. Transition from adolescence to maturity; diameter 31 :millimeter~. 

9-1.1. Side, front, and rear views, adolescent stage; diameter 16 millimeters. 

12, 13. Side fwd front views; adolescent stage corresponding to Californites; diameter 10 millimeters. 

14-1(;' Side, front, and ren,r views; adolescent stage corresponding to Tirolites; diameter 6.5 millimeters. 

17-19. Side, front, and rear views; Ti?'olites stage; diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the 'Tmchycems subzone of the 7'ropites subb1tllat1tS zone, 3 miles ea~t 

of .Mn.dison's mnch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

179 

-_.> 
PLATE XLIII 

FIGURES 1-15. Clionites (Shastites) compressus Hyatt and Smith (pp. 88-89). 

1-4. Side, front, and rear views, and septa, of type specimen. 

5-7. Side, front, and rear views; diameter 28 millimeters. 

8-10. Side and front views; adolescent stage; diameter 16 millimeters. 

11-13. Side, front, and rear views, adolescent stage; diameter 17 millimeters. 

14, 15. Side and front views, adolescent stage corresponding to Tirolites; diameter 5 millimeters. 

180 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in Trachyceras subzone of 'Propites subbullat'us zone, 3 miles east of Muclison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 
U. S. GEOJ.OGrCAL SURVEY 

PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE XLIII 

2 3 

4 X2 

:i 6 7 

II 12 13 8 

14 15 lU X4 

9 

UPPER TlUASSIC MAHINE I NVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
> 

::3 

k 

riI 

E; 

...; 

H 

P; 

;:; 

:::: 

~ 

P; 

...; 

P; 

H 

<: 

Z 

8 

U1 

U1 

riI 

... 

0 

~ 

P; 

.... 

~ 

en 

en 

0 

(,J "" 

~ 0:: 

to 

(,J 

f-; 

cC 

C::J 

;> 

~ .... 

~ "" 

0:: 

-< 

;!Z 

u 

t;j 

en 

-< 

.... 

c:: 

f-; 

c:: 

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c. 

;:, 
PLATE XLIV 

F'IGurms 1, 2. 'J'rachyceras (Protrachyceras) lecontei Hyatt and Smitll (pp. 78-79). Right anclleft sides, shqwing on the right the 

surface sculptUl'e and on the left the septa, type specimen. (See Pl. XLV, figs. 1, 2.) From Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in the 'J'rachyceras subzone of the 'J'ropites S1tbb1tllat1tS zone, 3 mile~ east of IVlaclison's 

ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit .River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

181 

• 
.. 

I. 

f 

PLATE XLV 

FIGuru~s 1-9. Trachyceras (Protrachyceras) lecontei Hyatt and Smith (p. 78-79). 

1,~2. Front view and septa of the same specimen shown in Plate XLIV, Figures 1, 2. 

3, 4. Side and front views of a smaller specimen; diameter 53 milliIneters. 

5, 6. Side view, septa; diameter 42 millimeters. 

7-9. Side and front view and septa; diameter 26 millimeters. (This specimen is the inner whorl of figs. 5, 6.) 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachyceras subzone of the Tropites subbullal1.ts zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, .between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

182 
U. S. GEOLOGICA f, SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XLV 

2 

3 4 

1 

5 

7 

8 9 X 2 6 X 2 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE XLVI 

• 

5 

2 3 

6 X6 

4 

9 8 7 

15 14 13 12 11 lO 

16 17 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE IN VERTEllRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XLVI 

FlO urms 1-15. Trachycc'I'as (P1'ot'/'{/,chycc'/'{/,s) lecontci Hyatt and Smith (pp. 78-79). 

1-4. Side, front, and rear views and septa; adolescent stn,ge; diameter 12 millimeters. 

5, 6. Side view and septtt; adolescent stage; diameter 10 millimeters. 

7-9. Siele, front, and real' views, dittllleter 8 millimeters. 

10-12. Siele, front, and rear views; diameter 5.5 millimeters. 

13-15. End of larval stage; side, front, and rear views; diameter 3 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the 'P'/'{/,chycc'/'{/,s subzone of the 'P1'opitcs s1~bb1~llat1~s zone, 3 miles east 

of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

FIOulms 16,17. 8'ircnites lawsoni Hyatt and' Smith (p. 82) .. Side and front views of the type. (See also PI. XLVII, figs. 1--3, 

for septa and inner whorl of th~ same specimen,) From same zone and locality as Figures 1-15. Collection of 

U. S. National Museum. a 

183 
PLA'fE XLVII 

FIGURES 1-9. SiTenites lawsoni Hyatt and Smith (p. 82). 

1-4. Side, front, and rear views and septa; inner whorl of specimen shown on Plate XLVI, Figures 16, 17. 

5, 6. Side and front views; adolescent stage; diameter 25 millimeters. 

7-9. Side, front, and rear views; adolescent stage; diameter. 17 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the TTachyceras subzone of the TTopites s'ubbttllatus zone, 3 miles east of 

Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. National 

IVluseum. 

F'IGUHI~S 10-12. SancUingites andeTsoni Hyatt and Smith (p. 83). : [Side, front, and rear views. From same zone and locality as 

Figures 1-9. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

F'IGUHl~S 13-15. Rhabdoceras ntsselli Hyatt (p. 99). Side view aBd cross section, and septa. From Upper Triassic Psettdomonotis 

zone, in Swearinger slate near Genesee, Plumas County, Calif. Collection of U. S. National Museum. 

184 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XLVI I 

2 B 

4 

6 

13 

7 8 

14 

Hi x 3 

10 11 12 

UPPER TRIASSIC MA RINE INVERTEBRAT EIFOSSILS 
u. S. GEOJ,OGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER HI PLATE XLVIII 

9 

3 

10 

5 

6 

8 

UPPER T RIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBIlATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XLVIII 

]t'LGurtl~S 1-3. ilt'l"ltct-ites 7)h'&l'i1>7J'i~ Hyatt and Smith (p. 101). 1., Specimen showing phragmocolle and guard. 

2. Phl"ltgrnocone of the same specimen. 

3. Pl;ragmocone of another specimen from Bear ~1ountain, Shasta- County, showing the external siphuncle . 

. F[(1ultl~s 4, 5. O/"thocems sho,stense :Ilyn,tt and Smith (p. 102). Side view and cross section. 

Ji'IGUrtl~S (i-II. MO.is1)o:/"oce'l"(ts t'Uf'IW1'i Hyatt and Smith (p. l06). 

(i-S. Siele and rear views and septa. 

9, 10. Side :tnd rear views, adolescent stage. 

11. Snl!1lL fragment of inner whorl of the last specimen, showing the internal lobe and the siphuncle. 

All specimens figured on this plate cn,me from Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the bw(t1)ites subzone of "the 

T1'o1)'ites s'!I,bb'llllat'us zone, 3 miles east of :Madison's ranch, between Squaw Ci'eek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Calif. Collection of :1. P. Smith. " 

48172-27--:17 185 
o 

o 

PLATE XLIX 

FIGURES 1-3. Proclydona1ltilu,s triadiws .Mojsisovics (pp. 102-103). Side and front views and septa. From Upper Triassic 

Hosselkus limestone, in both subzones of the Tropites s1tbb1tllat1tS zone, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Ca~if. Collection of J. P. Smith .. 

186 
U. S. GEO[,OGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XLIX 

i 2 

;3 

UPPER T RIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSI LS 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE L 

12 

13 

2 

14 

3 4 

5 

15 

7 8 16 

9 10 11 17 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE L 

FIGUIl'~S 1-17. P,toclydona:ut'il'ns triad'kiM; Hyn,tt and Smith (pp. 102-103). 

1, 2. Side and front views. 

:3-5. Side [tlld front views of all immn.ture specimen, a.nd a rea.r view of the inner whorls, shown by removing part of the 

outer whorl. . 

(i·-8. Side, front, and rear views; a.dolescent stage; diameter 13 ruilIimeters. 

9-11. Side, front, and rear views; adolescent sta.ge; diameter 12 millimeters. 

12-14. Side, front, and rear views; a.dolescent stage, corresponding to Coloceros; diameter, 7 millimeters. 

1.5-17. Side, front, and rem' views; larval stnge; diameter, 3 millimeters. 

From Upper TriaFisic :Hosselkus limestone, in both subzones of the 'j1,topites. s~lbbullatv,s zone, 3 miles east of Madison's 

rallch, between Squfl,w Creek find Pit River, Sh[tsta. County, Cfilif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

187 
PLATE LI 

COS1nonaut'il1tS dillel'i Hyatt and Smith (p. 104). Side view; diameter 200 miUinleters. (See also Pl. LII forfront view of the same 

specimen.) From Uppei' Triassic Hosselk,us limestone, in the J'uvavites subzone of the 'TT07Jites subbullatus zone, 

3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. 

Smith. 

188. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE LI 

UPPER TRIASSI C MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
• 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY PROFESSWNAL PAPER 141 PLATE LII 

• 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
,::> 

PLATE LII 

C(}l3'InO'IW:uh:t-(l"C; cUlle'l"i Hyatt Itlld Smith (p. 104). Frollt view; diameter 200 millimeters. (See PI. L1 for side view.) From Upper 

Trinssic Hosselkus limestone, in the .hw(wites subzone of the 1'1·o7)ite(snbbullatns zone, 3 miles' cast of IVlaclison's 

ntnch, between Squltw Creek ancl Pit River, Shasta COllllty, Calif. Collection of J. p, Smith. 

189 
r' 

• 

PLATE LIII 

FIGuums 1, 2. Cosmona1dil1Ls dilleri Hyatt .al~d Smith (p. 104). Side and front views; diameter 125 millimeters. (See PL IJIV, 

figs. 1, 2, for rear view and septa.) From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the J1wavites subzone of 

the Tropites subb1tllat1Ls zono, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, bet,Yeen Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shast::t 

County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

190 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LIlI 

2 

UPPER TlUASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSnS 
U. S. GEOLOGI CAL S\.:UYEY PHOFESSlONAJ. PAPER 141 PLATE LI V 

1 

I 

;& 

UPP E R TRIASSIC i\l ARI E I VERTEB RAT E FOSS ILS 
PLATE LIV 

14'IClUIlI~S 1-4. Cos'm,o'tw'/I,l'il,lts d'ille'l"i :Hyatt anel Smith (p. 104). 

1, 2. Ren,I' view and septa of specimen shown on Plate LIlI, Figures 1, 2. 

3, 4. Side :tnd front views, showing transition from adolescence to maturity; diameter, 70 millimeters. 

Frolll Upp.et· Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the J'uv(wites subzone of the 'l'?'o1)itcs s1tbbulla.t'Us zone, 3 miles eust of 

Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

191 
~*>" ~ 

\ 

PLATE LV 

FIGUH.ES 1-11. Cosmonautilus dilleri Hyatt and Smith (p. 104). 

1, 2. Side and front views, early adult stage; diameter 95 millimeters. 

3-5. Side, front, and rear vie\Ys, adolescent stage; diameter 40 millimeters. 

6-8. Side, front, and rear views; adolescent stage; diameter 24 millimeters. 

9-11. Side, front, and rear views; larval stage; diameter 13 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Juvavites subzone of the Tropites subbullatus zone, 3 miles cast 

of. Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. 'Smith. 

192 

• 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE LV 

3 4 5 

7 8 

6 

9 10 11 

UPPEIt TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER J41 PLATE LVI 

3 X2 4 

X 5 6 X 2 

5 

7 

10 11 

12 X4 

13 

1(; 17 

25 x 3 

15 X6 

18 

l!i 20 21 26 x 3 22 X 20 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE.fOSSILS 
PLATE LVI 

FlO U Ims 1-9. A'l'cestes andersoni Hyatt and Smith (p. 68). 

1-:3. :tlight side, front, and septa of the type specimen. 

4-6. Right side, front, alld septa, X 2, of a smaller specimen'. 

7-9. Side, fl'ont, and septa of a young specinlen; diameter, 5 millimeters. 

])'1'0111 Upper Triassic Pseuclomonotis zone of the Star Peak formation in IVluttleberry Canyon, 8 miles southeast of 

]~ovelock, West Humboldt Range, Ne'v. Figures 1-3, collection of F. M. Anderson, Berkeley, Calif.; Figures 4-9, 

collection of .T. P. Smith. 

Floulms·10-25. Plac'ites'lmmbol(itens'is Hyatt and Smith (p. 77). ' 

10-12. Left side, ren,r, and septa; somewhat weathered. 

1.3-1.5. :Right side, front, and septa; diameter 9 millimeters. 

16-18. Left side, front, and septa; early adolescent stage; diameter 5.5 millimeters. 

:I 9-22. Left side, front, rear, and septa; larval stage, showing the siphuncle; diameter 3 millimeters. 

23-25. Left side, front, and septa; diameter 15 millimeters. 

From Upper Triassic Pseuclo'lnonotis zone of the Star Peak formation in Muttleberry Canyon, 8 miles'southeast of 

LoveLock, \Vest Humboldt Range, Nev. Collection of .T. P. Smith. ' 

FIClUltm 26. I?habclocems ntsselli Hyatt (p. 99). Side view, 3. From Upper Triassic beds of Noric age in the Star Peak formation 

in Mutt'lebcrry Canyon, 8 miles southeast of Lovelock, West Humboldt Range, Nev. Collection of .T. P. Smith. 

48172-2.7--1.8 193 
PLATE LVII 

FIGURIDS 1-11.· Paratropites (Gymnotropites) californiws Smith, n. sp. (p. 46). 

1, 2. Type. 

3-5. Cotype, showing septa. 

6-8. Adolescent stage; diameter 11 millimeters. 

9-11. Larval stage; diameter 3.5 millimeters. { 

,FIGURES 12-21. Paratropites (Paulotropites) shas'tensis Smiph, n. sp. (p. 47)., 

12-14. Type. ' 

15, 16. Early mature stage; diameter 24 millimeters. 

17, 18. Same specimen with one-third of a whorl removed; diameter 18 millimeters. 

19-21. Diameter 15 millimeters. 

FIGURES 22, 23. Paratropites '(Paulotropites) colei Smith, n. sp. (p. 47). Type. 

FIGUJUJS 24-27. Sandlingites oribasus Dittmar (p. 83). Typical specimen. 

FIGUlmS 28-30: Polycyclus henseli Oppel (p. 97). Shell and septa, 

FIGUlmS 31-34. Arpadites kingi Slnith, n. sp. (p. 94). 

31,32'. Type. 

33, 34. Adolescent specimen; diameter 18 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the lower o.r Trachyceras subzone of the zon~ of T1'opites wbbullatus 

in the Upper Triassic °Hosselkus limestone, at the oid stone quarry on Brock Mountain, divide between Squaw 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

194 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LVII 

4 

2 

ytJvv:: 

8 X4 

5 X 2 

6 

X5 

9 10 

11 X 10 

18 

17 

20 19 

X 2 X 2 

21' X 3 24 /\ 25 I 

i~ 26 

x , 27 

28 29 

34 

32 

UPPER TnIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSIL" 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LVIII 

3 xs 

1 

X 2 X 2 

2 '.~4 11 X 2 

4 5 6 

12 t3 10 

X 2 

9 8 7 

X 6 

16 17 

14 

23 

21 19 18 

20 X 4 

22 28 29 

32 X 2 

X 2 

26 

33 34 

27 35 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
Frounl~s 1-5. T1'o1)icelt'ites cacl'llcus Dittmar (p. 50). 

1-3. Shell and septa . 

. 4, 5. Another specimen, showing the sculpture. 

Fro ult.ms (;, 7. Thisb'ites 'uhl'i{J'i lVIojsisovics (p. 98). 

FlOun.ms 8-11.. Celtites ste'indctchne1"i Mojsisovics (p. 51). 

8,9. Shell. 

10, 11. Another specimen, showing septa. 

PLATE LVIII 

FWUHI~S 12-1.5. Tomq'lt'istites obolin'llS Dittmar (pp. 50-51). 

12, 1.3. Shell. 

].4, 15. Shell and septa. . 

Fwun.l~s 1(;-20. Leconteiceras occidentale Smith, n. sp. (p. 66). 

16,17. Type. 

18-20. Shell and septa. 

Frc:ulms 21-23. A1wtr01Jites Iw'uchecornei IVlojsisovics (p. 49). 

21, 22. Adult stage. 

23. Adolescent stn,ge; din,meter 13 millimeters. 

Froulms 24-29. k['a:r(/a1'ites jokelY'i Hauer (p. 48). ' 

24, 25. Adult specimen. 

2(;, 27,' Adolescent s~age; diameter 12 millimeters. 

28, 29. En,rly adolescent stage; diameter 5 millimeters. 

FrouJms 30-:32. Polycydus 'lnnjo1' Smith, n. sp. (p. 97). Type. 

FlO Ulms 38-3(;. k['ct'l'{Ja'I"ites sen'ilis Mojsisovics (p. 49). 

33, 34. Mature specimen. 

35, 36. Adolescent stage; diameter 6 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the ;one of 'l'ro1Jites subbullal1ls in the Upper Triassic Hosl?elkus limestone, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-=-5, 12-20, from the lower or 'l'mchycems subzone at the old quarry on Brock 

.Mountain, 3 miles east of Madiso"n's ranch; collection of J. P; Smith. Figures 6-11, 21-36, (rom the upper or 

J-/waviles subzone, on the North Fork of Sqtiaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; collection of U. S. Geological Survey. . 

195 
..... 

PLATE LIX 

FIGURES 1-3. Choristoceras kellyi Smith, n. sp. (p. 97). Type. 

FWURES 4-8. rrirolites (M etatirolites) subpygmaeus MOjsisovics (p. 95) . 

4-6. Adult shell; diameter 9 millimeters. 

7, 8. Adolescent stage;' diameter 4 millimeters. 

FIGURES 9-11. Tirolites (M etatirolites) quadrangulus Mojsisovics (pp. 95-96). Shell and septa 

FIGU,RES 12, 13. Choristoceras klamathense Smith, n. sp. (pp. 97-98). Type.' 

FIGURES 14-20. M icrotropites tubercularis Mojsisovics (p. 48) . 

.14, 15. Adult shell; diameter 16 millimeters. 

16-18. Adult shell; diameter 12.5 millimeters. 

19, 20. Adol((scent stage; diameter 8.5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 21-26. Ilomerites semiglobosus Hauer (p. 52). 

21-23. Mature shell. 

24-26. Adolescent stage. 

FIGURES 27-33. M argarites. septentrionalis Smith, n. sp. (p. 49). 

27-29. Type. 

30, 31. Adolescent stage; diameter 14.5 millimeters. 

32, 33. Early adolescent stage; diameter 5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 34-47. Metasibirites pygmaeus Smith, n. sp. (p. 65). 

34-36. Type. 

3'i~, \ 38. Mature stage. 

39-41. Diameter 9.5 millimeters. 

42-44. Early mature stage; diameter 7 millimeters. 

45 -47. Late larval stage; diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the upper or J uvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites s:ubb1lllat1ls in the 

Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-13, 21-23, from the North Fork of Squaw 

Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; Figures 14-20, 34-47, from the north end and west side of Brock Mountain 

5 'miles north of Madison's ranch on Squaw Creek. All in colleCtion of U. S. Geological Survey. 

196 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUR VEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LIX 

X 4 

3 

~ 

6 x 5 

4 x 2.l2 

' 1 2 

7 

10 

X 1>2 

12 13 

16 

14 15 :~ 18 x 5 

20 XS 

22 19 

27 28 

23 

24 25 26 

29 

34 _0.-_ X 3 

32 33 

31 30 X 2 

:rvvw X4 

36 

39 X 2 40 

'.rVW x 5 

35 41 

37 38 

~~ ~~ X 2 

47 x 8 44 x 5 

UPPER TlHASSI C MARINE INVEHTEI3HATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE Y 

1 

x s 

10 

11 12 

... . V\L 

21 

22 23 

~ .. X 3 

35 

33 34 

\ tl'\ : , VfV ~i 

50 x 4 

47 48 

X4 

2 

'7 

13 

19 

"\ i (\ /'" ' 4J V -' .. ,' 

3 

X4 

24 

in 

36 37 

x S 

44 45 

49 

X4 

9 

Xl0 

16 

20 

25 

30 

32 

38 

41 

46 

W)JY 

53 X4 

P ROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LX 

4 5 

X4 

6 

14 x S 15 x S 

17 18 

XS; 

26 27 

X 6 

29 x 3 28 X'3 

X4 

39 x 2 X 2 40 

x S 

X 3 

Xl0 42 43 

x 1).02 

x 1Y2 

51 52 

UPPER TlUASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
Flourms ,,1-).?, Met(LSibir'ites wei Smith, n. sp. (p. 63). 

1-.3 . .1.ype. 

4-6. MfLture stage, showing septa. 

7-10. Adolescent stage; diameterS millimeters. 

11-13. Adolescent stage; diameter 4'.5 millimeters. 

14-16. ]~arval stage; diameter 3 millimeters. 

PLAI'E ~X 

Floulms 17-30. fttfelasibirites f1·echi Hyatt and Smith (p. 63). 

17, 1S. Typical mature specimen. 

1D-21. Mature shell and septa. 

22-24. Adolescent stage; diameter 9 millimeters. 

2.5-27. Adolescent stage; diameter 6 millimeters. 

2S-30. Larval stage; diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

FIGUnl~S 31-46. Metasibi7·iles 1)(WV'US Hyatt and Smith (p. 64). 

31, 32. Mature stage. 

33-35. Shell and septa. 

36-3S. Shell and septa. 

39-41. Adolescent stn.ge; dhtmeter S millimeters. 

~12, 43. Adolescent stage;. diameter ~ millimeters. 

44-46. ]~arval stage; diameter 2.5 millimeters. 

FtG unms 47-53. M etasibi1·ites brockens'is Smith, n. sp. (p. 63). 

47-50. Type. 

51-53. Adolesceilt stage. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the tIpper or J1w(w'ites subzone of the zone of 'Pr07)i~es snbb'ullahls in 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the north end and west side of Brock Mountain, 5 miles north of 

:Madison's mnch on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. ,Geological Survey. 

]97 
PLATE LXI 

FIGURES 1-7. Metasibirites p1tsill1.ts Smith, n. sp. (p. 65). ' 

1-4. Type. 

5-7. Early mature stage. 

FIGURES 8-21. Metasibirites mojsvarensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 64). 

8-10. Type. 

11-12. Mature specimen. 

13-15. Shell and septa . 

• 16-18. Adolescent stage; diameter 5.5 millimeters. 

19-21. Larval'stage; diameter 4 millimeters. 

FIGURES 22-33. Metasibirites shastensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 65). 

22-24. ,Type. 

25--,-27. ·Mature stage. 

28-30. Adolescent stage; diameter 7.5 millimeters. 

31-33. Larval stage; diameter 3 millimeters. 

FIGURES 34--,-37. M etasibirites gracilis Smith, n. sp. (p. 64). Type. 

FIGURES 38-47. Metasibirites modestus Smith, n. sp. (p. 64). 

38-40. Type. 

41-42. Shell. 

43-45. Adolescent stage; diameter 7.5 millimeters. 

46-47. Adolescent stage;, diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the upper or bwavites subzone of the zone of Tr01Jites s1tbbullat1tS in 

the Upper. Triassic, Hosselkus limestone. at the north end of Brock Mountain, about 5 miles north of Madison's 

ranch'on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of the U. S. Geological Surv~y. 

198 
U, S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

2 3 

10 9 

11 

.' ~ 

19 

',t (\ /\. . 'tl '-J - 7 

21 X 8 

28 29 

X 4 

31 32 

. 23 X 8 

X2 

43 44 

20 

12 X S 

.. ~ 

18 x 6 

22 23 

30 x s 

34 

35 

45 x s 

41 42 

X2 

46 X 2 47 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXI 

7 x s 

8 

13 

15 

14 

17 

24 X 4 

~ 26 

27 X4 

37 X4 . 25 

36 

38 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXII 

!~~t~i 3 

6 

7 5 4 

X 2 9 

10 

11 

20 X 3 

X J 

19 18 

UPPER TRIASSIC MART ' E INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
PLATE' LXII 

]"wunms 1-13. Rhaco1Jhyllites (l)isC01Jhyllites) patens Mojsisovics (p. 100). 

1, 2. Large ach.rlt specimen. 

• 

3-7. Adolescent stage; diameter 30 millimeters; Figure 6, septa at diam.eter 30 m~llimeters; Figure 7, septa at .diameter 

12 millimeters. 

8-10. Adolescent stage; diameter 10 millimeters; Figu:re 9, septa at diameter 10 millimeters; Figure 10, septa at diameter 

5. millimeters. 

11-13. Late larval)tn,ge; diameter 5 millimeters; septa of same specimen at diameter about 2 millimeters. 

]Twuu:ms 14-17. Kl(£'Inath'ites sclmcherti Smith, n. sp. (p. 74). Type. 

l"lomms 18-20. Pinacocems re:c Mojsisovics ,(po 75). 

18. Typical specimen. 

19, 20. Shell and septa. . . 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the upper or hwavites subzone of the zone of Tropites s1tbb1tllat1ts in 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Shasta County, Calif.; collection of the U. S. Geological Survey. Figures 1, 2 from the north end of Brock Mountain, 5 miles north of Madison's ranch on Squ.aw Creek; Figures 3-20 . 

from the North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch. . 199 
· PLATE LXIII 

FIGURES 1-5. Klamathites kellyi Smith, n. sp. (p. 74). 

1-3. Type. . 

4,' 5. Early mature stage. 

FIGURES 6-21. Fremontites 'ashleyi Hyatt and Smith (pp. 74-75). 

6, 7. Typical mature specimen. 

8-10. Adolescent stage; diameter 23 millimeters. 

11, 12. Diameter 20 millimeters. 

13-15. Adolescent stage; diameter 13.5 millimeters. 

16-18. Adolescent stage; diameter 8 millimeters. 

19-21. Larval stage corresponding to Gephyroceras; diameter 2· millimeters. 

FIGURI~s 22-29. Hauerites lawsoni Smith, n. sp. (pp. 72-73). 

22-24. Type. 

25-26. Eai"ly mature stage; diameter 20 millimeters. 

27-29. Adolescent stage; diameter 14 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the lower or Trachyceras subzone of the zone of Trol)ites s1.tbbullatus 

in the Upper Triassic. Hosselkus limestone of Brock Moimtain, east side of Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Figures 1-21 from point 1 mile north of the old stone quarry; collection of U. S. Geological Survey. Figures 22-29 

from point near the old stone quarry 3 miles east of Madisol~'s ranch; collection of J. P. Smith. 

200 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY 

/ 

/ 

8 

20 

11 

1 

9 

, , , , 

' , , 

10 x 2 

' :' \. ~ ... ./ I I -Vvvt - , 

12 X 2 

13 

3 

\:nJ\V 

19 )(10\I 

~': . I I 

.I I I 

18 

24 x 2 

\~ (', n,t, . 'vJ 'wi 1rM1 

29 x 4 

X 6 

PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE LXIII 

4 

. , " , , , , 

15 ~ 4 : 

17 16 

': 

: : I I 

, , 

X 3 

26 

X2 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSI ON AL PAPER J4l PLATE LXIV 

19 

X 3 X 3 

13 14 15 

18 

16 

20 

21 22 

23 24 

17 

32 31 

29 

X3 

34 

X 2 

X2 30 ~,~5 36 35 

X 3 X 3 

38 

UPPER TRIASSIC :VIARl E I VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLAtE LXIV 

FlOlJrms 1-15. Clion'itcs ('l'raskitcs) amCr'iCCL1t1tS Smith, n. sp. (p .. 85). 

1-3. Type. 

4-G. Bn,rly adult stage. 

7, 8. Early adult stage. 

9, 10. Adolescent stage; diametel: 15 millimeters. 

11, 12. Adoles'cent stage; diameter 10 millimeters. 

13-15. Adolescent stage; diameter 7 millimeters. 

FlO IJrms 16-27. Cl'/;on'Ucs ('l'mskites) stantoni Smith, n. sp. (pp. 87-88). 

Hi-18. Type. 

19-20. Endy mature stage. 

21, 22. Barly mature stage. 

23, 24. Adolescent stage; diameter 14 millimeters. 

25-27. Adolescent stage; diameter 8 millimeters. 

FlO IJrms 28-38. Cl'ionitcs (Ncanitcs) minut1ls Smith, n. sp. (p. 91). 

28-30. Type. 

31, 32. Early mature stage. 

33-35. Adolescent stnge; dinmeter 9 millimeters. 

36-38. Barly adolescent stage; diameter 6 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate c~ine from the lower or Tmchyccms subzone of the zone of T1'Opitcs. S1lbbullatus in . 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone near the old stone quarry on Brock Mountain, on the divide between 

Squaw Creek and Pit River, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, Shasta County. Calif. ColIeGtion of J. P. Smith. 

48172-27--19 201 
PLATE LXV" 

• FIGURES 1-7. Clionites (Tmslcites) namts Smith, n. sp. (p. 88). 

1, 2. Type. 

3, 4. Mature specimen, showing the young coil inside. 

5-7. Adolescent stage; diameter 13 millin1eters. 

FIGURES 8-25. Clionites (Tmslcites) tornqltisti Smith, 11. sp. (p. 88). 

8-11. Type. 

12, 13. Early mature stage. 

14-16. Early mature stage. 

17-20. Adolescent stage. 

21-23. Adolescent stage; diameter 12 millimeters. 

24, 25. Adolescent stage; diameter 8 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the lower or Trachyceras subzone of the zone of Tropites subbltllat'l.ts 

in the Upper Triassic· Hosselkus limestone at the south end of Brock Mountain, on the divide between Squaw; 

Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-11, 14-25, collection of J. P. Smith; Figures 12, 13, collection 

of U. S. Geological Survey. 

202 

" ~ 

""J 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

, 

I 

17 

9 

3 

18 

PROFESSION AL PAPER 141 PLATE LXV 

X 2 

7 6 5 

4 

8 10 

X 3 X 2 II 

24 

X 2 

25 19 X 2 

21 22 23 

15 16 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 14l PLATE LXVI 

4 5 

8 X 2 

2 j\N x 3 6 X 5 

10 

X 3 

3 

16 

18 

14 

23 

X 3 

15 

27 22 

24 

2~ 29 

25 26 

32 

UPPEB. TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
o 

PLATE LXVI 

FJaultI~s 1-12. Cl'ion'ite8 (Cc£l,,;jo1"n'ite8) cc£1"eY'i ·Smith, Il. sp. (p. 92). 

1-3. Type. 

4-6. ]~[u'ly rnn,tllre stage .. 

7-10. Adolescent stage; diameter 13 millimeters. 

11, 12. ]~[trly In,rvn,l stage; diameter 7.5 millin~eters. 

FraultI~s 13-20. Clionite8 (Stcmton'ite8) evol'ut,us Smith, Il. sp. (p. 90). 

13-15. Type. 

H;, 17. Bn,dymature stn,ge. 

18-20. Adolescent stage; diameter 12 millimeters .. 

.FLO Ultms 21-29. Cl'ion'ites (Shc£8tUes) 'l.vhitneyi Smith, Il. sp. (p. 89). 

21-23. Type. 

24-27. Early matlll'e stage. 

28, 29 .. Adolescent stage; diameter 18 millimeters. 

FlO URms 30-32. Cl'ionites (l.',tas/Cites) rob'ttstus Hyatt and Smith (p. 87). Adolescent stage. 

All specimens figut'eel on this plate came from the lower or 'Pmchycems subzone of the zone of 'Propites s'l.tbb'l.tllat'l.t8 

in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone on Brock Mountain, Oil the divide between Squaw Creek and Pit River, 

3 miles cast of "Madison's rallch, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

203 
PLATE LXVII 
• U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXVII 

4 

1 2 3 

9 

10 8 7 

6 

5 

11 

12 13 

~. 

17 14 

16 

X 2 

19 X 2 23 

UPPEH TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSI ONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXVIII 

6 

5 

1 2 

7 8 9 

4 

\ t n (~,- ~\ vtJ V XI O 10 X6 

13 

3 

12 11 

16 15 14 

20 

21 

X6 

17 19 23 

18 

~ .. 

27 

x 6 22 

~:' 26 25 24 

x 15 

31 

XB 

X B 

28 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTER HATE FOSSILS 
.Ji'lclUnms 1-13. 'l"l'op'ites d'illeri Smith (p. 29). 

1, 2. Type specimen, side a.ncl frorit, refigured. 

3, 4 .. Cotype; rea.r a.ncl septa.; refigured. 

PLA TE LXVIII 

5, 6. ]~al'ly Inn,tll I'e stage; diameter 16 millimeters. 

7-10: Late n,dolescent stage; dia.meter 5.5 millimeters; side, front, rear, and septa. 

11-13. Bal'ly adolescent stage; diameter 3.5 millimeters; side, rea.l', and septa. 

FwurfmS 14-31. .'J.'1'opites t01'q'llill'ltS Mojsisovics (PJ~. 28-29). 

14, 15. Adult shell. 

16, 17. Shell {tncl septa. 

18-20. Adolescent stage; diameter 15 millimeters. 

21-23. Adolescent stn,ge; cliametel' 6.5 millimeters. 

24-27. :Late litt'val sta.ge; diameter 3.5 millimeters; 

28-:31. Ln,rval stage; dia.meter 2 millimetei·s. 

FLO urtms 32-34. 'J.''I'o1Jites discob1tllat'u.s IVlojsisovics (p. 28). Early mature stage, natural size. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the lower or 1,'mchycems subzone of the zone of '1'1'opites subb1tllatus in 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone of Brock Mountain, south end, on the divide between Squaw Creek and 

pit Rivet', Shasta. County, Calif. They are in the collection of J. P. Smith, at -Stanford University, with the 

exception of Figures 32-34, which are in the collection of the U. S. Geological ~urvey. 

205 
FIGURES 1-12. T1'opites annatus Smith, 11. sp. (p. 31). 

1, 2. Adult specimen. 

3-5. Early adult stage. 

PLATE LXIX 

6. Septa of a mature specimen. 

7-9. Earlv adult stage:' 

10-12. Diameter 12 millimeters, showing development of septa. 

FlGURES 13-24. Tropites morloti Mojsisovics (p. 31). 

13-16. Adult stage. 

17-19. Early adult stage. 

20-22. Adolescent stage. 

23-24. Early adolescent stage i diameter 4.75 millimeter. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the lower or 

subzone of the zone of Tropites s1tbbttllahts on the south end of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

of J. P. Smith. 

206 

--~"~ -~~--~ .. ---, -~ ~ 

Tmchyceras 

Collection 

-:..'~-~ 
U. S. GEOI,OGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PI,ATE LXIX 

3 

1 

10 11 12 

X 2 X 2 

21 

24 X 2 

UPPE H TH fASSIC MAHINE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

8 

17 

9 

: .. , : I 

x 6 

16 

19 20 

23 

5 

PROFESSIO AL PAPEH HI PLATE LXX 

X 2 

11 12 

10 .J1j) 

13 X 3 

X 20 

UPPEll TRIASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBRATE. FOSSILS 
I 

PLATE LXX 

FraUltms 1-20. 1'1'opites occidental'is Smith, n. sp. (pp. 31-32). 

1-4. Type. 

5. Septa f"om another specimen. 

6-8. Shell. ' 

9, 10. Adolescent stn,ge. 

U-13. Adolescent stage; diameter U millimeters. 

14:-16. Adolescent stn,ge; cHameter ~ millimeters. 

17-20. ]~arval stage; diameter' 1.6 millimeters. 

Fwunms 21-28. 'l'1'opites f'ltsob,ttllCtl'tts Mojsisovics (p. 32). 

21, 22. Adult struge. 

23, 24. Sllell and septa. 

25, 26. Adolescent stage. 

27, 28. :8ttrly adolescent stage. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the lower or Trachyceras subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus in 

the Upp.er Triassic IIosselkus limestone at the south end of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif.. Collection of 

J'. P. Srnith, except Figures 6-8, which are in the collection of the U. S. Geological Survey. 

207 
, 

PLATE LXXI 

FIGURES 1-3. Tropites rotatorius' Smith, n. sp. (pp. 32-33). Type. 

4-8. Tropites rothplet.zi Smith, n. sp. (pp. 37-38). 

4,5. Type. 

6. Early adult stage. 

7, 8. Earlier adult stage. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the upper or Juvavites subzone of the zone of Tropites s1tbb1tllat1tS in the 

Upper 'Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the north end and west side of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif., 

collection of U. S. Geological Survey, except Figures 7, 8, from the same horizon on Bear Mountain, south of Pit 

River, Shasta County, collection of J. P. Smith. 0 

208 

. ' 

''',·Tl " ,"i 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PL.~TE LXXI 

1 

2 

7 

8 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE LXXII 

3 

10 

6 

11 

15 

13 

12 

18 19 

20 X 2 

26 X 2 

23 21 22 

UPPEH THIASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBRATE FOSSILS 
I~Jounl~S 1-]2. 'l'ropUcs slcarnsi Smith, n. sp. (p. 37). 

1-4. Type. 

5-7. Early adult stage. 

8, 9. Late ndolescent sta.ge. 

PLATE LXXII 

10-12. Adolescent stage; diameter 10 millimeters. 

Flo u ItI~S 13-23. 'l'ro1J'ilcs arthabcri Smith, n. sp. (p. 37). 

13, 14. Type. 

15-1'7. Enrly mnture stage; septn (fig. 17). 

18-20. Late n,dolescent stage; septn (fig. 20). 

21-23. Adolescent stnge; dinmeter 7.5 millimeters. 

Fro ulms 24:-28. 'l'1'01J'itcs Icc'ili IVlojsisovics (p. 33). 

2~1:-26. Adult stage. 

27, 28. En,l'ly ndult stnge. 

Floultms 29-31.. 'l.'1·opilcs 'Woclan'i Mojsisovics (p. 33). Adult stnge. 

An specimens figured on this plnte came from the upper or J 1wavitcs subzone of the 'l'ropiles s1tbbulla'lus zone in the 

'Oppel' Triassic Hosselkus limestone at the north end and west side of Brock Mountain nenr Squaw Creek, Shasta 

County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. . . 

~18172-27--20 209 
FIGURES 1-6. Tropites hessi Smith, n. sp. (p. 37). 

1-3. Type. 

<.\:-6. Early mature stage. . 

PLA TE LXXIII 

FIGURES 7-18 .. Tropites morani Smith, n. sp .. (pp. 36-37). 

7-9. Type. 

10-12. Mature specimen showing aperture. 

13-15. Early mature stage. 

16-18~ Late adolescent stage. . 

. All specimens figured on this plate came from the upper or J1wavites subzone of the zone of Tropiles subbullatus in 

the Upper Triassic Hosselkus fimestone at the north end and east side of Brock Mountain (Bear Cove), Shasta 

County, Calif., about 10 miles northeast 'of Winthrop' (Bully Hill). Collection of U. S. yeological Survey. 

210 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXIII 

4 5 

1 2 

X 2 

16 8 

X 2 

15 

17 

7 

14 

13 

uPPlm TRIASSIC MARINE I NVERTEI3RATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXI V 

6 X2 

5 

1 

2 

8 9 

13 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARl TE I VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
l!llaUltI~S 1-6. 'J''I'01YUe8 b'l'ocken8is Smith, n. sp. (p. 32). 

1,2. Type. 

3-G. Youthful specirnen. 

PLAT]~ LXXIV 

FLO ultms 7-9. '1''I'0111:te8 'lnojsvCt1'ensi8 Smith, n. sp. (p. 32). Type. 

F[(llml~S 10-15. 'l"/'01Jites :iohn8on'i Smith, n. sp. (p. 36). 

10-13. Type. 

14:, 15. Adolescent specimen. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper ()r Juvavites 

subzone of the zone of 'J"/'opites sltbb'ttll(£t'us, on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Caiif. Figures 1-7 from the North 

Fork, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; Figures 10-15 from the north end and cast side of Brock Mountain (Bear 

Cove), between Squaw Creek and Pit River ... Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 
PLATE LXXV 

FIGURES 1, 2. Tropites traslci Smith, n. sp. (p. 35). Type. 

FIGUHES 3-11. Tropites boehmi Smith, n. sp. (p. 36). 

3-5. Type. 

6-8. Early mature stage. 

9-11. Adolescent stage. 

FIGUR1DS 12-16. l'Topites philipIJii Smith, n. sp. (p. 36) . 

. 12-14. Type. 

15, 16. Adolescent stage. 

All specimens figllred on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone in the upper or bwav'ites, 

subzone of the zone of Tropites S1lbb1lllat1ls, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-11 from the north 

end and west side of Brock Mountain; Figures 12-16 from the North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

ranch. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. . 

212 

,1 J.';~ 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXV 

1 

5 

2 

9 10 11 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

• 

17 18 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLA~'E LXXVI 

6 

11 

X 3 

15 

21 22 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE I ' VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 

2 3 

;, I I 

I 

I '. I , 

( 

X2 

12 

14 13 

~(6 x 3 

28 27 

~. X3 

X 3 

25 26 
FIClunms 1-7. 'l"l'op'itcs kokcni Smith, n. sp. (p. 35). 

1-4. Type. 

PLATE LXXVI 

5. FrfLgrnent of a large specimen to show the sculpture. 

(~, 7. EI~r1y rnfLture stage. 

F.lG'UIIES S-1S. 'J.''I'01)'itcs 1'cl'ic'ulat'us Smith, n. sp. (pp. 34-35). 

8-12. Type. 

13, 14. Early .mature stn,ge. 

15. Septn, from another specimen. 

Hi-lS. Adolescent stage; diameter 14'millimeters. 

FIGunl~s 19-2S. 'J."I'01)'itcs (l-icncri Smith, n. sp. (p. 35). 

19, 20. Type. 

21, 22. ]~[Lrly mature stage. 

23-25. Adolescent stage; c1ittmeter 1l millimeters. 

26-2S. En,l'ly adolescent stage; diameter .5 millimeters. 

o 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper or J1wavites 

subzone of the zone of, Tropitcs s1tbb1tllat'us on the North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, 

Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geol~gical Survey. 

213 
PLA TE LXXVII 

FIGUHES 1-11. Tropites schellwieni Sniith, n. sp. (p. 34). 

1-4. Type. 

5, 6. Adult'stage. 

7-9. Adolescent stage. 

10, 11. Adolescent stage. 

FIGUHES 12-15. Tropites kellyi Smith, H. sp .. (p. 34). Type. 

All specimc11s figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper ,or JUVCtm;tes 

subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullqtus on Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-11 from the North 

Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; Figures 12-15 from the Horth end and west side of Brock 

Mountain. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

214 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXVII 

9 

• 

5 

G 

3 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARl E I VERTEllRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

• 

5 

X6 

15 16 

~( 

17 X IO 

PROFESSIONAL PA PER 141 PLATE LXXVIII 

12 

I 

I 

0 f7- : ; VJ v/w. 

X6 

19 

11 

UPPER T IUASSTC MAlUNE IN VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 

13 14 

X 2 

25 
PLATE LXXVIII 

14'.10 ulms 1-4. TT01Yites sha8tenS'i8 Smith, n. sp. (p. 34). Type. 

li'wu.ltI~s 5-17. 1"fo1;Ues welle1"i Smith (pp. 33-34). 

5-7. Typo. 

, 8, n. Adolescent stlLge. 

10-12. Adolescent stage; diall1etel' 11 millimeters. 

13, 1.4. L1Lrvai st:Lge; diameter 3.5 millimeters. 

1.5-17. Larv:Ll stn,ge; din,meter 2.5 millimeters. 

])'1Oulms :1.8-2(;. :L'r01)ites 'u1'sensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 33). 

:1.8-20. Ty'pe. 

21., 22. Sholl and septa. 

23, 24. Adolescent stn,ge; diameter 1.5 millimeters. 

25, 26. Larval stage; diaineter.7 millimeters~ 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper or J1wavites 

subzone of the zone of 1'1'op'ites s'u,bb'll,llat'w'i, Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. Figures,l-4 from the North 

, Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch; Figures 5-17 from the north end and west side of Brock 

Mountain; Figures 18-26 from the north end ,and east side of Brock Mountain (Bear Cove). Collection of U. S. 

Geological SUI'voy. 

215 
PLATE LXXIX 

FIGURES 1-10. Tropites subbltllat1ts Hauer (pp. 29-31) . 

. 1, 2. Adolescent stage; diameter 4.6 millimeters, showing the lobes becoming ammonitic at 4.5 millimeters. 

:3-6. Larval stage; diarpeter 2.04 millimeters, showing the goniatitic septa, and the beginnirig of the keel at diameter of 

2 millimeters. . 

7-10. Larval stage; diameter 1.83 millimeters, showing Gastriocems stage. 

FIGURES 11-20. Metasibirites lJarvus Hyatt and Smith (p. 64) .. 

11-13. Type specimen; diameter 11 millimeters. 

14-16. Smaller specimen; diameter 7 millimeters. 

17, 18. Shell and septa; diameter 6 millimeters. 

19, 20. Adolescent stage; diameter 3.44 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, subzone of the zone of T1'opites 

sltbbullalus 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection 

of J. P. Smith. 

216 
U . . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE LXXIX 

2 X 12 

X 20 

3 4 5 

10 :( 20 

7 

11 12 13 14 15 

17 

11; X6 

19 20 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGI CAL URVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXX 

2 3 

4 5 

6 7 8 X 3 

10 11 12 13 14 X4 

X2 

15 16 17 18 

19 20 

21 X 12 

UPP ER TfiIASSIC MARINE INVEll.TEBHATE FOSSUB 
PLA'"l"'E LXOCX 

ll'lOOlt:mS 1-11. 111etasib'ir'ites jrechi Hyatt and Smith (p. 63). 

1-8. Shell. 

9. Septa of the same specimen. 

10, n. An old specimen showing: change of sculpture. 

li'lOO.rt:mS 12-21. Pam(Janides cal4omic~ls Hyatt and Smith (p. 71).-. 

12-1.8. Type specimen. 

19-21. Adolescent stage; diameter 3.5 mLllimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Tmchyceras subzone of 

the zone of 111'OlJites S1lbbullatus, 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta. 

County, Cn,lif. Collection of J. p, Smith. 

• 481.72-27--21 217 
;.\ ...... , 

~' 

! 

PLATE LXXXI 

FIGURES 1-9. Arcestes pacijic1ls Hyatt and Smith (pp. 68-69). 

1-3. Type specimen. 

4-6. Diameter 11 millimeters. 

7-9. Diameter 5.34 millimeters. 

FIGURES 10-25. Dieneria arthaberi Hyatt and Smith (p. 76). 

10, 11. Diameter 10 millimeters. 

12-14. Adolescent stage; diameter 7 millimeters. 

15-18. Ambites stage; diameter 3.6 millimeters. 

19, 20. Larval stage; diameter 2.52 millimeters. 

21-23. Larval stage; diameter 1.64 millimeters. 

24, 25. Larval stage; diameter 0.66 millimeter. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the J1wavites subzon~~of 

the zone of 'Propites subbullatus 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. ' 

218 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

2 

10 

15 

X 20 

25 24 

4 

X 20 

)(2 

11 

16 

23 

X6 

12 

X6 

17 

X 10 ' X 10 

22 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXI 

3 X2 

7 

Xl Xl 

13 14 

18 x 8 

X6 

X 10 

21 20 19 

UPPER TlUASSIC MARl E INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXII 

1 2 

3 4 

11 

X4 

7 (j 

X2 

5 

10 

11 12 13 

17 H; 15 14 X4 

Hi 

X 2 X2 

21 1!l 20 

22 

X4 

23 

UPPER THIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE LXXXII 

lfIGUI'UDS 1-10. 'l'iroU,tes (Jl1etatirol-ites) joliaceus Dittmar (p. 95). 

1, 2. Diameter 19.5 millimeters. 

3, 4. Diametel' 17 millimeters. • 

5-8. Diametel' 13 millimeters. 

9, 10. Diameter 12 millimeters. 

lfraunlDs 11-23. 'Cl-ionites merriami Hyatt and Smith (p. 92). 

11-14. Shellancl septa. . 

15-17. Nu.tuntl size. 

18-20. Adolescent stage; climnetet' 10 millimeters. 

21-23. Larval stage; diameter 4.~ millimeters. 

AU specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the Trachycems subzone 

of the zone of 'J'1'o1JiteS s,ltbb~tllatus, 3 mites east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

County, Calif. - Collection of J. P. Smith. 

219 
PLATE LXXXIII 

FIGURES 1-13. Arpadites gabbi Hyatt and Smith (pp. 93-94). 

1-3. End of adolescent stage; diameter 9.5 millimeters. 

~6. Dinarites stage; diameter 4.6 milJimeters. 

7-10. Dinarites stage; diameter 3.46 millimeters. 

11-13. Tirolites stage; diameter 2.19 millimeters. 

FIGURES 14-27. Clionites (N eanites) californic1tS Hyatt and Smith (p. 90). 

14-16. Type, natural size . 

. 17-18a. Californites stage. • 

19-21. Californites stage; adolescent; diameter 13 millimeters. 

22-24. Tiro lites stage; adolescent; diameter' 6 millimeters. 

25-27. Tirolites stage; diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the TTachyceTas subzone 

of the zone of Tropites subbullahts 3 miles east of Madison's ranch, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta 

County"; Calif. Collection of J. P. Smith. 

220 

" 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURYEY PROFESSI ONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXIII 

xs 

4li1liii~ X 3 4 5 6 

2 

X5 

3 X 6 

7 9 

11 12 13 . 10 X 10 

15 14 16 

X2 

21 20 19 ]8 

X I,l] 

17 

)(5 

23 24 

25 26 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE TNVERTERRATE FOSSTL 
U. S. GEOLOGlCAL SURVEY 

" ","" 

\-.,; ... , 

, 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 

l'ROI'ESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLA'l'E I.XXXIV 

1 
PLA. TE LXXXIV 

Fl~URlDS 1-3. Proclydon(mtilus ~trsensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 103). Type: Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper or Juvavites 

subzone of the ~one of Tropites s1tbb1tllatus, north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and ])it River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of the U. S. Geological Survey~ 

221 

() 
PLATE LXXXV 

FIGURES .1-5. Proclydona1dilus ursensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 103). I 

1, 2. Adolescent stage. 

3-5. Late larval stage; diameter 8 millimeters. 

FIGURES 6-1i. Proclydona1dil1lS stantoni Smith (p. 103). 

6-8. Type. 

9-11. Youthful stage. 

FIGURES 12-18. Styrionautil1ts sa1lperi Hauer (p. 107). 

12-14. Adult stage. . 

15, 16. Adolescent stage. 

17, 18. Late larval stage; diameter 7 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, in the upper or J1wavites 

subzone of the zone of Tropites subbullatus, at the north end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit 

River, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 1-5 from Bear Cove, east side of Brock Mountain; Figures 6-18 from the 

west side of Brock Mountain. Figures ·1-11 collection of U. S. Geological Survey; Figures 12-18 collection of 

J. P. Smith. 

222 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXV 

1 2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

12 

13 

15 

16 

X 3 

UPPER THIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXVI 

2 

3 

4 

5 

10 11 

8 

14 

12 

UPPER TRTASSTC MARl E INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
• 

PLATE LL~XVI 

FlOumns 1-15. Cos.'lnonct'tttil'ns 1Jacifiws Smith, 11. sp. (p. 105). 

1,2. Type. 

3-G. Bn,rly mature stage. 

7-9. Adolescent stage. 

10-12. Barly adolescent stage. 

13-15. Transition from larval to adolescent stage; diameter 12 millimeters. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, J1wavites subzone of the zone 

of ,}'ro1Jites s1tbb1tllat1tS, at the north end of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, 

Cn,lif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. . 

223 
• 

PLATE LXXXVII 

. FIGURES 1-11. Cosmonautil'tts shastensis Smith, n. sp. (po 105). 

1,2. Type. 

a-6. Adolescent stage. ' 

7-9. Adolescent stage; diameter 12 millimeters. 

10, 11. Larval stage; diameter 7 millimeters. 

• 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper or Juvavites subzone of 

the zone of Tropites subbullatus, Bear Cove, north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

224 . 

" 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY l'HOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 l'LA'l'E LXXXVlI 

X 1)/2 

7 8 9 

3 4 5 

6 

X3 

10 

11 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXVIII 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLA'I'E LXXXVIII 

FICIUJUDS 1-5. Grypocer(£s (Grypona~ltil1LS) C001)eri Smith, 11. sp. (p. 107). 

1-3. Type. . 

~1:, 5. Adolescent stage. 

FlCIuJUns 6-14. P1'ocl1Jdona~Ltil1Ls Sl)irolob'tLs Dittmar (p. 103). 

6, 7. Adult stage. 

8, 9. :marly adult stage. 

10-12. Adolescent stage; diameter 13 millimeters. 

13, 14. Larval stage; din,meter 6.5 millimeters. 

FIClUUlllS 15-19. Cl1Jdona~ttil1Ls hessi Smith, n. sp. (pp. 107-108)'. 

15-17. Type. . 

18, 19. Adolescent stage .. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper or Juvavites subzone of 

the zone of 1'1'oljites S1tbb1Lllat~L8, Bear Cove, north end and east side of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek 

and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

48172-27--2~ 225 
PLATE LXXXIX 

FIGURES 1-9. Cosmona1dilus hersheyi Smith, n. sp. (pp. 104-105). _ 

1-3. Type. 

4-6. Early mature stage. 

7-9. Adolescent stage. 

FIGURES 10-14. Dictyoconites americanus Smith. 11. sp. (p. 101). 

10. Type. 

11. Adult specimen. 

12, 13. Large specimen showing siphuncle. 

14. Adolescent stage. 

FIGURES 15, 16. Atractites drakei Smith, n. sp. (pp. 100-101). Type. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, J1wavites subzone of the zone 

of Tropites subbullatus, on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Figures 

1-9, 11-16, from Bear Cove, north end and east sid€( of Brock Mountain; Figure 10 from the old quarry at the 

southeast end of Brock Mountain. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

226 
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE LXXXIX 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

4 

3 

2 

5 

6 

9 7 

8 

15 

16 

UPPEll. Tn.IASSIC MAH INI': J!\VEHTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XC 

• 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
() 

PLATE XC 

OOS1nona1ttil7.tS llille1'i Hyatt and Smith (p. 104). Adult specinien; diameter 37 centimeters. From the Upper.Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, upper or J1wavites subzone of the zone of Tropites subb1tllat1tS, at the north end and west side of Brock 

'Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of. U: S. Geological Survey. 

227 

o 
,f 

PLATE XCI 

FIGUImS 1, 2. Cosmonautil1tS dilleri Hyatt and Smith (p. 104). 

1. Early mature stage; diameter 16 centimeters. 

2 .• Rear view of specimen shown on Plate XC, Figure' 1 ; diameter 37 centimeters. 

From the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper or J1wavites subzone of the zone of Tropites 81tbbullat1tS, north 

end an.d ",vest side of Brock '1vIoU1~tain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif: Collection of 

U. S. Geological Survey. 

228 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XCI 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAl. PAPER 141 PLATE xcn 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
li'IClU.n.:mS 1, 2. 

PLATE XCII 

COS1nona1(,til'us rlille1'i Hyatt and Smith (p. '104). Front and rear views of specimen shown on Plate XC, Figure 1; 

diameter 16 centimeters, slightly reduced. From the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, upper or Juvavites 

subzone of the zone of 'l'?'opites s1tbbullatus, north end and west side of Brock Mountain, between Squa\v Creek 

. and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

229 
PLATE XCIII 

FIGUH,ES 1-5. Ii alobia s1tperba Mojsisovics (p. 118). 

1. Left valve of a plaster cast. Trachyceras subzone, old quarry, Brock Mountain. 

2. Right valve (original of California Acad. ScL Proc., 3d ser., Geology, vol. 1, pI. 48, fig. 1, 1904). Trachyceras subzone, 

old quarry, Brock Mountain. 

3. Left valve, adolescent stage. Juvavites subzone, north end and west side, Brock Mountain. 

4, 5. Right and left valves at end of adolescent stage. Juvavites subzone, north end and west side, Brock Mountain. 

FIGUHES 6-7. Iialobia gigantea Smith,' n. sp. (p. 116). 

6. Type. Juvavites beds of Bear Cove, north end and east side.' 

7. Right valve, Trachyceras subzone, west side of Brock Mount.ain, 1~ miles north of the old stone quarry. 

FIGUHE 8. Iialobia cordillerana Smith, n. sp. (p. 114). Ad'ult stage, showing both valves. J1wavites subzone, north end and west 

side, Brock Mountain. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from zone of Tropites S1lbbullatus, of the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone 

on Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. F\gures 1, 2, collection of J. I>. 

Smith; Figures 3-8, collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

230 
U. S. GEOLOG ICA L SUHVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE XCIII 

3 

4 

1 

UPPEH TRIASSIC MAHTNE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGlCAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XCIV 

2 

6 

14 

8 

15 

9 

16 x 2 

10 

X 1~ 

13 

X 2 

12 7 18 

(JPPEH TRIASSIC MARINE I VEl1TEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XCIV 

It'IOUJUns 1-3. lIalob'ia gigantea Smith, 11. sp. (p. 116). 0 

1. Right valve, north end and west side of Brock IVIountain, J'ltvavites subzone. 

2. Left valve, plaster cast. 

3. Adolescent stage, right valve; north end and west side of Brock Mountain, J1wavites subzone. 

It'rou.rms 4:-6. H a.lob'ia o1"'ltatissima Smith, n. sp. (p. 117). 

4:. Type; north end and west side of Brock Mountain, Juvavites subzone. 

5. Right vn.lve. 

6. Left V[LI vee 

It'.raunm 7. Halob'ia s'u1Jerba Mojsisovics (p.118). Slab showing young specimens; Tmchycems subzone; old quarry. 

FIOU.rlm 8. CanUomorpha? digglesi Sm5th, n. sp. (p. 111). Type;' rPmchycems subzone, old quarry, southwest end Brock Moun~ain. 

It'lOU.rUD 9. Aryl'il'lI,s 1t1"sensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 111). Type; Bear Cove, northeast end of Brock Mountain, Juvavites stlbzone. 

]!'IOU:rtlnS 10-11. J.l1'yoconcha ncma Smith, ll. sp. (p. 111). Right and left valves of the type; J1wavites subzone, northwest end of 

Brock Mountaiil. 

. FJOun:m 12. Posicion'ia ?nculisonensis Smith, n. 'sp. (pp. 112":'1,13); Type, left valve; J'ltvavites subzone, northwest end of Brock 

IVlountn.in. 

It'.rou.lUD 13. Posiclonic£ jC£cIcS07~i Smith, ll. sp. (p. 112). Type; Tmchycems subzone, old quarry, southwest end of Brock Mountain. 

It'wUlUD 14:. An01Jlo1Jhora? shastensis Sniith, 11. sp. (p. 110). 1'ype; northwest side of Brock Mountain, hwavites subzone. 

FWUl'Un 15. Ca1mhls silverthorni Smith, n. sp. (p. 108). Type; old quart:y, southwest side of Brock Mountain, Tmchyceras 

subzone. 

It'wuluDs 16-17. Collon'i(£ occiclentalis Smith, n. sp. (p. 108). Front and rear \~iews; type; rpmchyceras subzone, old quarry, Brock 

Mountain. 

li'wunlD 18. Patella si1wrti Smith, n. sp. (p. 108). Type; Bear Cove, northeast end of, Brock Mountain, J1wavites subzone. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, zone of Tropites subbullat1l's, 

qn Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and 'Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological 

Survey. 

231 
f', 

PLATE XCV 

FIGUHES 1-2. H alobia oregonensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 117). 

1. Type, right valve; Martili Bridge, Eagle River, Baker County, Oreg., in beds of upper Karnic age. 

2. Cotype, left valve. 

FIGUHES 3-4. Halobia halO1'ica Mojsisovic3 (p. 116). From Halobia-bearing shales of lower Noric age, Martin Bridge, Bakel' 

County, Oreg. 

FIGUHE 5. Halobia dilatata Kittl (p. 115). From Halobia-bearing shale3 of·lowerNoric age, Martin Bridge, Eagle River, Baker 

County, Oreg. 

FIGUUE 6. I socrimlS calif ornicus Clark (p. 125). Slab from the J 1.wavites subzone of the Tropites s1.lbbullat1.lS zone, in .the Hosselkus 

limestone, northwest side of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

FIGUlUD 7. Halobia salinar1.lm Bronn (p. 118). Slab from Halobia-bearing shales of upper Karnic age, Martin Bridge, Eagle River, 

Baker County, Oreg. 

FIGUIUJS 8-9. Pse1.ldomonotis s1.lbcirc1.daris Gabb (pp. 120-121). 

8. From Pse1.lciomonotis zone of lower Noric age, in the Swearinger slate of Genesee Valley, Plumas County, Calif. 

9. Young specimen from same locality. ' 

FIGUHBS 10-11. Spiriferina pittensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 124). 

10. Lower valve; Spirifer'inazone, Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

11. Upper valve, same locality as Figure 10. 

FIGUUB 12. Spiriferina coreyi Smith, n. sp. (p. 124). Type; J1.wavites subzone of, Tropites s1.lbbullal1.ls zone of Hosselkus limestone, old quarry on southwest end of Brock Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

FIGUHB 13. Pecten (Entolium) cemleus Smith, n. sp. (p. 121). Type; from the Halobia oregonensis zone, of upper Karnic age, 

at Martin Bridge on Eagle ,River, Baker County, ,Oreg. ' 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic. Collection of U, S. Geological Survey, except 

Figures 8 and 9, which are in the collection of the University of California. 

232 

\ 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROl'ESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XCV 

4 

2 

1 

3 

5 

7 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARl I]; I VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XCVI 

4 

2 

3 

5 

9 

6 

11 10 

7 8 

12 13 

16 17 

14 15 J8 

24 

21 20 19 

23 22 

29 

28 

25 26 27 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBHATE FOSSILS 
PLATE XCVI 

])'IOUIlJi: 1. IJi'll/,yodon sto'l''I's'i Smith, n. sp. (p. 122). Typ'e; Juvavitcs subzone, North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's 

mnch, Shnstn, COUlIty, Cn,lif. 

.Ii'WUltI~ 2. Cnnl'an .ien/m>nl:ri SI:nith, n. sp. (p. 111). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 1. 

]!'wullm 3. Wort/urn'in kl(wwthenS'is Smith, n. sp. (p. lOS). Type; snme 10cnJity and subzone as Figure 1. 

FloullI~ 4. O'll~1)hnlo1)tych(t obesa. Smith, n. sp. (p. lOS). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 1. 

]i'W UHm 5. O'll/'1)ha.lo1Jtycha shastensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 108). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 1. 

J!'roullm O. Cnss'innella shnstens'is Smith, n. sp. (p. 112). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 1. 

Floulms 7, S. Canl'in'in {Jle'imi Smith, n. sp. (pp. 110-111). 

7. Type, right valve; srune locality and subzone as Figure 1. 

S. Cotype, left valve; snllie locality n:nd subzone as Figure 1. 

]i'J(l UIU~ 9. A.v'iculn s01Jeri Smith, n. sp. (p. 112). Type; same locaqty and subzone as Figure 1. 

FLO U1t1~S 10, 11. 81)i'l"i{Jera. 'In'ilesi Smith, n. sp.· (p. 125). Front nnd' side views of the type; old stone quarry at the southwest end 

of Brock Mountn.in, Shnsta County, Cn.lif.. 'Prachycems subzone. 

FlO UIlI~S 12, 13. J)1:elns'llw j'ulicmn Bittner (pp. 123-124). Same·locality and subzone as Figure 10. 

Via UIU~S 1.4, 15 .. 'l.'e'l'ebmt,ltla,? l)i'l'iJonnis Suess (p. 124). Same locality and subzone as Figure 10. 

Fro UHms Hi-IS. I~hynchonella howa1"(li Smith, n. sp. (p. 122). Type; same locality and subzone as Figllre 10. 

]!'IOUltl~S 19-21.. I?hynchonella 'I"icha'l'dsoni Smith, n. sp. (p. 123). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 10. 

FLOullms 22-24. I?hynchonella 'W'inne'llwe Smith, n. sp. (p. 123). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 10. 

]i'rcmrtl~S 25, 26. JltfY011ho'l'ia. brockensis Smith, n. sp .. (p. 110). Type, side and rear views; same locality as Figure 10; Juvavites 

subzone. 

l!'wullm 27. JltfY(1)/u)'l"'ia h'tt1n~oldtensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 110). Type; Pseudomonotis zone, Muttleberry Canyon, 'West Humboldt 

]lallge, N ev. 

Frouru:s 2S, 29. Pntelln sheehan'i Smith, 11. sp. (p. lOS). Type; same locality and subzone as Figure 1. 

All specilnells figured on this pln,te cn,me from the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, zone of 'P1'ol)ites subbulla.l1ts, 

Shastn County, Cnlif., except Figure 27, which is from the Pse'ltdo'l1wnotis zone of the Star Peak formation, "Vest 

HUlnbolclt Range, Nev. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

~'S172-27--2:) ~33 
PLATE XCVII 

FIGUHES 1-3. II alobia s1tperba Mojsisovics (p. 118). 

1. Hctl'obia-bearing beds of Karnlc age, north bank of Yukon River, one-fourth mile above mouth of Nation River, Alaska 

(U. S. Geological Survey No. 4054, 1906). 

2. Portion of slab of limestone with adolescent stages, X 2; same locality as Figure 1. 

3. The same slab as Figure 2, entire. 

FIGUlmS 4-8. II alobia ornatissima Smith (p. 117). 

4. Plaster cast, from mold, left valve, locality No. 4823, north side of Hamilton Bay, Kupreanof Island, Alaska. 

5. Smaller specimen, left valve; same locality as Figure 4. 

6. Early mature stage, left valve; same locality as Figure~4. 

7. Early mature stage, right valve; same locality as Figure 4. 

8. Left valve; point between Herring and Chapin bays, Admiralty Island, Alaska (locality No. 10180, U. S. Geological 

·Survey) .. 

FIGURES 9, 10. Halobia distincta Mojsisovics (p. 115). 

9. Left valve, locality 8849, bed 4, on point at north entrance of Herring Bay, Admiralty Islarid, Alaska. 

10. Right valve, same locality as Figure 9. . 

All specinlens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic hwavites subzone of the zone of T1'opites s'ubb'ullatus 

. of Alaska. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

234 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PHOFESSIONAL PAPEH 141 PLATE XCVII 

1 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE XCVIII 

1 2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

7 

10 

9 

13 

12 14 11 

UPPEH TlUASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBHATE FOSSILS 
PLATE ,XCVIII ., 

F.IOunl~s 1-4. l/alob,;n septcnt'l"ionalis Srnith, n. sp. (p. llS). 

1.. Type, right vlLlve; Keku Islet No.1, Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska (locality 10196 U. S. Geological Survey). 

2. :Left valve; same 10Gaiity as Figure 1. 

:3. :Left valve; SIMile locality as Figure 1.. 

4. Right valve, plaster cast; same locality as Figlire 1. 

:t!'IClUnl~s 5,6. ,Halob'ia dall'ia:na Smith, n. sp. (p. 115). 

5. Type, left valve; same locality as Figure 1. 

6. Right; v[Live; sarne locality as Figure 1. 

J?IClUltl~S 7,8. Halob'ia sY'l1,:/lwt'l'ica Smith, n. sp. (p. 119). 

7. Type, left; valve; sn,me locality as Figure 1., 

S. Right v[Live; same locality tts Figure 1. 

F.IOUltI!: 9. ,Hnlobia cO'l'(hllemnCL Smith, n. sp. (p. 114). Right valve; locality 10197, Keku Islet No.3, Herring Bay, Adniiralty 

Islnncl, Alaslm. 

FIc:'ultl~S 10, l.1.. Ha.lob'iajallnx .Mojsisovics (j)p. l.1.5-11o). 

10. 'Yukon V[Liley, left bank of Nntioll River, 2 miles above mouth (plaster cast). 

11. Smne specimen. 

Fwunln 12. Halob',;ct Iwlorica l\1ojsisovics (p. IHi). Snme locality as Figure 10.' 

FIClUltl~S 13, 14. Halobia lineata lV[uc;1stel' (p. llo)'. . 

1:3. Left vlth;e; snmc iocttlity as Figure 10 .. 

;ttl:. :Right v[Live; snme locnlity as,Figure 10. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic Halobia-beal'ing shales of Alaska. Collection 

of U. S. GeologicnL Survey. 

235 
PLATE XCIX 

FIGUlmS 1-6. Halobia cordillemna Smith, n. sp. (p. 114). 

1. Adult stage; locality 8897 (bed 86), south bank of Yukon River about 1 mile above Nation River, Alaska. 

2. Type, right valve'; same locality as Figure 1. 

3. Slab showing two right valves; same locality as Figure 1. 

4. I,eft valve; same locality as Figure 1. 

5. Left valve, plaster cast; same locality as Figure 1. 

6. Right valve, adolescent stage; same locality as Figure 1. 

1!"'IGurms 7-9. Halobia brooksi.Smith, 11. sp. (p. 114). 

7. Type, left valve; ridge on west bank of Roadhouse Creek, 2 miles from Kuskulana River, Alaska (locality 8153 (12AC4), 

U. S. Geological Survey). . 

8. Right valve, from plaster cast; same locality .as Figure 7. 

9. Left valve, showing zigzag of ~ibs; same locality as Figure 7. 

FIGUHES 10-13. Halobia a'ust1·icLca Mojsisovics (pp. 113-114). 

10. Right valve; ridge between forks of Rock Creek, Copper River region, Alaska (locality 9935, U. S. Geological Survey). 

11. Left valve; same locality as Figure 10. 

12. Right valve; same locality as Figure 10. 

13. Right valve; point at north entrance of Herring Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska (locality 8847, U. S. Geological Survey) . 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the zone of 'P1·opites s1tbbullatus, of Alaska. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

236 
U. S. GEOLOG lCAL SURVEY 

1 

5 

7 

., 

12 

PHOFESSIONAL PAPER Hl PLA'l'E XC lX 

4 

6 

--------

2 

9 

13 

11 

U PPER TR IASSIC \1 ARI TE I TVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 

3 

/ 

// 

10 

/ 

, 

, 

I 

/ 

, 

, 

, 

, 

, 

, 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PHOFESSIONA [, PAPER 14l PLATE C 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE l NVERTEl3 l\AT E FOSSILS 
• 

PLATE C 

Fwulms 1-4. Halob'£a, d'ilatata IGttl (p. U5). 

1. Right v[dve. 

2. Left v:dve; (ocldity 9533 (15 ACh, U5), U. S. Geological Survey. 

3. Same locality as Figure 2. . 

4. H.ight valve. 

]!'IGuJms .5-7. Halob'I:a. ala.ska:na Smith, n. sp. (p. U3). 

5. Type, right valve, plaster cast. 

o. Smaller specimell, right valve. 

7. Right v[dve. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic coral zone, of lower Noric age, at Thompson Cove, 

Gl'lwinn, Island, Alaska. Figures I,' 4-7, collection of Stanford University; Figures 2, 3, collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

237 
PLATE cr 

F1GURI~S 1, 2. Monotis alaskana Smith, n. sp. (pp. 119-120). 

1. Type, left valve; locality 9961, F. 43, Mill Creek near the forks, Copper River region, Alaska; Pse1tciomonotis zone. 

2. Cotype, right valve; same locality as Figure 1. 

FIGUHE 3. Myophoria beringiana SniIth, n. sp. (pp. 109-:110). Type; locality 8836 (No.8), Gravina Island, Alaska; coral zone of 

Norie age. 

FIGURES 4, 5. CassianeZZ(£ gravinaensis Smith,n. sp. (p. 112). 

4:. Type, side view; same locality as Figure 3. 

5. View from above, same specimen as Figure 4. 

FroUlm 6. Purpurina gravinaensis Smith (p. 10~). Type; locality 9535, Gravina Island, Alaska; coral zone of Noric age. 

FIGURE 7. Proto1'C1tla bassetti Smith, n. sp. (p. 109). Type; locality 8834, north arm of Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska; 

coral zone of N oric age. 

FIGURE 8. Pseucionwnotis s1tbcirwlaris Gabb (pp. 120-121). Locality 3107, Cold Bay, Alaska; Pse1lciomonotis zone. (Martin, G. C., 

Geo1. Soc. America Bull., vol. 27, pI. 29, fig. 1, 1916.) 

FIGum~s 9, 10. Pecten (Entoli1tm) yukonensis Smith, 11. sp. (p. 122). 

9. Type; locality 9384, south bank of Yukon River, opposite Nation River, Alask:J.; beds of upper Karnic age. 

10. Same locality as Figure 9. 

FIGUIUJ 11. Lima martini Smith, n. sp. (p. 122). Type; same locality as Figure 9. 

FIGUlm 12. E1wwi'photis nationalis Smith, n. sp. (p. 121). Type; locality 9385, same as Figure 9. 

FIGUIUJS 13, 14. Spiriferina 1J'nkoncns'is Smith, ll. sp. (pp. 124-125). Type; locality 9385, same as Figure 9. 

FrGUR}J 15. Plwrophonts overbecki Smith, 11. sp. (p. 111). Type; same locality as Figure 9. 

AU specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic of Alaska. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

238 
U. S. GEOLOGlCAL SUHVEY 

1 

7 

8 

15 

14 13 

, 

f 

I 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

I 

f 

f 

PHOFESSION AL PAPEH 141 PLATE CI 

2 

4 

12 

11 

UPPER TRIASSIC J\'fAHI NE INVERTEl1HATE rOSS IL'3 
U. S. GEOLOGICAl, SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CIl 

4 5 6 

2 3 

~/ 

X 2 13 x 4 

12 11 

9 

7 

14 15 ni 

17 

10 8 

r~~! X4 20 ~ ~~ 21 

UPPEH TRIASSIC MARINE INVEHTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE ell 

.FIGU'RI~S 1-3. Bhynchonell(£ l)l(£ckwelderi Smith, n. sp. (p. 122). T~Tpe; locality 8895, south bank of Yukon River, 1 mile above mouth 

of Nation River, Alaska. 

14'10 UIlI~S 4-6. D'iel(£s'llUt ch(£1Ji~1i Smith,]1. sp. (p. 123). Type; locality 9384, south bank of Yukon River opposite mouth of Nation 

River, Alaska. 

14'10 UH.I~S 7-10. GC1"In(£'non(mt'il'tls b1'ooksi Snlith, 11. sp. (p. 105). 

7, 8. Type; sn,me locfl,lity as 14'igures 4-6. 

, 9, 10. View showing septa; S11,me locality tbS .l4'igui'es 4-6. 

Frourms 11-13. N(£tho1'st'itcs aZ(£s/can'tts Smith, n. sp. (p. (7). Type; same locality as Figures 1-3. 

]!'WlJRmS VI:-16. Diclas'tn(£ hmniltonense Smith, n. sp. (p"123). Type; locality 4822, Hamilton Bay" Kupreanof Island, Alaska. 

FlGulll~s 17-20. Cl(ul-iscites ?n(£rtini Smith, n. sp. (p. 70). Type; locality 9385, Yukon River one-third mile northeast of mouth of 

, Ntbtion River, Alaska. 

FrOlJHI~S 21-24. Cl(£ciiscites menci(JnJUtlli Smith, n. sp. (p. 70). Type; locality 10304, Canning River, Alaska. 

FWlJJms 25-27. '}'1'01JiteS st(mtoni Smith, n. sp. (p. 38). Type; locality 6319, Copper River region, Alaska. 

Al1 specimens figured on this plate came from the HaZobia-bearing beds of Karnic age in Alaska. Collection of U. S. 

Geological Stu'vey. 

239 

.\ 
PLATE eIII 

FIGURES 1-3. M argarites moJJiti Smith, n. sp. (p. 48). Type; J1wavites subzone of Tropites subbullatus zone, locality 4810, Houghton, Abska. 

FrGURES 4-6. ]) iscophyllites lJatens Mojsisovics (p. 100). hwavites subzone, locality 8848, point at north entrance to Herring 

Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska. 

FIGURES 7, 8. Sirenites lwyesi Smith;n. sp. (p. 82). Type; beds of Karnic. age, locality 8479, middle fork of White River, Alaska. 

FIGURES 9, 10. Protorcula alaskana Smith, n. sp .. (p. 109). 

9.· Type; beds of Karnic" age, locality 10093, Copeland Creek, Alaska. 

10. View showing aperture; same locality as Figure 9. 

FrGmm 11. Lima blackb1lrnei Smith, 11. sp. (p. 122). Type; same locality as Figure 9, 

FIGum<] 12. Avicula S07Jeri Smith, 11. sp. (p. 112). Limestone of lower N oric age, locality 8946, Rock Creek near Strelna Creek, Alaska. 

FIGUHES 13, 14. Pinacocems cf. P. Tex Mojsisovics (p. 75). J1wavites subzone, same locality as Figures 4-6. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic of Alaska. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

240 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CIlI 

2 

1 3 

7 8 

5 

9 10 11 14 13 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U . 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE Cl V 

2 

9 10 

UPPER THl ASSIC MARI NE I VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE crv 

l'IOUIHl 1. A,v'ic'ula 'IImcronatn Gabb (pp. 111-112). Pseuciomonotis zone of Swearinger slate, Plumas County, Calif. (Copied from 

California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, pI. 5, fig. 27.) 

]i'lO unm 2. Pcctcn defonn'is GiLbb (p. 121). Same locality as Figure 1. (Idem, pI. 6, fig., 34.) 

F.lou lUi: 3. Pos'idonia daylonensis On,bb (p. 112). Pse-udomonotis zone near Dayton, El Do'rado Canyon, N ev. (Idem, pI. 6, fig. 32.) 

]i'lOunm 4. Pos'ilionia blatchleyi Gabb (p. 112). Pse'udomonotis zone, New Pass, near Austin, Nev. (Copied from Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 5, pI. 6, fig. 12.) 

FlOUR!!: 5. Pse'llcio'm,onot7:s circ'uZar'is Gabb (p. 120). 'Pse~Mlomonotis zone at New Pass, near Austin, Nev. (Idem, vol. 5, pI. 7, 

fig. 14. 

Flourms 6, 7. Pseurio'llwnol'is s1tbcirc'ltl(£1"is Gabb (pp. 120-121). 

G. P8e'IUlo'l/l,o'not',:s zone of Swen,ringer slate, Plumas County, Calif. (Copied froni California Geol. Survey,Paleontology 

vol. 1, pI. 6, fig. 29.) 

7. Pse'Udo'l/l,o'lwt'is zOlle of Brock shale, 1 mile south of Mewittipom 'Mountain, Redding quadrangle, Calif. (Copied from 

,Martin, G. C., Geol. Soc. A,.merica BulL, vol. 27, pI. 30, fig. 2.) 

Ji'.I0UIU:S 8, 9. SY1"in(Joceras s7J'w'1"i Smith, n. sp. (p. 106). Type; Pse'uciomonotis zone of Star Peak formation, Muttleberry Canyon, 

West :Humboldt Range, Nev. Collection of J. P. Smith .. 

F.lounm 10. Pos',:dO'l/,',:a slella Gabb (p. 113). Pseudomonotis zone of Star Peak formation, Star Canyon, West Humboldt Range, 

Nev. (Copied from California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, pI. 6, fig. 31.) 

]i'loollm 11. C',:da:ris 8hastens'is Clark (p. 125). Round Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. Upper Triassic. (Copied from Clark 

lLnd Twitchell, U. S. Geol. Smvey Mon. 54, pl. 1, fig. 5.) 

Ftoull!!: 12. C'ida:ris £lilian: Clark (p. 125) .. Same locality as Figure 11. (Idem, pI. 1, fig. 6.) 

Fraunm 13. lsocl"i'll:u,s ca.UJornic'lts Clark (p. 125). Same locality as 'Figure 11. . (Idem, pI. 1, fig. 2a.) 

FIOUltl~s.l4, 15. Rnc1"i'll:u.s hyaU'i Cln,rk (p. 125). Same horizon as Figure 11; near Longville, Plumas County, Calif. (Idem, pI. 1, 

figs. 3a, 3b.) 

FlOo nl~ Hi. Myo'l)ho'l"I:a alta Gabb (p. 109). Upper Triassic or' Dun Glen, East Rpnge, Nev. (Copied from California GeoL. Survey, 

Paleontology, vol. 1, pI. G, fig. 33.) 

S241 

• 
o 

PLATE CV 

FIGUH.E 1. rphecosmilia jenestrata Reuss (p. 128). (Copied from Clapp, C. H., and Shimer, H. VV., Boston So~. Nat. H~st. Proc., 

vol. 34, No. 12, pI. 41, fig. 15, 1911.) 

FlGUHl<}2. J.l1yophoria s1lttonensis Clapp and Shimer (p. 110). Type. (Idem, pl. 41, fig. 14.) 

FIGUlm 3. Conj1lsast-rea cowichanensis Clapp and Shimer (p. 129). (Idem, pI. 41, fig; 11.) 

FIGUH,E 4. Thecosmilia delicatllla Frech (p. 127). (Idem, pl. 42, fig. 17.) 

FIGUH.ES 5, 6. Choristoceras S'tdtonense Clapp and Shimer (p. 98). (Idem, pI. 40, figs. 4 and 6.) 

FIGURE 7. Dielasma Sllttonense Clapp and Shimer (p. 124). (Idem, pI. 40, fig. 3.) . 

FIGUH.l<} 8. I sastrea prof1mda Reuss (p~ 128). (Idem, pI. 40, fig. 9.) 

FIGUH.E 9. rphecosmilia fenestrata Reuss (p. 128). Cross section. (Idem, pI. 40, fig. 5.) 

FIGUH.E 10. I sastrea vanc01werensis Clapp and Shimer (pp. 128-129). Type. (Idem, pl. 40, fig. 8.) 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic beds of lower Noric age at Cowichall Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 

242 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CV 

7 

~ 6 x 4 

• 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CVI 

Q)e 2 3 4 5 

1 

7 

6 

9 

12 (f)13 " 

14 15 

Ul'PER TRIASSIC MAR INE INVERTEBHATE FOSSILS 
• 

PLAT]~ CVI 

FlO UHm 1. 81)'i'l",;jer'ina, bo'real'is Whiten,ves (p. 124). Dorsal view of the type of the species. 

Flo ulms 2-5. D'ielas'lna l'im'dense Whiten,ves (p. 123). 

2. Dorsal view of one of the most perfect specimens of the narrowly~ ovate and most usual form of this species. 

3. Prof:ile view of the same specimen, in outline only. 

4. Front view of the same, f\,lso, in outline only. 

5. DorstLl view of a bro[Ld and nen,rly circular form of the species. 

FIGUlmS 6,7. Pse'lulo'l/1,onot'is s'u.bci1·c'u.lan;s Gabb (pp. 120':"'121). 

G. :Right v[Llve of all obliquely subovate specimen of this species, from Fossil Point, on Peace River. 

7. Right valve of another specimen, of more nearly circul~r outline, from the same locality. 

FlouHm 8. Pse'U,do'llw'nol'is O1Wl'iS Whiteaves (p. 120). Left valve of the type of this species. 

Flo ulms 9, 10. Haloi)'!;(/. occ'l;dentalis Whiteaves (p. 117). 

9. Left v[Llve of the type specimen. 

10. Smn,ll piece of rock, partly covered by the basal portion of a left valve and a l~early entire right valve of a shell which 

is somewhat doubtfully referred to this sp'ecies. 

Flounms 11-13. '1"l"'i{/o'lwd'ns? 11uj(l-itct'Us Whiteaves (p. 110). 

11. Ttight v[Llve. "\ 

12. Left V::Llve of I.LIIother specimen, from the same·localit)'. 

18. Dorsal view.of the closed ,;alvesof a third specimen, in outline oi1ly. 

FlO UHI~S 14, 15. k[(I,1'(!orita, t1"'iassica Whiteaves (p. 109). 

14. DOI"stLl view of one of the most perfect specimens collected. 

15. BILSILI view of the same. 

All figures on this plate copied 'from Whiteavps, J. F., Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, pI. 17, 1889. 

243 

." 
PLATE eVIl 

FIGUHES 1, 2. Parana1dilus liarclensis Whiteave3 (p: 102). 

1. Side view of the type. 

2. Front view of the same specimen. 

FIGUUES 3-5. N athorstites mcconnelli vVhiteaves (p. 67). 

3. Side view of a specimen of the 'typical form. 

4. Front view of the same specimen, in outline. 

5 .. Portion of the sutura\ line of another specimen. 

FIGUlUDS 6, 7. Nathorstites lentiwlaris vVhiteaves (p. 67). 

6. Side view. . 

7. Front view of the same specimen, in outline. 

FIGUUES 8-10. Clionites (Dawsonites) canadensis Whiteaves (pp. 92-93). 

8. Side view of the type. . 

9. Front view of the same specimen, showing the groove in the center of the abdominal region. 

10. Portion of the sutural line of the same specimen. 

All figures on this plate copied from Whiteaves, J. F., Contr. Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2, pI: 18, 1889. 

244 

J 

.", 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CVIl 

I 

7 6 9 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

\ 

\ 

\ 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER HI PLATE eVIlI 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE eVIII 

F.IGUltI~ 1. J'/I./Ja/)'/:te8? ca1'Zottens'is Whiteaves (p. 54). Side view of the larger of the two fragments upon which this species is based. 

The dotted lines indicate the pl'obable outline of the shell. 

F.lG U ItE 2. il'/''I/:iot'Ucl:i vo:nco'uvcrensis 'Vhiteaves (p. 51). Side view of the type. 

FIG U 1m 3. A 1"It'l:ot'ites sp.'1 Side view of the largest and most perfect speciI~lCn from ilobson IsI~nd. 

FIGung 4. il'I''lI:iot'Ucs or Ce~titcs sp.'? Side view of the large specimen frdm Forward Inlet. 

]i'IO Ulll~ 5. B(ul-iot'Ues? c(t1'Zottensis Whiteaves (pp.98-99). Side view of the type. 

FIGUIl)~ G. il'I.I,la.cqcems carlottense ""hite,aves (p. 101). Guard of the most perfect specimen of this species known. 

All. figures on this plate copied from Whiteaves, J. F., ContI': Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 2,· pI. 19, 1889. 

245 
PLATE CIX 

FIGUHES 1-6. II eptastylis aq1liZae Smith, n. sp. (p. 134). 

1. Longitudinal section of the type. 

2. End section of the type, same specimen as· Figure 1. 

3. Portion of longitudinal section of the type. 

4. Portion of end section of the type. 

5. Broken specimen, showing radiating divergent rods. 

6. Polished face, showing radial divergent rods, X 2. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper 

on Eagle River, Blue Mountains, Baker County, Oreg. 

246 

Triassic coral zone of lower Noric age at Martin Bridge 

Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 
• 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CIX 

3 X4 

• 4 X4 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE I ' VERTEBRATE FOSSIl.B 
• 

U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER HI PLATE CX 

2 X 4 

• 

• 5 X 5 4 X4 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARl E INVERTEB I1ATE FOSSILS 
PLATE ex 

FLO unms 1-5. 11 epta.styl-is Ore(IOnensis Smith, n. sp. (p. 134). 

1. Type; coml zone of lower Noric age at Martin Bridge, Blue Mountains, Oreg. ' 

2. Portion of surface of type, showing polyps. 

3. Transverse section of anothel' specimen, showing the radial rods and concentric apophyses; same locality as Figure 1. 

4. Portion of specimen shown on Figure 3. 

5. Thin section of another specimen, same locality as Figure 1. 

All specimens figured on this plate are in the collection of the U. ,S. Geologic,at Survey .. 

247 
FIGurms 1-4. 'l'hecosmiliu nOl'ica Frech (p. 128). 

1, 2. End and longitudinal sections. 

3. Polished face, showing numerous sections. 

4. Polished face, showing sections .. 

PLATE CXf 

FIG VIm 5. If eptustylis uq'uilue Smith, n. sp. (p. 134).· End section showing i1.'l'egular calyce:;;. 

FIGuIm 6. 1l1ontlivcwltiu nOl'ica Frech (pp. 126-127). End section. 

FIG VIms 7-9. Stylophyllopsis zitteli ·Frech (p. 127). 

7. Ei1d sections. 

8, 9. Sections at right ,angle to Figure 7, same block. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the coral zone of lower N orie age at Martin Bridge on Eagle River, 

Blue Mountains, Oreg. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

248, 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXI 

4 

3 

G 9 

7 

UPPE R TR IASSIC MARINE INVERTE BRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXII 

• 

3 X3 

4 

8 

6 

13 X 3 12 X 3 11 X 3 10 X 3 

UPPEB. T B.IASSI C "IAn ~ JNVEIlTEB HAT8 FOSSILS 
PLA'I'E eXII 

FIOUJUDS 1-4. lsastrea. 1:anco'ltverensis Clnpp and Shimer (pp. 128-129). 

1. From north end and cast Iside of Brock Mountain (Devil Rock), Shasta County, Calif. 

2. S:1,lne specilnen1.portion of cells. 

3. Thin transverse section; same locality as Figure 1. 

~k Thin longitudinal section; snme locality as Figure]. 

FlO UJms 5, 6. I sast1'ea 1J1oof~tnda Heuss (po 128) 0 

5. Same IOCt1,lity ttS Figure 1. 

6. Same specimen, portion of cells. 

FlO UJODS 7-10. Ste1J/wnocoe1iia j'uvavica Frech (p. 132). 

7. Polished section; North Fork of Squaw Cr'eek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. 

S. Thill section; north end and west side of Brock Mountain, Shast:1 County, Calif. 

9. Polished section; same locality ns Figure 8. 

10. Thin section; junction of Cedar Creek nlid Little Cow Creek 3 miles ea.st of Ingot, Shasta County, Calif. 

FIGURmS 11.-13. A.st'l'ocoen'ia shastens'is Smith, n. sp: (p. 132). 

'11. Thin section of type; north end and west side of Brock Mountain (Devil Rock), Shasta County, C~lif. 

12. Polished fnce of type; smne locality as Figure 11. 

13. Longitudinnl section of type; s::tme specimen as Figure 11. 0 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the coral zone, of low~r Noric age, in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus 

limestone, on or near Brock Mountain, in the neighborhood of Squaw Creek, Shasta County, Calif. Collection of 

U. S. Geological Survey. 

481.72-27--25 249 

/ 
PLATE CXIIl 

FIGURES' '1-6. Tharnnastmea rectilarnellosa Winkler (p. 131). 

1. Polished face, near junction of Cedar Creek and Little Cow Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ingot, Shasta County, Calif. 

2, 3. Same specimen as Figure 1, portion of polished face. ' 

4. Another specimen, polished face; same locality as Figure 1. 

5, 6. Weathered specimens; same locality as Figure 1. 

FIGURE 7. Confusastrea deC1tSsata Frech (p. 130), Silicified specimen exposed by' weathering. Bear Cove, north end and east side 

of Brock Mountain, between Squaw Creek and Pit River Shasta County, Calif. 

FIGURES 8, 9. Latirnaeandra eucystis Frech (pp. 130-131). 

, 8. Siiicified speciInen, exposed by weathering, same locality as Figure 7. 

9. Polished face, North Fork of Squaw Creek, 3 miles north of Kelly's ranch, Shasta County,' Calif. 

All specimens figured on this plate came'from the coral zone'of lower Noric age in the Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone in the region on or near Squaw Creek,'Brock Mountain, Shasta County, CalIf. Collection of U. S,Geological 

Survey. 

'250 

:j 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXIlI 

9 X 2 

, 

3 

UPPER TlUASSIC MAR l E I NV lmTEBRATE FOSS (f ~<; 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CX IV 

2 

1 4 

3 

6 X 2 

5 

8 X3 

. 13 

12 x 2 

UPPER TlUASSIC MARINE INVERTEflHATE FOSSILS 
PLATE OXIV' 

FIOurms 1-3. /sastrCCt 'lJro/'uncZCt Reuss (p. 128). 

1. Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, ALaska (locality 9900, U. S. Geological Survey). 

2. North ann of Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

3. Sarne locality as Figure 1. 

FIourms ~1:-6. /~astrca vanco'ltvcrcns'is Clapp and Shimer (pp. 128-129). 

4. North arm of Threemile Cove, Gravina IsLan~l, Alaska (locality 8835, .U. S. Geological Survey). 

5. View showing length of cells; same locality as Figure 4. 

6. Portion of a stock; same locality as Figilre 4. 

FIOunms 7-9. /sastrca lJarva Smith, 11. sp. (p. 128). 

7. Type; Threemile Cove, Gravina IsLand, Alaska. Collected by T. K. Bassett, Stanford University. 

8. Portion of the s~t1ne specimen. 

9. Small stock; same locality as Figure 4. 

F.louJms 10-13. Conlusastrca cowichancns'is Clapp and Shimer (p. 129). 

10. ContL reef, same locality as Figure 4. 

11. Anothel' portion of the same stock. 

12. Portion of a smttlL stock; locality 8834, north ann of Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

13. Another portion of the same stock. 

AIL specimens figured on this pLate came from the Upper Triassic coral zone of'lower Noric age at Threemile Cove 

near DaIL Head, Gravina IsLand, ALaska. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey except Figure -7: 

25] 
.. ; 

PLATE, CXV 

FIGUHl~S 1-3. Conlttsastrea dewssata Reuss (p. 130). 

1, 2. Small stock, viewed from above; Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

3. Another stock, showing the weathered lower surface, size. Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska. (locality 8835, 

U. S. Geological Survey). 

FIGum~' 4. Conjlt8astrect gmndissima Frech (p. 130). S,mall stock, west coast of Gravina Island, 7 miles north of Dall Head, Alaska 

(locality 9536). . 

FIGUHE 5. A.strocoenia martini Smith, n. I'lp. (p. 1.32). Type; south arm of Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska (locality 8830). 

FIGUHES 6-10. Thamnastmea borealis Smith, n. sp. (p. 131). 

6,7. Type; 7 miles north of Dall Head, west side of Gravina Island, Alaska (locality 9537). 

8, 9. Another stock; Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska (locality 9900). 

10. Polished face; same locality as Figure 8. 

FIGUHES 11, 1.2. Latimaeandm alaskana Smith, n. sp. (p. 130). , 

11. Type; Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska (locality 10097). 

12. Portion of same stock. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic coral zone of lower Noric age near Threemile Cove, 

Gravina Island, Alaska., Collection of U. S. Geological Sllrvey, except Figures 1-2, which are in the collection 

of Stanford University. 

252 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLA'.rE CXV 

4 

10 

8 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERT EBRAT E FOSSILS 

• 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXVI 

• 

3 2 X 2 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE CXVI 

'FlO unms 1, 2. C0'l1i'ItSc£st1·ec£ bm'wl'is Smith, 11. sp. (p. 129). 

1. Type. 

2. Portion of the same specimen. 

FrauH,m 3. 'l'hamnastra.w 1·ectiZamellosa val'. 'minor Frech (p.131). Portion uf small stock. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic coral zone of lower Noric age at Threemile Cove, 

on Gmvina Island, Alaska. Collection of Stanford University. 

253 

• 
• 

PLATE CXVII 

Spongiomorpl~a eN eptastylOl)sis) dendrifo1'1nis Smith, n. sp. (p. 133): La'rge branching stock. DDDer Triassic Hosselkus limestone, 

coral zone of lower Noric age, near junction of Cedar Creek and ldittle Cow Creek, 3 miles northeast of Ingot., 

Shasta County, Calif. Collection of U. S .. Geological Survey. 

2'54 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIO ' AL PAPER 141 PLATE CXVII 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE I NVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLA'fE CXVIIl 

1 

5 

9 

8 

6 7 10 

UPPER TRIASS IC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
PLATE CXVIII 

FWUllIi:S 1, 2. S11onrrio'lnOr1)/w (HC1)tastylopsis) cicncirijonnis Smith, n. sp. (p. 133). 

1. T.)'pe; .Hosselkus limestone, Bear Cove, east side of Bro.ck Mountain, Shasta County, Calif. 

2. Portion of snme specimen. \ ... 

Fwurm 3. S1)OnrriomOr1J/w, (Hcpt(£stylo1Jsis) tcmtis Smith, n. sp. (p. 133). Type; Hosselkus limestone, North Fork of Squa,w Creek, 

3 miles north of l(elly's ranch, Shasta County, Calif. 

F[(lurtl~ 4. St'ro'llwtomor1Jha wlijorniw Smith, ll. sp. (p. "134). Polished face of stock; :Hosselkus limestone, Brock 'ranch, on Pit 

Hiver, mouth of Brock Creek, Shasta County, Calif. 

Flourms 5,6. 'l'ha:mna,stmca 1'ccl'ilamcllosa val'. minor Frech (p.·131). 

5. Polished face of stock; same locality as Figure l. 

6. SfLme specimen. " 

FlO urtl~S 7-9. H ctcmstricii'l(,m conrflobatmn Reuss (p. 135). East fork of Chulitna River, Alaska (locality 10241). 

7. Section through a stock, showing radial cells. 

S. Outside section of s~ime specilnen. . 

9. Trnnsverse section of another specimen. 

FIGUIlI~ 10. Styl01)hyllo1)sis mojsvm'i Frech (p. 127). Cross section; Hosselkus limestone, north end and west side of Brock 

Mountain (Devil Rock); between Squaw Creek and Pit River, Shasta County, Calif. 

All specimens figured·on this plate came from ~he Upper Triassic coral zone of lower Noric age. Collection of 

U. S. Geological Survey. 

255 
PLATE CXIX 

StTomatomoT1Jha californica Smith, 11. sp. (p. 134). Type; Upper Triassic Hosselkus limestone, coral zone of lower Noric age 

mouth of Brock Creek, east side of Brock Mountain, 6 miles east of U. S. forest ranger station, Shasta County, 

Calif. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

256 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXIX 

UPPER TRIASSIC MARINE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXX 

6 

4 

8 

7 5 

UPPEll THlAssrc MART ' E I VERTEBRATE FOSSILS 
'.~ 

PLATE CXX 

FlO UHms 1-3. S1JOn{/,iomo1'1Jha (If eptastylopsis) gibbosa Frech (p. 133). 

1. Cross section; locality 9900. 

2. Cross section; locality 8835. 

3. li'r'actured specimen showing radial and concentric structure, also the surface structure near the outside of the stock;' 

locn,lity 9536, Fivemile Cove, Gravina Island. 

FICluHms 4, 5. SlJOng'iO'ltWr1Jha (Ifeptastylopsis) ramosa Frech (p. 133). Small stock; locality 8835. . 

Fro UIU~ 6. StromatomorlJhcL californica Smith, n sp. (p. 134). Cross section; Threemile Cove, Gravina Island, Alaska. 

'FIGurmR 7, 8. lfalomitra triadicct Smith, n. sp. (p. 131). .Type; locality 10097, Threemile Cove. 

All specimeris figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic coral zone of lower Noric age, near Threcmile Cove, 

west side of Gravina Island, Alaska. Collectioll of U. S. Geo~ogical S.urvey. 

257 

48172-27--20 
! 

PLATE CXXI 

FIGURE 1. Conf1tSastrea cowichanensis Clapp and Shimer (p. 129). 

FIGURE 2. Confusastrea. decU'ssata Reuss (p. 130). Weathered face. 

FIGUHE 3. Confusastrea incrassata Reuss (p. 130). Weathered face of stock. 

ii'IGURJ;JS 4, 5. Isastrea vanco1werensis Clapp and ·Shimer (PI>. 128-129). 

4. Weathered face of stock. 

5. Same specimen. 

FIGURE 6. M ontlivaultia martini Smith, n. sp. (p. 126). Type. 

FIGURE 7. Thecosmilia cf. T. caespitosa Reuss (p. 127). Cross section. 

FIGURES 8, 9. Confusastrea cf. C. decussata Reuss (p. 130). 

8. Weathered face. 

9. Same specimen. 

FIGUHES 10-13. Spongiomorpha (Heptastylopsis) ramosa Frech (p. 133). 

10. Longitudinal section. 

11. Cross section of same specimen. 

12. Longitudinal section of another specinien~ 

13. Cross section of specimen showil in Figure 12. 

FIGURES 14, 15. Spongiomorpha (H eptastylopsis) gibbosa Frech (p. 133).· 

14. Cross section. 

15. Cross section of another specimen. 

All specimens figured on this plate came from the Upper Triassic coral zone of lower N oric age, on Iliamna Lake, nea l' 

Cook Inlet, Alaska, locality 6484. Collection of U. S. Geological Survey. 

258 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 141 PLATE CXXI 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

8 

5 

11 

10 

9 x 2 

15 14 13 12 

UPPER T RIASSIC MAJU NE INVE HTEI3R AT E FOSSILS 
INDEX 

A Pnge Pllge 

Acimowledglllent,s rOI' lIid______________________ __ ________________________ ____ 1 Cidaris dilleri Cla~k ________________ -_________________________________ 125, PI. CIV 

ACl'ochol'dlcol'lls'! cariottollso Whit,ellves_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 54 shastellsis Clark _______ . _____________________ ~ __ .---------------- ___ 125,1'1. CIV 

Adoillstl'oll ______ • _____________________ ._____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 1~9 (Jlapp, C. H., nnd Shimer. H. W., cited ___ ~ ____________________ 98,110,124,127,129 

AllISkll, rosslls ill __ • _______ • ______________________________________________ 10-12,18 Clark, W. D., and Twitchell, M. W., cited ______________________________ ~___ 125 

1I01't;ho1lS1.01'1I, rossils ill _______ • _____ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _____ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ 12 Clndiscites Mojsisovics ______________________________________ ·________________ 70 

1I0l'thwest;el'll, rossils ill_ ________ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _____ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ ____ __ _ 12 martini Smith, n. sp _______________________________________________ iO, PI. on 

A Ills 1m HlIlIgO, A Illska, rossils hl_. ___ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ 11 mendenhalli Smith, n. sp __________________________________________ 70, PI. cn 

A lIlerlCl\1I CIIIIYOII, Cnlir., rossils ill_ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ ____ 9 Clionitos Mojsisovics ________________________________________________________ 83-85 

AllllllOultos cllduCIIS __ ••• _________________________ ._ ____ _ _____ _ __ _ _ _ _______ _ _ 50 (Oalirornites) careyi Smith, n. sp ________________________________ 92, PI. LXVI 

OI'iIlIlCOIIS •••• ________ ._._c_______________________________________________ 00 merriami Hyatt and Smith ______________________________ 92, PI. LXXXU 

jokely!. _____ ••••• ____ • _______ • __________________________________ .__ __ _ _ _ _ _ 48 (Dawsonites) canadensis Whiteav~s __________________________ 92-93, PI. CVIl 

oboliulls______ _ ______ __ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ 50 (Nennites) californicus Hyatt and Smith ___________________ 90, PI. LXXXUI 

slllldlingonsis_____ ____ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ ____ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ a9 minutus Smith, n. sp ________________________________________ Ill, PI. LXIV 

8I1tIlI'IIIIS_.__________ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 45 osmonti Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ Ill, PI. LXVIl 

sllbbllllllt,US __________________________________ ~ _________________ : _ _ _ ___ _ _ 29 (Shastites) compactus Smith, n. sp ____________________________ : 89, PI. LXVIl 

t.hel'eon ________ • _____ • _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ 40 

AIlIllIOIIOids, 'l'l'iIlSsIC, c1nssiflcntion or_______________________________________ 21 

comprosslls Hyntt and Smith ____________________________ 88-89, PI. XLU[ 

whitncyi Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ 89, PI. LXVI 

A nllt,omites !I'lojsisovics _________ ._____ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ii5 (Stantonites) evo\utus Smith, n. sp ____ . : ________________________ 90, PI. LXVI. 

A IIlItl'opll.os M:ojsisovics___ __ _ _ ____ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ ____ __ ____ 49 nrgOsus Hyatt nnd Smith ___ • ________ . ______________________ 89-90, PI. XLI 

hlluchocorni 1'1'10jsisovics ________________________________________ .j\), PI. LVnI ('l'raskites) americanus Smith, n. sp ___________________________ 85, PI. LXIV 

AIIOplophol'II'! shlls!;ollsls SlIlit,h, n. sp _______________________ • ______ I LO, PI. XCIV fairbanksi'Uyatt and Smith _________________________ 85-8(1, Pis. XL, XLI 

Arcost,cs SlIess _________ • _____________________________________________________ 67-08 uanUS Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 88, PI. LXV 

II1Hl01'80lli HYIlt.t IIl1d Smith ___________________________________ " __ 08, PI. LVI 

(Pl'onl'(!estos) ClIl'pontel'i SlIlith, n. sp __ • _________________________ 08, PI. XXIII 

robustus ltyatt and Smith _________________ .--------- 87, Pis. XUI, LXVI 

stantoni Smith, n. sp _____________________ · ______ .' ________ 87-88, PI. LXIV 

pllciflclIS BYII!;t IIl1d SlIIlth ________ 08-09, .PIs. XXlU, xxxvn, LXXXI tornquisti Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ 88, PI. LXV 

shllstellsis SlIlit,h, II. sp ______________________________________ (19, PI. XXII Clydonautilus hessi Smith, n. sp _________ > _______________ 107-108, PI. LXXXVIlI 

t,l'IIskl Smith, n. sp _________________________________________ (19, PI. XXI[ triadicus ___________________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _____ ___ __________ ]02 

whitnoyl SlIllth, II. sp _____________ -~ ________________________ (19, PI. XXII Collonin occidentalis Smith, D. sp _________________________________ 108, PI. XCIV 

willlleml.le 81'lIit,h, n. sp _________________________________ (19-70, PI. XXIII Confusastren D'OrbignY _ ___ _ ____ _____ _ ___ _ __ __ _____ _ __ __ _ _____ ____ _________ 129 

AI'lIlot,ltes .HYIlt.!;. ____ • ____________________ --________________________________ 51 borealis Smith, n·. sp ___________________________________________ 129, PI. CXVI 

VlIlICOIIVel'cnsis Whit.ol\ves _____________________________________ 51, PI. CVI II cowichanensis Clapp und Shimer _________________ 129, PIs. CV, CXIV, CXXI 

A I'Imdltes l\~[ojsisovics__ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ______ ____ ___ _____ __ 9a decussata Reuss _______________________________ 130, Pis. CXUl, CXV, CXXI 

gllbbl lIYIlt.t lind SlIlit,h ____________________ \);j-94 , Pis. XXXIX, LXXXIII gl'l\ndissima Frech ______________________________________________ 130, PI. CXV 

killgi SlIIith, II. sp ___ • ____________________________________________ 94, PI. LVn incrassata Frech _______________________________________________ ]30, PI. CXXI 

Astl'OCOOllitl Milllo-l~dwlIl'ds nml Hahne_____________________________________ 132 Cook Inlet, Alaskn, fossils on________________________________________________ 11 

11111 I' I. iIII SlIIith, n. sp _________________________________________ 132, PI. CXV Corals, distribution of, in areas and time____________________________________ 7-8 

shllstollsis SlIIlth, n. sp _________________________________________ 132, PI. cxn Correlation tnble of faunas ________________ , _____ • _____ . ______________ " _______ _ 

A t;l'IIct,lt,es a UlIlbel_: ______ _____ __ ____ _____ __ __ __ _______________ __ _ __ ________ 100 

dmkoi SlIIit;h, II. sp __________________________________ 100-101, PI. LXXXIX 

Cosmo nautilus Hyntt and Smith ________________________________ .___________ 104 

dilleri Hyatt nnd Smith __________________________ 104, Pis. LI':'LV, xc-xcn 

phillppliHYlltt lind Smith ___________________ : _______________ 101, PI. XINUI hersheyi Smith, n. sp __________________________________ 104-105, PI. LXXXIX 

Alllllcocol'lIS _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 100 pacificus Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ 105, PI. LXXXVI 

CIII'lotton80 Whitolwos _________________________________________ 101, PI. CVIU shastensis Smith, n. sp _____________ : ______________________ 105, PI. LXXXVII 

AvlcIIIIIIIIIICI'Olllltll Ollbb ________________________________________ 111-112, PI. CIV 

so pod SlIIlth, II. sp ______________________________________ 112, Pis. XCVI, Cln D 

13 

Bllcchltos SlIIlth n. subgell _______ • ________ -_________________________________ 53 

Jllldlol.it;os 1\:Iojsisovics__________________ _ _ __ ____ _ _ ____ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __________ 98 

Blldlot,\t;cs'! (!lIl'iott;ellsis \\'hitellve8 _________ : ______________________ 98-99, PI. CVII 

BhIOl\'lolllltlliIlS, Oreg., rossils foulld in ___________________________________ 9-10,17 

seotloll 111___________ _____ ______ __ ______ __ __ __ ________ ____ _ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ 10 

Bl'it,lsh COllllllbhL, fossils found hl. ____________________________________ ~ _____ 10,18 

Brock M:Oulltllin, Clllif., fllllllll or the Tropites subbullatus zone oL_________ 4-7 BI'ock Shlllo, rossils ill _____________________________ • _________________ • _______ _ 

Daonella Mojsisovics_________ ______________ _ ___ _ ___ _ ______ _____ _ ____ ___ _ ____ 119 

subjecta Uyatt.________ _ _ __________ __ _ ____ ______ __ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ __ _ ____ 119 

Daonella? btichiformis RyntL____ ___ __ ____ _ ______________ _________ _ __ __ ____ 119 

cnrdinoides llyntt.___________________ _____ __ _______ ______ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ __ _ 119 

Dawsonites Doehni _______________________________ . _______________ "__ _______ __ 92 

canadensis____ ___ ____ ___ __ _ __ __ _________ __ ___ __ ____ _______ __ ___ ___ _____ __ 92 

Degenerate forms in California ______________________________________________ 21-22 

Degeneration of species, phenomena of.. _________ - ___________________________ 22-23 

Dictyoconites Mojsisovics_ ___ __ ______ __ _ _ __ __ ___ ___ _ _______ ____ ___ ____ ____ __ 101 

nmericanus'Smith, n. Sp ___________________________________ 101, PI. L'XXXJX 

C Dielasma chapini Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ 123, PI. CII 

CIIIlIlIIOphyllill dllwsolli ______ ._. ____ • _______________________________ ~-- _____ 127 hamiltonense Smith, n. sp ________________________________________ ]2:l, PI. CIl 

. CIlIi fo I' II ill, degenel'llte 01' I'etlll'ded fOl'llls il1. __________________________________ 21-22 julicum Bittner ___________________ . _____________________ . ____ 123-124 PI. XCVI 

UppOI' 'I'l'illssic fossils in _______________________ ~ _____________________ 4-8,14-17 Iiardense Whiteaves ___________________________________ : _________ 123, PI. CVI 

Clllifol'lIlt;es IlYII!;t lind SlIIith ____ .__________________________________________ 91 suttollense Clapp and Shimel'. ____________________________________ 124, PI. CV 

CllPllitlS sllvel'thOl'ni SlIIith, u. sp _________________________________ 108, PI. XCIV Dieneria Hyatt and Smith ______________________ -___________________________ 75-76 

Olll'(llnhl glelmi SlIIith, n. sp _______________________ .. ____________ 110-111, PI. XCVI arthabcri Hyatt and SlIlith __________ ~ ____________ 76, Pis. XXXVII, LXXXI 

Cl\l'dlnll\'l pOllderosn Onbb__________________________________________________ III Dimyodon storrsi Smith, n. Sl) ____ --------------------------------- 122, PI. XCVI 

OnrdioIllOl'phll'! digglosi Smith, n. sp _______________________________ III, PI. XCIV Discophyllites Hyatt ____________ ~ __________________________________________ 99-100 

Ol\rdltl\jonkillsi SlIIith, n.sp ______________________________________ 111, PI. XCVI pntens ________________________________________ .__ _ _ __ __________ _ __ ________ ]00 

ClIssillll(!lIl1 gl'l\vlllllen~is Smith, n. sp __________________________________ 112, PI. C1 Diseotropites Hyatt and Smith _____ .------------------~--------------------- 38 shlls!;onsis SlIIith, n. sp _____ • _______ ~ ___________________________ 112, PI. XCVI groups of. _______________________________________________________________ ':l8-39 

Coltlt,os Mojsisovlcs ______ • ____________________________________ • ____ ~ _ _ ______ 51 dnvisi Smith. n. sp __________________________________ • ___________ 42-43. PI. IX 

st,olndachneri :l\'lojsisovics _______________________________________ 51, PI. LVIU empedoclis Oemmellaro ____________________________________________ 41, PI. Xl 

COl'nt,IUdlle Mojsisovics_______ _____ _ _________ __ _ _ _____ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ ______ __ 77 formosus Smith, n. sp_~ ____________________________________________ 40, PI. Xl 

OOI'IIUtoldea.__ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 77 gemmellaroi Smith, n. sp ____________________________________________ 41, PI. X 

Chlt;illn. VlIlIOY, Alaska, rossils found in ______________ • ______________________ ]0-11 lamae Mojsisovics __________________________________________________ 42, PI. Xl 

Chol'istoeel'l)'~ Hl\lI\l1· _________________________ ~_ --- __ ---- -r---- __ _ ____ _ _____ __ 97 Iineatus Smith, n. sp ________________________________________________ 4], PI. X 

kellyi $lIIith, n. sp _____________________________________ ~ _________ 97, PI. LIX mojsvarensis Smith, n. sp ________________________________________ 42, PI. VIII 

klnmathollse Smith, 11. sp ______________________________________ 97-98, PI. LIX sandlingensis Hauel' _____________________________ an-40, Pis. XXXV, XXXVI 

suttOlleuse Clnpp and Shimel' ________________ :. ___________________ 98, PI. CV sengeli Mojsisovics __________________________________________________ 42, PI. X 

Chulitnn HiVOI', Alaska, fossils 011___________________________________________ 12 theroll DittUlUl' ______________ -- --- -- -- -- ______ • ---- ___ -:- _____ -- _ 40-f11, PI. IX 

259 
• 

260 INDEX 

E Page 

Eagle River, Oreg., section on_ __ __________ _______________________ ___________ 10 

Encrinus hyatt.i Clark _______________________________________________ 125, PI. CIV 

Ellmorphotis Bittner __ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ______ ____ 121 

nationalis Smith, n. sp ____________________________________________ 121, PI. CI 

Eutomoceras Mojsisovics .. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ ______ __ 38 

sandlingense __ ~ __________________ .. _____________________________ . _. _ _ _ _ __ _ 3ll 

th·eron _________________________ . __________ .' ______________ . ___ .__ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 40. 

F 

Fremontites Smith, n .. gcn_ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ __ ___ __ ____ _ __ 74 

ashleyi Hyatt and Smith __________________________ 74-75, PIs. XXVII, LXI£[ 

G 

Oabb, W. M., cited ________________________________________ 109,111,112,113,120,121 

Oermanonautilus brooksi Smith, n. sp __________________ ~ _____________ 105, PI. CII 

Oonionotites Oemmellaro ____ .. _ _ _____ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _____ _ _______ ,59 

hyatti Smith, n. sp __ : ____________________________________________ 59, PI. XIII 

northi Smith, n. sp __________________________ ~-------------.---·---- .59, PI. XIV 

Oravina Island, Alaska, fossils OIL ______________ . ______________________ . _ __ ____ 12 

Orypoceras Hyatt- ________ _______ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ 10, 

(Oryponautilus) coo peri Smith, n. sp _____________________ 107, PI. LXXXVII[ 

Oryponalltilus Mojsisovics ____________ ~_ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _ __ __ ____ _ 107 

Oymnotropi~es Hyatt and Smith ____________ . _______________________________ 46 

11 

FIalobia BrOil/I- ____________________ ~ ___________________________________ ._____ 113 

alaskana Smith, n. sp ________________________ .. ____________________ 113, PI. C 

austriaca Mojsisovics ______________________________________ 11a-114, PI. XCIX 

brooksi Smith, n. sp ____________________ c ______________________ 114, PI. XCIX 

cordillerana Smith, n. SIL __________________ 114, PIs. XCIII, XCVIII, XCIX 

dalliana Smith, n. 3D------·------------------- _______________ 115, PI. XCVIII 

dilatata KittL ______________________________________________ 115, PIs. XCV, C 

d istincta M'ojsisovics ____________ --r __ , __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 11.5, PI. X C VII 

faJlaxMojsisovies ______________ .. _________________________ 1.15-116, PI. XCVIII 

gigantea Smith, n. sp _________________________________ 116, PIs. XCIII, XCIV 

halorica Mojsisovics ________________________ .. ___________________ 116, PI. XCV 

lineata Mnenster_. _____________________________ '_ i __ , ____ ~ ____ 116, PI. XCVIII 

occidentalis Whiteaves __________________________________ . _________ 117, PI. CVI 

oregonensis Smith, n. sp ______ .. _________________________________ 11-7, PI. XCV 

ornatissima Smith, n. sp _____________________________ 117, PIs. XCIV, XCVII 

rugosa OUmbeL __________________________________________________ 117, PI. VII 

salinarum Bronn _______________________________________________ 118, PI. XCV 

septentrional is Smith, n. sp __________________________________ 118, PI. XCVIII 

superba Mojsisovics __________________________ 118, PIs. XCIII, XCIV, XCVII 

symmetriea Smith, n sp _____________________________________ 119, PI. XCVIII 

Halomitra triadica Smith, n. 'sp __ .. _________________________________ 131, PI. CXX 

llalorites Mojsisovics________ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __________ 52 

americanus llyatL _____________________________________________ 52, PI. XXIX 

Haloitidae Mojsisovics ____________________________ , __________ , ______________ 51-.52 

Hamilton Bay, Alaska, fossils found on ______________________ " _______________ 11-12 

Hauerites Mojsisovics _______________________ ~ ___________ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 72 

lawsoni Smith, n. sp _________________________________________ 72-73, PI. LXIII 

llaueritidae Smith ______________________ . _________ . _____________________ ~_ _ _ 72 

Heptastylis Frech_ _____ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 134 

aquilae Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ 134, PIs. CIX, CXI 

oregonensis Smith, n. sp __________________________________________ 134, PI. CX 

lIept.astylopsis Frech _________ "___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 133 

Herring Bay, Alnska, fossils found neal'.__ __ ___ __ _ _ __ __ _______ __ _ __ ____ __ _ ___ 11 

Heterastridium Rcuss ________________________________________________ ' _____ 134-135 

conglobatum Reuss __________________________________________ 135, PI. CXVIlI 

Homerites Mojsisovics _______ ~_ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ ____ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ _____ ___ _ _ 52 

semiglobosus Hauer ___________________________________ 52, PIs. XXVIII, LIX 

l10sselkus lime~tone, fauna of the coral zone of, on Brock Mountain, Calif. __ 7 

fauna of the coral zone of, on Cedar Creek, CaliL _______________________ _ Hyatt, Alpheus, cited _______________________________________________ c_ _ _ _ _ __ 119 

lliamna Lake, Alaska, fossils on_ __ __ ___ _________ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ __ 11 

I ndian species, species of western North America related to__ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ 14 

Isastrea Milne-Edwards and Hahne_________________________________________ 128 

eowichanensis_ ___ __ _ _ _ __ ___ __ __ _ _ ____ _____ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l29 

parva Smith, n. sp ________________________________ -' ____ ' ________ 128, PI. CXIV 

profunda Reuss ___________________________________ 128, PIs. CV, CXIl, CXIV 

IVancouverensis Clapp and Shimel' ____ l28-129, Pis. CV, cxn, CXIV, CXXI 

whiteavesi ____________________________________________________________ 128,130 

(Latimaeandra) eucystis_ _____ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _______ _ ____ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _________ _ _ 130 

Isculites Arthaber _____ • _______________________________ ' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _______ 24 

obolinus ___________________________ , ______________________________ ~__ _ ___ 50 

Isocrinus californicus Clark __________________________________ 125, PIs. XCV, CIV 

J 

Jovites Mojsisovics ___________________________ . _______________________________ 52-53 

pacificus Smith, n. sp_~ __________________________________________ 53, PI. Xln 

(Bacchites) bacchus Mojsisovics __________________________________ 53, PI. XIV 

pinguis Smith, n. sp ______________ " ___________________________ 53, PI. XIV 

spbaericus Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ 54, PI. XIV 

Page 

Juvavionautilus Mojsisovies______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ______ _ ___ __ ___ ______ 106 

(Oxynautilus) acutus Hauer __________________________________________ .- l06-107 

Juvavites Mojsisovics_ __ ______ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ __ _____ 54 

kellyi Smith, n, sp ______________________________________________ 55, PI. XVII[ 

knowltoni Smith, n, sp ____________________ :' _______________________ 55, PI. XV 

sub interruptus Mojsisovics _____________________________ 55, Pis. XVIII, XXX 

(Anatomites) adalbcrti Mojsisovics _____________________________ 56, PI. XV[[I 

brockensis Smith, n. sp __________________________ . _. _________ 56, PI. XVL 

damcsi Mojsisovic3 _________________ , _ ' _ , _____________________ 56, PI. XIX 

edgari MojsisoviC3, _________________________ . _________________ 56, PI. XVI 

externiplicatus Mojsisovics ___________________________________ 57 ,PI. XIX 

intermittcns Mojsisovics _____________________________________ 57, PI. XIX 

konnincki Mojsisovics ________________________________________ 57, PI. XIX 

mcndenhalli Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ 57, PI. XV 

obsoIetus Smith, n. sp _________________________________________ 58, PI. XV 

septentriomlis Smith, n. sp _______________ , ___________________ 58, PI. XIX 

shastensis Smith, n. sp ___________________ , ___________________ .58, PI. XIX 

strongi Smith. n. sp _________________________________________ 58, PI. XVI 

subintermitten3 Hyatt and Sillith _________________ 58-59, Pis. XVI, XXX 

Juvavites '7 carlottensis Whiteaves __________________________________ 54, PI. CV[lI 

Juvenites Smith, n. gen__ __________ __ _ _ ________ __ _ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ ______ ___ ___ _ 23 

krafIti Smith, n. sp ________ : ___________________________________ 23-24, PI. XXI 

K 

Karnic fauna of the Tropites subbullatus Zone of Brock ,Mountain, Calif,___ 4-i Klamathites Smith, n. gell __________________________________________________ 73-74 

kellyi Smith, n. sp ________________________________________ , _____ 74, PI. LXIU 

schucherti Smith; n. sp __________________________ . _______________ 74, PI. LXn 

L 

Latimaeandra D'Orbigny _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _____ _ __ 130 

alaskana Smith, n. sp __________________ . _______________ . ________ 130, PI. CXV 

eucystis Frech _____________________________________________ 130-131, PI. CX'III 

Leconteia Hyatt and Smith_ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _____ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ 65 

californica Hyatt and Smith__ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ____ _____ _ _____ _ 166 

Leconteiceras Smith _________________________________________________________ 65-66 

californicum (Hyatt and Smith) ________ : _______________________ 66, PI. XXIX 

occidentale Smith, n. sp __ ~ ________ , ____________________ . ________ 66, PI. LVH1 

Lima blackburnei Smith, n. sp------------o------------------------- 122, PI. cnI 

kimballi Smitb, n. sp _____________________________________________ 122, PI. VII 

martini Smith, n. sp _______________________________________________ 122, PI. C1 

List of the fauna _____________________________________________________________ 14-20 

Loc~lities, 'l'riassic, in North America, by horizons__________________________ a 

Upper Triassic, in North America_______________________________________ 4-13 

Lytoceras patens _________________ " __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ ____ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ 100 

M 

Margarita triassica Whiteaves ________________________________________ 109, PI. CV1 

Margarites Mojsisovics______ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ __ ___ ___ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____________ 48 

jokelyi Hauer _____________________________ ' ______________________ 48, PI. LVIn 

moffiti Smith, n. sp _______________________________________________ 48, PI. Cln 

senilis Mojsisovics ______________________________________________ 49, PI. LVIII 

septentrionalis Smith, n. sp ____ · ___________________________________ 49, PI. LIX 

Mediterranean species, species of western North America related to_________ 13 

Metasibirites Mojsisovics _____________ ~ ______________________________________ 62-63 

brockcnsis Smith, n. sp ____________________________________________ 63, PI. LX 

coei Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________________ 63, PI LX 

frechi Hyatt and Smith ___________________________________ 63, PIs. LX, LXXX 

gracilis Smith, n. sp_' ______________________________________________ 64, PI. LXI 

modestus Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ .. ~_~ __ 64, PI. LXI 

mojsvarcllsis Smith, n. sp _________________________________________ 64, PI. LXI 

parvus Ilyatt and Smith ________________________________ 64, PIs. LX, LXXIX 

pusillus Smith, n. sp ______________________________________________ 65, PI. LXI 

pygmaeus Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 65, PI. LIX 

shastensis Smith, ll. sp ____________________________________________ 65, PI. LXI 

Metatirolites Mojsisovics ____________________________________________________ 94-95 

Microtropites Mojsisovics ___________________________________________________ 47-48 

tubercularis Mojsisovics _______________________________ ~ __________ 48, PI. LIX 

Mineral King, Calif., fossils found aL________________________________________ 9 

Mojsvaroceras HyatL_____ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ 105 

turneri Hyatt and Smith _____________________________________ 106, PI. XLVIII 

lVlonotis Bronn_____ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _______ ______ 119 

alaskana Smith, n. sp __________________________________________ 119-120, PI. CI 

1Y.lontlivauItia Lamoroux ___ :_ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ____ 126 

marmorea Frech ___ ... __ . _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ ___ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ______ ___ 126 

martini Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 126, PI. CXXI 

norica Frech ________ ' _________________________________________ 126-127, PI. CXI 

Myoconcha nana Smith, n. sp _____________ . ________________________ 111, PI. XCIV 

Myophoria alta Oabb __________________ . ______________________________ :1.09, PI. crv 

beringiana Smith, n. sp ___________________________ • ____________ 109-110, PI. CI 

brockensis Smith, n. sp ____ ' ____________________________________ 110, PI. XCVI 

bumboldtensis Smith, n. sp ____________________________________ 110, PI. XCVI 

suttonensis Clapp and ShimeL ___________________________________ 110, PI. CV 

Mytilus ursensis Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ 111, PI. XCIV 
INDEX 261 

N Page 

Nnthorst.ltcs 1300IulI.......... •••• .••. ..•.. ................................... 67 

nlosknnllS Smlt.h, n. 8p ...•••.•••••.•.••••••........ __ ._ ............ 67, PI. CII 

101lt.!culn .. is Whitcnyos_ •.......•. _ •.•.•............ ~~ •..... ___ ~ __ 67, PI. CVIl 

mnocollllolli Whitonvos ••.. _. __ ...•....• __ ._._ .. _._ .• ____ · _________ 67, PI. CVIl 

Nnt.ion Hivo .. , Alnskn, fossils Oll ••.. ___ ... _ ........•.. _._ ....... _ .. ____ • ___ .~ 12 

Nnllt.i1l1s snllpe .. !. ........... _ ......... _ ......... _____ . __ . ______ ._._._ ... .... ]07 

spi .. oloblls •••••. _ ................. _. ____ ._._._._ ..•. __ _ __ ____ __ __ ___ ______ 103 

t.l'indiclls ••••••• _ .••... _ •. _ .• _. _. _. _ •. _. _ •... _ ............• _ •.• _ .. '.'.'.'. 102 

Nenllit.es HYllt.t. nud SlI1it.h. __ • ____ • ___ ..............•. __ ........... _ .. _ ..• :. 90 

No .. ic flllllln of t.he Pseudomonotis zone of western North Ame .. icn .. ______ 7,8,9,20 

NoJ'ic, lowe .. , cornl ZOlle, fnllnn oC .......•....•...•.•.• _._._ .. __ . ___ ...... 7-8, ]9-20 

Nllillbe .. of species in t.he fnuna .....•.... _ •.............................. __ .. 3-4 

Nlltzot.in HlIllge, Alnskl\, fossils in __ ._ ........... ~ ......•.... _______ . __ • __ ... 11 

o 

Oillphlllopt.yohn obcsn Smit.h; II. sp .. _ ........ ______ .. _ .. _______ . __ . 108, PI. XCVI 

shnst.cnsls Smit.h, n. sp ...• _ ..... __ .. _ .......................... 108, PL XCVI 

O .. thooorns BI·oyn. _. _. _____ ....•••.••••••....................... _ ....... __ 101-102 

shast.OIlSC :FIynt.t; nnd Srnith ••.. ~ .•.....•.. _ ... _. __ .. ___ :_. __ . ]02, PI. XLVIU 

Oxynnlltilus J\·J'oJsisovics _____ •••••• _ •.•.•................................ "" 106 

p 

PIlI'ngnllides Bynt.t tlnd Smith __ .•••••••. _.= .............................. --. 70 

enllfol'lliells Hyatt nnd Smith ............... _._. ___ .. __ .... _._. 71, PI. LXXX 

Pnrnnllllt.illls 1\-rojsisovios •• _._ ............. _._._. _____ ,_." ""'" ........ _.. 102 

lin .. dellsis Whit.cnvos __ ._ .••......•.... ~ ............ ~ ..... _._ ... _ 102, PI. CVIl 

Pllrnt.l'Opit.es 1\1'ojsisovics ••..................•••.•• ____ ...................•.. 43 

IIl1t.1seili Slllit.h, II. sp_ .• _ ...... ___ •. ~._ •..................... ____ 43, PI. XXiV 

nl'lloldi Smit.h, II. sp ••.......................•.•.. _____ •.. __ .. __ . 44, PI. XXV 

dit.t.mll .. i Mojsisovics ...••••.•.•.. __ .•• __ ._. ____ ........•. ___ ._ ... 44, PI. XXV 

gllbbi SllIit.h, II. sp •.• _ ••••• _._ ••••... __ ......................... 44, PI. XXlV 

grncilis SllIit.h, II. sp •..• _._._._ ..•.•. __ ........................ 44-45, PI. XXV 

selllli Mojsisovics ••. _ •........ ~ .. __ •............ 45, Plf,. XXIV, XXX, XXXI 

(Oymllot. .. opites) nn:o .. icnnlls Hyot.t nlld Smith .•. __________ ... 46, PI. XXXII 

enlifol'lliClIs Smit.h, n. sp ...• ___ ••••••.•........•............. 46, PI. LVn 

IIIovi8 Smit.h, n. sp .•.•••• _. ___ • __ ....................... _ ... _ 46, PI. XXV 

.. ot.llndus Smit.h, n. sp •... __ ._ ............................... 47, PI. XXV 

ynt.esi Smit.h, II. sp __ ••. __ ...•...................... __ .. _____ 47, PI. XXV 

(1'nlllot ... oplt.os) colei Smith, n. sp •.••.••••.•..... _________ . __ ._ .. 47, PI. LVII 

shnst.ellsis Smith, n. sp ••.•..................... __ ............ 47, PI. LVII 

1'111.01111 shoohllni SlIlit;h. n. SIL •••.... _______ ............. __________ 108, PI. XCVI 

st.lln .. ti Smith, II. sp •..........•.•. _ ••.••.••.• __ •••. __ ... _ ....... 108. PI. XCIV 

Pnll\ot.l'Opit.es Mojsisovics ................................ ________ .. ......... 47 

POCt.OIl dofol'lllis Onbb_ •..... __ ._ •• ___ ••••.••.•. ___ .. ___________ ._ ... ]2], PI. elV 

(Ellt.oliullI) cel'lllclIS Smith, n. sp ..•............................ 121, PI. XCV 

pittclIsis SlIIit.h, II. sp ...•..•• _ ••..•.•.... _ .... _______________ . 121, PI. VII 

Yllkonensis Smith, n. sp .................•. _ •.............. _ .... 122, Pl. cr 

Phyllocoollin F .. och ••.... ___ ......... ___ . ____ .. _. ______ . _____ . _________ . ____ .. 129 

dccus~ntn ...••••••.•....•.••.•....................... _______ . _. _. ___ "'" 130 

I,trnnd issirlln. '" __ •..........••.•.•..•.......... _ ................. _ .. __ _ _ 130 

illcrnssllt.n •.•• _._ ..... __ ...................... _ ......................... _ 130 

Pilot. M·oullt.llin Ncv., fossils found on ........................... _ ...... ___ ._ 9' 

Pillncoccrns Mojsisovics .• _._ ..... __ ... , _ .. ~ .............................•. ___ 75 

.. ex Mo]sisovies_ •. _ .. _ .... """""""""""""""" 75, PIs. LXn, Cln 

Pillnoocorntidlle Mojsisovics •••••••••.. _ •• ~. __ . ________ " ___ .' ___ ......... "" 75 

Pillncocerntoiden_. _ ••• ___ • __ •. _ .......... : ............ __ .................. _. 71-72 

Plncitos Mojsisovics ___ .' ..•.........•....... _ .......... ________ . _____ ._. ___ '" 76 

hllmboldt.cnsis Hyot.t nnd Smith ............... __ •. _____ ... ___ .... 77, PI. LVI 

Plolll'ophonrs ove .. becki Smith, n. sp_ .. _ ..............•....... _ .... _ .. 111, PI. CI 

Plumns COlIllty, Colir., f08Sils in._ ....... _ •. _ .• __ .• __ .... __ .. __________ . __ .. 8-9 

soction of T .. inssie .. ocks In_ •. _ •••••..• ____ .. _ .. __ ._ .. ___ ._. _____ .......... 8 

1'olycycllls M:ojsisovies. __ •• _ ........•.................... "' __ . __ . _____ ..••• 96 

henseli OppeL .•• __ ._ ........•....•.............................. \)7, PI. LVI[ 

Illlljor Smith, II. sp •••••••..•............................. · ...... _ 97, PI. LVIII 

1I0(\ifol' Hyatt Ilncl Smith .•.. _ ...•................. _ ...... _. 96, PI. XXXVIII 

l'opnllocornt.idno Hyntt ••. __ .....•..•.•.• ___ ....... :_ ... __ ._ ... _ .... __ ._._... 67 

I"osldollill blnt.chloyi Oabh ......•.•.. _ •................•............. 112, PI. CIV 

dnyt.ollollsis Oabh .. ___ •• _____ .......................... __ ....... 112, PI. CIV 

jllCkSOlli Smith, II. sp •.• __ ..................... _ ...•.. ________ ~ 112. PI. XCIV 

Illodisollellsis Smith, II. 8p •...•..............•............. 112-113, PI. XCIV 

stelln Onbb._ •• _ •.•.. _ .......•....•..... __ . __ .. _ ..... _ ..... __ . ___ II~, PI. CIV 

'Pl'Ollrccst08 Mojsisovir8 ••.•.•.......•.•.. _ ... _. ______ ....... _._ ... """"" 1:8 

l'roclydollllllt.i\lIs Mojsiwvh·s ••..... _, .... _ ......... _....................... 102 

spirolohllS nittllllll' ..••••.......................... __ . __ . 103, PI. LXXXVUI 

:>1.11111.0111 Smith, II. sp ••.....•.•..•................ ___ ....... 10:1, PI. LXXXV 

trillliimis Mojsisovie's .....•.•.......•.... __ ............ 102-103, PIs. XLiX, L 

III'sollis SllIit.h, II. 8p._ •.• .' ...................... lOa, Pis. LXXXIV. LXXXV 

1'rot.orclllnKittL. _ .... ""'" __ ....•........... __ ..... ___ ._.,., ............ 109 

]lrotorclIln nlnsknllll, Smith n. sp ....•....................... _ ....... 109, PI. CUI 

bnssotti Smit.h, n. sp. __ . __ .•....•................. _ ............... 109, PI. CI 

Prot.rnehycorns :Mojsisovics .•• "" ...•........... _.'_'.' ____ ... _. ___ ._ ..• __ ._ 78 

Pselldohllllol·ites .. _ ••••••• _. _ ...................... __ ......... __ . _. _ .• _. __ ".. 72 

Psoudolllonot.ls Boyrich ••...•••• _ ••..•................. , ........ ___ •... , __ .. 120 

circlllnris Onbb •...... _ •.. ,. ..................... ____ . __ ........... 120, PI. ClV 

oyaHs Whitonves •• __ ••..........•.......... _.· •.. _ ••..... __ ..•••• 120, PI. CVI 

sllbcirclllnris Oabb •• _ ••................... _ 120-121, PIs. XCV, CI, CIV. CVI 

Page 

Pseudomonotis zone of western North Americn, Noric fnuna oL_. ______ •• 7,8,9,20 

Publicntions on American Trinssic invertebrato faunns............... ....••. 1-2 

PlII'purina grnvinaensis Smith ,n. sp ............. _._._. __ ............ _. 109.1'1. C1 

R 

Retnrrdecl forms in Cnlifornia_._ .. _._._. ________________ .... _._: .. _._ .. __ •.• 21-22 

Hhahdoceras HrlUer .. _ .. _. _________ .. _. __ ....... _. _. _______ ....•. ~ .... __ ._.. 99 

russelli HyatL ............ _____________ .. _ ... _ ......... 99, Pis. XLVII, LV] 

Hhabdophyllia delicatuln ...... _ ...... ______ . ___ '._. _._ ......... ........ ...•.. 127 

Rhacophyllites ZitteL ........ ___ ._. ___ ._ .... __ ." ....... , _~. __ . ______ .. ..... 99 

(Discophy\lite~) patens ·Mojsisovics. __ ... ___ .. __ . ___ .. __ 100. PIs. LXn, Cln 

Rhynchonolla'blackwelderi Smith, n. sp_. ___ ... ___________ ... _ ... .' ... 122, PI. CII 

howardi Smith, n. sp_ ..... _ .. ______ . _____ ..................... 122, PI. XCVI 

riehardsoni Smith, n. sp .. ____________ . ___ ... _ .........•.. c •• ___ . 123, PI. XCVI 

winnomae Smith, n: sp __ . ___ ......... __ ....... __ . __ .... _. ___ . 123, PI. XCVI 

S 

Sagonitos Mojsisovics ____ ..... __ . _______ . _. _ ......... _................ .... ..• 60 

diekersolli Smith, n. SIL._._._ ....... __ .. ____ .. ______ ... _. ______ . 60, PI. XIV 

he .. bichi __ . _ ....... _ ..... __ . ____________ . _______ . _. ___ . _____ . ___ ... _. _... 60 

smithii ........... ~ .... _. ___ . _._ ..... _ ....... _ .........•.. _"""'_'" _.. 60 

('l'rachysngollites) erillaceus Dittmar .............................. 60, PI. XU 

herbiehi Mojsisovics .......•.. ___ . 60-61, PIs. XXVI, XXVII, XXVln 

shnstensis Smith, n. sp _. __ ._ ..................... ___ ....... __ 62, PI. XI[ 

Snndlingites Mojsisovics ............ __ . ___ . __ ..... ___ ........................ 82-83 

nndersoni Hyatt and Smith ................ _ .................. 83, PI. XLVI[ 

oribnsus Dittmar ............... _ ......... __ ..... _ ......... __ . __ • 83. PI. LVII 

Sea, American 'l'rinssic, changos in _._....................................... 2-3 

Shnsta County, Calif., Trinssic section in .. _____ . _____ ._~_. __ . __ ._ .. __ ......• 

UPPOI' '\'rinssic fossils in __ .. __ .......... _ ..... _ ........•........ _ .... 4-8,14-17 

Shnstites Hyatt and Smith .......... ___ . ______ ... _ ........ _ .... ________ ..... 88 

Shimer, H. W., with Clapp, C. H., citod __ . ___________ ._._. ___ . 98,110,124,127,129 

Sibiritos._. ___ . _____ . ___ . _. _________ .......... _ .•..........•........ _____ " _. 62 

Sirenites Mojsisovics ................. _ . __________ . ____ ..... ___ ._. __ . __ ... ... 81 

hayesi Smith, n. sp ... ___ .... ________ ._._ ... _. __ .. _._. _______ ... 82, PI. cur 

lawsoni Hyatt and Smith ........... _ ................. 82, PIs. XLVI, XLVII 

Skolai Pass, Alnska, fossils found in._. ___ . __ .. ___ .. ________ .. _ .•.. _ ... ___ ._. ]2 

Spiriferina borealis Whitoaycs •• _. __ ._ .. _ ... _________ . __ . _____ ._. __ .. 121, PI. cvr 

coreyi Smith, n. sp._ ..... __ .. _._._. _______ . _____ .~ ....•......... 1.21, PI. XCV 

pittensis Smith, n. sp ..............•.... _ ... _. ____ : __ .•........ 124, PI. XCV 

yukonensis Smith, n. sp . ___ . _______ . _____ ... ___ ._ ... ___ . ____ ._ 124-125, PI. cr 

Spirigera milesi Smith, n. sp ____ ........... _ .. __ .... __ .. __ .... _. __ .• 125, PI. XCVI 

Spongiomorpha Froc!'! ....•. ""'" .....•.. .•...........................•.... la2 

(Hoptnstylopsis) dendriformis Smith, n. sp ........ 133, PIs. cxvn, CXVUI 

gibbosa Frech. __ ..... ___ .. __ ... _. __ ..... _ .......... 133, PIs. CXX, cxxr 

ralllosa Frech ••.. ____ .............. ____ .... _"_'" 133, PIs. CXX, CXX1 

tenuis Smith, n. sp_. ________ . ________ ._ .... ~ .....•...... 133, PI. CXVIIJ 

Spongiomorphinae Froch .•.• _._._._ ..•.•. __ .".'.'. __ ., •.• , ..• "" ...... !... 132 

Stantonites Hyatt and' Smith •.•.•.....•.....•.........•.. _..... .•... •...•.• 89 

Stophanocoenia Milne·Edwards and Haimo ... _ ...... ~....................... 132 

juvavica Froch._ ..•........... __ .' .... ____________ .•. _ .•......... 132, PI. CXU 

Stromatomorpha Frech ... _ ............ _. ___ ... _ . ___ ... ___ . _. __ .......... .... 134 

californica Smith, n. sp ............ _ .•...... ~. 134, PIs. CXVnI, cxrx, .CXX 

.Stylophyllopsis Froch __ . ____________ .. __ ._._._ ...........•.. _ •.. _._......... 127 

mojsvari Frech .... _ .. __________ . _. _. ___ ., __ .• __ .... , ______ '.' 127, PI. CXVI!I 

zitteli Froel1.-............ _ ..... " ....•..... _ ...........•......... ~ 127, PI. CXI 

Styrionautilus Mojsisovics ____________________ . , __ ., ........ __ ... ~.... ...•.• 107 

saupori Haue!".._ ... _____ ._._._. ___ ......... _ ... _. __ ..•..... 107, PI. LXXXV 

Syringoce .. ns Hyatt __ ... _. _ ... _. ___ ...... , __ ............. __ ...•.. ...•........ 106 

spurri Smith, n. sp _________ . ___________ ._. _____________ . __ .. _ ..• 106, PI. CIV 

'I' 

~eardecerns_ .... '" ...... __ . __ . ____ . ___ .... _. ___ . _. __ . _____ ., ___ ".,. _. ____ ..• 62 

pnrvum_ .... '" ... , ........... _ ................................... _. _. _. 64 

~I'emnoeheilus_ ........ _ .. ""'_'" __ .. _. ___ .. "'" _; _____ .. _ .. _ ... __ ' __ . _. _. 105 

'l'erebratula jnlica ................... _ .......... _ ............... _ ...... _..... 123 

Terobratula'l piriformis Suess _. _______ . ________________ . ___ ..... __ . 124, PI. XCVI 

'l'hamnnstraea Lesauvage ...................... ____ . _ .. , ............... ....• ]31 

alpina. __ •. __ ..... _ ........ _. _ ...... ,._ ... __ """ ......... '" ... __ . ____ . 1~1 

borealis Smith, n. sp _._._ .. _._. ______________ . _________ ... _._ ... 131, PI. CXV 

plana ..... __ • _____ . _. ___ . ____ . _. _ ... ______ . ___ . _. _ ..... _ ... _. _........... ] 31 

I'ectilamollo~a Winkler_ ... _ ......... __ . __________ ..... __ ....•.• 131, PI. CXUI 

var. minor Freeh ____ .. ___ .. ~. ___ .. _____ ......... 131, PIs. CXVI, CXVlIr 

Thecosmilifi Milne·Edwards and naime_ .... _______ ... __ .................... 127 

cnespitosa Heuss_._ ......... __ ...... " .... _ ......... ________ .... 127, PI. CXXI 

dolieatula Froch ........................ __ ............• _ •. ____ .•.• 127, PI. CV 

fcnestrata Heuss __ .................. ____ . ____ ._. ______ ... __ ....... 128, PI. CV 

norica Frech_ .. _._._._._._ ... __ ..... _ .................•.......... 128, PI. OX! 

'I'hefmnlites Smith, n. geu ... _____ ._ ......................•.............. ___ . 24 

thennarum Smith, n. sp ... __ . __ .. __ .... _ .............. __ . _______ . 24, PI. XXI 

'l'hisbites Mojsisovies •.. __ .. __ , __ . ___ ................. _. _._._ .............. _ 98 

uhligi Mojsisovics ___ . ________ ...... _. ____________ ............... 98, PI. I.NIH 

'l'irolites l\1ojsisovies. _ .. _______ ........ ___________ . : .......... '" ......•...• 94 

(Metatirolitos) foliaeeus Dittmal' ... _. __________ ......•...... 95, PI. LXXXII 

quadrangulus Haue .. ___ ........... ____ ..... __ .....•........ 95-96, PI. LIX 

subpygmaous Mojsisovies._ ...........• ___ ...... ____ .......... 95, PI. LIX 
262 INDEX 

, Page 

'l'ornquistites Hyatt and Smith_____________________________________________ 50 

Page 

Tropites morani Smith, n. sp ________________________________ 36-37, PI. bXXnI 

evolutus Hyatt and Smith _____ -------------------------------- 50, PI. XXXII morloti l\'lotsisovics ____________________________________________ 31, PI. LXIX 

. obolinus DittmaL _________________________ . __________________ ,50-51, PI. LVIII - oceiclentalis Smith, n. SP. _____________ , ________________________ 31-32, PI. LXX 

Traehyeeras Laube ___________________________ -_______________________________ 77-78 philippii Smith, n. sp _________________________________________ 36, PI. LXXVI 

eanadense _________________________________________________ ~ ____ -_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 92 -retieulatus Smith, n. sp ____________________________________ 34-35, PI. I"XXVI 

(Protrachyceras) beckeri Smith, n. sp ______________________________ 79, PI. IV rotatorius Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ 32-33, PI. LXXI 

ealifornicum Smith, n. sp _________________________________ 79-80, PIs. I, II rothpletzi Smith, n. sp ______ " ______________________ ,, _________ 37-38, PI. LXXI 

leeontei Hyatt and Smith ____________ 78-79, PIs. VI, XLIV, XLV, XLVI 

lindgreni Smith, n. sp ________________________________ ~ __________ 80, PI. III 

schellwieni Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ 34, PI. LXXVn 

shastensis Smith, n. sp _______ ~ ______________________________ 34, PI. LXXVIII 

madisonense Smith, n. sp _____________________ ~ ______________ 80-81, PI. VI 

shastense Smith __________________________________________________ 81, PI. V 

storrsi Smith, n. sp _____________________________________________ 81, PI. VII 

Trachysagenites Mojsisovics_ _ _ _ ____________________________________________ 60 

Traskites Hyatt and Smith_________________________________________________ 85 

'L'rigonodus? productus Whiteaves __ "____ __________________________________ 110 

Tropiceltites Hyatt and Smith _________________________________________ ~____ 62 

'rropiceltites Mojsisovics __ ~ __ ___ __ _______ _ ________ _____ _ ____ ___ _ ____________ 49 

caclucus DittmaL _______________________________________________ 50, PI. LVIII 

'l'ropitcs Mojsisovics ________________________________________________________ 26-27 

groups of ________________________________________________________________ 27-28 

armatus Smith, n. sp ________________________________ 3t', PIs. XXXIII, LXIX 

arthaberi Smith, n. sp _________________________________________ 37, PI. LXXII 

boehmi Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 36, PI. LXXV_ 

stantoni Smith, n. sp ______________________________________________ 38, PI. CII 

stearnsi Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 37, PI. LXXII 

sUbbullatus Hauer _______________________ . _______ 29-31, PIs. XXXIV, LXXIX 

zone of, in California _____________________________________________ ~ __ 4-7 

torquillus Mojsisovics _____________________________________ 28-29, PI. LXVIII 

traski Smith, n. sp _______________________________ ----- _________ 35, PI. LXXV 

ursensis Smith, n. sp _______ ~ __________________________ -______ 33, PI. LXXVIII 

welleri Smith, n. sp ______________________________________ 33-34, PI. LXXVIII 

wodani Mojsisovics ____________________________________________ 33, PI. LXXlI 

(Anatropites) hauchccornL _ ___ _ __ _____ ____ ___ __ ______ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _____ 49 

(Paratropites) sOllai _ _ _ _____ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ __ ______ _ _____ _ ___ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ 45 

Tropiticlae ___ ~___ ___ _____ _________ __________ __ _______ ______ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ 26 

Tropitoidoa, principal stocks and fcatures or. ________________________________ 23-25 

Twitchell, M. W., with Clark, W. n., cited_________________________________ 125 

brockensis Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ 32, PI. LXXIX 

dieneri Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 35, PI. LXXVI V 

dilleri Smith ________________________________________ . __________ 29, PI. LXVIII Vancouver Island, fossils found OIL __________________________________________ 10,19 

discobullatus Mojsisovies _____________________________________ 28, PI. LXVIII 

fusohullatus Mojsisovics __________________________________________ 32, PI. LXX 

·hessi Smith, n. sp _______________________________________ • _____ 37, PI. LXXIII 

johnsoni Smith, n. sp ___________________________ -______________ 36, PI. LXXIV 

keili Mojsisovies _____ ~ _________________________________________ 33, PI. LXXII 

W 

West Humboldt Range, Nev., fossils in _____ --------------------------------- 9 

Whitcaves, J. F., cited ______________________________________________________ 98-99 

Worthenia klamathensis Smith, n. sp ______________________________ 108, PI. XCVI 

kellyi Smith, n. sp ___________________________________________ 34, PI. LXXVII 

kokeni Smith, n. sp_~ _________________________________________ 35, PI. LXXVI 

mojsvarensis Smith, n. sp ________________________ -_____________ 32, PI. LXXIV 

z 

Zacatecas, Mcxico, fossils from _______________________ -' _____________ _ 13 

o