If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

November 21, 2019

v No. 339627

Wayne Circuit Court

DWAYNE ANTHONY DUPREE, LC No. 16-008974-02-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: CAMERON, P.J., and CAVANAGH and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant was convicted by a jury of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317, conspiracy 

to commit first-degree murder, MCL 750.157a, MCL 750.316, interference in a criminal case, 

MCL 750.122, felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.227f, and possession of a firearm 

during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced 

defendant as a fourth habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to serve concurrent prison terms of 50 to 

75 years for the second-degree murder conviction, life without parole for the conspiracy to 

commit first-degree murder conviction, 10 to 25 years for the interference in a criminal case 

conviction, and 5 to 20 years for the felon in possession of a firearm conviction, and a 

consecutive sentence of two years for the felony-firearm conviction. Defendant appeals as of 

right, and we affirm.

In 2010, David Matlock shot Darryl Waller, who survived. Matlock hid from law 

enforcement until he was arrested in December 2014. He was arrested with Michael Alexander 

(his nephew) and Calvin Watson after the police stopped Watson’s vehicle. The police 

discovered Matlock’s outstanding warrant for having previously shot Waller, and Matlock was 

fearful that he could be incarcerated for life. While in custody, Matlock convinced Alexander 

and Watson to kill Waller upon their imminent release. Watson got defendant to drive a vehicle.

Defendant, Watson, and Alexander formulated a plan to lure Waller from his home and shoot 

him. After a trial run, Watson dropped out. Defendant, Alexander, and another man killed the 

57-year-old Waller at his home. Matlock and Watson testified against defendant, although 

Watson, who had already been sentenced pursuant to his plea bargain, changed his story at trial 

in an apparent attempt to exonerate defendant.
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On appeal, defendant argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in 

several respects, that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions—which were also 

against the great weight of the evidence, and that the trial court erred in issuing the judgment of 

sentence. We disagree.

I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF TRIAL COUNSEL

An evidentiary hearing was held on the question of ineffective assistance of counsel,

People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973); thus, this issue is preserved. See 

People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). The trial court’s factual 

findings are reviewed for clear error. People v Brown, 205 Mich App 503, 504-505; 517 NW2d 

806 (1994). Clear error occurs where the Court reviews the entire record and “is left with a 

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. at 505. The constitutional 

question of whether an attorney’s ineffective assistance deprived a defendant of his Sixth 

Amendment right to counsel, US Const, Am VI, is reviewed de novo. People v Unger (On 

Remand), 278 Mich App 210, 242; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

A defendant’s right to the effective assistance of counsel is guaranteed by the United 

States and Michigan Constitutions, US Const, Am VI; Const 1963 art 1, § 20. People v Cline, 

276 Mich App 634, 637; 741 NW2d 563 (2007). To establish an ineffective assistance of 

counsel claim, a defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e., fell below 

an objective standard of reasonableness, and prejudiced the defense. People v Taylor, 275 Mich 

App 177, 186; 737 NW2d 790 (2007); People v Jordan, 275 Mich App 659, 667; 739 NW2d 706 

(2007). The performance will be deemed to have prejudiced the defense if it is reasonably 

probable that, but for counsel’s error, “the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

Id. The “effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of 

proving otherwise.” People v Rodgers, 248 Mich App 702, 714; 645 NW2d 294 (2001).

Alibi witness

Defendant first argues that his trial counsel failed to investigate or present to the jury 

testimony from an alibi witness, Shallena Cummings, whom defendant had suggested as a 

witness. At the Ginther hearing, defendant stated that he informed his trial counsel, Michael 

McCarthy, that he had been with Cummings (whom he only knew as “little momma”) at the time 

of the crime, and that McCarthy responded that he should not tell anyone because of 

Cummings’s age. Cummings testified that she shared a child with defendant, and that she was at

defendant’s home from 10:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on the date of the crime (January 1, 2015). 

However, she could not remember the location of the home. She stated that defendant’s 

girlfriend was not home so she and defendant were babysitting and having sex, and that his 

girlfriend did not come home before she left. Cummings also reported that during the trial she 

twice phoned defendant’s trial attorney, whose name she could not recall, on his cell phone, but 

she did not leave any message.

McCarthy explained that defendant sent him a letter in December 2015 stating generally 

that he had alibis, and asking whether they could inform the court of the alibis without requiring 

the witnesses to testify. McCarthy asserted that he responded, and that defendant never 

identified his alibi witness or any alibi. Defendant acknowledged that McCarthy sent him a letter 
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asking for more information about alibi witnesses. McCarthy stated that no possible alibi 

witness contacted him, including Cummings, and that he would have called back had he received 

a voice mail message or a message from his secretary. McCarthy opined that an alibi witness 

who did not come forward until late in the proceedings would have credibility problems and that 

he would be reluctant to present such a witness to the jury because the witness would not appear 

to be credible. McCarthy said that he had an investigator appointed from the beginning of 

November 2015 to sometime in February 2016, and that he would have utilized this investigator 

to investigate any identified alibi.

Defense counsel’s duty is to prepare, investigate, and present all substantial defenses. In 

re Ayres, 239 Mich App 8, 22; 608 NW2d 132 (1999). To overcome the presumption of sound 

trial strategy, the defendant must show that the failure to prepare for trial or interview witnesses

resulted in counsel’s ignorance of valuable evidence that would have substantially benefited the 

accused. People v Bass, 223 Mich App 241, 252-253; 581 NW2d 1 (1997). “Furthermore, the 

failure to call witnesses only constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel if it deprives the 

defendant of a substantial defense.” People v Dixon, 263 Mich App 393, 398; 688 NW2d 308 

(2004). “A substantial defense is one that might have made a difference in the outcome of the 

trial.” People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009) (quotation marks and 

citation omitted).

Here, had McCarthy known that Cummings would provide alibi testimony, and 

McCarthy failed to investigate or present the testimony, McCarthy’s performance might have 

deprived defendant of a substantial alibi defense. However, the evidence indicated that 

McCarthy was informed generally that defendant might have had an alibi, and that McCarthy 

sought more information from defendant. The trial court found that the performance of 

defendant’s trial counsel was not deficient because defendant did not make a good-faith effort to 

inform McCarthy of his intention to pursue an alibi defense. Ultimately, the evidence indicated 

that McCarthy was unaware of Cummings because defendant was unable to specifically identify 

her, and Cummings did not provide information to McCarthy. Thus, there is no evidence to 

show that McCarthy did not adequately pursue Cummings’s possible alibi testimony.

Even if McCarthy had been aware of the specific alibi testimony, despite defendant’s 

inability to identify Cummings or provide an address, Cumming’s testimony could have been 

challenged. First, according to defendant, he was discouraged from pursuing her as a witness 

because she was apparently younger in age, possibly creating additional criminal liability and an 

adverse reaction from the jury. Also, Cummings could not state the location at which she visited 

defendant and testified that they were having sex and selling marijuana while they were 

babysitting defendant’s child, who was also the child of his girlfriend. This evidence could have 

adversely impacted Cummings’s credibility as well as the jury’s opinion of defendant. 

Cummings’s credibility would also have been questioned because she said she was alone with 

defendant until 7:00 p.m., whereas defendant’s girlfriend testified that she came home around 

4:00 p.m. and that only defendant and another person were present. “ ‘[D]ecisions regarding 

what evidence to present and whether to call or question witnesses are presumed to be matters of 

trial strategy,’ which we will not second-guess with the benefit of hindsight.” Dixon, 263 Mich

App at 398, quoting People v Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76; 601 NW2d 887 (1999). Here, there 

was no record evidence that trial counsel failed to investigate Cummings, that trial counsel failed 
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to make a reasoned decision not to present her as an alibi witness, or that defendant was denied a 

substantial defense.

Impeaching Matlock’s credibility

Defendant asserts that his trial counsel failed to impeach Matlock. “Counsel may provide 

ineffective assistance if counsel unreasonably fails to develop the defendant’s defenses by 

adequately impeaching the witnesses against the defendant.” People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 

68; 862 NW2d 446 (2014). Prejudice may result where trial counsel fails to introduce evidence 

that would impeach a witness and corroborate defendant’s testimony. People v Trakhtenberg,

493 Mich 38, 57; 826 NW2d 136 (2012).

Defendant argues that his trial counsel should have attacked Matlock’s testimony with 

information that Watson provided at an investigative subpoena hearing. Watson had claimed 

that Matlock wanted defendant dead because they were involved with the same woman, and 

because Matlock thought that defendant would implicate him in the crime. At the Ginther

hearing, defendant said that Matlock had become angry with him in November 2014 because 

they were seeing the same woman. McCarthy stated that his defense plan included discrediting 

the witnesses, like Matlock, who had identified defendant as being involved, by exposing bias. 

McCarthy said that he elicited testimony from Watson about defendant’s conflict with Matlock, 

but not specifically that Matlock wanted to kill defendant, which Matlock could have denied. 

McCarthy’s strategy to discredit Matlock included highlighting lies that he had told, and 

exposing that it was in his self-interest to testify against defendant. The trial court found that 

counsel adequately attacked Matlock’s credibility.

At trial, defendant’s trial counsel repeatedly asked Matlock about his self-interested 

motivation to testify against defendant. Matlock testified that he was helping himself obtain an 

agreeable sentence by implicating defendant and was avoiding possible life sentences for the 

assault with intent to murder Waller in 2010 and the first-degree murder and conspiracy charges 

in this case. Matlock had pleaded guilty to the 2010 assault charge and to second-degree murder 

for the instant case in exchange for a minimum sentence of between 17 to 40 years and his 

testimony in the instant case. On cross-examination, McCarthy elicited that Matlock had 

previously lied to the police and in another court to serve his needs. Matlock also testified that 

he and defendant had “a big dispute” after Matlock’s release from jail, although he could not 

remember the details. Additionally, during McCarthy’s cross-examination of Watson, Watson 

testified that Matlock was angry with defendant before Waller’s murder because Matlock had 

discovered that defendant was involved with Matlock’s girlfriend. Watson had additionally 

testified on direct that defendant and Matlock had a dispute after Matlock was released from jail 

about using the assault rifle that defendant had stolen from his uncle.

Thus, McCarthy’s trial strategy to attack Matlock’s credibility did not include asking 

either Matlock or Watson about Matlock’s statement about wanting to kill defendant. However, 

McCarthy testified that he was not sure of the response that Matlock would provide, and that 

asking Watson specifically what Matlock had said may have been calling for inadmissible 

hearsay. It was reasonable trial strategy to avoid asking a question that Matlock may have 

denied because he would not have wanted to provide testimony favorable to defendant. Even 

without testimony about the extent of Matlock’s animosity toward defendant, the jury was
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informed of the animosity and how it could have motivated Matlock. Most importantly, much of 

counsel’s cross-examination of Matlock focused on providing the jury with information about 

Matlock’s credibility and motive to testify against defendant. The jury was completely aware of 

the possible motives for Matlock’s testimony against defendant, and McCarthy ensured that the 

jury would consider this information in making its credibility determination about Matlock.

Ballistics expert

Defendant argues that trial counsel was deficient for failing to challenge the ballistics 

evidence presented by firearms and toolmark expert Detective Sergeant Dean Molnar, or to 

request an expert to counter Molnar. Molnar testified that the marks on the shell casings 

indicated that the shell casings collected from Waller’s home were fired from the same gun as 

the shell casings found in the yard of a home in which defendant had lived. The casings 

collected at defendant’s former home were collected one year before Waller’s murder, after a 

nearby home had been repeatedly shot at.

Defendant first contends that the ballistics evidence should have been challenged based 

on questions about the reliability of toolmark evidence. MRE 702 provides for the admission of 

expert opinion that results from “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge,” and 

assists the trier of fact. To determine whether such testimony is admissible, a searching inquiry 

is mandated. The inquiry is not just of the data underlying expert testimony, but also of the 

manner in which the expert interprets and extrapolates from the data. Gilbert v DaimlerChrysler 

Corp, 470 Mich 749, 782; 685 NW2d 391 (2004). The preliminary determination of the 

qualification of an expert is an issue for the trial court to decide. Id. at 780. The admissibility of 

expert testimony is in the trial court’s discretion. Unger, 278 Mich App at 216. The trial court 

must consider many factors to determine “whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the 

testimony is scientifically valid” and “whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be 

applied to the facts in issue.” Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharm, Inc, 509 US 579, 592-593; 113 S 

Ct 2786; 125 L Ed 2d 469 (1993). The data underlying the expert’s theories and the 

methodology by which he draws his conclusions, as well as his opinion, must also be reliable. 

People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341, 394; 749 NW2d 753 (2008), quoting Gilbert, 470 Mich at 

782.

Defendant cites a Supreme Court order denying leave to appeal in People v McAdoo, 497 

Mich 975; 859 NW2d 711 (2015), where in a concurring opinion Justice McCormack concluded 

that “there are serious questions about whether [toolmark] evidence has an adequate scientific 

foundation,” based on several studies regarding the accuracy of toolmark evidence used for 

identity. Defendant, likewise, cites studies questioning the scientific validity of toolmark 

evidence in his brief on appeal.

Regarding the ballistic evidence, McCarthy testified that his strategy was to demonstrate 

that there was no evidence that defendant was involved with shooting a gun, particularly because 

defendant had been evicted from the home where the shell casings were found. The trial court 

concluded that defendant had not established that Detective Sergeant Molnar should not have 

been qualified as an expert or that his methodology was defective. There is no authority 

establishing that toolmark evidence does not meet the tests for scientific validity necessary to 

assist the trier of fact as discussed in Gilbert, 470 Mich 749, and Daubert, 509 US 579. Thus, it 
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is questionable whether defendant’s trial counsel could have effectively challenged the validity 

of this evidence. “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not 

constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 

NW2d 120 (2010).

Defendant further argues that his trial counsel should have requested funds to obtain an

expert in toolmarks to challenge Detective Sergeant Molnar’s testimony. Trial counsel’s

decision regarding whether to call an expert witness is a matter of trial strategy. Payne, 285 

Mich App at 190. Defendant does not explain how an expert would have contradicted Detective 

Sergeant Molnar’s conclusion that shell casings from two different areas were fired from the 

same gun, other than to attack the validity of toolmark identifications generally. Again, 

McCarthy’s strategy was to demonstrate that Alexander was the person who shot Waller, and 

that there was no evidence that defendant was involved with shooting a gun. The trial court 

concluded that defendant had not established that an alternative expert would have testified in his 

favor, or that challenging Molnar’s testimony would have made a difference in the outcome of 

the trial, and denied defendant’s motion for funds to retain a firearms expert.

Trial counsel presented evidence that defendant had been evicted, around December 

2015, from the home where the casings were found. Defendant has not demonstrated that his 

trial counsel’s strategy to rely on the lack of evidence that defendant used a gun was improper. 

Additionally, to establish an ineffective assistance claim, it must be demonstrated that it is 

reasonably probable that, but for counsel’s error, “the result of the proceeding would have been 

different.” Jordan, 275 Mich App at 667. Excluding or challenging Molnar’s testimony could 

not have exonerated defendant.

II. SUFFICIENCY AND GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

Defendant argues that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence, an issue 

he did not preserve, and that the evidence was insufficient to convict him. This Court reviews 

unpreserved issues involving the great weight of the evidence for plain error affecting the 

defendant’s substantial rights. People v Musser, 259 Mich App 215, 218-219; 673 NW2d 800 

(2003), citing People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). Reversal is 

warranted only if the plain error resulted in the conviction of an innocent defendant or if “the 

error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings 

independent of the defendant’s innocence.” Id. at 763. This Court reviews de novo a challenge 

to the sufficiency of the evidence. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 195.

Due process, US Const, Am XIV, requires that evidence of every element of a crime be 

proved beyond a reasonable doubt in order to sustain a criminal conviction. People v Hampton, 

407 Mich 354, 366; 285 NW2d 284 (1979), citing In re Winship, 397 US 358, 364; 90 S Ct 

1068; 25 L Ed 2d 368 (1970). To determine if the prosecutor produced evidence sufficient to 

support a conviction, this Court considers “the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

prosecutor” to ascertain “whether a rational trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” People v Tennyson, 487 Mich 730, 735; 790 NW2d 354 (2010), quoting 

People v Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 429; 646 NW2d 158 (2002). Direct and circumstantial 

evidence, as well as all reasonable inferences that may be drawn, are considered to determine 
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whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction. Id. In reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence, this Court “is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make 

credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People v Gonzalez, 468 Mich 636, 640-641; 

664 NW2d 159 (2003), quoting People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 399-400; 614 NW2d 78 

(2000).

Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of aiding and 

abetting second-degree murder, and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. Defendant’s 

central argument is that he was not identified as being present at the scene of the shooting. 

“[I]dentity is an element of every offense.” Yost, 278 Mich App at 356.

However, defendant’s identity in planning and executing Waller’s murder was 

established beyond a reasonable doubt by the testimonies of defendant’s friend, Kierra Hobbs, as 

well as Matlock and Watson. The reason for killing Waller was that Matlock had shot him in 

2010 and Waller could have implicated Matlock in that shooting. Matlock and Watson testified 

about how Matlock had repeatedly asked Alexander and Watson to “take care of,” or kill Waller; 

Matlock could not do so because he was being held on a warrant for the 2010 shooting. 

Alexander and Watson agreed to help Matlock by killing Waller. Defendant told Hobbs that he 

was asked to kill someone after she heard him discuss the issue on the phone. Hobbs then 

witnessed defendant planning with Alexander and Shawn Pearson to lure someone from their 

home in order to kill them by promising to pay rent. Watson’s former testimony was similar to 

Hobbs’s testimony that defendant had planned the murder with him at defendant’s home, and 

then distributed the weapons. Officer LeDawn Russell, the next-door neighbor, noted that 

Waller was a landlord.

Hobbs also witnessed defendant leave in his brown Buick with two other men and guns 

on the day that Waller was murdered. Witnesses saw a gold or light-brown car initiate contact 

with Waller in his driveway, and Waller was murdered consistent with the plan that defendant 

put forth with his associates in front of Hobbs. Defendant celebrated news reports of Waller’s 

killing, boasted to Hobbs about the killing, and showed her blood from the killing in his brown 

Buick. Defendant’s girlfriend, Anarika Dafney, testified that defendant had access to a tan or 

gold Buick at the time, and defendant had been stopped by police while driving a gold or tan 

sedan Buick three times, on November 4, 2014, November 25, 2014, and January 28, 2015. 

Dafney and a neighbor testified that Dafney sold a gold Buick to the neighbor for $200 near the 

time that defendant was incarcerated for this crime.

At a January 5, 2015 gathering, Alexander was heard describing being in a gold Buick 

when he participated in killing Waller in a way that was consistent with defendant’s plan as 

reported by Hobbs. According to Matlock, at the gathering, defendant boasted of participating in 

Waller’s killing, including how he lured Waller to the shooting. Watson’s recanted testimony 

was consistent with other testimony establishing that defendant was the driver, and that Matlock 

thanked him at the gathering.

Defendant argues that the testimony of Matlock and Hobbs was not credible because of 

the favorable plea deals they made in exchange for their testimony, as well as Hobbs’ use of 

drugs. However, the jury heard all of this evidence and was tasked with determining the 

credibility of the witnesses. An appellate court “does not interfere” with the fact-finder’s
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“assessment of the weight and credibility of witnesses or the evidence[.]” People v Dunigan, 

299 Mich App 579, 582; 831 NW2d 243 (2013). The trier of fact determines “what inferences 

may be fairly drawn from the evidence” and “the weight to be accorded those inferences.” 

People v Henderson, 306 Mich App 1, 9; 854 NW2d 234 (2014), quoting Hardiman, 466 Mich 

at 428. “[A] reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility 

choices in support of the jury verdict.” Gonzalez, 468 Mich at 640-641, quoting Nowack, 462 

Mich at 399-400. Based on these credibility determinations and the evidence, a rational juror 

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant planned and participated in Waller’s 

murder.

Defendant further argues that the evidence of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder 

was insufficient because the jury found that he was guilty of second-degree murder, which did 

not involve the premeditation element required for first-degree murder. See People v Bennett, 

290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). Defendant argues that, if the second-degree 

murder of Waller was unplanned, then defendant could not be guilty of having planned it. It is 

possible that the jury found that defendant agreed with at least Alexander to accomplish the 

premeditated killing of Waller by luring him out to the car, but that the jury concluded defendant 

was an accomplice to Alexander and one other person’s intentional killing of Waller that was 

done without premeditation, but with malice, when the assailants chased Waller into his home. 

Nonetheless, the evidence was sufficient to demonstrate that defendant agreed to participate in 

the premeditated killing of Waller, and that he did participate in Waller’s murder by driving the 

car and attempting to lure him outside. Notably, while independently considering two separate 

offenses, a jury in a criminal case may reach different conclusions concerning the identical 

element contained in both offenses. People v Goss, 446 Mich 587, 597; 521 NW2d 312 (1994). 

A jury may reach inconsistent verdicts as a result of mistake, compromise, or leniency. Id. at 

597-598. The jury can choose, without any apparent logical basis, what to believe and what to 

disbelieve because the jury is the sole judge of all the facts. People v Vaughn, 409 Mich 463, 

466; 295 NW2d 354 (1980). The verdicts are not inconsistent where there is an interpretation of 

the evidence that provides a logical explanation for the findings of the jury. People v Tombs, 

472 Mich 446, 462-463; 697 NW2d 494 (2005).

Regarding the great weight of the evidence, a trial court should grant a new trial based on 

the weight of the evidence only where the evidence preponderates heavily against the verdict so 

that it is a serious miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand. People v Gadomski, 232 

Mich App 24, 28; 592 NW2d 75 (1998), citing People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 627; 576 

NW2d 129 (1998). A trial court may order a new trial in the “interest of justice” or to prevent a 

“miscarriage of justice.” Id. at 634-635. A trial court may vacate a verdict only when it does not 

find reasonable support in the evidence, and the verdict was “more likely the result of causes

outside the record, such as passion, prejudice, sympathy, or some other extraneous influence.” 

People v Lacalamita, 286 Mich App 467, 469; 780 NW2d 311 (2009).

Defendant noted the lack of physical evidence and eyewitness testimony of defendant’s 

involvement, even though both Officer Russell, from next door, and Lawrence Harris witnessed 

the gold Buick in Waller’s driveway. Both described the driver, distinctly, and did not identify 

defendant. However, it was not discussed how clearly the witnesses saw the driver of the vehicle 

from inside their homes, particularly considering that they had to quickly seek safety from the 

gunshots. Importantly, neither witness stated that defendant did not appear to be the driver of the 
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vehicle, in contrast to the testimonial evidence identifying defendant as the driver of the vehicle. 

Further, there was no physical evidence to contradict the testimonial evidence that defendant was 

involved in the planning and execution of Waller’s death.

Defendant notes that there were other vehicles similar to the one used in the murder in the 

area because the police had impounded a vehicle reported by Officer Russell and found that it 

was not the vehicle used in the crime. However, a tan or gold Buick was used in the crime, and 

defendant had access to and was cited while driving the same type of vehicle in the months 

preceding and following the crime. That the police did not recover the vehicle does not 

contradict the fact that defendant drove the vehicle as a part of the crime.

Defendant also argues that the ballistics evidence, indicating that the shell casings at the 

murder scene were fired from the same gun as the shell casings found in the backyard of 

defendant’s former home, do not provide a link between defendant and the murder. Because it 

was not demonstrated, or alleged, that defendant fired the weapon at either location, it is true that 

this evidence could not demonstrate that defendant shot Waller. The jury was empowered to 

weigh the evidentiary value that the gun used to kill Waller had also been fired on defendant’s 

property. Notably, this evidence does not exclude the possibility that defendant participated in 

planning and executing the murder.

Finally, defendant argues that the credibility issues of Matlock, Hobbs, and Watson 

should have prevented the jury from determining that defendant was guilty. Matlock and Hobbs 

testified pursuant to plea deals in order to achieve more favorable sentences, and defendant’s 

trial counsel elicited testimony that Hobbs had abused drugs and that Matlock had 

opportunistically lied. Defendant asserts that Watson’s previous testimony could not be trusted 

because he recanted, and notes that the prosecutor did not charge another individual whom 

Watson had implicated. However, the jury heard the entirety of the testimony and was 

responsible for making credibility determinations. “In general, conflicting testimony or a 

question as to the credibility of a witness are not sufficient grounds for granting a new trial.”

Lemmon, 456 Mich at 643. Unless there are “exceptional circumstances,” the jury determines 

the credibility of witnesses and the reviewing court may not substitute its view on credibility, an 

issue that the constitution guarantees is in the province of the jury. Id. at 642. Even where the

“testimony is in direct conflict and testimony supporting the verdict has been impeached,” 

because the jury determined credibility, “it cannot be said as a matter of law that the testimony 

thus impeached was deprived of all probative value or that the jury could not believe it.” Id. at 

643. “Conflicting testimony, even when impeached to some extent, is an insufficient ground for 

granting a new trial.” Lacalamita, 286 Mich App at 469-470, quoting Lemmon, 456 Mich at

647. Thus, the verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence and defendant has not 

demonstrated plain error.

III. JUDGMENT OF SENTENCE

Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by imposing a life without parole 

sentence. We disagree.

The trial court sentenced defendant for conspiracy to commit first-degree murder by 

stating, “[P]ursuant to the statute I’m going to sentence you to life with the possibility of parole.” 
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However, the judgment of sentence provides that defendant was sentenced to life without the 

possibility of parole for this conviction. The conspiracy statute, MCL 750.157a(a), provides, in 

relevant part:

[I]f commission of the offense prohibited by law is punishable by imprisonment 

for 1 year or more, the person convicted under this section shall be punished by a 

penalty equal to that which could be imposed if he had been convicted of 

committing the crime he conspired to commit.

Thus, the trial court was required to sentence defendant to the sentence prescribed by the firstdegree murder statute. MCL 750.316 provides that a defendant who commits a premeditated 

killing “is guilty of first degree murder and shall be punished by imprisonment for life without 

eligibility for parole.” Thus, the trial court was required to sentence defendant to life without the 

possibility of parole, and the judgment of sentence is legally correct.

Defendant cites People v Jahner, 433 Mich 490, 504; 446 NW2d 151 (1989), where the 

Court analyzed the conspiracy, first-degree murder, and “lifer” statues,1 and concluded that “a 

person sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiracy to commit first-degree murder is eligible 

for parole consideration[.]” However, the first-degree murder statute, MCL 750.316, was 

amended in 2014 and now includes the requirement that those convicted of first-degree murder 

“shall be punished by imprisonment for life without eligibility for parole.” Thus, Jahner did not 

consider a first-degree murder statute that included the life without parole language. Where a

judgment of sentence does not include a statutorily mandated punishment, the sentence is

invalid. People v Comer, 500 Mich 278, 292; 901 NW2d 553 (2017). Had the trial court 

sentenced defendant to life with the possibility of parole, the sentence would have been invalid 

and subject to correction pursuant to the previous version of MCR 6.429. Thus, the trial court 

did not plainly err by issuing the judgment of sentence.

Affirmed.

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro

 1 As stated in Jahner, 433 Mich at 506, MCL 791.234(4) provided, in relevant part that “[a]

prisoner under sentence for life or for a term of years, other than prisoners sentenced for life for 

murder in the first degree and prisoners sentenced for life or for a minimum term of 

imprisonment for a major controlled substance offense, who has served 10 calendar years of the 

sentence is subject to the jurisdiction of the parole board and may be released on parole by the 

parole board . . . .”