NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 20a0443n.06

Nos. 19-6478/6493

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

SANTEZ BRADFORD,

 Defendant-Appellant.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES COURT 

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT 

OF TENNESSEE

BEFORE: GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. In 2017, Santez Bradford pled guilty to multiple 

firearms and drug possession charges. A few months later, however, Bradford sought to withdraw

his plea after concluding, based on his own research in the detention-facility law library, that some 

of the evidence against him could have been suppressed. The district court denied Bradford’s 

request to withdraw his plea and sentenced him to 264 months’ imprisonment. Now, Bradford 

asks us to permit him to withdraw his plea and vacate his sentence. We decline to do so and affirm. 

I.

In 2017, Bradford pled guilty to four counts of possessing a firearm as a felon, two counts 

of possessing a stolen firearm, one count of stealing a firearm, and one count of possessing with 

intent to distribute cocaine. Included in the plea agreement was Bradford’s admission to shooting 

at a group of people on Claiborne Street in Nashville. That shooting arose from an argument 

Bradford had with Kenneth Underwood, with whom Bradford’s sister had a child. After the 

argument, Bradford acquired a pistol and, with two friends, sought out Kenneth. Instead, he found 
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

2

Kenneth’s sister, Quineshia Underwood, and a group of others on Claiborne Street. Bradford and 

one of his friends shot at the group repeatedly, fortunately hitting no one. Police found eight bullet 

casings at the scene.

In December 2017, Bradford, acting pro se, sought to withdraw his guilty plea. Bradford 

explained that he now believed the lawyer who advised him to plead guilty failed to explore the 

possibility of suppressing some of the evidence against him. Bradford also wrote that he was 

“really pleading to stuff [he] didn’t do.” 3:16-cr-00143 DE 89, Letter, Page ID 223. Bradford 

later clarified that, when he said “stuff [he] didn’t do,” he was referring to some of the relevant 

conduct he admitted to in his plea agreement, not any of the charges. The district court construed 

Bradford’s letter as a motion to withdraw his plea, appointed Bradford new counsel, and scheduled 

a hearing on the motion. At the hearing, Bradford urged the court to adopt the more permissive 

standard for withdrawing a plea espoused by the Ninth Circuit in United States v. McTiernan, 546 

F.3d 1160 (9th Cir. 2008). The district court concluded it could not follow McTiernan because 

Sixth Circuit precedent set a conflicting standard. 

Applying Sixth Circuit precedent, the district court found that Bradford did not have a fair 

and just reason for withdrawing his plea. Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B). In denying the motion, 

the district court emphasized that Bradford was aware of the possibility of filing a motion to 

suppress when he entered the guilty plea; delayed seeking to withdraw the plea; was not claiming 

innocence; had an adequate plea colloquy; and had prior experience in the criminal justice system 

which should have informed his decision to plead guilty instead of seeking to suppress the evidence 

against him.

The Presentence Report (“PSR”) found that Bradford’s offense level was 35 and his 

criminal history category was VI, producing a Guidelines-range sentence of 292 to 365 months’ 
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

3

imprisonment. Relevant to this appeal, the PSR recommended a cross-reference with Guidelines

section 2A2.1, which renders a defendant’s offense level 33 if the object of the defendant’s 

unlawful possession a firearm was attempted murder. U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(c)(1)(A), 2A2.1(a)(1). 

The PSR applied a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice and declined to recommend 

that Bradford’s offense level be reduced for acceptance of responsibility. Bradford objected both

to the PSR’s imposition of the attempted murder cross-reference and to the decision not to 

recommend the acceptance of responsibility reduction. 

At the sentencing hearing, the government presented evidence supporting the attempted 

murder cross-reference, including testimony from witnesses to the shooting on Claiborne Street, 

testimony from another person who Bradford told about the shooting, and photographs from 

Claiborne Street after the shooting. Quineshia testified that on the evening of December 22, 2014,

she saw Bradford, who she recognized, and heard him identify her as Kenneth’s sister to his friend

before firing thirteen to fifteen shots at her from fifty feet away. 3:16-cr-00143 DE 156, 

Sentencing Tr., Page ID 652–55. Underwood further testified that, while neither she nor others 

were hit by the bullets, she “could feel them coming past” and that she “felt like if [she] would 

have moved, [she] probably would have got hit.” Id. at 655. Jeremiah Haynes testified that on 

December 22, 2014, Bradford asked him for a gun and told him that Kenneth “got to shooting at 

him.” Id. at 671–72.

Bradford argued that the attempted murder cross-reference should not apply because he 

lacked the intent to kill anyone but had instead just fired in the air to scare Underwood. The district 

court disagreed and found that, after crediting Quineshia’s and Haynes’s testimony, the 

preponderance of the evidence supported the enhancement. The district court also overruled 

Bradford’s objection to the failure to apply an acceptance of responsibility reduction. The district 
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

4

court imposed a sentence of 264 months’ imprisonment, a slight downward variance from the 

guidelines range. Bradford timely appealed.

II

Bradford first seeks to withdraw his guilty plea.1 As he did before the district court, he 

asks that we adopt an approach the Ninth Circuit has employed at least once for withdrawing a 

plea. The Ninth Circuit’s approach in United States v. McTiernan, 546 F.3d 1160 (9th Cir. 2008), 

advocated by Bradford, conflicts with binding precedent in this circuit. See United States v. 

Catchings, 708 F.3d 710, 717–18 (6th Cir. 2013). Because the approach advocated by Bradford 

would conflict with published decisions of this court, we cannot adopt it. United States v. Reid, 

888 F.3d 256, 258 (6th Cir. 2018). The district court accurately considered the factors identified 

in our precedent. Accordingly, we must affirm the district court’s decision denying Bradford’s 

motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

III.

Bradford next challenges his sentence. He argues that the district court erred both by 

imposing a sentence enhancement for attempted murder and by failing to grant him a sentence 

reduction for acceptance of responsibility. We disagree and affirm Bradford’s sentence.

A.

Bradford first argues that the district court erred by imposing the cross-reference for

attempted murder. “In the specific context of the cross-reference in § 2K2.1(c), we apply a 

deferential standard to the district court’s ‘fact-bound legal determinations.’” United States v. 

Scheiblich, 788 F. App’x 305, 308 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Harris, 552 F. App’x 

1 The government contends that the appellate waiver in Bradford’s plea agreement precludes his challenge to his 

withdraw. Because binding precedent requires us to deny Bradford’s challenge on the merits, we do not address that 

question. See United States v. West, 789 F. App’x 520, 523 (6th Cir. 2019); United States v. Page, 662 F. App’x 337, 

339 (6th Cir. 2016); United States v. Coleman, 652 F. App’x 442, 445 (6th Cir. 2016).
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

5

432, 439 n.2 (6th Cir. 2014)). We “‘accord due deference to the district court’s determination that 

the firearm was [or was not] used or possessed in connection with’ another offense.” Id. (alteration 

in original) (quoting United States v. Shanklin, 924 F.3d 905, 919 (6th Cir. 2019)). De novo review 

remains for pure questions of law. Id. 

The district court sentenced Bradford according to Guidelines section 2K2.1 for his 

unlawful firearms possession convictions. Section 2K2.1(c) instructs district courts to crossreference § 2X1.1 when the defendant’s unlawful possession of a firearm is in connection with an 

attempted commission of another offense. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c)(1)(A). “When an attempt . . . is 

expressly covered by another offense guideline,” § 2X1.1 instructs district courts to “apply that 

guideline section.” Id. § 2X1.1(c)(1). Because § 2A2.1 expressly addresses attempted murder, we 

must apply it rather than § 2X1.1. 

If the object of the unlawful possession of a firearm “would have constituted first degree 

murder,” the defendant’s base offense level is 33. Id. § 2A2.1(a)(1). The application notes explain

that first degree murder for purposes of the cross-reference is defined as first degree murder in 18 

U.S.C. § 1111. Id. § 2A2.1 app. n.1. “Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice 

aforethought.” 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a). First degree murder includes a killing “perpetrated from a 

premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to effect the death of any human being other than 

him who is killed.” Id. Premeditated killing requires planning and deliberation, but “no precise 

amount of time” is needed to form the intent to kill. United States v. Ely, 750 F. App’x 411, 414 

(6th Cir. 2018). To apply the attempted murder cross-reference, the district court must find that 

the defendant had specific intent to kill. United States v. Morgan, 687 F.3d 688, 697 (6th Cir. 

2012). 
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

6

Here, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the preponderance of the evidence 

suggested that Bradford’s shooting at Claiborne Street was attempted murder. Premeditation is 

easily found. Haynes testified that Bradford came to him the evening of December 22, 2014,

asking for a gun because Kenneth had shot at Bradford earlier in the day. And Quineshia testified 

that Bradford shot at her only after identifying her as Kenneth’s sister. We have previously found 

premeditation where a defendant went to retrieve a gun before finding the potential victim and 

then pointing the gun at the victim and firing. United States v. Frost, 521 F. App’x 484, 492 (6th 

Cir. 2013). 

Moreover, despite Bradford’s insistence otherwise, the district court’s conclusion that 

Bradford possessed an intent to kill was supported by the evidence. Quineshia testified that 

Bradford fired multiple rounds at her from around fifty feet and that she could feel the bullets fly 

past her. We have previously found that specific intent to kill could be inferred from a defendant 

firing a gun aimed at an individual. See United States v. James, 575 F. App’x 588, 596–97 (6th 

Cir. 2014). And we have cited approvingly another circuit’s conclusion that specific intent to kill 

could be inferred from a defendant firing a gun at a group of individuals. United States v. Rios,

830 F.3d 403, 442 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing United States v. Murillo, 526 F. App’x 192, 195–96 (3d 

Cir. 2013)). The district court did not clearly err in finding the shooting constituted attempted 

murder. 

Bradford’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. First, Bradford argues that “[t]he 

district court stopped short of making a factual finding that Bradford acted with a specific intent 

to kill.” CA6 R. 13, Appellant Br., at 34. That is incorrect. The district court specifically found 

that Bradford “fired multiple shots at a group of people, specifically at Ms. Quineshia 

Underwood,” and that “he did so deliberately, intentionally, with premeditation because of his 
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

7

feelings towards Mr. [Kenneth] Underwood and the state of his mind at that time.” 3:16-cr-00143 

DE 156, Sentencing Tr., Page ID 698. 

Second, Bradford contends that the district court’s conclusion that he had specific intent to 

kill was erroneous because some evidence—specifically the bullet lodged in a second-story 

window and the fact that no one in the group was struck by a bullet—suggests he fired his weapon 

in the air intending only to scare Quineshia. But Bradford has offered only a competing view of 

the evidence; he has not demonstrated that his view of the evidence is the only view. Under clear 

error review, then, we must defer to the district court’s view; that is particularly true given that the 

district court’s conclusion is supported by the testimony of Quineshia and Haynes. United States 

v. Wandahsega, 924 F.3d 868, 888 (6th Cir. 2019).

Finally, Bradford insists we have not previously applied the cross-reference under similarly 

ambiguous circumstances. But Bradford’s support is far from convincing. He cites to Braxton v. 

United States, 500 U.S. 344 (1991), where the Supreme Court reversed the district court’s

application of the attempted murder cross-reference because the district court relied only on 

stipulations, not testimony, and the defendant did not stipulate to specific intent. 500 U.S. at 351. 

Braxton is easily distinguishable because, here, the district court relied on the testimony of 

Quineshia and Haynes to support its conclusion that Bradford possessed specific intent to kill. 

Bradford’s remaining support consists of less-than-compelling out-of-circuit or district court

decisions. 

The district court did not clearly err in imposing the attempted murder cross-reference.

B.

Bradford also argues that the district court erred by failing to grant him a sentence reduction 

for acceptance of responsibility. Because “[t]he sentencing judge is in a unique position to evaluate 
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

8

a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility” a district court’s decision not to grant the acceptance 

of responsibility reduction “is entitled to great deference on review.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 app. n.5. 

Accordingly, we review the district court’s factual determination that Bradford did not accept

responsibility for clear error. United States v. Denson, 728 F.3d 603, 614 (6th Cir. 2013). Bradford 

carries the burden of proving his entitlement to the reduction by a preponderance of the evidence. 

Id. (citing United States v. Banks, 252 F.3d 801, 806 (6th Cir. 2001)). 

While a defendant’s “[e]ntry of a plea of guilty prior to the commencement of trial 

combined with truthfully admitting the conduct comprising the offense of conviction, and 

truthfully admitting or not falsely denying any additional relevant conduct . . . constitute[s] 

significant evidence of acceptance of responsibility,” “[a] defendant who enters a guilty plea is not 

entitled to an adjustment under this section as a matter of right.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 app. n.3. 

Conduct that is inconsistent with acceptance of responsibility can outweigh the evidence of 

acceptance of responsibility conferred by a guilty plea. Id. 

We see no reason to disturb the district court’s determination that Bradford did not accept 

responsibility. The district court offered three reasons for denying the reduction: Bradford 

attempted to withdraw his guilty plea, Bradford falsely denied relevant conduct related to the 

attempted murder cross-reference, and Bradford obstructed justice.2 We have previously denied a 

defendant the acceptance of responsibility reduction for reasons similar to each of the reasons 

identified by the district court. See United States v. Williams, 940 F.2d 176, 183 (6th Cir. 1991) 

(reversing decision to grant reduction to a defendant who the district court found obstructed 

2 Bradford argues the district court improperly invoked his obstruction of justice enhancement as a basis for denying 

the reduction. Bradford relies on United States v. Gregory, 315 F.3d 637 (6th Cir. 2003), where we held that, although 

the defendant engaged in obstructive conduct, he was nevertheless entitled to the acceptance of responsibility 

reduction. Id. at 641. But Bradford omits that we granted Gregory the reduction in part because, unlike Bradford, 

Gregory “never denied his own responsibility and guilt” and “certainly never did something so extreme as to withdraw 

his plea.” Id.
Nos. 19-6478/6493, United States v. Bradford

9

justice); see also United States v. Conner, 531 F. App’x 633, 635 (6th Cir. 2013) (affirming 

decision to deny reduction to a defendant who falsely denied relevant conduct relating to a sentence 

enhancement for discharging an unlawfully possessed firearm); United States v. Wilder, 161 F. 

App’x 545, 554 (6th Cir. 2006) (affirming decision to deny reduction where defendant filed a 

motion to withdraw his guilty plea). We can discern no clear error in the district court’s 

determination and reliance on the stated reasons. 

The district court did not clearly err in denying Bradford the acceptance of responsibility 

reduction.

IV.

Because the district court did not err in denying Bradford’s motion to withdraw his guilty 

plea, imposing a sentence enhancement for attempted murder, and declining to grant a sentence 

reduction for acceptance of responsibility, we affirm the district court’s judgment.