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# RISK ASSESSMENT

OF

ALKANES, C 14-17 

# , CHLORO

CAS Number: 85535-85-9

EINECS Number: 287-477-0

Environment Draft of August 2002

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# Foreword

This Draft Risk Assessm e nt Re port is carried out in accordan ce with Council Regulation (EEC)

793/93 1 

## on the evaluation and control of the risk s of “existing” substances. Regulation 793/93

provides a system atic fram ework for the evalua tion of the risks to hum an health and the

environm ent of these s ubstances if they are p r oduced o r im ported in to th e Community in

volum es above 10 tonnes per year.

There are f our overall stages in the Regulation for reducing the ri sks: data coll ection, priority

setting, risk assessm ent and risk reduction. Data provided by Industry are used by Member States

and the Commission servic es to determ ine th e prior ity o f the substances which need to be

assessed. Fo r each substance on a priority list, a Me m b er State volunteers to act as “Rapporteur”,

undertaking the in-depth Risk Assessm ent and r ecomm endi ng a strategy to lim it the risks of

exposure to the substance, if necessary.

The m e thods for carrying out an in-depth Risk Assessm ent at Communi ty level are laid down in

Comm ission Regulat ion (EC) 1488/94 2 

## which is supported by a technical guidance docum e nt 3



## Nor m ally, the “Rapporteur” and individual companies produci ng, im porting and/or using the

chem icals work closely together to develop a draf t Risk Assessm ent Report, which is then

presented to the Com p e t ent Group of Mem b er St ate experts for endorsem e nt. Observers fr om

Industry, C onsum er Or ganisations, Trade Unions , Environm ental Organisations and certain

International Organisations are also invited to attend the m eetings. The R i sk Assessm ent Report

is then pe er-r eviewed by the Scientif ic Comm ittee o n Toxicity, Eco-toxic i ty and the

Environm en t (SCTEE) which gives its opinion to the European Comm is sion on the quality of the

risk assessm ent.

This Draft Risk Assessm e nt Repor t is curren tly under discussion in the Com p etent Group of

Mem b er State experts with the aim of reachi ng cons ensus. In d o ing so, th e scien tific

inte rpre tatio n of the underly ing inf o r

m ation m a y change, m o r e inform ation m a y be included and

even the conclusions reached in this draft m a y change. Com p etent Group of Member State

experts seek as wide a distribution of these drafts as possible, in order to assure as co mplete and

accurate an inform ation basis as possible. Th e information con t ained in th is Draft Risk

Assessm ent Report therefore does not necessar ily provide a sound basis for decision m a king

regard ing th e hazard s , exposures or the risks associated with the priority substance.

This Draft Risk Assessm ent Report is the respon sibi lity of th e Mem b er State rappo rteur. In ord e r

to avoid possible m i sinterpretations or m i suse of the findings in this draft, anyone wishing to cite

or quote this report is advi sed to contact the Member State rapporteur beforehand.

Rapporteur: United Kin gdom

1 O. J. No L 084, 05/04/19 93 p. 000 1 - 0075

2 O. J. No. L 161, 2 9 /06/1 994 p. 00 03 – 0011

3 T echnical Guidance Docu m e nt, Part I

- V , I S B N 92- 827- 801 [12 34]

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## Contact for the environm ental section:

Environm ent Agency

Che m icals Assessm ent Section

Ecotoxicology and Hazardous S ubstances National Centre

Isis House, Howbery Park, W a llingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD

Fax: + 44 1491 828 559

The scien tif ic work on the env i ron m ental sections was car ried ou t by the Build in g Research

Establishm e n t Ltd (BRE), under contract to the rapporteur.

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# 0 OVERALL RESULTS O F THE RISK ASSESSMENT

CAS Number: 85535-85-9

EINECS Number: 287-477-0

IUPAC na me: Alkanes, C 14

- 1 7 

## , chloro

Overall res ults of the Risk Assess ment

Environment

(X) i) There is a need for furthe r inform ation and/or testing.

The estim ated PEC/PNEC ratios for surface wate r are >1 for m o st of the life-stag es of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. The PNEC is based on two NOECs and an assessm ent

factor of 50. A long-term toxicity (early life stage) study with fish could allow this to be refined.

If the PNEC were derived using a factor of 10 on the daphnia NOEC, then m o st of the endpoints

would give ratios less than 1. There is som e uncer tainty about whether the current fish toxicity

databas e co ntains suf f i c i ent inf o rm ation on long -term toxicity to sensitiv e lif e stag es to allow a

reduced assessm ent factor to be used without th e need for further testing. However, given the

available database for chlorina ted p a raffins as a whole, an d the conclusions found for other

endpoints in this assessm e nt, it is currently difficult to justify further test ing with vertebrate

species. Th erefore, the need for this test sho u ld be reviewed once th e outcome of the risk

reduction measures proposed elsewh ere in this assessm ent are known.

From the estim ated PEC/PNEC ratios for s e dim e nt and the terre strial com p artments, further

testing on sedim e nt and soil orga n i s m s is requir e d to ref i ne the PNECs f o r the s e c o mpartm ents.

It is recom m e nded that a long-term sedim e nt toxicity study with a third species such as Hyalella

azteca and a soil respiration inhibition test is con s idered. Ho wever, give n the risks identif ied f o r

other endpoints in this risk assessm ent the need for these tests should be reviewed once the likely

effect of any risk reduction m easures are known.

(X) ii) There is at present no need for further inform ation and/or testing, or for risk

reduction measures beyond those which are being applied already.

A low risk to waste water treatm e nt pl ants and the atmospheric com p art m ent 4 

## have been

identified from both the productio n and use of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins. It also

applies to th e assessm ent of surface water for lo cal releases from som e production sites, some

PVC compounding sites, plastics /rubber com p ounding sites, for m ulation and use of sealants,

dom e stic application of paints, use in em ulsi fiable m e tal cutting fluids and from regional

sources.

For sedim e nt, this app lies to th e assessm ent of local releases from for m ulation and use of

sealants and from regional sources.

4 

### Som e com pon ent s of t h e c o m m e rci a l pr od uc t s m i ght ha ve p r o p ert i e s t h at m a y m ean t h at l o n g

- r an ge t r an spo r t vi a

th e atm o sp h e re is a p o ssi b ility . Th is issu e sho u l d b e co nsidered fu rt h e r i n th e approp riate in tern atio n a l fo ra.



## i

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## For soil, this applies to the assessm e nt of local releases from pr oduction sites, som e PVC

com pounding sites, some plastics/rubber com p oundi ng sites, for m ulation and use of sealants,

industrial and dom e stic applicati on of paints, use in em ulsifiable m e tal cutting / working fluids

(not interm ittent release scenar io), form ulation of leather fat liquors, and from regional sources

on agricultural land.

For secondary poisoning via the fish food chain, a low risk was identified from production sites,

som e sites using m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns in the production of PVC (plastisol coating

sites, and sites carrying out ex trusion/other compounding and/or pr ocessing using open or closed

system s, and sites carrying out conversion in pa rtially open system s), the use in production of

rubber and polym ers other than PVC, for m ulation and use of sealants, for m ulation and use in

paints, us e in oil-based m e tal cutting/working f l uids and e m ulsif i able m e tal cuttin g/working

fluids where spent fluids are not discharged to w a ste water, the for m ulation of leather fat liquors

and sites where recycling of carbonless copy paper occurs. A low risk of secondary poisoning via

the earthworm food chain is also indicated for production (sites where no application of sewage

sludge onto land occurs), for m ulation and use in sealants, and dom e stic application of paints.

(X) iii) There is a n eed for lim iting the risk s; risk reduction m easures which

are already being applied sh all be taken into account.

For surface water, a risk is iden tif ied from the following application s :

• Use in the production of PVC in som e pr ocesses (particularly where com pounding or

com pounding and conversion is carried out in partially open system s).

• Form ulation of m e tal cutting fluids, and use in e m ulsifiable m e tal cutting/working fluids

where the sp ent fluid is d i scharg ed to waste water.

• Use in leather fat liquors.

For sedim e nt, a r i sk is id entif ie d from the following applications:

• Use in PVC: plastisol coating – conversion si tes or sites carrying out both com pounding and

conversion.

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other – compounding site s using partially open processes or site s

carrying out both com pounding a nd conversion using open, partially open or closed

processes.

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other – conversion sites using open, partia lly open or closed

processes.

• Use in plastics/rubber: sites carry ing out both compounding and conversion.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: f o rm ulation sites.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: use in oil-based fluids at la rge and small s ite s.

• Use in m e tal cutting/w o rking f l uid s : use in em ulsif i able f l uids at sites with inte rm ittent

rele ase (d isp o sal) to sew e r/dr ain.

• Use in leather fat liquors: use at sites carrying out processing of hides/leather.

• Use in carbonless copy paper: si tes carrying out paper recycling.

ii

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## For the terr e s trial com p artm ent, a ris k is iden tif ie d f r om :

• Use in PVC: extrusion/othe r - sites carrying out both co mpounding and conversion using

partially open system s.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: f o rm ulation sites.

• Use in m e tal cutting/w o rking f l uid s : use in em ulsif i able f l uids at sites with inte rm ittent

rele ase (d isp o sal) to sew e r/dr ain.

• Use in leather fat liquors: use at sites carrying out processing of hides/leather.

• Regional assessm ent of “ w aste rem a ining in the environm ent”.

For secondary poisoning, a risk is identified from all uses of m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins

for the earthwor m food chain (other than for production (sites where there is no spreading of

sewage sludge to land), for m ulati on and use of sealants, and dom e s tic ap plica tion of paints ). Six

scenarios also indicate a concern for the fish food chain:

• Use in the production of PVC in som e pr ocesses (particularly where com pounding or

com pounding and conversion is carried out in partially open system s).

• Form ulation of m e tal cutting fluids.

• Use in em ulsif i able m e tal cu tting/w o rking f l uid s where the spent fluid is disch a rged to waste

water.

• Use in leather fat liquors.

When the possible effects of the proposed risk reduction m easures on s hort chain chlorinated

paraffins on the consumption and use of m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins are taken into

account, the PEC/PNEC ratios for secondary poisoning also indica te that a risk from use in

oil-b a sed metal cu tting f l uids m a y also need to be consid ered if the typical c oncentration of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins present in the fluid is incr eased to around 10%.

iii

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# CONTENTS

0 OVERALL RESULTS OF TH E RISK ASSE SS MENT

................................ I

1 GENERAL SUBSTANC E I N FORMATION ..................................................9

1.1 IDENTIFI CATION O F THE SUBSTANCE 9

1.2 PURITY/IMPURITIES, ADDITI VES 9

1.2.1 Purity

................................................................................................................... ........ 9

1.2.2 Additives

................................................................................................................ ... 11

1.2.3 Medium -chain im purities present in o t her ch lorinated paraffin products

................ 11

1.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 11

1.3.1 Physical state (at ntp)

................................................................................................ 12

1.3.2 Melting point

............................................................................................................ . 12

1.3.3 Boiling poin t

............................................................................................................ . 13

1.3.4 Relative density

......................................................................................................... 13

1.3.5 Vapour pressure

........................................................................................................ 13

1.3.6 Water solubility

......................................................................................................... 14

1.3.7 Partition coefficient

................................................................................................... 1 4

1.3.8 Flash point

.............................................................................................................. ... 15

1.3.9 Autoflamma bility

...................................................................................................... 15

1.3.10 Explosivity

............................................................................................................. ... 15

1.3.11 Oxidising properties

.................................................................................................. 15

1.4 CLASSIFI CATION 15

1.4.1 Current classification

................................................................................................ 15

1.4.2 Proposal of rapporteur............................................................................................... 15

1.4.2.1 Environm ent

.......................................................................................................... 15

1.4.2.2 Hum a n health

......................................................................................................... 16



# 2 GENERAL INFORMATI O N ON EXPO SURE ...........................................17

2.1 PRODUCTION 17

2.2 USES 17

2.2.1 Use as a plasticiser

.................................................................................................... 1 9

2.2.1.1 PVC

.................................................................................................................... ... 19

2.2.1.2 Paints and varnishes............................................................................................... 22

2.2.1.3 Adhesives/sealants

................................................................................................. 23

2.2.2 Use as a flam e retardant plasticiser

........................................................................... 23

2.2.2.1 Rubber

................................................................................................................. .. 23

2.2.2.2 Plastics

............................................................................................................... .... 24

2.2.2.3 Adhesives/sealants

................................................................................................. 24

2.2.3 Extrem e pressure additive (Met al cutting/working fluids)

....................................... 24

1

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## 2.2.4 Fat liquors (for leather)

............................................................................................. 25

2.2.5 Carbonless copy paper

.............................................................................................. 25

2.3 EXISTI NG CONTRO L MEASURES 26

2.4 NATURAL SOURCES 26



# 3 ENVIRONM ENT .............................................................................................27

3.1 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 27

3.1.0 General discussion

.................................................................................................... 27

3.1.0.1 Releases from production

...................................................................................... 27

3.1.0.1.1 Default release estim a te

.................................................................................... 27

3.1.0.1.2 Industry-specific release inform ation

............................................................... 27

3.1.0.1.3 Transportation losses

........................................................................................ 28

3.1.0.2 Release from use

.................................................................................................... 28

3.1.0.2.1 Release from use in PVC

.................................................................................. 28

3.1.0.2.2 Releases from use as a plasticiser/ flam e retardant in other plastics and

rubber

................................................................................................................ 37

3.1.0.2.3 Releases from use as a plasticiser/fl am e retardant in sealants/adhesives

......... 41

3.1.0.2.4 Release from use as a plastici ser in paints and varnishes

................................. 42

3.1.0.2.5 Release fro m use as an extrem e pressure add i tiv e in m e tal cutting / working

fluids

................................................................................................................. 45

3.1.0.2.6 Release from use in leather fat liquors

............................................................. 53

3.1.0.2.7 Release from production of carbonless copy paper

.......................................... 56

3.1.0.2.8 Release from recycling of carbonless copy paper

............................................ 57

3.1.0.2.9 Release from use in plastics/other polym e rs over their service life

................. 58

3.1.0.2.10 Waste in the environm ent and ultim ate disposal

............................................ 62

3.1.0.3 Summ ary of release estim a tes

............................................................................... 64

3.1.0.4 Degradation

........................................................................................................... 6 8

3.1.0.4.1 Abiotic degradation

.......................................................................................... 68

3.1.0.4.2 Biodegradation

................................................................................................. 68

3.1.0.4.3 Summ ary of degradation

.................................................................................. 70

3.1.0.5 Uptake and accum u latio n

...................................................................................... 71

3.1.0.5.1 Bioconcentration from water

............................................................................ 71

3.1.0.5.2 Accum u lation from sedim e nt and soil

.............................................................. 78

3.1.0.5.3 Dietary accu mulation........................................................................................ 83

3.1.0.5.4 Summ ary of accum u lation

................................................................................ 87

3.1.0.6 Adsorption

............................................................................................................. 87

3.1.0.7 Environm ental distribution

.................................................................................... 88

3.1.1 Aquatic compartm ent (inc. sedim e nt)

....................................................................... 89

3.1.1.1 Calculation of PEC local



## ........................................................................................... 89

3.1.1.1.1 Production sites

................................................................................................ 90

3.1.1.1.2 Use in PVC

....................................................................................................... 91

3.1.1.1.3 Use in rubber/plastics (other than PV C)

........................................................... 93

3.1.1.1.4 Use in sealants/adhesives

................................................................................. 93

3.1.1.1.5 Use in paints and varnishes

.............................................................................. 93

2

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## 3.1.1.1.6 Form ulation and use in m e tal cuttin g/working fluids....................................... 94

3.1.1.1.7 Form ulation and use in leather fat liquors

........................................................ 95

3.1.1.1.8 Recycling of carbonless copy paper

................................................................. 96

3.1.1.2 Calculation of PEC regional 

## and PEC continental



## ............................................................ 97

3.1.1.3 Measured levels in water and sedim e nt

................................................................. 98

3.1.1.3.1 Levels in water

................................................................................................. 98

3.1.1.3.2 Measured levels in sedim e nt

.......................................................................... 106

3.1.1.3.3 Com p arison of m easured and predicted concentrations

................................. 113

3.1.2 Terrestrial com p artm ent

.......................................................................................... 115

3.1.2.1 Predicted levels

.................................................................................................... 115

3.1.2.2 Measured levels

................................................................................................... 117

3.1.2.3 Com p arison of m easured and predicted concentrations

...................................... 118

3.1.3 At m o spheric com p art m ent

...................................................................................... 119

3.1.3.1 Predicted levels

.................................................................................................... 119

3.1.3.2 Measured levels

................................................................................................... 121

3.1.4 Non-com p ar tm ental specific exposur e relevant to the food chain.......................... 121

3.1.4.1 Predicted levels

.................................................................................................... 121

3.1.4.2 Measured levels

................................................................................................... 123

3.1.4.3 Com p arison of predicted and m easured levels

.................................................... 128

3.2 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT: HAZ ARD I D ENTIFICATI O N AND DOSE

(CONCENTRATION) - RESPON SE (EFFECT) ASSESSMENT 130

3.2.1 Aquatic compartm ent

.............................................................................................. 130

3.2.1.1 Toxicity to fish..................................................................................................... 13 0

3.2.1.2 Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

......................................................................... 134

3.2.1.2.1 Daphnia m a gna

............................................................................................... 134

3.2.1.2.2 Other species

.................................................................................................. 139

3.2.1.2.3 Discussion of invertebrate results

................................................................... 140

3.2.1.3 Toxicity to algae

.................................................................................................. 141

3.2.1.4 Microorganism s

................................................................................................... 143

3.2.1.5 Sedim e nt organism s

............................................................................................. 143

3.2.1.5.1 Chironomus riparius

...................................................................................... 143

3.2.1.5.2 Lumbriculus variega t us

.................................................................................. 145

3.2.1.6 Predicted no effect concentration (P N E C) for the aquatic compartm ent

............ 147

3.2.1.6.1 Surface water

.................................................................................................. 147

3.2.1.6.2 Sewage treatm ent processes

........................................................................... 148

3.2.1.6.3 Sedim e nt

......................................................................................................... 148

3.2.2 Terrestrial com p artm ent

.......................................................................................... 149

3.2.2.1 Toxicity to m i croorganism s

................................................................................. 149

3.2.2.2 Plants

................................................................................................................. .. 149

3.2.2.3 Toxicity to earthworm s

........................................................................................ 151

3.2.2.4 Predicted no effect concentration (PN E C) for the terrestrial compartm ent

........ 153

3.2.3 At m o sphere

............................................................................................................. 15 3

3.2.4 Non-com p ar tm ental specific effect s relevant for the food chain

............................ 154

3.2.4.1 Bioaccum u lation

.................................................................................................. 154

3.2.4.2 Avian toxicity

...................................................................................................... 154

3.2.4.3 Mamm alian toxicity

............................................................................................. 155

3

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## 3.2.4.4 Predicted no effect concentrati on (PN E C) for secondary poisoning

................... 155

3.3 RISK CHARACTERI S ATION 156

3.3.1 Aquatic compartm ent (incl. sedim e nt)

.................................................................... 156

3.3.1.1 Water

.................................................................................................................. . 156

3.3.1.2 Sedim e nt

.............................................................................................................. 1 59

3.3.1.3 Sewage treatm ent processes

................................................................................ 162

3.3.2 Terrestrial com p artm ent

.......................................................................................... 163

3.3.3 At m o sphere

............................................................................................................. 16 6

3.3.4 Non-com p ar tm ent specific effects rele vant to the food chain (secondary

poisoning)

............................................................................................................... 167

3.3.5 Areas of uncertainty in the e nvironm ental risk assessm ent

.................................... 170

3.3.6 Waste disposal

........................................................................................................ 171

3.3.7 Medium -chain im purities present in o t her ch lorinated paraffins

............................ 171



# 4 HUMAN HE ALTH

....................................................................................... 172

4.1 172

4.1.1

.......................................................................................................................... ............ 172

4.1.1.1........................................................................................................................

........ 172

4.1.1.2........................................................................................................................

........ 172

4.1.1.3 Indirect exposure via the environm ent

................................................................ 172



# 5 RESU LTS

....................................................................................................... 175

175

175

178



# 179

186

257

260

267

273 5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 ENVI RONMENT

5.3 HUMAN HEALTH



# 6 REFERENCES

..............................................................................................

APPENDI X A EUSES MODELLING

APPE NDI X B ESTIMAT E D VAPOUR PRESS URES FOR C 14- 17 

## CHLORINATE D

PARAFFINS

APPENDIX C GENERIC LEVEL III FUGACITY MODELLING

APPE NDI X D ANALYTI CAL ME T HODS USE D TO DE T E RMINE C 14- 17



## CHLORINATE D PARAFFINS IN ENVI RONMENTAL MEDIA

APPENDI X E ASSES S MENT OF P O SSI BLE REPLACEMENT OF SHORT-CHAIN

CHLORINATE D PARAFFINS W I TH MEDIUM-CHAIN

CHLORINATE D PARAFFINS

4

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## APPENDI X F ESTIMATI ON OF WASTE REM A INING IN THE ENVIRONMENT

AND F U RTHER CO NSIDE R ATION OF DIFFUSIVE EMISSI ONS

FROM ARTICLE S 287

302

312 APPENDI X G VOLATILI TY LOSS ES FROM PVC

APPE NDI X H EFFE CTS OF VARIABILITY I N PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

PROPERT I ES AND DEGRADAT ION RATE ON THE

ENVI RONMENTAL MODELLI NG OF MEDIUM-CHAIN

CHLORINATE D PARAFFINS



# TABLES

Table 1.1 Theoretical chlorine content of som e m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

.............. 10

Table 1.2 Physico-chem ical properties of som e m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

.............. 12

Table 2.1 Use of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins in the EU

.............................................. 18

Table 2.2 Exhaust air treatm e nt in Western Eur ope by process in 1990 (Kirk-Othm e r , 1996) 21

Table 2.3 Chlorinated paraffin content of paints (BCF, 1999)

.................................................. 22

Table 3.1 Estim ated amounts of medium -chain chlo rinated paraffins used at flexible

PVCprocessing sites

.................................................................................................. 30

Table 3.2 Estim ated worst case em issions of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins to air from

processing sites d



## ......................................................................................................... 36

Table 3.3 Estim ated volatilisation losses of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins from

polym eric materials

................................................................................................... 61

Table 3.4 Estim ated le aching lo sse s of m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffins from polym eric

m a terials

.................................................................................................................... 62

Table 3.5 Summ ary of environm ental release estim ates for m e dium -cha in chlorinated

paraffins

..................................................................................................................... 65

Table 3.6 BOD 5 

## and COD values for various medium -cha in chlorinated paraffins (Hoechst

AG, 1976 a nd 1977)

.................................................................................................. 68

Table 3.7 BOD values for m e dium-chain chlorinate d paraffins (Madeley and Birtley, 1980) 69

Table 3.8 Bioconcentration of a medium -chain ch lorinated paraffin in rainbow trout

(Thom pson et al., 2000)

............................................................................................. 74

Table 3.9 Uptake and accum u latio n of 14 

## C-labelled chlorinated paraffin by Lumbriculus

variega t us

.................................................................................................................. 79

Table 3.10 Uptake of n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl by earthworm s

.................................... 80

Table 3.11 Uptake of n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl from soil by plants

.............................. 83

Table 3.12 Dietary accu mulation of C 14 

## chlorinated paraffins in rainbow trout (Fisk et al.,

1988a)

........................................................................................................................ 8 5

Table 3.13 Fugacity m odelling for m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

.................................... 89

Table 3.14 Summ ary of PECs estimated for production sites

..................................................... 91

Table 3.15a PEC local ( water) 

## and PEC loc a l( sediment) 

## for use in PVC

..................................................... 91

Table 3.15b PEC local ( water) 

## and PEC loc a l( sediment) 

## for use in PVC

..................................................... 92

Table 3.16 PEC local 

## for water and sedim e nt for use in rubber and plastics

.................................. 93

Table 3.17 PEC local 

## for water and sedim e nt for form ulation and use in paints.

........................... 94

5

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## Table 3.18 PEC local 

## for water and s e dim e nt for use in m e tal cutting / working fluids

.................. 94

Table 3.19 PEC local 

## for water and sedim e nt for form ulation and use of leather fat liquors

......... 96

Table 3.20 PEC local 

## for water and sedim e nt for recy cling of carbonless copy paper

.................. 97

Table 3.21 Estim ated PEC regional 

## and PEC continental 

## for the aquatic com p artm ent

......................... 98

Table 3.22 Levels of medium -chain chlorinated pa raffins in surface water in th e United

Kingdom

, related to sources

...................................................................................... 99

Table 3.23 Measured levels of m e di um -chain (and short-chain) chlorina ted paraffins in

surface water in th e United Kingdom (ICI, 1992)

................................................... 102

Table 3.24 Levels of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins in surface water in Germ any

(Hoechst A G , 1987; Ballschm iter, 1994)

................................................................ 102

Table 3.25 Concentration of total short- and m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10- 20 

## ) in

m a rine waters in and around the UK (Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980)

................ 103

Table 3.26 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in fresh and other non-m a rine waters remote from industry in the United

Kingdom (Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980)

........................................................... 104

Table 3.27 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in waters in industrialised area s in the UK (Cam pbell and McConnell,

1980)

........................................................................................................................ 1 04

Table 3.28 Measured levels of m e di um -chain chlo rinated paraffins near a production site

in the United States (Mu rray et al., 1987a and 1987b)

............................................ 105

Table 3.29 Levels of chlorinated paraffins in sedi m e nt in the United King dom

, related to

sources (CEFAS, 1999)

........................................................................................... 107

Table 3.30 Levels of medium -chain chlorinate d paraffins in Germ an sedim e nts

..................... 110

Table 3.31 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in marine sedim e nts around the UK (Ca m pbell and McConnell, 1980)

..... 111

Table 3.32 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in fresh and other non-m a rine sedim e nts rem o te from industry in the UK

(Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980)

........................................................................... 111

Table 3.33 Concentration of com b ined short- and m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in sedim e nts in industrialised areas in the UK (Ca m pbell and McConnell,

1980)

........................................................................................................................ 11 2

Table 3.34 Estim ated concentrations in soil

.............................................................................. 115

Table 3.35 Levels in sewage sludge, agricultural land and earthw orm s fr om the United

Kingdom (CEFAS, 1999)

........................................................................................ 117

Table 3.34 Estim ated air concentrat ions of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

..................... 120

Table 3.37 Estim ated concentrations in fish a nd earthworm s for secondary poisoning............ 121

Table 3.38 Levels of chlorinated paraffins in fi sh and benthos in the United Kingdom

, related to sources (CEF AS, 1999)

........................................................................... 123

Table 3.39 Concentrations of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in aquatic organism s (Ca m pbell and McConnell, 1980).

............................ 125

Table 3.40 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in seabirds' eggs a 

## (Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980)

.................................. 125

Table 3.41 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in birds (Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980)

.................................................. 125

Table 3.42 Concentration of com b ined short- and m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in hum a n foodstuffs (Ca m pb ell and McConnell, 1980)

.............................. 126

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## Table 3.43 Concentration of com b ined short- a nd m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins

(C 10- 20 

## ) in sh eep from areas near to an d rem o te from a chlorinated paraffin

production plant (Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980)

................................................ 126

Table 3.44 Concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (unspecified chain length) in pooled

sam p les from in and around Sweden (Jansson et al., 1993)

.................................... 127

Table 3.45 Levels of medium -chain chlorinated para ffins in biota from Canada (Bennie et

al., 2000)

.................................................................................................................. 12 8

Table 3.46 Toxicity to fish

......................................................................................................... 131

Table 3.47 Exposure concentrations and uptak e in Medaka eggs and larvae of 14 

## C-C 14 

## , 55% wt. Cl chlori nated paraffin............................................................................... 134

Table 3.48 Toxicity to aquatic i nvertebrates and algae

............................................................. 135

Table 3.49 Results of microorgani sm toxicity tests

................................................................... 143

Table 3.50 Toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance to Chironomus riparius

....................... 144

Table 3.51 Toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance to L u mbriculus variega t us

................... 146

Table 3.52 Effects of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance on em ergence and plant growth

............. 150

Table 3.53 Toxicity of a 52% wt. Cl m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin to earthworm

.......... 152

Table 3.54 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios for su rface water

........................................................ 156

Table 3.55 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios for sedim e nt

............................................................... 159

Table 3.56 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios for waste water treatm ent plants

............................... 162

Table 3.57 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios for ag ricultural soil (30 day average)

........................ 164

Table 3.58 Estim ated concentrations in fish a nd earthworm s for secondary poisoning............ 167

Table 3.36 Estim ated concentrations in food for hum a n daily intake

....................................... 173

258

273

277

279

281

282

283

284

299

300

301

302

303

304

309

311

313

314

315 Table B1 Estim ated vapour pressures for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

..................... Table E.1 Trends in use of chlorinated paraffins in the EU

..................................................... Table E.2 Revised releases for the regiona l and continental environm ent

.............................. Table E.3 PEC regional 

## and PEC continental 

## for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins for the

current situation and possible future in creased use as a result of risk reduction

m easures on short-chain chlorinated paraffins

........................................................ Table E4 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios fo r su rface water (P NEC = 0.2 μg/l)

......................... Table E5 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios for se dim e nt (PNEC = 1 m g /kg wet wt.)...................

Table E.6 Estim ated PEC/PNEC r a tios for soil (PNEC = 2.12 m g /kg wet wt.)

...................... Table E7 Estim ated concentrations in fish and earthworm s for secondary poisoning

(PNEC = 0.5 m g /kg)

................................................................................................ Table F1 Estim ation of waste rem a ining in the environm ent

................................................ Table F 2 Summ ary of diffusive losses of m e di um -c hain chlorinated paraffins from PVC

(and other polym e rs) during product lifetim es and disposal

................................... Table F3 Summ ary of waste rem a ining in th e environm ent during product lifetim es and

disposal

.................................................................................................................... Table G1 Ageing loss from PVC (BS 2782 m e thods 465A and B)

........................................ Table G2 Weight loss on heating of plasticiser

....................................................................... Table G3 Exposure estim ates for C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance

.............................................. Table G4 Local PEC calculation s for a C 14- 17 

## , 52% Cl substance

........................................... Table G5 Predicted regional concentrations for a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance

..................... Table H1 Input data for EUSES model for the various scenarios considered

......................... Table H2 Resulting concentrations for th e various scenarios considered

............................... Table H3 Resulting P E C/PNEC r a tios for th e various scenarios considered

..........................

7

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## Table H4 Effects of va rying the biodegrada tion half-life on pr edicted regional

concentrations

.......................................................................................................... 317

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# 1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE I N FORMATION

1.1 IDENTIFI CATION O F THE SUBSTANCE

CAS No: 85535-85-9

EINECS No: 287-477-0

IUPAC Nam e : Alkanes, C 14

- 1 7 

## , chloro

Molecu lar f o rm ula: C

x 

## H ( 2x- y + 2 ) 

## Cl

y 

## , where x = 14-17 and y = 1-17

Exam ple structural

for m ulae:

C 14 

### H 24 

### Cl 6



### C 17 

### H 29 

### Cl 7



## Molecular w e ight: see Section 1.2.1

Synonym s : chlorinated paraffin (C 14 -1 7 

## ); chloroalkanes, C 14-1 7 

## ; chloroparaffin;

chloroparaffine, C 14- 17 

## ; m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins;

paraffine clorurate (C 14- 1 7 

## ); paraffine clorurat e a catena m e dia.

In th is a sses s m e nt the n a m e m e dium -chain chlorina ted pa r a f f i n (or M CCP) will b e used f o r

the

substance, as this is the m o re common na m e

. The comm e r cially supplied products are usually

m i xtures of different carbon ch ain lengths (reflecting the carbon chain length dist ribution in the

parent n-paraffin feedstocks used), and have diff erent degrees of chlorina tion, although all have a

common structure in th at no secon d ary carbon atom carries m o re than one chlorine atom . Two

other groups of chlorinated paraffins are m a de comm ercially. These are known as short-chain

(typically C 10- 13 

## ) and long-chain (typically ≥ C 18 

## or C 20- 30 

## ). This assessm e nt is onl y concerned

with th e m e dium -chain (C 14- 17 

## ) chlorinated paraffins, but som e infor m at ion on the other types is

included wh en it is con s idered to b e useful a nd relevant to the assessm e nt. The short-chain

chlorinated paraffins have been assesse d previously under Regulation (EE C ) 793/93.

1.2 PURITY/IMPURITIES, ADDITI VES

1.2.1 Purity

Table 1.1 shows the theoretical % weight chlorine content of several com pounds that can be

considered as m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins. The amount of chlorine present in the

commercial products is usually expressed as a per centage by weight (% wt. Cl), but since the

commercial products contain a num ber of com ponent s with different car bon chain lengths, it is

not possible to identify exactly which com pou nds are present in a given product, although

Table 1.1 can be used as a guide. W h erever possible in this report, the actual carbon chain length

(or rang e of chain length ) and the d e gree of chlor i nation (% wt. Cl) will be given.

9

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## Although it is theore tically possible to produce m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins with chlorine

contents up to 70% wt. Cl, such products are not m a nufactured commercially. The highest

chlorine co ntent of th e comm ercial m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins norm a lly available is

around 58-60% wt. Cl, although products with chlori ne contents of up to 62-63% have recently

been developed. The lowest chlorine content of the comm ercial m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins is around 40% wt. Cl, but the largest tonnage of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

have chlorine contents between 45 and 52% wt. Cl (Euro Chlor, 1999).

The purity of the produced chlorinated paraffin is re late d to the purity of the n-paraf f i n

feedstock. In W e stern E u rope, chlo rinated paraffins are m a de from purified n-paraffin feedstocks

containing no m o re than 1-2% isoparaffins a nd <100 mg arom atics/kg (the arom atics are

rem oved by treatm ent of th e n-pa raf f i n with sulph u ric ac id). F o r som e high-stab i lity a pplica tions,

n-paraffin fractions with <1% isoparaffins a nd <10-100 m g ar om atics/kg are used (BU A , 1992).

Table 1.1 Theoretical chlorine content of so me medium-chain chlorinated paraffins

F o r m

u l a M o l e c u l a r

weight % Cl by

weight F o r m

u l a M o l e c u l a r

weight % Cl by

weight F o r m

u l a M o l e c u l a r

weight % Cl by

weight

C 14 

### H 29 

### C l 2 3

2

. 5 1 5

. 3 C 15 

### H 24 

### Cl 8 

### 4 8

8

. 0 5 8

. 2 C 16 

### H 18 

### Cl 16 

### 7 7 8

. 0 7 3

. 0

C 14 

### H 27 

### Cl 3 

### 3 0

1

. 5 3 5

. 3 C 15 

### H 20 

### Cl 12 

### 6 2

6

. 0 6 8

. 1

C 14 

### H 24 

### Cl 6 

### 4 0

5

. 0 5 2

. 6 C 15 

### H 17 

### Cl 15 

### 7 2

9

. 5 7 3

. 0 C 17 

### H 35 

### C l 2 7

4

. 5 1 2

. 9

C 14 

### H 21 

### Cl 9 

### 5 0

8

. 5 6 2

. 8 C 17 

### H 32 

### Cl 4 

### 3 7

8

. 0 3 7

. 6

C 14 

### H 18 

### Cl 12 

### 6 1 2

. 0 6 9

. 6 C 16 

### H 33 

### C l 2 6

0

. 5 1 3

. 6 C 17 

### H 29 

### Cl 7 

### 4 8

1

. 5 5 1

. 6

C 14 

### H 16 

### Cl 14 

### 6 8

1

. 0 7 3

. 0 C 16 

### H 30 

### Cl 4 

### 3 6

4

. 0 3 9

. 0 C 17 

### H 26 

### Cl 10 

### 5 8

5

. 0 6 0

. 7

C 16 

### H 27 

### Cl 7 

### 4 6

7

. 5 5 3

. 2 C 17 

### H 23 

### Cl 13 

### 6 8

8

. 5 6 7

. 0

C 15 

### H 31 

### C l 2 4

6

. 5 1 4

. 4 C 16 

### H 24 

### Cl 10 

### 5 7 1

. 0 6 2

. 2 C 17 

### H 21 

### Cl 15 

### 7 5

7

. 5 7 0

. 3

C 15 

### H 28 

### Cl 4 

### 3 5

0

. 0 4 0

. 6 C 16 

### H 21 

### Cl 13 

### 6 7

4

. 5 6 8

. 4 C 17 

### H 19 

### Cl 17 

### 8 2

6

. 5 7 3

. 0



## Comm ercial products are com p lex m i xtures of is om ers and standard analytical m e thods do not

perm it separation and identifica tion of these. Work by Könne cke and Hahn (1962) provides a

basis for estim a ting the distribution of the chlori ne contents present in a given product (although

this work was ac tually c a rried ou t w ith C 26 

## chlorinates, it is thought that sim ilar distributions will

apply to all chlorinated paraffins). This work gives a pred iction of approxim a tely 80% of the

isom ers pres ent ly ing within ± 10% of the s t ated average chlo rine con t ent and 90% within ± 15%.

Thus in a medium -chain 50% wt. Cl product, ther e is likely to be only around 5% of mono- and

dichloro isom ers present (with a corresponding low percentage of highly chlorinated m a terial)

(ICI, 1995).

Any im purities p r esen t in the commercial chlor i nate d p a raf f i ns a r e like l y to be re lated to those

present in the n-paraffin feedstock, in whic h the m a jor non-paraffinic im purity is a sm all

proportion of arom atics (generally in the rang e 50-100 ppm (m g/kg)). However, there is some

evidence that the chlori nation reaction does not favour chlorination of arom atics. No specific

analytical methods are currently availab l e for th e detection of possible impurities present in th e

commercial products (IC I, 1995).

10

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## The levels of chlorinated paraffins of chain lengths other than C 14- 1 7 

## present in the current

commercial products are <1%. The producers of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins

(represented by Euro Chlor) have, since 1991, used paraffin feedstocks in the production process

with a C 10- 13 

## content of <1% (the actual levels ar e often m u ch lower than this), and a

>C 18 

## content of <1% (Euro Chlor, 1999).

1.2.2 Additives

It is known that additives/stabilis ers such as long-chain epoxidised soya oil or glycidyl ether are

added to som e chlorinated para ffins to inhibit the release of hydrogen chloride at elevated

tem p eratures. These are used at concentratio ns of <1% by weight. For som e high therm a l

stability formulations other additives, e.g. organophosphorus com pounds , have been reported to

be used in conjunction with these (BUA, 1992)

.

1.2.3 Medium-ch a in impurities presen t in other chlorinated paraffin produ c ts

It has recently been reported that som e long-chain chlorinated paraffins based on a C 18- 20 

## carbon

chain length m a y contain a substantial proportion of C 17 

## chlorinated paraffins, with only very

sm all am ounts of chlorinated para ffins of shorter chain lengths (EA, 2001). The typical levels

reported were 17% C 17 

## and <1% C 16 

## , although the range of the C 17 

## im purity was given as

10-20%. The am ounts of chlorinated paraffi ns with carbon chain lengths of C 15 

## or lower present

in the C 18- 2 0 

## liquid products would be negligibly sm all.

These im purities are co nsidered later in the regional expo sure es tim ates for C 14- 17 

## chlorinated

paraffins, and the risk characterisation.

1.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The physico-chem ical properties of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins ar e discussed below and

summarised in Table 1.2

.

Since the products produced contain m a ny compone nts, the physico-chem ical properties of the

various products can vary, reflecting the differe nt com ponents of the products. Representative

values h a ve therefore b een sel ected for the key param e ters used for environm ental m odelling.

The effect of the variation of th ese prop ertie s on th e risk characteri sa tion is analysed in

Appendix H.

11

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Table 1.2 Physico-chemical properties of some medium-chain chlorinated p a raffins

Pro p erty Chlorin e con t en t (% wt ) Value Remarks

Physical state ( a t

ntp) 40-63 liquid

Pour point -45 o 

### C to 25 o 

### C commercial mixtures - no distinct

melting point

Boiling point (at n t p) >200 o 

### C decomposition wi th release of HCl

D e n s

i t y 4 1 1

. 0 9

5 g/cm 3 

### at

20 o 

### C

5

6 1

. 3 1 5 g/cm 3 

### at

20 o 

### C

4

0

- 5

8 1.1-1.38 g/cm 3 

### at 25 o 

### C

5

6 1.28-1.3 1 g/cm 3 

### at

6

0

o 

### C

2.27 × 10 -3 

### Pa at 4 0

o 

### C 45

0.16 Pa at 8 0

o 

### C

1.3 × 10 -4



### -2.7 × 10 -4 

### Pa at 20 o 

### C

1.07 × 10 -3 

### Pa at 4 5 o 

### C

6.0 × 10 -3 

### Pa at 6 0

o 

### C Vapou r pressu re

52

0.051 Pa at 80 o 

### C a value of 2

. 7

× 10 -4 

### Pa at 20 o 

### C is

used in the Envir onmental

Assessment

Water s o

lubility 51 0.005-0. 027 m g

/l a value of 0

. 027 mg/l is used in th e

Environm ental As sessment

4

5 5

. 5

2

- 8

. 2

1 Log octan o

l-wate r partition

coefficient

5 2 5

. 4

7

- 8

. 0

1 measured by a hi gh perfo rmance

thin layer chr o

ma tography method ; a

value of 7 is use d in the

Environm ental As sessment

Flash point >40 >210 o 

### C c l o

s e

d c u p

Autoflam mability n o

t s

t a t

e

d

E x

p

l o

s

i v

i t y n o

t a p p

l i c

a b

l e

Oxidising proper ties none

Note: ntp = Nor m

al temper ature and pressu re.



## 1.3.1 Physical state (at n t p)

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are liquids at room te m p e r ature.

1.3.2 Melting point

Comm ercial m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins do not have a distinct m e lting point. Pour

points in the range -40 o 

## C to -7 o 

## C and -45 o 

## C to 0 o 

## C have been reported for these m a terials in

IUCLID. BUA (1992) reports a si m ilar pour point range of -50 o 

## C to 0 o 

## C. It has been reported

that a m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin with a very high chlorine content (62-63% wt. Cl) has a

pour point of around 25 o 

## C (Euro Chlor, 1999).

12

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## 1.3.3 Boiling point

The exact boiling poin t of m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffins is un known as they start to

decom pose (with liberation of hydrogen ch loride) at tem p eratures of around 200 o 

## C. The boiling

point can therefore be considered to be >200 o 

## C.

1.3.4 Relative density

The density varies with chlori ne content of the product. V a lues reported in IUCLID include

1.095 g/cm 3 

## for 41% wt. Cl product and 1.315 g/cm 3 

## for 56% wt. Cl product at 20 o 

## C,

1.1-1.38 g/cm 3 

## at 25 o 

## C for products with chlorine contents in the range 40-58% wt. Cl and

1.275-1.305 g/cm 3 

## at 60 o 

## C for a 56% wt. Cl product.

Kirk-Othm e r (1993) gives the following sim ilar values for the density of C 14 -1 7 

## chlo rina ted

paraffins at 25 o 

## C: 1.10 g/cm 3 

## for a 40% wt. Cl product; 1.16 g/cm 3 

## for a 45% wt. Cl product;

1.25 g/cm 3 

## for a 52% wt. Cl product; and 1.36 g/cm 3 

## for a 58% wt. Cl product.

1.3.5 Vapour pressure

A vapour pressure of 2.27 × 10 -5 

## hPa (2.27 × 10 -3 

## Pa) at 40 o 

## C has been reported in IUCLID for

m e dium -chain ch lorin a te d paraf f i ns with a chlo r i ne content of 45% wt. Cl . A vapour pressure of

0.16 Pa has been reported for a si m ilar chlorinated paraffin at 80 o 

## C (BUA, 1992).

The vapour pressure of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl product has been reported as 1 × 10 -6 

## -2 × 10 -6 

## mmH g

(1.3 × 10 -4 

## -2. 7 × 10 -4 

## Pa) at 20 o 

## C by Ca m pbell and McConnell (1980). Vapour pressures for a

C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl product at elevated tem p eratures have been reported as 1.07 × 10 -3 

## Pa at 45 o 

## C,

6 × 10 -3 

## Pa at 60 o 

## C and 0.051 Pa at 80 o 

## C (BUA, 1992).

It has been reported that the volatility of c h lorin a ted p a raf f i ns in genera l dec r eases with

increasing chlorine content (Kirk-Othm er, 1993), and this is borne out by the above figures.

Recently, Drouillard et al. (1998 ) d e term ined the vapour p r essures of a se ries of short-chain

(C 10- 13 

## ) chlorinated paraffins at 25 o 

## C using a vapour pressure - gas-liquid chrom a tography

technique. They found t h at vapour pressures of the short-chain chlorinated paraffins decreased

with both increasing car bon chain length and degree of chlorination. They derived the following

equation relating vapour pressure (in Pa at 25 o 

## C) to the number of car bon and chlorine atom s

present in a molecule:

log (vapour pressure) = -(0.353 × no. of C atom s) - (0.645 × no. of Cl atom s ) + 4.462

Using this equation vapour pres sures for all possible m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin

congeners can be estim ated. This is shown in Appendix B for all possible combinations of

carbon and chlorine numbers. It should be noted th at the reliability o f this equation for the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins is unknown, however the valu es estim ated for C 14- 17 

## , ~51-53% Cl chlorinated paraffi ns are in the region of 5 × 10 -5 

## Pa for C 14 

## , 2 × 10 -5 

## Pa fo r C 15 

## , 2 × 10 -6 

## Pa fo r C 16 

## and 9 × 10 -7 

## Pa for C 17 

## , which agrees reasonably well with the measured dat a

13

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## above, particularly as the m easurem ents on th e comm ercial m i xture will be dominated by th e

more volatile com ponents (shorter chain length, lower chlorinated com ponents).

For the environm ental assessm ent, the vapour pressure of 2.7 × 10 -4 

## Pa at 20 o 

## C measured b y

Ca m pbell and McConnell (1980) will be used as a representative v a lue for a commercial

product. The vapour pressures of individual isom ers are likely to cover a large ra nge of values,

being dependent on the carbon chain length and num b er of chlorine atom s present.

1.3.6 Water solu bility

The water solubility o f a 14 

## C-lab e lled chlorinated n-p e n t adecan e (5 1% wt. Cl) has been

determ ined to be 0.005 mg/l by parent com pound m easurem ent and 0.027 m g /l by 14 

## C analysis

after 6 m onths at 20 o 

## C. The test su bstance was prep ared by m i xing n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C with

unlabelled C 14- 17 

## par a f f in prio r to c h lorin a tion to 51% wt. Cl. Approximately 50 m g of the test

substance was weighed out onto a g l ass m i croscope slid e an d this was then placed in 5 litres of

water. The test was carried out by stirring the chlorinated paraffin in water for 91 days and then

allowing the solution to settle (no stirring ) f o r a further 87 days to ensure that equilibrium was

reached. Lig h t was excluded from t h e test solu ti on. The au thors suggested that the discrep a ncy

between the water solubility obt ained by the tw o m e thods m a y indicate that som e degradation

had occurred during the test (Mad eley et al., 1983a). However, th is discrepancy could also, in

part, be due to the different analytical m e thods us ed. Given that the substance tested is a com p lex

m i xture, the solubility values obtained by the different m e thods are in reasonable agreem ent.

Ca m pbell and McConnell (1980) repor ted the solubility at 16-20 o 

## C of a C 16 

## , 52% wt. Cl

chlorinated paraffin to be 10 μg/l in freshwater and 4 μg/l in seawater, based on radioactivity

m easure m ents. Few other details are available about the m e thod used, but the results obtained are

com p arable with those reported by (Madeley et al., 1983a) above.

A water solubility value of 0.027 mg/l will be used in the assessm ent. It is likely that the water

solubility will vary with both carbon chain length a nd degree of chlorination.

1.3.7 Partition coefficien t

Calculated values for log Kow between 5.5 and >6 are reported in IUCL ID for m e dium -cha in

chlorinated paraffins.

Log Kow va lues of 6.95 for C 14 

## H 26 

## Cl 4 

## (42.2% wt. Cl), 6.37 for C 14 

## H 23 

## Cl 7 

## (56.5% wt. Cl), 8.54

for C 17 

## H 32 

## Cl 4 

## (37.5% wt. Cl) and 7.94 for C 17 

## H 27 

## Cl 9 

## (58.0% wt. Cl) have been calculated using

the CLOGP 3.4 com pute r program (BUA, 1992)

.

Renberg et al. (1980 ) determ ined the octano l- water partition coefficients for m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins using a high perform a nce thin layer chrom a tography (HPTLC) m e thod. The

partition coefficients determ ined (log values) were 5.52-8.21 for a C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl product and

5.47-8.01 for a C 14 -1 7 

## , 52% wt. Cl product. T h e range quot ed reflects the different HPTLC

retention tim es, and he nce octanol-water partition coefficients, of the various com p onents of the

14

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## commercial products. T h ese m easured values are in good agreem ent with the values estim ated

above.

Fisk et al. (1998b) determ ined the octano l-water partition coefficients of two 14 

## C-labelled

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins of single carbon chain length (C 16 

## ). The two com pounds

used were C 16 

## H 21. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## , 35% wt. Cl and C 16 

## H 20



## . 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## , 69% wt. Cl. The m e an log Kow values

determ ined by a HPLC m e thod were reported to be 7.2 for the 35% wt. Cl substance (range of

log Kow was 4.7-6.6, 6.6-7.8, 7.8-8.0 and 8.0-8.3 fo r the four m a in com pone nts of this

substance) and 7.4 for the 69% wt. Cl substa nce (range of log Kow was 6.9-7.8). These are

consistent w ith the other va lues determ ined above.

For the env i ronm ental a ssessm ent, a log Kow valu e of 7 (approxim a tely the m i ddle of the range

of m easured values) will be used as a representative value.

1.3.8 Flash point

A flash point of >210 o 

## C (closed cup) is repo rted in IUCLID for a C 14- 17 

## , >40% wt. Cl product.

1.3.9 Autoflammability

Decom position starts to occur above 200 o 

## C with liberation of hydrogen chloride.

1.3.10 Explosivity

On the basis of che m ical structur e the substance is not explosive.

1.3.11 Oxidising properties

On the basis of che m ical structure th e substance has no oxidising properties.

1.4 CLASSIFI CATION

1.4.1 Current cla ssification

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are curren tly not clas sified wi th r e s p ect to their ef f e cts on

hum a n health or the environm ent.

1.4.2 Proposal of rapporteur

1.4.2.1 Environment

Based on the toxicity seen with daphnids and th e lack of biodegradabil ity in standard test

system s, the following classification is proposed for environm ental effects:

15

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## N – Dangerous for the environm ent

R50/53 – Very toxic to aquatic organism s, m a y cause lon g -term adverse effects in the

aquatic environm ent.

This proposal is based on the acute toxicity seen with Daphnia magna (48-hour EC 50



## = 0.0059 m g /l), a high fish bioconcentration factor of 1,087 and the lack of degradation expected

in standard ready biodegradation tests.

1.4.2.2 Human health

To be added.

16

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# 2 GENERAL INFORMATI O N ON EXPOSURE

2.1 PRODUCTION

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are currently m a nufactured at five sites in th e EU. The

curren t total produ ction cap acity as re ported in IUCLID is in the ran g e

45,000-160,000 tonnes/year.

Chlorinated paraffins are m a nufactured by adding chlo rine gas in to th e sta r ting p a raf f i n in a

stirred reactor. Depending on the c h ain length of the paraffin feedstock, the tem p e r ature of the

reaction is m a intained between 80 and 100 o 

## C, with cooling if necessa ry . Catalys t s a r e not usu a lly

needed for the reaction to proceed, but ultraviolet light m a y be used to aid the reactio n. Once the

desired degree of chlorination has been reached (a s determ ined by density, viscosity or refractive

index m easurem ents), the flow of chlorine gas into the reaction is stopped. Ai r or nitrogen is then

used to purge the reactor of excess chlorine a nd hydrochloric acid gas and s m all quantities of a

stabiliser (e.g. epoxidi sed vegetable oil) m a y be added to the product. The product is then

typica lly f i ltered and p i p e d to batch s t orage tanks f o r f illing d r um s, tankers or bulk s t o r age tanks.

The m a in by-product from the process is hydrogen ch loride gas. This is collected by absorption

in water and re-used as h ydrochloric acid (BUA, 1992).

2.2 USES

The m a in us es of m e dium -chain chlorinated para ffins are as secondary pl asticisers in polyvinyl

chlor i de (P VC), as extrem e pressure additiv es in m e tal working f l uids, as plasticise rs in paints,

as additiv es to adhesives and sealants, in fat liquors used in leath e r process i ng and as fla m e

retardant plasticisers in rubbers and other polym e ric m a terials.

Estim ates for the am ounts of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins used in the various applications

within th e EU are given in Table 2.1 (Euro Chlor, 1998).

Figures have been provided for the use of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns in the EU in 1998

(Euro Chlor, 1999). These were provided in a slightly different form to those in Table 2.1 but

indicate that the overall use of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins during 1998 had fallen from

the 1997 level to a sim ilar level as in 1994. T h e reduction in us e of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins compared with 1997 was generally spread over all the uses, with the exception of m e tal

cutting wor k ing/cu tting f l uids, which showed a sm all incr ease in use, and pain ts, sealan ts an d

adhesives, which rem a ined approxim ately at the 1997 level. The 1997 consum ption figures are

used in the environm ental ass e ssm ent to repre s e n t a realistic worst cas e for the am ounts used in

the various applications.

In a p r ev iou s assessm ent of the short-chain (C 10- 1 3 

## ) chlorinated paraffins, risk reduction m easures

were id entif ied f o r use in m e tal cuttin g/working fluids and leather fat li quors. The m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins have sim ilar uses, and can be considered as replacem ents for the

short-chain chlorinated paraffins in som e of these applicati ons. Any reduction in use of the

short-chain chlorinated paraffins in these areas c ould lead to an increased use of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins as a repl acement. The effect of such substitutions on the am ounts of

17

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins likely to be us ed in the future as a result of ris k reductio n

m easures applied to the shor t-chain chlorinated paraffins is currently unknow n, although an

incre a sing tr end in use in m e tal wor k ing/cu tting f l uids is ev ident f r om Table 2.1 . Appendix E

consider s th is issue f u rth e r.

Table 2.1 Use of medium-chain chlorinate d

paraffins in the EU

Applicati on Indust r y c a teg o ry Use categ ory Quantit y

use d

(t

onnes/ yea r)

(Percent a ge of t o tal us e giv e n in brac kets)

1 9

9

4 1 9 9

5 1 9 9

6 1 9 9

7

PVC 11 (polymers ind u stry) 47 (soften e rs) o r 22

(flame ret a rdant and fire

preventing agent s) 45,476

(80.2% ) 48,640

(82.9% ) 49,240

(83.0% ) 51,827

(79.4% )

Metal working/

cutting 8 (metal ext r actio n , refining

and processin g in

dustry 35 (lubricants an d

additives) 2,611

(4.6%) 2,765

(4.7%) 3,302

(5.6%) 5,953

(9.1%)

Paints, ad hesives

and sealants * 

### 14 (paints, lac q u

e rs and

varnishes indust r y) and 15

(others) 47 (soften e rs) o r 22

(flame ret a rdant and fire

preventing agent s) 3,079

(5.4%) 2,392

(4.1%) 2,638

(4.4%) 3,541

(5.4%)

Rubber/polyme r s (other t han PVC) 11 (polymers ind u stry) 47 (soften e r) o r 2

2 (flame

retarda n t and fire

preventing agent s) 2,497

(4.4%) 2,767

(4.7%) 2,324

(3.9%) 2,146

(3.3%)

Leather fat liquor s 7 (leathe r proces sing

industry) 47 (soften e rs) o r 31

(impregna tion ag ents) 1,614

(2.8%) 1,270

(2.2%) 1,172

(2.0%) 1,048

(1.6%)

Carbonless copy

paper 12 (pulp, paper a nd boar d

industry) 48 (solvent) 1,296

(2.3%) 837

(1.4%) 630

(1.1%) 741

(1.1%)

T o

t a l 5 6

, 6

7 3 5 8

, 6

7 1 5 9

, 3

0

6 6 5

, 2

5

6

Note: *Approxim ate split is 2/3 us ed in sealants an d 1/3 used in pai nts (Eu r o Chlor, 1 999).



## It is thought that around 50% of the leather f a t liquor form ulations produced in the EU are

exported for use outside the EU (Euro Chlor, 1998).

For use in PVC and other polym ers, it is po ssible that pellets (m asterbatch) contain i ng

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins could be manufactured outside the EU and then im ported

into the EU for further processing to give the final product. Sim ilarly, such pellets could be

m a nufactured within the EU and exported for subsequent processing. A si m ilar situation m a y also exist with finished products containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. The actual

am ounts of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins impor ted into and exported out of the EU in this

way are ver y dif f i cult to estim ate. For the purpo se of this as sessm ent it will be assu m e d that net

im port into the EU of these pr oducts will be s m all com p a r ed with th e am ount presented in

Table 2.1

.

Som e inform ation is available on the am ounts of total PVC (flexi ble and rigid) m a nufactured and

im ported into the EU (ECVM, 2000) that is useful in this issu e. The total W e stern European

m a rket for PVC was e s tim ated to be 5,594,000 tonnes/year in 1997, com p ared to the total

am ount of PVC produced in W e stern Europe of 5,528,000 tonnes/year in the sam e year. This

gives a net im port of PVC into the EU of a r ound 66,000 tonnes/year, or 1.2% of the total

18

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## produced. T h is ind i ca tes tha t th e net im port of medium -cha in chlo rina ted paraf f i ns in to the EU in

PVC or masterbatch is likely to be sm all com p ared to the amounts produced in the E U presented

in Table 2.1

.

In Sweden, the use of all chlorinated paraffins in m e tal working fluid has been reduced by 80%

overall (a 95% reduction in water-oil em ulsions (i.e. 160 tonnes in 1986 and 8.5 tonnes in 1993)

and a 75% reduction in straight o il b a sed cu tting fluids (i.e. 5 20 tonnes in 1986 and 1 30 tonnes in

1993)) betw een 1986 and 1993, and is expected to reduce further (S tenhammar and Björndal,

1994). More than 80% of the chlorinated paraffins used in emulsion cutting fluids and at least

20% of the chlorinated paraffins used in strai ght oil applications we re reported to be C 10- 1 3 

## chlorinated paraffins (the re m a inder would include the C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins).

Further inform ation on the use of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins has been obtained from the

Danish product register. In the register, 28 tonnes/year of m e di um -cha in chlorinated paraffins

were reported in a total of 42 products. The pr oduct types identified included fillers/sealants

(typically 10-20% chlorinated paraffin content), cu tting fluids, process regu lators (e.g. hardeners)

and paints, lacquers and varnishes (typically 1- 5% chlorinated paraffin content). Most products

contained medium -chain chlorinated paraffin in the range 10-20% by weight of the form ulation.

Inform ation has been provided on the breakdown of use of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

by country (Euro Chlor, 1999). This inform ation is considered c onfidential but di d indicate that

the m a in user countries are Italy and the United Kingdom, with use in the United Kingdom

accounting for just over 25% of the total EU use. The use pattern in the m a in user countries was

broadly in line with tha t outlin ed in Table 2.1

.

2.2.1 Use as a plasticiser

2.2.1.1 PVC

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns are used as secondary plas ticisers m a inly in PVC. The

prim ary plasticisers used are ge nerally phthalates or phosphate esters (Kirk-Othm er, 1993). The

phosphate esters are norm a lly used only when flam e retardant benefits are needed (Euro Chlor,

1999). The m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins m a y al so be used in some other plastics, but here

the m a jor f unction is likely to be as a f l am e retardan t rathe r th a n as a p l a s tic ise r (see

Section 2.2.2.2).

Prim ary plastic ise r s in PVC are used to incre a s e the elongation properties and softness of the

polym er. Se condary plasticisers, when used in co m b ination with prim ary plasticisers, cause an

enhancem ent of the plasticising effects and so are a l so kn own as exte nders. The m a jority of

secondary plasticisers used in PVC applications are m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins wit h

chlorine contents around 45% wt. Cl or 50-52% wt. Cl, with only very sm all a m ounts (<1% of

tota l sa les ) o f m e dium -chain ch lor i n a ted p a raf f i ns with higher (e.g. 56-58% wt. Cl) o r lower (e.g.

~40% wt. Cl) chlorine contents bei ng used in PVC (Euro Chlor, 1999).

There are two m a in types of PVC produced e.g. suspension and paste-form ing (e m u l s ion) PVC,

and the m e thods for incorporatio n of plasticisers in the tw o types are differe nt. World-wide

19

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## approxim a tely 70% of PVC resin is suspension, with 20% emulsion and sm all am ounts of bulk

(9% of tota l resin p r od uction ; produces irregular particles w ith little or no im purities ) and

solution (1% of total resi n production; used to m a ke specialised resins for m e tal coatings, record

m a nufacture, powder coatings a nd surface coatings) (Rubin, 1990).

Polym e rs of suspension PVC (also known as pearl, bead or granular) are produced by

suspending vinyl chloride m onom e r in water and ca rryin g out the p o lym e risatio n using a

monom e r-soluble initiator. This re s u lts in the PVC particles f o rm ed having a r e la tive l y la rge

particle size (e.g. 100-150 μm ). These particle s are highly porous and so can absorb large

am ounts of plasticiser. The PVC pa rticles are typical ly processed using a dry-blend cycle. In thi s

cycle, all the polym er for m ulation ingredients, including plasticisers, are heated to around

70-110 o 

## C and m i xed to form a dry powder product. This can be either stored or further processed

imm e diately. Processing of the dry powder can take the form of extrusion, injection m oulding or

calendering. The powder can also be extruded and chipped to form pellets of PVC com pound

which can subsequently be further processed to give the final product. Many producers of PVC

products purchase PVC com pound a s it is easy to store and sim ilarly m a ny com p anies exist that

produce PVC com pound (Kirk-Othm er, 1996).

Paste-form ing (plas tiso l ) PVC polym ers are produced as a paste o r plastiso l rather than a d r y powder (a p l astisol is a suspensi on of a solid in a liquid in wh ich it does not dissolve, but does

for m an homogenous m i xture at elevated temperatur es; the term organosol is used for a plastisol

that contains m o re than 10 parts of a so lvent per 100 parts of resin (Rubin, 1990)).

Microsuspension polym erisation or em ulsion polym erisation is usually used to form the PVC for

these app lic ations. Both these proc e sses resu lt in the f o rm ation of PVC particles w ith a m u ch

sm aller particle size than produced by suspension polym erisation processes. The sm all particle

size m eans that th e initial produ ct has low por osity and s o for m ulation with additiv es (e.g.

plasticisers) is not possible using a dry-blending cy cle, and instead a paste is for m ed. This paste

or plas tiso l can then be sprea d, coated, rotationally cast or spra yed onto the desired item , or m a y

be sem i -gelled for storage (i.e. heat is applied to convert it into a sem i -so lid form ). A wide range

of plasticisers are us ed in these applications as the choice af fects the vis c osity of th e plastisol,

which is important in the f u rt her processing steps, and it is com m on for 2 or 3 different

plasticisers to be used in a single form ul ation to ach i eve th e d e sired final properties

(Kirk-Othm er, 1996).

During the form ation of finished products, the P V C for m ulation m a y be exposed to tem p eratures

of 180 o 

## C for up to several m i nutes. In som e processe s, for exam ple sheet and film production by

calendering or spread co ating th ere is the poten tial for volatilisation of the plasticiser as the ho t

plastic is exposed to the surrounding air. Proc esses involving injection m oulding and extrusion

are carried out in closed equipm en t and so little exposure of the hot product to air occurs and so

the potentia l f o r volatilisation of the plas tic is er is re duc ed. In som e f a cilities f ilter i ng o r

incineration of the exhaust gas is used to reduce the air em issions from t h e process. It has been

reported that concentrations of prim ary plasticiser (e.g. di-(2-et hylhexyl) phthala te (DEHP)) are

typically 500 m g / m 3 

## in air extracted from spread coating ovens, which can be reduced to

<20 m g / m 3 

## by the use of f iltratio n equipm ent, with exh a ust a i r in c i nera tion re ducing the

em ission to practically zero (Kirk-Othm er, 1996). It has been reported (K irk-Othm er, 1996) that

the use of f

ilte rs and/o r incine rato rs in calend e ring and spre ad coating p l ants has be en stead ily

20

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## increasing in recen t y e ars. Figu res for 1990 are shown in Table 2.2 . The figures refer to the

percen tage o f the total p h thalate plas ticiser pro c e ssed in each application. Of the processes listed

in Table 2.2 , m e dium -chain chlo rin a ted paraf f i ns are used m a inly in sp rea d coating (e. g. f o r wall

coverings and PVC “leather cl oth”) and calendered flooring.

Table 2.2 Exhaust air treatment in Western Europe by process in 1990 (Kirk-Othme r

, 1996)

Pro cess Amount of p h th alate pl astici ser used

in process (to nn es/yea r) Perc enta ge o f p h thala t e us e un derg oing

exhaus t ai r treat ment

F i l t e r tre a tme n t Incine rati o n

Sprea d coating 192,000 53% 22%

Slush, dip and ro t a tional mouldin g 17,000 26% 6%

Automo tive unde r s eal 67,000 100%

Calendered sh ee

t and film 138,000 23% 25%

Calendered flo o

ri ng 31,000 15% 56%



## The m a jority of flexible PVC is thought to be used in applications such as flooring, wall

covering, upholstery, and sheaths for wire and cable.

The properties and compatibility of the chlori nated paraffin with both PVC and the prim ary

plasticiser vary with both the car bon chain length and the degree of chlorinati on. G e nerally, as

the chain length of the chlorina ted paraf f i n is incr eased, its vo la tility decr eases and so the

potential for m i gration from the finished PV C is reduced. At the sam e ti m e , however, the

com p atibility with PVC and the prim ary plas ticiser is reduced. On the other hand, the

com p atibility of chlorinated par a f f ins with PVC and the prim ary plasticise r inc r eases with

increasing chlorination, and so the potential for m i gration is reduced, but the flexibility of the

final product is also reduced. As a result of th ese properties, m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

with varying degrees of chlorination are used in m o st applications (BUA, 1992).

For soft PVC products that require a high flexibility at norm a l and low tem p eratures,

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins with chlori ne contents around 40-45% wt. Cl are used as

secondary plasticiser. E x am ples of applications for this type of PVC include coatings, som e

types of flooring, garden hose and shoe com p ounds. The secondary plasticiser is added at

10-15% by weight of the total plas tic (BUA, 1992; Euro Chlor, 1999).

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins with high er degrees of chlorina tion (typically around

50-52% wt. Cl) are m o re com p atible with PV C and have a lower volatility than lower

chlorinated analogues. They are used as seco ndary plasticisers in cal endered flooring, cable

sheath i ng and insulatio n and in general purpo se PVC compounds. In heavily filled products,

such as some types of calendered flooring, they can be used as the sole plasticiser at levels of

around 10% in the finished product (Euro Chlor, 1999).

The m o re highly chlorinated m e dium -chain paraffi ns (e.g. 56-58% wt. Cl) are less volatile still

and are used for softening plastics that are su bject to h i g h er tem p eratures during processing

(BUA, 1992).

21

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## 2.2.1.2 Paints and varnishes

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns, with chlorine contents ar ound 50-60% wt. Cl are used as

plasticisers in som e paints, varn ishes and other coatings. The m a in areas of applicatio n appear to

be in corrosion or weather resistant coatings/p aints for steel construc tions, ships, industrial

flooring, containers, swimming pools, facad es and road m a rkings (BUA, 1 992).

The m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins can be us ed as plasticisers in paints based on m a ny

resins, but are m o st commonly us ed in chlorinated rubber or vi nyl copolym e r-based paints. The

chlorinated rubber-based paints are used in a ggressive m a rine and industrial environm ents

whereas the vinyl copo lym e r-based paints are us ed princ i p a lly f o r th e protection of exterior

m a sonry.

A survey of the use of chlorinated paraffins in paints and coatings in the United Kingdom has

been carried out (BCF, 1999). A total of 141 com p anies were contacted and initial responses

were obtained from 106 of these. Of the com p a n ies responding, 22 (~21%) indicated that they

used m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins or other chlorinated para ffins. More detailed

inform ation on the use of chlorinated pa raffins was obtained from 12 (~55%) of the

22 com p ani e s. The chlorine content of the c h lorinated paraffins used range from around

40% wt. Cl to 70% wt. Cl (with the 70% wt

. Cl substances being long-chain length

( ≥ C 18 

## products)). The types of pa int/coa ting a nd the typic a l chlo rinated paraffin contents are

shown in Table 2.3

.

Table 2.3 Chlorinated para ffin content of pa ints (BCF, 1999)

Coating t y pe Chlorin a ted paraffin c onte n t

(% by w e igh t)

Organic solvent b o

rne chlorin a ted r ubber p r imers an d topcoats 1-5

Organic solvent b o

rne chlorin a ted r ubber systems fo r swimming

pools/fishponds 5-20

Organic solvent b o

rne zinc rich ( e p

o

xy) primers 2-5

Organic solvent b o

rne acrylic cont a i ner coatings 2-10

Organic solvent b o

rne chemical an d water resistan t coatings 5-20

Organic solvent b o

rne vacuu m met a llising lacquers 1-5

Organic solvent b o

rne flame retar d

ant coating for w ood 1-5

Organic solvent b o

rne intum e

scent coating for struct ural steel 20-30

Organic solvent b o

rne floo r paints 5-10

Organic solvent b o

rne water

- proo fing coatings f o

r w a lls 5



## Euro Chlor (1999) reported that th e typical level of a m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin in the

for m ulated paint would be 4- 15% by weight. After drying (e vaporation of solvent) the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin content of the coating would be around 5-20% by weight.

22

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## In tonnage term s, the am ount of chlorinate d paraffins used in the United Kingdom in

paints/coatings appears to be s m all, with a to tal of up to around 34 tonne s/year being identified

in the BCF survey (it is not possible to extrapol ate this figure to give the total United Kingdom

or EU usage). Further, it was found that paints containing chlorinated paraffins m a ke up only a

very sm all proportion of the total paint m a nufactured at a site (typically <1-2% of the total, up to

5% in som e cases). The total num ber of sites in the United Kingdom m a nufacturing paints and

coatings containing m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins is estim ated at around 30 (BCF, 1999).

The BCF (1999) survey also tried to identify th e num ber of sites where coatings containing

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins m i ght be used in the United Kingdom, but this did not prove

to be possible. The m a j o r users of the paints are professional painters a nd specialist applicators,

but som e DI Y paints containing m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffins m a y be used by the general

public. In the United Kingdom

, it was estim ated that there would be around 40,000 users of

coatings containing m e di um -chain chlorinated pa raffins for water proofin g of walls, with around

1,000-1,500 users of paints and co atings for other uses.

2.2.1.3 Adhesives/sealants

Chlorinated paraffins, including m e dium -chain ones, are used as plasticisers/flam e retard ants in

adhesives and sealants. Exam ples include polysulphide, polyuretha n e , a c rylic and b u tyl se alan ts

used in building and construction and in sealan ts for double and triple glazed windows. The

chlorinated paraffins are typically added at am ounts of 10-14% wt. of the final sealant but could

be added at am ounts up to 20% wt . of the final sealan t in exceptional cases. The m e dium -chain

chlor i nated paraf f i ns used in th ese app lica tions generally have a chlorine content of

50-58% wt. Cl (BUA, 1 992; Euro Chlor, 1999).

The difference between an adhesiv e and sealant can be fairly blurred in th at som e sealan ts are

used as adh e sives and vice versa . Generally, s ealan ts are consider ed to be m a terials tha t are

installed into a gap or joint to prevent water, wind, dirt or ot her contam inants from passing

through the joint or crack. Adhesives, on the othe r hand, are used to tr ansfer loads and are

typically designed with m u ch hi gher tensile and shear strength than sealants (Palm e r and

Klosowski, 1997). The m a in use of m e dium -cha in chlo rinated paraffins in this area is in sealants.

2.2.2 Use as a flame retardant plasticiser

Chlorinated paraffins are used as flam e retardant additives in som e applications. However, when

used prim arily as a flam e retardan t, chlo rinate d paraffins with a high chlorine content (e.g.

70% wt. Cl) are used. A s m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins are not produced with these high

chlorine co ntents, they are not considered p r im arily as flam e retardants. Ho wever, some

applications m a ke use of both their plas ticising and flam e retardant properties.

2.2.2.1 Rubber

Medium -chain chlo rina ted paraf f i ns are used as sof t ener (o r proce ss oil) add itiv es with f l am e

retardant properties for rubber. The chlorinated paraffins used generally have a high chlorine

23

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## content and are present at up to 15% wt. of the to tal rubber. T h e rubber is used in conveyor belts

and also in building and autom o tive applications (BUA, 1992).

2.2.2.2 Plastics

As well as acting as (secondary) pl asticisers in P V C and plastics, ch lorinated paraffins also act as

flam e retard ants in th es e m a terials. W h en used as a plas ticiser, the chlorin a ted p a raffin wit h

moderate ch lorin e contents (e.g. >50 % wt. Cl) will redu ce to som e extent the flammability of the

final product, but when used specifically as a flam e retardant, chlorinated paraffins with a high

degree of chlorination (e.g. >C 20 

## 70-72% wt. Cl) are used, along w ith a synergist e.g. antim ony

trioxide. W h en used as a flam e retardant addi tive, up to around 5% wt . for PVC and up to 15%

wt. for polystyrene and unsaturated polyester re sins of the chlorinated paraffin m a y be added

(BUA, 1992; Euro Chlor, 1999).

There are n o m e dium -chain chlorin a ted paraffins available with 70-72% wt

. Cl. contents and so

they are no t considered as specific flam e retardant additiv es in plas tics. The m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins are generally used as fl am e reta rdant p l a s tic ise r s (Eu r o Chlor, 19 99).

2.2.2.3 Adhesives/sealants

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used as fl am e retarda n t additives in som e sealants. They

also act as plasticisers and so have a dual f unction and no distinction is m a de between the two

f unctions in this repo rt a s the am ount (and types) of chlorinated paraffin used in a given sealant

is sim ilar regardless of whether the prim ary func tion is as a plasticis e r or as a flam e retardan t

(chlorinated paraffins with higher ch lorine con t en ts m a y be more effective as flam e retardants ).

2.2.3 Extreme pressure additive ( Metal cutting/w orking fluids)

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used in a wide variety of cooling and lubricating fluids

used during m e tal cutting, grindi ng and for m ing operations. The tw o m a in types of lubricants

used are water-based emulsions, whose function is m a inly cooling, and oi l-based lubricants. The

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins used genera lly have a chlorine content of between 40 and

55% wt. Cl. The a m ount of chlorinated paraffin present in a given fluid depends on the final

application (BUA, 1992)

.

For oil-based fluids the chlorina ted paraffin content of the f l ui d ranges from about 5% wt. for

light m achining to up to 70% wt. for heavy dr awing processes (m etal for m ing fluids) (BUA,

1992).

The m a rket for m e tal form ing fluids in the United Kingdom is around 500 tonnes/year. These

contain up to 70% by weight of chlorinated para ffin, but the average content is around 50% by

weight. (Euro Chlor, 1998). The chlorinated paraffin used in these applications is likely to be

short-chain (C 10- 13 

## ), f o r which no suitable alterna tive app ears to be currently available.

The a m ount of chlorinated paraffin present in the water-based cooling lubr icant concentrate is up

to 4% as chlorine (i.e. up to around 8% as chlorina ted paraffin). This is diluted with water to give

24

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## a 3-5% aqueous em ulsion that is used in gr inding, rough m achining and sawing applications

(BUA, 1992). Thus the concentration of chlorina ted paraffin in the final water-based fluid is

around 0.2-0.4% wt.

2.2.4 Fat liquors (for leather)

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used in fat liquors for leather. They are used in

conjunction with sulphated or sulphonated oils (Kirk-Othm er, 1993), chlorosulphonated

paraffins, natural fats an d oils (Euro Chlor, 1998). Typically, m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

with a relatively low chlorine content (e.g. 40% wt. Cl) are used in these applications.

In general the chlorinated paraffins are used in leath e rs for the top end of the quality range and

give the following advantages (Euro Chlor, 1998):

High light-fastness

Strong bind ing to the leather com p ared to other additiv es (lo w m i gration )

Dry feel surface finish wi th excellen t suppleness.

The form ula tion of leather fat liquors is by a simp le m i xing process using an enclosed system at

am bient temperature. The m a in com ponents of th e fat liquor are water, natural fats (e.g. fish

oils), surfactants and the chlorinated paraffi n. The chlorinated paraffin accounts for about 10%

(range 5-15%) by weight of the formulated fat liquor.

The fat liquor is applied to the leather as a dilute d solution. T h e fat liquoring step is the last stage

of leather preparation. T h e am ount of fat liquor us ed in this step is around 7-12%, based on the

shaved weight of the leather to be treated (i.e. around 70-120 g of fat liquor/kg of leather). S i nce

the fat liquor typically contai ns around 10% (range 5-15%) chlorinated paraffin, the am ount of

chlor i nated paraf f i n used in this step is ar ound 7-12 g chlorinated paraffin/kg leather (range

3.5-18 g chlorinated paraffin/kg leather). The pro cess itself takes place in enclosed rotating

drum s at temperatures in the region of 40-60 o 

## C, with each batc h taking around 1-4 hours

depending on the end-product being produced. The pH of the reaction is carefully controlled

throughout the process by the addition of formic acid to the em ulsion (pH is changed from

around 5.5 at the start to 3.6 at the en d of the process). The pH is used to affect the nature of the

leath e r su rface, the rate of absorptio n of the fa t liquor and th e stability of the em ulsion. The hig h

binding efficiency of th e leather for the chlo ri nated paraffin m eans that the relative com position

of the additives in the fat liquor solution change with tim e during the process. It is believed that

not m o re than 2% of the original amount of chlorinated paraffin is present in the spent fat liquor

solution at the end of the pro cess (Industry estim a te based on e xperience of the process (Euro

Chlor, 1998)).

2.2.5 Carbonless copy paper

Another use that has been reported for chlorinated paraffins in general is as a solvent used in

carbonless copy paper (BUA, 1992) . The European consumption of carbonless copy paper was

around 710,000 tonnes/year in 1996, but was predic ted to f a ll to aroun d 660,000 tonnes/year by

1998. Only a sm all proportion of this paper will contain m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins. The

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## most common applications for ca rbonless copy paper include delive ry dockets, cr edit card slips

and business for m s

Carbonless copy paper consists of at least 2 sheets of paper. It is produced by coating the back

side of the top piece of paper with gelatine (o r synthetic po lym e r) capsules contain i ng a colour

f o rm er in a solvent. M e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins can be used as the solvent in some

applications. Binders, such as m o dified starch , polyvinyl alcohols, acry lates or carboxylated

styrene-butadiene rubber la tices, are used to attach the gela tine capsules to the paper. The upper

surface of the bottom sheet is coa t ed with rea c tive m ontmorillon ite clay. For co py paper with

three or m o re sheets, the m i ddle sheets would be coated with the reactive clay on the upper

surface and the gelatine c a psules on the lower surf ace. W r itin g pressure re sults in b r ea kage of the

gelatine cap sule which releases the colou r form er . This then re acts with th e c l a y to f o rm the

colour on th e surface of the lower sh eet.

The m a jority of European m a nufacturers of carbonless copy paper are m e m b ers of the

Association of Europe an Manufacturers of Carbonless Paper (AEMCP). Around 1992, all

m e mbers of the AEMCP agreed to stop using chlorinated paraffins in the production of

carbonless copy paper, and this ag reem ent still re m a ins in force today. Mem b ers of the AEMCP

account for around 95% of the carbonless c opy paper that is used in Europe.

Based on the figures reported, th e am ount of c a rbonless copy pa per containing m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins in the EU is at most 5% of the 660,000 tonnes/year i.e. 33,000 tonnes/year.

This assumes that th e 5% of com p anies not covered by the AEMCP agreem ent use

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins in all the carbonless copy paper that they produce, which

would appear to be unlikely.

2.3 EXISTI NG CONTRO L MEASURES

In Germ any, chlorinated paraffin-containing wastes, e.g. m e tal working fluids with

>2 g halogen/kg and halogen-cont aining p l as ticis e rs, are class i fied as poten tia lly hazardous

waste and are incinerated (BUA, 1992).

2.4 NATURAL SOURCES

It is im possible to say ca tegor ically that na tura lly occur r ing c h lorin a ted paraffins do not exist. A

large num ber of organohalogen com pounds are known to be produced naturally in the

environm ent (especially in the m a rine environm en t, where there is an abundance of chlorine and

brom ine), and a com p rehensive review of these has been published (Gri bble, 1996). This study

reported around 2,570 naturally occurring organ ohalogen compounds (detected up to m i d-1994).

A num b er of naturally occu rring compounds wi th straight carbon chains in the C 14 

## to C 20 

## range

were identified in this study, but none were paraffinic, and all co ntained one or m o re functional

groups such as acid (COOH) or e s ter (COOR) groups, and none contained m o re than one

halogen atom. Therefore although ther e is a possibility of natural form ation, there is currently no

evidence of any sign if ic ant na tu ral source of the m e dium cha i n ch lorinated paraffins currently in

commercial production.

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# 3 ENVIRONMENT

3.1 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

3.1.0 General d i scussion

In this ass e ssm ent, rele ases to the environm ent are cons idered in v a rious scen arios. The

background to these is explained more fully in the Technical Guidance Docum e nt. The local

environm ent is considered to be the environment ne ar to a site of re lease (e.g. a production,

for m ulation or processing site). The regional environm e n t is taken to represent a highly

industrialised area (the size is 200 km × 200 km, with 20 m illion inhab itan t s) and it is assumed

that 10% of the total EU producti on and use takes place in this area. The continen tal environm ent

is the size of the EU and is generally used to obtain “background” concentrations of the

substance.

In the f o llo wing Sectio ns, rele ases to the enviro nm ent have been estim a ted using both the default

em ission factors given in Appendix 1 of the Tec hnical Guidance Docum e nt and industry-specific

inform ation where available. The in dustry-specific inf o rm ation is used in preference to derive

the PECs la ter in this re port. The P E Cs have been calculated using the EUSES program , which

im ple m ents the m e thods given in the Technical Guidance Docum e nt.

3.1.0.1 Releases from production

3.1.0.1.1 Default release estimate

Default release estim a tes for production can be obt ained using the em ission factors contained in

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance docum e n t. These are carried out for a typical production

site, assum i ng a production of around 10,000-20,000 tonnes/year.

The default em issions fa ctors (Table A1.1 of Ap pendix 1 of the TGD: M a in Category 1c; vapour

pressure <1 Pa) are 0 to air and 0.003 (0.3%) to wa ste water. The num b er of days of release can

be estim a ted as 300 (Table B1.1 of Appendix 1 of the TGD).

Therefore, using these figures, the default release estim ates for the (10,000-20,000 tonnes/year)

production site are:

0 kg/day to air

100-200 kg/day to waste water (over 300 days)

3.1.0.1.2 Industry-sp ecific release information

There are currently five production sites for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins in the EU. Site

specific release inform ation has been receiv e d for f our of these sites. The detailed info rm ation is

contain e d in a conf iden tial Annex an d will b e us ed to de riv e PECs f o r these s ites. The estim a ted

rele ases to water f r om the sites ar e as f o llows:

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Site A: 65 kg/year in effluent to waste wate r trea tm ent plant

Site B: 19 kg/year to surface water after treatm ent

Site C: 18 kg/year to surface water after effluent treatm e nt

Site D: 3 g/year after effluent treatm ent

A further site in th e EU is understood to have started productio n recently. Qualitative

inform ation has been received from this site in dicating that the releases to surface water/was t e

water from the production process will be si m ilarly low as found at the other sites.

Releases to air from the production process are thought to be negligible due to the low vapour

pressure of the substance.

For regional releases, norm ally 10% of the total production is assum e d to occur within a region.

However, in the case of m e dium -cha in chlorinate d paraffins, there are only five production sites,

and so as a worst case approach the highest known release figur e from a single plant will be

assum e d to occur in the region. Therefore, the regional release from production will be assum e d

to be 65 kg/year to waste water.

3.1.0.1.3 Transportation losses

In theo ry ch em icals can be released to the env i ronm ent during loading of transpo r t co ntainers at

productions site and unloading contai ners at the sites where the s ubstance is use d. These losses

can tak e th e for m of spillages (to was t e water) o r volatilisation losses. Medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins have a low vapour pressure and so any losses to the atm o sphere should be negligible

from loading or em ptying containe rs. Losses to waste water could occur but t h ese ar e consi d er ed

as part of the general losses from production s ites or use (form u lation sites) and are already

included in the release estim a tes reported in Sections 3.1.0.1.2 an d 3.1.0.2 and so are not

considered separately here.

3.1.0.2 Release from use

3.1.0.2.1 Release from use in P VC

Around 51,800 tonnes/year of m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffins are used as (secondary)

plasticisers in PVC in 1997. They are usually added at 10-15 parts per hundred resin (phr),

although som e of the more highly chlorinated subs tances (e.g. >52% wt. Cl) are m o r e com p atible

with the PVC and can be used at concentrat ions of around 25 phr in e.g. a cable com pound.

Taking into account the other additives present in the PVC such as prim ary plasticiser, filler,

stabilis er, lu brican t etc., these load ings on a re sin basis equate to a me dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin content of around 6-10% by weight based on the PVC compound for the typical

10-15 phr loading and 15% by weight based on the PVC com pound for the higher 25 phr

loading. For som e applications higher loadings of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins on a resin

basis m a y be used, for e x am ple whe r e a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl is used as so le plasticiser in a flooring

com position, the rate of addition m a y be around 40-45 phr. However, in such cases the am ounts

of other add itiv es, particularly f illers are also h i g h (e.g. filler conten t m a y be as h i gh as 300 or

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 400 phr) and this loading equate s to a m e dium-chlorinated pa raffin content of around 8-10%

based on the final com p ound weight (Euro Chlor, 1999).

Medium -chain length chlorinated paraffins are no t used as flam e retardant additives in their own

right but as secondary plasticisers with flam e retardant properties, often in conjunction with other

plasticisers such as phosphate esters (Euro Chlor, 1999).

From the above discussion it can be seen that a m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin content of

10-15% by weight of the PVC co mpound/product is a reasonable wo rst case value, with a lower

lim it of around 6% by weight of the PVC. Th e higher m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin

contents of 15% by weight of the PVC are us ually found in extrusion com pounds, with lower

levels being used in PVC for coa ting processes (E uro Chlor, 1999).

Default release estim a tion

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt gi ves default release estim ates for substances

used in the polym ers industry. Th e release factors for plasticise rs (Use Category 47) during the

polym er processing step for therm oplastics are 0.01 (1%) to air (boiling point <400 o 

## C / unknown)

and 0.001 (0.1%) to waste water (Table A.3.11 of Appendix 1 of the TGD)

.

Assum i ng around 51,800 tonnes/year of m e dium-chain chlorinated paraf f ins are used in PVC i n

the EU at 10-15% by w e ight, then the am ount of PVC containing them produced in the EU is

345,333-518,000 tonnes/year (m edium

- chain chlorina ted paraffin content of 6% by weight

would give a higher total of 863,300 tonnes/year of PVC). Accordi ng to the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt, 10% of this i.e. 34,500-51,800 tonnes /year would be produced in a region. Using

Table B3.9 of Appendix 1 of th e Technical Guidance Docum e nt, the amount of PVC containing

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins produc ed on a site would be 5% of this

i.e. 1,725-2,590 tonnes/year over 300 days. The am ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin

used to produce this plastic on a site would be 259 tonnes/year.

Based on the above figures, the following de fault release estim a tes can be calculated:

Local release: 259 kg/year or 0.86 kg/day to waste water

2,590 kg/year or 8.6 kg/day to air

Regional release: 5,180 kg/year to waste water

51,800 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 51,800 kg/year to waste water

518,000 kg/year to air

Industry-specific release inform ation

The Use Cat e gory Docum e nt on plastics additives (UCD, 1998) considers the possible release of

additives from use in PVC. Ar ound 220,000 tonnes/year of flexible PVC is produced in the

United Kingdom in closed, par tially open and open system s, depending on the processing

m e thod used to produce the final product. Thus po ssible releases of m e di um -cha in chlorinated

paraffins from m a ny different processes have to be considered. According to UCD (1998) the

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## worst case amounts of fl exible PVC processed at a site are 744 tonnes/year for a site using open

processing system s, 3,990 tonnes/year for a site using partially open processing system s and

341 tonnes/year for a site using closed proc essing system s. These are based on the known

production volum e of flexible PV C in the U n ited Kingdom , along with inform ation on the

num b er and size d i strib u tion of pro duction s i te s. It is thou ght tha t the s e f i gures will a l so be

representative of the si tuation throughout the E U

.

In the following calculations it w i ll be assum e d that all th e flexible P V C produced at a site

contains the m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin at either 10% by weight (f or coating processes)

or 15% by weight (for extrusion and other proce sses). Thes e repres ent the situations where th e

chlorinated paraffin acts as a seco ndary plas tici ser, which is the m a jor use of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins in this area.

The am ounts of m e dium -chain chlorinated para ffins es tim ated to be used on a po lym e r

processing site are show n in Table 3.1

.

Table 3.1 Estimated amou nts of medium-chain chlorinated par affins used at flexible PVC processing site s

Amount of m e

di um-ch a in c h lo ri nated paraffin u sed pe r sit e Type o f p r oce s s i ng Amount of PVC

proc essed 10% MCCP i n re

sins

(coati ng p r oc

es s) 15% MCCP i n re

sins

(extrusio n /ot h er proc ess)

Open system 744 tonn es/year 74.4 ton nes/year 112 tonn es/year

Partially ope n sys tem 3,990 to nnes/yea r [399 ton nes/year] a 

### 599 tonn es/year

Closed system 341 tonn es/year [34.1 ton nes/year ] a 

### 51 tonnes/y ear

Note: a) Coating processes are usually carri ed out in open systems as defi ned in UCD (1998).



## Raw materials handling (formulation – step 1)

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are liquids of low vapour pressure. Lo sses to the atmosphere

are likely to be neglig ib le when the substan ce is handled at am bient temperature. The liquid

plasticisers are usu a lly transpor ted and handled in bulk, using encl osed storage system s and so a

m i ni m a l loss by spillag e can occur. The worst case releas e figure for loss through spillag e is

estim ated at 0.01% (UCD, 1998).

Using this f i gure, the re lease to the e nvironm ent from sites using the various processing types are

(note: coating operations are usually carried out only in open processing system s as defined in

UCD (1998)):

Open processing: coating 7.4 kg/year (0.025 kg/day)

extrusion/other 11.2 kg/year (0.037 kg/day)

Partially open processing: extrus ion/other 59.9 kg/year (0.20 kg/day)

Closed processing: extrusi on/other 5.1 kg/year (0.017 kg/day)

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## The total usage of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raf f i ns in the E U in this applic ation is

51,800 tonnes. The EU-wide release from raw m a teri als handling can therefore be estim ated at

5.18 tonnes/year. According to th e Technical Guidance Docum e nt, the regional release will be

10% of this figure, around 518 kg/year.

As these release figures refer to sp illage, the re leases can b e assum e d to enter the waste wate r

stream as a worst case approach.

Compounding (formulation – step 2)

There are two general m e thods use d for com p o unding PVC: dry blending and plastisol blending

(UCD, 1998; see Section 2.2.1.1).

Dry blending is used to prepare blends fo r extrusion, injection moulding and som e tim e s

calendering (Banbury blending is also occasion a lly used to prepare b l ends for calendering, but

the em issions from this process e s are sim ilar to those associated with dry blending (UCD,

1998)). Dry blending accounts for the com pounding of around 65-70% of all plasticis ers used in

PVC. Dry blending involves m i xi ng the PVC powder/granules with the plasticiser using a high

speed rotating agitator which heats the m a terial by friction (m axi m um tem p erature reach ed is

100-120 o 

## C). The plasticiser is completely abso rbed by the PVC in the process, and the only

source of releas e to air is from t h e hot m a teri al. The loss to air of a plasticiser su ch a s

di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from the process is estim ated to be a m a xi m u m of 0.01%

. However, som e m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins used in PVC are s lightly m o re vola tile th a t

DEHP (e.g. vapour pressure of DE HP is around 2.2 × 10 -5 

## Pa at 20 o 

## C, com p ared with around

2.7 × 10 -4 

## Pa for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin w ith a 52% wt. Cl content). In this situation,

it is suggested that the release to air could be around 5 tim es higher (UC D , 1998).

Inform ation is available from Industry compar ing the loss (volatil ity) of m e dium -cha in

chlorinated paraffins with that of DEHP fr om PVC (Euro Chlor, 1999). This is summarised

below:

a) weight loss on heat ing plasticiser alone

Weight loss after 4 hour s Weight loss after 4 hours

heating at 150 o 

## C heating at 180 o 

## C

DEHP 0.3% 1.9%

C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl 0.7% 2.8%

C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl 0.5% 1.4%

C 14- 17 

## , 58% wt. Cl 0.3% 0.8%

b) weight loss from PVC

Ageing loss from PVC c o m pounds

(BS 2782 methods 465A and B, 1979)

56 parts DE HP: 0 parts C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl 0.55%

50 parts DE HP: 10 parts C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl 0.85%

43 parts DE HP: 20 parts C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl 1.0%

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## 36 parts DE HP: 30 parts C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl 1.15%

51 parts DE HP: 10 parts C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl 0.6%

43 parts DE HP: 20 parts C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl 0.7%

37 parts DE HP: 30 parts C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl 0.85%

From this data, although not directly com p arable to the losses expected from dry blending of

PVC, it can be seen th at the C 14- 1 7 

## , 45% wt. Cl substance appear s to be around 3 tim es m o r e

volatile than DEHP and the C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance appears to be around 1.4 tim es m o re

volatile th an DEHP f r om PVC (s ee Appendix G for further details of these calculations). The

C 14- 17 

## , 58% wt. Cl substance is of sim ilar or slightly lower v o latility to DE HP. Whe n the data for

heating of the plasticiser alone are considered, it appears that th e 45% wt. Cl substance is around

twice as vo latile as DE HP. However, the re lativ e volatility of the two pl asticisers f r o m PVC will

depend to som e extent on their co mpatibility ( o r solubility ) in the PVC, as well as their vapo u r

pressure. As discussed in Sect ion 2.2.1.1, the compatibil ity of the chlorinate d paraffin with both

PVC and the prim ary plasticiser varies with both the carbon chain length and degree of

chlorination. Therefore a factor of 3 rather than a factor of 5 as suggested in UCD (1998) appears

to repres ent a reasonable worst case in order to ta ke into acco unt the sligh tly higher v o latility of

the 45% wt. Cl substan c e com p ared to DEHP. This valu e will be used as a b a sis f o r the loc a l

PEC calculations as a w o rst case. For the 52% wt. Cl substance, a factor of 1.4 appears to be

reasonable in order to take into account its s lightly higher volat ility compared to DEHP. This

will b e take n into accou n t in the es tim a tion of regi onal re leas es. The effect of th e low e r volatility

of the 52% wt. Cl product on the local releases is considered further in A ppendix G.

Based on these data, and the inform ation reporte d in UCD (1998), the wors t case release factor

f o r a 45% wt. Cl m e dium -chain chlorina ted pa r a f f i ns f r om the dry blend i ng proce ss will be taken

as 0.03% to air [the equ i valent em ission factor fo r a 52% wt. Cl substance will be 0.01 4%].

Approxim a tely 30-35% of all plas tic iser use in PVC is in pla s tisol application s . Plastisol

blending tak e s place in stirred ves s els at am bient tem p erature. Cooling is used to remove any

heat generated by friction. The rele ases to the air from this pro cess are thought to be negligible

due to the lo wer tem p era t ures invo lv ed. Losses d u e to raw m a ter i als han d ling in this proces s a r e

covered in the previous Section.

The estim a ted worst cas e em issions of a 45% wt. Cl m e dium-chain chlorina ted paraffin to the air

from the dry blending process are shown below:

Open processing: extrusion/ other 33.6 kg/year (0.11 kg/day)

Partially open processing: extrus ion/other 180 kg/y ear (0.60 kg/day)

Closed processing: extrusi on/other 15.3 kg/year (0.051 kg/day)

The releases to air from plastisol b l e nding for coating processes are negligible.

The total usage of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raf f i ns in the E U in this applic ation is

51,800 tonnes. Of this, 52% wt. Cl products (em i ssion factor 0.014% to air) are thought to m a ke

up around 2/3 of the total, with the rem a inder being m o re volatile (e.g. 45% wt. Cl) products

(em i ssion factor 0.03%). If it is assum e d that the split of this use between dry blending and

32

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## plastisol blending is the sam e as fo r plasticisers in general, then up to 70% of this could be used

in the dry blending process. Thus the EU-wide release from com pounding can be estim ated at

7.01 tonnes/year (3.38 tonnes/year of 52% wt. Cl product and 3.63 tonnes/year of 45% wt. Cl

product). A ccording to the Technical Guidance Do cum e nt, the regional release will be 10% of

this figure, around 0.70 tonnes/year. These releases are initia lly to the air.

Conversion (processing)

This Section considers the releases from se veral processing m e thods. The release estim a tes

assum e that som e fum e reduction equipm ent is us ed. Such equipm ent is generally found at large

sites (using >250 tonnes of plastic iser/year). The equipm ent is less com m on at sm aller plants

(using <250 tonnes of plasticiser/year) and th e releases for som e processes could be around

10 tim es higher at plants where fum e reductio n equipm ent is not present (UCD, 1998). The

250 tonne plasticiser limit is considered to be a reasonable criterion to di stinguish between large

plants and sm aller plants. This figure refers to the to ta l plasticis e r use in the f l exib le PVC

(m edium

- chain chlorinated paraffins are usually us ed with other plas ticiser s ). Acc o rding to th e

UCD (1998) , the typical total plas ticiser level in flexible PVC is 30-50%. Thus 250 tonnes/yea r

plasticiser is equivalent to a production of ar ound 500-830 tonnes/year of flexible PVC. As can

be seen from the figures derived in Table 3.1 , the size of the open system site and partially open

system sites can be tak e n to rep r es ent la rge sites, where f u m e reduction equipm ent is used

, whereas the closed system site use falls in to the size of site where fum e reduction equipm ent

m a y not always be used. This will be taken into account in the release estim a tes derived for

closed sy stem s. The following S ection s des c ri be the possible losses to the environm ent

(atm osphere ) f r om the various proce sses. The re su lting re lea s e estim a tes f o r the wors t cas e sites,

region and the total EU are shown in Table 3.2

.

Calendering (open system )

A reasonable worst case em ission of plasticiser (e.g. DEHP) from a cal endering process is

around 0.05% to air. For a m o re volatile plasticiser such as a 45% wt. Cl medium -chain

chlorinated paraffin, it is suggested that the em i ssion factor is increased by a factor of around 3

(see Com p ounding Section). Thus, the air emission factor for a 45% wt. Cl medium -chain

chlorinated paraffin is around 0.15% [the equivalent em ission factor for a 52% wt. Cl product

would be 0.07%]. This assum e s e m ission re duction equipm e n t is used (UCD, 1998).

Extrusion (partially ope n or closed sy stem )

The m a jor types of flexible PVC products produ ced by extrusion are wire, cable and hoses, and

blow m oulded film . For wire, cable and hose pr oduction, there is no emi ssion/exposure from the

extruder itself. The m a in source of releas e is lik e ly when th e hot m a ter i al leaves the die. As the

surface area and exposure (of the hot plastic to air) tim e is lower than for calendering processes,

a release factor of 0.01% to air is estim ated for a typical plasti ciser (e.g. DEHP). Again, for a

45% wt. Cl m e dium -chain chlo rina te d paraf f i n, th e em ission f actor to air will be arou nd 3 tim es

this value (0.03%), to take in to account its higher volatility (see Compounding Section) [the

equivalent f actor for a 52% wt. Cl product would be 0.014%]. This figure assumes em ission

reduction equipm ent is used. For applications wh ere this equipm ent is not generally used, the

33

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## em ission factor for a 45% wt. Cl m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin could be around 10 times

this value (i.e. 0.3%) [the equivalent fact or for a 52% wt. Cl product would be 0.14%].

Injection m oulding (closed system )

Injection m oulding can be considered to be c o m p arable to extrus ion except tha t both th e

moulding and cooling phases of th e process take p l ace in closed sy stem s. Therefore, loss es

should be lower than for extrusion. However, as a worst case UCD (1998) recomm e nds a release

factor of 0.01% for a general plas ticiser (e.g. DEHP). Again, for a m o re volatile plasticiser such

as a 45% wt. Cl m e dium-chain ch l o ri nat e d paraffi n t h e release f actor w ould be 0.03% for site

with em ission reduction equipm ent and 0.3% for s ites with no em ission reduction equipm ent [the

equivalent factors for a 52% wt. Cl product would be 0.014% and 0.14% respectively].

Plastisol sp read-coa ting (open system )

Spread coating products include articles such as cushioned f l ooring, wall coverings, tarpaulins

etc. These products are gelled in tunnel ovens heated with hot air at about 180 o 

## C. The release

figure for a typical plasticiser fo r the process is thought to be ar ound 1% to air within the oven

(not all of this will reach the external envi ronm ent), based on both ca lculation and laboratory

experim e nts (UCD, 1998). This figu re ref e rs to the air le aving the e quipm ent. Not all of this

reaches the environm ent since cond ensation tak e s place in cooler p i pes

, ducts and stacks. Air

treatm ent is thought to b e relatively commonplace w ithin th e industry (75% of activity in 1989 ;

approaching 100% in 1998 (UCD, 1998)). The two t ypes of air treatm ent used are air filtration

(rem oves 95% of the plasticiser in th e air) and in cinerati on. Thus the ov erall em issio n factors for

a typical plasticiser such as DEHP is between 0- 0.05% to air for the vast m a jority of sites with

air em ission treatm e nt and 0.5% to air from a plant with no air tr eatm e n t. Again, these figures

refer to a plasticiser like DEHP. For a m o re volatile plasticiser s u ch as a 45% wt. Cl

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin (see Com p oundi ng Section), the em issi on factors could be

around 3 tim e s higher, i.e. 0-0.15% to air assu m i ng air em ission treatm ent and 1.5% to air

assum i ng no air em ission treatm ent [the equivale nt factor for a 52% wt

. Cl product would be

0.07% assum i ng air em i ssion treatment and 0.7% assum i ng no air em ission treatm ent].

Other plastisol processes

Other processing m e thods for plastisol PVC include car underbody coating and sealing,

rotational coating, dipping and sl ush m oulding. Of these, car unde rbody coating an d sealing is

the m o st important in term s of volum e, but it is thought that m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

are not used in this applicati on. In these processes, the coatings are dried in long air-heated

tunnel ovens at tem p eratures of 130-160 o 

## C. The ovens in this indu stry have integrated air

incinerators since the sam e process is used to sim u ltaneously dry paint coats (U CD, 1998).

Therefore, the releas es of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins from this process, if they are used

, should be near zero.

The other p o ssible plas tisol p r ocess i ng steps are a ll sm all vo lum e applica tions. The re leases f r om

dip coating and slush m oulding are like l y to be sim ilar to th ose f r om spr ead coating and so will

34

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## not be considered separately in the release estimation. Rotational m oulding takes place in closed

moulds and so the los s o f plastic ise r to th e a t m o sphere f r om this proce ss will be low.

Summ ary of worst case release estima tes from PVC conversion (processing)

The estim ated worst case releas es of m e dium

- c hain chlorinate d paraffins to air from plastic

processing obtained for various sites using the inform ation re ported above are shown in

Table 3.2 . As can be seen from the em ission estim ates, th e actual estim ated releases from the

various sites are very sim ilar. This is because although the o v erall em ission factors at large sites

m a y be lowe r than sm all sites, due to use of e m is s i on controls on air releas es, this is co untera c te d

to som e extent by the higher am ou nts of plastics processed at su ch sites. The emissions have

been estim a ted based on a 45% wt. Cl product as a worst case. The em issions for a 52% wt. Cl

product would be expected to be low e r than thes e figures due to the lo wer volatility. Appendix G

considers the releases from site s using this type of product.

For the regional release estim ate, the relative proportion of the two m a in plasticiser types

(e.g. ≤ 45% wt. Cl products and ≥ 52% wt. Cl products) have to be taken into accoun t as e m ission

factors have been derived for both types of pr oduct. Of the total plasticiser use in PVC,

52% wt. Cl products make up around 2/3 of the total, the rem a inder being more volatile

(e.g. 45% wt. Cl) products.

The actual breakdown of the use of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins between the various

processes is not known. However, UCD (1998) gi ves the following break down of the production

of flexible PVC: 25% in closed s y stem s; 49% in partially open system s and 26% in open

system s. If t h e sam e approxim a te breakdown app lies to the m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

then a worst case release figure of 204.3 tonnes/year to air for the polym er processing step can be

estim ated for the EU (assum i ng a r e lease of 1.5% from open system s and 0.3% from partially

open and closed systems for the 45% wt. Cl pr oduct and a release of 0.7% from open systems

and 0.14% from partially open and closed syst em s for the 52% wt. Cl product, and an EU

consum ption of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns of 51,800 tonnes/year). The regional release

will be 10% of this figu re, 20.4 tonn es/year. These figures as sum e that n o air em ission contro l is

applied. The estim ated em issions would be a factor of 10 lower if this was taken into account.

The actual overall proportion of the industry with such controls is currently unknown, but the use

of such equipm ent is relatively co mmon place, particularly at larg e sites, and is becom i ng

increasingly common at other sites.

According to the Use C a tegory Do cum e nt (UCD, 1998), the releases to air are as hot gases. For

substances with low vapour pressures such as m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins the possibility

of condensation as the gas cools needs to be cons idered. This m a y lead to som e of t h e releases

initially to air entering other waste stream s such as water. The Use Category Docum e nt gives no

guidance as to the fraction of the air release that could eventually end up in waste water. As a

worst case approach it could be ass u m e d that 5 0 % of the releas e to air would even tually reach

waste water. In the absence of other infor m ati on, this assumption will b e used later in the PEC

calcu lations.

35R331_0208_envTable3.2Estimated worst case emissionsof medium-chainchlorinated paraffins to air from processing sitesdRelease factortoairAmountof MCCPused/siteRelease ofMCCP/sitebProcessType ofsystemAir emissioncontrolNo air emissioncontrol(tonnes/year)Air emissioncontrolNo air emissioncontrolcCalenderingOpen0.15%1.5%112168 kg/year (0.56kg/day)ExtrusionPartiallyopen0.03%0.3%599180 kg/year (0.6kg/day)closed0.03%0.3%51153 kg/year (0.51kg/day)Injectionmouldingclosed0.03%0.3%51153 kg/year (0.51kg/day)Plastisolspread-coatingaopen0.15%1.5%74.4112 kg/year (0.37kg/day)Notes:a) Release fromother plastisol processes such asdip coating and slush moulding is expected tobe similar. Release fromprocesses suchas car underbodycoating and sealing(if medium-chainchlorinated paraffins are used), and rotational moulding are thought tobe negligible.b) In the PEC calculations it will be assumed that 50% ofthe air emissions eventually reach waste water at the site.c) Taken torepresent a small siteusing closed processing where fumereductionequipment may not always be used.d) Estimated based on 45% wt. Clproducts.The equivalent estimatefor 52%wt. Cl products aregiven inAppendix G.36

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.1.0.2.2 Releases from use as a plasticiser/ flame retard ant in other plastics and

rubber

Chlorina ted paraf f i ns are used as add itiv es in pl a s tics othe r than PVC, mainly as f l a m e retardant

additives. Although they will also have som e plasticising properties in th es e m a terials,

plasticisers are not generally used in plastics other than flexib le PVC. According to UCD (1998)

over 98% o f plastic ise r use is in f l e x ible PVC, t hus the use of chlorinate d paraffins in plastics

other than P V C can be considered to be prim ar ily as a flame retardan t additive. Ho wever, the

types of chlorinated paraffins used in thes e applications are the solid products (e.g. >C 20 

## ) with

around 70% wt. Cl chlorine contents and so are not subject to this risk assessm ent (Euro Chlor,

1999). The use of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins as a plasticiser (in PVC) is considered in

detail in Section 3.1.0.2.1.

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used as a flam e retard ant softener (o r process oil) in

rubber and are added at a m a xi m u m content of ar ound 15% by weight of the final rubber. It is

also possible that sm all am ounts of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins m a y be used for sim ilar

functions in other polymeric m a terials.

The am ount of m e dium-chain chlori nated paraf f in used for this pu rpose in the EU is currently

2,146 tonnes/year. The individual am ounts used in the various plas tic types and rubber are not

known, although the main use in this area is in rubber (E uro Chlor, 1999). However, since the

processes involved for both rubbe r and plastic are generally sim ilar (in that a com p ounding step

involving m i xing of the plasticiser with the pol ym er, followed by a shaping/curing operation

involving heat are used), a generic appr oach to this area can be undertaken.

For rubber, a typical loading of up t o 15% by wei ght of the chlorinated paraffin in the rubber is

used. This is sim ilar to the levels of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins used in PVC (see

Section 3.1. 0.2.1) and it will b e ass u m e d that th is would als o apply to any use of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins in other plastics. Thus, th e am ount of r ubber and plastic (other than PVC)

containing the m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffin produced in the EU would be around

14,307 tonnes/year.

Default release estim a tion

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt gi ves default release estim ates for substances

used in the polym ers industry. The release factor s for fla m e retardants (Use Category 22) during

the polym er proces sin g step for therm oplastics are 0 .001 (0.1%) to air (b oiling po int

<300 o 

## C/unknown; vapour pressure <1 Pa) and 0.0005 (0.05%) to wa ste water (T able A.3.11 of

Appendix 1 of the TGD). For therm o setting resins th e release factor to air is z e ro and the r e lea s e

factor to w a ste water is 0.0005 (0.05%). The de fault release factors assum i ng that the m a in

function is as a plasticis e r are s i m ilar to those reported for plasticiser use in PVC in

Section 3.1.0.2.1.

Assum i ng around 2,146 tonnes/year of m e dium-chain chlorinated paraf f ins are used as a flam e

retardant in rubber and plastics in the EU at 15% by weight, then the a m ount of

elastom e r/polym er containing them produced in the EU is 14,307 tonnes/year. According to the

37

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Technical Guidance D o cum e nt, 10% of this i.e. 1,431 tonnes/year w ould be produced in a

region. Using Table B3.9 of Appendix 1 of th e Technical Guidance D o cum e nt, the am ount of

polym er/elastom er containing m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffins produced on a site would be

15% of this i.e. 215 tonnes/year over 86 days. Th e am ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin

used to produce the polym e r/elastome r on a site would be 32.3 tonnes/year.

Based on the above figures, the following de fault release estim a tes can be calculated:

Local release: 16.2 kg/year or 0.19 kg/day to waste water

32.3 kg/year or 0.38 kg/day to air

Regional release: 107 kg/year to waste water

215 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 1,073 kg/year to waste water

2,146 kg/year to air

Industry-specific release estim ation

The Use Ca tegory Docum e nt on pla s tics additives (UCD, 1998) details possi ble releases to the

environm ent from the use of flam e retard ants in plastics. Th ese will be used here to determ ine

the possible releases for use of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins in plastics. Although the

processing (curing/vulcanisation) of natural and synthetic rubber takes place at lower

tem p eratures (e.g. 125-150 o 

## C) than for m a ny polym ers, the sam e sorts of pro c esses as for

plastics (e.g. injection m oul ding, extrusion calendering et c.) can be used (B outon, 1992;

Kirk-Othm e r, 1997). Therefore, as the com poundi ng and subsequent processing of plastics and

rubber are essentially sim ilar, and use sim ilar e quipm ent a sim ilar (but possibly sm aller) releases

would be expected from the use of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins in rubber.

In Section 2.2.2, it was reported that chlorinated paraffins could be used as a flam e retardant in

polystyrene. This will be used he re as an exam ple for estim a ting the releases to the e nvironm ent

from plastics other than PVC in general. T h e releas es fr om use in PVC are given in

Section 3.1.0.2.1. Although the calculations are carried out for polystyrene, the release estim ates

detailed in the UCD (1998) depend m o re on the pr ocesses used than the type of plastic being

processed and so the figures obtai n e d are likely to be reaso n ably rep r es entative of the polym ers

industry as a whole. As m e ntioned above, the processes used in m a nufacture of rubber are

essentially s i m ilar to th ose used in plastic m a nufacture, ex cept th at they m a y be carried out at

lower tem p eratures (and hence m a y lead to lo wer em issions). As m a ny of the releases during

plastic processing are to the atm o sphere, thes e can also be considered to be a worst case estim a te

for the releases from rubber processing.

According to UCD (1998) nearly all plastics containing flam e re tardants are processed using

closed system s (these are defined as m e thods in which the m a terials are converted in alm o st

com p letely enclosed en vironm ents and in clude injection and com p ression m oulding and

extrusion). A reasonable estim ate for the am ount of polystyrene processed at a large site would

be 623 tonnes/year for a site using closed sy stem s. This size of site would use around

93 tonnes/year of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi n if all the plastic c ontained it at 15% by

weight.

38

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Raw materials handling (formulation – step 1)

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are liquids of low vapour pressure. Lo sses to the atmosphere

are likely to be neglig ib le when the substan ce is handled at am bient temperature. The liquid

plasticisers are usually transpor ted and handled in bulk, using en closed storag e sys t em s and so

m i ni m a l loss by spillag e can occur. The worst case releas e figure for loss through spillag e is

estim ated at 0.01% (UCD, 1998).

Using this figure, the release to the environm ent from a polym er processing site can b e estim ated

at 9.3 kg/year (0.031 kg/day) to waste water.

The total usage of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raf f i ns in the E U in this applic ation is

2,146 tonnes. Thus, the EU-wide release from ra w m a terials handling can be estim ated at

215 kg/year. According to the Tech nical Guidance Docum e nt, the regio n al release will be 10%

of this figure, around 21.5 kg/year.

As these release figures refer to spillage, the rele ases can be assum e d to enter into waste water as

a worst cas e approach.

Compounding (formulation – step 2)

Com pounding of plastics is usually by a dry proce ss, where the base polym er and additiv es are

m i xed together. The m i xing process generates heat or is h eated ex tern ally and so there is a

possibility for volatilisation from the process. Th e m a in source of loss fr om the process is dust

generated when adding solid com ponents. Since m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are liquids,

no dust will be generated from them and so th e only source of loss is volatilisation to the

atm o sphere. This is estim a ted at 0.002% for orga nic flam e retardants (U CD, 1998). This figure is

based on the assum p tion that the m e dium -cha in ch lorinated paraffins used as pla s tic ise r /f

lame

retardants in plastic and rubber are o f si m ilar volat ility to th e least volatile phthalate plasticisers

used in PV C (e.g. of sim ilar volatility to DIDP (vapour pressure ~3.3 × 10 -6 

## Pa at 20 o 

## C)).

However, the m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins used in rubber/other plastic all have chlorine

contents >50% wt. Cl. In Section 3.1.0.2.1, it was seen that these plasticisers are of sim ilar or

slightly low e r volatility than DE HP, and so it seem s reasonable to base the release figure for the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin on those for DE HP rather than the less vola t ile DIDP. This

assum p tion is reasonable since m e dium -cha in ch lorinated paraffins with chlorine contents

>50% wt. Cl have estimated vapour pressures of the order of <4 × 10 -5 

## Pa (see Appendix B),

which is sim ilar to that of DEHP (vapour pressure ~3.4 × 10 -5 

## Pa at 20 o 

## C). The figure for loss to

air of DEHP during compounding is 0.01% (UCD, 1998) and this figure will be applied here for

loss of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins.

The estim ated release of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins from a polym e r compounding site

is 9.3 kg/year (0.031 kg/day), initially to air.

The total usage of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raf f i ns in the E U in this applic ation is

2,146 tonnes. Thus the E U -wide release from pol ym er/elastom er com pounding can be estim ated

39

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## at 215 kg/year. Accordin g to the Technical Guid ance Document, the regional release will be 10%

of this figure, around 21.5 kg/year.

These releases are thought to occu r initially to air. Si m ilar to the case discussed above for PVC,

the possibility exists that as the gases cool, the m e dium -cha in paraffi n could condense out and

eventually enter into wa ste water during cleaning etc. T o ta ke this into account in the PE C

calcu lations, it will again be assum e d that 50% of the re lease s initially to a i r will ente r into waste

water and 5 0 % will remain in the air

.

Conversion (processing)

The losses to the atm o s phere during polym er pro cess i ng in closed processes are estim ated at

0.01% for an additiv e of si m ilar volatility to DEHP (UCD, 1998). However, for sites producing

<750 tonnes/year of plastic, it is recommended that the re lease factor is incr eased by a factor of

10 to allow for the fact that air em ission contro l equipm ent m a y not be present. Thus a worst

case release figure of 0.1% to air will be assum e d during polym er conversion.

The estim ated release of m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins to air from conversion at a polym er

processing site is thus 93 kg/ year (0.31 kg/day) to air.

The total usage of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raf f i ns in the E U in this applic ation is

2,146 tonnes. Thus the E U -wide release from polym er/elastom er conversi on (processing) can be

estim ated at 2,146 kg/year. Accord ing to the Technical Guidance Document, the regional release

will be 10 % of this figure, around 21 5 kg/year.

Again, it will be assum e d that these air em ission s will d i strib u te 50:50 b e tween air an d water a t

the site as th e gases coo l

.

Other inf o r

m ation

Another estim ate for the release to the environm en t from us e of chlorinated paraffins in rubber

has been reported (Governm e nt of Canada, 1993). This gave a Swedish estim ate for the total

release from the process as <0.001% of that used. No indication as to whether this w a s a release

to waste water or air was given.

No infor m a tion is available as to the am ount of m e dium

- c hain chlori nated paraffin used in

rubber alone in the EU. Using the default estima te for the amount of medium -chain chlorinated

paraffin used on a site of 32.3 tonnes/year (see above) over 86 days, then the a m ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin released to the environm ent from such a site can be estim ated

at <0.323 kg/year (or <0.004 kg/day) . This figure is around a factor of 10 lower than the values

estim ated above, based on the worst case releases from plastics proce ssing. This m a y indicate

that, due to the generally lower processing te mperatures involved, the losses of the flam e

retardant from manufacture of r ubb er are lower than those asso ciated with the m a nufacture of

plastic.

40

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.1.0.2.3 Releases from use as a plasticiser/ flame retard ant in sealants/adhesives

Around 3,541 tonnes of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins are thought to be used in the

production of paints and sealants /adhesives in the EU (see Section 2.2). No inform ation on the

am ounts used in sealants/adhesives alone is available. However, Euro Chlor (1999 ) indicate that

around 2/3 of the total are used in sealants/adhesives, and so as a worst case it will be assum e d

that 2,360 tonnes of m e dium -chain chlorinated para ffins are used in sealants/adhesives alone.

The m a in function of the m e dium

- c hain chlorinate d paraffin is as a p l asticiser an d/or flam e

retardant ad ditiv e. It is thought that the m e dium

- c hain chlo rinated paraffins used have a chlorine

content of around 55-60% by weight and are used at a typical concentrati on of 10-14%, with a

m a xi m u m of around 20% by weight of the sealan t/adhesive. This m e ans that the a m ount of

sealant/adhesive containing m e di um-chain chlorinated paraffin can be estim ated as around

11,800-23,600 tonnes/year.

Default release estim a tion

No default release figures are given in the Technical Guidance docum ent for this use.

Industry-specific information

Sealants are produced by m i xing the requir e d a dd itiv es with a viscous liquid polym er. Both low

and high shear m i xers m a y be used, dependin g on the surface area o f the filler used in the

for m ulation (Palm e r and Klosowski, 1997). As most sealants are m o isture sensitive (particularly

the one-p art sealan ts), n o water use is lik ely in the process and so releases to was t e water are

likely to be very low.

Inform ation has been received from s e veral seal a n t m a nuf acturers in the United King dom

. Of the

22 com p ani e s contacted, responses were received from 10. Not all companies reported using

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins but where th ey were used, a consistent picture of the

industry was obtained. Only m i nor am ounts of m e dium -cha in chlorinated para ffins appear to be

used in adhesives.

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used in both 1-part and 2-part sealants, and sim ilar

m e thods are used to produce both types.

Typically, sealants are m a de in a batch pro cess of around 1,000 kg at a tim e. The process is

sim p le m i xing, som e ti mes under gen tle heat (e.g. up to around 40 o 

## C) and is usually carried out

under vacuum to avoid m o isture entering the pr ocess. A typical m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin content of the sealant would be 5-20% by weight and typically 1-2 tonnes of a sealant

containing the chlorinated para ffin m a y be m a nufactured at a site per week. The am ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins used on a site is typically of the or der of 10-30 tonnes/year.

Once for m ulated, th e sealant is pum ped directly fr om the m i xing vessel to fill cartridg es (e.g. for

1-part sealants) or tins (e.g. 2-part sealants).

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## Losses to waste water during the manufacture o f seal ants are reported to be low or z e ro as water

is not us ed in the p r oce ss (m ost sealants are moisture s e nsitiv e). Sc r a p m a terial and m a chine

cleaning can account f o r up to 5% solid waste. Cleaning between batches is m i nim i sed by the

use of dedicated equipment or by starting with light coloured product and progressing through to

darker coloured products. Genera lly, solid m a terial is rem oved from t h e equipm ent by hand.

Solvent cleaning of the equipm ent can also occur. These solv ents are collected and d i s posed of at

the end of their useful life by regis t ered waste contractors. Due to its phy sico-ch e m i cal

properties, the chlorinated paraffin is lik ely to b e assoc i a t ed with the so lid was t e ph ases du ring

the clean ing of equipm ent and so releases to wast e wa ter f

r om the pro c ess a r e like l y to b e ve ry

low (the releases to water due to leaching from the sealant are considered in Section 3.1.0.2.9).

Som e sealants (e.g. 1-part) are supplied in the form of cartri dges typically containing around

500 g of sealant. In use, around 2-3 cm 3 

## of sealan t are es tim ated to rem a in in th e nozz l e and tub e

when the cartr idge has been em ptied. This will quickly skin over and be protected inside the

packaging. The final destination of these discard e d cartridg e s w ill be as waste to lan d fill.

Other sealants (e.g. 2-part) are s upplied in tins. Immediately befo re use, a curing agent is added

to the tin an d m i xed with the sealan t. The seala n t is then f i lled into a c a rtr i dge on- site pr ior to

application. Again, any unused m a terial will qu ickly cure an d set hard and will be d i sposed of in

an appropriate m a nner. For industrial applications in the United Kingdom

, the waste sealants are

treated as sp ecial waste rather than general building waste.

3.1.0.2.4 Release from use as a plasti ciser in paints and varnishes

The a m ount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffi ns used in paints is unknown. A com b ined

figure of 3,541 tonnes/year has be en reported for the am ounts used in the EU in paints and

sealants/adhesives, and Euro Chlor (1999) indicate that 1/3 of this total is used in paints,

although other industry sources ( BCF, 1999) have indicated that th e actual am ount m a y be lower

than th is. As a worst cas e approach it will b e as s u m e d that 1, 180 tonnes/year is u s ed in pain ts.

The f unction of the chlorina ted par a f f i n in paint is to act mainly as a plasticise r. The chlorin a te d

paraffin content of paint is usually between 5-25 % by weight, with m o st in the region 5-15% by

weight. The most common paint typ e s in which m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins m a y be used

are chlorinated rubber-based and vinyl copolym er-based paints.

Assum i ng a 5-25% chlorinated pa raffin content, the am ount of paint produced in the EU

containing m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins can be estim ated at around

4,720-23,600 tonnes/year.

Default release estim a tion

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt gives default em issi on factors for both the

for m ulation and use of paints.

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## Formulation

The default em ission fac t ors for formulation of pa ints are given in Table A2.1 of Appendix 1 of

the TGD and are 0.001 (0.1%) to air (vapour pressure <10 Pa; use of dedicated equipm ent) and

0.003 (0.3%) to waste w a ter.

The a m ount of paint formulated in a region is estim a ted to be between 472 and 2,360 tonnes/year

(contains 118 tonnes of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins at between 5 and 25% by weight of

paint). From Table B2.3 of Appendix 1 of the TGD, the am ount of paint form ulated on one site

can be estim a ted as 2,360 tonnes/year over 300 days (5% chlorinated paraffin content) or

472 tonnes/year over 300 days (25% chlorinate d paraffin content). Thus the a m ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin form ulated at a site is 118 t onnes/year over 300 days.

Based on the above infor m ation, the default rel ease estim ates for m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins from for m ulation of paints are shown below:

Local release: 354 kg/year or 1.2 kg/day to waste w a ter

118 kg/year or 0.39 kg/day to air

Regional release: 354 kg/year to waste water

118 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 3,540 kg/year to waste water

1,180 kg/year to air

Processing ( application of paints)

The default em ission factors from industrial use of paints containing m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins are given in Table A 3.15. The em ission factors are 0 to air (Use Category 47; vapour

pressure <10 Pa) and 0.001 (0.1%) to waste water (solvent based paint; Use Category 47; water

solubility <10 m g /l). T h e am ount of paint used on an industrial site can be estim a ted from

Table B3.13. Based on a regional paint use of 472- 2,360 tonnes year, the am ount used per site is

354 tonnes/year (5% chlorinated pa raffin) or 70.8 tonnes/year (25% chlorinated paraffin) over

300 days. The am ount of m e dium

- c ha in chlorinated paraffin cont ained within th is paint is

17.7 tonnes.

Based on the above infor m ation, the default rel ease estim ates for m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins from indus trial paints are:

Local release: 17.7 kg/year or 0.059 kg/day to waste water

Regional release: 118 kg/year to waste water

Total EU release: 1,180 kg/year to waste water

Default em ission factors for private (dom estic) us e of construction and m a intenance paints are

given in Table A4.5 of the Technical Guidance Do cum e nt. Here the emissi on factor for air is 0

(Use Category 47, vapour pressure <10 Pa) and the em ission factor for release to waste water is

0.001 (0.1%) (Use Category 47; water solubility < 10 m g /l; solvent based paint). The dom e stic

usage of this type of paint is unknown but likely to be very lim ited (Table B4.5 of the Technical

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## Guidance Docum e nt indicates that the fraction used in domestic applications is of the order of

0.00002-0.0004 (0.002-0.04%) of the total us ed). This gives the am ount of paint for dom e stic use

in a region as 0.009 tonnes/year (25% chlorinate d paraffin) or 0.9 tonnes/year (5% chlorinated

paraffin content). According to the Technical Guid ance Docum e nt, the fraction of this paint used

in the local scenario is 0.002 (i.e . 0.2%) and so the am ount of paint used in the local scenario can

be estim a ted as 1.8 kg/year (5% chlorinated paraffin) or 0.018 kg/year (25% chlorinated

paraffin), over 300 days (Table B4.5 of the T echnical Guidance Docum e nt). The am ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffi n used within this paint is 0.005 or 0.09 kg/year. Thus, using

the em ission factor to water of 0.1%, the wors t case es tim a te for release of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins to waste wa ter from use of paints is 5 × 10 -6 

## kg/year or 9 × 10 -5 

## kg/year.

Industry-specific information

Formulation

Inform ation on the releases to the environm ent from for m ulation and use of paints has been

obtained from industry.

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used only in solvent-based paints, m a inly for industrial

applic ation s

. Releas es to the environ m ent f r om form ulation and use ar e like l y to b e m i nim a l

(Governm e nt of Canada, 1993; BCF, 1999). This is because the chlorin a ted paraffin is likely to

be associated with the solid pha se (e.g. dried paint) of any wa ste generated and so is very

unlike l y to enter into th e aqueous e f f l uent stre a m s. This is also indic a ted to b e th e case in the

Em ission Scenario Docum e nt for Paints, lacquers and varnishes industry in Chapter 7 of the

Technical Guidance Docum e nt.

Inform ation on possible releases during form ulatio n of paints has been obtained for the United

Kingdom ( BCF, 1999) . This indicates that releas es to the atm o sphere and waste water are

expected to be very low during paint for m ula tion. The a m ount of (solid) waste generated during

the m a nufacturing process was estimated as 0-2% of the total use, with the waste going m a inly to

landfill, with a sm aller amount being incinerated.

BCF (1999) indicated that paints and coatings containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

typically m a ke up only a sm all fraction (typically <1-2%, m a xim u m 5% ) of the total am ount of

paint form ulated on a site. The inform ation obtained also indicated that the am ount of

chlorinated paraffin used at a s ite was very sm all (a total of 34 tonnes/year of chlorinated

paraffins was reported to be used over 12 sites (a verage usage/site = 2.8 tonnes/site); with an

estim ated 30 sites in total in the United Kingdo m m a nufacturing paints containing chlorinated

paraffins). T h is figure is m u ch less than the defa ult calculations given a bove would indicate are

used on a site.

Euro Chlor (1999) also indicated that the num b er of sites m a nufac turing paints containing

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins was of the order of 10-50 in a country/region, leading to a

lower consumption of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins at a worst case site th an would b e

indicated by the defa ult calculations above.

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## Based on this inform ation, a worst case estim ate for the amount of medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins used on a formulation s i te will be taken to be around 15 to nnes/year (~5 tim es the

average usage/site determ ined by BCF (1999)). The total amount of medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins used in paint in the EU is estim at ed at 1,180 tonnes/year, w ith 10% of this (i.e.

118 tonnes/year) being used in a region. Using th e default em ission fact ors given above (the

default em ission factors for for m ulation of paints are given in Table A2.1 of Appendix 1 of the

TGD and are 0.001 (0.1%) to air (vapour pressure <10 Pa; use of dedicated equipm ent) and

0.003 (0.3%) to waste water), the following local , regional and total EU releases can be

estim ated from a site formulating paint cont aining m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins:

Local release: 45 kg/year or 0.15 kg/day to waste w a ter

15 kg/year or 0.05 kg/day to air

Regional release: 354 kg/year to waste water

118 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 3,540 kg/year to waste water

1,180 kg/year to air

These value s will be us e d late r in the PEC calculations.

Processing ( application of paints)

During application of the paint, losses of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins to air should be

m i ni m a l due to the low vapour pressure of the substa nce. Losses to water ar e also expected to be

low (due to the low water solubility of the substa nce) from industrial application of paints. This

is a l so indic a ted in the E m ission Scenario Docum e nt for paints and the de fault calculations given

above.

In th e abs e nce of info rm ation on the releas es to the environm ent from the use of paints

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins, th e default release es tim a tes calcu lated earlier

will be us ed in the PEC determ ination s

.

The release from subsequent leaching from paint is consid ered later in Section 3.1.0.2.9.

3.1.0.2.5 Release from use as an extreme pressure additive in metal

cutting/w orking fluids

Form ulation of m e tal cutting/working fluids

From Table 2.1 , around 5,950 tonnes of medium -chain chlori nated paraffins were used in the

EU to m a ke m e tal cutting/working fluids. Assum i ng that the form ulated cutting fluid contains

around 5-10 % chlo rinated paraffin, then the total am ount of c u tting flu i d form ulated in the EU is

59,500-119,000 tonnes/year.

Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used in both oil-based and water-based (em u l s ion) m e tal

cutting/working fluids. In m o st oil-based cutting fluids, the chlo rinated paraffin content is around

5-10% (typically 5%), but can be up to 70% in som e heavy drawing applic ations. In water-based

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## m e tal cuttin g/working fluids, the chlorinated para ffin m a y be present ty pically at around 5% in

the form ulation. In use, this form ulation is dilute d (em u lsified) in water to give the final m e tal

cutting/working fluid. The typical dilution is ar ound 1:20 with water. Thus if the chlorinated

paraffin is present at 5% in the formulation, th e concentration in the fl uid in use is around 0.25%.

Default r e le ase information

The default releas e estim a tes from the Technical Guidance Docum e nt for the for m ulation of

m e tal cuttin g/working fluids can b e obtained from Table A2.2 [Industry Catego ry 8 (m etal

extraction, refining and processi ng industry); Use Category 35 (lubr icants and additives); vapour

pressure <1 Pa]. The de fault release factor to air is 0.00005 (5 × 10 -3 

## %) and the def a ult r e lea s e

factor to waste water is 0.002 (0.2%). Assum i ng th e total am ount of m e t a l cutting/w o rking fluid

for m ulated in the EU is 119,000 tonnes/year (conta ining 5% m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin)

then the amount formulated in a region can be estim a ted at 10% of this value i.e.

11,900 tonnes/year of fluid. The am ount of cutting/work ing fluid form ul ated at a site can then be

estim ated from Table B2.3 of Appe ndix 1 of th e Technical Guidance Docum e nt as 8,330 tonnes

of m e tal cutting/workin g fluid (containing 417 tonnes of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins)

over 300 days. Thus from the default release figu res given in the T echnical Guidance Docum e nt,

the f o llowin g estim ates f o r m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins can be obtained:

Local release: 834 kg/year or 2.8 kg/day to waste w a ter

20.9 kg/year or 0.07 kg/day to air

Regional release: 1,190 kg/year to waste water

29.8 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 11,900 kg/year to waste water

298 kg/year to air

Industry-specific release information

Inform ation on the releases to the environm ent from this application is given in UCD (1997),

supplem ented by infor m ation prov id ed by Euro Chlor (1998 ). This inform ation will for m the

basis of the rele ase estim ation f o r this use, and will be used to derive the PECs f o r the various

environm ental com p artments.

Form ulation or blending of m e tal cutting/work ing fluids is norm a lly carr i ed ou t in a b a tch

process. Firstly, the base oils to be used ar e meter e d into the m i xing vessel and th e oils a r e

blended together. This is usually carried out at am bient temperatu r e, bu t higher tem p eratu r es of

up to 60 o 

## C c a n be us ed. Then the ad ditiv es a r e a dded to the base oil eith er by m e ter f

r om a bulk

storage tank or directly ( e ithe r in nea t f o rm or diluted in base oil). Many a dditiv es are dif f i cult to

handle due to their high viscosity. Such addi tives m a y be pre-heated prior to blending. The

blending vessels are norm a lly m i xed using paddle m i xers or jet m i xers, but other m e thods such

as air sparging, pulse-air m i xi ng, high shear m i xing and passing the fluid through a convoluted

cham ber to induce turbu l ence are so m e ti m e s used (UCD, 1997).

It h a s been estim ated th at the h i ghest likely loss of lubricant fr om a form ulation site would be

typically in the region of 1%, with a m a xi m u m of 2% (UCD, 1997) . Of this, the greatest am ount

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## would be controlled losses, for in s t ance off-specification m a terial that could not be re-used. This

would be collected and sent for disposal. Another possible source of loss would be residues in

drum s sent for recycling. Losses to th e atm o sphere m a y occur fr om pre-heating and blending but

are thought to be very low, typi cally 16 kg of lubricant/year for an average size blending plant

(this f i gu re r e f e rs to the r e leas e of all lubrican ts, n o t just m e tal cutting / wor k ing f l uids c ontain i ng

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins). As the m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin has a lower

vapour pressure than the base oils used in the lubricants, the atm o spheric release of the

chlorinated paraffin will be m u ch lower than th is figure, and can be considered to be of

negligible importance in term s of environm ental exposure. Typica l losses of the lubricant to

waste water are thought to be around 0.25%. The m a xi m u m concentration of oil in the effluent

from a well controlled plant, afte r treatm e nt in an oil/water se parator system woul d be around

5 m g /l. This figure is derived from inform ation in the discharge consents for oil f o r blending

sites in the United Kingdom (UCD, 1997). Sim ila r discharge consents apply in other EU

countries (E uro Chlor, 1998). The oil in the efflue nt is likely to also contain the chlorinated

paraffin.

In the United Kingdom there are thought to be 6 larg e lubricant blending plants for all types of

lubricants (UCD, 1997). Assum i ng that each plant produces cutting fluids containing

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins (there is evidence to suggest that most form ul ators do or

have used chlorinated paraffins (RPA, 1996)), th e quantity of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin

used at any one site can be estim ated as a six t h of that estimated to be u s ed in a cou n try/region

. Since 5,950 tonnes/year of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins are used in this application in the

EU, then the regional use can be estim a te d as 595 tonnes/year. Thus the am ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins used at a la rge blend i n g plant can be estim ated at aroun d

100 tonnes/year. Release is likely to occur over 300 days. From the release figure given above of

0.25% to waste water, the following re lease estim a tes can be obtained:

Local release: 250 kg/year or 0.83 kg/day to waste water

Regional release: 1,488 kg/year to waste water

Total EU release: 14,875 kg/year to waste water

The a m ounts released to waste water are estim ated to be before any on-site treatm ent. Well

controlled plants typically have oil capture an d recovery system s prior to discharge to th e

drainage system and thereby to the sewage treat m e nt plant. As m e ntioned above, such equipm ent

is designed to lower the concentra t ion of dissolved oil to 5 mg/l or less. However, these lower

em issions as sociated with well con t rolled p l ants m a y not be applic able to all, p a rticu l ar ly sm aller

blenders (which m a ke up around 20% of the mark et in the UK; Euro Chlor, 1998) and so the

figures estim a ted above based on a 0.25% release to waste water also need to be taken into

account in the assessm ent as a worst case approach.

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## Use in m e tal cutting/working fluids

Default r e le ase information

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt gi ves release factors to waste water for m e tal

cutting/work ing fluid ad ditiv es of 0. 185 (18.5% ) from oil-based fluids and 0.316 (3 1.6%) from

water-based (em u lsifiable) fluids (Table A 3.7; Industry Category 8; Use Category 35). The

em issions to air are estim a ted at 0.0002 (0.02%) from both types of fluid.

If

it is a ssu m e d that th e m e dium -chain ch lori nated paraffin use is split 50:50 between the two

types of fluid (industry-specific inform ation below indicates that the split m a y actually be around

67:33 oil-based:water based), then 2,975 tonnes/y ear of the chlorinated paraf f ins can be

estim ated to be used in each type in the EU . Sim ilarly, the reg i onal usage of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffin in each typ e of m e tal cutting/wo rking fluid can be estim ated as

298 tonnes/year. Thus, for oil-based fluids, the re gional usage of the flui d can be estim ated at

5.950 tonnes/year (containing 5% m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins). From Table B3.5 of

Appendix 1 of the TGD the am ount of fluid used on one si te can be estim ated as

4,463 tonnes/year of cutting fluid (for steelworks) or 1,785 tonnes/ye ar (for other applications),

both over 300 days. These am ount s of metal cutt ing/working fluids would contain 223 and

89 tonnes/year of the chlorinated paraffins for the two applications respectively.

Sim ilarly, f o r th e water- based (em u lsion) m e tal cu tting/working fluids, th e regional usage of the

fluid can be estim ated at approxim ately 119,000 tonnes/year of emulsion (containing 0.25%

chlorinated paraffin). From Table B3.5 of Appe ndix 1 of the TGD the am ount of fluid used on

one site can be estim a ted as 71,400 tonnes/year (for steelworks) or 23,800 tonnes/year (for other

application s ), both over 300 days. These am ounts of m e tal cutting / working fluids would contain

179 tonnes and 59.6 tonnes/year of the chlorinated paraffin for the two app lications respectively.

Based on th ese default release estim ates, the fo llowing releases of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins can be calculated:

Oil-based fluids

Local release (steelworks): 41.3 tonne s/year or 138 kg/day to w a ste water

44.6 kg/year or 0.15 kg/day to air

Local release (other sites): 16.5 tonne s/year or 54.9 kg/day to w a ste water

17.8 kg/year or 0.06 kg/day to air

Regional release: 55.1 tonnes/year to waste water

59.6 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 550 tonnes/year to waste water

595 tonnes/year to air

W a t e r

- b a s e d (em u l s i o n ) fluids

Local release (steelworks): 56.6 tonne s/year or 189 kg/day to w a ste water

35.8 kg/year or 0.12 kg/day to air

Local release (other sites): 18.8 tonne s/year or 62.7 kg/day to w a ste water

11.9 kg/year or 0.040 kg/day to air

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## Regional release: 94.2 tonnes/year to waste water

59.6 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 940 tonnes/year to waste water

595 tonnes/year to air

Industry-specific release information

The m a jor uses of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins are as additives in o i l-b a sed m e tal

cutting/working fluids (neat oils). Ho wever, they m a y also be used in water-based em ulsions and

so both types need to be considered.

Oil-based fluids (Neat oils)

Inform ation on the use of and release from m e ta l working fluids in the United Kingdom has been

obtained (UCD, 1997). Losses of fluid, and hence any additive contained within it, are dependent

on the type of equipment available for separa ting th e f l uid f r om the swarf

. In the United

Kingdom it is thought that around 40% of the m e tal working activit y is carried out in large

m achine shops with sophisticated swarf treatme nt, 30% in m e dium si zed m achine shops with

basic swarf treatm ent and the rem a ining 30% in sm all m achine shops w ith no swarf treatm ent.

Little inform ation is available on the size di stributions in other EU countries, although the

distribution in Spain is thought to be sim ilar to that in the United Kingdom

, and in Italy the

proportion of large m a chine shops is slightly higher (60% in large m achine shops, 30% in

m e dium ma chine shops and 10% in sm all m ach ine shops) (RPA, 1996). The estimated annua l

losses of cutting fluid, based on the replacem ent rates in the Un ited Kingdom

, ar e thought to be

near to 50% for a large m achine shop, 75% for a m e dium sized m achine shop and 100% from a

sm all m achi n e shop. Not all of th is loss, however, is released to the environm ent. A breakdown

of the total losses for a large and sm all m achin e shop using oil-based cutting fluids is shown

below:

Large facility with Sm all facility

swarf reprocessing

- no swarf reprocessing

Misting/evaporation 2%/year to a i r 2%/yea r to a i r

Overalls 1%/yea r to water 2%/yea r to water

Leaks 1%/yea r to water* 3%/yea r to water*

Dragout/wor kpiece 1%/yea r to water 1%/yea r to water

2%/year to chem ical waste 2%/year to chem ical

w a s t e

Internal reprocessing 1%/yea r to water* not applicable

External reprocessing 10%/year reused/discarded not applicable

a s w a s t e o i l

Dragout-sw a rf 30%/year (of wh ich 90% 90%/year (of which 90%

burnt, 10% landf ill) burnt, 10% landf ill)

Total losses 48%/year 100%/year

*the losses m a y be further m i ni m i sed by collecting the cuttin g fluid for re-use.

49

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## The m a jor losses of oil- based m e tal cutting / wor k ing f l uids are asso cia t ed with the swarf

. It is

thought that the vast m a jority (9 0%) of swarf produced (and the a dhering cutting fluid) is m e lted

f o r re-use. Thus the cutting f l uid a nd any additive will be destroyed in this proce ss. In som e

situations, the swarf m a y undergo s o lvent clean i ng prio r to m e lting, and so som e medium -chain

chlorinated paraffin could end up in waste solvent in such sites. The rem a ining 10% of swarf is

thought to b e disposed o f to landfill.

As can be seen from the above figures, the losse s to waste water from a large and sm all m a chine

shop can be estim ated at 4% and 6% respectively. However, som e other losses ha ve the potential

for entering waste wa te r. For in stance, m i sting/evaporation losses are in itially to air. However,

these hav e the potential to settle within the facil ity and reach waste water as a resu lt of cleaning

equipm ent etc. The los s e s due to external rep r ocessing of spent cutting fluid are due to line

f l ushing etc. In a we ll co ntrolled f a c i lity, this will be co llecte d and re -use d or discard e d as was t e

oil. Howeve r, in a les s well con t rolled f acility, there rem a ins the pos sibility th at this could be

discharged to waste water.

Another source of loss is dragout of the cutting fluid on the workpiece. This is generally

rem oved by either alkaline washin g or solvent washing an d it is thought that in both cases the

rem a ining cutting fluid is distributed between em i ssions to water and chem ical waste. In a wors t

case it could be assum e d that all this dragout loss occurs to waste water.

From the above discussion, it can be seen that a worst case loss from a m e tal working facility

could be in the region of 18%. Since these worst case loss f i gures are more likel y to apply to a

sm all f acility than a la rge f acility, where suitable r e proc essing is u s ually car r ied out, an

assessm ent will be m a de of both a large f a c ility (re leas e to waste wate r 4%) and a s m all f a cility

(release to waste water 18%). The situation at a m e dium sized f acility is likely to be between

these two extrem es.

It is thought that a typical la rge-scale m e tal cutting/working pl ant in the United Kingdom would

contain aro und 50,000 litres of cutting oil. Th is size will be used as the basis for the local

em ission scenario for a large site. Assum i ng that the m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin m a kes

up around 5% of the cutting fl uid, then 50,000 litres of cutti ng fluid would contain around

2,500 kg of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin. The possible em issions of m e dium -cha in

paraffin to waste water can be estim a ted at 100 kg/year, using the 4% release figure. These

em issions are equivalent to 0.33 kg/day, assum i ng use on 300 days/year.

Inform ation reported in RPA (1996) indicates that a sm all com p any m a y use <20% of the m e tal

cutting/work ing fluid at a large com p any. Therefor e, an assessm ent will also be carried out for a

sm all m e tal cutting / working plan t contain i ng 10,000 litres of cutting fluid. Assum i ng a

m e dium -cha in chlo rin a ted paraffin content of 5%, then 1 0,000 litres of cutting fluid would

contain around 500 kg of m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffin. The possible em issions of

m e dium -chain chlorin a ted paraffin to waste water from such a plant can be estim ated at

90 kg/year, using the 18% releas e figure. These em issions are equivalent to 0.3 kg/day over

300 days.

The local release es tim ates for use of oil-b a sed cu tting flu i ds are summ arised below:

50

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Local release: large site = 0.33 kg/day to wast e w a ter over 300 days

sm all site = 0.3 kg/day to waste water over 300 days

Em ulsifiable cutting fluids

Sim ilar to th e situation with th e ne at oil cutting fluids, th e lo sses of em ulsifiab le cutting fluids to

the environm ent depend on the type of equipm en t available for separating the fluid from the

swarf. However, there are som e di fferences between the two types of fluids that have to be taken

into account. Firstly, losses by evaporation and by m i st generation with e m ulsifiable fluids are

higher than those asso ciated with neat o ils. H o wever, sin ce the em ulsi fiable cutting fluid is

m a inly water, which is more volatile than the a dditiv es pre s ent, the v a p ours and m i sts gene rate d

tend to have higher wate r conten ts th an the bulk m a terial. Th us the loss es of additives m a y not be

in proportion to the total losses of fluid. Also, the adhesion of e m ulsifiable cutting f l uids to the

swarf is les s than tha t with nea t c u tting f l uids (due to lo wer visco s ity). However, re covery of

em ulsifiable cutting fluids from swa r f is not generally practised (UCD, 1997).

A breakdown of the potential loss es to the envi ronm ent of em ulsifiable m e tal working/cu ttin g

fluids is shown below (UCD, 1997)

.

Misting/evaporation 5% to air

Overalls 2% to wate r

Leaks 3% to waste oil/wa t er

Dragout/workpiece 1% to water

2% to chem ical waste

Dragout-sw a rf 87% (of which 90%

burnt, 10% landf ill)

Total losses 100%

In use, it is important to m a intain the corre ct oi l/water r a tio a nd an avera g e replenish m ent rate of

around 10% per week can be consid ered typical to com p ensate fo r loss of fluid by dragout and

evaporative losses etc. Since there is preferen ti al evaporative loss of water, the replenishm ent

package used is often a diluted version of the original fluid, typically containing around 50% of

the norm a l working concentration of the oil com ponent. In addition, emulsi fiable cutting fluids

are subject to (bacterial) degrad ation during use and the whole syst em ha s to be replenished at a

much higher frequency than with n e at oils, typic a lly at inte r v al s of between 1 and 6 m onths. A

typical worst case volume of cutting fluid present in the holding tanks at a site using emulsifiable

cutting fluids is around 10,000 litres of fluid (UCD, 1997).

The em ulsifiable m e tal cutting / working fluids are m a de by adding the o il com ponent (contain i ng

the chlo rinated paraffin at typically 5 % of the oi l) to water at a dilu tion of around 1:20 oil:water.

Thus, 10,000 litres of th e em ulsified fluid will c ontain 500 litres of oil and approxim a tely 25 kg

of

m e dium -chain chlo rinated par a f f i n. These concen tr ation s will be appr oxim a tely mainta ined in

the cutting fluid by weekly additions of half -strength em ulsion (to take into account the

preferential evaporation of the water phase), at a rate of around 10% of the total cutting fluid

volum e pre s ent (i.e. 1,000 litres/week). The losse s to water are likely to have a sim ilar

com position to the cutting fluid as used. From the loss f i gures reported abo v e, the loss e s to water

51

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## are estim ated to be around 6% (due to overalls, leaks and dragout from the workpiece). Thus the

weekly loss of cutting fluid to waste water duri ng use can be estim a ted as 60 litres/week. This

volum e of c u tting fluid would contain around 0. 15 kg/week or 0.025 kg/day assum i ng 6 working

days/week (300 days/year) of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin (UCD, 1997).

In addition to the weekly loss of fluid during use, the whol e system (10,000 litres of fluid

contain i ng 25 kg of medium -chain chlorinated paraffin) will be rep l aced eve r y 1-6 m onths

(UCD, 1997). Before d i s posal, water-based (em u lsi on) cu ttin g fluids can be treated b y separating

the oil and water phases before disposal by m e thods such as ultrafiltrati on. The oil phase can be

collected for disposal (e.g. incine ration) and the water phase then discharged to waste water.

Given the physical properties of m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffins, it is likely that m o st of the

chlor i nated paraf f i n will be assoc i a t ed with th e oil phase and so will not be relea s ed to the

environm ent. However, it is thought that around 50% of wa ste em ulsion is discharged to the

sewage treatm e nt plant without any pre-treatm ent. Thus as a worst case, as well as the

0.025 kg/day release of the m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffin from losses in use discussed

above, an interm ittent (2-6 tim es/year) dis c h a rge to waste water o f 25 kg me dium -chain

chlorinated paraffin/event during final disposal of the cutting fluid needs to be considered.

Inform ation is also available on the likely residu al oil con t en t of the water phase after treatm e nt

by ultrafiltration prior to disposal to waste. Th e typic a l re sidual o il c ontent of su ch water is

around <10-40 m g /l (B UA, 1992). If it is assu m e d th at th e chlo rinated paraffin com position of

this r e sidu al oil is the s a m e as the content in the oil used to p r oduce th e cutting fluid (i.e. 5% of

the oil), then the chlori nated paraffin content of the waste wa ter can be estim a ted as 0.5-2 m g /l.

The local release es tim ates for use of em ulsi fiable cutting fluids are summarised below :

Local release: use of cutting fluid = 0.025 kg/day to waste w a ter over 300 days

disposal of cutting fluid = 25 kg/da y to waste water on 2-6 days/year

Total EU an d regional release estim a te

Since the loss and disposal patterns of oil-base d and em ulsion cutting fluids are different this

needs to be taken into account in the estim a tion of the re gional and continental release of

m e dium -chain chlo rina te d paraf f i ns f r om use of m e tal cuttin g/working f l uids.

The am ount of m e dium-chain ch lorinated paraf f ins curren t ly used in m e tal cuttin g/working

fluids is currently 5,953 tonnes/y ear. The split betw een use in oil-based and e m ulsion fluids is

not known. The UCD (1997) indicates that the amount of base oil used to produce oil-based and

em ulsion fluids in the United Kingdom is in the ratio 15,750:7,700 t onnes/year. Since the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin is present at a sim ilar concentration in both the oil-based and

em ulsif i able cutting f l uids (bef ore d i lution to th e working strength), the sa m e ratio could be used

to determ ine the relativ e am ounts of chlorinate d paraffin used in each type. Thus, it will be

assum e d that of the 5,953 tonnes/year of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins used,

approxim a tely 3,969 tonnes/year can be expected to be used in oi l-based fluids and

1,984 tonnes/year can be expected to be used in emulsion based fluids.

52

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## The tota l worst c a se EU rele ase f r om em ulsion-ba sed fluids can be estim a ted assum i ng that 50%

of the fluid is eventually released to waste water without any pre-treatm e nt (UCD, 1997). Thus

the tota l EU release o f m e dium -chain chlor i n a ted paraffins from e m ulsion-based fluids is

estim ated at 992 tonnes/year. The regional releas e will be 10 % of this fig u re, 99.2 ton n es/year.

For the oil-based fluids, the release to the envi ronm ent depends on the size of the facility. As

discussed above, around 60% of oil-based fluids can be assum e d to be used in large (and

m e dium ) fa cilities with swarf reprocessing, and the realistic wo rst case release to waste water

from such facilities is es tim a ted at 4%. This gi v e s as a tota l rele ase of medium -chain chlorina ted

paraffins from large sites us ing oil-based fluids of 3,969 × 0.6 × 0.04 = 95.3 tonnes/year. For the

rem a ining 40% of oil, th is will be as sum e d to be used in sm all and m e dium f

acilities, where little

or no swarf reprocessing is carried out. For bot h these facilities, a worst case releas e figure of

18% to waste water will be assum e d. This give s a tota l release of m e dium -chain c h lorin a ted

paraf f i ns from sm all and m e dium sized f acilitie s using oil-b a sed f l uids of

3,969 × 0.4 × 0.18 = 285.7 tonnes/year. Thus the overall EU release of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins to waste water from use i n oil-based cutting fluids is 381 tonnes/year. The regiona l

release will be 10% of th is figure, 38.1 tonnes/year.

Appendix E considers the possible effects on the releas es to the environm ent of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins resulting from the propos ed risk reduction measures on short-chain

chlorinated paraffins in this application.

3.1.0.2.6 Release from use in leather fat liqu o rs

Around 1,048 tonnes of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used in the EU in the

for m ulation of leather fat liquors. The chlorinated para ffin content of the fo rm ulation is around

10%, theref ore the am ount of leather fat liquor containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

produced in the EU is 10,480 tonnes/year. Aroun d 50% of this is exported from the EU.

Default release estim a tion

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt provides default release estimates for the

for m ulation and processing (use) of substances used in the leather processing industry (Industry

Category 7).

Formulation

For the formulation stage, Table A2.1 of the A ppendix is appropriate. The def a ult em ission

factors for this process are 0.001 (0.1%) to air (vapour pressure <10 Pa; produced in dedicated

equipm ent) and 0.003 (0.3%) to waste water. The am ount of leather fat liq uor form ulated on one

site can be estim ated from Table B2.3. Assum i ng an EU production of 10,480 tonnes of leather

fat liquors, the am ount used in a region would be 1,048 tonne s of fat liquor. All of this

1,048 tonnes of fat liquor is estim ated to be used on one site over 300 days. This amount of fat

liquor contains 105 tonnes of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins. The following figures can

therefore b e estim ated for release o f m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins from the for m ulation

step:

53

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Local release: 315 kg/year or 1.1 kg/day to waste w a ter

105 kg/year or 0.35 kg/day to air

Regional release: 315 kg/year to waste water

105 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 3,144 kg/year to waste water

1,048 kg/year to air

Processing ( u se of leather fat liquors)

Around 5,240 tonnes of leather fat liquors are u s ed in the EU each year. The a m ount used in a

region is therefore 524 tonnes of fat liquor. A cco rding to Table B3.4 of Appendix 1 of the

Technical G u idance Docum e nt, the amount used at a site is 262 tonnes/year of leather fat liquor

(containing 26.2 tonnes/year of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins), over 105 days.

Table A3.6 of Appendix 1 of th e Technical Guidance Docum e nt gives default em ission factors

for the use of substances during the processing st ep. For m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins the

em ission fa ctors are 0. 001 (0.1%) to air (solu b ility <100 mg/l; vapou r pressu re < 100 Pa) and

0.05 (5%) to waste water (Main Ca tegory 2 (inclusion into matrix ; solubility <100 m g /l)).

The following figures can therefore be estim ated for rele ase of m e dium -chain chlorin a ted

paraffins from the leather fat liquoring step:

Local release: 1,310 kg/year or 12.5 kg/day to waste water

26.2 kg/year or 0.25 kg/day to air

Regional release: 2,620 kg/year to waste water

52.6 kg/year to air

Total EU release: 26,200 kg/year to waste water

526 kg/year to air

Industry-specific release estim ation

Formulation of fat liquors

Inform ation on the for m ulation of leather fat liquors has been provided by a m a jor for m ulator

(Euro Chlor, 1998). This site co mplies with a discharge consent of <0.5 ppm of adsorbable

organic halogen (AOX) (chlorinated paraffins are the only source of halogen in this discharge).

Industry indicated that a sim ilar situation with regards to discha rge is likely to exist for all

European form ulators (E uro Chlor, 1998). In Fran ce, the discharge lim it is 1 ppm for total AOX,

but other halogen sources other than m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins m a y contribute to this

lim it.

A s m all a m ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns is sold directly to tanneries who then

m a ke their own fat liquors. The em issions from this pro cesses are likely to be sm all com p ared to

the em issio n s associated with th e fat liquo ri ng proces s itself (default releas e factor for

54

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## for m ulation is 0.3% com p ared with the estim ated 2% release factor for fa t liquoring) and so will

not be considered further here.

Processing ( f

at liquoring)

An e m ission scenario docum e nt is available for the leather industry (Chapt er 7 of the Technical

Guidance Docum e nt). This recommends a value of 15 tonnes/day as a reasonable worst case for

the m a ss of leather processed at a site, based on production data for Germany. Figures for typical

water use are also available. These depend on whet her the site car rie s out all stag es of leather

production (from processing of raw skins to pr oduction of the final leather), where a water

consum ption of 35 l/kg raw hide is typical, or is sp ecialis ed in the refinin g of “wet bl ue” (leather

produced after th e tann ing step ), where a wate r consum ption of 18 l/kg leather is typical.

Processing of 1 tonne of raw hides produces a m a xi m u m of 250 kg of “wet blue”. Since the fat

liquoring step follows the tanning stage, both type s of site have the potential to use fat liquors

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins.

Inform ation on the a m ount of fat liquor used in treating leather has been provided (Euro Chlor,

1998). The typical application rate is around 70-120 g of fat liquor /kg of leather treated. Since

the f a t liquo r typ i cally c ontains around 10% by weight of the m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffin,

the am ount of the chlorinated pa raffin used in this process is around 7-12 g/kg leather treated.

The am ount of chlorinated paraffin present in the treatm ent solution at the end of the process is

thought to b e around 2% of that used (Euro Chlor, 1998). This will be d i scharged to w a ste water.

Using this infor m ation, the followin g releas e estim a tes can be m a de, using the m e thods outlined

in Chapter 7 of the Technical Guidance docum e n t.

Com p lete processing:

Mass of raw leather processed/day = 15 tonnes

Mass of “wet blue” leat her produced = 3.75 tonnes/day

Mass of MCCPs used = 12 kg /tonne “wet blue” = 45 kg/day

Percentage releas ed to w a ste water = 2%

Mass of MCCPs released to waste w a ter = 0.9 kg/day

Processing of “wet blue”:

Mass of “wet blue” processed/day = 15 tonnes

Mass of MCCPs used = 12 kg /tonne “wet blue” = 180 kg/day

Percentage releas ed to w a ste water = 2%

Mass of MCCPs released to waste w a ter = 3.6 kg/day

As the overall release figure for m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins from the process is around

2%, then the total releas e to waste water in the EU is 10.48 tonnes/year. The estim ated regional

release will be 10% of th is figure, 1.05 tonnes/year.

55

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix E considers the possible effects on the releas es to the environm ent of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins resulting from the propos ed risk reduction measures on short-chain

chlorinated paraffins in this application.

3.1.0.2.7 Release from production of carbonless copy p a per

Around 741 tonnes/year of m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffins are used in the EU to

m a nufacture carbonless copy pape r (see Section 2.2). The m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin

content of the paper is around 3- 4% by weight. This would give a total for the amount of paper

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffi ns of 18,525-24,700 tonnes/year (Euro Chlor, 1999).

This is consistent with the inform ation given in Section 2.2.5, where it was estim a ted that at

most, 5% of the carbonless copy paper used in the EU (i.e. 33,000 tonnes of paper out of the total

usage of 660,000 tonnes) could contain m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins.

Default release estim a tion

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt gives default em ission factors from printing,

and production of pulp, paper and bo ard. Neither of these scenarios is appropriate to the use of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins in the m a nufacture of carbonless copy paper.

Industry-specific release estim ation

Chapter 7 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt contain s an em ission scenario docu m ent for the

paper industry. In this docum e nt it is stated th at the environm ental i m pact of the application

stage of coatings and the produc tion of carbonless copy paper is considered low in com p arison

with the im pact of re lease during paper recycling. The rel eases from recycling of carbonless

copy paper containing medium -chain chlorinate d paraffins are considered in Section 3.1.0.2.8.

Euro Chlor (1999) indicated that there are no avai lable estim a tes or indus try-specific infor m ation

regarding the release to the environm ent from production of carbonless copy paper. Based on

knowledge of the industry, it was thought that ther e is only a sm all potenti al for release to the

environm ent during the coating stage of pape r production. T h e production of the m i crocapsules

(containing the m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffins) is carried out in es sentially clo s ed system s.

The m i crocapsules are coated onto the paper as an aqueous suspension and it is possible that

som e of this suspensio n m a y be discharg ed to water after appropriate treatm e nt, but it is not

possible to estim ate the quantity involved.

56

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## 3.1.0.2.8 Release fro m recycling of carbonless copy paper

Default release estim a tion

Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance Docum e nt gives default release factors for recyclin g

(recovery) of paper (T able A5.2). The releas e factors are 0 to air and are around 0.1-0.2

(10-20%) to water for toners and colourants. No release factors are given for carbonless copy

papers.

Around 741 tonnes of m e dium -cha in chlorinated pa raffins are used in carbonless copy paper in

the EU. The actual am ount of paper containing the chlorinated paraffin used in the EU is

unknown, and so it is not possible to use Table B5.2 of Appendix 1 of the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt to determ ine how m u ch of the carbonle ss copy paper could be recycled at one site.

The total release in the EU from recycling of carbonless copy paper can be es tim ated at around

74.1-148 tonnes/year, based on the release factors given above for toners and colourants. The

estim ated regional release would be 10% of these figures, 7.4-14.8 tonnes/year.

Industry-specific release estim ation

The em ission scenario docum ent for the pulp, pa per and board industry (Chapter 7 of the

Technical Guidance Docum e nt) does contain so m e inf o rm ation on the possible rele a s es to the

environm ent from the recycling of carbonless copy paper. It is reported that th e recycling of

carbonless copy paper is perceived to cause pro b lem s for mills us ing waste paper b ecause th e

constituents of the coatings used can prove to be difficult to rem ove from the paper in the

de-inking process.

For carbonless copy paper it is reported that most of the colour form er is hydr olysed during

alkaline pulping and is released into the water. Since m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins are

used as carrier solv ent for these co lour for m ers, it could be assum e d that all the m e dium -chain

chlor i nated paraf f i n will also enter into th e water phase. Th e em ission s cenario docum ent als o

states tha t at least p r im ary sedim e ntation is ca rr ie d out at all p a per m ills a nd that th is process will

rem ove up to 90% of poorly water soluble s ubstances and that sludges produced in the

clar if ication/sedim e ntatio n proce ss a r e dewate red and disposed of to landf ill. Thus the overall

release of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins to waste water from the process could be around

10% of that used.

The em ission scenario docum e nt suggests that as a worst case approach, a recycling rate of 50%

of the paper should be used, and the paper contai ning a given substance is recycled at 10 sites

(i.e. a m a ximum of 5% of the s ubstance at a site). Thus the am ount of medium -chain chlorinated

paraffin in carbonless copy paper at a p a per m ill using recy cled paper could be

37.05 tonnes/year. The num b er of days of recycling is given as 250 days.

From the above discussion, the following em issions of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins to th e

environm ent from recycling of carbonless copy paper can be estim ated:

57

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Local release: 3,705 kg/year or 14.8 kg/day to waste water

Regional release: 3,705 kg/year to waste water

Total EU release: 37,050 kg/year to waste water

333.5 tonnes / year to land fill on sludg es

These figures assum e that 50% of the carbonless copy paper is recycled. This m a y overestim a te

the recyclin g rate as much of the paper is u s ed in comm er cial do cum e nts that will be retained

and filed, or sent for destruction (e.g. incinerati on in waste). However, figures on the actual

recycling rate are unavailable.

Other inf o r

m ation is availab l e on th e recyc ling of paper in the EU that m a y be useful to estim ate

the am ount of paper containing m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffins that m i ght be recycled on a

site. W ithin the EU, it is estim ated that 30 m illion tonnes of recycled fibres are us ed for paper

m a king eac h year (IPPC, 2000), and that recy cled fibres account for 45% of the total pap e r

production in the EU. In addition it is reporte d that there are 1,064 paper m ills in the EU,

although not all of these will use recycled fibr e. Assum i ng a 50% recycling rate for carbonless

copy paper, then the am ount of carbonle ss copy paper recycled each year

(i.e. 330,000 tonnes/year) is 1.1% of the total recy cled paper.

A large paper production site in the EU m a y produce >250,000 tonnes/year of paper (IPPC,

2000). If it is assum e d t h at 1.1% of this is carbonless copy paper, the am ount of carbonless copy

paper recycled at a site of this size is 2,750 tonnes/year. This calc ulation effectively averages out

the carbonless copy paper am ongst all the paper recycled. It is possible that som e s ites take a

higher proportion of carbonless copy paper and so as a worst case it could be assum e d that five

tim es this am ount of the paper recycled at the site is carbonless copy paper,

i.e. 13,750 tonnes/year. In term s of the total E U consum pt ion of carbonless copy paper, this

figure is 4.17% of that recycled (330,000 tonne s/year) or 2.08% of th e total carbonless copy

paper (660,000 tonnes/year). S i nce the am ount of m e dium-chain chlorinated paraf f ins used in

carbonless copy paper is 741 tonnes/year, the am ount of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

recycled at the site is 15.4 t onnes/year. W ith a release rate to waste water of 10%, the local

em ission in this case would be:

Local release: 1,541 kg/year or 6.17 kg/da y (assum ing 250 da ys recycling)

This gives a broadly s i m ilar es tim ate to above and will be us ed in the local PEC calculation.

3.1.0.2.9 Release from use in plastics/oth er polymers over their service life

Although m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins are of low vapour pressure at am bient

tem p eratures, the vapour pressure is not so low as to preclude the possibility of volatilisation

from plastics and other polym ers during their serv ice lif e . This is particula r ly tru e of th e

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffi ns with lower c h lorin e conten ts (see Appendix B for estim a tes

of how vapour pressure vari es with chlorine content).

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Volatilisa tio n

The loss to air of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl paraffin from PVC ha s been determ ined by Cam pbell and

McConnell (1980). In the experim e nt, a plasticised PVC sheet (area 1.05 m 2 

## ) containing 8% by

weight of the chlorinated paraffi n was placed in a box (volum e 0.125 m 3 

## ) and air (total volum e

12.75 m 3 

## ) was passed through the system over 21 days. The air was scrubbed using a suitable

solvent and around 1 m g of chlorinated paraffin wa s found t o be rem ove d (volatilised) in the air

from the system . Based on the am ount volatilis ed, the effective vapour pressure of the

chlorinated paraffin was estim a ted to be 3 × 10 -9 

## mmHg (4 × 10 -7 

## Pa). An em ission r a te f o r the

chlorinated paraffin of around 5 × 10 -4 

## μg/s/m 2 

## can be es tim ated f r om this data, which is s i m ilar to

the em ission rates estim a ted for DEHP (1.8-3.0 × 10 -4 

## μg/s/m 2 

## ) from PVC (see below). This

em ission factor for m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins is considered further in Appendix F

The Use Category Docum e nt on plastics additives (UCD, 1998) summ a r ises the work that has

been carried out on plas ticis e r leachi ng and volatilis ation from PVC products.

For volatilisation from PVC the following equati on was derived for thin film applications:

rate of volatilisa tion (% p e r yea r) = 1. 1 × 10 6 

## × vapour pressure (mmHg).

In Section 1.3.5, it was shown that the vapour pr essure of the com p onents of m e dium chain

chlorinated paraffins depends m a rkedly on the carbon chain length and degree of chlorination.

For exam ple, the vapour pressure of a ~51-53% wt. Cl m e dium -chain, ch lorinated paraffin was

estim ated to vary b e tween 5.5 × 10 -5 

## Pa for the C 15 

## component to around 1 × 10 -6 

## Pa for the

C 17 

## com ponent. The vapour pressure for a 52% wt

. Cl medium -chain chlorinated paraffin has

been m easured as 2.0 × 10 -6 

## mmHg (2.7 × 10 -4 

## Pa) at 20 o 

## C, but this probably reflects the vapour

pressure of the m o st volatile components rather than bei ng representative of the whole

commercial product and so would overestim a t e th e total loss of medium -chain chlorinated

paraf f i ns f r om thin f i lms. Since the m a jority of m e dium -chain length chlorinated paraffins are

represented by products having be tween 45% wt. Cl and 52% wt. Cl, a reasonable worst case

value for a representative vapour pressure can be taken as around 5 × 10 -5 

## Pa = 3.75 × 10 -7 

## mmH g

(based on the es tim ates reported in Appendix B). Based on this vapour pressure, the rate of

volatilisation estim a ted using th e equation above is 0.4% per year . This applies to losses fr om

thin f ilm applica tions.

For general articles an em ission factor of 0.05% of the annual consum ption of plasticiser is

recomm ended (UCD, 1998). This f i gure is appropria te for a plasticiser such as DEHP, and is

based on the estim ated am ount volatilised (app roxim a tely 140 tonnes/year) from the m a jor

applications, related to the annual consum ption of the substance. Thus although the am ount o f

the substance present in articles will be higher than the annual consum ption (the lifetim e of m a ny

PVC products is >1 y e ar), this is accounted for in the way the em ission factor has been

estim ated. The figure of 140 tonnes/year for the am ount of DEHP volatilised was estim a ted from

the results of theore tic al and sem i -experim e ntal studies on the vola t ilisa tion ra te f r om PVC,

along with the estim ated surface area of PVC arti cles/prod u cts present in the EU, taking into

account the lifetim e of the produ ct. The studies gave a volatil isation rate in the range

1.8 × 10 -4 

## -3.0 × 10 -4 

## μg/s/m 2 

## , with an average valu e of 2.3 × 10 -4 

## μg/s/m 2 

## for DEHP (Ca dogan et al.,

59

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 1994). A sim ilar volatilisation ra te was derived earlier in this Section for a m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffin, indicating that the gene ral em ission factor of 0.05% of the annual

consum ption m a y also be applicable for som e m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins.

For m o st applications medium -chain chlorinated paraffins with chlorine contents of around 45%

and 52% wt. Cl are used. These are u s ually of sli ghtly higher volatility (f or the 45% wt. Cl) or of

a sim ilar volatility (for the 52% wt. Cl) as DEHP (see Section 3.1.0.2.1 and Appendix B) and so

the releas e factor could be increas ed by a factor of 2-3 to tak e th is into account. In addition, the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins used as pl asticiser/flam e retardant additives in polym ers

other than P V C generally have higher chlorine c ontents (e.g. >50% wt. Cl ). These su bstances are

of

sim ilar v o latility o r slightly lower volatility than DEHP and so th e releas e factor could b e

decreased by a sim ilar factor. Ov erall, the release f actor estim a ted for DEHP of 0.05% over the

lifetim e could be considered rep r es entative fo r the whole range of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins, taking into account so m e products are m o re and som e products are less volatile than

this.

Inform ation provided by industry indicates that a polyurethane coating is typically applied to

cushioned P V C flooring produced by spread coati ng to im prove the wear properties and staining

resistance (Personal Communication, 2000). It is estim ated that around 50-60% of the cushion

vinyl flooring m a y have such coatings. These co a tings m a y re duce th e potentia l f o r vo latilisatio n

loss from the flooring. T h is is cons idered further in Appendix F.

Other products, such as paints, s ealan ts, etc. , can also be expected to lose medium -chain

chlor i nated paraf f i n by volatilisatio n. A sim ilar ra te of volatilisation to that in P V C will be

assum e d. The estim a ted loss rate of 0.4% per year from thin film s m a y be appropriate for paints

(although as paints form a surface skin of lo w perm eability , this should reduce th e em issions

com p ared to those f r om a thin f i lm of plastic ), but will ov e r estim a te th e releases f r o m sealants

(loss rate of 0.05% over th e lifetim e would appear m o re appropr iate here). The release figure of

0.4% per year for thin film s should be applied to the total amount of medium -chain chlorinated

paraffin present in pain ted articles in the EU, r a ther th an the yearly co nsum ption figure in th is

area. In Table 3.3 the releases from paints using this figure have been estim ated based on a

seven year lifetim e for painted su rfaces. It is lik e ly that th e actual releas es from painted surfaces

will be lower than this figure due to f o rm ation of a surface sk in of low perm eability.

Table 3.3 summ arises that possib l e volatilis atio n lo sses from articles containing medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins.

An alternative approach to estim ating the vola tilisa tion lo sses of m e dium -chain chlor i nate d

paraffins from PVC a nd other polym er use, based on the m easured em ission rate of

5 × 10 -4 

## μg/s/m 2 

## is considered in Appendix F. This gives a release to air of around

38-61 tonnes/year over the produ cts lifetim e (and a further 2.86 tonnes/year from waste

disposal), which is in good agreem e n t with the figures derived in Table 3.3 . The approach taken

in Appendix F requires a large num ber of assumptions and s o there is co nsiderab le u n certainty in

the figures derived. Ther efore the figures from Table 3.3 will be used in the environm ental

modelling to estim ate the regiona l co ncentr ation s

.

60

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.3 Estimated volat i lisation lo sse s of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins from polymeric materials

Use Amount used in EU Release fa cto r t

o

air Release to air

PVC 51,827 t onnes/ye a r 0.05% ov er lifeti m e

a 

### 25.9 ton nes/year

Paints, ad hesives and sealan ts 1,180 to nnes/yea r – paints 0.4%/yea r over a 7 year

lifetime b 

### 33.0 ton nes/year

2,360 - se alants 0.05% ov er lifeti m e

a 

### 1.18 ton nes/year

Rubber/polyme r s 2,146 to nnes/yea r 0.05% ov er lifeti m e

a 

### 1.07 ton nes/year

Total EU 61.15 to nnes/yea r

Regional total 6.12 ton nes/year

Note: a) Emission f a cto r applies to ye arly consumption figu re. b) Emission f a cto r applies to t o

tal amount of mediu m -chain chlorin a t

ed paraf fins pres ent in paint ed arti cles (= amount

used/year × lifeti m e of paint ed sur f ace)



## Volatilisation could also occur from other products containing m e di um -chain chlorinated

paraffins, such as leathe r articles. However, there is insuffi cient inform ation available about the

em ission rates from these types of products to ma ke a reasonable attem p t to estim ate the overal l

releases.

Leaching

Inform ation has been reported on th e leaching o f plasticiser from PVC flooring during washing

(UCD, 1998). Again, this infor m ation has generally been generated for a phthalate plasticiser

such as DEHP. Since leaching losses are likely to depend to som e extent of the water solubility,

the differen ce in solub i lity between DEHP (45-340 μg/l (Brooke et al., 1991); recommende d

value f r om Draf t DEHP ESR Assessm ent 3 μg/l) and m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

(5-27 μg/l) needs to be considered. Thus the pot entia l f o r le aching of medium -chain chlor i nate d

paraffins is sim ilar to that determ ined for DE HP. Infor m ation provided by industry indicates that

a polyurethane coating is typically applied to around 50-60% of cushio ned PVC flooring. These

coatings m a y reduce the potential for leac hing loss from washing of the flooring.

The worst case losses to water were estim ated at 0.05% for washing of interior products and

0.7% for exterior products such as roofing (UCD, 1998). The factor of 0.05% for washing

inte rior p r o ducts applie s to th e ann u al consumption of pla s tic ise r ra th er than the tota l am ount

present in articles (this is accounted f o r in the way the em ission factor was derived).

The factor of 0.7% for outdoor use was determ ined for loss of total phtha late plasticiser from

roofing m a terial over 4 years. Thus the averag e loss rate/year in the study is 0.15%/year. This

factor should be applied to th e actual am ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin present in

products, taking into account the products lifetim e. It should also be noted that the derived

em ission factor will als o include contributions from loss of par ticulates, degradation etc. from

the m a terial due to weathering or erosion and so is like l y to overestim ate the actua l leaching los s

of the m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin.

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Since a m a jor use of m e dium -chain chlorinated para ffins is in flooring the 0.05% release factor is

appropriate. As indicated above, som e cushioned PVC products m a y have coatings that reduce

the poten tial for leach in g loss from the product, but the extent of this reduction is u nknown and

so adds further uncertainty to the es tim ates pres ented, and is considered further in Appendix F.

For paints and, to a lesser extent, sealants, the ex ternal release factor m a y be m o re appropriate, as

they are som e ti m e s used in applications wh ere significant exposur e to water m a y occur

(e.g. m a rine paints, m a sonry paints). For the othe r polym er applications, e.g. as a flam e retardant

in rubber and polym ers other than PVC, the pote n tia l f o r exp o sure to water app ears to be lim ited.

The worst case release to the enviro nm ent from leach ing of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

from paints/sealants and PVC is shown in Table 3.4

.

Table 3.4 Estimated leach i ng losses of me dium-chain chlor i nated paraffins f r om polymeric materials

Use Amount used in EU Release fa cto r t

o

wate r Release to wate r

PVC 51,827 t onnes/ye a r 0.05% ov er lifeti m e

a 

### 2 5

. 9 ton nes/year

Paints, ad hesives and sealan ts 1,180 to nnes/yea r – paints 0.15%/ye a r over 5-7 year

lifetime 8.9-12.4 tonnes /year

2,361 to nnes/yea r – sealants 0.15%/ye a r over 10-30

year lifetime 35.4-10 6 tonn es/ y

ear

Total EU 70.2-14 7.9 ton n e

s /year

Regional total 7.0-14.7 9 tonn es/ y

ear

Note: a) Emission f a cto r applies to ye arly consumption figu re b) Emission f a cto r applies to t o

tal amount of mediu m -chain chlorin a t

ed paraf fins pres ent in article

(= amount used/y ear × lifetime of a r

ticle)



## An alternative approach to es tim ating the leach ing loss es from PVC and other poly m er use is

considered in Appendix F. This gives a release to water of a r ound 73-93 tonnes/year (plus a loss

of around 30-37 tonnes/year to so il, and 2 to nne s/year to waste water from leaching from

landf ills), which is in re asonable ag reem ent with the figures derived in Table 3.3 . The approach

taken in Appendix F requires a la rge num ber of assum p tions and so there is a large degree of

uncertainty in the f i gur es deri ved. Therefore the figures from Table 3.3 will be used in the

environm ental m odelling to estim ate the regional concentrations. The figures estimated for the

leach ing los s are likely to overes t im ate the act ual lo ss as not all the PVC, paint or sealan t

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinate d paraf f i n will com e into contac t with wate r. Th ere a r e a l so

uncertainties in determ ining repre s en tative lif etim es of products such as sealants, which have a

large bearin g on th e res u lting releas e es tim ate. In addition, som e of the em ission factors used

also include losses of particulates etc. due to we athering effects and erosion, as well as leaching

loss. The environm ental behaviour of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins in these particulates is

unknown (see also Section 3.1.0.2.10).

3.1.0.2.10 Waste in th e environment and ultimate disposal

“ W aste rem a ining in the environm ent”

As well as volatilisation and leaching losses of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins from

products/articles, m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns m a y also enter into the environm ent as a

62

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## result of “waste” from the products them selves during their useful lifetim e and disposal. Such

waste could include erosion/partic ulate losses of polym eric products, paints and sealants as a

result of exposure to wind and rain or m a y occur as a result of their m o de of use (e.g. wear on

conveyor belts, flooring etc.). Sim ilarly, when produc ts/articles are dism antled or disposed of at

the end of their useful life there is again a poten tia l for this type of partic ulate releas e. In eith er

case the en d result is that polym eric particle s containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

could enter into the env i ronm ent.

No agreed m e thod is currently included in the Technical Gu idance D o cum e nt for addressing

these po tential sou r ces o f release. These em issio n s were con s idered in th e draft risk assessm ents

of several “phthalate” plasticisers . Appendix F uses a sim ilar approach as taken in the draft risk

assessm ent of DEHP to derive the o v erall r e lea s e figures for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

as particu l ates:

Release to air = 1.1-1.3 tonne/year

Release to surface water = 275-324 tonnes/year

Release to waste water = 100-166 tonnes/year

Release to urban/industria l soil = 826-973 tonnes/year

As these releases of m e dium -chain chlorinate d paraffin are essentiall y bound within a polym er

m a trix, the actua l bio a v a ilab i lty and environm ental behaviour of the m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin is unknown. There are no agreed m e thods av ailable in the current Technical Guidance

f o r dealing with thes e ty pes of relea s es in th e risk assessm ent.

Ultim ate dis posal

Since m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are not generally reacted or changed during their

lif ecycle, ultim a tely all the chlorin a ted paraf f i n used in prod ucts will be disposed of at the end of

the products’ useful life. Dis posal by landfill or incineration is lik ely to be the ultim a te

destin ation of m u ch of the chlo rinated paraffin. For som e applica tions, e.g. m e tal working fluids,

som e of the chlorinated paraffin could be destr oyed in processes such as r e cyc lin g of m e tal

swarf. For other processes e.g. recycling of carbonless copy paper, the m a jority of the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin present is li kely to end up in the sludge produced in the

process, which will ag ain m o st like l y be dispose d of by incin e ration or la ndf ill.

As a first approxim a tion, it can be assum e d t h at the annual consumption of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffin is used to replace the artic les disposed of each year, and so the a m ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins disposed of to landf ill and incin e ra tion ea ch ye ar is of the

order of 60,000 tonnes. The vast m a jo rity of this am ount is likely to be present in P V C articles,

as this is the m a jor use o f m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins.

Of the possible disposal m e thods, incineration is likely to completely de stroy the m e dium -chain

chlor i nated paraf f i n. In landf ills, ch lorina ted par a f f i ns m a y be expected to be rela tive l y stable f o r

a num ber of years and s o could b e subjec t to le aching o r v o latilisation f r om the la ndf ill. It is

curren tly no t possible to quantify these releases. However, m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

are expected to adsorb strongly onto soil and so leaching and volatilis atio n from landfill would

63

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## not be expected to be significant processes fo r m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins com p ared

with other sources of re lease (see Sections 3.1.0.6 and 3.1.0.7 and Appendix F).

3.1.0.3 Summary of release estimates

The releases of m e dium

- c hain ch lorinated paraffins to the environm ent from their production and

use are summ arised in Table 3.5 . In m o st cases the releases ar e based on inform ation specific to

the industry, supplemented with default release estim ates from the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt where appro p riate.

The effects of the proposed risk reduction m eas ures on short-chain chlorinated paraffins on the

possible consum ption, and hence release, of m e di um -chain chlorinated pa raffins are considered

in Appendix E.

In addition to these releases, there is also the possibility of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

being releas ed to the environm ent as a result of weathering/erosion of particula t e m a teria l s.

These potential releases are estim ated in Appendix F and summarised in Section 3.1.0.2.10.

There is currently no agreed m e thodology availabl e within the Technical Guidance D o cum e nt to

quantify or deal with these potenti al sources in the risk assessm en t as th e actu al b i o a vailability

and environm ental behaviour of the m e dium -chain chlo rina ted par a f f i n within the particle s is

unknown. As a result, any environm ental m odelling of these releases is highly uncertain. For this

reason, the regional PEC calculations have been carri ed out both with and without these releases

and the possible effect of includi ng these r e lea s es on the PECs is dis c ussed in th e f o llowing

Sections where appropriate.

As m e ntioned in Section 1.2.3, C 17 

## , and to a much le sser e x tent, C 16 

## chl o r i na t e d pa r a ffi ns a r e

present as impurities in som e types of l ong-chain chlo rinated paraffins based on a C 18- 20 

## carbo n

chain length

. These subs tances are us ed in PV C applica tions, paints and le ather f a t liqu o rs.

A draft risk assessm ent of these products has r ecently been carried out (EA, 2001), using the

TGD methodology. This estim ated the total regional em issions of C 16- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins

from production and use of these long-chain chlo rinated paraffins as 1,160-1,616 kg/year to air,

226-254 kg/year to waste water tr eatm ent plants, 214-378 kg/year di rect to surface water and

351-808 kg/year to industrial/urban soil. The corresponding continen tal em issions were

10,439-14,542 kg/year to air, 2,033-2,288 kg/year to waste water treatm e nt plants,

1,922-3,398 kg/year direct to su rf ace water and 3,160-7,27 5 kg/year to industrial/urban so il.

These em ission estim ates include contributions fr om the e m i ssions over the lifetim e of products

and also “w aste rem a ining in the environm ent”.

Based on these estim a tes, the C 16- 17 

## im purities p r esent on lo ng-chain ch lorina ted par a f f i ns would

only contribute around 0.5% to the total estimated environm ental release of C 14- 17 

## chlor i nate d

paraffins. As the regional concentrations used in the risk characterisation (see Section 3.3) are

based on ac tual m onitor i ng data, th ese will al r eady inc l ud e the contributions f r o m the C 16- 1 7



## im purities p r esent in lon g -chain ch lo rina ted paraf f ins and so it is not nece ssary to con s ider th ese

releases further here.

64R331_0208_envTable3.5Summary of environmental release estimates formedium-chain chlorinated paraffinsUseCommentEstimatedlocalreleaseEstimatedregional release(kg/year)Estimatedcontinentalreleased(kg/year)Site A0.22 kg/dayto waste water over300 days65 kg/yearto waste water37 kg/yearto surface waterSite B0.06 kg/dayto surface waterover300 daysSite C0.06 kg/dayto surface waterover300 daysProduction (4sites)Site D1×10-5kg/day tosurface waterover 300 daysCompounding site(formulation)0.025akg/day towaste water over300 daysConversion site (processing)0.185akg/day towaste water;0.185akg/day toair, over 300 daysUse in PVCe–plastisol coatinghCombined compounding andconversion site0.21akg/day towaste water;0.185akg/day toair, over 300 days869 kg/year to waste water and 351kg/year toair fromcompounding10,215 kg/year towaste water and10,215 kg/year toair from conversionf7,817 kg/year towaste water and3,155 kg/year toair fromcompounding91,935 kg/year towaste water and91,935 kg/year toair fromconversionfCompounding site(formulation)0.092a, 0.50band0.0425ckg/day towaste water;0.055a, 0.3band0.0255ckg/day toair, over 300 daysConversion site (processing)0.28a, 0.3band0.255ckg/dayto waste water;0.28a, 0.3band0.255ckg/dayto air,over 300daysUse in PVCe–extrusion/otherCombined compounding andconversion site0.372a, 0.80band0.298ckg/day towaste water;0.335a, 0.6band0.281ckg/day toair, over 300 daysCompounding site(formulation)0.0465 kg/day towaste water;0.0155 kg/day toair, over 300 daysConversion site (processing)0.155 kg/day to waste water;0.155 kg/day to air, over 300 daysUse inrubber/plasticseCombined compounding andconversion site0.202 kg/day to waste water;0.171 kg/day to air, over 300 days32.25 kg/year towaste water and10.75 kg/year toair fromcompounding107.5 kg/year towaste water and107.5 kg/year toair from conversionf290.3 kg/year towaste water and96.75 kg/year toair fromcompounding966 kg/year to waste water and966 kg/year to airfrom conversionfSealants/adhesivesFormulation/usenegligiblenegligiblenegligibleTable 3.5 continued overleaf.65R331_0208_envTable 3.5 continuedUseCommentEstimatedlocalreleaseEstimatedregional release(kg/year)Estimatedcontinentalreleased(kg/year)Formulation0.15 kg/dayto waste water;0.05 kg/dayto air,over 300days{354 kg/year to waste water 118kg/year toair}{3,186 kg/year towaste water and1,062 kg/year toair}Industrial application ofpaints (Processing){0.059 kg/day towaste water, over300 days}{118 kg/year to waste water}{1,062 kg/year towaste water}Paints andvarnishesApplication bygeneral public(private use)3×10-7kg/day towaste water, over365 daysFormulation0.83 kg/dayto waste water, over300 days1,488 kg/year towaste water13,875 kg/year towaste waterUse in oil based fluids(processing)0.33 kg/dayto waste water (large site);0.3 kg/day towaste water (small site), over300 days38,100 kg/year towaste water342,900 kg/year towaste waterMetalcutting/workingfluidsUse in emulsifiable fluids(processing)0.025 kg/day to waste water, over300 days plusanintermittentdischarge of25 kg/event to wastewater99,200 kg/year towaste water892,800 kg/year towaste waterLeatherfat liquorsFormulation{1.1 kg/day to waste water;0.35 kg/dayto air,over 300days}i{315 kg/year to waste water and 105kg/year toair}{2,829 kg/year towaste water and943 kg/year to air}Use – complete processingof raw hides0.9 kg/day towaste water1,050 kg/year towaste water9,430 kg/year towaste waterUse – processingof“wetblue”3.6 kg/dayCarbonless copypaperRecycling14.8 kg/dayto waste water3,705 kg/year towaste water33,345 kg/year towaste waterPolymers (PVC,other plastics,paints, sealantsetc.)Service lifenot applicable14,790 kg/year towaste water and6,120 kg/year toair133,110 kg/year towaste waterand 55,035 kg/year to airTable 3.5 continued overleaf.66R331_0208_envTable 3.5 continuedUseCommentEstimatedlocalreleaseEstimatedregional release(kg/year)Estimatedcontinentalreleased(kg/year)“Waste remainingin theenvironment”Service life and disposalnot applicable111-113kg/yeartoair10,000-16,600towaste water (split7,000-11,620 kg/year to wwtp and3,000-4,980 tosurface water)g27,500-32,400kg/year direct tosurface water82,600-97,300kg/year tourban/industrial soil990-1,170 kg/year to air90,000-149,400 towaste water(split 63,000-104,580 to wwtp and27,000-44,820tosurface water)g247,500-291,600kg/year directtosurface water743,400-875,700 kg/yeartourban/industrial soilTotal (notincluding“waste remainingin theenvironment”)17,027 kg/year toair170,408kg/yearto water (split119,286 kg/year towwtp and 51,122kg/year to surface water)g153,193 kg/year toair1,533,582 kg/year to water (split1,073,482 kg/year to wwtp and460,101 kg/year tosurface water)gTotal (including“waste remainingin theenvironment)17,138-17,140kg/year to air207,908-219,408kg/year to water(split 126,286-130,906 kg/year towwtp and 81,622-88,502 kg/year tosurface water)82,600-97,300kg/year tourban/industrial soil.154,183-154,363 kg/yearto air1,871,082-1,974,582 kg/year towater (split 1,136,482-1,178,062kg/year to wwtp and734,601-796,521to surface water)743,400-875,700 tourban/industrial soilNotes:a) Open systems(as defined in UCD, 1998).b) Partially opensystems (as defined in UCD, 1998).c) Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).d) Continentalrelease = totalEU release-regional release .e) Releases estimated from UCD, 1998 assuming that 50% of the initial release toairwill condense and eventually reach wastewater.f) Regional and continental releases from conversion assume noairemission controlis applied. The estimated emissions would be 10 times lower if his was taken into account,but the actual overall proportion ofthe industry withsuch controls is unknown.g) Releases to waste water assumea 70%connection rate towwtp.h) Releases fromcar underbody coating andsealing, and rotationalmoulding are thought to benegligible during the processingstep.i) Industry-specific release information is also available and hasbeenused to estimated thePEClocalin preference to these default values.{ } – Denotes estimates arebasedon the TechnicalGuidance defaultvalues only.67

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.1.0.4 Degradation

3.1.0.4.1 Abiotic degradation

Second order rate constants (k OH 

## ) for reaction with atm o spheric hydroxyl radicals of

8.0-14.4 × 10 -1 2 

## cm 3 

## m o lecule -1 

## s -1 

## have been calculated for m e di um -cha in chlorinated paraffins

with chlorine contents between 40% wt. Cl and 56% wt. Cl using th e m e thod of Atkinson

(Hoechst A G , 1988 and 1991). Sim ilar values for the hydroxyl radical ra te constant can be

estim ated from structu r e using the S y racuse AOP estim ation programm e

.

Assum i ng an atm o spheric concentr ation of hydroxyl radicals of 5 × 10 5 

## molecules cm -3 

## allows

atm o spheric half-lives of 1-2 days to be estim a ted.

For the EUSES modelling used in th is risk as sessm ent, a value for k OH 

## of

8 × 10 -1 2 

## cm 3 

## molecule -1 

## s -1 

## was used. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 2 days.

Howard et al. (1975) reported that m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins with chlorine contents of

45% wt. Cl and 52% wt. Cl were not decom posed when exposed to high energy light (13% of

energy in the 220-280 nm range) in petroleum ether. They concluded that direct photolysis of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins is unlikely to be a sig n if icant d e g r adation pa thway in the

environm ent.

In aqueous system s, m e dium -cha in chlorina ted paraffins are not expected to degrade

significantly by abiotic processes such as hydrolysis.

3.1.0.4.2 Biodegradation

Hoechst AG (1976 and 1977) reported 5-day biochem i cal oxygen dem a nd (BOD 5 

## ) val u es for

various m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins. Few details of how the te sts were c a r r ied ou t ar e

given. The results are reported in Table 3.6 and show little or no biod egradation when com p ared

with the m easured chemical oxygen dem a nd (COD) values.

Table 3.6 BOD 5 

### and COD values for variou s medium-chain ch lorinated paraffins (Hoechst AG, 1976 and 197 7)

Chemical COD (mg O 2 

### / g

) B O D 5 

### (mg O 2 

### / g

) P e r

c

enta ge bi od egra datio n

C 14- 1 7 

### , 41% Cl* 1,140 <10 <0.8%

C 14- 1 7 

### , 41% Cl 590 <10 <1.6%

C 14- 1 7 

### , 49% Cl 1,380 20 1.4%

Note: *Prepa rati on containing chl o rinated p a raffin and polyethyle ne glycol.



## Madeley and Birtley (1980) determ ined the biodegradability of several comm ercial

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins using extended BOD tests. The substances were tested as

em ulsions at concentrations of 2, 10 and 20 m g /l. Both acclim ated and unacclim ated

m i croorganism s were used in the tests. Acclim ated m i croorganism s were cultured from soil

collected close to a chlorinated paraffin pr oduction plant and these were acclim ated to

68

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## chlorinated paraffins by incubation for 8 weeks with a basal m e dium c ontaining 20-50 m g /l of

each chlorin a ted paraffin being tested. Non-acclim ated m i croorganism s were obtain e d from the

effluent of a laboratory-scale activated sludge un it treating dom e stic sewage. The results of the

tests are sho w n in Table 3.7 . From these r e sults, the po ten tia l f o r deg r ad ation of the chlor i nated

paraffin appears to increase with decreasing chlorination.

Table 3.7 BOD values for medium-chain chlorinat ed paraffins (Madeley and Birtley, 1980)

BOD (g O /g sub s tance ) Subs tanc e M i c r

o

o rg anis m

source day 5 day 25

0.02 0.32 0.41 0.29 15%

a c

c

l i m

a t

e

d 0

. 3

0 0

. 4

9 0

. 5

4 0

. 4

2 2 2 %

C , 45% Cl

14- 1 7 

### non-acclimated 0.05 10%

0

. 3

7 0

. 4

9 0

. 5

7 2 

### biode gra d atio n a 

### at day

25 day 10 day 15 day 20

C , 40% Cl non-acclimated 0.37

14- 1 7



### 0

. 1 0

0.14 0.19 0.18

a c

c

l i m

a t

e

d 0

. 2

0 3 2 %

C 14- 1 7 

### , 52% Cl non-acclimated 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.07 5%

a c

c

l i m

a t

e

d 0

. 0

2 0

. 0

3 0

. 0

7 0

. 0

9 0

. 1 0 7 %

C 14- 1 7 

### , 58% Cl non-acclimated no significant oxy gen uptak e 0%

acclimated no significant oxy gen uptak e 0%

Note: a) The approxim a t

e percent age bio degrada tion has been estimat ed fr om the BOD/ThO D ratio. The ThO D (theoretical oxy gen

demand) has be e n

estimated (ThO D (g O /g substa nce) = 16[2 × c+0.5 × (h-cl)]/mw; wh ere c=numbe r of carbon at oms,

h=number of hydr ogen ato m

s, cl=n umber of chlorine atoms and MW = molecular weight ) for an example f o

rmula for each

commercial subst ance as follows: 40% Cl - C H Cl - ThOD=1.92 g O /g substance; 45% Cl - C H Cl - ThOD=1.77 g O /g

substance; 5 2 % Cl - C H Cl - ThOD=1.50 g O /g substance; 5 8

% Cl - C H Cl - ThOD=1.25 g O /g substance. Sligh t ly

different d egra dat ion percent ages would be obtai ne d if other exampl e formulae were used. 2

15 28 4 2 16 29 5 2

17 29 7 2 15 24 8 2



## The rem o val of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins has been studied using non-adapted

activ ated s l udge. Few experim e ntal details of th e tes t con d itions us ed are reported. However

,

rem oval wa s determ ined by che m ical oxygen dem a nd determ ination, presum ably of effluent or

water in th e system . The substanc es tested were Chlorparaffin 40 fl nv (C 14- 17 

## , 41% wt. Cl), and

Hordalub 70 VT (C 14- 17 

## , 41% wt. Cl + polyethylene glycol). In both cases, rem oval was reported

to be >90% over 5 and 10 days, but it was also in dicated that the m a jority of the rem o val was by

adsorption onto the sludge rather than biodegradation (Hoech st AG, 1976 and 1977).

The degradation of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins has been studied by Om ori et al. (1987)

using a variety of bacterial cult ures. The m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffins studied had average

chem ical form ulae of C 14. 5 

## H 26. 6 

## Cl 4. 4 

## (43% wt. Cl) and C 15. 4 

## H 25. 4 

## Cl 5. 6 

## (50% wt. Cl) and

degradation was studied by m onito ring the release of chloride i on. Firstly, degradation of the

50% wt. Cl chlorinated paraffin was st udied using resting ce ll cu ltur e s of P s eudomonas

aeroginosa

, Achromobacter delmarvae

, A. cyclo clastes

, Micrococcus sp. and Corynebacterium

hydrocarboclastus grow n on glycerol. These bacteria ha d previously been shown to degrade

1-chloroh e x a decane as well as som e other mono- and dichlo rin a ted alk a nes. Little or no

degradation (chloride release) was observed wh en the medium -chain chlorinated paraffin was

incubated with the bacteria for 24 hours at 30 o 

## C.

69

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## For the cometabolic deg r adation stu d ies, b acterial strains (d esi gnated HK-3, HK-6, HK-8 and

HK-10) were iso l ated from soil us in g an en rich m e nt culture containing n-he xadecane as the sole

carbon source. The com e tabolic bi odegradation experim e nts were carried out usin g the single

bacte r ia l str a ins (HK-3, HK-6 or HK-8) incubated at 30 o 

## C for 48 hours in m i neral m e dium

containing 0.05% (i.e. 500 m g /l) n-hexadecane and 0.1% (i.e. 1,000 mg/l) of the 50% wt. Cl

product. In addition, biodegrad ation of both the 43.5% wt. Cl and 50% wt. Cl product s

(concen tration equivalent to 180 mg Cl/l) w a s stud ied under sim i lar cond itio ns (36 hour

incubations) utilizing a m i xed bact erial inoculum (containing all 4 strains) previously exposed to

5,000 m g /l of n-hexadecane. In the experim e nts us ing the pure bacterial strain s, both HK-3 and

HK-8 showed appreciable degradation of the 50% wt. Cl m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin,

releasing 53 and 38 m g /l of chloride into the m i ne ral m e dium (as the s t ar ti ng concentration of the

chlorinated paraffin wa s around 1,000 m g /l, these figures indicate that around 8-11% of the

chlor i ne pre s ent was r e leased). The third str a in tested, HK-6, showed less degradation (10 m g /l

(2%) chlo ride releas ed). It was noted that th e pH fell as the dechlorination proceeded and this

increase in acidity m a y have caused bacterial gr owth and hence degradation to reduce during the

experim e nt. In the experim e nts using all four st rains of bacteria, both medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins tested showed signifi cant degradation, with 77 mg/l a nd 85 m g /l of chloride being

released from the 50% wt. Cl and 43.5% wt. Cl ch lorinated paraffins resp ectively. In this case

the starting chlorinated paraffin concentrati on w a s 180 m g Cl/l, and so around 43-47% of the

chlorine present was released during the degrad ation. In f u rther experim e nts using activated

sludge from a m unicipal waste water treatm ent plan t that had been acclim atized to n-hexadecane

for 60 days, only a sm all am ount of dechlorination (2% of the chlorine pr esent was released) of

the 50% wt. Cl m e dium

- c hain chlorinate d paraffin was seen over 48 hours at 30 o 

## C (Om o ri et al.,

1987). The authors concluded that the degradation seen w a s consistent with that previously

observed for other chlori nated alkanes in that a variety of enzym e s are required to degrade

chlorinated paraffins and that the m o st likely m ode of degradati on involves firstly dechlorination

of the term inal m e thyl groups, with subsequent oxidation to form chlorinated fatty acids, which

are then broken down to 2- or 3- chlorinated fatty acids via β -oxidation.

Fisk et al. (1998b) estim ated half-liv es for biodegradation of 12 days for 14 

## C-labelled C 16 

## H 31 

## Cl 3 

## and 58 days for C 16 

## H 21 

## Cl 13 

## in an aerobic sed i ment syst em containing oligochaetes ( Lumbriculus

variega t us ). The extent of degradati on was determ ined at day 0 and day 14 of the experim e nts

based on the differen ce between toluen e-ex tractable 14 

## C m easurem ents (taken to represent

unchanged chlorinated paraffin) and total 14 

## C m easurem ents (taken to repres ent degraded

chlorinated paraffin). However, th e results of this tes t sho u ld be tr eated with cau tion as the

identity of the 14 

## C present in the samples was not determ ined, and it was only assum e d that the

non-extractable 14 

## C represented m e tabolites.

3.1.0.4.3 Summary of degradation

No standard ready or inherent biodegradation tests re su lts ar e available f o r medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins. From the available inform a tion, m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins can be

considered to be not biodegradable in such test system s and so a biodegradation rate constant of

0 day -1 

## will be used in the risk as sessm ent. Adso rption o n to sludg e is lik ely to be the m a jor

rem oval m e chanism f o r m e dium -chain ch lor i nated p a raf f ins during waste wa ter trea tm ent

processes. S i m ilar results on biodegradat ion were obtained for short-chain (C 10- 13 

## ) chl o ri nat e d

70

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## paraffins. For the short-chain chlorinated paraffi n, an equilibrium re m o val percentage of 93% by

adsorption onto the sludge was determ ined in a Coupled Units test (see the short-chain

chl o ri nat e d paraffi ns assessment for furt her de ta ils ). Since the medium -chain chlor i nate d

paraffins have sim ilar, but slightly higher l og Kow values (and hence Koc values) to the C 10- 1 3 

## chlorinated paraffins, then a sim ilar degree of removal by adsorption onto the sludge as found for

the short-chain chlorinated paraffins would also be expected for the m e dium -cha in chlorinated

paraffins during waste water treatm e nt. There f ore a rem o val rate of 93% by adsorption onto

sewage sludge during w a ste water tr eatm e nt will be used in this assessm ent. This value ag rees

well with the value of 91% rem oval by adso rption obtained in the SIMP LETREAT model.

There is ev idence that som e m i croorganism s m a y be c a pable of degrading medium -chain

chlor i nated paraf f i ns in the environ m ent in acclim ated or com e tabolic system s. The potential fo r

biodegrad ation appears to increas e with decreas ing chlorine content. However, it is not possible

f r om the availab l e da ta to der i ve r a te cons tants f o r biodeg r adation in soil, su rf ace water an d

sedim e nt system s. As a worst case a pproach, no biodegrad ation will be a ssum e d in these m e dia

in the PEC calculation s . The effect of varying th e biodegradation rate on the risk characterisation

is analysed in Appendix H.

Hydrolysis is not expected to be a significant degradation process for medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins in the environm ent. An at mospheric half -life of 1-2 days is es tim a ted for m e dium -cha in

chlorinated paraffins for reaction with hydroxyl ra dicals. A value for the rate constant for the

reaction (k OH 

## ) of 8 × 10 -1 2 

## cm 3 

## m o lecule -1 

## s -1 

## will be used for the envi ron m ental m o delling in the

risk assessm ent.

3.1.0.5 Uptake and accumulation

3.1.0.5.1 Bioconcentration from w a ter

Fish

The accum u lation of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl paraf f in in rainbow trout ( O n corhynchus mykiss ) has

been studied over 60 days in a GLP study (Madel ey et al., 1983b). The substance tested was a

commercial product m i xed with a n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C tha t had b een chlor i nated to a s i m ilar

degree. Two concentrations were tested; 1.05 m g /l and 4.5 m g /l, both based on m e an m easure d

concentrations over the 60 day pe riod. Acetone (500 ppm v/v - this concentration was required to

m a intain the test substance in suspension) was used as cosolvent and a flow-through system was

used f o r the test. Concen tra tions of c h lorin a te d paraffin were m easured by both parent com pound

analys is and by radioactivity m easurem ents and si m ilar conc entra tions in the f i sh were obtain e d

by both m e thods. The bioconcentration factors obtai ned were 32-45 l/kg on a wet we ight basis at

the 1.05 m g /l exposure concentration and 42-67 l/kg on a wet weight basis at the 4.5 m g /l

exposure concentration. The concen trations of chlorinated paraffin used in these tests were above

the water so lubility of th e substanc e in pure wate r. A high concentration of acetone was used in

order to pre p are stab le test solu tions , and the actual water so lubility of the substanc e in the tes t

system is not known. It is possible that not a ll the chlorinated paraffi n present was in true

solution du ring the tes t a nd so the m e asured BCF values m a y repres ent th e lower lim i t of the tru e

BCF.

71

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## The results of a prelim inary study using a C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl paraf f in with rainbow trout

( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) have been reported (Madeley and Pearson, 1980). The chlorinated

paraffin was introduced into the test m e dium as an acetone s o lution (the actual concentration of

acetone p r esent in th e test solution was not given )

. In the stud y, the fish were exposed to nom inal

concentrations of either 0.1 m g /l or 1 m g /l of th e m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin for 28 days

using flow-through conditions. The m ean measured c oncentrations of the chlorinated paraffin in

the test solutions were reported to be 0.01 m g /l and 0.18 m g /l for the tw o exposures, however,

there was a long delay before the samples could be analysed and ba cterial growth was present in

the m e dia. This casts som e doubt over the valid ity of these m easure m en ts. The concentrations

found in the fish after 28 days were 6.0 m g /kg wet weight for fish exposed to the lower

concentration, and 50 mg/kg wet weight for fish exposed to the higher co ncentration. Thus BCFs

of 50-60 l/kg were obtained based on the nomin al exposure concentrations and 280-600 l/kg

when based on the m easured water concen trations . I t is p o ssible tha t not all th e chlor i nated

paraffin present was in true solution during the tes t and there is so m e uncertainty over th e

m easured levels in wate r and so the values re po rted m a y represent the lower lim it of the true

BCF.

Fisk et al. (1999) stud ied the uptake of a 14 

## C-labelled m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin by eggs

and larvae of Japanese m e daka ( Oryzias la tipes ) as part of a 20-day em bryo-larval toxicity study.

The substance tes t ed had an average form ula of C 14 

## H 23. 3 

## Cl 6. 7 

## , 55% wt. Cl. The m easured

exposure concentrations used were 1.4, 12, 120, 420 and 1,600 μg/l. The resulting concentrations

in the larvae at approxim ately 3-days post hatch were 0.24, 8.2, 45, 84, and 51 m g /kg,

respec tive l y, lead ing to BCF va lues of approximately 32-680 l/ kg (the BCF generally decreasing

with increasing concentration). Sim i lar results we re found for the eggs. Further details of this

study are given in Section 3.2.1.1. The exposure period in this experiment is relatively short and

no indicatio n is availab l e as to whether equ i librium was reached. Th e BCF values m easured

probably r e p r esent the lo wer lim it of the tr ue value for fish in this system

.

Bengtsson et al. (1979) studied the uptake of a m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin by Bleak

( Alburnus alburnus ). T h e chlorinated paraffin tested was a C 14- 17 

## , 50% wt. Cl substance. The

tests were perform e d at 10 o 

## C using a sem i -static procedure in wh ich the test so lution s contain i ng

125 μg/l of the test substance were renewed ever y two to three days over the 14 day exposure

period. A seven day depuration period followed the 14 day exposure period. The water used in

the experiment was Baltic Sea water with a salinity of 7‰, and acetone was present in all

aquaria, including contro ls, at a con c entration of 0.1 m l/l. The fish used in the experim e nt had an

average weight of 4.5 g and were not fed during the exposure period. Six groups of 15 fish wer e

used for both the exposure and control solutions. No m o rtalities or e ffects on behaviour were

seen in fish exposed to the m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffin during the test. Uptake of the

chlorinated paraffin occurred during the expos ure period, with whole body levels of the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin of around 5 m g / kg fresh body weight (read from graph) being

determ ined at 14 days. From this value a BC F of around 40 l/kg can be estimated. Little

reduction in the body concentration appeared to occur during the 7 day depuration period. The

analytical m e thod used (neutron activation analysis) is not speci fic for the chlorinated paraffin

and so m a y also include any chlo rin a ted m e tabo lites pr esen t in the f i sh, which m a y result in an

overestim ate of the actu a l chlo rinated paraffin co n centr ation in the f i sh if substantia l m e tabolism

was occurring. Again, in this experim e nt the con centration tested was slightly above the water

72

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## solubility of the subs tan ce in pu re w a ter, lead ing to the possibility th at n o t all th e tes t substance

was present in true solution in the experim e nt. Al so, the exposure period in the study is relatively

short and so it is not certain that equilibrium would have been reached.

As a result of the inadequacies of the above test s, the Chlorinated Paraffins Sector Group of Eur o

Chlor volun tar ily ag ree d to perf or

m

a new f i sh BCF test f o r use in this r i sk ass e ssm ent. The

study was carried out using rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and the m e thod used was

based on the OECD 305 test guideline, using a flow-through system (Thom p son et al., 2000).

The tes t sub s tance was a ch lorinated n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C (chlorine content was 51% by weight)

m i xed with a non-radio-labelled C 14- 17 

## , 51% wt. Cl chlorinated pa raffin. The m i xture tested

contained 49% of the 14 

## C-labelled com ponent and 51% of t h e non-labelled com ponent. The test

vessels used in the experim e nt were glass tanks with a wor k i ng volume of 87 litres. One test

vessel was used for each treatm ent group (two con centrations were tested ; 1 μg/l and 5 μg/l),

control and solvent control group. A continuous fl ow-rate of dilution water of 500 ml/m in was

used throughout the test.

Stock solu tions of the test subs tance were prep ared in acetone and were continu a lly dosed, by

syringe pumps, into glass cham be rs where they were m i xed (with stirr i ng) with the in-f lowing

dilution water prio r to d e live r y to th e test ves s el. The sa m e flow rate of the test substance stock

solution (0.00139 m l/m in or 2.0 m l/day) was used for both the 1 μg/l and 5 μg/l test

concentratio ns. The final acetone co ncentration in the tes t s o lutions was 0.0028 m l/l, and th is

concentratio n was also used in the solvent co ntro l. The v e ssels we re equilibra t e d to the tes t

solutions for 6 days before the fi sh were added to the vessels. Th e con c entrations present in the

test v e sse ls were m easured on day - 5, -4, -2 and -1 of this e quilib ration period (2 sa mples f r om

each exposu r e concen tration were taken on each sa m p ling day). For the 1 μg/l concen tration, th e

m easured values were 0.86 and 1.1 μg/l, 1.0 and 1.3 μg/l, 1.3 and 1.5 μg/l, and 1.1 and 1.1 μg/l

on the four sam p ling days respectiv ely, and th e values for th e 5 μg/l con centration were 3.3 an d

3.7 μg/l, 4.8 and 4.8 μg/l, 4.3 and 6.0 μg/l, an d 4.8 and 5.9 μg/l respec tively. These results

indica ted th at the d ilu ter system used was functioning correctly pr ior to th e star t of the test.

At the start of the exposure phase g r oups of 85 rainbow trou t were added to each v e ssel and the

exposure phase was continued for 35 days. After th e exposure phase, the fish were transferred to

a set of identical vessels, but which received dilu tion water o n ly, for a fur t her 42 days in order to

study the depuration of the substance. The fish were analysed for the presence of the test

substance using a radiochem i cal m e thod (the m e thod used would include any parent com pound

and any radiolabelled m e tabolites present). This was carried out on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35

of the exposure phase and days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 of the depuration phase of the

experim e nt. In addition, water sa m p les were also anal ysed (again by a radiochem i cal m e thod) for

the pres ence of the test s ubstance. T h ese analyses were carried out on 4 days prior to the start of

the fish exp o sure (to en sure that the tes t subs tan ce delivery system wa s functioning correctly),

and then on days 0, 1, 3 and at least once per week thereafter during the exposure part of the

study. The m ean m easured water concentrations in the test vessels duri ng the exposure phase

were 0.93 μ g /l (93% of nom inal 1 μg/l) and 4.9 μg/l (98% of 5 μg/l nom i nal), and the m e an

m easured exposure concentrations were used in the BCF calculations. The m easured water

concentrations were generally ≥ 87% of the nominal value on a ll sam p ling dates ex cept f o r on

day 28 of the experim e nt, where the levels fell to around 46% of nom inal in the low exposure

73

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## group and 23% of nom i n al in the high exposure group. The m easured levels had increased on

day 29, but were still less than e xpected. By day 30 the m easured levels recovered to be again

≥ 87% of the nom inal values. There was no obvious reason why the levels declined on day 28, as

all equipm e n t appeared to be functioning norm a lly.

During the test the fish were fe d with a comm ercial fish food at a rate of 2% of their body

weight/day. The dissolved oxygen concentration was in the range 7.8 to 10.2 m g /l throughout the

test and the tem p erature was m a intained at 14.7-15.3 o 

## C. The water hardness was 43-50 m g /l as

CaCO 3 

## and the pH was 6.96-7.87. One fish m o rtality occurred in the higher treatm e nt group on

day 3 of the study (ind icating that th e m o rtality criterion for a valid test h a d been m e t).

The analysis of the fish concentratio ns carried out during the experim e nt indicated that a steady

state was being reached at both e xposure concentrations (the incr ease in concentratio n between

day 14 and day 21 was <6%). This was also indicat ed by the day 28 fish analyses, but these m a y have been influenced by the apparent fall in wa ter conce n tra tion a t this tim e. However, th e

day 35 data indica ted that the con centr ation s m a y still ha ve been in c r easing, and it was less

certain that the steady state had been reached. The m easured fish concentrations and the resulting

BCF values are shown in Table 3.8 . The concentrations are also shown graphically in Figure 3.1.

Table 3.8 Bioconcentration of a medium-chain chlorinated p a raffin in rainbow trout (Thomps on et al., 2000)

Mean m easu red expos ure

conce n tra t ion (

m

g/l) Expo sure pe rio d

(day s) Mean m easu red tissue

conce n tra t ion d u rin g upt ake

phase (mg/ kg f r esh wei ght) BCF (l/kg) c



### 0.00093±0

. 0002 5 3 0

. 3

6

± 0

. 0

4 3 8

7

7 0

. 4

3

± 0

. 0

2 4 6

2

1 4 0

. 5

4

± 0

. 0

2 5 8

1

2

1 0

. 5

7 ± 0

. 0

6 6 1 3

2

8 0

. 5

5

± 0

. 2

0 5 9

1

3

5 0

. 8

0

± 0

. 0

8 8 6

0

0.0049±0. 0 0

1 7 3 0

. 7 1 ± 0

. 3

4 1 4 5

7 0

. 5

2

± 0

. 0

7 1 0 6

1 4 0

. 9

7 ± 0

. 1 0 1 9 8

2

1 1.0±0.17 a 

### 204

2

8 1

. 1 ± 0

. 1 7 2 2

4

3

5 1.3±0.19 b 

### 265

Note: a) The results for the analysis of 1 out of th e 4 fish s a mpled was cons idered to be an o u

tlier (exceedin g the mean

concentratio n of t he remainin g fish by a factor >3) a nd so was not used in calculation of the me an. T he mean if this value is

included is 2.96± 3.89, which is eq uivalent to a BCF of 604 l/kg.

b) The results for the analysis of 2 out of th e 8 fish s a mpled were co n

s

idered to be outl i ers (exceeding t

he mean

concentratio n of t he remainin g fish by a factor >3) a nd so were n o

t u

s ed in calculation of the me an. T h e mean if th ese val ues

are included is 2. 86±3.42, which is equivalent to a BCF of 583 l/kg.

c) The sta ndard d e

viations of th e in dividual BCF valu es were not give n

.



## 74

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Figure 3. 1: Accum l ation in rainbow trout

0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8

1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8

2 2. 2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80



### E x posur e per i od (day s)Tissue concentration (mg/kg)

Low ex pos ure c onc ent rat i on

Hi gh ex pos ure c onc ent rat i on

Fi t t ed us i ng k i net i c dat a Upt a k e Depurat i o n

Not e : E rror bars repres ent t he m ean val ue +/ - t he s t andard devi a t i on.



## As the data indicated th at steady state m a y not have been reached during the 35 day exposure

period, the BCF was a l so determ ined by the kinetic m e thod given in the OECD 305 test

guideline. The uptake rate constant was determ ined to be 48.7 day -1 

## for the lower exposure

concentration and 14.2 day -1 

## for higher exposure concentration. The depuration rate constant was

determ ined to be 0.0448 day -1 

## and 0.0407 day -1 

## for the two exposure groups respectively. The

fitted kinetic data are sh own in Figure 3.1. Thus the kinetic BCF can be determ ined as 1,087 for

the lower exposure group and 349 for the higher exposure group. The kinetic data also allowed

estim ates for the depuration half-life of 15-17 days and the tim e to 95% of steady state of

67-74 days to be m a de. The estim ate for the tim e to 95% of steady state indicates that the

exposure period em ployed in this study m a y not ha ve been long enough for steady state to have

been reached and so the kinetic BCF data is consid ered m o re reliable. It should be noted that th e

analytical method used does not distinguish betw een the radio-labelled parent com pound and any

radio-labelled m e tabolites form ed (i ncluding radio-labelled carbon th at is incorpo r ated into fish

tissues) and so the BCF determ ined m a y overes tim ate the actual accum u lation potential of the

substance.

Darnerud et al. (1983) studied th e disposition of a radiolabel led m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin (n-hexadecane-1- 14 

## C, 34% wt. Cl) in carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and bleak ( Alburnus

alburnus ). T w o series of experim e nts were carried out with carp. In the fi rst experim e nt, 3 carp

were inje cte d with the m e dium -chain chlor i na te d paraffin (as a fat em ul si on) in the dorsal aorta

and were th en tra n sf err e d to tu bes f illed with water. The 14 

## CO 2 

## excreted by the fish was then

collected over a 96 hour pe riod. In the second expe rim e nt with carp, f i sh were again injected

with the m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin and then pla ced in tanks with a continuous flow of

water. Fish were subjected to w hole-body au toradiography after 1, 5 and 13 days. In the

experim e nts with bleak, 10 fish were exposed to a m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin

concentration of 125 μg/l in the wa ter (salinity 7‰) for 14 days. After this tim e the fish were

75

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## placed in clean water f o r 35 days. At vario u s ti m e s during the experim e nt, fish were rem oved

from the tanks for whole-body autoradiography.

In the ca rp e xperim e nts, th e cum u lative excretion of 14 

## CO 2 

## was found to be 6.4% of the injected

dose over 96 hours. W h ole-body autora diography indicated that high levels of radioactivity were

found in bile and intestinal contents at all post- injection tim e s. The hi ghest concentrations of

radioactivity were found in kidney, liver, nasal mucosa and fa t 1 day after injection. After 5 days,

the rad i oactivity at th ese sites was still elev ate d, but in add i tion, m a rked uptake of radioactivity

had occurred in the gills, testis and brain. At 13 days after injection, the concentrations of

radioactivity in tissues had gene rally reduced, although elevated leve ls w e re still pr esent in liver.

In the experim e nts with bleak, m a rked uptake of ra dioactivity was seen in the gills, n a sal c a vity,

skin, liver and fat, with radioactiv ity also pres ent in b r ain, b ile and intestinal con t ents, after 1 d a y exposure. After 14 days exposure the am ount of ra dioactivity in liver a nd gills had increased

consider ably , and rad i oa ctiv ity was also p r esen t in bra i n, nas a l cav ity, sk in and ey e ( p articula rly

the outer layer of the lens). The distribution patte rn of radio activ ity be tw een the various organs

was found to be sim ilar in fish placed in clean w a ter, but by day 35 of depuration the am ount of

radioactiv ity present had decreas ed m a rkedly. The presence of 14 

## C in bile and intes t ine of all f i s h

indicated that bile was a si gnificant excretion route in fish (Darner ud et al., 1983).

Invertebra te s

Madeley and Thom pson (1983) determ ined bioconcentration factors in mussels ( My tilus edu lis )

at the end of a 60 day toxicity study with a m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin (GLP s t udy). The

substance u s ed in the test was a comm ercial C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl product that was m i xed with a

sm all am ount of radiolabelled ch lorinated paraffin (n-pentadecane-8

- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl). The test

substance was dissolved in acetone before dilution with sea wa ter (salin ity 34.0-35.5‰,

pH 8.1-8.3, dissolved oxygen 6.15-8.0 m g /l, and tem p erature 15 o 

## C). The test used a flow-through

system in order to m a intain the concentratio n in the exposure vesse ls but, as the study was

actua lly des i gned to dete rm ine the to xicity to m u ssels, relatively high nom i nal concentrations of

0.56 and 5.6 m g /l of the test substance were used (these are greater than the reported water

solubility of 0.005-0.027 m g /l). The acetone con cen tration in the exposure vessels was 500 pp m

(v/v) (0.5 m l /l) and a solvent control containing a cetone at this concentration was run. The m e an

m easured concentrations were 0.22 and 3.8 mg/l in the two exposure groups based on

radiochem i cal analysis. The higher concentration tested was reported to be cloudy in appearance,

indicating that undissolved test substance m a y have been present. The organism s were fed with

algae ( Platymonas suecica ) at a rate of 1.0-1.1 × 10 9 

## cells/day . The alga w e re con tinuo usly dosed

to the in -f lowing dilu tion water. No m o rtality o ccur r ed in the te st, but a reduction in filter

feeding activity was seen at the higher tes t co ncentration. The bioconcentration f actors (BCF

(m g/kg wet mussel)/(m g /l test solution)) were found to depend on the exposure concentration,

with higher BCFs being determ ined at the lower exposure concen tration. This is probably the

result of incom p lete dissolution of the test subs tance at the higher concen tration, and to a lesser

extent at the lower concentra tion. The BCFs were determ ined as 2,182 l/kg (based on parent

com pound a n alysis) or 2,856 l/kg (based on 14 

## C- m easurements) in the organism s exposed to

0.22 m g /l, and 339 l/kg (parent co mpound analysis) or 429 l/kg ( 14 

## C m easurem ents) in the

organism s exposed to 3.8 m g /l. The sim ilarity be tween the values obtained by the tw o analytical

76

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## m e thods indicates that the m a jority of the 14 

## C present in the organism must have been as parent

com pound r a ther than metabolites.

Consideration of available data

The m o st reliab l e fish BCF value com e s from the recen t Thom pson et al. (2000 ) study with

rainbow trout using low concentrations of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin. Here, the

kinetically determ ined BCFs were in the range 349-1,087 l/kg but the analyt ical m e thod used did

not dis tingu ish between paren t compound and m e ta bolites and so thes e represen t the realistic

upper lim it for the true B C F of the substance.

In the m a jority of the other bioconcentration ex perim e nts, the concentrations of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffin tested were above the sol ubility in p u re water. Acetone was used as

co-solvent in the experim e nts, but it is likely th at not a ll th e chlor i nate d paraffin present in the

test system s was in true solution. If this wa s the case then the BCF values obtained m a y

underestim ate the true BCF value. This was seen in the experim e nts with m u ssels, where the

BCF was found to increase with de creasing test concentration, and so the BCF at the lower test

concentration (BCF 2,182-2,856 l/kg) is consider ed to be m o re reliable. For the 60-day

experim e nts with fish, no such concentration dependence was seen, and sim ilar values of

32-67 l/kg were determ ined in all tests (using two different fish spec ies and a tes t c oncentr ation

range of 36). However, it is sti ll possible that these values may underestim ate the true value. One

possible approach to this problem would be to assum e that the organism s were only exposed to

the substance at its solubility, even though the no m i nal concentrations w e re m u ch higher. Using

the solubility of 27 μ g/l, for the three fish exposure concentrations of 125 μ g/l, 1.05 m g /l and

4.5 m g /l (Bengtsson et al. (1979) and Madeley et al. (1983b) studies) the BCF values would be

185 l/kg, 1,244-1,750 l/kg and 7,000-11,200 l/kg respectively. It should be noted that if exposure

were lim ited to the solub ility in ea ch case then th e levels in fish m i ght be expected to be sim ilar

for each exposure, an d the BCF based on nom i nal co ncentration s should decrease with

increasing exposure concentration - neither of these were seen. A possible explanation of this

would be if the “undisso lved” fraction was contributing to the to tal leve l in f i sh (e. g. if it wa s

absorbed on to external s u rfaces) o r if the subs tance did no t have long enough to eq uilib rate and

the lower test concen tr ations had a dissolved f

r action be low the water solub i lity. From the

available bioconcentration data it is not possible to determ ine which, if any, of these effects are

occurring.

Other experim e nts with fish or fish larvae (e .g. Fisk et al. (1999) and Madeley and Pearson

(1980) studies) gave BCF values around 600 l/kg for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins whe n

tested at concentrations around the water solubility, but again there are som e uncertainties

around the results from these studies.

According to the Techn i cal Guidan ce Docum e nt

, the b i ocon centration factor (BCF) for fish can

be estim a ted from the following equations:

log BCF = 0.85 log Kow – 0.70 for log Kow <6

or log BCF = -0.20 ×( log K o w) 2 

## + 2.74 × log Kow – 4.72 for log Kow >6

77

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Since for medium -chain chlorinated paraffins th e log Kow is generally >6 then the second of

these two equations is more appl icable. Using a log Kow value of 7 as being representative of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins, a BCF value of 45,710 l/kg can be estim ated.

An alternative predictive m e thod is available in the SRC BCFW IN program . Using the form ula

C 15 

## H 26 

## Cl 6 

## as an exam ple, and using the log Kow va lue of 7, gives a predicted BCF of 1,549 l/kg.

This program makes a correction for large num bers of CH 2 

## groups in a molecule, which reduces

the predicted BCF.

From the available data, a fish BCF of 1,087 l/k g is the m o st reliable for use in the risk

assessm ent. This was obtained by a kinetic m e thod from an experim e nt using low concentrations

of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins. This va lue is supported by othe r experim e ntal studies

(e.g. Fisk et al. (1999) and Madeley and Pearson (1980)) and is also in line with the prediction

obtained from the SRC BCFW I N program

.

There are s o m e lim ited data availa ble f o r bioc oncentr ation in m u ssels. In this stud y, BCFs of

339-2,865 l/kg were determ ined. However, the concentrations tested (0.22 m g /l and 3.8 m g /l)

were again well above the reported water solub i lity of the su bstance, and indeed there was visual

evidence of undissolved test substance in the te st solution of the highest concentration. Since

mussels are filter feeders, there is th e possibility that som e of the uptake found could have bee n

as a result of ingestion of part icles/droplets of undissolved test substance. Also in this study, the

alga used as a food sour ce appeared to have been constantly dosed in the inflow dilution water,

which also contained the test s ubstance. Thus there is th e possib i lity tha t adso rp tion of the

substance o n to the a l ga prior to ing e stion could have occurred and provided a further route of

uptake. Therefore the results of the mussel bi oconcentration study, although they clearly show

that uptake of m e dium

- c hain chlo rinated paraffins can occur, are dif f i cult to inte r p ret. This is

com pounde d by the fa ct that there are no standard test m e thods (e.g. OECD guidelines) for

carrying out reliable m u ssel BCF studies, and ther e are currently no agreed m e thods within the

Technical Guidance Docum e nt for d ealing with this sort of data. Therefore, these data are not

considered further in th is risk assessm e nt.

3.1.0.5.2 Accumulation from sed i ment and soil

Worms

An experiment to investigate th e uptake of m e di um -chain chlori nated paraffins by oligochaetes

( Lumbriculu s var i egatu s ) from sedim e nt has been carried out (Fisk et al., 1998b). The

chlorinated paraffins used were synthesised by chlorination of 14 

## C-hexadecane (labelled in the

1-position f o r the 35% wt. Cl product, and unifo r m ly labelled for the 69% wt. Cl product), and

had the following average for m ulas: C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## 35% wt. Cl and C 16 

## H 20

. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl. The

sedim e nt used had the following co mposition: 7 6 % sand, 21% silt and 3 % clay; org a nic carbon

content 1.3-1.5% of dry weight. For each exposu r e c oncentration, 36 jars were filled with spiked

sedim e nt to provide a 100:1 or gan i c carbon :oligochaete lip id ra tio (15 anim als per jar) and the

jars were p l aced in flo w -thr ough aquaria m a intained at 11.6 o 

## C. The uptake period of the

experim e nt was for 14 days (thi s was extended to 21 days in som e cases), followed by a 42 day

depuration period, wh ere the an im als were pl aced in clean sed i m e nt. Anal ysis of the

78

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## concentrations present in sedim e nt, inters titial water and the oligochaetes was by

14 

## C m easurem ents using a variety of extraction m e thods. Biota-sedim e nt bioaccum ulation factors

were determ ined both from the rates of upta ke and depuration, and also the equilibrium

concentrations found in the organism s and sedim e nt (equilibrium was reached within

14-21 days). For the determ ination of the bio accum u lation factors, concentrations in the

organism s were norm a lised to the lipid content an d the sedim e nt concentrations were norm alised

to the organic carbon content (also corrected for loss of 14 

## C (possibly by biodegradation or

m e tabolism ) ) as determ ined by the difference betw een toluen e-extractable and total

14 

## C m easurem ents. The results of th e analys is are shown in Table 3.9

.

Table 3.9 Uptake and accumulation of 14 

### C

- labelled chlorin a ted paraffin by Lumbriculus variegatus

Subs tanc e S e d i m e n t

conc. a t

14 days

(dry w t) Sedi ment

orga nic

carb on

conte n t b 

### Por e

water

conc. Lipid

conc. c 

### Uptake

rate

consta nt

(g/g/d ) Depurat ion

rate

consta nt

(d -1 

### ) Depurat ion

half-lif e Kinetic

BAF d 

### “Stead y

state”

BAF d



### C 16 

### H 30. 7 

### Cl 3

. 3 

### 47.1 μg/k g 1.4%

- 2.5% 9.3 × 10 -2 

### 2.1 × 10 -2 

### 33 days 4.4 0.7

1 3

5 μ g / k g 1

. 3 % 0

. 1

μg/l 2.3% 7.6 × 10 -2



### - a



### - a



### - a



### C 16 

### H 20. 6 

### Cl 13. 4 

### 2 6

3 μ g / k g 1

. 5 % 0

. 1

μg/l 2.0% 1.3 × 10 -2 

### 2.3 × 10 -2 

### 30 days 0.6 0.2

Notes: a) The depur atio n data fo r this tre a tment did not sh ow a significant li near rela tionship with time.

b) On a d r y sedi ment weight b a

sis.

c) Mean lipid co n

c entration of exp o

sed orga nisms.

d) BAF is th e bio a ccumulation fact or – defin ed as [c oncentratio n in or ganisms (μg/kg lipid (wet wt.))]/[co n

centration in

sediment (μ g/kg organic carb on (d ry wt.))]. Ki netic BAF bas ed on rate of uptake and r a t

e of dep uration. “Steady st ate ” BAF

based on c oncen tration me asurem ents in org anism and sedimen t at equilibrium (14 d

a

ys).



## The inte rpre tation of the s e resu lts is com p licated by the fact that the m easurem ents are based on

14 

## C-determ inations and there was evidence th at biotransf o rm ation was occurring in both the

sedim e nts and oligochaetes. Therefore, the res u lts cou l d indicate uptake, accum u lation and

elim ination of m e tabolites rather than the parent com pound. This m a y particularly be the case

with the m e asured depuration rate s and half-life, and so the kine tic BAF probably represents the

upper lim it of the true bioaccum u lation facto r of the chlo rinated paraffin. However, from the

results av ailable it can be seen that the potential for uptake by organism s from sedim e nt is

reduced as the chlo rine content is increased. F o r the determ ination of concentrations in the

wor m s, the organism s were not cleansed of gut contents prior to analysis. As the sedim e nt

concentratio ns were higher than the tis sue le vels, this m a y have lead to a significan t

overestim ation of the actual concen tration in th e organism a nd hence the actual uptake of the

substances

Thom pson e t al. (2001b) determ ined the uptake o f a n-pentadecane-8

- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl substance

by earthworm s ( Eisenia fetida ) from soil as part of an earthw or m toxicity study. The substance

had a radiochem i cal purity of >96.6% and was m i xed with a comm er cial C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. C l

substance to give nom i nal test concentrati ons of 100, 1,000 a nd 10,000 mg/kg dry weight in the

test soil. Th e soil used was an artificial soil consisting of 10% spha gnum moss peat, 70% quartz

sand, 20% kaolinite clay and 0.25% calcium carbonate. The soil ha d an organic carbon content

of 4.7%, a pH of 6.66-7.09 and was m a intained at m o isture content of 26% (a soil wet

79

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## weight:dry weight ratio of 1.35) throughout the test. At the start of the test, 4 replicates of

10 adult worm s each were exposed to the test substance in 500 g of s o il. After 28 days, the

rem a ining adult worm s were rem oved and any co coons present were allowed to hatch over the

following 28 days. The concentration of the chlo rin a ted p a raf f i n pres ent in the s o il phas e (o n

days 0, 28 and 56), the adult worm s (on day 28) and the hatched j uvenile worm s (on day 56) was

determ ined by a radiochem i cal m e thod. The results are show n in Table 3.10

.

Table 3.10 Uptake of n-pentadecane-8- 14 

### C, 51 % wt. Cl by e a rthworms

Expo sure co nce n trat ions Measu red c once n trat ions in

earthw o rms BCF eart h worm a



### N o m i n a l M e

a n m easu r e

d

over day 0

- 28 Mean m easu red

over day 2 8

-56 Adults at day

28 Juvenil es at

day 56 A d u l t s J u v

e n i l e s

100 mg/kg dry

wt.) 70 mg/kg wet wt.

(79 mg/kg dry

wt.) 61 mg/kg wet wt.

(69 mg/kg dry

wt.) 169 mg/kg wet

wt. 140 mg/kg wet

wt. 2

. 4 2

. 3

1,000 mg/k g dry

wt. 800 mg/kg wet

wt.

(900 mg/k g dry

wt.) 748 mg/kg wet

wt.

(845 mg/k g dry

wt.) 802 mg/kg wet

wt. 1,011 mg/k g

wet wt. 1

. 0 1

. 4

10,000 m g

/kg dry

wt. 8,200 mg/k g wet

wt.

(9,300 m g

/kg dry

wt.) 8,050 mg/k g wet

wt.

(9,100 m g

/kg dry

wt.) 732 mg/kg wet

wt. b 

### 0.089 b



### Note: a) Ea rthworm BCF calculated as c oncentratio n in e a rt

hworm (m g/kg wet wt.)/concentr a tion in soil (mg/k g wet wt.)

b) No offsprin g were pro duced a t t

h is concentratio n

.



## As can be seen from Table 3.10 , the BCF earthworm 

## as calculated directly from the ratio of

concentratio n in earthw o rm /concentration in soil decre a ses with incr eas ing soil con c entr ation

. Although lim ited in num b er, the data appear to show that at high concentrations, the

concentration in earthworm is not dependent on the bulk concentration of the substance present

in soil. A possible explanation of this finding is that the uptake by the earthworm m a y be solely

via the pore water, and at the high soil concentrations used in this study, the pore water becom e s

saturated with the test subs tance. For exam ple, assum i ng a Koc value of 588,844 l/kg for

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin (see Se ction 3.1.0.6) a Kp value of 27,676 l/kg can be

estim ated for a soil of 4.7% organic carbon content. Using this value to estim ate the equilib rium

concentratio n of the substance p r es ent in so il pore water indicates that the pore water would

contain 2.9 μg/l, 32.5 μ g /l or 336 μ g /l of the test substance at soil concen trations of 79, 900 and

9,300 m g /kg dry weight respectively. The water sol ubility of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

is around 27 μg/l (see Section 1.3.6) and so clearly it is possible that at the high concentrations

used in this study, the soil pore water could have becom e saturated with the chlorinated paraffin.

The other possible m ode of uptake of the substa nce by earthwor m s from so il is dir ect ing e stio n

of soil-bound substance. If direct ingestion of soil-bound substance was a m a jor uptake route,

then the con centration o f substance present in th e earthworm would be exp ected to be directly

related to the soil concentration. The available infor m ation appears to indicate that this route of

uptake is negligib le com p ared with uptake via pore water.

80

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## Although the data from t h is study are lim ited in num b er, they do appear to indicate that the m a jor

route of uptake of the substance from soil by earth worm s is via the soil pore water. Since the so il

used in this study had a higher or ganic carbon content than the defa ult value of 2% suggested in

the TGD, and organic carbon conten t has a beari ng on the resulting pore wate r con c entrations in

soil, it is im portan t to ta ke accoun t of this f a c t when considering the data from the Thom pson et

al. (2001b) study. For exam ple, the highest BCF earthworm 

## obtained from the study was from the

79 m g /kg dry wt. treatment. As shown above, the estim ated equilib rium pore water concentratio n

present in the soil would be 2.9 μg/l. However, for a soil with a lower organic carbon content

(e.g. 2%) the sam e pore water conc entration would be obtained from a soil concentration of

34.2 m g /kg dry wt., or 30.2 m g /kg wet wt. Thus the BCF earthw orm 

## for a soil of 2% organic carbon

content would be estim ated to be 5.6 on a wet weight basis.

In the Tech nical Guidance Document, uptake by ear thwor m

f

r om soil is conside r ed using the

following method:

water

- soil soil

porewater

- earthworm

soil earthworm

earthworm 

## K 10 RHO

K

C C BCF 3

− 

## ×

× = =

where BCF earthworm 

## = bioconcentration factor for earthworm s on a wet weight basis

C earthworm 

## = concentration in earthworm ( m g/kg wet wt.)

C soil 

## = concentration in soil (m g/kg wet wt.)

K earthworm- pore w ater 

## = earth wor m -porewater partiti on coefficient (l/kg wet wt.)

K soil-water 

## = soil-water partiti on coefficient = 17,666 m 3 

## /m 3 

## for m e dium -chain chlo rin a ted

paraffins (see Section 3.1.0.6).

RHO soil 

## = bulk density of wet soil = 1,700 kg/m 3



## According to the Technical Guidance Docum e nt, the value for K earthworm- porewater 

## can be estim ated

by the following equation for substances with a log Kow ranging from 1.0-6.5 (for substances

above this range, the m a xim u m value of log Kow of 6.5 is used):

K earthworm- pore w ater 

## = 0.25 × Kow × 0.16

Thus for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi n (log Kow value of 7), the value of K earthworm- porewater 

## predicted is 126,491 l/kg wet wt. Th e subsequent value for the BCF earthworm 

## = 12.2 on a wet

weight basis.

The bioaccu mulation factors m easured above of L. variegatus can be co mpared directly with the

estim ated K earthworm- pore w ater 

## if th e y are conv erted to re present th e concen tra t ion in wet

organism /pore water concentration. In order to do this, the lipid concentr ation of the organism

( Table 3.9 ) and the Koc value for the chlorinated paraffins tested are needed. From the data

given in T a ble 3.9 , Koc values of 103,846 and 175,333 l/kg can be estim ated for the

C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## 35% wt. Cl and C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl com p ounds respectively (log Koc = 5.0

and 5.2). T hus the m easured “steady state” K

worm- porewater 

## for L. variegatus (expressed as

[μg/kg wet wor m ]/[μg/l pore water]) = 1,817 l/kg wet wt. for the C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## 35% wt. Cl

com pound a nd 701 l/kg wet wt. for the C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl com pound (higher values would

81

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## be obtained if the kinetic m easurements are us ed ). Thus, the m easured partition co efficients in

this case are around a factor 100 less th an the one predicted f r om log Kow.

Further inform ation on the Fisk et al. (1998b) study has been provided by industry (Euro Chlor,

1999). They obtained from the authors the actual concentrations in the wor m s at 14 days as

52.9 μg/kg wet wt. for the C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl com p ound and 109.6 μg/kg wet wt. for

wor m s exposed to the highe r concentrati on of the C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## com pound. As the sedim e nt pore

water concentration in both these experim e nts was determ ined at around 0.1 μg/l (see Table 3.9 ),

the equivalent values for K

worm- porewat er 

## are 1,096 l/kg for the C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## 35% wt. Cl com pound

and 529 l/kg for the C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl com pound. These are sim ilar to the values

estim ated above assuming an equ i librium partition i ng, an d indicate that th is p r ocess m a y adequately account for the uptake seen from sedim e nt. Fisk e t al. (1998b) also concluded that, at

leas t f o r the C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13 .4 

## 69% wt. Cl com pound, the uptake c ould be explained in term s of

uptake f r o m pore water and that ther e was li ttle ev ide n ce f o r add ition a l up ta ke by direc t

ingestion of sedim e nt.

The substances tested in the Fisk et al. (1998 b) paper represent the extrem es of the typical

chlorine contents of the m e dium-chain ch lorinated paraffins in comm ercial production

(i.e. 35% wt. Cl and 69% wt. Cl compounds were tested w h ereas the co mm ercial products are

typically in the range 45-52% wt. Cl. (up to 63% wt. Cl)). It is cl ear from the availab l e data that

uptake of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins by wor m s decreas es with increas ing chlorine

content. Ho wever, there is insuf f i cie n t inf o rm ation availab l e to estim ate if the uptake of the most

common commercial medium -chain chlorinated pa raffins (e.g. 45% wt. Cl. and 52% wt. Cl) is

like l y to b e less than tha t determ ined f o r the C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## 35% wt. Cl compound and so for the

risk assessm e nt of secondary poisoning, a K

wor m -pore w ater 

## value of 1,817 l/kg wet wt. can be

estim ated from this data. The corresponding value for BCF earthworm 

## would be 0.17 on a wet

weight basis. From the availabl e data, the potential for uptake by worm s from soil and sedim e nt

is lik ely to r e duce with increas ing ch lorin e conte n t.

Overall, th e available up take data for wor m s in both soil and sedim e nt indicate that accum u lation

can best be explained by expos ure m a inly via the pore water, with only a m i nor contribution

from sedim e nt- or soil-bound substance. Based on the available experim e ntal data BCF values of

5.6 using the earthworm data and 0.17 using the sedim e nt wor m ( L. variega t us ) data can be

estim ated (both on a wet weight basis). The earth wor m value is in good agreem ent with the value

of 12.2 on a wet weight basis estim ated fro m log Kow using the Technical Guidance

m e thodology. A BCF earthworm 

## of 5.6 on a wet weight basis will be used in the risk assessm e nt.

Plants

As part of a plant toxicity study, Thom pson et al. (2001a) exam ined the concentration of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated para ffin present in above ground parts of seedlings of wheat ( Triticum

aestivum ), oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) and m u ng bean ( Phaseolus aureus ) after ex posure for

28-days via soil. The soil used in the test had an organic carb on content of 2.3% and groups of

9 seeds were exposed to nom i nal m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations of 50, 500 or

5,000 m g /kg dry weight. The substan ce tested was a comm ercial C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance,

m i xed with a radio-labelled n-p e ntadecan e-8

- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl (radiochem i cal purity was

82

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## >96.6%). W a ter was provided prim a r ily by sub-i rrigation but additional water was provided by

top-down watering twice a day. The test was carri ed out in a glass house where the tem p erature

ranged from 16-31.8 o 

## C. Initially, 4 replicates of 9 seeds pe r pot were exposed per concentration.

After day 14 the em erged seedlings were random l y thinned to 5 per pot. A day 28 the plants

were cropp e d at soil lev e l and the c oncentr ation of m e dium

- c hain chlorina ted paraffin present in

the above ground shoots was determ ined by radiochem i cal analysis, and a plant BCF

(concentration in shoots (m g/kg wet wt.)/con cen tra tion in so il (m g/kg wet wt.)) was calculated

for each species. Furth e r details of the test system used can be found in Section 3 .2.2.2. The

results are shown in Table 3.11

.

Table 3.11 Uptake of n-pentadecane-8- 14 

### C, 51 % wt. Cl from soil by p l ants

Concent r ati on i n soil Plant spec ies

mg/kg dry wt. mg/kg wet wt. a 

### Concent r ati on i n sho o ts

(mg/k g

wet we ig ht) Plant BCF (wet wt. basi s)

5

0 4 4 1

. 5 0

. 0

3

4

5

0

0 4 4

2 1 4 0

. 0

3

2 Wheat

( Triticum aestivu m )

5

, 0

0

0 4 4

2

5 7 9 0

. 0

1 8

5

0 4 4 0

. 4

8 0

. 0

1 1

5

0

0 4 4

2 2

. 6 0

. 0

0

5

9 Oilseed rape

( Brassica n apus )

5

, 0

0

0 4 4

2

5 2 7 0

. 0

0

6

1

5

0 4 4 1

. 1 0

. 0

2

5

5

0

0 4 4

2 6

. 3 0

. 0

1 4 Mung bea n ( Phase o

lus aure u s )

5

, 0

0

0 4 4

2

5 3 0 0

. 0

0

6

8

Note: a) The c oncentr a t

i ons in the soil w e re dete r mined o n a dry soil weigh t basis. The c onc entration on a we t weight basis is

estimated using t

he TGD defa u lt water conte n t for soil.



## Sim ilar to the case with the earthworm study disc ussed above, the plant BCF appears to decrease

with increasing soil concentrati on. This is as w ould be expected if the uptake was via the soil

pore wate r a nd this beca m e satura ted at high soil concentrations. In this case, however, because

the soil used has a similar organ i c carbon con t ent to th e TGD default, it is not necessary to

correct the results to the prope rties of the standard defau lt soil. A value of 0.034 will b e

considered as a realis tic worst case v a lue for the BCF for uptake by plants from soil.

3.1.0.5.3 Dietary accumulation

The dietary accum u lation of m e di um -chain chlorin a ted p a raffins has been studied in juvenile

rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykis s ). Trout (in itial weigh t s 2-7 g) were fed with 14 

## C-labe lled

chlorinated paraffins (either C 16 

## 35% wt. Cl or C 16 

## 69% wt. Cl) spiked into food. The experim e nt

consisted of a 40 day exposure period followe d by a 160-173 day depura tion period. The daily

feeding rate was 1.5% of the m ean body weight and two or three exposure concentrations for

each substance were used (29 and 2 96 μg/kg f ood for the 35% wt. Cl substance an d 21, 198 and

2,000 μg/kg food for the 69% wt. Cl substance). At these feeding rates, neither substance was

found to ha ve any negative effect on the growth of juvenile rainbow trout. At various tim es

during the exposure and depuration phases of the expe rim e nt fish were analysed for the presence

83

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## of chlorinated paraffin by 14 

## C-m e a s urem ents (parent com pound analysis by HPLC was also

carried out on day 40 of the uptake phase and da y 20 of the depuration phase). Uptake of both

chlorinated paraffins was found to occur and had not reached steady state by day 40 of the

experim e nt (exposure to the high concentration of the 69% wt. Cl substance was continued up t o

day 80, where steady s t ate still was not reached). Bioaccu mulation factors of 0.9-1.07 for the

35% wt. Cl substance and 0.44-0.72 for the 69% wt

. Cl substance were es tim ated based on the

rates of uptake and depuration, ex pressed on a lipid weight basis. The assim ilation efficiencies

were 33-35% for the 35% wt. Cl substance and 9.4-30% for the 69% wt. Cl substance. The

carcass was found to contain the highest am ounts of the 14 

## C assim ilated and the whole body

half -liv es w e re de term ined as 37-50 days for the 35% wt. Cl s ubstance and 58-77 days for the

69% wt. Cl substance. The HPLC analyses carried out indicated that s ubstantial metabolism of

the chlorinated paraffin was occurring, and so the determ ined bioaccu mulation factors rep r esent

the to tal up take of paren t com pound and m e tabolite s, rath er than just the parent com p ound (Fisk

et al., 1996).

The dietary accum u lation of various C 14 

## chlorinated paraffins in juvenile rainbow trout

( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) has been investigated in a study by Fisk et al. (1998a). The chlorinated

paraffins used in the experim e nt were synthesi sed by the gas-phase free -radical chlorination of

1,13-tetradecadiene. The m a in product from th is reaction was 1,2,13,14-te trachlorotetradecane

(C 14 

## H 26 

## Cl 4 

## ; 42% wt. Cl), but other 1,2,13,14-su bstitu ted p r oducts were also form ed includ ing

two pentachlorotetradecane isom ers (C 14 

## H 25 

## Cl 5 

## ; 48% wt. Cl) and tw o hexachlorotetradecane

isom ers (C 14 

## H 24 

## Cl 6 

## ; 53% wt. Cl). In the study, the products from this reaction were com b ine d

with those from the chlorination of 1,9-decad iene be fore being spiked onto proprietary fish food.

The concentration of each isom er in the food was determ i n ed by GC analysis. The fish (initial

weight 2-7 g) were then exposed to the spiked food for 40 da ys, followed by 80 days depuration.

At various tim e s during the experim e nt, 3 fish we re sam p led and analysed for the presence of the

chlorinated paraffin isom ers. No si gnificant effect s on the health of th e f i sh (grow t h ra te, lipid

content, live r som a tic indices and morta lity ) wer e seen durin g the experim e nt, and no chlorina te d

paraf f i n was detected in the contr o l f i sh (detectio n lim it ~1 μg/kg). Uptak e of the C 14 

## chlor i nated

paraffins was seen to occur during the experim e nt, although steady state had not been reached

during the 40 days exposure. T h e estim ated bioaccu mulation factors based on kinetic

m easurem ents and the tissue con cen tr ations after 40 da ys are shown in Table 3.12 . The half-life

for depuration was found to be around 29- 53 days. The results from all the C 10 

## -

, 

## C 11 

## - and

C 14 

## -chlo r ina t ed par a f f i ns studied su ggested that chlor i ne po sition along the ca rbon chain m a y have a significant influence on the bioaccu m u lation of chlorinated paraffins. The C 14 

## chlor i nated

paraffins used in this study diffe r from those in the comm ercial pr oducts in that they all contain

chlorine a t o m s on adjacent and te rminal carbon at om s (such a subs titu tion pattern is chem ically

and energetically unfav ourable und er the reac tion conditio ns used to produce the commercial

products). Nevertheless, the result s indicate that at least som e C 14 

## chlorinated paraffins have the

potential to accum u late through the d i et (BAF>1).

84

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Table 3.12 Dietary accumulation of C 14 

### ch lorinated paraffins in rainbow trout (Fisk et al., 1988 a)

Bioaccum u lati o n fact or (BAF) Subs tanc e C o n c e n t r ati o n

in foo d Depurat ion

half-lif e (days) Assimilati on

efficie n cy - α BAF cal c 

### B A F equil 

### B A F

ss



### C 14 

### H 26 

### Cl 4 

### 92 μg/kg 39±6.4 33±2.4% 1.7 2.1 0.82

C 14 

### H 25 

### Cl 5 

### ( a

) 6 6 μ g / k g 5 3

± 1 2

. 3 5 1 ± 3

. 9

% 3

. 6 3

. 0 1

. 4

C 14 

### H 25 

### Cl 5 

### ( b ) 5 4 μ g / k g 4 6

± 9

. 2 4 6

± 3

. 5

% 2

. 9 2

. 6 1

. 2

C 14 

### H 24 

### Cl 6



### (a) 63 μg/kg 29±7.2 130±12% 5.0 1.9 2.8

C 14 

### H 24 

### Cl 6



### (b) 40 μg/kg 43±8.1 27±2.4% 1.6 2.9 0.74

Note: (a) and (b) d enot e different isomer s.

BAF calc 

### is estimat ed from rate of u p take ( α× feedi ng rate on lipid basi s )/depur ation rat e

. BAF equi l 

### is estimat ed from rate of u p take ( α× feedi ng rate on lipid basi s )/depur ation rat e - using a valu e f

o

r α of 0.5

. BAF

ss 

### = concent r a tion in fish at 40 days (lipid correct ed, not g r owth co rrected)/c oncentr a tion in foo d (lipid corrected ) - stea dy

state was not rea c hed in 40 days, so the actu al stea dy state values w ill be higher th an this.



## The m e tabolism and distribution of a radio-labell ed m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffin has been

studied in Japanese Quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ). The substance tes t ed was a

C 16 

## com pound and had an average form ula C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## (34.5% wt. Cl) and contained a 14 

## C-label

in the 1-position (specific activity was 22.7 Ci/mol e). The chlorinated paraffin was dissolved in a

lipid em ulsion before adm i nistration by gavage. Th e birds used in the study had an average body

weight of 164.5 g. The distribution of the radio-label was determined by w hole body

autoradiography 1 hour, 4 hours, 1 day, 4 days and 12 days after adm i nistra tion of a single dose.

Initially, high uptake of radioac tiv ity was seen in tissue s with high m e tabolic activity and hig h

cell turnover rate (e.g. liver, ki dney, gall bladder, intestinal m u cosa, spleen, bone m a rrow and

oviduct). The radioactivity found in fat generall y increased with tim e. By days 4 and 12 the

dom i nant levels of radioactivity were found to be in fat, folli cle yolk and the contents of the

uropygial gland. The excretion of 14 

## CO 2 

## from t h e dosed birds was studied over an eight hour

period after dosing. Around 38.8% of the adm i nister ed dose was found in the exhaled air as

14 

## CO 2 

## and 1 3.5% of the adm i nistered radio

- label was found in faeces an d urine. The am ounts of

radio-label present in egg yolk, album e n and eggshells were de term ined 5 to 10 days after

adm i nistration, with 6.6% of the adm i nistered radioactivity being pres ent in egg yolk after

10 days, 0.8% present in album en after 5 days and 0.6% present in eggshells af ter 5 days

(Biessm ann et al., 1982).

Darnerud and Brandt (1982) investigated th e distribution and m e tabolism of the sam e

radiolabelled C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## (34.5% wt. Cl) substance in m i ce. The m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin was dissolved in intralip id or dim e thyl sulphoxide and ad m i nistered to the m i ce either

intravenously in a tail vein or perorally by gastric intubation. Autoradiography showed that the

distribution of radioactivity af ter adm i nistratio n was characteris ed by high uptake in tissues

associa t ed with high m e tabolic a c tivity, with c o m p arative l y low leve ls of radioac t ivity se en in

white fat deposits. A m a rked uptake of radioactiv ity was seen within 24 hours of adm i nistration

in liver, kidney, spleen, bone m a rrow, brown fat

, intestinal mucosa, pancreas, salivary glands and

harderian gland. After 12 days elevated levels of radioactivity were also seen in adrenal cortex,

abdom inal fat and bile, and after 30 days the le vel of radioactivity in brain was prom inent and

equalled that of the liver. No signi ficant differences were seen in the distribution patterns in m i ce

85

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## given the peroral dose com p ared with the intr avenous dose, except that higher levels of

radioa ctiv ity were se en in the s t om ach and in testin al con t ents of the pero rally adm i nistered m i ce.

It was found that 32.8-44.3% of the adm i nistered dose of radi oactivity was excreted as 14 

## CO 2



## within 12 hours of administration. The retention of radioactivity in the adrenal cortex and brain

was thought to be as result of incorporation of radi oactivity into the sy nthesis of endogenous

substances via 14 

## C-acety l CoA.

In another study by Biessm ann et al. (1983), the distribution and m e tabo lism of a more highly

chlorinated C 16 

## paraffin (average form ula C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl) was studied using fe m a le

quail (average weight 165 g) and m i ce (average weight 2 2 g). In th is case th e 14 

## C-label was

uniform ly distributed throughout the carbon chain. The chlorinate d paraffin was dissolved in

lipid em ulsion adm i nistered either intravenously or per orally. In quail, uptake of r a dioactivity

4 hours after adm i nistration was seen in liver, intestine, gall bladder, egg yolk, kidney, ovary,

blood, hypophysis and retina, but 12 days after adm i nistration significant ra dioactivity was seen

only in the uropygial gland, white fat, liver and yol k. A sim ilar pattern w a s seen in m i ce, with the

addition that corpora lu tea also sho w ed a high uptake of radioa ctiv ity . In contras t with the

34.5% wt. Cl substance tested ab ove, only a sm all am ount (0.9 -1.6% of the total) of the

radioactivity was exhaled as 14 

## CO 2 

## over the first 8 hours after dosi ng in both quail and m i ce. This

could indic a te tha t the 69% wt. Cl substanc e is m e tabolised to a lesser extent than th e

34.5% wt. Cl substance, but this interpretation is com p licated by the fact that the 34.5% wt. Cl

substance was 14 

## C- labe lled in th e 1- position, whereas th e 69% wt. Cl substance was uniform ly

labelled and so the resu lts f o r the two substanc es are not d i rectly com p arable. Elim ination of

radioactivity after 96 hours was fo und to be mainly in faeces (43-66% of the total), with a

sm aller amount in urin e (2.9-3.2%). A difference in excretion rate via faeces over the first

8 hours was found between the p.o. dosed and the i .v. dosed m i ce and quail which indicated that

the substance was incompletely adsorbed by the p.o. route.

Birtley et al. (1980) studied the uptake of a m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin in rats. The

substance tested was a comm ercial C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl product m i xed with a 36 

## Cl-labelled product

(again C 14- 1 7 

## , 52% wt. Cl) synthesised by chlorination of a n-paraffin feedstock. In this study, the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin was adm i nister ed in the diet at 0.4 m g /kg food for 10 weeks

or 40 m g /kg food for 8 weeks. Equi librium levels of radioactivity in liver and abdominal fat were

found to be reached within 1 week and 7 weeks respectively. No radioactivity was found in brain

or adrenal glands. The half-life for rem oval of radioactivity from abdom inal fat was around

8 weeks, and the leve l o f radioactivity in the liv er was belo w the detec t ion lim it within 1 week,

when the m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin was rem o ved from t h e diet. The equilibrium

concentration of radioa ctivity in the abdom inal fat was si m ilar to, but neve r exceeded, the

concentration in diet.

Poon et al. (1995) also studied the uptake of a comm ercial C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl product by rats via

the diet. In this case parent com pound analysis wa s used to determ ine the concentr ations of the

chlorinated paraffin in fat and liver. In the st udy, both m a le and fe m a le rats were given food

containing either 5, 50, 500 or 5,000 m g /kg food of the chlorinated paraffin for 13 weeks. At the

end of the s t udy, the concentrations found in b ody fat wer e again found to be sim ilar to the

concentratio n in the d i et, reach ing 4

, 30-39, 417 -642, and 5, 430-5,581 mg/kg lip id for the four

doses respectively. The concentrations found in the liver were much lower than found in the fat.

86

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## 3.1.0.5.4 Summary of accumulation

The available data ind i c a te that m e dium -chain chl o r i na t e d pa r a ffi ns a r e taken up by organisms

from water sedim e nt/soil and food.

For uptak e f r om water it is d i f f i cult to deriv e a re liab l e va lue f o r the f i sh BCF f r om som e of the

available data. A recen t study desig n ed to addr ess m a ny of the prob lem s associated with the

earlier studies has determ ined a BCF of 1,087 l / kg and this will be used in the assessm ent. The

value was derived using radiochem i cal analyses a nd so represents th e accum ulation of the parent

com pound i t self and any m e tabolites form ed a nd so m a y overestim ate the true BCF of the

substance.

For uptake from soil, a BCF earthworm 

## of 5.6 on a wet weight basis has been derived from the

available up take data an d will be us ed in the ris k assessm ent of secondary poison i ng . From the

available d a ta, th e poten tial for uptake by worms from soil and sedi m e nt appears to reduce with

increasing chlorine content of the medium -chain chlorinated paraffin.

Uptake from soil into above-ground parts of pl ants has also been observed, and a BCF of 0.034

on a wet weight basis has been determ ined for this process.

The available food uptake studies indicate that the 35% wt. Cl

, 52% wt. Cl and 69% wt. Cl

products can be taken up by organism s from food. The potential for uptake from food appears to

reduce with increasin g chlorine conten t. The m a jority of the studies are based on

14 

## C-m easurem ents and i ndicate that substantial m e tabolism is occur r ing in the orga nism s. This

m eans that although radioactivit y was found in the organism s, the concentrations found do not

necessarily represent those of the parent com pound.

3.1.0.6 Adsorption

The Koc v a lue for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins can be estim a ted using the QSAR

equation for predom inantly hydrophobic chem icals given in the Technical Guidance Docum e nt:

log Koc = 0.81 log Kow + 0.10

Using a log Kow value of 7.0, a Koc value of 588,844 l/kg can be estim a ted. This is in

reasonable agreem ent with the Koc values dete rm ined by Fisk et al. (1998b) in sedim e nt

(Koc = 103,846 l/kg for the C 16 

## H 30. 7 

## Cl 3. 3 

## 35% wt. Cl and 175,333 l/kg for C 16 

## H 20. 6 

## Cl 13. 4 

## 69% wt. Cl), based on 14 

## C m easurements. Recen t definitive d e term ination s of Koc values using

short-chain chlorinated paraffins has indicated that the above equation is a pplicable to

chlorinated paraffins (Thom p son et al., 1998), and so the predicted value with be used here in the

assessm ent.

Using the 588,844 l/kg value the f o llowing partiti on coefficients can be estim a ted for soil,

sedim e nt and suspended sedim e nt using the m e thods given in the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt. These valu es will be used in the environm ental m odelling for m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins.

87

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Soil (2% organic carbon) Kp soil 

## = 11,777 l/kg K soil-water 

## = 17,666 m 3 

## /m 3



## Sedim e nt (5% organic carbon) Kp sediment 

## = 29,442 l/kg K sed-water 

## = 14,721 m 3 

## /m 3



## Suspended sedim e nt (10% Kp

susp 

## = 58,884 l/kg K susp-water 

## = 14,721 m 3 

## /m 3



## organic carbon)

For m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffins, a range of octanol-water partition coefficients would be

expected, representing the differing hydrophobic na ture of the various com p onents of the

commercial product. For the assessm e nt, a log Kow value of 7 is taken as being representative

for the group as a whole. The actual m easured values vary between log K o w ~5.5 and 8.2. Thus

som e com p onents of the comm er cial products m a y have values for th e adsorption partition

coefficients higher or lower than the values shown a bove, but in all cases, a high degree of

adsorption onto soil, sedim e nt and suspended sedim e nt would be predicted. Appendix H

considers th e effect of varying the Koc value on the predicted environm ental con centrations.

The high Koc value estim ated for m e dium

- c hain chlo rinated paraf f ins indicates that the

substance is expected to be relatively immobile in soil and would not be expected to leach fro m

soil into groundwater. Vertical m ovem e nt of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins adsorbed onto

soil particulates via m acropores m a y provi de a transport m echanism in soil.

3.1.0.7 Environmental distrib u tion

The potential environm e n tal distribution of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins has been studied

using a generic level III fug acity model. The m odel used was a four com p artm ent model

(FUGMOD version 1, January 1992) that has been circulated for use within the OECD HPV

program . The m odel was run using the default sett ings in th e m odel and the f o llowing chem ical

specif i c inp u t data we re used:

water solub i lity 0.027 m g /l

vapour pressure 0.00027 Pa

l o g K o w 7

Degradation half-life in air 48 hours

Degradation half-life in ot her m e dia very large (e.g. 1 × 10 11 

## hours)

The m odel was run four tim es with a nom inal re lease rate of 1000 kg/hour initially entering the

air, soil or water com p artm ents in different p r oportions. The results of the m odelling exercise are

shown in Table 3.13 . The full m o del output is given in A ppendix C. The sam e results were

obtained when the distribution was calcul ated with the EQC model (version 1.0).

88

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.13 Fugacity modelling for medium-c hain chlorinated paraffins

Perc enta ge di stributio n Release co mpa r tment

A i r W a t

e r S o i l Sedi m e n t

100% to air 0.001% 0.004% 99.6% 0.38%

100% to water 7 × 10 -4



### % 0

. 4

4

% 5 5

. 5

% 4 4

. 1 %

100% to soil 1 × 10 -5



### % 0

. 0

0

3 % 9 9

. 7

% 0

. 3

4

%

50% to air and 50 % to water 0.001% 0.012% 98.3% 1.7%



## The resu lts of the f ugac ity m odellin g indic a te th at m e dium -chain ch lor i n a ted p a raf f i ns are likely

to be associated with th e soil and sedim e nt compar tm ents. W h en the substance is r e leased to a i r

, the m odel predic ts tha t this will en d up m a inly in soil, p r obably as a result of atm o spheric

deposition processes. When the substance is releas ed to water, th e m odel predicts that a

substantial amount of the substan ce will be asso ciated with sedim e nt, but som e would also b e

expected to occur in the water phase. A substantia l am ount of the substance released to water is

predic ted to enter th e so il phase, p r e s um ably as a result of volatilisation to the atm o sphere and

subsequent deposition. When the subs tance is released to soil, it is predicted to rem a in m a inly in

the soil compartm ent, but a sm all amount m a y also enter the sedim e nt compartm ent, possibly as

a result of wash-off from the soil to water.

3.1.1 Aquatic compartmen t (inc. sediment)

3.1.1.1 Calculation of PEC local



## Using the em ission data given in Table 3.5 for the estimated am ounts released at a site for

production and the various uses of medium -chain ch lorinated paraffin, it is possible to estim a te a

PEC for surface water by assum i ng that the am ount released /s ite en ters in to waste water and th is

enters into a waste water treatm ent plant. The T echnical Guidance Docum e nt suggests that the

size of the waste water treatm ent plant should be around 2,000 m 3 

## /day, and the effluent from the

plant will be diluted by a factor of 10 in the r eceiving water. It is assum e d that no biodegradation

occurs during waste water treatm e nt.

Based on the physico-chem ical properties of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraf f ins (vapour

pressure = 2.7 × 10 -4 

## Pa; water solub ility = 0.027 m g /l; Henry’s law constant ~4.9 P a m 3 

## mol -1 

## ;

octanol water partition coefficient (log value) = 7) the predicted beha viour of the substance

during waste water trea tm ent (as estim a ted in EUSES) is:

% to air 0.107%

% to sludge 90.8%

% degraded 0%

% to water 9.08%

However, infor m ation on the short-chain chlorina ted paraffins indicates tha t the rem oval by

adsorption onto sludge m a y be higher, around 93%, based on the results of a coupled unit test.

Since m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are lik ely, if anything, to adsorb m o re strongly onto

89

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## sludge, then the resu lts obtained for the short- ch ain ch lorinated paraffins will be used in

preference to the valu es obtain e d by EUSES, i. e. for the PEC calculations in the following

sections, 7% rele ase to s u rface water from the waste wate r tre a tm ent plant will be a ssu m e d.

Where site specific inform ation is available o n the siz e of waste water tre a tm ent plant and

subsequent dilution, th ese will b e us ed in preferen ce to the g e neric inform ation. This is currently

only the case for production sites. For m a ny of the down-stream uses of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins, several sites are likely to be involved and so a generic approach to the size

of waste water treatm e nt plant and dilution in the rece iving w a ter is app r o p ria t e.



## DILUTION ) 10 SUSP Kp 1 ( C C

6 

## × × × + =

− water susp eff

water 

## local local Once relea s ed to surf a ce water, the substanc e will adso rb onto sus p ended sedim e nt. The

following equation from the Technical Guidance has be e n used in all ca lcula tion s to take this

into account:



## where C local

water 

## = local concentration in s u rface water during an em ission epis ode

C local eff 

## = c oncentr ation in ef f l uent f r om waste water tre a tm ent plan t

Kp

susp 

## = solids-water p a r tition coef f i cient for suspended m a tter = 58,884 l/kg for

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

SUSP

water 

## = concentratio n of suspended m a tter in surface water = 15 m g /l

DILUTION = dilution factor for effluent in receiving water = 10 for generic

scenarios (s ite specific in for m ation used where appropriate).

The final PEC local( water) 

## is estim ated f r om :

P E C local ( water) 

## = C local

wat e r 

## + PEC regional( w ater)



## where PEC regional( w a t er) 

## = 0.389 μg/l (based on the EU SES calculation: see Section

3.1.1.2) or 0.1 μg/l (based on m eas ured data: see Section 3.1.1.3)

Finally the P E C f o r sedim e nt is estim a ted f r om :

susp r) local(wate water

- susp

local(sed) 

## RHO 1000 PEC K

PEC × ×

=

where K susp-water 

## = suspended matter – water pa rtition coefficient = 14,721 m 3 

## /m 3



## R H O

susp 

## = bulk density of suspended m a tter = 1,150 kg/m 3



## 3.1.1.1.1 Production sites



## Site specific e m ission infor m ati on is currently available for four of the five current production

sites in the EU (relea s e s f r om the rem a ining site are like l y to be s i m ilar to the oth e r f our). The

estim ated releases at the four sites are given in Section 3.1.0.1.2. The resulting PE Cs estim ated

from these values, using the known diluti on rates at the site s, are shown in Table 3.14



## .

90

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.14 Summary of PECs estimated for production sites

Site A Site B Site C Site D

C local

wa te r 

### (μg/l) 0.0064 0.09 0.17 6.4 × 10 -6



### PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### (μg/l ) 0.39 a 

### or 0.1 1 b 

### 0

. 4

8 a 

### or 0.1 9 b 

### 0.56 a 

### or 0.2 7 b 

### 0.39 a 

### or 0.1 b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent)



### (mg/kg

wet wt.) 5.05 a 

### or 1.4 1 b 

### 6.14 a 

### or 2.4 4

b 

### 7.14 a 

### or 3.4 6

b 

### 4.97 a 

### or 1.2 8

b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l.

b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.



## 3.1.1.1.2 Use in PVC



## In Section 3.1.0.2.1, releases of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to water have been

estim ated from several stages of production of PVC. Thes e release estim ates have been used

here, along with the behaviour in the generic waste wa ter treatm e nt plant to estim a te the PEC local 

## water for these stages. The calcu latio n s are summarised in Table 3.15a 

## an d Table 3.15b



## .

Table 3.15a PEC lo c a l(

w

a te r) 

### and PEC lo c a l(s

e d i m

e n

t ) 

### f

o

r use in PVC

Use in PVC – pl astisol process e s

Compou ndin g s i te

(formulat ion) Convers i on s i te

(pro cessi ng) Combine d

co mp oundi ng

and co nve r sio n site

Local release to waste water

(g/day) 2 5 1 8 5 2 1 0

No of days of r e le ase/year 300 300 300

Size of WWT P ( m

3 

### / d

a

y ) 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0

Influent conc entr a tion (μg/l) 12.5 92.5 105

% to water during WWT P 7 7 7

C local eff 

### ( μ g

/ l ) 0

. 8

8 6

. 4

8 7

. 3

5

D i l u t i o

n f

a c

t o

r 1 0 1 0 1 0

C local

wa te r 

### (μg/l) 0.047 0.344 0.39

PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### (μg/l ) 0.44 a 

### or 0.1 4 7 b 

### 0.73 a 

### or 0.4 4

b 

### 0.78 a 

### or 0.4 9

b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent)



### (mg/kg wet wt.) 5.57 a 

### or 1.8 8

b 

### 9.37 a 

### or 5.6 8

b 

### 9.96 a 

### or 6.2 7 b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l.

b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.

O = Open system ; PO = Partially open system; C = Closed system (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## 91R331_0208_envTable3.15bPEClocal(water)andPEClocal(sediment)for use in PVCUse in PVC – primaryplasticiserCompoundingsite (formulation)Conversion site(processing)Combinedcompounding andconversionsiteOPOCOPOCOPOCLocalreleasetowastewater(g/day)9250042.5280300255372800298Noofdaysofrelease/year300300300300300300300300300Size ofWWTP (m3/day)200020002000200020002000200020002000Influentconcentration(μg/l)4625021.25140150127.5186400149%towaterduringWWTP777777777Clocaleff(μg/l)3.2217.51.499.8010.58.9313.02810.4Dilutionfactor101010101010101010Clocalwater(μg/l)0.1710.930.0790.520.560.470.691.490.55PEClocal(water)(μg/l)0.56aor0.27b1.32aor1.03b0.47aor0.18b0.91aor0.62b0.95aor0.66b0.86aor0.57b1.08aor0.79b1.88aor1.59b0.94aor0.65bPEClocal(sediment)(mg/kg wet wt.)7.16aor3.46b16.9bor13.2b5.98aor2.30b11.6aor7.94b12.1aor8.45b11.0aor7.30b13.8aor10.1b24.0aor20.4b12.0aor8.32bNote:a) Based onPECregional(water)= 0.389μg/l.b) basedon PECregional(water)= 0.1 μg/l.O = Open system; PO = Partially open system; C =closed system (as defined in UCD, 1998).92

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.1.1.1.3 Use in rubber/plastics (other than PVC)



## In Section 3.1.0.2.2, releases of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to water have been

estim ated from the use in rubber and plastics other than PVC. These release estim a tes have been

used here, along with the behaviour in the gene ric waste water treatm e n t plant to estim ate the

PEC local 

## wat e r for these uses. The calculation s are summ arised in Table 3.16 

## . The calcu lations

are based o n the releas es expected from plas tic process i n g . The releases, and h e nce PECs

expected from the processing of rubber would be expected to be lower than thes e values due to

the lower p r ocessing te m p er atures generally used.

Table 3.16 PEC lo c a l 

### for water and sediment for use in rubber and plastics

C o m p o u ndin g s i t e (formulat ion) Convers i on s i te

(pro cessi ng) Combine d

co nv ersio n an d

proc essin g sit e

Local release to waste water (g/ d

ay) 46.5 155 202

No of days of r e le ase/year 300 300 300

Size of WWT P ( m

3 

### / d

a

y ) 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0

Influent conc entr a tion (μg/l) 23.3 77.5 101

% to water i n WWTP 7 7 7

C local eff 

### (μg/l) 1.63 5.43 7.07

D i l u t i o

n f

a c

t o

r 1 0 1 0 1 0

C local

wa te r 

### (μg/l) 0.086 0.29 0.38

PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### (μg/l ) 0

. 4

7 a 

### or 0.1 9 b 

### 0

. 6

8 a 

### or 0.3 9

b 

### 0

. 7 7 a 

### or 0.4 8

b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent)



### (mg/kg wet wt.) 6.07 a 

### or 2.3 8

b 

### 8

. 6

8 a 

### or 4.9 9

b 

### 9

. 8

3 a 

### or 6.1 4 b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.



## 3.1.1.1.4 Use in sealants/adhesives



## The releases of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns to wa ter from sites for m ulating or using

sealan ts/adh esives a r e likely to be v e ry low. No PEC local 

## is th erefore calculated for th is use.

3.1.1.1.5 Use in paints and varnishes



## In Section 3.1.0.2.4, releases of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to water have been

estim ated from for m ulation and us e of paints using the default release es tim ates from the

Technical Guidance Docum e nt, along with knowle dge of t h e likely amounts of m e dium -cha in

chlorinated paraffins formulated on a site. These default release es tim ates have been used here,

along with the behaviour in the generic waste water treatm ent plant to estim a te the PEC local 

## water

for these stages. The data available s o far indicate s that the releases of medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins to water from the fo rm ul ation and use of paints s hould be very low. The default

calcu lations are summ arised in Table 3.17



## .

93

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.17 PEC lo c a l 

### for water and sediment for formulation and use in paints.

Paint fo rmul atio n site

(formulat ion) Indust r ial appl ic ation of

paints (proces si ng) Applicati on o f p a ints b y

gene ral p ublic ( p riva te us e)

Local release to waste water (kg/d a

y) 0.15 0.059 3 × 10 -7



### No of days of r e le ase/year 300 300 365

Size of WWT P ( m

3 

### / d

a

y ) 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0

Influent conc entr a tion (μg/l) 75 29.5 1.5 × 10 -4



### % to water i n WWTP 7% 7 7%

C local eff 

### (μg/l) 5.25 2.07 1. 05 × 10 -5



### Dilution factor 10 10 10

C local

wa te r 

### (μg/l) 0.28 0.11 5.6 × 10 -7



### PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### (μg/l ) 0.67 a 

### or 0.3 8

b 

### 0

. 5

0

a 

### or 0.2 1 b 

### 0

. 3

9 a 

### or 0.1 b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent)



### (mg/kg wet wt.) 8.55 a 

### or 4.8 6

b 

### 6

. 3

7 b 

### or 2.6 9

b 

### 4

. 9

7 a 

### or 1.2 8

b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l. b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.



## 3.1.1.1.6 Formulation and use in metal cu tting/w o rking fluids



## In Section 3.1.0.2.5, releases of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to water have been

estim ated from for m ulation and u s e in m e tal cutti ng/working fluids. These releas e es tim a tes have

been used h e re, along with the behaviour in the generic waste wa te r trea tm ent plant to estim a te

the PEC local 

## water for these stages. The calcu latio n s are summarised in Table 3.18



## .

Table 3.18 PEC lo c a l 

### for water and sediment for use in metal cutting/working fluids

F o r m

u l a t i o n s i te

(formulat ion) Use in oil- base d

fluids

(pro cessi ng) Use in em ulsifi a b le flui ds

(pro cessi ng)

Larg e site Small site Continu ous

use Intermitte nt

discha r ge

Local release to waste water

(kg/day) 0

. 8

3 0

. 3

3 0

. 3

0 0

. 0

2

5 2 5

No of days of r e le ase/year 300 300 300 300 2-6

Size of WWT P ( m

3 

### / d

a

y ) 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0

Influent conc entr a tion (μg/l) 415 165 150 12.5 12,500

% to water i n WWTP 7 7 7 7 7

C local eff 

### (μg/l) 29.1 11.6 10.5 0.88 875

Dilution factor 10 10 10 10 10

C local

wa te r 

### (μg/l) 1.54 0.61 0.56 0.046 46.5

PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### (μg/l ) 1.93 a 

### or 1.6 4

b 

### 0

. 9

9

8 a 

### or 0. 71 b 

### 0

. 9

5 a 

### or 0.6 6

b 

### 0

. 4

3 a 

### or 0.1 5 b 

### 4 6

. 9

a 

### or 46. 6 b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent)



### (mg/kg wet wt.) 24.7 a 

### or 21. 0 b 

### 1 2

. 8

a 

### or 9.0 9

b 

### 1 2

. 1 a



### or 8.4 5

b 

### 5

. 5

6 a 

### or 1.9 2

b 

### 6 0

0

a 

### or 597 b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l. b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.



## 94

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## For the in te rm ittent rele ase s cenar io f o r m e tal c u tting / working f l uids, th e Technical Guidance

Docum e nt does not provide any guidance on how th is should be treated. The value reported in

Table 3.18 

## assum e s that th e subs tance in w a ter in stantly equilibrates with the sedim e nt.

However, in reality, this is unlik ely to occur as th e release will be over a short pe riod of tim e. An

alternative approach would be to average the concentratio n over the year and ad d this to th e

concentration arising from the continuous use in the m e tal working fluids (5.56 mg/kg wet

weight or 1.92 m g /kg wet wei ght). This would give a PEC local( sediment) 

## of 15.4 m g /kg wet weight

or 11.7 m g /kg wet weight, assum i ng that the in te rm ittent disp osal occu rs 6 tim es/year

.

In addition to the inform ation given in Table 3.18 

## , it is p o ssible to e s tim ate PECs f r om other

sources. From Section 3.1.0.2.5, it was reported that at well controlled form ulation sites, oil

captur e and recove ry sys t em s will be used pr ior to discha rge of ef f l uent to the s e wage tr eatm e nt

plant. The e quipm ent used is des i gn ed to lower the disso lve d oil conc en tra tion to 5 m g /l or le ss.

If

it is ass u m e d that the m e dium -chain ch lorin a ted paraffin content of this oil is the sam e as in

the lub r ic an t being blen ded at the s ite (e.g. 5 % ), then the chlor i nated paraf f i n con t ent of th e

effluent could be 250 μg/l. A typical aqueous disc harge from a for m ulation site could be of the

order of 1 × 10 6 

## l/year (or 3,333 l/day over 300 days) (UCD, 1997). Thus if this discharge is to the

“standard” sewage treatm ent plant of 2,000 m 3 

## /day, the effluent from the site will be diluted by a

factor of 600 in the total influent to the plant. T hus the influent concentration in the waste water

treatm ent plant would be 0.42 μg/l. Us ing the sam e methodology as outlined in Table 3.18 

## , the

C 

## local eff 

## = 0.029 μg/l, C 

## local

water 

## = 0.0015 μg/l, PEC local ( water) 

## = 0.39 μg/l or 0.1 μg/l and

PEC local( sediment) 

## = 4.98 mg/kg wet wt. or 1.30 m g / kg wet wt. In this case the release from the site

would m a ke only a minor contribution to the PEC local 

## for water and sedim e nt, which are

dom i nated by the regional concentrations.

The potential effects of the proposed risk re duction m e asures for short-chain chlorinated

paraffins in this use on the PECs for m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins are considered in

Appendix E.

3.1.1.1.7 Formulation and use in leather fat liquors



## In Section 3.1.0.2.6, releases of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to water have been

estim ated from for m ulation and us e of leather fat liquors contai ning m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins. These release estim ates have been us ed here, along with the behaviour in the generic

waste wate r trea tm ent plant to es tim ate th e PEC local 

## water for thes e stages. The calcu lations are

summarised in Table 3.18



## .

The potential effects of the proposed risk re duction m e asures for short-chain chlorinated

paraffins in this use on the PECs for m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins are considered in

Appendix E.

95

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.19 PEC lo c a l 

### for water and sediment for formulation and use of leather fat liquors

Formulati on s i te (formula t ion ) Use site ( p ro ces sing)

i n d u s t r y-

speci fi c

informati on defaul t ge neri c

calcula tion compl e te

proc essin g of ra w hides ( p rocess i ng) proc essin g of “ w et

blue” ( p ro cessi ng)

Local release to waste water

(kg/day) 1

. 1 0

. 9 3

. 6

No of days of r e le ase/year 300 300 300

Size of WWT P ( m

3 

### / d

a

y ) 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0 2 0

0

0

Influent conc entr a tion (μg/l) 50 c 

### 5 5

0 4 5

0 1

, 8 0

0

% to water i n WWTP 7 7 7 7

C local eff 

### (μg/l) 3.5 38.5 31.5 126

D i l u t i o

n f

a c

t o

r 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

C local

wa te r 

### (μg/l) 0.19 2.04 1.67 6.69

PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### (μg/l ) 0.58 a 

### or 0.2 9

b 

### 2

. 4

3 a 

### or 2.1 4 b 

### 2.06 a 

### or 1.7 7 b 

### 7

. 0

8 a 

### or 6.7 9

b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent)



### (mg/kg wet wt.) 7.40 a 

### or 3.7 1 b 

### 3 1

. 1 a 

### or 27. 4 b 

### 2 6

. 3

a 

### or 22. 7 b 

### 9 0

. 6

a 

### or 86. 9 b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l.

b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.

c) Industry-s pecific information in di cates that t he ma ximum concentr a tion of mediu m -c

hain chlorinat ed paraffins in t he w a

ste

water from a form ulation site is likely to be <500 μg/l. In t he a b sence o f water flow rates from a typical site , it has bee n

assumed tha t the waste water fro m

a site is diluted by a factor of 10 in the influent to t he waste water t r eatment pl ant. T h is

value will be used in the risk assessment.



## 3.1.1.1.8 Recycling of carbonless copy paper



## In Section 3.1.0.2.8, releases of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to water have been

estim ated from the recycling of carbonless c opy paper containing medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins. This es tim ated release o f m e dium ch ain chlorinated paraffins from a large site

(250,000 tonnes/year of paper) was 6.17 kg/day to waste water.

In order to calculate the PEC for recycling of carbonless copy paper, knowledge of the water use

in the process is needed. The e m ission scenario docum ent for the pulp, paper and board industry

gives water usage figures of 5-15 m 3 

## /tonne paper recycled from the flotation processes, wherea s

washing can use between 5-100 m 3 

## /tonne paper. The total wate r usage for the production of

specific types of paper are 40-75 m 3 

## /tonne for p r inting and writing paper, 57 m 3 

## /ton n e f o r tissue

paper and 24-35 m 3 

## /tonne for newsprint.

In orde r to estim ate the worst cas e concentratio n at a recyc ling s ite it will be a ssu m e d that a

water consum ption rate of 35 m 3 

## /tonne is applicable, giving a total water usage rate of

8.75 × 10 6 

## m 3 

## /year for this volum e of paper. According to th e em ission scenario docum ent, some

paper recycling plants m a y carry out only prim ar y treatment before disc harge of effluent to

surface water via a m uni cipal waste water treatm e nt plant (th e release estim a te is based on the

am ount released after this prim ary treatm e nt pr ocess (see Section 3.1.0.2.8)). Further, the

96

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## em ission sc enario docu m ent also indicates tha t if the ef f l uent is em itted to a w a ste water

trea tm ent plant of f

- site, the size of the tre a tm ent pl ant is lik e ly to b e la r g er than ave r age due to

the large volum e of waste water generated. PECs are therefore calculated assu m i ng that no

f u rther waste water trea tm ent other than prim ary trea tm ent occurs on-s i te, and tha t the ef f l uen t

from the plant is treated at an off-site waste wa ter treatm ent plant where the effluent is further

diluted by a sm all am ount (2 tim es), i.e. the was t e water f r o m the paper recyc ling site is a m a jor

contr i butor to the of f

- site waste w a ter trea tm ent plant, which is in line with th e approach

recomm ended in the Technical Guidance Docu m e nt. The resulting PECs are shown in

Table 3.20.

Table 3.20 PEC lo c a l 

### for water and sediment for recycling of carbonless copy paper

Recycling of c a rbonles s co py pa per

Local release to waste water (kg/d a

y) 6.17

No of days of r e le ase 250

Volume of waste water 8,750,00 0 m 3 

### /ye a r = 35,00 0 m 3 

### /d

ay

C local eff 

### from site 0.176 mg/l

Dilution factor of site effluent in in fluent to

waste water tre a t

m

ent plant 2

Influent conc entr a tion to WWT P 0.088 μg /l

% to water i n WWTP 7%

C local eff 

### from WWTP 6.2 μg/l

Dilution factor 10

C local

wa te r 

### 0.33

PEC lo ca l(wa te r) 

### 0

. 7

2 μg/l a 

### or 0.43 μg/l b



### PEC l o cal (

sedi m ent) 

### 9.19 mg/kg wet wt. a 

### or 5.50 m g

/kg wet wt. b



### Note: a) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.389 μg/l. b) Base d on PEC

r egi onal ( w at

er

) 

### = 0.1 μ g /l.



## 3.1.1.2 Calculation of PEC regional 

## and PEC

c o ntinental



## The predicted concentrations of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins in the regional and

continen tal scenar ios h a ve been e s tim ated by EUSES, using the re lease data o u tlin ed in

Table 3.5 

## . As explained in Section 3.1.0.3, the calcu lations have been carri ed out both with and

without the regional contribution fr om “waste rem a ining in the envi ronment”, as th e applicability

of the current m odellin g m e thods to this contri bution is h i ghly uncertain. A print out of th e

results for the calculation (not inc l uding th e “ w aste r e m a ining in the environm ent”) is given in

Appendix A.

The estim ated PEC regiona l 

## and PEC continental 

## are sh own in Table 3.21



## .

97

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.21 E s t i m

a t

e

d PEC

r e gi onal 

### and PEC

c ont

i n ent

al 

### for the aqua tic compartment

Compartme n t PEC Value (no t incl u d ing “wa s te

remai n ing in t h e

environm ent”) Value (incl udi ng “waste remai n i ng

in the envi ron m ent”)

Surface w

a ter PEC

r egi onal ( w ater

) 

### 0.389 μg /l 0.682-0. 745

P E C conti nent al (

w ater

) 

### 0.053 μg /l 0.093-0. 10

Sedimen t P E C

r egi onal ( s ed) 

### 8.80 mg/kg wet wt 15.4-16. 9

P E C conti nent al (

s ed) 

### 1.21 mg/kg wet wt 2.11-2.3 1



## The potential effects of the proposed risk re duction m e asures for short-chain chlorinated

paraffins in this use on the PECs for m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins are considered in

Appendix E. Appendix H considers the potential e f f ects of the uncerta inties and variab ility in

som e of the physico-chem ical proper ties on the estim ated concentrations.

3.1.1.3 Measured levels in w a t er and sediment



## The analysis of m e dium -chain chlorinated para ffins in environm ental m e dia is com p licated by

the fact that there are a large num ber of possible chlorinated pa raffins (of different carbon chain

length, degrees of chlorination and position of the chlorine atom s along the carbon chain) present

in any given comm ercial product. Thus care has to be taken when comparing the results from

one survey with those of anothe r, since different reference co m pounds m a y have been used and

hence different chem ical species m a y have been m easured. The m a in analytical m e thods used in

the environ m ental analyses are d i scussed in Ap pendix D.

3.1.1.3.1 Levels in water



## The levels of m e dium -chain chlo rin a ted paraffi ns m easured in surface water are su mmarised in

Tables 3.22 to 3.28



## .

Recently an in-dep th stu dy of the levels of m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins in industrial areas

of the United Kingdom has been carried out (CEFAS, 1999). The m a in purpose of the study was

to determ ine the concentrations of m e dium -c hain (and short-chain where found) chlorinated

paraffins in surface water, sed i m e nt, biota and soil associated with their indu strial use. The

sam p ling sites wer e c hosen with rega rds to their proxim ity to known sources/users of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. Sa m p les we re collected during early summer 1998 and were

f ilter e d (<0

. 45 μm ) bef o re analys is and so the repo rte d values r e presen t th e dissolv ed

concentratio n in water. I t is poss i ble that the f ilt ering (glass m i crofibre pre- filter in s e ries with a

0.45 μm PTFE f ilter) m a y have als o rem oved som e of the dissolved m e dium -chain chlorina ted

paraffin from solution (by adsorption). However, recov e ry experim e nts were carried out using

pure water s p iked with the m e dium -chain chlo rina ted paraf f i n, which were f iltered in the sam e

way as the environm ental sam p les, and these recoveries in the range 47-83% (m ean value

68±12%) for the m e thod overall (CEFAS, 2000), indicating that the m e thod used was acceptab l e.

The levels f ound in surface water are shown in Table 3.22 

## . The levels found in sedim e nt, biota

and soil are reported la te r in th e appr opriate sections of this report.

98

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## In this study , m e dium chain chlo rin a ted paraffins were not detected in any of the s u rface water

sam p les taken. Chlorinated paraffins were found at levels of 0.2-1.7 μg/l in som e sa mples from a

site near to engineering (m etal working) activity, but these were iden tif ied as being short cha i n

length chlorinated paraffins.

Table 3.22 Levels of mediu m -chain chlorina ted paraffins in surf ace water in t he United Kingd om, related to sources

Indust r y Sam p ling site Concent r ati on o f medi um- c hain chlorinate d

paraf f in ( μ g/l )

Polymers/ta rpauli n s 1.8 km upstr eam from STP <0.1

400 m upst r eam f r om STP <0.1

100 m downst r ea m from ST P <0.1

300 m downst r ea m from ST P <0.1

1.8 km downstr e

a m from ST P <0.1

1 km upstre a m of ST P <0.1 Synthetic r ubber manufactu re

STP outfall o n ca nal <0.1

100 m downst r ea m from ST P on c anal <0.1

300 m downst r ea m from ST P on c anal <0.1

300 m downst r ea m from ST P on ri ver <0.1

700 m downst r ea m from ST P on ri ver <0.1

1.8 km downstr e

a m <0.1

Metal working stream, 40 0 m do wnstream of site <0.1

stream, 80 0 m do wnstream of site <0.1

estuary, 10 sites <0.1

Upstream of ST P <0.1 Lubricant ble ndin g

/ metal

working 100m downstr ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

downstream o f STP <0.1

Upstream of ST P <0.1 Sealant and a dhe sive

manufactu re 100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

downstream o f STP <0.1

Rubber pro duct manufactu rer Upstream of ST P <0.1

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m <0.1

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P < 0

. 1

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P < 0

. 1

Table 3.2 2 contin ued overle af.



## 99

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.22 co nt inue d

Indust r y Sam p ling site Concent r ati on o f medi um- c hain chlorinate d

paraf f in ( μ g/l )

Upstream of ST P <0.1 Manufactu rer of b u ilding

sealants/lubricant blending 100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P < 0

. 1

Control site - no k

nown uses Upstream of ST P <0.1

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

1.2 km downstr e

a m of STP <0.1

2 km from ST P di scharge poin t <0.1 Manufactu rer of c h lorinated

paraffins

L o

c

k < 0

. 1

400 m fr om lock <0.1

1.8 km from lock <0.1

2 km from lock <0.1

Bank, o pposite lo ck <0.1

Upstream of lock <0.1

Paint ma nufactu r e r Upstream of disc harge <0.1

500 m downst r ea m of discharg e <0.1

600 m downst r ea m of discharg e <0.1

800 m downst r ea m of discharg e <0.1

1 km downstrea m of discharg e <0.1

Downstream of di scharge <0.1

Canal, 1 km west of discharge <0.1 Lubricant m anufa c turer (a nd

other indus tries) Canal, 500 m we st of discharg e <0.1

Canal, 4 km east of discharge <0.1

Brook, 300 m ups tream of ST P <0.1

PVC cable manuf acturer Upstream of ST P <0.1

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P < 0

. 1

Metal working/lea t her finishing Upstream of ST P <0.1

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P < 0

. 1

Table 3.2 2 contin ued overle af.



## 100

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.22 co nt inue d

Indust r y Sam p ling site Concent r ati on o f medi um- c hain chlorinate d

paraf f in ( μ g/l )

Upstream of ST P <0.1 PVC pr oduction/ p

a int

manufactu re At STP outfall <0.1

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

800 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

2.3 km upstr eam of ST P <0.1 Leather finishing chemicals

formulation site 100 m upst r eam of ST P <0.1

600 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

1.7 km downstr e

a m of STP <0.1

Produc er of PVC compound Upstream of ST P <0.1

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.1

Backgro und site 3 sites <0.1



## The analysis of m e dium-c hain chlo r i nated paraf f ins was als o carried o u t at seve ral locations in

the United Kingdom in the summ e r of 1986 (ICI, 1992). The results are shown in Table 3.23



## , along with the levels of the short-chain (C 10- 13 

## ) chlorinated paraffins. [The levels of the

short-chain chlorinated paraffins are included here to enable som e conclusions to be drawn about

the lik ely concentratio ns of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins in the m easurem ents of

Ca m pbell and McConnell included later in this Section ( Tables 3.25-3.27 

## )

. ] A s c a n b e s e e n

fro m Table 3.23 

## , the m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins were found in all the sam p les analysed

at concentrations ranging betw een 0.62 and 3.75 μg/l. The m a jor ity of the sam p les appear to

have been collected in urban/industrial areas.

Levels of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins ha ve been measured at s e veral s ites in Germ any

and the res u lts a r e sho w n in Table 3.24 

## (Ballschm iter, 1994; Hoechst AG, 1987). The levels

m easured in 1987 are sim ilar to, but slightly hi gher than, those found in the United Kingdom in

1986. Howe ver the levels m easured in 1994 are generally lower, indicating that reduced usage

and/or im proved handling of these products had occurred over that period. It should also be born

in m i nd that different analytical m e thods were used for the two sets of m easurem e n ts, which

could also account for som e of the differences seen between the 1987 and 1994 data.

Levels of to tal shor t- and m e dium -chain ( i .e. C 10- 20 

## ) chlorinated paraffins have been m easured in

m a rine and freshwaters rem o te from industry and freshwaters in industrialised areas in the

United Kingdom (Ca m pbell and McConnell, 1980). These results are shown in Tables 3.25 to

3.27 

## . As the s e lev e ls ref e r to the tota l chlo rina ted paraf f i n in the C 10- 20 

## range, it is not possible to

say anything definite about the am ounts of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraf f ins present.

However, analysing the results reported in Table 3.23 

## , it can be seen that the C 14- 17 

## chlorina ted

paraffins m a ke up around 2 

## / 3 

## - 3 

## / 4 

## of the com b ined tota l f o r s hort- and m e dium -chain chlor i nated

paraffins in those sam p les. Therefore, if the sam e approxim a te distribution applies to the data in

101

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Tables 3.25 to 3.27 

## , then the lik ely concentrations of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

present can be inferred.

Table 3.23 Measured levels of medium-ch a in (and short-chain) chlorinate d

paraffins in surface water in the Unite d

Kingdom (ICI, 1992)

Locati o n C o n c e n t r ati o n ( μ g / l )

M

e

d i u m -cha i n ( C 14- 1 7 

### ) S h o r t-c h a i n (C 10- 1 3 

### )

Derwent Reservo i r, UK, 198 6. 1.46

River Trent, New a rk, UK, 19 86. 0.86

Trent a nd Mers ey

Canal, UK, 19 86

. 0.62

River Derwent, Derby, UK, 1 986. 0.64

Walton o n Tre n t, UK, 1986. 1.07 0.41

River Ouse, Gool e, UK, 19 86. 0.94

River Don, Rothe r ham, UK., 1986

. 1.13 0.72

River Aire/Ouse, UK, 1986. 1.13 0.12

River Ouse, Yo rk

, UK, 198 6. 1.36 0.46

River Cover, Wilt on, UK, 1 986. 0.84 0.19

River Ure, Mickley, UK, 1986

. 1.46

River Trent, Gai n sborough, UK, 19 86. 2.49 0.65

River Trent, Burt on, UK, 1 986. 2.46 1.45

River Rother, UK, 1986. 2.11

River Trent/Hum ber, UK, 1986. 3.75 0.29

Hull Docks, UK, 1986. 2.69 0.71



### Table 3.24 Levels of mediu m -chain chlorina ted paraffins in surf ace water in Germany (Hoechst AG, 1987; Ballschm i ter,

1994)

Locati on Concent r ati on ( μ g/l)

1 9

8

7 1 9 9

4

River Lech at Au gsburg <0.05

River Lech at Ge r s

thofen (u pstrea m from a chl o rina ted

paraffin p r oductio n plant) 4

. 5 0

. 0

9

4

River Lech at La n g

weid (downstrea m from a chl o rina ted

paraffin p r oductio n plant) 4

. 0 0

. 1 8 5

River Lech at Rai n 0.170

River Danube at Marxheim (d own s

tream fro m

the mouth of

the River Lech) 2 0 0

. 0

7

2

River Danube at Marxheim (u pstre a m from t he mou t h of the

River Lech) 4.0 ≤ 0.055



## 102

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## The C 10- 20 

## chlorinated paraffins were detected in around half of the m a rine waters sampled, in the

range 0.5-4 μg/l. By inference, the levels of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins are probably in

the range 0.3-3 μg/l.

In fresh and other non-m a rine water sam p le s from areas rem o te from industry, the

C 10- 20 

## chlorinated paraffins were det ected in just under half the sa m p les in the range 0.5-1 μg/l.

This corresponds to probable m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffin concentrations of 0.3-0.7 μg/l.

In surface waters in indu strial ised areas, the lev e ls of C 10- 20 

## chlorinated paraffins are higher than

those found in m a rine and rem o te waters, and th e frequency of detecti on is also higher. The

levels m easured for the com b ined short- and m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins are in the range

0.5-6.0 μg/l. This corresponds to probable m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations in

the range 0.3-4 μg/l. Although it is not clear if any of the samples were taken near to sources of

discharge of chlorinated paraffins , it is thought that the Wyre estuary did receive chlorinated

paraffin production plant effluent at the tim e of s a m p ling.

Table 3.25 Concentration of total short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10- 2 0 

### ) in m a rine waters in and around

the UK (Campbe ll and McConnell, 1980)

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 20 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi ns ( μ g/ l)

Irish Sea : Site a 1.0

Irish Sea : Site b 0.5

Irish Sea : Site c 0.5

Irish Sea : Site d 0.5

Irish Sea : Site e ND

Irish Sea : Site f ND

B

a r

m

ou

t h Ha r bou r 0

. 5

Menai St raights, Caernarvon 0.5

Tremad oc Bay, Ll andanwg ND

North Minch, Ard m air 0.5

North Minch, Port Bùn a’ G h linne ND

North Minch, Port of Ness 0.5

Goile Chròic, Le wis 0.5

Sound of Ta rans ay, Harris 4.0

Sound of Arisaig 1.0

North Se a: N55 o 

### 5.7' W1 o 

### 9.3' ND

North Se a: N57 o 

### 26.2' W1 o 

### 1 7 .0' ND

North Se a: N57 o 

### 56.5' W1 o 

### 2

2

.0' ND

Notes: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 0.5 μ g/l).



## 103

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.26 Concentration of combined sh ort- and medium-chain chlorin a ted paraffins (C 10-2 0 

### ) in fresh and other

non-marine wate rs remote from i ndustry in the United Kingdom (Campbell and McConnell, 1980)

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 20 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi ns ( μ g/ l)

River Banwy, Lla ngadfan 0.5

River Lea, Welwyn ND*

River Lea, Batfor d ND*

River Clwyd, Ruthin ND

Bala Lake 1.0

River Dee, Corwen ND

River Wnion, M e r

i oneth 0.5

Firth of L o rne, G a nevan 0.5

Loch Linnh e, Cor r an Narrows ND

Firth of Clyde, As hcraig ND

Firth of Clyde, Gir v

an 0.5

An Gar bh Allt 0.5

Five drinking wat e r reservoi rs, Ma nchester a r ea ND

Notes: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 0.5 μ g/l).

ND*= Not detecte d (detectio n limit 1.0 μ g/l).



### Table 3.27 Concentration of combined short- and medium -chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-20 

### ) in wate rs in industrialised

areas in the UK (Campbell and McConnell, 198 0)

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 2 0 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi n ( μ g/l )

River Aire, Le eds 2.0

River Aire, Woodl esford 2.0

River Ouse, Bo ot

hberry e dge 1-2

River Trent, West Bromwich 1-2

River Trent, Walt on-upon -Tre nt 2-3

River Trent, Swar kestone 1-2

River Trent, New a rk 4.0

River Trent, Gai n sborough 2.0

River Trent, co nfl uence with Humb er 6.0

Humber Est uary, Hull 1-2

Humber Est uary, Grimsby 3.0

Mersey Est uary, New Brighton 3.0

Mersey Est uary, Liverpool Pier He ad 4.0

River Thames, O x ford 2.0

Table 3.2 7 contin ued overle af.



## 104

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Table 3.27 co nt inue d

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 2 0 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi n ( μ g/l )

River Thames, Sanford 1-2

Wyre Estuary ND-1.5

River Tees, Low Dinsdale ND

River Tees, North Gare br eakwater 0.5

River Tees, Middl esbrough ND

Note: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 0.5 μ g/l).



## Murray et al. (1987a and 1987b) reported the results of m oni toring studies carried out near to a

chlor i nated paraf f i n m a nuf acturing site in the Unite d States. The efflu e nt from the plan t, after

undergoing physical treatm ent, was discharg ed into Sugar Creek, via a surface impoundm e nt

lagoon and sm all ditch. The results are shown in Table 3.28



## .

Table 3.28 Measured levels of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins near a production site in t he United States (Murray et

al., 1987a and 1987b)

Locati o n C o n c e n t r ati o n

Surface lagoon n

ear to its ef fluent to ditch not detect ed (<0. 15 μg/l) – dissolved

3.3 μg/l – particul a te

Surface lagoon n

ear to influ ent fro m

plant trace (0. 15-0.5 μ g /l) – dissolved

2.4 μg/l – particul a te

Middle of surf ace lagoon trace (0. 15-0.5 μ g /l) – dissolved

2.6 μg/l – particul a te

Ditch, immediatel y above point of discharge into Su gar Creek trace (0. 15-0.5 μ g /l) – dissolved

1.5 μg/l – particul a te

Sugar Creek, ups tream of discharg e not detect ed (<0. 05 μg/l) – dissolved

not detect ed (<0. 05 μg/l) – particul a te

Sugar Creek, just upstream of disc harge not detect ed (<0. 05 μg/l) – dissolved

trace (0. 05-0.1 7 μg/l) – pa rticulate

Sugar Creek, just downstream of d i scharge not detect ed (<0. 05 μg/l) – dissolved

0.16-0.2 0 μg/l – particulate

Sugar Creek, do wnstream of disc harge not detect ed (<0. 05 μg/l) – dissolved

0.20-0.2 4 μg/l – particulate

Note: dissolved - Conc entration in dissolved phase.

particulate - Co nc

entration in partic u late phase (>0.4 5 μm).



## As can be seen from Table 3.28 

## , the highest concentrations of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins are associated with the su rface im poundm e nt lago on. The con centration s in the river

downstream from the plant are around 0.2 μg/l, w ith the m a jority of th e substance associated

with the pa rticula t e m a tter (>0.45 μ m ).

A sim ilar study was also undertaken by Murray et al. (1987a and 1987b) near to a metal working

facility that was thought to be using lubricat ing oils containing chlorinated paraffins. Due to

105

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## analytical in terferen ces, it was not p o ssible to detect chlorinated paraffins in surface water at th e

site, howev er, a leve l of C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins of 1.3 μg/l was detected in process waste

stream s inside the plant.

Tom y et al. (1998) report the re sults of Metcalfe-Sm ith et al. (1995), who m easured levels of

C 10 

## -C 17 

## chlorinated paraffins of 12.7 μg/l in th e effl uent from a chlorinated paraffin

m a nufacturing plant in Canada. The level of C 14

- 1 7 

## chlorinated paraffin re ported in the rec e iv ing

water (St. L a wrence Riv e r) downstre a m of the plant was <1 μg/l.

Surveys of l e vels of chlorinated paraffins (unsp ecified chain length) in surface waters have been

carried out at num erous sites in Japan in 1979 a nd 1980. Chl o rinated paraffi ns were not detected

(detection lim it 10 μg/l) in any of the 51 surf ace water sam p les taken in 1979 or any of the 120

surface water sam p les taken in 1980 (Environm ent Agency Japan, 1991).

A study of t h e inputs of chlorinated paraffins to a sewage treatm e nt plant in Germ a ny has been

published (Rieger and Ballschm iter, 1995). The sewage treatm ent plant processed

100,000 m 3 

## /day of m u nicipal, indust rial and m i xed wast e water. Medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins were not detected (detection lim it 0.1 mg/kg dry m a tter) in any of the sewage sludge

sam p les taken at the plant (onl y short-chain chlorina ted paraffins were found). W a ter sam p le s

taken from upstream and downstream of the plant also showed no detectable concentrations of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins (detection lim it 5 μg/l).

3.1.1.3.2 Measured levels in sediment



## The levels of m e di um -chain chlorinated pa raffi ns i n sedi ment are su mmari s ed in

Table 3.29-3.33



## .

Recently an in-dep th stu dy of the levels of m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins in industrial areas

of the United Kingdom has been carried out (CEFAS, 1999). The m a in purpose of the study was

to determ ine the concentrations of m e dium -c hain (and short-chain where found) chlorinated

paraffins in surface water, sed i m e nt, biota and soil associated with their indu strial use. The

sam p ling sites wer e c hosen with rega rds to their proxim ity to known sources/users of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. Sam p les were collected during early summ e r 1998. The

levels found in sedim e nt are shown in Table 3.29 

## . The levels found in surface water, biota an d

soil a r e r e po rted in the a ppropria te s ection s of this repo rt.

The levels m easured in the CEFA S (1999) study are reported on a dr y weight basis. In order to

m a ke these levels com p arable with th e PEC estimat es, they need to be expressed on a wet weight

basis. No de tails of the water con t e n ts were g i ven in the paper and so the def a ult w a ter conten t

from the Technical Guidance Docum e nt (80% by volum e, 62% by weight). Thus dry weight

values can be converted to approximate wet wei ght values by dividing by 2.6. The est i m a ted wet

weight values are show n in Table 3.29 

## alongside the m easured dry weight values.

106

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Table 3.29 Levels of ch lorin a ted paraffins in sediment in the United Kingdom, related to sources (CEFAS, 199 9)

Indust r y C o m m

e n t Sam p l i n g s i t e Measu r e

d

conce n tra t ion of

chlorinate d pa ra ffin

(mg/k g

dry weig ht) Esti mated

c

o n c en t r at

i o n (mg/k g

wet we ig ht)

1.8 km upstr eam from STP <0.2 <0.08

400 m upst r eam f r om STP 0.7 0.27 Polymers/

tarpaulins Identified as

medium- o r

long-chain

100 m downst r ea m from ST P 0.5 0.19

300 m downst r ea m from ST P 0.6 0.23

1.8 km downstr e

a m from ST P 0.8 0.31

1 km upstre a m of ST P <0.2 <0.08

STP outfall o n ca nal 0.5 0.19 Synthetic

rubber

manufactu re Identified as

medium-chain,

~50% wt. Cl

100 m downst r ea m from ST P on c anal 0.3 0.12

300 m downst r ea m from ST P on c anal 2.8 1.1

300 m downst r ea m from ST P on ri ver 2.0 0.77

700 m downst r ea m from ST P on ri ver 1.3 0.5

1.8 km downstr e

a m 2.7 1.0

Upstream of ST P 6.0 2.3

100m downstr ea m of STP 3.8 1.5

300 m downst r ea m of STP 60.2 23.2 Lubricant

blending/ me tal

working Identified as

medium-chain

~50% wt. Cl.

Actual levels may

be higher as

destructive

interference was

seen in the

analyses. downstream o f STP 65.1 25.0

Upstream of ST P <0.2 <0.08

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.2 <0.08

300 m downst r ea m 43.9 16.9

Downstream of STP <0.2 <0.08 Rubber pro duct

manufactu rer Identified as

medium-chain,

~40-50% wt. Cl

Downstream of STP 16.2 6.2

Upstream of ST P <0.2 <0.08

100 m downst r ea m of STP <0.2 <0.08

300 m downst r ea m of STP <0.2 <0.08 Manufactu rer of

building

sealants/

lubricant

blending No chlorinated

paraffins

detected

Downstream of STP <0.2 <0.08

Upstream of ST P <0.2 <0.08

100 m downst r ea m of STP 32.2 12.4

300 m downst r ea m of STP 60.4 23.2 Control site - no

known uses. Identified as

medium chain,

~45% wt. Cl

1.2 km downstr e

a m of STP 45.0 17.3

Table 3.2 9 contin ued overle af.



## 107

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Table 3.29 co nt inue d

Indust r y C o m m

e n t Sam p l i n g s i t e Measu r e

d

conce n tra t ion of

chlorinate d pa ra ffin

(mg/k g

dry weig ht) Esti mated

c

o n c en t r at

i o n (mg/k g

wet we ig ht)

2 km from ST P di scharge poin t 39.4 15.2

L o

c

k 5 3

. 3

- 6

3

. 0 20.5-24. 2

400 m fr om lock 3.8 1.5 Manufactu rer of

chlorinated

paraffins Identified as a

mixture of shortand

medium-chain

1.8 km from lock 2.0 0.77

2 km from lock 1.6 0.62

Bank, o pposite lo ck

Upstream of lock 6.3 2.4

Upstream of disc harge <0.2 <0.08 Identified as

medium-chain 500 m downst r ea m of discharg e <0.2 <0.08

600 m downst r ea m of discharg e 0.3 0.12

800 m downst r ea m of discharg e 6.1 2.3

1 km downstrea m of discharg e 6.4 2.5

Downstream of di scharge 0.4 0.15

Canal, 1 km west of discharge 0.6 0.23 Identified mai n ly

as short- ch ain,

medium- chain

also present 1.5 0.58

Paint

manufactu rer

Canal, 500 m we st of discharg e n.q. -

Canal, 4 km east of discharge 0.5 0.19 Lubricant

manufactu rer (and oth e r industries)

Brook, 300 m ups tream of ST P 1.6 0.62

Brook, 100 m do wnstream of ST P 0.5 0.19

Brook, 300 m do wnstream of ST P 1.0 0.38

Upstream of ST P <0.3 <0.12

100 m downst r ea m of STP 5.7 2.2 PVC cable

manufactu rer Identified as

medium-chain,

~52% wt. Cl

300 m downst r ea m of STP 12.8 4.9

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P 1 9

. 0 7

. 3

Upstream of ST P 0.8 0.31

100 m downst r ea m of STP 1.8 0.69

300 m downst r ea m of STP 1.8 0.69

Downstream of STP 4.9 1.9 Metal working/

leather finishing Mixture of shortand

medium-chain,

~<60% wt. Cl.

Actual levels may

be higher as

destructive

interference was

seen in the

analyses. Downstream of STP 2.5 0.96

Table 3.2 9 contin ued overle af.



## 108

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Table 3.29 co nt inue d

Indust r y C o m m

e n t Sam p l i n g s i t e Measu r e

d

conce n tra t ion of

chlorinate d pa ra ffin

(mg/k g

dry weig ht) Esti mated

c

o n c en t r at

i o n (mg/k g

wet we ig ht)

Upstream of ST P 0.7 0.27

At STP outfall n.q. -

100 m downst r ea m of STP 21.1 8.12 PVC

production/

paint

manufactu re Identified as a

mixture of shortand

medium-chain

800 m downst r ea m of STP <0.2 <0.08

2.5 km downstr e

a m of STP 5.3 2.0

2.3 km upstr eam of ST P 1.1 0.42

100 m upst r eam of ST P 13.5 5.2

600 m downst r ea m of STP 1.1 0.42 Leather

finishing

chemicals

formulation site Identified mai n ly

as medium-ch a in

1.7 km downstr e

a m of STP 0.8 0.31

2.0 km downstr e

a m of STP 1.9 0.73

D o

w

n s

t r e

a m o f S T P 1

. 0 0

. 3

8

3.0 km downstr e

a m of STP <0.4 <0.15

Upstream of ST P 1.3 0.5 Produc er of

PVC comp ound Identified as

mainly

medium-chain 100 m downst r ea m of STP 18.0 6.9

300 m downst r ea m of STP 25.6 9.8

500 m downst r ea m of STP 58.4 22.5

Backgro und site No chlorinated

paraffins

identified 4 sites <0.2 <0.08

Note: n.q. - Not quantifiable.



## The levels of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins have been m easured in several sedim e nts in

Germ any (Ballschm iter, 1994). The results are shown in Table 3.30 

## . Medium -chain chlorinated

paraffins were detected in a wide range of lo cations at concentrations up to 370 μg/kg dry

weight.

The levels of m e dium

- c hain (C 14- 1 8 

## ) chlorinated paraffins have been also m easured near to a

chlorinated paraffin production site in Ger m an y (Hoechst AG, 1987; Ballschm iter, 1994). The

results are shown in Table 3.30 

## . The levels m easured in the Ri ver Lech in 1987 were sim ilar in

upstream (2,200 μg/kg dry wt.) and downstream (1,700 μg/kg dry wt.) sam p les, and sim ilar

concentrations were also found in another sam p le taken from the River Danube, down stream of

the confluence of the River Lech (1,800 μg/kg dr y wt.). A sim ilar trend was also seen in the

m easured levels found in water in the area (see S ection 3.1.1.3.1). The resu lts indicate that the

production plant was only a m i nor c ontributor to the levels found. Th e levels present in the area

were found to have reduced in the 1994 survey.

109

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Table 3.30 Levels of mediu m -chain chlorina ted paraffins in German sedime nts

Concent r ati on ( μ g/kg dry w e igh t) Locati on

1987 a 

### 1 9 9

4

b



### Bodens ee (middl e) 70 (0-5 c m

dept h )

<10 (5-12 cm dep th)

River Rhein (141 km) at Rheinfeld e n 60

River Rhein (152 km) at Rheinfeld e n , upper layer 140

River Rhein (152 km) at Rheinfeld e n , lower layer 85

River Rhein (853. 8 km), nea r Germ an-Dutch bo rder 205

River Rhein (863. 8 km), nea r Germ an-Dutch bo rder 145

River Main (16.2 km) 260

River Main (at Gri e sheim) 190

River Main (55 k m

) 160

Outer Alst er, Ha mburg 370

River Elbe, Hamb urg (61 0 km) 130

River Elbe, Hamb urg (62 9

.9 km) 230

River Lech, upstr eam from c h lorin a ted par affin pr od uction plant 2,200 <10

River Lech, down s

tream fro m

chlor i nated par affin pr oduction plan t 1,700 325

Note: a) Hoechst AG, 1 987. b) Ballschmite r, 1 994.



## The levels of total chlorinated paraffin (short-, m e dium - and long-chain) have been determ ined

in estuarine sedim e nts from W e stern Europe. In a ll, sam p les from 22 locations were analy s ed

and the m ean total levels found in the <63 μm se dim e nt fraction was 10.5 μg/kg dry weight in

the Mersey and Seine estuaries, 5.5 μg/kg dry weight in the Schelde estuary, 4.8 μg/kg dr y weight in the Liffey river estuary, 3.3 μg/kg dr y weight in the Forth es tuary and 1.2 μg/kg dry

weight in th e Hum b er estuary. Chlo r i nated p a ra ffins were not detected (detection lim it 0.5 μg/kg

dry weight) at the rem a ining 16 sites. Long-chain length chlorinated paraffins were thought to be

the predominant type of chlorinated paraffin found in the sam p les, with only traces of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins being seen in th e sam p les (no indication was given in the

report as to what the levels of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins were) (van Zeijl, 1997).

The levels of com b ined short- and m e dium -chain (i.e. C 10

- 2 0 

## ) ch lorin a ted pa ra ffins have been

m easured in several types of sedim e nt in the United Kingdom, often from the sa m e areas where

water concentrations were also m easured (Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980) . The results of these

analyses are shown in T a bles 3.31 to 3.33 

## . It is not clear from the paper if the levels found are

expressed on a wet weight or dr y weight of sedim e nt basis.

110

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Table 3.31 Concentration of combined sh o

r t- and medium-chain chlorinat ed paraffins (C 10- 20 

### ) in marine sediments

around the UK (Campbell and McConnell, 1980)

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 20 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi ns ( μ g/ kg)

Irish Sea : Site a 100

Irish Sea : Site b ND

Irish Sea : Site c NM

Irish Sea : Site d 100

Irish Sea : Site e ND

Irish Sea : Site f ND

Barmo u

th Harb o

u r 500

Menai St raights, Caernarvon ND

Tremad oc Bay, Ll andanwg ND

North Minch, Ard m air ND

North Minch, Port Bùn á Ghlinne ND

North Minch, Por t of Ness ND

Goile Chròic, Lewis ND

Sound of Ta rans ay, Harris ND

Sound of Arisaig ND

North Se a: N55 o 

### 5.7' W1 o 

### 9.3' ND

North Se a: N57 o 

### 26.2' W1 o 

### 1 7 .0' ND

North Se a: N57 o 

### 56.5' W1 o 

### 2

2

.0' 50

Notes: ND = Not detected ( detecti on limit = 50 μ g/k g

). NM = Not measur ed.



### Table 3.32 Concentration o f combined short- and medium -chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-2 0 

### ) in fresh and other

non-marine sediments remote from industry in th e UK (Campbell and McConnell, 1980)

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 20 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi ns ( μ g/ kg)

River Banwy, Lla ngadfan ND

River Lea, Batfor d 1,000

River Clwyd, Ruthin ND

River Dee, Corwen 300

River Wnion, M e r

i oneth ND

Five drinking wat e r reservoi rs, Ma nchester a r ea ND*

Notes: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 50 μ g/kg). ND*= Not detecte d (detectio n limit 250 μ g/kg ).



## 111

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Table 3.33 Concentration of combined short- and medi um-chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-20 

### ) in sediments in

industrialised areas in the UK (Campbell and McConnell, 1980)

Locati on Concent r ati on o f C 10- 2 0 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi n ( μ g/k g

)

River Aire, Le eds 10,000

River Ouse, Gool e 2,000

River Trent, West Bromwich 6,000

River Trent, Walt on-upon -Tre nt 1,000

River Trent, Swar kestone 14,000

River Trent, New a rk 8,000

River Trent, Gai n sborough 3,000

Humber Est uary, Hull 2,000

Humber Est uary, Stone Cr eek 2,000

Mersey Est uary, New Brighton 3,000

Mersey Est uary, Liverpool Pier He ad 8,000

River Thames, Sanford 1,000

Wyre Estuary ND-1,600

Mersey Est uary, 14 sediment s a m p

les ND

River Tees, Low Dinsdale 300

River Tees, North Gare br eakwater 50

River Tees, Middl esbrough 15,000

Note: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 50 μ g/kg).



## The highest levels (up to 15 m g / kg) of com b ined short- and m e di um -cha in chlorinated paraffins

have been found in sedim e nts from industrialised areas, but they have also been detected in

several sam p les from areas rem o te from industry. The sedim e nt levels from industrial areas are

around 1,000 tim es the levels found in water in th e sam e area. W h en considering the monitoring

data, it should be borne in m i nd that the detect ion lim it for sedim e nt (50 μg/kg) is approxim a tely

100 tim es that for water (0.5 μg/l) in these experim e nts.

Short- and m e dium -cha in (C 10- 20 

## ) chlorinated paraffins have been dete cted at leve ls betwee n

4,000 and 10,000 μg/kg in sewage sludge from th e Liverpool area, but levels were below the

detection lim it (50 μg/kg) in sewage sl udge from the Manchester area (Campbell and

McConnell, 1980).

Chlorinated paraffins (no inform ation given as to type or chain length) were found in 24 out of

51 sedim e nt sam p les fr om Japan in 1979 at le vels of 600-10,000 μg/kg dry wt. In a sim ilar

survey for 1980, chlorinated paraffins were found in 31 out of 120 sedim e nt sa m p les at levels of

500-8,500 μg/kg dry wt. For both sets of analys es, the detection lim it was 500 μ g /kg dry wt.

(Environm ent Agency Japan, 1991).

112

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Murray et al. (1987a and 1987b) reported the results of m oni toring studies carried out near to a

chlorinated paraffin m a nufacturing site and an i ndustry using m e tal working fluids in the United

States. Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins (C 14- 17 

## , 50-60% wt. Cl) were detected at levels of

21,000-50,000 μg/kg dry weight in se dim e nt from an i m poundm e nt lagoon at the production site.

Much lower levels (6.8-8.2 μg/kg dry weight) were detected in stre am s e dim e nts downstream

from the site. Due to analytical in terf erence s, it was not possible to detect chlorinated paraffins at

the site us in g m e tal wor k ing f l uids.

Tom y et al. (1998) report the re sults of Metcalfe-Sm ith et al. (1995), who found that levels of

C 14 

## -C 17 

## chlorinated paraffins were below the de tection lim it (<3.5 m g /kg dry weight) in

sedim e nts from the St. Lawrence River, Canada , taken downstream from a chlorinated paraffin

m a nufacturing plant.

Chlorinated paraffin levels of 30 mg/kg in sewa ge sludge (containing 5% solid m a tter) from an

industrialised area of Zürich a nd 5 μg/kg in sedim e nt from Lake Zürich have been m easured,

based on reference to a commercial C 14- 18 

## , 52% wt. Cl chlorinated paraffin. Chlorinated paraffin

levels of 200 μg/kg were also determ ined in a sam p le of hum an adipose tissu e (Schm i d and

Müller, 1985).

Greenpeace (1995) published the results of a survey of total chlorinated paraffin levels in m u d

sam p les from Rotterdam Harbour, Ham burg Har bour and from mud flats at Kaiser W ilhelm

Koog and Den Helder. The total levels m easured ranged between 25 and 125 μg/kg.

Medium -chain ch lorin a ted paraffins were though t to accoun t for 13-78% of the to tal chlorinated

paraffins present. Using these percentages, th e concentrations of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin can be estim ated as 7-10 μg/kg in Rotte rdam Harbour sam p les, 8 μg/kg in the Ha m burg

Harbour sample, 3 μg/kg in the sam p le from De n Helder and 98 μg/kg in the sam p le from Kaise r

W ilhel m Koog. It is no t clear fr om the pape r if the lev e ls a r e reported on a wet or dry weight

basis.

3.1.1.3.3 Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations



## Bearing in m i nd the possible lim ita tions in the analytical methods used, there is reasonably good

agreem ent between the levels of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins found in surface waters in

the various surveys. It can be concluded that the levels found in the 1980’s in areas close to

industrial activity were of the orde r of 0.5-4 μg/l, with low e r levels of the order of 0.1-0.5 μg/ l

being found in areas m o re rem o te from industry. Th ese levels are reasonably consistent with the

PECs estim ated for local sources and at the regi on level (around 0.389 μg/l). It should be born in

m i nd that, for m a ny of the m easurem ents, it is not cle a r if the repor ted levels r e f e r to th e

concentration in the dissolved pha se or to th e tota l (i. e . disso lv ed phase + particulate p h ase).

More recen t m easurem e n ts (199 4 in Germ any and 1998 in the United Kingdom ) , indicate th at

the concen tration of m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins in the disso lved phase in surface water

is m u ch lower than found in the older surveys. P o ssible reasons for this include the use of better

analytical methods (that are less prone to interferences from ot her substances) and/or a general

reduction in the am ounts of m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins entering into the environm ent as

a result of improved waste m a nagem e nt practices at s ites where th ey are produced or used.

113

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## A m onitoring survey of concentr ations in water and sedim e nt a ssociated with several industrial

uses of m e di um -chain ch lorin a ted paraffins has recently been com p leted in the United Kingdom

. The results of this survey are summarised in Tables 3.22 

## an d 3.29 

## . The concentrations found in

surface water were generally lower (<0.1 μg/l in the disso lv ed phase) th an the predicted levels.

This m a y indicate that the assum p tions used in this assessm ent overestim at e the releases to th e

environm ent (however the sam e a ssum p tions we re also used for the predicted sedim e nt

concentrations, where good agreem ent was found between calculated and m easured

concentratio ns), or m a y reflect th e fact that the water m easurem ents were taken on single spot

sam p les, which would be highly dependent on the dis posal ac tivitie s in operation at th e site at th e

tim e of sa mpling. Therefore, although these sam p les are suggest ive of lower releases, they

cannot be used to overwrite the lo cal release estim a tes at all sites of release in the EU . However,

the m easured levels in w a ter do indicate that the regional concentration in the United Kingdom is

around 0.1 μg/l as a worst case as the sam p les were taken f r om i ndustrial areas and the regional

background concentration would not be susceptib le to tem poral cha nges in site activity.

Although sm aller in scope, a sim ilar “background” level is evident from the 1994 level s

m easured in Germ any. Inform ation on the breakdown of use of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins by country has been provided (see Secti on 2) and indicates that the United Kingdom is

a m a jor (but not the highest) user of m e dium -chain chlorinated p a raffins and so the situation

found in the United Kingdom m a y be representati ve of a reasonable worst case for the PEC regional



## for surface water for Eu rope as a wh ole.

For the sedim e nt level, reasonably good agr eem ent is obtained between the m easured

concentratio ns and the p r edicted con centration s

, particula r ly in the re cen t survey of the United

Kingdom

. The levels m e asured upstream from the si tes of discharge were generally in the range

<0.08-5.2 mg/kg wet weight (approxim a te m ean level of 0.7 mg/kg wet wt) and could be taken

to represent the “background” level in industriali sed areas. These levels can be com p ared with

the es tim ated PEC regiona l 

## of 8.80 mg/kg wet w t ., and are c onsistent with a regional water

concentration of around 0.1 μg/l (e.g. using the equations give n in the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt, a surface water concentration of 0.1 μg /l leads to estim ated sedim e nt concentration s

of around 1. 3 m g /kg wet wt. for sus p ended sedim e nt and 1. 1 m g /kg wet wt. for bul k sedim e nt).

For the sedim e nt sa mples taken downstream from s ources of release the levels were in the range

1-25 m g /kg wet wt. The s e valu es co m p are rea s o n ably well with the es tim a ted PEC lo cals 

## for thes e

activities, even though the water sam p les taken at the site indicated that the levels in water were

genera lly no t detec t able. This m a y ref l ect the f a ct that sedim e nt levels are m u ch less dependent

on the releas es occurring at the tim e of sam p ling than ar e the water sam p les.

In summ ary, the PEC regional 

## f

o r surf ac e water cou l d be taken a s 0.1 μg/l ra ther th an the estim ated

value of 0.389 μg/l. At present both values will be considered in the PEC calculations in o r der

that the sign ificance of the values on the overall re sults of the assessm ent can be clearly seen, but

the value of 0.1 μg/l will be used in the risk c h arac ter i sation. Sim ilarly f o r sedim e nt, both th e

estim ated P E C regional 

## of 8.80 m g /kg/wet wt. and m easured value of around 0.7 m g /kg wet wt. will

be taken into account in the calculations in the risk assessm e nt. For the local assessm ent the

estim ated PEC local 

## s will be used, sup ported by th e m easured values wher e appropr iate.

114

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Som e conc erns have been raised about the po ssibility of natural organohalogens or other

substances interfering with analytical m easure m ent of environm ental co ncentration s . These are

addressed in Section 3.3.5

3.1.2 Terrestrial compartment

3.1.2.1 Predicted levels



## The estim ated concentrations of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins in soil are shown in

Table 3.34 

## . These have been es tim ated using the EU SES programm e . The vast m a jority of the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin is likely to enter soil via adsorption onto and subsequent

spreading of sewage sludge, but for uses wher e atm o spheric em ission s occur (e.g. PVC and

plastics), then these releases can also contribute to the concentr ations found in soil over tim e.

Table 3.34 Estimated conce n trations in soil

Pre d icte d soil c oncen trat ion (m g/kg we t wt) Scen a r i o S t e p C o n c

. i n d r y

sewage s l ud ge (mg/k g

) Agric. s o il 30

days av e. Agric. s o il

180 day s ave. Grassla nd

180 day s ave.

Producti o n S i t e A 0 a 

### negligible d 

### negligible d 

### negligible d



### S i t

e B 0 a 

### negligible d 

### negligible d 

### negligible d



### S i t

e C 0 a 

### negligible d 

### negligible d 

### negligible d



### S i t

e D 0 a 

### negligible d 

### negligible d 

### negligible d



### Compounding

- O 28.7 1.52 (0. 51) b 

### 1.52 (0. 51) e 

### 1.27 (0. 26) e



### Conversion – O 213 4.23 (3. 21) b 

### 4

. 2

3 (3. 21) e 

### 2

. 3

6 (1. 35) e 

### Use in PVC –

plastisol

applications

Combined comp o

unding/

conversion – O 2 4

1 4

. 6

5 (3. 64) b 

### 4

. 6

5 (3. 64) e 

### 2

. 5

3 (1. 51) e



### Compounding

- O 106 2.65 (1. 64) b 

### 2.65 (1. 64) e 

### 1.72 (0. 71) e 

### Use in PVC –

extrusion/oth e r Compounding – PO 575 9.54 (8. 53) b 

### 9

. 5

4 (8. 53) e 

### 4

. 4

9 (3. 48) e



### C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

– C 4 8

. 9 1

. 8 2 (0. 81) b 

### 1.82 (0. 81) e 

### 1.39 (0. 38) e



### Conversion – O 322 5.83 (4. 82) b 

### 5.83 (4. 82) e 

### 3.00 (1. 99) e



### Conversion – PO 345 6.17 (5. 16) b 

### 6.17 (5. 16) e 

### 3.14 (2. 13) e



### Conversion – C 293 5.41 (4. 40) b 

### 5.41 (4. 40) e 

### 2.83 (1. 82) e



### Compounding/c o

nversion – O 428 7.38 (6. 37) b 

### 7.38 (6. 37) e 

### 3.63 (2. 61) e



### Compounding/c o

nversion – PO 920 14.6 (13

. 6) b 

### 14.6 (13

. 6) e 

### 6.53 (5. 51) e



### Compounding/c o

nversion – C 343 6.13 (5. 12) b 

### 6.13 (5. 12) e 

### 3.12 (2. 11) e



### C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 5 3

. 5 1

. 8 8 (0. 87) b 

### 1.88 (0. 87) e 

### 1.41 (0. 40) e 

### Use in

plastics/rubber C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 1 7 8 3

. 7

2 (2. 71) b 

### 3

. 7

2 (2. 71) e 

### 2

. 1 5 (1. 14) e



### C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 2 3

2 4

. 5

1 (3. 5 ) b 

### 4.51 (3. 5 ) e 

### 2.47 (1. 46) e



### Use in sealants Formulation and use - negligible d 

### negligible d 

### Negligible d



### Table 3.3 4 contin ued overle af.



## 115

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.34 co nt inue d

Pre d icte d soil c oncen trat ion (m g/kg we t wt) Scen a r i o S t e p C o n c

. i n d r y

sewage s l ud ge (mg/k g

) Agric. s o il 30

days av e. Agric. s o il

180 day s ave. Grassla nd

180 day s ave.

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1 7 2 3

. 6

3 (2. 62) b 

### 3.63 (2. 62) e 

### 2.11 (1. 10) e



### Industrial ap plication 67.8 2.09 (1. 08) b 

### 2.09 (1. 08) e 

### 1.50 (0. 49) e 

### Use in paints

Domestic application 3.45 × 10 -4 

### negligible d 

### negligible d 

### Negligible d



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 9 5

4 1 5

. 1 (14

. 1) b 

### 15.1 (14

. 1) e 

### 6.7 (5.6 8) e



### Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 379 6.67 (5. 66) b 

### 6

. 6

7 (5. 66) e 

### 3

. 3

2 (2. 31) e 

### Use in metal

cutting/working

fluids

Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 345 6.16 (5. 15) b 

### 6

. 1 6 (5. 15) e 

### 3

. 1 2 (2. 11) e



### Use in emulsifiable fluids 28.7 1.52 (0. 51) b 

### 1.52 (0. 51) e 

### 1.27 (0. 26) e



### Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 3

, 1 2 0 4 7 (46) b 

### 47 (46) e 

### 19.4 (18

. 4) e



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1 1 5 2

. 8

0 (1. 78) b 

### 2.80 (1. 78) e 

### 1.79 (0. 78) e 

### Use in leather fa t

liquors Use – complete p r ocessing of

raw hides 1

, 0 3 0 1 6

. 3 (15

. 3) b 

### 1 6

. 3 (15

. 3) e 

### 7

. 1 7 (6. 16) e



### Use – processing of wet blue 4,140 61.8 (60

. 8) b 

### 61.8 (60

. 8) e 

### 25.4 (24

. 4) e



### Use in carbonles s

copy paper Paper recycling 203 c 

### 4.07 c 

### (3. 06) b,c 

### 4.07 c



### (3.06) b,c 

### 2.29 c



### (1.28) b,c



### Note: a) Sewag e sludg e from p r oduction sites is not appli ed to ag ricultural land.

b) Valu es in ( ) re calculated using t he measur ed re gional nat ur

al soil concentratio n of 0. 088 mg/kg wet wt. (see Section

3.1.2.2).

c) Primary treatm ent (sludge to lan d

fill) followed by biological waste water treat ment (sludge to soil).

d) The process m a kes no significa nt contributio n to the levels in soil.

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## No degradation in soil was assu m e d in th e m o del, and the loca l conc e n tra tions are calcu lated

based on 10 years continual application of sewa ge sludge containing the chlorinated paraffin.

After this tim e period the fraction of the stead y state con centration reached is estim ated as

4.1 × 10 -3 

## (0. 4 %) for agricultu ral soil and 5.6 × 10 -3 

## (0.6%) for grassland. Th is ind i ca tes tha t ov er

prolonged p e riods of exposure (either through atm o spheric depos ition and/o r sew a ge s l udge

applic ation ) higher con centr ation s than pred icte d here could theor e tica lly bu ild up in the so il

com p art m ent if there is no rem oval m echanism for m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins from

soil.

For the inte r m ittent re lea s e scen ario in Table 3.34 

## , the calculation of th e concentration on sludge

assum e s that 93% the chem ical released on th at day is adsorbed onto the am ount of sludge

produced in the waste water treatm e nt plant on th at day. However, the sludge retention tim e of

sludge in the default waste water treatm ent plant is 9.2 days and so the calculation has assum e d

that this slu dge is d ilu ted by a factor of around 9.2 prior to being spread onto the land (the

instantaneous estim ated concentr ation on sludge is 28,700 mg/kg dry weight and so a value of

3,120 m g /kg dry weight is used in the subsequent calculations).

116

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## For the reg i onal sources the followin g concentrat ions in so il were calcu l a t e d ( s e e A p p e n d i x A ) :

agricu ltu ral soil PEC regional( s oil) 

## = 50.4 m g / k g w e t w t

. industrial/natural soil PEC regional( s oil) 

## = 1.10 m g /kg wet wt.

The above regional concentrations do not include the contribution from “waste rem a ining in the

environm ent”. W h en this is inc l uded in the c a lcu l ation the reg i onal con cen tra tions be c o m e :

agricu ltu ral soil PEC regional( s oil) 

## = 53.8-55.8 m g / k g w e t w t

. industrial so il/u rban PEC regional( s oil) 

## = 1 4 7

- 1 7 3 m g / k g w e t w t

natura l soil PEC regional( s oil) 

## = 1.85-2.01 m g /kg wet wt.

In the regional m odel, agricultural soil rece ived input from both se wage sludge and aerial

deposition, whereas the natural soil received input from aerial deposition only. Higher

concentratio ns have been estim ated in the regio n al m odel than in som e of the loca l scena r ios

given in Table 3.34 

## . This is be caus e the conce n tra tions calculated in the regional model are

“steady-state” concentrations, and reflect th e possible build up in soil due to continuous

application over m a ny years (rather than 10 years as is used in the local calculation s ). The m odel

does not g i v e any indication as to th e tim e perio d that m a y be neces sary for these co ncentration s

to be reached (for instan ce if 0.4 % o f steady-s t ate is reached in 10 y ears, then the tim e taken to

reach steady

- state concentrations co uld be of the order of sev e ral thousan ds of years).

3.1.2.2 Measured levels



## No m easured levels of m e dium -chain chlor i nate d paraf f i ns in soil were located in th e litera t ure

. A m onitoring survey of concentrations of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins (and other

chlorinated paraffins) in sewage sludge, soil a nd earthworm s associated with som e uses of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins in the United Kingdo m has recently been com p leted

(CEFAS, 1999) and the re sults are summarised in Table 3.35 

## . The samples used in the study

were collected in the early summ er of 1998. The le vels found in digested se wage sludge prior to

application onto soil were in the range 2.9-93 m g /kg dry weight and the levels found in soil

where the sludge was applied were generally not detected (<0. 1 m g /kg dry weight which is

equivalent to <0.088 m g /kg on a wet weight basis).

Table 3.35 Levels in sewage sludge, agricultural land and earth worms from t he United Kingd om (CEFAS, 19 99)

Locati o n C o m m

e n t Sam p le ty pe Concent r ati o n a



### Digested sewage sludge 2.9 mg/kg dry wei ght

Dried digested se wage sludge

(fertiliser) 27.7 mg/kg dry w e ight

Soil receiving fertiliser <0.1 mg/kg dry weight South West Sewage t r eatme n t plant associate d with

polymers/tar pauli n industry. Soil re ceived

repeate d applicat ion of fertiliser m ade from

sludge.

Earthwor ms <0.1 mg/kg fr esh weight

Digested sewage sludge 12.1 mg d r y weig ht

Soil receiving se wage sludge <0.1 mg/kg d r y weight South East Sewage t r eatme n t plant associate d with

synthetic rubb er and othe r varied

industries. Digest ed sewage fr equ ently

applied to soil. Earthwor ms 0.7 mg/kg fresh weight

Table 3.3 5 contin ued overle af.



## 117

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.35 co nt inue d

Locati o n C o m m

e n t Sam p l e ty p e Concent r ati o n a



### Digested sewage sludge 11.8 mg/kg dry w e ight

Soil receiving se wage sludge <0.1 mg/kg d r y weight Wales Sewage t r eatme n t plants associate d with

formulation and u s e of metal worki ng fluids.

Digested sewage applied to soil Ja nuary

1998. T entatively identified as sh or

t-chain a



### . Earthwor ms <0.1 mg/kg fr esh weight

Digested sewage sludge 17.1 mg/kg dry w e ight

Soil receiving se wage sludge <0.1 mg/kg d r y weight West Midlan ds Sewage t r eatme n t plant associate d with

formulation and u s e of metal worki ng fluids.

Digested sewage frequen tly applie d to soil.

Known to have b een applied Janu ary 1998. Earthwor ms 0.3 mg/kg f r esh weight

Digested sewage sludge 3.4 mg/kg dry wei ght

<0.1 mg/kg d r y weight East Midlan ds Sewage t r eatme n t plant associate d with

rubber productio n

. Sever a l applicat ions of

sludge made duri ng Febr uary 1 9 9

8

.

Earthwor ms <0.1 mg/kg fr esh weight

Digested sewage sludge 1.8 mg/kg dry wei ght

Soil receiving se wage sludge <0.1 mg/kg d r y weight East Anglia Industry sou r ce u n known. Digeste d sewage

frequently applie d to soil.

Earthwor ms 0.5 mg/kg f r esh weight

Digested sewage sludge 6.7 mg/kg dry wei ght

Soil receiving se wage sludge <0.1 mg/kg d r y weight North West Sewage t r eatme n t plant associate d with

formulation and u s e of metal worki ng fluids,

and othe r industri e s. Digested sew age

frequently applie d to soil. Several

applications mad e during 1 997/1 9 98 Earthwor ms <0.1 mg/kg fr esh weight

Digested sewage sludge 93.1 mg/kg dry weight

Soil receiving se wage sludge <0.1 mg/kg d r y weight

Earthwor ms 1.7 mg/kg f r esh weight Soil receiving se wage sludge

North East Sewage t r eatme n t plant associate d with

PVC/oth er indus t r ies. Digested se wage

frequently applie d to soil.

Note a) The actual ide n tity of the residu es present (i.e. m edium-chain or s hort-chain c h lorin a ted par affin) wer e difficult to assign

due to th e high c oncentratio n of c o

-extracte d lipid- s oluble material.



## 3.1.2.3 Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations



## The concentrations m easured in sewage sludge are in reasonable agreem ent with som e of the

predicted levels given in Table 3.34 

## , but the resulting m easured concen tra tion in ag ricu ltur a l soil

is lowe r th a n the p r ed ic ted con centr ation. This is par ticu l ar ly m a rked f o r the pr edic ted reg i onal

concentratio n. One reaso n for this is m a y be due to an unrea listic rem oval (degrada tio n) rate f o r

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins in the EU SES m odel. The calculations in th e m odel,

particula r ly at the reg i onal level, are very se nsitive to the degradation rate (the default

degradation rate constant is 6.93 × 10 -7 

## days -1 

## , corresponding to a half-life of 2,740 ye ars). The

effect of varying the degradation rate in the re gional m odel are shown in Appendix H. From this

analys is, a b i odegrad atio n half -lif e o f the order o f 2 years res u lts in the p r edic ted con centr ation s

that are con s isten t with the av ailable m onitorin g data. Inf o r

m a tion on t h e actual degradation of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffi ns in soil would be useful to indicate whether or not the

substance is like l y to build up in the s o il as indicated by the current m odel.

118

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Since the actual tim e from the last application of sludge to the soil and the collection of soil

sam p les is unknown, it is not possible to es tim ate from the measured data the likely

concentration resulting 30 days after application (a s is needed for the PEC local 

## ) for agricu ltu ral

soil. Theref ore the pred icted PEC locals 

## given in Table 3.34 

## will be use d at present in the risk

characterisation. However, it is clear from t h e m easured data from fields where sludge

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins has been applied over m a ny years that th e

regional “background” concentration is <0.1 m g /kg dry weight (or <0.088 m g /kg wet weight) in

agricu ltu ral soil, which is m u ch lo wer than th e pred icted value. S i m ilar to th e ca se with the

surface water and sed i ment com p artm ents, this value will b e used for the estim a ted PEC regional 

## s

f o r agricu ltu ral and n a tur a l soil in the f u rther calculations and in the risk characterisation.

3.1.3.1 Predicted levels 

## The estim ated regional concentr ation in industrial/urban soil is very high (147-173) when the

“waste rem a ining in the environm ent” contribution is includ ed in the calculation, wh ich reflects

potentially high em issions from this source. Ho wever, there are so m e uncertainties ov er the

actua l (b io)a vailab i lity o f the m e dium -chain chlorina ted pa r a f f i ns relea s ed to th e en vironm ent in

this form , and over the applicability of the available m odels to predic t th e resulting

environm ental concentrations. As discussed above, the half

- lif e f o r degr adation / rem oval in soil

has a large im pact on the pred icted concentrations f o r soil. If a rem oval ha lf -lif e of 2 years is

used in the calculation (as suggested by the analysis carried out in Appendix H), then these

regional concentrations in indus trial/urban soil would be reduced to 0.7-0.8 m g /kg wet wt.

Again, there are large un certainties inherent in th is ca lcula tio n.

3.1.3 Atmospheric compartment



## The concentrations of medium -chain chlorinated pa raf f i ns in the a t m o sphere have been predicted

using EUSES. The local concentrations arise fro m direct em issions of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins from the various industrial processe s involved (em i ssions to air from waste water

treatm ent plants are considered to be negligible due to the phys ico-chem ical properties of the

substance). At the regional and continental leve l, diffuse source rel eases have also been

consider ed in the m odel. These re le ases were id entif ied in S ection 3.1.0. The f u ll ou tput of the

model is given as Appendix A. The predicte d atm o spheric concen tr ations are shown in

Table 3.36 

## . The regional air concentration is estim ated as 3.35 × 10 -6 

## mg / m 3 

## or

5.64-6.12 × 10 -6 

## mg / m 3 

## when the c ontribu tion f r om “waste rem a ining in th e env i ronm ent” is

included.

119

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.34 Estimated air co ncentrations of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins

Air conc ent r atio ns (C local 

### ) (mg/m 3 

### ) Scen a r i o S t e p Esti mated

Atmospher i c

releas e Emis sion epis o d e Annual av era g e PEC air, ann 

### (mg/m 3 

### )

Producti on 5 Sites 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Compounding - O 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a 

### Use in PVC –

plastisol coating Conversion – O 0.185 kg/d ay 5.1 × 10 -5 

### 4

. 2

× 10 -5 

### 4

. 5

× 10 -5



### Compounding/c o

nversion - O 0.185 kg/d ay 5.1 × 10 -5 

### 4.2 × 10 -5 

### 4.5 × 10 -5



### Compounding - O 0.055 kg/d ay 1.5 × 10 -5 

### 1.3 × 10 -5 

### 1.6 × 10 -5 

### Use in PVC –

extrusion/oth e r Compounding - PO 0.3 kg/day 8.3 × 10 -5 

### 6

. 9

× 10 -5 

### 7

. 2

× 10 -5



### Compounding – C 0.026 kg/d ay 7.1 × 10 -6 

### 5.8 × 10 -6 

### 9.2 × 10 -6



### Conversion – O 0.28 kg/day 7.8 × 10 -5 

### 6.4 × 10 -5 

### 6.7 × 10 -5



### Conversion – PO 0.3 kg/day 8.3 × 10 -5 

### 6.9 × 10 -5 

### 7.2 × 10 -5



### Conversion – C 0.255 kg/d ay 7.1 × 10 -5 

### 5.8 × 10 -5 

### 6.1 × 10 -5



### Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.335 kg/d ay 9.3 × 10 -5 

### 7.7 × 10 -5 

### 8.0 × 10 -5



### Compounding/c o

nversion - PO 0.6 kg/day 1.7 × 10 -4 

### 1.4 × 10 -4 

### 1.4 × 10 -4



### Compounding/c o

nversion - C 0.281 kg/d ay 7.8 × 10 -5 

### 6.4 × 10 -5 

### 6.7 × 10 -5



### Use in plastics/ru bber Compounding 0.016 kg/d ay 4.3 × 10 -6 

### 3.5 × 10 -6 

### 6.9 × 10 -6



### C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 1 5 5 kg/d a

y 4.3 × 10 -5 

### 3.5 × 10 -5 

### 3.8 × 10 -5



### C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 1 7 1 kg/d a

y 4.8 × 10 -5 

### 3.9 × 10 -5 

### 4.2 × 10 -5



### Use in sealants Formulation and use 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Use in paints Formulation 0.05 kg/day 1.4 × 10 -5 

### 1.1 × 10 -5 

### 1.4 × 10 -5



### Industrial ap plication 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Domestic applica t ion 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0 k g

/ d

a

y negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a 

### Use in metal

cutting/working fl uids Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 0 kg/day negligible a 

### n e

g l i g i b l e

a 

### n e

g l i g i b l e

a



### Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Use in emulsifiable fluids 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 0 kg/day negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 3

5 k g

/ d

a

y 9.7 × 10 -5 

### 8.0 × 10 -5 

### 8.3 × 10 -5 

### Use in leather fa t

liquors Use – complete p r ocessing of

raw hides 0 kg/day negligible a 

### n e

g l i g i b l e

a 

### n e

g l i g i b l e

a



### Use – processing of wet blue 0 negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Use in carbonles s

copy paper Paper recycling 0 negligible a 

### negligible a 

### negligible a



### Note: a) The process m a kes no significa nt contributio n to the levels in air.

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## 120

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.1.3.2 Measured levels



## No m easured levels for m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins in air have been found in the

literature.

3.1.4 Non-compartmental sp ecific exposure relevan t to the food chain

3.1.4.1 Predicted levels

Table 3.37 Estimated conce n trations in fish and earthworms for secondary poisoning 

## The levels of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins in fish a nd earthworm s for the secondar y poisoning assessm ent have been calculated by E U SE S using the m e thods given in the Technical

Guidance D o cum e nt. The calculations have b e en car rie d o u t twic e: f i r s tly u s ing the estim a ted

PEC regional 

## s of 0.389 μg/l for surface water and 50.4 m g /kg wet wt. for agricu ltural soil (slightly

higher values would be obtai ned if the estim ated PEC regional 

## s with the co ntribu tion f r o m “waste

rem a ining in the environm ent” were used); and secondly using regional c oncentrations based on

the m easured data of 0.1 μg/l fo r surface water an d 0.088 m g /kg wet wt. for agricultural soil. The

latter values are cons idered to be m o st appropriate for considerati on in the risk characterisation.

For the concentration in fish, a m easured BCF of 1,087 l/kg was used in the calculations. For the

levels in ear thworm s, an earthworm -soil bioa ccu mulation factor of 5.6 kg/kg wet wt. was used,

as estim ated in Section 3.1.0.5. As was noted in Section 3.1. 0.5, the bioaccum u lation potential of

m e dium -cha in chlo rinated paraffins, although s t ill a ppreciab l e, appears to be lower than would

be expected based on the high log Kow value, and also appears to reduce with increasing degree

of chlorination. The predicted concentrations are shown in Table 3.37



## .

The concentrations of medium -chain chlorinate d paraffins in food and other m e dia for hum an

consum ption have been estim ated using EUSES and are shown in Table 4.1 

## in Section 4.

Pre d icte d co nce n trat ion i n fis h

(mg/k g

wet w t ) Pre d icte d co nce n trat ion i n

earthw o rms( mg/ k

g wet wt ) Scen a r i o S t e p

Based on

estima t ed

regio n al wa ter

conc. d 

### Based on

measu red

regio n al wa ter

conc. e 

### Based on

estima t ed

regio n al s o il

conc. d 

### Based on

measu red

regio n al s o il

conc. e



### Site A 0.43 0.11 negligible c 

### negligible c



### 0.46 0.15 negligible c 

### negligible c



### Site C 0.50 0.19 negligible c 

### negligible c



### Site D 0.42 0.11 negligible c 

### negligible c



### Compounding - O 0.43 0.13 145 1.7

Conversion – O 0.58 0.26 153 9.3 Use in PVC –

plastisol coating

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.60 0.28 154 10.4 Site B Producti on

Table 3.3 7 contin ued overle af.



## 121

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.37 co nt inue d

Pre d icte d co nce n trat ion i n fis h

(mg/k g

wet w t ) Pre d icte d co nce n trat ion i n

earthw o rms( mg/ k

g wet wt ) Scen a r i o S t e p

Based on

estima t ed

regio n al wa ter

conc. d 

### Based on

measu red

regio n al wa ter

conc. e 

### Based on

estima t ed

regio n al s o il

conc. d 

### Based on

measu red

regio n al s o il

conc. e



### Compounding - O 0.50 0.19 149 4.8

Compounding – PO 0.84 0.52 168 24.1

Compounding – C 0.46 0.14 146 2.5

0.66 157 13.7

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n

– PO 0

. 6

7 0

. 3

6 1 5 8 1 4

. 7

Conversion – C 0.63 0.32 156 12.6

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.73 0.42 162 18.1

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n

– P O 1

. 0 9 0

. 7 7 1 8 2 3 8

. 3 Use in PVC –

extrusion/oth e r

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 0.67 0.36 158 14.6

0

. 1 5 1 4 6 2

. 7

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 5

5 0

. 2

4 1 5 2 7

. 8 Use in

plastics/rubber

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 5

9 0

. 2

8 1 5 4 1 0

. 0

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible c 

### negligible c 

### negligible c 

### negligible c



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 5

5 0

. 2

3 1 5 1 7

. 6

Industrial ap plication 0.47 0.16 147 3.3 Use in paints

Domestic application negligible c 

### negligible c 

### negligible c 

### negligible c



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1

. 1 1 0

. 8

0 1 8 3 3 9

. 7

0.70 0.38 160 16.1

0.67 158 14.7

Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.44 0.13 145 1.7 Use in metal

cutting/working

fluids

Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 0

. 8

4 0

. 5

2 272 a 

### 129 a



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 5

1 0

. 1 9 1 4 9 5

. 2

Use – complete p r ocessing of

raw hides 1

. 1 7 0

. 8

6 1 8 7 4 3

. 0 Use in leather fa t

liquors

Use – processing of wet blue 3.41 3.10 314 171

Use in carbonles s

copy paper Paper recycling 0.54 b 

### 0

. 2

3 b 

### 152 b 

### 8.8 b 

### Conversion – O 0.34

Compounding 0.46

Use in oil-based f l uids (large)

Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 0.36

Note: a) Assum e

s diluti on of sewage slu dge at wwtp bef o

r e application to s o

il (see Secti on 3

. 1.2.1).

b) Prim ary tre a tm ent (sludge to lan d

fill) followed by biological waste water treat ment (sludge to soil).

c) The p r ocess m a kes no significa nt contributio n to the levels in fish/ e

a r

t h w

o

r m

s

. d) Using the esti mated PEC μg/l fo r water and 5 0

.4 m g

/kg wet wt. for s o

il.

r egi onal 

### s of 0.389

e) Using the me a s

ured re gional co ncentrations of 0. 1 μg/l for wat e r a nd 0.088 mg/kg wet wt. for soil.

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## 122

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.1.4.2 Measured levels



## Recently an in-dep th stu dy of the levels of m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins in industrial areas

of the United Kingdom has been carried out (CEFAS, 1999). The m a in purpose of the study was

to determ ine the concentrations of m e dium -c hain (and short-chain where found) chlorinated

paraffins in surface water, sed i m e nt, biota and soil associated with their indu strial use. The

sam p ling sites wer e c hosen with rega rds to their proxim ity to known sources/users of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. Sam p les were collected during early summ e r 1998. The

levels found in biota are shown in T a ble 3.38 

## . T h e levels found in surf ace water, sedim e nt and

soil ( i nc luding earthwor m s) are repo rted in the a ppropria te S ection s of this repo rt.

Table 3.38 Levels of ch lorin a ted paraffins in fish and benthos in the United Kingdom, related to sources (CEFAS, 1999)

Indust r y C o m m

e n t /ten tat i v

e

identif i cati o n a 

### Sam p le Concent r ati on o f chlo rina ted

paraf f in ( m

g/k g

f

r esh w e igh t)

Polymers/ t a rpaul ins Fish: roach muscle <0.2

Synthetic r ubber

manufactu re F i s h : p e r

c

h m u

s c

l e < 0

. 2

Metal working Fish: flounde r mu scle <0.1

Benth o

s: 90% Hindinae + Lymn ae idae 0.3

Fish: roach muscle 0.6

Fish: eel muscle 0.7 Lubricant ble ndin g

/

metal working Possibly medium -chain

- levels could not be

accurately qu antif ied

due to inte rfere n c e

s.

Fish: pike liver 2.8

Benth o

s: 25% Sp aeridae, 1 3 %

Hindinae, 9% G a mmanidae, 25%

Asellidae, 17 % Planerbidae , 9%

Valvatidae, 2% Si alidae 0.3 Sealant and a dhe sive

manufactu re Possibly short-c h

ain.

Fish: roach liver <0.1

Benth o

s: 2% Vivi paridae, 1 6 %

Lymnaeidae, 5% Gammanidae , 16 %

Asellidae, 3 %

Zy goptera, 5% Cori xidae,

16% Chiron omid ae, 8% Cad d is, 3 %

Beetle, 16% Hind inae, 8% Hydr obii dae. 0.1

Fish: roach muscle <0.1 Rubber pro duct

manufactu rer Possibly

medium-chain.

Fish: eel liver <0.2

Manufactu rer of

building sealants/

lubricant blen ding F i s h : r o

a c

h m u

s c

l e < 0

. 1

Benth o

s: 18 % Chironomidae , 71 %

Lymnaeidae, 7% Asellidae, 4 %

Sphae ndae 0.5 Control site - no k

nown

uses. Possibly medium -chain

Fish: carp m u

scle 0.5

Table 3.3 8 contin ued overle af.



## 123

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.38 co nt inue d

Indust r y C o m m

e n t /ten tat i v

e

identif i cati o n a 

### Sam p le Concent r ati on o f chlo rina ted

paraf f in ( m

g/k g

f

r esh w e igh t)

Benth o

s: 90 % Chironomidae , 8%

Gamanidae, 2% Lymnaeidae 0.1 Manufactu rer of

chlorinated p a raff ins Possibly mixture of

short- an d mediu mchain Fish: eel liver 0.2

Lubricant

manufactu rer(a n d other

industries) Possibly short-c h

ain. Benth o

s: 95 % G a mmanidae, 5%

Chironomidae 0.1

PVC cable

manufactu rer Possibly

medium-chain. Benth o

s: 90% Sp aeridae, 5 %

Lymnaeidae, 5% Hirudinae 0.8

Metal working/ le ather

finishing Possibly mixture of

short- an d

medium-chain. Benth o

s: 50% As ellidae, 40%

Chironomidae, 5 %

Tipulidae, 4%

Hirudinae, 1% Ly mnaeidae 0.5

Metal working sit e

s Possibly short-c h

ain. Benth o

s: 60 % Ol igochaetes, 2 0

%

Chironomidae, 1 6 % Lymna e idae, 4%

Sphae ridae. <0.05

Fish: whole, Ston e Loach 5.2

Possibly mixture of

short- an d mediu m

chain. Benth o

s: 95% As ellidae, 5%

Oligochaetes 0.7

Leather finishing

chemicals formul ation

site Benth o

s: 65% Sp haeridae, 265

Lymnaeidae, 3% Planorbi dae, 2 %

Corixidae, 2% Si alidae, 2% Hinidi nae,

2% Valvatidae <0.05

<

0

. 0

5

Fish: eel liver <0.05

Backgro und site Fish: eel muscle <0.05 PVC pr oduction/ paint

manufactu re

Fish: roach muscle

Note a) The actual ide n tity of the residu es present we re difficult to assign due to th e high c oncentratio n of c o

-extracte d

lipid-soluble mate rial. Tentative ide n tity based o n th

e chlorinated par affins found in se diment in the are a

.



## Levels of com b ined short- and medium -chain (i.e. C 10- 20 

## ) chlorinated paraffins have been

m easured in seal, m a rine shellfish and salt and freshwater fish from around the United Kingdom

(Cam pbell and McConnell, 1980). The result s of the analyses are shown in Table 3.39 

## . The

sam e authors also deter m ined the levels of C 10- 20 

## chlorinated paraffins in several other parts of

the (hum an) food chain. The results of these analyses are shown in Table 3.40 to 3.43



## .

124

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.39 Concentrations of combined sh ort- and medium-chain chlorin a ted paraffins (C 10-2 0 

### ) in aquat ic organisms

(Campbell and McConnell, 198 0).

Spec ies No. of sp ecim e n s Concent r ati on o f C 10- 20 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi n

Mean (μ g/kg ) Range (μ g/kg)

Plaice ( Pleuron ec

tes platessa ) 6 30 N D

- 2 0

0

Pouting ( Trisopt e r

us luscus ) 4 1 0 0 N D

- 2 0

0

3

, 2

5

0 100-12, 0 0

0

Pike ( Es

ox lucius ) 2 2 5 N D

- 5 0

Grey seal (liver a nd blubbe r)

( Halichoerus gryp us

) 4 7 5 4 0

- 1 0 0 Mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) 9

Note: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 50 μg/kg).



### Table 3.40 Concentration of combined sh ort- and mediu m

-chain chlorin a ted paraffins (C 10-2 0 

### ) in seab irds' eggs a 

### (Campbell and McConnell, 198 0)

Concent r ati on ( μ g / k

g

) No of eg gs co nt aining C 10- 20 

### chl o rina ted para ffi ns

7

5

0 3

1 0

0 3

2

0

0 5

3 0

0 1

4

0

0 2

6

0

0 1

>600 (=2,00 0 μ g/ kg) 1 Not detected (<5 0 μ g/kg)



### Note : Species include d in study were: Co rmorant ( Phalocrocorax carbo ); G annet ( M

o

rus bas sanus ); Gre a t sk ua ( Cathar acta s k ua

);

Guillemot ( Uria aalge ); Kit t iwake ( Rissa tridactyla ); Puffin ( Fratec ula arctica ); Manx s h

earwater ( Puffin u s puffinus ); Razorbill

( Alca tor d

a

) a nd Shag ( Ph

alacroc o

rax aristotelis ).



### Table 3.41 Concentration of combined short- and medium-chain chlorinate d

paraffins (C 10- 20 

### ) in birds (Campbell and

McConnell, 198 0)

Speci e s O r g a n Concent r ati on o f C 10- 20 

### chlorinat e

d pa raffi ns ( μ g/ kg wet we ight )

Heron ( Ardea cin e rea ) L i v e r 100-1,2 0

0

Guillemot ( Uria aalge ) L i v e r 100-1,1 0 0

Herring gull ( La ru s

argentat us

) L i v e r 2 0

0

- 9

0

0



## 125

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.42 Concentration of combined sho r t- and medium -chain chlorinat ed paraffins (C 10- 2 0 

### ) in human foodstuffs

(Campbell and McConnell, 198 0)

Foods tuff class No of sa mples

analyse d * 

### Average conc en trati on of C 10- 2 0 

### c

h lori nate d pa raf f ins

( μ g/kg )

Dairy products 13 300

Veget able oils an d derivatives 6 150

Fruit and vegeta b l es 16 5

Bevera g e

s 6 N D

Note: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 50 μ g/kg), * 

### det ected in ap proxi m ately 70% of sa mples analysed.



### Table 3.43 Concentration of combined short- and medium-chain ch lorinated paraffins (C from areas nea r to and remote from a chlorinated paraffin production plant (Campb ell and McConn ell, 1980)

Organ anal ysed 10 -20



### ) in sheep

Locati on o f she e p Average conc en trati on of C 10- 20 

### c

h lori nate d

paraf f in ( μ g/k g

)

Remote from in d u

stry Liver, brain, kid n e

y,

mesenteric fa t ND

H e

a r

t N D Close to a chlorin a ted par affin pr od uction plant

Liver 200

L u n g N D

M

e

s e n

t e r

i c fa t 5 0

K i d n e

y 5 0

P e r i n

e p

hritic fat N D

Note: ND = Not detecte d (detectio n limit = 50 μ g/kg).



## Levels of to tal (C 10- 24 

## ) chlorinated paraffins in food, fish a nd m a rine anim als have been reported

by Greenpeace (1995 ). The total levels m easured (on a f a t weight b a si s) were 271 μg/kg in

m ackerel, 62 μg/kg in fish oil (herring), 98 μg/kg in m a rgarine containing fish oil, 16-114 μg/kg

in comm on porpoise, 963 μg/kg in fin whale, 69 μg/kg in pork, 74 μ g /kg in cow s m ilk and

45 μg/kg in hum an breast m ilk. Medium -chain ch lorinated paraffins we re thought to m a ke up

between 6 and 29% of the total ch lorinated paraffins found. The c oncentrations of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins present can be estim ated from the data as 46 μg/kg in m ackerel, 12 μg/kg in

fish oil, 28 μg/kg in m a rgarine, 3-7 μg/kg in porpoise, 144 μ g /kg in fin whale, 11 μg/kg in pork

f a t, 16 μg/k g in cows m ilk and 7 μg/kg in m o ther s ’ m ilk. Further deta ils of the an alysis of the

mothers’ m ilk sam p les have recently becom e av ailable (UBA, 2001). The analysis of m o thers’

m ilk was carried out on pooled sam p les from six fish-eaters (who ate fish a m i ni m u m of once per

week) and two non-fish-eaters (who ate fish a ma xim u m of once a m ont h). Sim ilar results were

obtained for both groups (the total chlorinated paraffin content of th e fish-eating group was

50.4 μ g/kg lipid, com p ared to 40.5 μ g/kg lipid in the non-fish-eaters; the low sa m p le size m eant

that it was n o t possib l e to determ ine if any signif i cant d i f f e rences were a pparent b e tween the tw o

groups). The fat content of the mothers m ilk wa s 2.8% in the fish-eaters and 4.3% in the

non-fish-eaters. The average chlorine content of the chlorinated paraffins detected was reported

to be around 33% (although a value of 50% appears to have been assum e d in the determ ination

126

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## of chlorinated paraffin concentrations of th e sam p les). The occurrence of medium -chain

chlor i nated paraf f i ns in m o thers m ilk and cows m ilk are con s idered furth e r in the Hum a n Health

Assessm ent. Industry commissioned an independent critique of the an alytical m e thod used in this

study. This highlighted the potential uncertain ties with the m e thod and the findings are

summarised in Appendix D.

Concent r ati on*

(μg/kg lipid ) 

## In a survey of 108 fish s a m p les from Japan, chlo rinated paraffins (of uns pecified type) were not

found in any of the sa mples analysed (detecti on lim it 500 μg/kg wet wt.) (Environm e n t Agency

Japan, 1991).

Murray et al. (1987a) reported the re sults of m o nitoring of chlorinated paraffin levels in m u ssels

( 

## Unionidae sp.) collected downstream of a chlorinated p a raf f in m a nuf acturing site in the United

States. The level of m e dium -cha in (C 14- 17 

## , 50-60% Cl) chlorinated paraffin detected was

170 μ g/kg com p ared with <7 μ g/kg upstream of the discharge.

Jansson et al. (1993) reported th e occurrence of chlorinated pa raffins (of unspecified chain

length, with 6-16 chlorine atom s/ molecule) at levels of 570-1,600 μ g/kg lipid in fish and

130-280 μ g/kg lipid in seal from in and around Sweden. In addition they also reported levels of

chlorinated paraffins of 2,900 μ g/kg lipid in rabbit m u scle, 4,400 μ g/kg lipid in m o ose m u scle,

140 μ g/kg in reindeer suet and 530 μ g/kg in osprey m u scle in pooled sam p les from the same

area. The results are sho w n in Table 3.44



## .

Table 3.44 Concentrations of chlorinated p a raffins (unspecified cha i n lengt h) in pooled sa mples from in a nd around

Sweden (Jansson et al., 1993)

Sam p l e N u m b e r o f

sample s Locati on/d a t e l i p i d

conte n t

Whitefish muscle 35 Lake St orvindeln, Lapland, 1986 0.66% 1,000

Arctic char muscle 15 Lake Vä ttern, Ce ntral Swed en, 19 87 5.3% 570

Herring muscle 100 Bothnia n Se a, 19 86 5.4% 1,400

Herring muscle 60 Baltic prop er, 19 8

7 4.4% 1,500

Herring muscle 100 Skager rak, 19 87 3.2% 1,600

Ringed seal blub ber 7 Kongsfjo r den, Sv albard, 19 81 88% 130

Grey seal blubb e r 8 Baltic Se a, 197 9- 85 74% 280

Rabbit muscle 15 Revingehed, Skå ne, 1986 1.1% 2,900

Moose muscle 13 Grimsö, Väst tma n land, 198 5-86 2.0% 4,400

31 Ottsjö, Jämtland, 1986 56% 140

Osprey muscle 35 Sweden, 1982- 19 86 4.0% 530 Reindeer suet

Note: *Refers to c h lorin a ted par affins wit h 6-16 chlo rine at oms and so may contain chlorina te d paraffins other t han C 14- 17



### .



## Tom y et al. (1998) report the re sults of Metcalfe-Sm ith et al. (1995), who found that levels of

C tion lim it (<3.5 m g /kg) in Zebra Mussel from

14 

## -C 17 

## chlorinated paraffins were below the detec

127

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## the St. Law r ence River, Canada, taken downstr eam from a chlorinated paraffin m a nufacturing

plant.

Recent data on the levels of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffin in beluga whale ( 

## Delphinapterus

leucas ), rainbow trout ( 

## Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and ca rp ( 

## C y

prinus carpio ) from Canada have

been reported (Bennie et al., 2000 ). For the whale, 37 blubber sa m p les and 6 liver samples from

25 individuals were analysed for C e samples were taken from

dead anim als from the St. Lawrence River between 1987 and 1991. The fish samples were all

taken from Lake Ontario in 1996 and 3 car p and 10 trout were analysed (whole body

hom ogenates). The levels are shown in Table 3.45 

## . The authors indicated that m e thod used

(involving low resolution m a ss spectrom e try) m a y be more subject to anal ytical interferences

from other organohalogen com pounds than som e of the m e thods us ed in other analyses (fo r

exam ple the authors ind i cate that an alytical inte rferences m a y explain why their data for shortchain chlorinated paraffins in Beluga whale sam p les obtained using this method were one or two

orders of magnitude higher than those obtai ned by other workers using high resolution m a ss

spectrom e try on the sam e sa m p les). Therefore the results of this study should be treated with

caution. 14

- 1 7 

## chlorinated paraffins and th

Table 3.45 Levels of mediu m -chain chlorina ted paraffins in b i ota from Canad a (Bennie et al., 2000)

Species Sample Lipid content Concentration of medium-chain c h lorinated

paraffin ( m

g/kg w e

t wt.)

Blubber samples from 15 f e males t a ken

from mid de pth of the subcut aneou s fat 81-91% rang e

86.2% m ean 1.78-79. 0 ran ge

20.5 mea n

68-96% rang e

83.5% m ean 15.8-80. 0 ran ge

39.1 mea n

Liver samples fr o

m

3 females 11-32% rang e 0.55-20. 9 ran ge

Liver samples fr o

m

3 males 20-52% rang e 2.74-5.8 2 ran ge

Carp

( Cyprinus carpio ) Whole b ody hom ogenates f r om 3

individuals 12-19% rang e

16% me an 0.276-0. 563 r ang e

0.393 me an

Trout

( Oncorhynchus

mykiss ) Whole b ody hom ogenates f r om 1 0

individuals 1.23 mea n 18-30% rang e

24% me an 0.257-4. 39 ra nge Beluga whale

( Delphinapter us

leucas )

Blubber samples from 10 m a les ta ken

from mid de pth of the subcut aneou s fat



## 3.1.4.3 Comparison of predicted and measured levels



## Little inf o r

m ation appears to be av ailab l e on th e levels of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

alone in biota sam p les. Most sam p les have been an alysed fo r a rang e of ch lorinated paraffins that

includes the m e dium -chain ones combined with othe r types. This m eans that the levels found of

tota l ( e .g. C 10- 20 

## ) chlorinated paraffins cannot be comp ared d i re c tly with th e pred icted

concentrations in fish and food.

A m onitoring survey has recently been co mpleted within the United Kingdom

, looking

specif i ca lly at th e lev e ls of the m e dium -chain (and short-chain) chlorina ted paraffins in biota

sam p les collected near to possible s ources of rel ease. The results of this survey are summ arised

in Table 3.38 

## . In this survey, the levels found in aquatic organism s were in the range

128

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## <0.1-5.2 m g /kg wet weight (with the highest leve ls being tentatively id entified as short-ch ain

chlor i nated paraf f i n) which is s lig htly lowe r than, but in reasonab l e agreem ent with, th e

predictions. Further, the survey also included m o nitoring of ea rthworm s from soil where sewage

sludge containing m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns had been applied. The levels found in the

earthworm s were in the r a nge <0.1-1. 7 m g /kg wet weight, which is in re as onable agr e e m ent with

the levels predicted. However, it should be not ed that the method used could not unambiguously

determ ine the exact id entity (e.g. m e dium -chain or short-chain) of the chlorinated paraffin

present in a l l of these sa m p les.

The predic te d concentrations will be used in th e r i sk asse ssm ent.

129

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.2 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT: HAZ ARD I D ENTIFICATI O N AND DOSE

(CONCENTRATION) - RESPON SE (EFFECT) ASSESSMENT

3.2.1 Aquatic compartmen t

3.2.1.1 Toxicity to fish



## The toxicity of m e dium

- c ha in ch lorinated pa raf f i ns to f i sh is sum m a rised in Table 3.46.



## Lindén et al. (1979) studied the toxicity of three m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins to the Bleak

( 

## Alburnus alburnus ) in brackish water. The tests were carried out under static cond itio ns without

aeration at 1 0 o 

## C. Acetone was used a s cosolvent (up to 500 μl/l). The water used for the test was

taken from a nearby bay and had a pH of 7.8, a salinity of 7‰ and a dissolved oxygen

concentratio n of 5 m g /l at the e nd of the test. Based on the con centrations of test substance

initially added, the 96-hour LC 50 

## ’s were determ ined as >10,000 mg/l for a C 14- 17 

## , 52%

chlorinated paraffin, >5,000 m g /l for a C 14- 1 7 

## , 50% chlorinated paraffin, and >5,000 mg/l for a

C 15. 5 

## , 40% Cl chlorinated paraffin (the C 15. 5 

## probably refers to the m ean carbon chain length in

the comm er cial m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffin).

Bengtsson et al. (1979) also studied the toxicity of a me dium -chain chlorinated paraffin to

Bleaks ( 

## Alburnus alburnus ) as part of a bioaccum u lation study. The chlorin a ted paraffin tested

was a C 14- 17 

## , 50% wt. Cl substance. The tests were perform e d at 10 o 

## C using a sem i -static

procedure in which the test so lutions containing 125 μg/l of the substance were renewed every

two to three days over the 14-day exposure period. The water used in the experim e nt was Baltic

Sea water w ith a salinity of 7‰, and aceton e was pr esen t in all aq uaria, includ ing co ntrols at a

concentration of 0.1 m l / l . The fish used in the experim e nt had an average weight of 4.5 g and

were not fed during the exposure period. Six groups of 15 fish were used for both the exposure

and control solutions. No m o rtality or effect on behaviour was seen in fish exposed to the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin during the test.

Hoechst A G (1976 and 1977) reported the results of acute toxicity tests using several

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins with Golden Orfe ( 

## Leuciscus idus ). Few details of the tests

are availab l e and so it is not possible to validate these da ta. The r e sults are r e ported in

Table 3.46 

## as supporting inform ation.

The toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl paraffin to Rainbow Trout ( 

## Oncorh ynchus mykiss ) has been

studied over 60 days in a GLP study (Madeley et al., 1983b). The s ubstance tested was a

commercial product m i xed with a n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C tha t had b een chlor i nated to a s i m ilar

degree. Two concentrations were tested; 1.05 m g /l and 4.5 m g /l, both based on m ean m easure d

concentrations over the 60 day period and 30 fish (approxim a te weight/fish = 2 g at start of test)

were used per concentration. A cetone (500 ppm v/v - this concentr ation was required to m a intain

the tes t subs tance in sus p ension) was used as cosolvent and a flow-through system was used for

the te st.

130R331_0208_envTable3.46Toxicity to fishSpeciesResultSubstancetestedCommentsReferenceAlburnusalburnus(bleak)C, 40% Cl15.5Nominal concentration; acetonecosolvent (0.5ml/l);statictest96h-LC50>5,000mg/lLindén etal. (1979)14-17, 50% ClNominal concentration; acetonecosolvent (0.5ml/l);statictest50Lindén etal. (1979)14-17, 52% ClNominal concentration; acetonecosolvent (0.5ml/l);statictest96h-LC50>10,000 mg/lLindén etal. (1979)14-17,Nominal concentration; brackish water;acetone cosolvent(0.1 mg/l); semi-staticlimit testNot toxic at 0.125mg/l over 14daysLeuciscus idus(golden orfe)Hoechst AG (1976)C14-17, 41% Cl(Chlorparaffin40fl.nv)Substance addeddirectly to testmediumHarmful threshold (48 hour) = 400mg/lC14-17, 41% Cl*(Hordalub 70VT)Harmful threshold (48 hour) = >500mg/lHoechst AG (1977)C14-17, 49% Cl(Hordalub 80EM)Harmful threshold (48 hour) = >500mg/lHoechst AG (1977)Oncorhynchus mykiss(rainbowtrout)C14-17, 52% Cl, mixed with an-pentadecane-8-14C, 51% ClAcetonecosolvent (500ppm v/v);measured concentrations; flow-throughsystem;No adverse effects at 4.5 mg/l over60daysMadeley et al.(1983b)Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka)C14H23.3Cl6.7, 55% Cl,14C-labelledStatic test;measured concentrationsNo adverse effects on embryosor larvaeat up to1.6 mg/lover 20 daysFisk et al., 199914H24.9Cl5.1,48%ClStatic test; concentrations estimatedfrom measurements with14C-C14H23.3Cl6.7No adverse effects on embryosor larvaeat up to3.4 mg/lover 20 daysFisk et al., 1999C96h-LC>5,000mg/lCC50% ClBengtsson et al.(1979)CNote:* Preparation containing chlorinatedparaffinandPEG also.131

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## The other test conditions we re pH=7.4-8.6, dissolved oxygen=9.4-11.4, tem p erature=12±1 o 

## C and

water hardness=42-71 mg/l as CaCO 3 

## . As well as m o rtality in the test, the “norm a l” behaviour o f

the fish was qualitatively asses s ed (by com p ar ison with co ntrols ) in te rm s of a) swim m i ng

behaviour; b) general behaviour of individuals (e.g. intense activity, sluggishness, quiescence,

position in test vessel); c) response to presence of food; d) skin pigm enta tion changes. During the

test, an insignificant nu mber of fish died (2 fish escaped fro m the tanks - one from the acetone

control and one from t h e 4.5 m g /l treatm ent; one death o ccurred in the 4.5 m g /l treatm ent).

Further, overall no significant di fference in the behaviour of the exposed fish com p ar ed with the

control populations was seen. On days 5, 8 and 9, a few individuals in the 4.5 m g / l treatm ents

showed a sluggish response to the presence of f ood but this was transient and disappeared after

day 9 and was not considered tr eatm ent related

. The report also gave infor m ation on the fish

growth (weights and length) during the study. Alt hough the data was not analysed statistically in

the repor t, it did show th at little or no effect on growth (com pare d with controls) occurred during

the experim e nt (m ean weights at end of study w e re 9.46 g in controls, 9.23 g in acetone control,

8.76 g in 1 mg/l exposure group and 8.41 g in 5.6 m g /l exposure group; m ean length at end of

study were 84.2 mm in contro ls, 81. 2 mm in acet one con t rols, 82.0 mm in 1 m g /l exposure grou p

and 78.0 mm in 5.6 mg/l exposure group). Overall, little or no effect was seen on fish exposed

for 60 days at 4.5 m g /l.

A toxicity test using em br yos of Japanese m e daka ( 

## Oryz ias latip es ) is also availab l e (Fisk et al.,

1999). This study used a series of chlorinated paraffins with single ca rbon chain lengths and

known chlorine contents. Two C 14 

## -com pounds were synthesised. The first compound was

synthesised by the chlorination of 1,13-tetradecadiene, and so the pos itions of the chlorine atom s

along the m o lecule were generally k nown. The com position of this produ ct was:

4 5 % C

1

. 9 % C Average formula C 14 

## H 24

. 9 

## Cl 5. 1 

## 48% wt. Cl consisting of;

10.5% 1,2,13,14-tetrachlorotetradecane (42.3% w t . Cl)

74.3% x,1,2,13,14-pentachloro t etrad ecane (47.7 % wt. Cl)

14.2% x,y,1,2,13,14-hex achloro tetradecane (52.6 % wt. Cl)

1.0% x,y,z,1

, 2,13,14-hep t achlo rotetradecane (56.4 % wt. Cl)

where x,y, and z are un identified po sition s on th e carbon ch ain.

The second com pound was synthesised by the free radical chlorination of 1- 14 

## C-tetrad ecane, and

resulted in a m o re com p l e x m i xture. The com pos ition of this product was:

Average f o r m u l a 14 

## C-C 14 

## H 23. 3 

## Cl 6. 7 

## 5 5 % w t

. C l c o n s i s t i n g o f ;

0

. 2 % C 14 

## H 26 

## Cl 4 

## ( 4 2

. 3 % w t

. C l )

4

. 4 % C 14 

## H 25 

## Cl 5 

## (47.7% wt. Cl)

34% C 14 

## H 24 

## Cl 6 

## ( 5 2

. 6 % w t

. C l )

14 

## H 23 

## Cl 7 

## (56.4% wt. Cl)

14% C 14 

## H 22 

## Cl 8 

## ( 5 9

. 9 % w t

. C l )

14 

## H 21 

## Cl 9 

## (62.8% wt. Cl)

In the experim e nt, fertilised eggs fro m the fish we re ind i vidu ally exposed to the tes t s ubstance in

1.8 m l vials with teflon -lin ed cap s. The chlo rin a ted paraffins were added to the vials by f i rstly

dissolving the substance in a m i xture of dich lorom e thane and hexane and then adding the

132

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## required amount of solution to the vial and allo wing the solvent to evaporate for 24 hours. Then

1 m l of the m e daka rearing solution was added to the vial and the m i xt ure was sonicated for

30 m i nutes before the fertilised egg was added. The vials were then sealed and in cu bated at 25 o 

## C

for the test period (20 days). The concentratio ns of c h l o r i na t e d pa r a ffi n tested were based on

their estim a ted water solubility, along w ith concentrations of 1/100, 1/10, 10 × and 100 × the

estim ated water so lubility. Separate experim e nts were used to determ ine the extent of the

adsorption o f the 14 

## C-lab e lled chlo rin a ted pa ra ffin onto the glass vials an d these d a ta were used

to determ ine the am ount of chlorinated paraffin th at was needed in order to achieve the desired

test concentration in the test m e dium

. Sets of 10 vi als / eggs were used for each tes t con centration,

and 1 control group of 10 vials/eggs wa s established for every 5 treatm ents.

The analytical m e thodology used was only suffi ciently sensitive enough to determ ine the

concentratio ns of the 14 

## C-labelled com pound. Therefore, the actual concentration of the

unlabelled 48% wt. Cl substance in the tes t m e dia was estim ated fr om the m easurem ents with th e

14 

## C-labelled substance, along with knowledge of the am ounts added to the vials. S i m ilarly, the

concentration of the chlorinated paraf f in present in the eggs and larvae could only be determ ined

with th e 14 

## C-labelled s ubstance. T h e m easured concen trations of th e 14 

## C-lab e lled chlor i na ted

paraffin in the test m e dia were found to be close to the desi red concentration in the low

concentratio n vials, but was lower th an expected in the high test concentr ation vials, possibly due

to increased adsorption onto the g l ass vial . Th e m easured concentration s for the 14 

## C-labelled

chlorinated paraffins are shown in Table 3.47 

## . The estim a ted concentra tions f o r the C 14 

## , 48% wt. Cl substance w e re 2.9, 25, 250, 880 and 3,400 μg/l.

No significant deaths or recogn isable les i ons o c curred in th e eggs, and no effects were s een in

the larvae, at any of th e concentratio ns of the tw o C 14 

## -chlorinated paraffins tested. However, the

hatching success in the exposed and control vials was low and variable, and in alm o st all cases

unhatched eggs were still alive on the las t obs ervation day (day 20). Further obs ervation on

day 40 indicated that the m a jority of eggs had hatched by this tim e. The average hatching tim e in

this study was >15 days, which was longer than norm a l for this species (11-13 days). It was

thought that the variable hatching rate was unlik ely to be related to the chlorinated paraffin

exposure.

Larvae and eggs from the same treatm e nt concentration were found to have sim ilar

concentratio ns of the 14 

## C-chlorinated paraffin, suggesting that the substance could diffuse

through the egg shell. W ith the exception of th e very highest exposure concentration, the

concentration in larvae increased in proportion with the water concentration. The m easured

concentratio ns are show n in Table 3.47



## .

Sim ilar exp e rim e nts we re c a rr ied o u t with shor t-cha i n leng th ch lorin a ted par a f f i ns (C 10 

## -, C 11 

## -

and C 12 

## -). In these exp e rim e nts, to xic effects were seen in the eggs and larvae that were

consistent w ith a narcotic m ode of a c tion. In ad dition, m u ch higher uptake by the egg s and larvae

was seen th an in the ex perim e nts with th e C 14 

## - chlorin a ted paraffin. It was concluded that in

these experim e nts, the C 14 

## -chlo r inated paraffins did not reach the narcotic tissue concentration

(estim ated to be 2-8 μm ol/g) in the e ggs or la rva e

.

133

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.47 Exposure conce n trations and uptake in Medaka e ggs and larvae o f 14 

### C-C 14 

### , 55 %

w

t. Cl chlorinated paraffin

Nominal water

conce n tra t ion (

μ g/l) Measu red wa ter

conce n tra t ion (

μ g/l) Measu red

conce n tra t ion in

eggs (mg/k g

) Measu red

c

o n c en t r at

i o n i n

larvae (mg / kg) Lar v

ae BCF

0

. 5 1

. 4 0

. 9

4 0

. 2

4 1 7 0

5

. 0 1 2 8

. 4 8

. 2 6 8

0

5

0 1 2 0 6 3 4 5 3 8

0

5

0

0 4 2

0 110 8 4 2 0

0

5

, 0

0

0 1

, 6 0

0 72 5 1 3 2



## This study is sim ilar in som e ways to the OECD 210 fish early life-stage test, but falls short of

the current g u idelines in som e areas as follows:

-this study was carried out fo r approxim a tely 3 days post-ha tch, but the OECD guideline

recomm ends a test duration of 30 days post-hatch for 

## Oryzias latipes ;

-the tes t was carried out as a static test in sealed vials - no indication was given as to

whether the dissolved oxygen le vel was m a intained at a suita ble level throughout the test

period;

-the rate of hatching was slow in controls a nd s o it is dif f i c u lt to deter m ine if any ef f ects

were seen on this endpoint; and

-the num be r of eggs/test concentration was only 10 com p ared with at least 60

recomm ended in the OE CD guidelin es.

3.2.1.2 Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates



## The toxicity of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins to i nve rte b rates is su mmarised in Table 3.48



## .

3.2.1.2.1 Daphnia magna



## The acute toxicity of a m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin to 

## Daphnia magna has been studied

using OECD m e thod 202, part 1 (GLP study) . The substance tested was a commercially

produced C 14 -1 7 

## , 52% wt. Cl product (containing 0.3% e poxy soya bean oil stabiliser) that was

m i xed with radio l abelled n-pen t ad ecane-8

- 14 

## C, 51% Cl. T h e daphnids us ed in the test were

<24 hours old and the test was carried out using 250 m l beak ers (5 daphnids/beaker with

4 replicates/concentratio n) covered with loose f itting glass lids. Stock solutions of the test

substance w e re m a de up in acetone and each tes t solution was prepared by adding 0.2 m l of the

appropriate stock solution to 2 litre s of water.

134R331_0208_envTable3.48Toxicity to aquatic invertebratesand algaeSpeciesSubstancetestedCommentsResultReferenceWater flea (Daphnia magna)50ed)C14-17, 52% wt. Cl (containing0.3%epoxy soya beanoil stabiliser), mixedwith n-pentadecane-8-14C 51% wt.ClOECD 202 methodStatic test system48h-EC50= 7.7 μg/l(nominal)48h-EC= 5.9 μg/l (measurThompsonet al. (1996)C14-17, 52% wt. ClOECD 202 – dilutions ofwater soluble fractionstestedStatic test system48h-EC0= 140μg/l (measured)48h-EC25= 339-423 μg/l (measured)Frank (1993);Frank andSteinhäuser (1994)C14-17, 52% wt. Cl (containing0.3%epoxy soya beanoil stabiliser), mixedwith n-pentadecane-8-14C 51% wt.ClOECD 202 method.Semi-static test system21-day NOEC =10 μg/l (measured)21-day LOEC = 18μg/l (measured)Thompsonet al. (1997b)C14-17, 52% wt. ClOECD 202 methodDilutions of watersolublefraction testedSemi-static test system21d-NOEC = 12.6-15.6 μg/l (measured)21d-LOEC = 25.3-31.3 μg/l (measured)Frank (1993);Frank andSteinhäuser (1994).C14-17, 52% wt. ClOECD 202 method.Dilutions of watersolublefraction testedSemi-static test system21-day NOEC =0.18 vol. %(dilution ofwater soluble fraction) ~ 4-8μg/l(measuredapprox.)TNO (1993).Crustacean (Gammarus pulex)Static test systemThompsonand Gore(1999)C14-17, 52% wt. Cl96h-LC50> 1.0 mg/lHarpacticoid (Nitocra spinipes)C14-17, 45% wt. ClStatic test system96h-LC50= 9 mg/lTarkpeaet al. (1981); asquotedC14-17, 52% wt. ClStatic test system96h-LC50= >10,000 mg/lin WHO (1996)Mussel (Mytilus edulis)Flow-through systemC14-17, 52% wt. Cl, mixed withn-pentadecane-8-14C 51% wt. Cl60-day NOEC =0.22 mg/l (measuredconcentration)Madeley andThompson(1983)Alga (Selenastrumcapricornutum)C14-17, 52% wt. Cl (containing0.3%epoxy soya beanoil stabiliser), mixedwith n-pentadecane-8-14C 51% wt.ClOECD20196h-NOECbiomass=0.1mg/l96h-EC50(biomass)=>3.2mg/l72h-NOEC= 0.049 mg/lgrowth rate72h-EC50(growthrate) = >3.2mg/l(nominal concentrations)Thompsonet al. (1997a)135

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Thus, each test so lution containe d 0.1 m l/l of acetone as cosolven t. A solvent contro l

(conta i ning acetone a t 0.1 m l/l) and contro l solu tion was also tested. The nom i nal chlorina ted

paraffin concentrations tested were 0.0032, 0.0056, 0.01, 0.018, 0.032, 0.056 and 0.1 m g /l.

The actual concentration of test substance was determ ined by radiochem i cal m e thods. The

m easured concentrations at the start of the test w e re found to be in th e range 91-116% of the

nom i nal value, but these had fallen to between 41-79% of the nom i nal value by the end of the

test. The mean m easured values o v er the te st period were 73-95% of the nominal. At

24 hours, no immobilisation of the 

## Daphnia was seen at concentrations of 0.01 m g /l

(nom inal) a nd below, a nd the immobilis ation a t the highe r concentrations did no t exceed

40%. At 4 8 hours, no imm obilisation was se en at 0.003 2 m g /l (no m inal) and com p lete

immobilisation was seen at concentrations of 0.056 m g /l (no m inal) and above. The 48h-EC 50



## was determ ined as 0.0077 m g /l based on nom inal concentrations or 0.0059 m g /l based on the

m ean m easured concen trations. It was also not ed that a num ber of animals exposed at each

test concentration displayed a re d colouration on part s of the exoskeleton. The sign ificance of

this effect is uncertain (Thom p son et al., 1996).

The effects of a m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffin on reproduction of 

## Daphnia magna have

been studied over 21 days using the OECD 202 m e thod (GLP study) (Thom pson et al.,

1997b). The study was carried out using a static-renewal procedure (renewal 3 tim es/week)

using 10 rep licates for each test con centrati on, with ea ch r e plic at e containing 1 organism.

The test was carried ou t at 19.5-20 .3 o 

## C at a pH of 7.41-8.13 and the dissolved oxygen

concentratio n was m a intained at 6.2

- 9.2 m g /l. The substance tested was the sam e as in the

acute toxicity study above. In the test, acetone (0.025 ml/l) was used as cosolvent. The

nom i nal concentrations tested were 0.0056, 0.01, 0.018, 0.032, 0.056 and 0.1 mg/l. The

concentratio ns were m e asured at th e start and end of each renewal period and were 78-94%

of nom i nal at the s t art an d 7.3-61% o f nom i na l at the end of each renewal period. The overall

m ean conc entrations were 50-60% of the no m i nal co ncentration i.e. m ean m easured

concentrations were 0.0037, 0.0050, 0.010, 0.018, 0.032 and 0.065 mg/l. For the parent

mortality end-point the following LC easured

concentrations: 3-day LC g /l; 4-day LC m g /l ; 7-day

LC g /l; 14-d a y LC g /l and 21-day LC 50 

## values were obtained based on m

50 

## = >0.065 m 50 

## = 0.046

50 

## = 0.028 m 50 

## = 0.027 m 50 

## = 0.025 mg/l.

For the reproduction endpoints, the num b er of live offspring in the control was significantly

less (p =0.05 ) than se en in the ac etone contro l and so the test subs ta nce tre a tm ents were

com p ared with the acetone control only. A significant decrease in the num b er of live

offspring was seen at m easured concentratio ns at or above 0.018 mg/l. Also, at higher

concentrations the release of first offspring was delayed (e.g. at 0.032 mg/l (m easured) first

offspring were produced on day 11 com p ared w ith day 8 at lower concentrations and in

controls). T h e NOEC for reproduction was th erefore 0.010 mg/l (m easured) and the LOEC

was 0.018 mg/l (m easured).

The m ean length of the parent anim als was found to be significantly (p=0.05) reduced

com p ared to solvent controls at m easured concentrations of 0.018 mg/l and above. The

NOEC for t h is endpoint was therefore 0.010 m g /l (m easured) and the LOEC was 0. 018 m g /l

(m easured) (Thom p son et al., 1997b).

Another study has looked at the toxicity of a medium -chain chlorinated paraffin to 

## Daphnia

magna over short and long term exposures (F rank, 1993; Frank and Steinhäuser, 1994). The

chlorinated paraffin used in th ese s t udies was a comm ercial C 14- 17 

## product with a 52% by

weight chlorine content. In th e test, stock solutions of the chlorinated paraffins were m a de up

136

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## in water to give nom inal concentrations of either 100 m g /l or 10 g/l. T h e 100 m g /l solution

was sonicated for 1 hour and then left to stand in the dark fo r 48 hours bef o re use. The 10 g/l

solution also stood for 48 hours in the dark before use, but this tim e w ithout sonication. After

this period, both solutions were filtered firstl y with glass f ilters and th en with m e m b rane

filters to remove undissolved te st su bstance (m icroscopic an d spectro sco p ic investig ations of

the f i lter ed solution s ga ve no indic a tion of th e presence of droplets) to give the re spectiv e

water solub l e fractions. The concentrations of medium -chain chlorinated paraffin in the water

soluble fractions were then determined by AOX (adsorbable organic halogen) analysis

(detection lim it of 10 μg/l Cl was equivalent to around 20 μg/l of the chlorinated paraffin).

This analys is showed that the con centration of chlorinated paraffin present in the water

soluble fraction was around 404-500 μg/l for th e 10 g/l nom i nal solution and 71-142 μg/l for

the 100 m g / l stock solution. The results for th e 10 g/l nom i n al solution are considered m o re

reliable as the concentrations found in the 100 mg/l nom inal stock solution were close to the

detection lim it for the m e thod. Experim e nts were ca rried out to show that in the test vessels,

although the concentration presen t fell over tim e , it remained within 80% of the initial

concentration over 2-3 days. This tim e period wa s used in the long-term test as the renewal

period for the solutions (sem i-static m e thod).

Acute (48-hour) toxicity tests were carried out using dilutions of the two prepared water

soluble fractions. The m e thod use d was DIN 38 412, Teil 11, which is equivalent to

OECD 202. In the tests using the w a ter solubl e fraction from the 100 mg/l nom inal solutions

no toxicity was seen at concentr ations up to the undiluted stock solution (i.e. no effects up to

around 71-142 μg/l). In experim e nts using the water soluble fraction from the 10 g/l stock

solution, an EC 0 

## of 140 μg/l (also reported as 100-110 μg/l in the paper) and an EC 25 

## of

423 μg/l (also reported as 420-470 μg/l in the pa per) was determ ined (m axi m um mortality

seen was 25%) (Frank, 1993). The latter results for the 10 g/l stoc k solution were reported by

Frank and S t einhäuser (1994) as E C 0 

## = 140 μg/l and EC 25 

## = 339 μg/l, and it was noted that

som e of the 

## Daphnia were floating on the su rface of the test so lution

. In the later study

(Frank and Steinhäuser, 1994), the results of further acute toxi city studies were reported

using the sam e test method. In this case an EC 50 

## of 37 μg/l and an EC 0 

## of 9 μg/l were

determ ined using the w a ter soluble fraction from the 100 mg/l stock solution and no toxic

ef

f ects were seen in tes t s with the water soluble fraction from the 10 g/l stock solution

(approx. EC 0 

## ≥ 525 μg/l). The authors noted that the e ffects seen in the acute tests showe d

poor reprod ucibility, probably because effects were seen o n ly around the water s o lubility

lim it of the substance. However, the authors’ thought that the possib ility of undissolved

droplets affecting the results c ould be ruled out, as floating 

## Daphnia were only sporadically

observed in the test. Nevertheless, the results of these studies should be treated with caution,

as the ef f ects were m a inly seen in the satura ted so lutions on ly.

Long-term (21-day) reproduction studies were al so perform e d using dilutions of the water

soluble fractions of the two stock solutions (dilutions used 1:2 to 1:32). In these experim e nts,

the tes t m e dium was changed 3 tim es/week and 10 anim als per concen tration were u s ed. The

tests were c a rried out at 20 o 

## C and a pH 7.79-8.44. Two end-points were determ ined in the

study: effects on parent mortal ity and effects on reproduction ( num ber of offspring/adult).

Parent m o rtality in the contro ls was 0%. Elevated paren t mortality was seen in the exposed

populations and all the organism s exposed to the highest dilutions (1:2 dilution of the

100 m g /l stock solution or 1:2 a nd 1:4 dilution of the 10 g/l st ock solution) died during the

test. Further details of the dose-response seen in this study have been provided by UBA

(2001). In th e experim e nts using the 100 m g /l sto c k solution the m o rtality seen in th e exposed

137

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## populations was 0% at 1:32 diluti on, 0% at 1:16 dilution, 20% at 1:8 dilution, 90% at 1:4

dilution and 100% at 1:2 dilution. In the e xperim e nts using the 10 g/l stock solution the

mortality seen in the exposed popul ations was 0% at 1:32 diluti on, 30% at 1:16 dilution, 70%

at 1:8 dilution and 100% at lower dilutions. Ba sed on the known m eas ured concentrations in

the stock solutions and the dilu tion rates us ed the NOEC for m o rtality was determ ined as

around 4.4-8.9 μg/l (i.e. 1:16 dilution) for the 100 m g /l nom inal stock solution experim e nts

and 12.6-15.6 μg/l (i.e.1:32 dilution) for the 10 g/l nom inal stock solution experim e nts. The

corresponding LOECs were 8.9- 17.8 μg/l (100 mg/l nom inal stoc k) and 25.3-31.3 μg/l (10 g/l

nom i nal stock).

For the reproduction end point the average nu m b er of young/adult in controls was 82.1

(variability 25.2%) in the 100 m g /l nom inal st ock solu tio n series of experim e nts and 74

(variability 17%) in the 10 g/l nom inal stock solution exper i m e nts. A signif i cant red u ction in

the num ber of young/adult was seen in som e of the exposed organi sm s. Further details of the

dose-response seen in this study have been provided by UBA (2001). In the experim e nts

using the 100 m g /l stock solution the aver age num b er of young/ adult was 82 in the

1:32 dilution, 89 in the 1: 16 dilution, 80 in the 1: 8 dilution, 15 in the 1: 4 dilution and 0 in the

1:2 dilution (all parents died). Sim i larly in the experim e nts usi ng the 10 g/l s t ock so lution the

average number of young/adult was 74 in the 1:32 dilution, 64 in the 1:16 dilution., 43 in the

1:8 dilution and 0 in the 1:4 an d 1:2 dilu tions (a ll pa ren t s d i ed). The N O EC f o r this ef f ect

were determ ined as 8.9-17.8 μg/l (i.e. 1:8 dilution) for the 100 m g /l nominal stock

experim e nts and 12.6-15.6 μg/l (i.e. 1:32 dilu tion) for the 10 g/l nom inal stock s o lution

experim e nts. The LOECs for this endpoint were 17.8-35.5 μg/l (100 m g / l nom inal stock) and

25.3-31.3 μg/l (10 g/l nom i nal stock).

As m e ntioned above, the m easured concentrati ons in the 10 g/l nom inal stock solution are

considered to be m o re reliable than those in the 100 m g /l nom i nal stoc k solution and so the

overall NOEC for this study is taken to be 12.6-15.6 μg/l (Frank, 1993). The same results

(with m i nor differences to som e of the reported (no)effect concentration s ) were repo rted by

Frank and S t einhäu s er (1994). In ad dition, a lim it tes t using the water so luble fractio n from a

1 m g /l nom inal s t ock solution was also tes t ed. This showed no ef f ects o n paren t m o rta lity or

reproduction in the test (F rank and Steinhäuser, 1994).

A third 21-day 

## Daphnia magna reproduction study (OECD 202) has been reported by TNO

(1993). The test substance was a C 14 -1 7 

## , 52% wt. Cl product and a se m i -static test procedure

(replacem ent 3 tim es per week) was used, with 4 rep licates, each con t ain i ng 10 daphn ids, per

test concentration. The test solutions were pr epared by stirring 20 g of the test substance in

2 litres of heated wate r (60 o 

## C) with stirring and th en filtration through a 0.8 μm and 0.2 μ m

f ilter to giv e a satu rate d solution ( w ater solub l e f r action ) . From this solution, d ilu tions of

0.18, 0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 and 3.2 volum e (vol.) % were tested. The test solutions (0.18, 1. 0

and 3.2 vol. % only) were analysed directly, bo th before and after ren e wal, for the presence

of the chlorinated paraffin by a total extrac table organic halogen (EOX) m e thod. The EOX

concentrations in the 1.0 vol. % and 3.2 vol. % test solutions were sim ilar and corresponde d

to th e conc entra tion pr esent in a s a tura ted solution prepared by a colum n technique. This

indica ted th at the so lub ility lim it o f the ch lori nated p a raf f i n in the tes t sys t em was in the

region of 36 μg/l. The test was carried out at 20 ± 1 o 

## C and solutions were gently aerated from

day 9 onwards. The pH of the test water varied between 7.7 and 8.3, the dissolved oxygen

concentration was >7.0 mg/l, and the hardness was 214 mg/l as CaCO 3 

## . All test solutions

were reported to be complete ly clear throughout the test.

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## No m o rtality was seen in the control popul ations. A significant (p=0.01) effect on 

## Daphni a

survival was seen at the 1.0, 1.8 and 3.2 vol. % solution s , with no sign if icant ef f ects seen in

the 0.56, 0.32 and 0.18 vol. % tests concentrations. Thus, the NOEC and LOEC for this

endpoint were estim ated at 0.56 vol. % and 1.0 vol. % respectively. A 21-day LC 50 

## f o r this

endpoint of 1.48 vol. % was estim ated. Observa tions of the effects on size and cond ition of

the anim als (swimm ing behaviour, colour etc.) indicated that no sign if icant ef f e c t s were

occurring at the 0.18, 0.32 and 0.56 vol. % con c entrations. The NOEC and LOEC for these

endpoints were thus estim ated at 0.56 vol. % and 1.0 vol. % respectively. For the

reproduction endpoints, no reduction in reproduct ion in term s of cum u lative num ber of young

per living fem a le were seen at the 0.18, 0.32 and 0.56 vol. % concentrations, but an increase

over controls in the numbers of de ad young and aborted eggs were seen in the 0.32 and

0.56 vol. % exposure groups. Thus, the NOEC and LOEC for reproduction were estim a ted as

0.18 vol. % and 0.32 vol. % respectively. The approxim a te 21-day LC 50 

## for the reproductive

endpoints w a s around 1.86 vol. % (TNO, 1993) . The analytical results obtained using the

EOX m e thod are too erratic to allow precis e determ inations of the actual exposure

concentrations in the test, however, the EOX co ncentrations found in the 0.18 vol. % (i.e.

overall NOEC) solution were gene rally around 2-4 μg/l. This is equivalent to an approxim ate

chlorinated paraffin concentr ation of around 4-8 μg/l, which agrees well with the NOEC

results from the other tests.

3.2.1.2.2 Other species



## The results of tests with th e brackish water harpacticoid 

## Nitocra spinip e s have been reported

(Tarkpea et al.., 1981; as quot ed in WHO, 1996). The resu lts reported were a 96h-LC 50 

## of

9 m g /l f o r a C 14- 17 

## , 45% wt. Cl compound and a 96h-LC 50 

## of >10,000 m g /l for a C 14- 1 7 

## , 52% wt. Cl com pound. No other de tails of the test we re reported by W H O (1996), but the test

m e thod was probably the sam e as reported by Ta rkpea et al. (1986), wh ere a static m e thod

was em ployed using w a ter of salin ity 7‰ at a tem p erature of 20-22 o 

## C without aeration,

probably us ing acetone as cosolven t.

The toxicity of a m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffin to common m u ssel ( 

## Mytilu s ed ulis ) h a s

been determ ined over 60 days. A flow-through te st sy stem with filter ed natu ral seawater

(salinity 35‰, pH 8.1-8.3, dissolved oxygen 6.15-8.0 m g /l) at 15 o 

## C was em ployed. Acetone,

at a concen tration of 0.5 m l/l, was present in the test. The chlorin a ted paraf f i n used was a

C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl comm ercial sub s tance, m i xe d with a s m all am ount of a radio l abelled

chlorinated paraffin (n-pentad ecane-8

- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl). Two chlorinated paraffin

concentratio ns were tested and the m ean m eas ured concentrations were determ ined as 0.22

and 3.8 m g /l over the 60 day period (by 14 

## C m e asurem ents). The test so lution a t the higher

concentration tested was repo rted to be cloudy in appear ance, possibly indicating the

presence of undissolved test subs tance. No significant m o rtality wa s seen at either of the two

test conc entrations. Non-quantita tive visual obse r vation indicated th at the f ilter i ng activ ity

was reduced in the 3.8 m g /l trea tm ent but was genera lly no rm al at 0.22 m g /l. The solubility

lim it f o r the substance in the test sy stem was reported to be <3.8 m g /l and so the ef f ects on

f ilter i ng ac tivity a t the higher co ncentr ation could have been due to the pr es ence of

undissolved test substan ce rather than a true toxic effect . No effects on m ean shell length

were seen in either of the two exposure co ncentrations when comp ared to the control

populations (data on tissue wei ghts were not reported) (Mad eley and Thom pson, 1983).

The acute toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance has been tested using the freshwater

crustacean 

## Gammarus pulex . The m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin used was dissolved in

139

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## acetone and then add e d to beak ers contain i ng 

## Gammarus to give nom inal concentrations of

0.1, 0.32 an d 1.0 m g /l. A control an d solven t co ntrol (con taining 0.1 m l/l ac etone ) w e re a l so

run. The test was carried out for 96 hours at 15 o 

## C, with the solutions b e ing renewe d af ter

48 hours. The water used in the study had a hardness of 220 mg/l as CaCO 3 

## and had a pH of

8.0-9.2. No mortalities of the 

## Gammarus were s een in any o f the test su bstance so lu tions or

contro l. One anim al died in the solvent contro l. Therefore, no significa nt toxic effects were

seen with the m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffin over the con centratio n range tested. This

contras t ed m a rkedly to the situatio n when 

## Daphnia magna were exposed using the sam e test

system at 2 0 o 

## C over 48 hours, where com p lete imm obilisation was seen at the lo west tes t

concentration (0.1 m g /l) (Thom pson and Gore, 1999).

The experim e nts carried out by Frank (1993), Fr ank and Steinhäuser (1994) and TNO (1993)

essentially created a saturated solution of the medium -chain ch lorinated paraffin and tested

dilutions of this on 

## Daphnia . Thus if the original m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffin tested

had a sm all am ount of the C an im purity, this would also

have been present in the test solution at a satura ted co ncentr atio n (a large ex cess of

chlorinated paraffin was used to m a ke up th e tes t solu tion) which m a y account f o r th e

toxic ity seen in the exper i m e nt , and also the m u ch lower toxicity seen when a sm all excess of

the chlorinated paraffin was used to m a ke up the wate r s o luble f r ac tion (e.g. the 1 m g /l

nom i nal stock solution). [Industry ha s indicated verbally that the test m a terial used in early

studies in Germ any may have contained up to 10% C

production contains <1% (personal comm unic a tio n).] However, the m e thod use d in the

Thom pson et al. (1997b) study to m a ke up the test solutions would m ean th at the substance in

solution represented the com position of the or iginal test substan ce. Thus, in these

experim e nts, if a sm a ll percen tage of the C rina ted paraf f i n wa s pres ent in the tes t

substance, it would still only contrib u te a sim ilarly sm all percentage of the total chlo rina te d

paraffin present in the test solution and would be unlikely to account for all the toxicity seen

in the test (for instance the long-term NOEC for a C μg/l

and so would have to be present at around 50% of the commercial m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin tested in this study in order to account fo r the toxicity seen here). From the available

long-term studies on 

## Daphnia , it has to be concluded that the e ffects seen are likely to be due

to the C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffin tested, but any C ffin present would

contribute to this toxicity (and could even acc ount for the toxicity seen in the Frank (1993)

and TNO (1993) studies, but not th e Thom pson et al. (1997b) study). 3.2.1.2.3 Discussion of invertebrate results



## From the availab l e inv e rteb rate to xicity da ta , it appears that m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins are toxic to 

## Daphnia . No toxicity has been seen in the ava ila ble expe rim e nts with

fish (see Section 3.2.1.1), other invertebrates or algae (see Section 3.2.1.3). Thus the toxicity

profile for the C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins appears to be di fferent from that of the short-chain

(C 10- 13 

## ) chlorinated paraffins, where long-term t oxicity was seen in algae, fish and mussels

(see th e ass e ssm ent of that substance for further d e tails).

10- 13 

## chlorinated paraffin present as

10- 13 

## chlorinated paraffin – current

10- 1 3 

## chlo

1 0

- 13 

## chlorinated paraffin is around 5

10- 13 

## chlorinated para

Another possible explanation for the toxicity seen purely with 

## Daphnia is that a sign if icant

part of their exposure com e s from adsorpti on on the food used in the study. T h is was

postulated by Frank (1993) as an ex planation for the toxicity seen in th at series of tests. The



## Daphnia in these tests were f e d with liv e algae ( 

## Scen ed esmus subs picatus ) at a rate of

0.1-0.2 m g C/ 

## Daphnia /day. However, the later paper by Fr ank and Steinhäuser (1994) found

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## that the adsorption of the chlorinated paraffin to the food (algae) in the test was sm all and

probably would not be able to a ccou n t for the to xicity seen.

It should also be born in m i nd that feeding wa s also carried out in the other long-term tests

available. In the Thom pson et al. (1 997b) series of experim e nts with 

## Daphnia , a daily diet of

algae ( 

## Chlo rella vu lgar is ) and a co mmercially available m i croencap sulated diet were used,

and the TNO (1993) 

## D aphnia s t udies used a d a ily d i et of algae ( 

## Chlorella ) and yeast. In the

long-term fish study, daily feeding of 2% body weight of a commercial trout food was used

(Madeley et al., 1983) and in the long-term study with m u ssels, the organism s were

continuously fed with algae ( 

## P l atymonas suecica ) dosed by peristaltic pum p (around

1 × 10 9 

## cells were added each day ) . T hus, althoug h uptake via food could be an exp l an ation for

the pa rticula r tox i city to 

## Daphnia of this subs tan ce, it is lik ely that such uptake would have

also occurred in the fish and m u ssel tes t s. This again indicates that 

## D aphnia appear to be

particula r ly sensitive to m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins.

A further ex planation for the toxicity seen with 

## Daphnia could be due to a physical effect due

to th e adso r p tion of th e test substance onto 

## Daphnia. This is m o re lik ely to be the cas e in the

acute studies, where higher test concentrations are used. Although this rem a ins a possibility

for the effec t s seen in the acute and long-term st udies, direct toxic effects of the chl o rinated

paraffins them selves cannot be ruled out in the studies.

The toxicity of m e dium

- c ha in chlorinated paraffins to alg ae is summarised in Table 3.48



## . There is a potential co nflict betw e e n the acute toxicity d a ta f o r 

## Daphnia and th e resu lts

obtained in the longer term tests as one st udy (Thom p son et al., 1996) gave a 48-hour EC 50 

## of

5.9 μg/l which is lowe r than the NOEC seen in the lon g -term test. The reaso n f o r this

discrepancy is unknown, and several othe r studies indicate that the acute EC 50 

## is higher than

found in this study (e.g. effects were seen with saturated solutions only in the experim e nts of

Frank (1993) and F r ank and St einhäuser (1994), and a 72h-LC 50 

## of >65 μg/l was d e term ined

during the Thom pson et al. ( 1997b) study). Work is currently being undertaken by the

Chlorinated Paraffins Industry A ssociation (CPIA, 2000) in the United States to investigate

the rep r odu cibility of the acu te 

## Daphnia toxicity tests using a variety of different

adm i nistration m e thods. At present, few detail s of these tests are av ailable. P r elim inary

results from the tests (the anal ytical verification of the tes t concen trati ons has not yet been

com p leted) indicate that when the tests were carried ou t with acetone as cosolven t the EC 50



## was around 14 μg/l, but when dim e thylform a m i d e was used as cosolven t or no cosolvent was

used, the EC 50 

## was >100 μg/l. Once available, the resu lts of these studies m a y explain some

of

the discr e pancies s een in the a c ute test d a ta.

For the current risk assessm ent, the l ong-term NOEC of 10 μg/l determ ined for 

## Daphnia in

the Thom pson et al. (19 97b) study will be cons idered to b e reliable an d will b e us ed in the

PNEC determ ination. The NOECs obtained from the two other 

## Daphnia studies using the

water solub l e f r action g i ve very sim ilar r e sults to this va lue.

3.2.1.3 Toxicity to algae



## The toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl paraffin to the green alga 

## Selenastrum capricornutum has

been determ ined using OECD m e thod 201 (GL P study) (T hom p son et al., 1997a). The test

substance was a comm e r cial produ ct containing 0.3% epoxy soya bean oil stabiliser and was

m i xed with a s m all am ount of radiolabelled n-p e ntadecane-8- 14 

## C (51% chlorinated). Stock

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## solution s of the test subs tance were prepared in acetone and each tes t so lution was p r epared

by addition of 0.1 m l of the appropria te stoc k solution to 1 litre of cultu re m e dium . The

nom i nal chlorinated paraffin con centrations tested were 0.10, 0.18, 0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 and

3.2 m g /l. Control and solvent control (contai ning 0.1 m l /l acetone) exposures were also

carried out. Visual in s p ection of the tes t solu tions indicated that the 0.10, 0.18, 0.32 and

0.56 m g /l test solutions were clear and colour less, whereas the 1.0, 1.8 and 3.2 mg/l test

solution s co ntained a transparen t, faint, wh ite hom ogeneous suspensi on. The initia l ce ll

density use d in e ach test was 1 × 10 4 

## cells/m l and 6 rep lica t es f o r solvent con t rol and

3 replicates for control and each test concen tr ation were u s ed. Radiochem i cal analysis was

used to verify the exposure concentrations (detection lim it for the m e thod = 0.025 m g / l ). The

concentrations m easured at the start of th e test ranged from 75-120% of the nom inal. The

concentrations in solutions w ithout the presence of algae were found to reduce to <4-8% of

the nom inal value after 96 hours. The overall m ean m e asured concentrations in these

solutions were found to be between 38 and 49% of the nom i n al over the 96 hour period. No

m easurem ents were c a rr ied out in the te st vessels containing algae at 96 hours.

At the start of the test, the pH was 7.4-7.5, but had reached 10.0-10.3 by the end of the test.

The shift in pH was thought to be a function of the high growth ra tes observed in the test (e.g.

the m ean solvent control cell density increased by a factor of 566 over the 4 day period).

Overall, ver y little ef f ect on a l gal g r owth wa s observed in the test. The m a xi m u m inhibition

in the growth rate seen was 3%, and the m a xim u m inhibitio n of biom ass was 18%. No clear

dose-respon se curve was determ ined. The NOEC f r om the test is a r oun d 0.1 m g /l (nom inal),

but it should be noted that no sta tistica lly sig n if icant ef f ects were s e en at som e higher

concentrations. The low levels of inhibition seen m ean that it is not possib l e to deriv e an EC 50



## from the test. Although there is som e uncertain ty in this test over the actual exposure

concentratio ns, particula r ly with reg a rd to th e dissolved fraction (stabl e em ulsions appear to It was not possible to estim ate the EC 50 

## (biom a ss) after 4 days expo sure as the m a xi m u m

inhibition seen was 18% com p ared with controls . A significant (p=0.05) inhibition in growth

was seen at a nom inal concentration of 0.18 mg /l, bu t no ef f ects were seen a t 0.1 0 m g /l.

Sim ilar results were seen after 3 days exposur e, with a small but st atistically significant

inhibition of growth at concentrations of 0. 1-0.18 m g /l (nom inal), but there was no significant

effect at the two highest concentrations tested (1.8 and 3.2 mg/l). It was suggested that the

low level of effects seen over a wide range of exposure concentrations and the lack of

concentration-related response indicate that the effects seen m a y have been due to

undissolved test substance present as a dispersion. Based on the biom ass data, the

NOEC = 0.1 m g /l (nominal), LOEC = 0.18 m g /l (nom inal) and the EC 50 

## is >3.2 m g /l

(nom inal). A m ean me asured concentration of 1.2 m g /l was found in t h e 3.2 m g /l (nom inal)

test so lution.

Ef f ects on the alga l gro w th rate we re determ ined over 72 h ours. No effects were seen at th e

two highest test concentrations (1.8 and 3. 2 m g /l nom inal), but sm all but s t atistically

significant reductions in growth ra te (up to 3 % r e duction ) were seen at lower concentrations.

The LOEC for this endpoint was 0.18 m g /l nom i nal and the NOEC was 0.1 m g / l nom inal.

Analysis of the growth data over 96 hours s howed a statistically significant difference

between the solvent co ntrol and a l l test sub s tance concentrations. However, because of a

m a rked decline in the growth rate of all contro l and test substance trea tm e n ts between days 3

and 4, these statistics were no t considered reliable. This is supported by the fact that the

growth rate determ ined af ter 96 hou rs in th e tes t substan ce trea tm ents was not sig n if icantly

different from the control.

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## have been present at the high exposure concentra tions), and hence the true NOEC value, it is

clea r tha t little or no t oxic effect was seen on the algal g r owth in the test.

The toxicity of m e dium -chain chlor i nated p a raf f ins to anae robic ba cte r ia f r om a dom estic

waste wate r trea tm ent plant ha s been stud ied using the ETAD f e rm entation tub e m e thod

(Hoechst AG, 1976 and 1977). The full details of th e test are not available and so it is not

possible to f u lly va lida t e the resu lts. The reported results are shown in Table 3.49



## .

The toxicity of a C wt. Cl chlorinated paraffin has been tested in a 3-hour

respiration inhibition test (unpublished study). The chlorinated paraffin was e m ulsified in

water using 0.5 g/l nonylphenol ethoxylate surfact ant and then incubated for 3 hours with

activ ated slu dge from a municipa l s e wage trea tm ent plant. No effect on respiration was seen

up to the highest concentration tested (2,000 m g /l) (Hoechst AG; as reported in BUA, 1992). 3.2.1.4 Microorgan isms

14-17 

## , 52%

Table 3.49 Results of micro o

rganism toxicity tests

Subs tanc e C o m m

e n t s R e s u l t Referen c e

C 14- 1 7 

### , 41% Cl* Anaer obic bacte ria: ET AD

fermenta t ion tub e method Harmful thresh old (24 ho ur) = 2, 5 00 mg/l Hoechst AG

(1977)

C 14- 1 7 

### , 41% Cl Anaer obic bacte ria: ET AD

fermenta t ion tub e method Harmful thresh old (24 ho ur) = 8 0

0 mg/l Hoechst AG

(1976)

C 14- 1 7 

### , 52% Cl Mixed bacterial c u lture: res p

iration

i n h i b i t i o

n t

e

s

t 3h-EC 0 

### >2,000 m g

/l Hoechst AG

Note: * Pr epara t ion con t aining the chl o rin

a ted par affin an d possibly PEG als o

.



## 3.2.1.5.1 Chironomus riparius 3.2.1.5 Sediment organisms



## Industry has recently carried ou t two prolonged toxicity studies on sedim e nt organism s. The

results are discussed in th e f o llowing Sections.

A prolonged toxicity study with spiked sedim e nt has been carried out with the m i dge



## Chironomus riparius (Thom p son et al., 2001c). The te st protocol was based on the

OECD 218 draft guideline (Febru ary 2000 version). The substan ce used in the test was a

commerci a l C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance containing no stabilisers (the substance was

reported to have a C 14- 17 

## content of 99.06% with 0.67% of C 10- 13 

## chain length substances) that

was m i xed with a s m all am ount of a radiolabelled n

- pentadecane-8- 14 

## C, 51% wt. Cl

substance (radiochem ical purity >96.6%).

The sedim e nt used in the test was an artifici al sedim e nt consisting of 10% sphagnum m o ss

peat, 70% quartz sand, 20% kaolinite clay a nd <0.1% calcium carbonate. The sedim e nt had a

m ean organic carbon content of 4.9% and a pH of 6.0. The s e dim e nt was spiked with the test

substance by firstly m i xing a so lution of the test substance in aceton e with the dry sand

com ponent of the sedim e nt and allowing the acetone to evaporate o v ernigh t un der an air

stream . Finally the treated sand was m i xed into the other com ponents of the sedim e nt for

16 hours. A solvent control and control sedi m e nt were prepared in a sim ilar way.

143

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## In the test, groups of m i dge larvae (<48 hours post hatch) were exposed to a series of 6

concentrations of the chlorinated paraffin, pl us a control and solven t control sedim e nt, for

28 days at 20 o 

## C using a static system. The test vesse ls were 600 m l beakers containing 60 g

of sedim e nt (providing a sedim e nt depth of approxim a tely 12-15 mm ) a nd dilution water to

give a total volum e of 300 m l . Gentle aerati on was provided to the water phase during the

test. The dissolved oxygen concentration in th e overlying water was in the range 7.3 to

8.6 m g /l throughout the test. The s e d i m e nt-water sy stem was allowed to equilib rate for 8 days

prior to the star t of the experim e nt. At the start of the test 1 5 larva e wer e added to e ach tes t

vessel, with 3 replicate v e ssels being used fo r each treatm e nt. Feeding (fish food) was carried

out daily at a rate of 0.25 m g per anim al per da y for the first seven days and then 0.5 m g per

anim al per day. The test substance w a s not adde d to the food. The num b e r of e m erged adults

was counted daily.

The concen tration of the tes t subs tan ce in the sedim e nt phase was determ ined at the start of

the equ ilib rium period ( d ay -8), the day bef o re the tes t bega n (day -1 ) a nd at th e en d of the

test (day 28). Analysis was by a radiochem i cal m e thod. The m easured concentrations were

93-95% of the nom inal values at day -8, 86-93% of nom inal at day -1 and 71-86% of nom i nal

at day 28. T h e m ean m e asured valu es between day -1 and day 28 are shown in Table 3.50



## and are taken to represent the actual exposure during the test.

Table 3.50 Toxicity of a C % wt. Cl su bstance to Chironomus riparius 14

-1 7 

### , 52

Expo sure co nce n trat ions

(mg/k g

dry wt.) Eme r ge nce

Time t o

fi rst

emergenc e Mean e m ergenc e

time Mean n u mb er emerged/ repli c a t

e

after 28 da ys Sex ratio of e m e r

ged

adults (propo rti on of

males)

Control 0 16.7 days 19.2 days 14.7 55%

Solvent co ntrol 0 16.0 days 19.1 days 12.3 53%

44 36 15.7 days 18.3 days 12.0 43%

140 110 16.0 days 18.7 days 13.0 52%

440 370 16.0 days 19.2 days 13.3 50%

1,400 1,200 16.0 days 19.2 days 13.0 55%

4,400 3,800 16.0 days 18.9 days 13.7 42%

14,000 13,000 18.3 days 20.8 days 9.7* 40% Nominal Mean

measu red

Note: * Significa ntly diff erent (p= 0

.05) f r o

m

pooled co ntrol and solvent co ntr

o

l group (there were no significa nt differences

when compar ed t o the solvent c ont rol group alone).



## The biological data from the study are summ arised in Table 3.50 

## . The tim e to f i rs t

em ergence was 16.7 days and 16.0 days in the controls and solvent c ontrols resp ectiv ely,

which is no rm al f o r this type of te st. No sta tis tica lly s i gnif i cant dif f e r e nces (p =0. 05) were

found between the tim e to first em ergence in th e treatm ent groups when com p ared to either

the con t ro l or solv ent c ontrol grou p. Theref or e the NOEC f o r tim e to f i rs t em ergence is

≥ 13,000 m g / kg dry wt.

The m ean em ergence tim e in the control and solvent control groups was 19.2 and 19.1 days

respec tive l y. There were no s t atistic a lly sign if icant d i fferences in m ean em ergence tim e at

144

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## any treatm e nt level when com p ared with the co ntrol or solvent contro l populations. Therefore

the NOEC for m ean emergence tim e (deve l opm ent ra te) is ≥ 13,000 m g /kg dry wt.

3.2.1.5.2 Lumbriculu s variega t us 

## The adult em ergence in the control and solv ent controls af ter 28 days was 98% and 82%

respectively. The m ean num b er of adults em er ged in the treatm e nts were no t statistic ally

significantly (p=0.05) different fr om the so lvent contro l grou p at any con centration, b u t when

com p ared with the control group, a statistica lly significant reduction in the m ean number of

adults em erged was seen at the highest concen tration tested (13,000 m g / kg dry wt.). Since no

statistically significant differen ces were found in the m ean num ber of adults em erged in the

control and solvent control groups, the em ergence in the treatm ents was also com p ared with

the pooled control groups. This again showed a statistically significant difference in the m ean

num b er of adults em erged in the 13,000 dry wt . treatm ent group. Thus the NOEC for num b er

of adults e m erged is 3,800 m g /kg dry wt. and the LOEC is 13,000 m g kg dry wt. (this NOEC

and LOEC should be considered as borderlin e as no effects were seen at the highest

concentratio n tested when com p ared to the so lven t control gro up alone).

The sex ratio, expressed as the percentage m a les of the e m erged adults, w a s determ ined to be

55% in the control popul ation and 53% in the solvent cont rol population. No statistically

significant differences (p=0.05) in the sex ratios of the treat m e nt groups were found when

com p ared with the control or solvent contro l groups. Therefore the NOEC for sex ratio is

≥ 13,000 m g / kg dry wt.

The overall NOEC from this study is 3,800 m g /kg dry wt. Using the default water content for

sedim e nt given in the T GD, this is equivale nt to a NOEC of 1,460 m g /kg on a wet wt. basis.

A prolonged toxicity test using spiked sedim e nt has been carried out with the oligochaete



## Lumbriculus variegatus using a static sys t em at 20 o 

## C (Thom p son et al., 2001d). The

substance tested was the sam e C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance m i xed with a radiolabelled npentadecane as used in the m i dge study discusse d in Section 3.2.1.5.1. The test m e thod was

based on that described by Phipps et al. (1993).

An artificial sedim e nt was used in the test, com p rising 10% sphagnum moss peat, 70% quartz

sand, 20% kaolinite clay and <0.1% calcium car bonate. The pH of the sedim e nt was 6.0 and

the organic carbon content was 4.9%. The test sedim e nts were m a de up by adding the test

substance to the sand phase as a solution in acetone, evapo r ating the acetone overnight and

m i xing the spiked sand with th e rest of the sedim e nt for 16 hours. A solvent control and

control sedim e nt were also prepared.

The organism s used in the test were adults approxim a tely 20 to 40 mm in length. T h e tests

were carried out in 600 m l beak ers containing 40 g dry sedim e nt (giving a sedim e nt depth of

12 to 13 mm ) and dilution water was added to pr ovide a total volum e of 300 m l . Six replicate

vessels, each containing 10 org a nis m s, were used f o r ea ch trea tm ent le vel. The wa ter was

aerated gently throughout the test and the di ssolved oxygen concentration was m a intained at

7.7-8.7 m g /l. The spike d sedim e nt-water sys t e m was equilibr a ted f o r

seven days prior to

addition of the organism s at the start of the test. Around 90 mg of fish food was also present

in the sed i ment during this equilibration period to allow the food to reach equilib riu m with

the m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffin in the sedim e nt. This was the only food supplied for

the f i rs t sev e n days of the tes t , af ter which th e organism s were fed uncontam i nated fish food

145

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## for 18 days at a rate of 5 m g /kg/day (incorpo ration of the entire food supply was not feasible

(based on earlier trials) becau se it w ould have resulted in an excessiv e o xygen dem a nd (and

possibly excessive ammonia loading) in the sedim e nt). Overall, the contam inated food

present at the start of the test am ounted to 50% of the total food supplied to the organis m s

during the test. The total exposure period was 28 days. Observations for abnorm a l behaviour

and appearance of the worm s were m a de tw o tim es per week during the experim e nt.

The sedim e nt concentrations of the test substance were m eas ured by a radiochem i cal m e thod

at the s t ar t of the equilib ration perio d (day -7), a t the start of the tes t (da y 0) and at the end of

the tes t (day 28). The measured valu es were 93-95% of the nom i nal concentration at day -7

and day 0, and were 84-89% of the nom inal value at day 28, indicating that the exposure

concentrations had been well maintained throughout the test. T h e m ean m easured

concentrations over the exposure peri od (day 0 to day 28) are shown in Table 3.51



## .

Table 3.51 Toxicity of a C 14 -1 7 

### , 52 %

wt. Cl su bstance to Lumb r iculus variegatu s

Expo sure co nce n trat ions

(mg/k g

dry wt.)

N o m i n a l M e

a n m easu red Mean n u mb er o f

worms / re plicat e at day

28 Mean t o tal d r y w t . of

worms / re plicat e at day

28 (mg )

0 1

. 4 0

± 0.33 28.2 ± 3

. 2 3 9

. 1 ± 7

. 7

Solvent co ntrol 0 27.3 ± 2

. 7 3 4

. 5

± 4

. 1 1

. 2 7 ± 0.18

4

4 3 9 24.8 ± 4

. 4 2 8

. 1 ± 3

. 7 1

. 1 6 ± 0.22

1 4

0 1 3 0 25.7 ± 1

. 8 3 0

. 8

± 6

. 4 1

. 2 2 ± 0.31

4

4

0 4 1 0 19.0 ± 2.4 * * 1 9

. 5

± 3.8 * * 1

. 0 2 ± 0.09

1

, 4 0

0 1

, 3 0

0 13.7 ± 1.6 * * 1 5

. 4

± 1.8 * * 1

. 1 3 ± 0.09

4

, 4

0

0 4

, 0

0

0 14.7 ± 4.1 * * 1 7

. 1 ± 8.0 * * 1

. 1 8 ± 0.56

1 4

, 0

0

0 1 3

, 0

0

0 14.5 ± 2.1 * * 1 4

. 2

± 2.9 * * 0

. 9

9 ± 0.18 Mean d r y wei ght /worm

at day 28 ( m

g)

C o n

t r o

l

Note: ** Significantly dif f erent fr om solve n t control g r oup ( p =0.01).



## The biological data determ ined in the study are summ arised in Tab l e 3.51 

## . Tw o m a i n

endpoints were determ i n ed: m o rt ality/reproduction as determ in ed by the total number of

wor m s present at the end of the study (it is not possible to distinguish adult and young

organism s in this test and so the total num be r of wor m s at the end of the study is a

com b ination of the m o rtality rate and the reprod uctive success of adults during the test); and

growth as determ ined by weight of worm s.

At the end of the study the num b er of wor m s i n the control and solven t control groups had

increased by a factor of 2.7 a nd 2.8 respectively, which was cons idered to be satisfactory. A

statistica lly signif i can t ( p =0.01) red u ction in th e m ean final num b er of wor m s/replicate was

seen at exposure concentrations of 410 m g /kg dry weight and above when com p ared to the

solvent control or the control groups. Ther efore the NOEC for m o rtality/reproduction is

130 m g /kg dry wt.

The m ean total weight of worm s/re plica t e wa s 39.1 m g dry wt. in the control group and

34.5 m g dry wt. in the solvent control group. A statistically significant (p=0.01) reduction in

the m ean total weight of worm s/replicate was seen at exposure concen trations of 410 m g /kg

dry wt. and above. Therefore the N O EC for tota l weight of worm s is 130 m g /kg dry wt.

146

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## W h en the data for dry wt. per worm are considered, no statis tically s i gnificant dif f erences

were seen between the contro l or solvent control groups a nd the treatm e nt groups. This

indica tes th at the ef f ects on to tal weight of wor m s is mainly due the num ber of wor m s

present, rath er than the s i ze of the w o rm s.

Overall, the NOEC from this study is 130 m g / kg wet wt. Using the default water content for

sedim e nt given in the T GD, this is equivale nt to a NOEC of 50 m g /kg on a wet wt. basis.

3.2.1.6 Predicted n o effect con centration (PNEC) for the aquatic

compartme n t

3.2.1.6.1 Surface w a ter



## There is a com p lete “b ase set” of acute tox i ci ty data for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins.

There are reported long-term no observed e ffect concentrations (NOECs) for fish, 

## Daphnia

, mussels and algae. Fro m the available database, effects have so far alm o st exclusiv ely been

observed on 

## Daphnia . No effects on other organism s have b een seen in short term tests; th is

include s tes t s with o t he r aquatic invertebrates. 

## Daphnia are also the o n ly species to show

ef

f ects belo w the so lub ility in lo ng te rm test s; thes e effects in clude mortality as well as

effects on reproduction. Although it is possible that, at least in the acute toxicity tests, the

effects seen with 

## Daphnia were due to physical adsorption of the subs tance onto the test

organism , direct toxic effects of the m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins them selves cannot be

ruled ou t w ith the cu rr ent da tabas e . Ef f ects were seen on algal bi om ass and growth at

concentrations above solubil ity, and a NOEC determ ined which is an order of magnitude

greater than that for 

## Daphnia . Two 60-day tests are available, with f i sh and m u ssels, at test

concentrations significantly highe r than the solu bility. Meas urem ents show that in b o th these

tests th e su bstance was accum u lated in the o r g a nism . Fish showed no effects on mortality,

growth or b e haviour a t 1 and 4.5 m g /l. Muss els showed som e ef f ect on f iltra tion r a te at the

higher exposure concentration, so the NOEC is taken as 0.22 m g /l. These long-term studies

with fish and m u ssels, although showing little or no effects over extended tim e periods, do

not necessarily cover possible e ffects on several life stages (i.e . only adults were exposed and

reproductive endpoints were not c overed). A 20-day em bryo-larval fish test is available

which covers som e reproductive endpoints. Howe ver, although no effe cts were seen with

m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins, the m e thod was deficient in som e aspects when

com p ared to the current test guidelines for such a study. Therefore, the PNEC is based on the

NOEC of 10 μg/l from the long-term 

## Daphnia study, using an assessm ent factor of 50 (as two

NOECs are available, in cluding th e most sensitive species from the short-term studies). Thus,

the PNEC

water 

## for surface water is 0.2 μg/l.

In this case the PNEC could be further refined if a fully valid long-term fish test is carried out

covering all the relevant endpoints. Using the QSAR given in the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt, a long-term NOEC for fish of around 1-1.3 μg/l can be estim a ted (based on a

molecular weight of 400-500 g/m o le for a 52% wt. Cl chlorinated paraffin and a log Kow of

7). This indicates that effects would be predic ted to occur at concentrations above 1 μg/l if

the accum u lation was as expected fo r a substance with log K o w of 7. However, there is some

indication from the available data that 

## Daphnia m a y be the m o st sensitive species f o r this

substance, possibly due to lower uptake of the substance by fish than m i ght be indicated by a

log Kow of 7 (the m easured fish BCF is 1,087 l/kg com p ared to the value of 45,710 l/kg

estim ated for a substance with a log Kow of 7 using t h e m e thodology outlin ed in the

Technical Guidance Docum e nt (see Section 3.1.0.5.1)).

147

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Further evidence for 

## Daphnia being a m o re sensitive organism than fish for chlorinated

paraffins com e s from the available data on shor t-chain chlorinated paraffins. Here the 21-day

NOEC for 

## Daphnia was 5 μg/l, and this com p ared with a NOEC of 280 μg/l in a fish early

lifestage study (ECB, 2000). If it is assum e d t h at m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffins are

unlikely to be m o re toxic to fish early life stages than found for the more bioaccumulative

short-chain chlorinated paraffins , th en it is prob able tha t 

## Daphnia would be the m o st sensitive

species for m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins, and so an assessm ent factor of 10 could be

justif ied, giving a ten t ative PNEC

water 

## of 1 μg/l. This is consider ed f u rther in the risk

characterisation.

3.2.1.6.2 Sew age treatment processes



## There are toxicity data available f o r th e effects of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins on

bacteria. In these exp e rim e nts, the lowest th reshold concentration reported to cause effects

(approxim a tes to a NOEC/LOEC) was 800 mg /l. The Technical Guidance Docum e nt

suggests that an assessm e nt factor of 10 can be applied to the NOEC or EC 10 

## from a t e st

using m i xed bacterial populations . T h erefore, the PNEC for wast e wate r trea tm ent plants c a n

be estim a ted at 80 m g /l.

3.2.1.6.3 Sediment



## A PNEC for sedim e nt can be estim a ted using th e equilibrium partition i ng m e thod as follows:

PNEC sed 

## = K susp-water 

## × PNEC

water 

## × 1000

R H O

susp



## R H O a tter = 1,150 kg/m 3



## Sedim e nt toxicity data are also available for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins. The lowest

NOEC from two prolonged toxicity studies is 50 m g /kg wet wt. for 

## Lumbriculus var i egatus.

An assessment factor of 50 is appropriate for this data set. T hus the PNEC g /kg wet

wt. where K susp-water 

## = suspended matter – water pa rtition coefficient = 14,721 m 3 

## /m 3

susp 

## = bulk density of suspended m

Thus, the PNEC sed 

## = 2.6 m g /kg wet wt. However, the ingestion of sedim e nt-bound substance

by the exposed organism s m a y not be suffi ci ently explained by this relationship for

substances with a log Kow >5. The Technica l Guidance Docum e nt suggests that in such

cases, the PEC/PNEC ratio de rived by the equilibrium part itioning m e thod should be

increased by a factor of 10.

sed 

## = 1 m

As this PNE C is derived from actual sedim e nt data using a sedim e nt with a s i m ilar organic

carbon content to the TGD de fault value (4.9% co m p ared with the TGD default of 5%), there

is no n eed to norm a lise the va lue to the default organic carbon c onten t an d there is no need to

increase the resulting PE C/PNEC ratios by a facto r of 10 to take into acco unt direct in gestion,

i.e. the organism s in the test would have been exposed via both pore water and sedim e ntbound substance and so if direct ingestion was im portant it would be already taken account of

in the toxicity results obtaine d. The study from which the PN EC was derived was carried out

in such a w a y that the organism s were prov id ed with f o o d that did n o t contain c h lorin a ted

paraffin, and so could possibly have reduced th e potential exposure via the ingestion route.

148

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## However, the results obtained are consistent w ith this route of expos ure being of only m i nor

im portance.

se d



## 3.2.2 Terrestrial compartment



## Industry has recen tly carried ou t two prolonged t oxicity stud ies on terrestrial organ i sm s. The

results are discussed in th e f o llowing Sections.

There is cu rrently no infor m ation available on the toxicity of m e di um -chain chlorina te d

paraffins to soil m i croorganism s.

3.2.2.2 Plants

14- 1 7

10- 13



## The concentrations of test substance in the so lvent controls and the low, m i ddle and highest

test concentration were determ ined at the start and end of the test using a radiochem i cal

m e thod. The results of these analyses were variable due to difficulties in obtaining For each treatm ent, 4 replicate po ts were prep ar ed, each con t ain i ng 9 seed s at the start of th e

test. On day 7 a prelim inary assessm e nt of ger m ination wa s undertaken and after a further

7 days a de f i nitive asse ssm ent of germ ination was car rie d out and the se edlin g s were

random ly thinned to 5 seedlings/r eplicate where possible. On day 28 of the study, plants were

cropped at soil level and the total fresh wei ght of the shoots from each rep l icate was

determ ined. A visual assessm ent of the condi tion of the plants was m a de on da y 14 and

day 28 of t h e test. The tests were carried out in glass houses and the overall temperature

range during the study w a s 16 to 31.8 o 

## C. The PNEC of 1 m g /kg wet wt. derived f r o m the availab l e expe r i m e ntal data will be

considered in the risk ch aracterisatio n

.

3.2.2.1 Toxicity to microorganisms



## The toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance to wheat ( 

## Triticum aestivum ; m onocotyledon),

oilse e d rap e ( 

## Brassica napus ; dicotyledon) and m u ng bean ( 

## Phaseolus aureus ;

dicotyledonous legum e) has been studied using OECD guideline 208 (the protocol is based

on the July 2000 proposal for revision of th e guideline) (Thom pson et al., 2001). The

substance us ed in the tes t was a comm ercial product that contained no stabilisers. T h e C

content of the product was 99.06%, with only trace am ounts (0.67%) of C congeners

present. The nom i nal concentrations tested were 50, 158, 500, 1,580 and 5,000 m g /kg dry wt.

A s m all amount of 14 

## C-labelled n

- p e ntadecane, 51% wt. Cl substance (radi ochem i cal purity

>96.6%) was m i xed with the test substance at the lowest, m i ddle and highest concentrations

tested to allow radiochem i cal analys is of the c oncentr ation s present in the soil and plants to

be determ ined during the study.

The soil use d in th e test was a com m e rcial formulation consisting of 50% sterilised Surrey

loam and 50% gravel (4 mm) with appropriate nutrient additions. The test soils were p r epared

by firstly adding a solution of the test substa nce in acetone to dry silver sand (sieved to

1 mm ) and allowing the acetone to evaporate overnigh t under an air stream . Secondly, this

spiked sand was m i xed with the soil (10% san d :90% soil) to give the desired nom i nal test

concentrations. Control and solven t contro l soils were prepar ed in a sim i lar way. The soil had

an organic carbon content of 2.3%.

149

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## representative sm all subsam ples of soil as a re sult of the relatively large proportion of soil

particle s >2 m m prese n t in the s o ils. The re sults, howe v er, were g e nera lly clo s e to the

nom i nal values (e.g. th e m ean m e asured va lues (on a dry wt. basis) were 49 mg/kg,

520 m g /kg. and 5,800 m g /kg for the nom inal 50 m g /kg, 500 m g / kg and 5,000 m g /kg

trea tm ents respec tive l y ) and so the resu lts were expr e ssed in te r m s of the nom inal

concentratio ns.

The endpoints determ ined in the study were s eed germ ination and em ergence, vegetative

growth (d ry shoot weigh t ), an d visual cond itio n of the seedlings. The res u lts of the study are

shown in Table 3.52 

## . All seedling s in the treatm e nts appeared norm a l (as com p ared to the

control groups) th roughout the test.

Table 3.52 Effects of a C , 52 %

wt. Cl su bstance on emergence and plant growth 14

-1 7



### W

h e

a t O i l s e e

d r

a p e Mungb e a n Treat men t

Eme r ge nce a 

### Growth b 

### Eme r ge nce a 

### Growth b 

### Eme r ge nce a 

### Growth b



### C o n

t r o

l 8 1 % 0.45 ± 0.02 g 39% 1.16 ± 0.24 g 92% 1.08 ± 0.19 g

Solvent co ntrol 78% 0.45 ± 0.06 g 50% 0.88 ± 0.18 g 92% 0.91 ± 0.18 g

50 mg/kg d r y wt. 83% 0.44 ± 0.08 g 47% 0.94 ± 0.27 g 86% 0.92 ± 0.14 g

158 mg/kg dry wt

. 92% 0.45 ± 0.07 g 53% 0.97 ± 0.16 g 97% 0.96 ± 0.04 g

500 mg/kg dry wt

. 75% 0.44 ± 0.07 g 58% 0.89 ± 0.15 g 97% 0.90 ± 0.03 g

1,580 mg/k g dry wt. 94% 0.43 ± 0.05 g 42% 1.25 ± 0.42 g 97% 0.83 ± 0.14 g

5,000 mg/k g dry wt. 78% 0.39 ± 0.06 g 56% 0.98 ± 0.29 g 94% 0.75 ± 0.07 g

Note: a) Eme r gence de termined as perc entage o f emer ge

d plants on day 1 4

. b) Growth d e

term ined as mea n sh oot dry weight pe r plant.



## For wheat, no statistically sign ificant (p=0.05) differences were found in em ergence of

seedlings or growth of seedlings at any treat m e nt level when com p ared with control and

solvent control populations. The NOEC for this species was therefore ≥ 5,000 m g /kg dry

weight.

For oils eed rape, the em ergence in the contro l a nd solven t c ontrol groups was 39% and 50%

respectively. These v a lu es are belo w the reco mm ended m i nim u m e m er gence rate of 65% in

the test guideline. The em ergence in the treatm ent groups ranged from 42% to 58%, and was

greater than the so lven t contro l gro up at th e highest concentrati on tested. There was no

statistically significan t (p=0.05) differences in growth of seedling s at any trea tm ent leve l

when com p ared to the control and solvent control populations. Th e test report indicates that

the low em ergence seen was not con s idered to h a ve af f ected the v a lid ity of the re sults and so

the NOEC is tentatively given as ≥ 5,000 m g /kg dry weight for this species.

For m ung bean, no statistically significant (p=0 .05) effects were seen in em ergence rate

between the treatm ent groups a nd the control and solvent cont rol groups. For growth, no

statistically significant effects (p=0.05) were seen between treatm ent groups and the solvent

control group but a statistically sign if icant redu ction in gro w th was see n at th e hig h est two

concentratio ns tested when com p ar ed with th e control group. The growth in the solvent

control group was less than found in the control group, but this difference was not statistically

significant and so the data fo r the control and solvent cont rol groups were pooled. W h e n

150

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## com p ared with this pooled control group, no st atistically significant effects were seen in

growth at an y trea tm ent level. Thus the NOEC f o r this spec ie s is ≥ 5,000 mg/kg dry wt.

Overall, no statistically significan t effects were seen with any species in this study. The low

em ergence rate for oilseed rap e m eans that the r e sults obtain e d f o r th is s p ecies ar e n o t f u lly

valid and so should be treated w ith caution. However, even so, it is clear that little or no

effect was occurring in the treatm ents with this s p ecies.

3.2.2.3 Toxicity to earthw orms



## The toxicity of a m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffin has been studied in a reproduction test

using earthwor m s ( 

## Eisenia fetida ) (Thom pson et al., 2001b). Th e test guideline used was

based on the draft OECD guideline (2000 vers ion) for the reproduc tion test, along with

OECD 207 guideline for the acute toxicity to earthworm s. The substance tested was a

com m e rcial C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl substance containing no stabilisers. The su bstance had a C 14- 17



## content of 99.06% and a C 10- 13 

## content of 0.67%. The nom i nal concentrations tested were

100, 320, 1,000, 3,200 and 10,000 m g /kg dry we ight. The substance was mixed with

n-pentadecane-8- 14 

## C (radiochem ical purity >9 6.6%) at the lowest, m i ddle and highest

concentrations tested, to fac ilitate radiochem i cal analysis of the exposure concentrations.

The soil used in th e test was an artificial soil consisting of 10% sphagnum m o ss peat, 70%

quartz sand, 20% kaolinite clay and 0.25% cal cium carbonate. The soil had an organic carbon

content of 4.7% and a pH of 6.66-7.09. Before use, dis tilled water wa s added to the dry soil

to provide a soil wet:dry ratio of 1.35.

The test con centr ation s were m a de up by f i rstly adding the chlorinated paraffin as a solution

in acetone to a portion of the soil and allowing the solvent to evaporate overnight under a

stream of compressed air. This soil was then m i xe d with the rest of the test soil to g i ve the

desired nom inal concen trations. A solvent control soil was prepared in the sam e way. The

tests were carried out in beaker s containing 500 g of soil. F our rep licate beakers were used

for each treatm ent level, with each replicate con t aining 10 wo rm s. The test was carried out at

20 o 

## C. A cereal-b ased fo od was add e d to the test to the soil surface at weekly in tervals at

approxim a tely 1.25 g dry weight/week. The test substance was not added to the food. The

vessels were weighed every 7 days to determ ine the am ount of water evaporated and this

am ount of water was then added to m a inta in the desired soil moisture content.

Adult wor m s (300-400 mg wet wt.) were used at th e start of the test. On day 28, all rem a ining

parent (adult) worm s were counted and rem o ve d from the test vessels and the total wet

weight of worm s was determ ined. After rem o va l of the ad ult worm s, each tes t vessel was

incubated for a further 28 days to allow hatchi ng of any egg cocoons produced by the parent

worm s. At the end of this tim e pe riod, the number of offspring (j uv e n iles ) p r ese n t was

determ ined.

The soil co ncentr ation s in th e low e st, m i ddl e and highest treatm ents were determ ined on

days 0, 28 and 56 of the experim e nt using a radiochem i cal techniqu e. The m ean m easured

concentrations were 84-95% of nominal at da y 0, 74-90% of nom inal at day 28 and 64-92%

of nom i nal at day 56. T h e results indicate that there m a y have been a decline in the exposure

concentratio n, particu l arly at the lo wer concen trations, during the test. As the test m easured

prim arily survival and reproducti ve output of parent worm s e xposed during the first 28 days

of the experim e nt, the m ean m easured concentra tions over the first 28 da ys of the test were

151

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## thought to best represent the e xposure of these anim als. These concentrations are shown in

Table 3.53 

## . The m easured concentrations over the day 0 to day 28 period were, on average,

87% of the nom i nal concentration. This value wa s used to correct the n o m i nal concentrations

of 320 m g /kg dry wt. and 3,200 m g /kg dry wt., f o r which no analysis was undertaken, to give

“equivalent m easured concentrations” of 280 and 2,800 m g /kg dry wt. respectively.

The survival, growth and reproduction results of the study are shown in Table 3.53. 

## Parent

survival was 100% in solvent control and cont rol groups. P a rent survival in the treatm ent

groups was found to be statistically signif i cantly reduced (p=0.05) at the highest

concentratio n tested. Thus the NOEC survival 

## = 2,800 m g /kg dry wt.

Growth of t h e parent organism s was determ ined as the percentage weight gain over days 0 to

28. The m e a n weight gain in the control a nd solvent control groups was 19%, however, there

was a relativ ely la rge va r i ability b e tw een rep lica t e s , ref l ec ting the f act that the worm s used in

the study were adu lts a t the sta r t of the tes t and their w e ight would be expected to be

influenced by their recent reproductive output . A dose-responsive reduction in weight gain

was seen in the tre a tm ent group s. This redu c tion was sta t istically s i g n if icant (p= 0 .01) at

2,800 m g /kg dry wt. and 9,300 m g /kg dry wt., where the weight/worm had decreased in all

replicates. T hus the NOEC

gr owth 

## = 900 m g /kg dry wt.

Reproduction of the earthwor m s wa s investigated in term s of num b er of live offspring (the

num b er of r e m a ining full and em pty cocoons wa s also determ ined but this did not provide

any relevant data). In determ ining the num b er of offspring produced, no correction w a s m a de

for parent mortality. T h is data showed that a dose-related decrease in the num ber of live

offspring occurred, with this decrease being sta tistic ally signif i cant (p=0. 01) at con c e n tra tions

of 900 m g /kg dry weight and above. The NOEC

r e pr oduction 

## = 280 m g /kg dry weight.

Thus the overall NOEC from this study is 280 mg/kg dry weight. Using the default water

contents for soil recomm ended in the TGD, this is equivalent to 248 mg/kg on a wet weight

basis.

Table 3.53 Toxicity of a 52 %

wt. Cl mediu m -chain chlorina ted paraffin to earthworm

Expo sure co nce n trat ion ( m

g/

kg dry wt. )

N o m i n a l M e

a

s u red a 

### Pare nt s u rvi val Change i n weig ht of

pare nts Number of li ve

offsp r ing

C o n

t r o

l 0 1 0 0

% 1 9 % 34.2 ± 13.8

Solvent co ntrol 0 100% 19% 41.5 ± 12.8

1 0

0 7 9 1 0 0

% 1 8 % 32.3 ± 5.9

3

2

0 2 8

0

b 

### 1 0 0

% 1 0 % 26.3 ± 11.1

1

, 0 0

0 9 0

0 1 0 0

% 6 % 14.5 ± 7.7 **



### 3

, 2

0

0 2

, 8

0

0

b 

### 9 7

. 5

%

- 1 5 % ** 

### 1.5 ± 1.7 **



### 1 0

, 0

0

0 9

, 3

0

0 85% * 

### -34% ** 

### 0 **



### Notes: * Valu e significan t ly different f r om t he solvent con t rol population (p=0. 05).

** Value significa ntly different from the solvent co ntr

o

l population (p= 0

.01).

a) Mean measur e

d concentr a tion o v

er days 0 to day 28 of th e exposu r e. b) No actual me a s

urements wer e carried out for th e

s e treatme nts. Th e concentr a tions represen t “ E quiv a lent measu r ed

concentratio n ”

us ing the me an % o f nominal (8 7%) d e

termined in the other tr eatmen t s.



## 152

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.2.2.4 Predicted n o effect con centrat ion (PNEC) for the terrestrial

compartme n t



## A PNE C soil 

## m a y be estim ated using the equilibrium partitioning m e thod as follows:

PNEC soil 

## = K soil-water 

## × PNEC

water 

## × 1000

R H O soil



## where K soil-water 

## = soil – water partition coefficient = 17,666 m 3 

## /m 3



## R H O soil 

## = bulk density of soil = 1,700 kg/m 3



## The PNEC

so i l 

## is estim ated as 2.1 mg/kg wet wt. However, the ingestion of soil-bound

substance by soil dwelling orga nism s m a y not be sufficiently explained by this relationship

for substances with log Kow >5. The TGD sugge sts that the PEC/PNEC ratio derived by the

equilibrium partition i ng m e thod should be increase d by a factor of 10 to take accoun t of this.

Terres t rial toxicity data are al so available for plants and earthwor m s . The lowes t NOEC from

the studies is 248 m g /kg wet wt. for the eart hwor m

. According to the TGD an as sessm ent

factor of 50 is appropriate fo r this data set, giving a PNEC soil 

## of 4.96 m g /kg wet wt.

The TGD indicates that for soil organism s, the NOEC should be norm a lised to the standard

organic m a tter or organic carbon content used in the TGD (2% organic carbon content). The

organic carbon content of the so il used in the earthworm study was 4.7%, and so this woul d

lead to a NOEC standard 

## of 106 m g /kg wet wt. and a PNEC soil( s tandar d) 

## of 2.12 m g /kg wet wt.

It should be noted that such a norm a lisation is only valid if the m a jority of the exposure of the

organism occurs via the soil pore water. For substances with high l og Kow values such as

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins it is possibl e that direct ingestio n of soil-bound substance

m a y become an im portant route of exposure. However, a lim ited am ount of uptake data was

obtained as part of the toxicity s t ud y with e a rth w orm s . This is d i scus se d in de ta il in Section

3.1.0.5.2, and the data are best explained in term s of the uptake (and hence exposure)

occurring mainly via th e soil pore water. Theref ore, as a realistic worst case app r oach the

PNEC soil( s tan dard) 

## of 2.12 m g /kg wet wt. will be taken f o rward to the risk charac ter i sa tion.

3.2.3 Atmosphere



## No data are available on possible effects of the substance on the atm o sphere. However, given

the low vola tility of the s ubstance, n e ithe r biotic n o r abio tic ef fects are likely.

Chlorinated paraffins, particularly the short- chain ones, have been raised as a possible

concern with regard s to long-rang e atm o spheri c transport and subsequent bioaccum u lation in

rem o te regions. This is sue is curr e n tly being d i scussed within the appr opria te inte r n ationa l

fora, but no agreem ent has yet been reached. The potential for long- range transport (and

subsequent accum u latio n) of the m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins ap pears to be less than

that f o r th e short-cha i n

. This is be cause th e medium -chain chlorinated paraffins generally

have lower vapour pressures, a nd are likely to adsorb m o re strongly to soil and sedim e nt.

However, the substance is a complex m i xt ure with components exhibiting a range of

physico-chem ical properties. Som e com ponent s of the commercial products m i ght have

properties that m a y m e an that long-range transport vi a the atm o sphere is a poss i bility. This

issue should be considered further in the approp riate in tern ational fora.

153

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.2.4 Non-compartmental sp ecific effe cts relevant for the food chain

3.2.4.1 Bioaccumulation



## The high log Kow values report ed for m e dium-chain chlorina ted paraf f ins indicate a high

potential for bioaccum u lation. The availab l e m easured bio c oncentration factors with aquatic

organism s generally sho w s lower accum u lation than would be expected based on the log

Kow, but there are uncertainties over the actu al exposure concentrations in som e of these

studies. Stu d ies with fish and with worm s in sedim e nt and soil show som e uptake of the

m e dium -cha in chlo rinated paraffin s into the organism s. A recen t study m easured a

bioconcentration factor for fish of 1,087 l/kg and this value is considered reliable and has

been used in the assessm ent. Uptake in m a mm als is also evident through the diet, although

the concentrations reach e d within th e anim al do not appear to exceed th ose in the d i et. There

is som e evidence th at the bioaccu m ulative p r ope rties of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

m a y depend on carbon chain lengt h and degree of chlorination (lower accum u lation potential

for highly chlorinated, longer-chain length com ponents), but the av ailable inform ation

indicates that at least som e co m ponents of the comm ercial products have the potential to be

taken up by organism s from surface water, sed i ment or so il p o re water or diet.

3.2.4.2 Avian toxicity



## The toxicity of a C 14- 17 

## , 52% wt. Cl chlorinated paraffin ha s been d e te r m ined using m a llard

ducks ( 

## Anas platyrhynchos ) and ring -necked pheasants ( 

## Phasanius colchius ). In the first part

of the test, single oral doses of 10,280 m g / kg body weight for the m a llard and 24,606 m g /kg

body weight for pheasant were adm i nistered (the chlorinated paraffin was adm i nistered neat

as the undiluted liquid; contro ls were given an equal volum e of water) to groups of 5 m a les

and 5 fe m a les, and the birds were observed fo r 14 days. No m o rtality or abnorm a l clinical

sym p tom s were observed during the 14-day period (Madeley and Birtley, 1980).

In the second test, groups of one- d ay old m a le and fe m a l e m a llards and pheasants were

adm i nistere d the chlor i n a ted par a f f i n in their di et for 5 days, with a further 3 days observation

period. The dietary doses used were 1,000 or 24,063 m g /kg feed, and the chlorinated paraffi n

was dissolved in a fixed volum e of corn oil before m i xing in with the food. Control groups

received feed m i xed with corn oil alone. All te st anim als were found to rem a in in good health

throughout the experim e nt and no mortalities were seen. In the m a llard, depressed food

intake was seen at the 24,063 m g /kg feed dose, but this did not lead to a significant effect on

weight gain. No effects were seen with th e ph easant. No abnorm a lities were observed on

autopsy (Madeley and Birtley, 1980).

Madeley and Birtley (1980) also analysed the distribution of th e chlorinated paraffin within

the bodies of adult m a llards given a singl e oral dose of 10,000 m g /kg body weight and

pheasant chicks given a dietary dose of 1,000 mg/ kg feed for 5 days. Three days after the last

treatm ent, elevated levels of the chlorinated paraffin were f ound in fat (both intestinal and

subcutaneous), gut and heart ( 67, 15 and 7 m g /kg wet weight r e spec tiv ely) in the d u ck and

very low levels in all tissues tested in the pheasan t (although the test animals were too young

to show any fat for analysis). High levels of the chlorinated paraffi n (115 m g /kg wet weight)

were found in feathers from the m a llard. This may indicate a m a jor sink for the substance,

with contam ination of the feathers occurring via the preen gland, but the m easured level

could also b e an artefact as a result of contam ination from gl oves, etc., during handling of the

birds.

154

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.2.4.3 Mammalian toxicity



## The m a m m alian tox i c ity data is reviewed in de tail in Section 4. The relevant repeated-dose

end-points for secondary poisoning can be summ arised as follows:

NOAE L = 5 m g /kg food in diet (or 0.4 m g /kg body weight/day) in a 90-day feeding

study with rats

NOAE L = 10 m g /kg body weight/day in a 90-day feeding study with dogs

NOAE L = 100 m g /kg food in diet (or 8 m g /kg body weight/day) in reproductive

studies with rats

The m a in effects seen in repeated dose stud ies are on the liver, thyroid and kidneys. The

NOAE L for effects on kidneys (inner m e dullary tubular dilatation and “chronic nephritis”)

was 0.4 m g / kg body weight/day in a 90-day study. The changes seen at the next exposure

level (4 m g /kg body weight or 50 m g /kg food in diet) were slight and increased only

m a rginally in severity at higher levels, indicating a shallow dose-response curve.

In reproductive studies, effects were seen on neonatal offspring exposed via the lactating

mother. The NOAE L for these effects was 100 mg/kg food in diet as a m a ternal dose.

Using the conversion factors given in the Tech nical Guidance Docum e nt, a dose of 10 m g /kg

body weight is equivalent to a dose of 100-200 mg/kg food.

3.2.4.4 Predicted n o effect con centration (PNEC) for secondary poisoning



## The Technical Guidance Docum e nt recomm ends that the NOAEL f r om dieta r y tox i c i ty te sts

with f i sh-ea ting birds o r m a m m a ls are used to determ ine the PNEC oral 

## . The m o st relev a nt

study for m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins is the dietary study with the mallard. No

significant effects were seen in this study, other than a slight depression of food intake at the

high dose level of 24,063 m g /kg food.

The Technical Guidance Docum e nt suggests th at an assessm ent factor of 1,000 s hould be

applied to th e LC 50 

## from a 5-day avian study. However, no effects were seen in the available

study with two avian species and so it is not ap propriate to apply this factor to the NOAE L

from the study.

The PNEC

or al 

## will be de rived f r om the available m a m m alian data. From the available data,

the NOAE L of around 5 m g /kg food could be us ed to derive a PN EC, along with an

assessm ent factor of 10 (data is from both repe ated dose and reproductive studies). This gives

a PNEC of 0.5 m g /kg food. It should be noted that the dose-response cu rve for the effects

seen in this study was shallow, and that the effects seen at the next highest concentration

tested (50 mg/kg food) were slight (based on this concentration a PNEC of 5 m g / kg food

could be derived).

The Technical Guidance Docum e nt also indicates that a correction facto r of 3 can be applied

if the laboratory food used is gr ain (the factor accounts for the difference in calorific content

of the diet of the laboratory anim als and the di et of fish-eating birds or mammal s ). However,

the Technical Guidance Docum e nt also indicates that th e use of such a factor is open to

debate and, since in this study de tails of the actual diet used are not available, the factor is not

applied.

155

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.3 RISK CHARACTERI S ATION

3.3.1 Aquatic compartmen t (incl. sediment)



## The PEC/PNEC ratios for the PVC applicatio ns given for surface water and sedim e nt ar e

based on a 45% wt. Cl substance. The corres ponding PECs for a 52% wt. Cl substance are

shown in Appendix G. These are generally sim ila r, but slig htly lower than those determ ined

for the 45% wt. Cl substance.

3.3.1.1 Water



## The PNEC

wa t e r 

## has been estim ated as 0.2 μg/l. Th e resu ltin g PEC/PNEC ratios f o r the various

scenarios co nsidered in th is assessm e n t are shown in Table 3.54



## .

Table 3.54 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for surface water

Using me asu red regi onal c onc e n trat ion of 0.1 μ g /l Scen a r i o S t e p

PEC (μ g/l) PEC / P N E C

Site A 0.11 0.55

Site B 0.19 0.95

Site C 0.27 1.35 Producti on

Site D 0.10 0.50

Compounding - O 0.15 0.75

Conversion – O 0.44 2.20 Use in PVC – pla s tisol coating

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.49 2.45

Compounding - O 0.27 1.35

Compounding – PO 1.03 5.15

Compounding – C 0.18 0.90

Conversion – O 0.62 3.10

Conversion – PO 0.66 3.30

Conversion – C 0.57 2.85

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.79 3.95

Compounding/c o

nversion – PO 1.59 7.95 Use in PVC – ext r usion/othe r

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 0.65 3.25

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 0

. 1 9 0

. 9

5

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 3

9 1

. 9 5 Use in plastics/ r ubber

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 4

8 2

. 4

0

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible b 

### <1

Table 3.5 4 contin ued overle af.



## 156

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.54 co nt inue d

Using me asu red regi onal c onc e n trat ion of 0.1 μ g /l Scen a r i o S t e p

PEC (μ g/l) PEC / P N E C

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 3

8 1

. 9 0

Industrial ap plication 0.21 1.05 Use in paints

Domestic applica t ion 0.10 0.50

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1

. 6 4 8

. 2

0

Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 0.71 3.55

Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 0.66 3.30

Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.15 0.75 Use in metal cutti ng/ working

fluids

Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 4 6

. 6 2 3

3

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 2

9 1

. 4 5

Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 1

. 7 7 8

. 8

5 Use in leather fa t liquors

Use – processing of wet blue 6.79 34.0

Use in carbonles s copy paper Paper recycling 0.43 c 

### 2.15

Regional sources 0.1 0.5

Note: a) For t he inte rmi ttent scena rio an assessment facto r can be a pplied t o the acut e EC 50 

### . However, from th e available dat a

set this would res u lt in a lower PNEC than t hat de rived from t he long -term da ta. Th e PEC is greate r tha n the EC 50



### determine d in ac ute and lo ng-te rm invertebra t e stud ies.

b) Pr ocess make s no significant c ontribution to lev e ls in water.

c) Primary treatm ent (sludge to lan d

fill) followed by biological waste water treat ment (sludge to soil)

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## The resu lts are repo rted using th e m easured reg i onal concentration of 0.1 μg/l as th e

background concentration. This is considered to be a m o r e represen tative value than the

predicted regional concentration of 0.389 μg /l or 0.682-0.745 μg/l when the “waste

rem a ining in the environ m ent” is included.

Recent m e a s urem ents in the United Kingdom indica te that the concentrations at so m e sites

m a y be lower than predicted, at around 0.1 μg/l at m o st (see Section 3.1.1.3). The survey

analysed spot water samples taken from do wnstream of a range of industries where

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffi ns were thought to be being us ed. However, as these results

only provide a snapshot of the concentration of the tim e of sam p ling and could be inf l uenced

by the type of activity being car ried out at that tim e, they cannot be considered to be

representative of the possible lo cal concentrations of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins that

m a y occur throughout the EU.

The local calculations for PVC are based on a 45% wt. Cl product. T h e equivalent PECs

based on a less volatile 52% wt. Cl product are given in Appendix G and are in the range

0.15-0.99 μg/l. This gives PEC/PNEC ratios in the range 0.75-4.95.

For for m ulation of m e t a l cutting fluids it was reported in Section 3.1.0.2.5 that at well

controlled form ulation sites, oil capture and reco very systems will be us ed prior to discharge

of

eff l uent to the sewa ge trea tm ent plant. The equipm ent used is designed to lower the

dissolved oil concentration to 5 m g /l or less. In this case the release fr om the site would m a ke

157

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## only a m i nor contribution to the PEC local 

## for water, which is dom inated by the regional

background concentration.

It should als o be noted that for som e uses, pa rticularly in m e tal cu tting / working fluid s , there

is an increasing trend in the am ounts of m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins used, which

could result in an in creas e in th e PEC regional 

## . Th is is cons idere d f

u rt her in Appendix E and, as

a worst cas e could increase the calcu lated PEC regi onal 

## to around 0.71 μg/l.

Result

i) There is a n eed f o r f u rth e r inf o rm ation and/or te sting.

The estim ated PEC/PNEC ratios are >1 for m o st of the life-stag es of m e di um -chain

chlorinated paraffins when the m easured value of 0.1 μg/l is taken to represent the regional

concentration. The PNEC is based on two NOE Cs and an assess m e nt factor of 50. A

long-term toxicity study with fi sh (early life stage) could a llow this to be refined. Som e

long-term toxicity data are available for fish , which show no effects, but these tests do not

m eet all th e requ irem ents of the curren t te st guidelines. The ava ila ble inf o rm ation on

short-chain chlorinated paraffins ind i cates that it is unlikely that fish would be m o re sensitive

to m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffin than 

## Daphnia. If the PNEC were derived using a factor

of 10 on the daphnia NOEC, then m o st of the e ndpoints would give ratios less than 1. Sim ilar

overall conclusions are obtained if the predicte d regional concentration of 0.389 μg/l is used.

In summary, there is a need to consider a new l ong-term fish test carried out to current test

guidelines. However, given the available databa se for chlorinated paraffins as a whole, and

the conclusions found for other endp oints in this assessm ent, it is currently difficult to justify

further testing with vertebrate species. Therefor e, the need for this te st should be reviewed

once the outcom e of the risk reduction m easures proposed elsewhere in this assessm ent are

known.

ii) There is at p r esent no need for further in form ation and/or testing or for risk reduction

m easures beyond those which ar e being applied already.

This conclusion currently applie s to the assessm e nt of loc a l releases from som e production

sites, som e PVC com p ounding sites, plastics/ rubber com pounding sites, for m ulation and use

of

sealants, dom e stic ap plica ti on of paints, use in em ulsifiable m e tal cutting/working fluids

and from regional sources.

iii) There is a n eed f o r lim iting the risks ; risk reduction m easures wh ich are already being

applied shall be taken into account.

The PECs derived are based, as far as possi ble, on re le ase inf o rm ation r e lev a n t to th e

industry. These indicate that risk reduction m easures m a y be required for the following areas

(ir r espe ctiv e of the resu lts of a f i sh test, or wh ether or the m easured or predicted regional

concentratio n is used):

• Use in the production of PVC in som e pro cesses (particularly where com pounding or

com pounding and conversion is carried out in partially open system s).

• Form ulation of m e tal cutting f l uid s , and use in e m ulsif i able m e tal cuttin g/working f l uids

where the sp ent fluid is d i scharg ed to waste water.

158

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## • Use in leather fat liquors.

W h en the p o ssible effects of th e pro posed risk reduction m e asures on sh ort chain chlorinated

paraffins on the consumption and use of m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins are taken into

account, the PEC/PNEC ratios also indicate that a risk from use in oil-based m e tal cutting

fluids m a y also need to be considered if the typical concentrat ion of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins present in the fluid is increased to around 10% (see Appendix E).

3.3.1.2 Sediment



## There are two toxicity studi es available on sed i m e nt -dwelling organisms. A PNEC

se d 

## for t h e

sedim e nt compartm ent of 1 m g /kg wet wt. ha s been estim a ted using these data and an

assessm ent factor of 50. The resulting PEC/ PNEC ratios f o r m e dium -chain chlorina te d

paraffins are shown in Table 3.55



## .

Table 3.55 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for sediment

Using me asu red regi onal c onc e n trat ions Scen a r i o S t e p

PEC (

m

g/k g

wet wt.) PEC / P N E C

Site A 1.41 1.4

Site B 2.44 2.4

Site C 3.46 3.5 Producti on

Site D 1.28 1.3

Compounding - O 1.88 1.9

Conversion – O 5.68 5.7 Use in PVC – pla s tisol coating

Compounding/c o

nversion - O 6.27 6.3

Compounding - O 3.46 3.5

Compounding – PO 13.2 13.2

Compounding – C 2.30 2.3

Conversion – O 7.94 7.9

Conversion – PO 8.45 8.5

Conversion – C 7.30 7.3

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 10.1 10.1

Compounding/c o

nversion - PO 20.4 20.4 Use in PVC – ext r usion/othe r

Compounding/c o

nversion - C 8.32 8.3

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 2

. 3

8 2

. 4

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 4

. 9

9 4

. 9

9 Use in plastics/ru bber

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 6

. 1 4 6

. 1

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible b 

### <1

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 4

. 8

6 4

. 9

Industrial ap plication 2.69 2.7 Use in paints

Domestic applica t ion 1.28 1.3

Table 3.5 5 contin ued overle af.



## 159

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.55 co nt inue d

Using me asu red regi onal c onc e n trat ions Scen a r i o S t e p

PEC (

m

g/k g

wet wt.) PEC / P N E C

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 2 1

. 0 2 1

. 0

Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 9.09 9.1

Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 8.45 8.5 Use in metal cutti ng/working

fluids

Use in emulsifiable fluids 1.92 1.9

Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release [597 or 11.7] a 

### [597 or 11.7] a



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 3

. 7 1 3

. 7 1

Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 2 2

. 7 2 2

. 7 Use in leather fa t liquors

Use – processing of wet blue 86.9 86.9

Use in carbonles s copy paper Paper recycling 5.50 c 

### 5.5

Regional sources 0.7 0.7

Note: a) [ ] Int e rmittent release scena rio - it is not clear ho w this is dealt with in the TGD f o

r sediment.

b) Pr ocess make s no significant c ontribution to lev e ls in sediment.

c) Primary treatm ent (sludge to lan d

fill) followed by biological waste water treat ment (sludge to soil).

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## The resu lts are repo rted using the reg i ona l concentrations ba sed on the m easured

concentratio ns in surface water and sedim e nt ( 0 .1 μg/l and 0.7 m g /kg wet wt. respectiv ely).

The local calculations for PVC are based on a 45% wt. Cl product. T h e equivalent PECs

based on a less volatile 52% wt. Cl product are given in Appendix G and are in the range

1.9-12.7 m g /kg wet wt. This gives P E C/ PNEC r a tios in the range 1.9-12.7.

In general the m o st recent m onitoring data for se dim e nt is consisten t with the pred ic ted loca l

concentratio ns. Indeed, there are several ar ea s in the United Kingd om with m easured

sedim e nt levels are >5 mg/kg wet wt., indica ting that risk reduction m easures are required

from som e uses of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins. The PEC/PNEC ratios obtained for sedim e nt cu rrently ind i cate a risk to the environm ent

from all the local scenarios cons idered excep t for the local scenario formulation an d use in

sealan ts. The regiona l PEC/PNEC ratio is curren tly < 1 , indicatin g a low risk to the

environm ent from regional sources. The PNEC sed 

## is based on the results from prolonged

toxicity tests from two species with an assessm ent factor of 50. It is pos sible to further refine

the PNEC sed 

## by carrying out a further prolonged toxicity test with a third species. The results

from a third species wo uld allow an asses s m e nt factor of 10 to be used on the lowest NOEC.

and would m ean that the PNEC sed 

## would be 5 m g /kg we t wt. or possibly lower. From

Table 3.55 

## it can be se e n that sev e ra l loca l PEC sed 

## s are ≥ 5 m g /kg wet wt. and so it is possible

to conclud e that a risk to th e environ m ent exists from these s ources. For the scenarios wher e

the PEC sed 

## are between 1 and 5 m g /kg (i.e. produc tion, use in PVC (plastisol coating

com pounding in open system s; extrusion/othe r com pounding in open and closed system s)

,

com pounding and conversion in plastics/rubbe r, formulation and industrial/dom e stic

application of paints, use in em uls i fiable m e tal cutting/working fluids and for m ul ation of

leather fat liquors) a toxicity test with a third species would allow it to be seen if a risk

actua lly ex is ts or not.

160

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## For for m ulation of m e t a l cutting fluids it was reported in Section 3.1.0.2.5 that at well

controlled form ulation sites, oil capture and reco very systems will be us ed prior to discharge

of

eff l uent to the sewa ge trea tm ent plant. The equipm ent used is designed to lower the

dissolved oil concentration to 5 m g /l or less. In this case the release fr om the site would m a ke

only a m i nor contribution to the PE C local 

## for sedim e nt, which is dom inated by the regional

concentratio ns.

Result

i) There is a n eed f o r f u rth e r inf o rm ation and/or te sting.

It is possib l e to further refine the PNEC sed 

## by carrying out a furthe r prolonged toxicity test

with a th ird species, su ch as 

## Hyalella azteca . This would be im portant for refining the

PEC/PNEC ratios for sedim e nt where the current ra tio is in th e range 1 to <5 (i.e. p r od uction,

use in PVC (plastisol coatin g com p ounding in open system s; extrusion/other com pounding in

open and closed system s), com pounding and conve rsion in plastics/rubber, form ulation and

industrial/do m estic application of paints, use in emulsifiable m e tal cuttin g/working fluids and

for m ulation of leather fat liquors) . Sim ilar to the case with su rface water the need for this test

should be reviewed once the eff ects of the risk reduction m easur es proposed elsewhere in this

assessm ent are known.

The sam e overall conclusions w ould be obt ained using the predicted regional water

concentratio ns.

ii) There is at p r esent no need for further in form ation and/or testing or for risk reduction

m easures beyond those which ar e being applied already.

This conclus i on currently applies to the as sessm ent of local release from form ulation and use

of sealants and from regional sources.

iii) There is a n eed f o r lim iting the risks ; risk reduction m easures wh ich are already being

applied shall be taken into account.

Although a further sedim e nt toxicity test m a y reduce the P N EC and he nce PEC/PNEC ratio

for sedim e nt , this would not affect the outcom e of the assess m e nt for the scenario s where the

curren t PEC/PNEC ratios are ≥ 5. Therefore risk reduction m easures are required for local

release from the followin g sources :

• Use in PVC: plastisol coating – conversion sites or sites carryi ng out both com pounding

and conversion.

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other – com pounding site s using partially open processes or sites

carrying out both com p ounding an d conversion using open, pa rtially open or closed

processes.

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other – conversion sites using open , partially open or closed

processes.

• Use in plastics/rubber: sites carrying out both co mpounding and conversion.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: f o rm ulation sites.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: use in oil-based fluids at la rge and sm all s ite s.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wo rking f l uids: use in em ulsif i ab le f l uids at sites with inte rm itten t

rele ase (d isp o sal) to sew e r/dr ain.

161

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## • Use in leather fat liquors: use at sites carrying out processing of hides/leather.

• Use in carbonless copy paper: site s carrying out paper recycling.

This conclu sion is supp orted by the m o re recen t m onitoring data from the United K i ngdom,

which found m easured concentra tions of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins at several

locations close to industry in the United Kingdom.

C 

## 3.3.1.3 Sew age treatment processes



## A PNEC of 80 m g /l has been estim a ted f o r se wage trea tm ent m i croorgan i sm s. The resulting

PEC/PNEC ratios for the vari ous scenarios are shown in Table 3.56



## .

Table 3.56 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for waste water trea tment plants

Scen a r i o S t e p effluent 

### (μg/l) PEC/ P NEC

0.88

Conversion – O 6.48 8.1 × 10 -5 

### Use in PVC – pla s tisol coating

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 7.35 9.2 × 10 -5



### Compounding - O 3.22 4.0 × 10 -5



### Compounding – PO 17.5 2.2 × 10 -4



### Compounding – C 1.49 1.9 × 10 -5



### Conversion – O 9.80 1.2 × 10 -4



### Conversion – PO 10.50 1.3 × 10 -4



### Conversion – C 8.93 1.1 × 10 -4



### 13.0 1.6 × 10 -4



### Compounding/c o

nversion – PO 28.0 3.5 × 10 -4 

### Use in PVC – ext r usion/othe r

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 10.4 1.3 × 10 -4



### C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 1

. 6 3 2.0 × 10 -5



### C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 5

. 4

3 6.8 × 10 -5 

### Use in plastics/ru bber

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 7

. 0 7 8.8 × 10 -5



### Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible a 

### <<1

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 5

. 2

5 6.6 × 10 -5



### Industrial ap plication 2.07 2.6 × 10 -5 

### Use in paints

Domestic application 1.05 × 10 -5 

### 1.3× 10

- 10



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 2 9

. 1 3.6 × 10 -4



### Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 11.6 1.5 × 10 -4



### Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 10.5 1.3 × 10 -4



### Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.88 1.1 × 10 -5 

### Use in metal cutti ng/working

fluids

Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 8 7

5 0

. 0

1 1 Compounding - O 1.1 × 10 -5



### Compounding/c o

nversion – O

Table 3.5 6 contin ued overle af.



## 162

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.56 co nt inue d

Scen a r i o S t e p C effluent 

### (μg/l) PEC/ P NEC

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 3

. 5 4.4 × 10 -5



### Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 31.5 3.9 × 10 -4 

### Use in leather fa t liquors

Use – processing of wet blue 126 1.6 × 10 -3



### Use in carbonles s copy paper Paper recycling 6.2 7.8 × 10 -5



### Note: a) Pr ocess make s no significant c ontribution to the levels in waste water.

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## For the four production sites for whic h inform ation is available, the C effl uent 

## is in th e range

0.12-5.3 μg/l at sites where biological treatm e nt is carried out. These concentratio ns also

result in PEC/PNEC <1. The risk to waste wa ter treatm ent plants from the production and us e

of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins is therefore low.

Result

ii) There is at p r esent no need for further in form ation and/or testing or for risk reduction

m easures beyond those which ar e being applied already.

This applies to the a ssess m e nt of waste wate r tr ea tm ent plants f r om all sou r ces.

3.3.2 Terrestrial compartment



## Soil organism s could be exposed to m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins following application

of sewage sludge to agri cultural soils. A PNEC soil 

## of 2.12 mg/kg wet wt. has been derived.

The resultin g PEC/PNEC ratios ob ta ined f

o r agr i cultu ral so il are shown in Table 3.57



## .

The results are reported using the m easured concentration of 0.088 m g /kg we t wt. to

repres ent th e region al concentratio n in all so il typ e s (n atural soil (which acts as the

background to the local calculations in agricultural soil ) and agricultural so il). Sim ilar to the

situation with surface water, th e m easured regional so il concentratio n is cons idered to b e

representative of the situation throughout the E U . However, in th e case of soil, the database

available is sm aller than in the cas e with surface water, and s o the m easured soil data needs to

be used with caution. The predicted region al concen tration in a g ricu ltur a l soil is

50.4-55.8 mg/kg wet wt. and the pr e d icted reg i o n al con centr ation in natu ral soil is 1.1 m g /kg

wet wt. It should be noted that the predicted concentr ations are m u ch higher than the levels

that have s o far been m easured in the envi ronm ent, and indicates that there are some

uncertainties in the leve ls pr edic ted. These could ar ise f r o m overestim ation of the ac tua l

em issions to soil, or an underestim ation of the rem oval (biodegradation) rate in soil. This

latter po int is consid er ed in detail in Section 3.1.2.3 and Appendix H and the overall

uncertainties in the assessm e nt are discussed in S ection 3.3.5.

Em issions of particulates containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins (from weathering of

PVC for exam ple) could add to the burden in soil, particularly the urban/industrial soil

com p art m ent. There are currently no agreed m e thods within the Technical Guidance

Docum e nt for assess ing these em issions, but ten t ative calculations ind i ca te tha t the resulting

regional concentration in industrial/urban soil could be of the order of 147-173 m g /kg wet wt.

163

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.57 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for agr icultural soil (30 day average)

Using me asu red regi onal c onc e n trat ions Scen a r i o S t e p

PEC (

m

g/k g

wet wt.) PEC / P N E C

Producti o n 4 S i t e

s negligible c 

### <1

Compounding - O 0.51 0.24

Conversion – O 3.21 1.5 Use in PVC – pla s tisol coating

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 3.64 1.7

Compounding - O 1.64 0.77

Compounding – PO 8.53 4.0

Compounding – C 0.81 0.38

4.82 2.3

Conversion – PO 5.16 2.4

Conversion – C 4.40 2.1

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 6.37 3.0

Compounding/c o

nversion – PO 13.6 6.4 Use in PVC – ext r usion/othe r

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 5.12 2.4

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 0

. 8

7 0

. 4

1

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 2

. 7 1 1

. 3 Use in plastics/ru bber

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 3

. 5 1

. 7

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible c 

### < 1

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 2

. 6

2 1

. 2

1.08 0.51 Use in paints

Domestic application negligible c 

### < 1

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1 4

. 1 6

. 7

Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 5.66 2.7

Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 5.15 2.4

Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.51 0.24 Use in metal cutti ng/working

fluids

Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 46 a 

### 21.7 a



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1

. 7 8 0

. 8

4

Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 1 5

. 3 7

. 2 Use in leather fa t liquors

Use – processing of wet blue 60.8 28.6

Use in carbonles s copy paper Paper recycling 3.02 b 

### 1.4 b



### Regional sources 0.088 0.042 Conversion – O

Industrial ap plication

Note: a) Assum e

s diluti on of sewage slu dge at wwtp bef o

r e application to s o

il (see Secti on 3

. 1.2.1).

b) Prim ary tre a tm ent (sludge to lan d

fill) followed by biological waste water treat ment (sludge to soil)

c) Process make s no significant c ontribution to lev e ls in soil.

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## 164

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## There are large uncertainties inh e rent in th e s e estim a tes, particular ly over the actua l

(bio)av a ilability of the s ubstance, an d the actua l residen ce tim e of the substance in the soil

com p art m ent (the predicted region al concentratio n in soil is v e ry sensitive to the rem o val rate

assum e d in the calcu latio n (see Section 3.1.2.3 and Appendix H). For exam ple if a half-life of

2 years in soil is assum e d (as suggested by the analysis in Appendix H) this predicted

regional concentration w ould be reduced to 0. 7-0.8 m g /kg wet weight). No m onitoring data

are cu rren t ly available that could be consid er ed rep r esen tative of this scenario. If these

em issions do lead to actual exposure of th e urban/industrial soil co mpartm ent to levels

sim ilar to those predic ted, then the PEC/PNEC ratio would be >1 in the worst case

calcu lation.

In summary, when the measured regional soil co ncentr ation is used, the PEC/PNEC ratios f o r

most local scenarios are >1. Si m ilar resu lts are obtained using the predicted regional

concentratio ns, but in th is case the P E C/PNEC r a tio is also >1 f o r the re gional con c entra tion

in agricultu ral so il. W h en the em issions of “waste rem a ining in the environ m ent” to

urban/industrial soil are considered, the predicted PEC/PNEC ratio would be >1.

It is possib l e to furthe r refine th e PNEC soil 

## by carry ing o u t a th ird t oxicity tes t with soil

m i croorganism s. This would allow an assessm ent f actor of 10 to be used to derive the PNEC.

Since th e m a jority of the cu rren t PEC/PNEC ratio s ar e between 1 and 5, suc h a te st is

im portant to establish if a risk a c tua l ly exis ts or not in these cases. For the scenarios where

the cu rren t PEC/PNEC ratio is ≥ 5 s u ch a tes t w ould red u ce th e PEC/PNEC ratios but would

still lead to PEC/PNEC ratios ≥ 1 an d so a risk to the env i ro nm ent can b e deduced f o r thes e

scenarios.

Result

i) There is a n eed f o r f u rth e r inf o rm ation and/or te sting.

A further prolonged soil toxicity test with soil microorganism s is recomm ended to refine the

PNEC soil 

## and hence the PEC/PNEC ratios. This would be im portant for refining the

PEC/PNEC ratios for soil where the curren t ra ti o is in the range 1 to >5 (i.e. use in PVC

(conversion and compounding/conversion in open system s for plastisol coating;

extrusion/other: com p ounding in partially open system s, c onversion in open, partially open

and closed system s, and com pounding/conversi on in open and closed system s), conversion

and com pounding/conversion in plas tics/rubber, for m ulation of pa ints, use in oil-based m e tal

cutting/working fluids at larg e and sm all sites, recycling of carbonless copy paper). The need

for this test should be reviewed in light of the risk reduction m easures proposed elsewhere in

this as sessm ent.

It is possible that the PECs could also be refined. The concentrations of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins are predicted to build up in soil over tim e as no biodegradation was

assum e d in the EUSES m odel. This resu lts in high concentrations bein g pred icted in so il,

particula r ly in the reg i o n al m odel, but the r e m a y also b e so m e i m pact on the p r edicted lo cal

levels. These predicted regional co ncentrations have not been c onf irm e d in the available soil

monitoring data and so the m oni toring data have been used to represent the regional

concentrations. A soil degrad ation study (from which a reliab le half -life for degradation

(m ineralisation) in soil could be derived) coul d be considered, to define a reliable rem oval

rate for the substance. A relatively crude analysis (see Appendix H) suggests that a

degradation half-life of around 2 years in soil would be cons istent with the estim ated

165

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## em ission rates and the m easured regional concentr ations in soil. A degr adation half-life of

this order would have the effect of reducing th e local PECs for soil by around a factor of 2-3.

Since the m a jority of the PEC/PN EC ratios are larger than this factor, a soil degradation study

on its own would not necessarily be enough to refine the risk characterisation for this

com p art m ent. In addition to this , it would also be very difficu lt to carry out such a study.

Thus, although a soil degradation study would provide useful inform ation for the risk

assessm ent, and would poten tia lly allow the local PECs for soil (and any other local

concentratio ns that rely on the s o il con centr ations such as tho s e f o r earthworm s (for

secondary poisoning) and food for hum an cons um ption) to be refined, obtaining such

inf o rm ation within a r e a s onable tim escale woul d be problem a tical, an d the resu lts on the i r

own would not nece ssar ily a llow th e asses s m e nt f o r the soil com p artm ent to be co m p leted.

This option is therefore not recomm e nded.

ii) There is at p r esent no need for further in form ation and/or testing or for risk reduction

m easures beyond those which ar e being applied already.

This conclusion currently applie s to the assessm e nt of local releases f r om production sites,

som e PVC c o m pounding sites, som e plastics/rubb er com pounding sites, form ulation and use

of sealants, industrial and dom e stic applica tion of paints, use in em ulsifiable m e tal

cutting/work ing fluids (n ot interm ittent release scenario ), formulation of leath e r fat liquors,

and from regional sources on agricultural land.

iii) There is a n eed f o r lim iting the risks ; risk reduction m easures wh ich are already being

applied shall be taken into account.

The PEC/PNEC ratios indica te th at risk reduction m easures ar e required for local releas es

from the following sources:

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other - sites carry ing out both com p ounding and conversion using

partially open system s.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: f o rm ulation sites.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wo rking f l uids: use in em ulsif i ab le f l uids at sites with inte rm itten t

rele ase (d isp o sal) to sew e r/dr ain.

• Use in leather fat liquors: use at sites carrying out processing of hides/leather.

In th ese cas es, th e m a jor source of releas e to soil is pr edic te d to com e f r om the sp re ading of

sewage sludge onto agr i cultu ral land

.

The regiona l assessm ent of “waste rem a ining in the environ m ent” also indicates a possible

risk to industrial soil. The m a jor source of release to soil in this scenario is direct particulate

rele ase to in dustrial so il. There ar e m a ny uncer tainties inher e nt in th is sc e n ario.

3.3.3 Atmosphere



## Neither bio t ic nor abio tic ef f ects on the atm o sphere ar e likely bec a use of the lim ited

atm o spheric release and low volatility of m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffins.

Chlorinated paraffins, particularly the short- chain ones, have been raised as a possible

concern with regard s to long-rang e atm o spheri c transport and subsequent bioaccum u lation in

rem o te regions. This is sue is curr e n tly being d i scussed within the appr opria te inte r n ationa l

166

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## fora, but no agreem ent has yet been reached. The potential for long- range transport (and

subsequent accum u latio n) of the m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins ap pears to be less than

that f o r th e short-cha i n

. This is be cause th e medium -chain chlorinated paraffins generally

have lower vapour pressures, a nd are likely to adsorb m o re strongly to soil and sedim e nt.

However, the substance is a complex m i xt ure with components exhibiting a range of

physico-chem ical properties. Som e com ponent s of the commercial products m i ght have

properties that m a y m e an that long-range transport vi a the atm o sphere is a poss i bility. This

issue should be considered further in the approp riate in tern ational fora.

Result

ii) There is at p r esent no need for further in form ation and/or testing or for risk reduction

m easures beyond those which ar e being applied already.

3.3.4 Non-compartment specific eff ects relevant to the food chain

(secondary poisoning)



## The PNEC for secondary poisoning has been de term ined as 0.5 m g /kg food. The estim ated

PEC/PNEC ratios are shown in Table 3.58 

## . The results are reported using the measured

concentratio n of 0.1 μg/l to repres ent the reg i onal con c entration in surface water and

0.088 m g /kg wet wt. to represent the regi onal concentration in all soil types.

Table 3.58 Estimated conce n trations in fish and earthworms for secondary poisoning

Scen a r i o S t e p F i s h Eart hwo r m

s

Using me asu red regi onal

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns Using me asu red regi onal

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns

PEC ( m

g/k g

) P E C / P N E C P E C ( m

g/k g

) PEC / P N E C

Producti o n S i t e A 0.11 0

. 2

2 n e

g l i g i b l e

c 

### < 1

S i t

e B 0.15 0

. 3

0 n e

g l i g i b l e

c 

### < 1

C 0.19 0

. 3

8 n e

g l i g i b l e

c 

### < 1

S i t

e D 0.11 0

. 2

2 n e

g l i g i b l e

c 

### < 1

Compounding - O 0.13 0

. 2

6 1

. 7 3

. 4

Conversion – O 0.26 0.52 9.3 18.6

Compounding/c o

nversion - O 0.28 0

. 5

6 1 0

. 4 2 0

. 8

Compounding - O 0.19 0

. 3

8 4

. 8 9

. 6 Use in PVC –

extrusion/ ot her C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

- P O 0

. 5

2 1

. 0 4 2 4

. 1 48.2

Compounding – C 0.14 0

. 2

8 2

. 5 5.0

Conversion – O 0.34 0

. 6

8 1 3

. 7 2 7

. 4

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n

– PO 0.36 0

. 7

2 1 4

. 7 2 9

. 4

Conversion – C 0.32 0

. 6

4 1 2

. 6 2 5

. 2

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.42 0

. 8

4 1 8

. 1 3 6

. 2

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n

- P O 0.77 1

. 5 4 3 8

. 3 7 6

. 6

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 0.36 0

. 7

2 1 4

. 6 2 9

. 2 Site

Use in PVC –

plastisol coating

Table 3.5 8 contin ued overle af.



## 167

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table 3.58 co nt inue d

Scen ario Step F i s h Eart hwo r m

s

Using me asu red regi onal

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns Using me asu red regi onal

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns

PEC ( m

g/k g

) P E C / P N E C P E C ( m

g/k g

) PEC / P N E C

0

. 1 5 5

. 4 Use in plastics/

rubber C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 2

4 0

. 4

8 7

. 8 1 5

. 6

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 0.28 0

. 5

6 1 0

. 0 2 0

. 0

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible c 

### < 1 negligible c 

### < 1

Use in paints Formulation 0.23 0

. 4

6 7

. 6 1 5

. 2

I n

d u

s

t r i a l ap p

l i c

a t

i o

n 0.16 0

. 3

2 3

. 3 6

. 6

D o

m

e

s

t i c a p p

l i c

a t

i o

n negligible c 

### < 1 negligible c 

### < 1

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 8

0 1.60 39.7 7 9

. 4

Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 0.38 0.76 16.1 32.2 Use in metal

cutting/working

fluids

Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 0.36 0.72 14.7 29.4

Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.13 0

. 2

6 1

. 7 3

. 4

Use in emulsifiable fluids –

intermittent release 0.52 1

. 0 4 1 2 9 a 

### 258 a



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0

. 1 9 0

. 3

8 5

. 2 1 0

. 4 Use in leather fa t

liquors Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 0

. 8

6 1

. 7 2 4 3

. 0 8 6

. 0

Use – processing of wet blue 3.10 6.2 171 342

Use in

carbonless copy

paper Paper recycling 0.23 b 

### 0.46 b 

### 8.8 b 

### 17.6 b 

### C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 0.30 2.7

Note: a) assumes diluti on of sewage slu dge at wwtp bef o

r e application to s o

il (see Secti on 3

. 1.2.1)

b) primary treatm ent (sludge to lan d

fill) followed by biological waste water treat ment (sludge to soil)

c) process mak e

s no significant co ntribution t o the l e vels in fish/earth worms

O = Open system s; PO = Partially open systems; C = Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).



## For the aquatic food chain, m o st of t h e PEC/PN EC ratios are <1 when the m easured regional

surface water concentration is used. For six out of the 32 scenarios, th e PEC/PNEC ratio is

>1.

For the terrestrial food chain, all of the scenar ios give PEC/PNEC ratios greater than 1 when

the m easured regional soil concentration is taken into account. The PECs for this endpoint are

generally much higher than have so far been found in earthwor m s in the environm ent, and

depend crucially on the predicte d s o il con centrations. As disc ussed in Section 3.3.2, the

predicted concentrations are dependent on th e rate of biodegrada tion of medium -chain

chlorinated paraffins, as well as the estim at ed em issions via sewage sludge to the soil

com p artm ent. Any ref i nem e nt to this inf o rm ation f o r th e loca l so il com p artm ent would

therefore alter the PECs and PEC/PNEC ratio s for this endpoint. Su ch refinem e nt m a y

include a so il biod egrad a tion test, b u t as exp l aine d in Section 3.3.2, any such test would be

difficult to carry out and on its own m a y not addr ess all the p o ssible con c erns iden tified in the

soil com p artm ent.

168

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## There is som e uncertainty over the PNEC of 0. 5 m g /kg food us ed for the secondary poisoning

assessm ent, due to the shallow dose-response curve seen in the study from which it was

derived. However if the next highest dose tested is considered (where slight effects were

seen; see Section 3.2.4), this w ould lead to a PN EC of 5 m g / kg food and essentially the same

conclusions would be obtained for the earthworm food chain (in this case m o st, but not all,

scenarios co nsidered wo uld still indicate a risk ).

Result

ii) There is at p r esent no need for further in form ation and/or testing or for risk reduction

m easures beyond those which ar e being applied already.

This applies to the assessm e nt of secondary poisoning via the fish f ood chain from production

sites, som e sites using m e di um

- c hain chlorinated paraffins in the production of PVC

(plastisol coating sites, and sites carrying out extrusion/othe r com pounding and/or conversion

using open or closed system s, and sites carrying out conversi on in partially open system s),

use in production of rubber and polym e rs other than PVC, for m ulation and use of sealants,

for m ulation and use in paints, use in oil-base d and e m ulsifiable m e tal cutting fluids (except

f o r the inte rm ittent release s cena r io), f o rm ul ation of le ath e r f a t liquo rs and sites wher e

recycling of carbonle ss copy paper occurs.

This also applies to the assessm ent of seconda ry poisoning via the ea rthwor m food chain for

production (sites where no sewage sludge is applie d to land), for m ulation and use of s ealants,

and dom estic application of paints.

iii) There is a n eed f o r lim iting the risks ; risk reduction m easures wh ich are already being

applied shall be taken into account.

For the fish food chain this applies to:

• Use in the production of PVC in som e pro cesses (particularly where com pounding or

com pounding and conversion is carried out in partially open system s).

• Form ulation of m e tal cutting fluids.

• Use in em ulsif i able m e tal cutting / working f l uid s where the spent f l uid is disch a rg ed to

waste water.

• Use in leather fat liquors.

W h en the p o ssible effects of th e pro posed risk reduction m e asures on sh ort chain chlorinated

paraffins on the consumption and use of m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins are taken into

account, the PEC/PNEC ratios also indicate that a risk from use in oil-based m e tal cutting

fluids m a y also need to be considered if the typical concentrat ion of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins present in the fluid is increased to around 10% (see Appendix E). The

risk reduction m easures proposed for the aquati c com p art m ent for these applications should

also address the possib l e risks identified here.

For the earthworm foodchain, th is conclus i on applie s to all the us es of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffin (with the exception of production (sites where no sewage sludge is

applied to land), form ula tion and use of sealants, and dom es tic application of paints).

169

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## 3.3.5 Areas of uncerta i nty in the environ m ental risk assessment



## As with any “generic” risk asses s m e nt there are uncertainties inherent in the app r oach taken

. For m e dium-chain chlorinated paraf f ins these uncertainties are com pounded by the fact that

the substan c e is a com p lex m i xture and is dif f i cult to test in m a ny of the stand a rd assays

which m eans that derivation of the physico-ch em ical p r operties and other data necessary for

the environ m ental m o delling is d i f f i cult. In this a ssessm ent, a set of data that is con s idered to

be representative of the substance has been ch osen, and the effect of variation of these

properties on the environm ental m o delling has been inves t igated. However, th ere are still

som e areas where reliab l e inform ation is lacking

.

One area where th is is particularly apparen t is in the actual degradation / rem oval rate in the

environm ent. This is a vita l inp u t into th e regiona l ( a nd to a lesser ex ten t ) loc a l

concentratio ns, and has a m a jor impact on the predicted concentrations in soil. This is

discussed in detail in Appe ndix H and Section 3.1.2.3.

Another area of uncertainty is over the actual em ission estim a tes. For most of the scenarios

considered, the best infor m ation available to the specific industries has been used in

preference to the default values. However, in many cases, this inform ation was not generated

for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins but has b een extrapolated from ot her substances. This

necessarily introduces u n certainties into th e estim ates.

Another area where inform ation is lacking is in the asse ssm ent of the “waste rem a ining in th e

environm ent”. Here, there are no agreed m e thodol ogies available in th e Technical Guidance

Docum e nt f o r es tim atin g PECs f o r this typ e of releas e, and there are un cer t ai nti e s associ at e d

with the actual (b io)av a ilab ility and environm en tal b e haviou r of the sub s tance when released

in this f o rm , which is ess e ntia lly po ly m e r particulates con t ain i ng the substance.

Som e concerns have also been raised about th e possibility of natural organohalogens or other

substances interfering with analytical m eas urem ent of environm ental concentrations. It

should be stressed that analysis of chlorinated paraffins itself is very difficult. The individual

chlorinated paraffin peaks do not separate cl eanly during the chrom a tographic process and

essentially a broad ‘hand-shaped’ peak is obt ained over quite a wide retention tim e window.

Any other com pound, whether naturally occurr ing or not, that goes through the clean up

m e thod in a sim ilar way to the chlorinated pa raffin (the clean up m e t hod used is usually

designed to rem ove som e of the more comm on organohalogen pollutants such as dioxins,

furans, PCBs, etc.) and h a s a sim ilar chrom a togr aphic retentio n tim e could cause interference.

The suscep tibility of th e analys is to this typ e of interf eren ce will d e pend, to som e extent, o n

the specificity of the detection m e thod used (f or exam ple Bennie et al . (2000) indicated that

their low resolution m a ss spectrom e tric me thod m a y be m o re susceptible to such

interferences than a high reso lution m a ss spectrom e tric m e t hod). Another m e thod that is

som e ti m e s used (as w a s the case with the Greenpeace breast m ilk analysis) involves

reduction of the chlorinated paraffin to the parent paraffin and analysis of these (the parent

paraffins can be readily separated by standa rd GC m e thods). This m e thod provides m u ch

more inform ation on the actual carbon chain le ngths present, but ha s the potential for

interference from both na turally occurring and anthropogenic n-pa raffins (it will also still be

subjec t to inte rf erence f r om naturally occurring chlorinated paraffins). The analytical

m e thods used in the various studies are summ arised in Appendix D.

170

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## If chlorinated paraffins are naturally produced that are identical to the anthropogenic ones

then they would of course interfere in any anal y s is. It is pos sible th at so m e com p lex natural

organohalogen com pounds could also interfer e with the analysis, although there is no

evidence th at th is occu rs in pr actice. It is im possible to sa y categorically that n a tura lly

occurring chlorinated paraffins do not exist, al though if there is any significant source it is

most likely to be found in the m a rine envi ronm ent. It is high ly unlikely that the

concentratio ns m easured in, for example, sedime nt close to sites of production/use are natural

rather than anthropogenic.

In any cas e, the environ m ental risk assessm ent conclusions are based on the calculated PECs

based on the industrial use and release of chlo rinated paraffins. A natu ral source would only

add to the background (regional) levels. The m onitoring data in the assessm ent have been

used to support the PECs, but a risk would still b e identif i ed even if the m onitoring data did

not exist. In other words, even if m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins occur natu rally there is

still a risk from the use o f the anthrop ogenic subs tance.

3.3.6 Waste disp osal



## Sim ilar to chlorinated com pounds in general, chlorinated paraffins can act as a source of

chlorine during incineration processes. This ch lor i ne ca n then lead to the f o rm ation of

polychlorinated dioxins and furans, and is a well known problem with incineration.

In m o st cases, controls are already in place on in cinerators to m i ni m i se the for m ation of these

dioxins and furans, and so the presence of th e chlorinated paraffins should not lead to

increased em issions. However, ot her processes involving chlorina ted paraffins m a y not be so

well controlled. One specific exam ple is when m e tal swarf f

r om m e tal working is re

- m elted.

In this case the swarf m a y be contam inated with m e tal working/cutting fluids containing

chlorinated paraffins which coul d theore tic ally contribu te to the f o rm ation of chlorina ted

dioxins and furans in the process. T h ere is insu f f icient inf o r

m ation available on this issue to

m a ke an assessm ent of the significance this proce sses in term s of a risk for the environm ent.

3.3.7 Medium-ch a in impurities presen t in other chlorinated paraffins



## As discussed earlier, certain types of long-chai n chlorinated paraffins can contain substantial

am ounts of C 17 

## , and to a m u ch less er ex tent C 16 

## , chlo rin a te d paraf f i n im puritie s. T hus thes e

long-chain chlorinated paraffins can contribute to the to tal regional release of C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins. The contribution of these im purities present in the long-chain

chlorinated paraffins has been quantified and shown to m a ke only a very sm all (c.a. 0.5%)

contr i bution to the tota l regiona l r e le ases of C 14- 1 7 

## chlorinated paraffins . The approach taken

in the risk a ssessm ent is based, in the m a in, on r e gional concentrations based on the available

environm ental m onitorin g data. Th es e values wi ll necess a rily already in clude the contribution

of C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins from all sources.

At a loca l level, th e em issions to th e environm ent of the C 16 -1 7 

## im purities pres ent in certain

types of long-chain chlorinated paraffins are related to the us e of the long-chain chlorinated

paraffin and so are considered in the risk assessm ent of that substance (E A, 2001).

171

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# 4 HUM A N HEALTH

To be added.

4.1



## Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins have several uses that could result in releases to air and

water. The uptake of medium -chain chlorina ted paraffins into organism s, although it does

occur, m a y be less than the very high log Ko w values for this group of substances would

indicate. Th e poten tial for bioaccu mulation in the enviro nm ent appears to decrease with

increasing chlorine content in the group. This is discussed further in Section 3.1.0.5.

The EUSES m odel has been used to estim ate various concentrations of m e di um -chain

chlorinated paraffins in food, air a nd drinking water. These are shown in Table 4.2 

## . The

calculations have been carried out twice: fi rstly using the estim at ed regional background

concentratio ns of 0.388 μg/l for surface water and 50.4 m g / kg wet wt. for agricu ltu ral soil;

and second ly using regional concen trations b a s e d on m easured data of 0.1 μg/l fo r surface

water and 0.088 m g /kg wet wt. for agricultural soil (as us ed in the environm ental parts of the

risk assessm e nt). The m easured data are take n from representative i ndustrial areas in the

United Kingdom and the agricultural soil sam p les were from sites that were known to receive

sewage sludge from treatm e nt plants where ch lorinated paraffins were known to be released

(f

urther d e ta ils of the s e sites are giv e n in Table 3.22 

## in Section 3.1.1.3.1 for surface water

and Table 3.35 

## i n S e c t i o n 3

. 1

. 2

. 2 f o r s o i l ) 4.1.1

4.1.1.1

4.1.1.2

4.1.1.3 Indirect ex posure via the environment



## .

In the EUSES m odel, a log Kow value of 7 has been us ed as being represen tative for the

group as a whole. A fish biocon centration factor of 1,087 l/kg (s ee Section 3.1.0.5) has been

used in the EUSES m o del to estim a te the conc entra tion in wet f i sh. For other parts of the

food chain, particularly root crops, leaf crops, m eat and m ilk, EUSES estim ates the

concentrations in these using m e thods that rely on log Kow as no equivalent m easured

accum u latio n factors ex ist for m e di um -chain chlo rin a ted p a raffin. It is not known if these

m e thods would be applicable to m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins.

A accum u lation factor o f 0.034 on a wet weigh t ba sis for u p take into above ground parts of

plants from soil has been determ ined fo r m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins (see

Section 3.1.0.5.2), showing that the substance c a n be tak e n up into p l an t tissues. Us ing this

factor, and the concentrations of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins estim a ted to be present

in soil (around 1.5-62 m g /kg wet weight for the scenarios co nsid ered in Sectio n 3.1.2.1) the

estim ated concentration in above ground plant parts would be in the range 0.05-2.1 m g /kg

wet weight. These data are reaso n ably cons is tent with the concen tr ations predicted by

EUSES to occur in le af crops, b u t it is no t possible to com p are these d a ta with the

concentratio ns predicted by EUSES for root crops.

172R331_0208_envTable4.2Estimated concentrations in foodfor human daily intakeEstimatedconcentrationin human intake mediaScenarioStepWet fish(mg/kg)Root crops(mg/kg)Leaf crops(mg/kg)Drinkingwater (mg/l)Meat (mg/kg)Milk (mg/kg)Air(mg/m3)Site A0.43 (0.11)bnegligibleanegligiblea1.1×10-4(2.6×10-5)bnegligibleanegligibleanegligibleaSite B0.50 (0.19)bnegligibleanegligibleanegligiblea1.2×10-4(4.4×10-5)bnegligibleanegligibleaSite C0.57 (0.26)bnegligibleanegligibleanegligiblea1.3×10-4(6.0×10-5)bnegligibleanegligibleaProductionSite D0.42 (0.11)bnegligibleanegligiblea1.1×10-4(2.5×10-5)bnegligibleanegligibleanegligibleaCompounding- O0.46(0.15)b0.14 (0.10)b9.33 (3.13)b0.017 (0.017)b1.5×10-4(4.9×10-5)b0.044 (0.032)bnegligibleaConversion – O0.73 (0.42)b25.9 (19.7)b0.23 (0.23)b4.1×10-4(3.1×10-4)b1.32 (1.28)b0.42 (0.40)b4.5×10-5Use in PVC –plastisol coatingCompounding/conversion - O0.77 (0.46)b28.5 (22.3)b0.23 (0.23)b4.5×10-4(3.5×10-4)b1.32 (1.29)b0.42 (0.41)b4.5×10-5Compounding- O0.58(0.26)b16.3 (10.1)b0.080 (0.080)b1.6×10-52.6×10-4(1.6×10-4)b0.49 (0.46)b0.16 (0.14)bCompounding – PO1.25(0.94)b2.11 (2.07)b58.6 (52.4)0.36 (0.36)b9.2×10-4(8.2×10-4)b0.67 (0.65)b7.2×10-5Compounding – C0.49(0.18)b11.2 (4.95)b0.046 (0.046)b9.2×10-61.8×10-4(7.8×10-5)b0.30 (0.26)b0.095 (0.083)bConversion – O0.89 (0.57)b35.8 (29.6)b0.34 (0.34)b5.6×10-4(4.6×10-4)b1.93 (1.89)b0.61 (0.60)b6.7×10-5Conversion –PO0.92 (0.61)b37.9 (31.6)b2.05 (2.02)b0.36 (0.36)b5.9×10-4(5.0×10-4)b0.65 (0.64)b7.2×10-50.85 (0.53)b33.2 (27.0)b0.31 (0.31)b5.2×10-4(4.2×10-4)b1.77 (1.73)b0.56 (0.55)b6.1×10-5Compounding/conversion – O1.04 (0.73)b45.3 (39.1)b0.40 (0.40)b7.1×10-4(6.1×10-4)b2.29 (2.25)b0.72 (0.71)b8.0×10-5Compounding/conversion -PO1.75 (1.44)b89.7 (83.5)b0.70 (0.70)b1.4×10-3(1.3×10-4)b1.4×10-44.03 (3.99)b1.27 (1.26)bUse in PVC –extrusion/otherCompounding/conversion - C0.92 (0.60)b1.94 (1.90)b37.6 (31.4)b0.34 (0.34)b5.9×10-4(4.9×10-4)b0.61(0.60)b6.7×10-5Compounding1.8×10-4(8.4×10-5)b0.50(0.19)b11.6 (5.36)b0.035 (0.035)b0.24 (0.20)b0.076 (0.064)b6.9×10-6Conversion0.36 (0.34)b0.68(0.37)b22.8 (16.6)b0.19 (0.19)b3.6×10-4(2.6×10-4)b1.12 (1.09)b3.8×10-5Use inplastics/rubberCompounding/conversion0.21 (0.21)b4.2×10-50.76(0.44)b27.7 (21.5)b4.3×10-4(3.4×10-4)b1.24 (1.20)b0.39 (0.38)bUse in sealantsFormulationandusenegligibleanegligibleanegligibleanegligibleanegligibleanegligibleanegligibleaConversion – C173R331_0208_env22.3 (16.1)b0.15 (0.14)bFormulation0.67(0.36)b0.074 (0.074)b3.5×10-4(2.5×10-4)b0.48 (0.44)b1.4×10-50.52 (0.21)b12.9 (6.7)b0.017 (0.017)b2.0×10-4(1.0×10-4)b0.046 (0.034)bnegligibleaUse in paintsDomestic application0.42 (0.11)b6.75 (0.54)b0.017 (0.017)b1.1×10-4(2.5×10-5)b0.13 (0.094)b0.042 (0.030)bnegligiblea1.80(1.49)b92.7 (86.5)b0.018 (0.018)b0.35 (0.31)b0.11 (0.097)bnegligibleaUse in oil-based fluids (large)0.97 (0.66)b40.9 (34.7)b0.017 (0.017)b6.4×10-4(5.4×10-4)b0.22 (0.18)b0.069 (0.057)bnegligibleaUse in oil-based fluids (small)0.92 (0.61)b0.21 (0.17)b37.8 (31.6)b0.017 (0.017)b5.9×10-4(5.0×10-4)b0.066 (0.054)bnegligibleaUse in emulsifiable fluids0.46 (0.15)b9.33 (3.13)b0.017 (0.017)b1.5×10-4(4.9×10-5)b0.14 (0.10)b0.044 (0.032)bnegligibleaUse in metalcutting/workingfluidsUse in emulsifiable fluids –intermittent release1.25c(0.94)b,c288c(282)b,c0.020c(0.019)b,c4.5×10-3c(4.4×10-3)b,c0.83c(0.79)b,c0.26c(0.25)b,cnegligibleaFormulation0.42 (0.42)b8.3×10-50.59(0.28)b17.2 (11.0)b2.7×10-4(1.7×10-4)b2.3 (2.3)b0.73 (0.72)bUse – complete processing ofraw hides1.92 (1.6)b99.9 (93.7)b0.018 (0.018)b1.6×10-3(1.5×10-3)b0.36 (0.33)b0.12 (0.10)bnegligibleaUse – processingof wet blue6.40 (6.08)b379 (373)b0.020 (0.020)b6.0×10-3(5.9×10-3)b1.06 (1.02)b0.34 (0.32)bnegligibleaUse incarbonlesscopy paperPaperrecycling0.67 (0.35)b25.0 (18.8)b0.017 (0.017)b3.9×10-4(2.9×10-4)b0.18 (0.14)b0.056 (0.044)bnegligibleaRegionalsources309 (0.541)b0.63 (0.030)b0.42(0.11)b0.020 (0.017)b4.9×10-3(2.5×10-5)b1.99 (0.094)b3.4×10-6Industrial application0.15 (0.11)bFormulation1.5×10-3(1.4×10-3)bUse in leatherfat liquorsNote:a) Theprocess makes no significant contribution tothe concentrationin food/air.b) Figures in ( )are recalculatedbased on the measured regional water andsoil concentrationsof 0.1μg/l and 0.088 mg/kg wet wt. respectively.c) Assumesdilution of sewage sludge at wwtp before applicationto soil (see Section 3.1.2.1).O = Open systems; PO = Partiallyopen systems; C= Closed systems (as defined in UCD, 1998).174

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# 5 RESULTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION



## Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are produced at five s i tes in the E U . The m a in area of

use is as a secondary plastici ser in PVC, but subs tantial am ounts are also used in other

plastics /rubb er produ cts, sealan ts, pa ints, m e ta l c u tting / working f l uids, le ather f

a t liq uors and

carbonless copy paper. T h ey are viscous liquids of very low volatility.

5.2 ENVI RONMENT



## Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins have a high acute tox i city towards aquatic org a n i sm s, a

high fish bioconcentration factor and are poorly degradable. For surface water, the estim ated

PEC/PNEC ratios are > 1 for m o st of the life- stages of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins.

The PNEC is based on two NOECs and an asse ssm ent factor of 50. A long-term toxicity

study with fish (early life stage) could allow this to be refined. Som e long -term toxicity data

are av ailable for fish, which show n o effects, but these tests do not m eet all the requirem e nts

of the current test guidelines. However, even if an assessm e nt factor of 10 is used, som e

PEC/PNEC ratios are still >1. Th erefore a risk to surface water exis ts from some uses of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins.

The PEC/PNEC ratios obtained for sedim e nt cu rrently ind i cate a risk to the environm ent

from all the local scenarios considered except for the lo cal scenarios for form ulation and use

in sealan ts. The reg i onal PEC/PNEC ratio is al so cur r ently <1, indic a ting a low r i s k to the

environm ent from regional sources. The PNEC sed 

## is based on the results from prolonged

toxic ity tes t s f r om two species with an ass e ssm en t f acto r o f 50. It is p o ssible to re f i ne the

PNEC sed 

## by carrying out a further prolonged toxicity test with a third species. The results

would allow an assessment factor of 10 to be used on the lowest NOEC. However, sim ilar to

the case with surface water, a risk from som e uses can be deduced even if this further data

were generated.

No risk to the environm ent is iden tif ied f r om the assessm ent of waste water tr eatm e nt plants

or the atm o s phere.

For the soil com p art m ent the PEC/PNEC ratios are all >1 for the m a jority of local scenarios

. When the em issions of “waste rem a ining in th e environm ent” to urban/industrial soil are

considered, the predicted regional P E C/PNEC r a tio would be >1 f o r th at typ e of s o il. It is

possible to further refine the PNEC soil 

## by c a rrying out a third to xicity test with soil

m i croorganism s. This would allow an assessm ent f actor of 10 to be used to derive the PNEC.

However, as is th e ca se with surface water and sedim e nt, it is possib l e to deduce that a risk

exists from som e uses based on the current data set.

For secondary poisoning, alm o st all uses of me dium chain chlorinated paraffins lead to a

possible risk of secondary pois oning via the earthwor m food chai n. Som e uses also indicate a

risk via the fish food chain. No risk of secondary poisoni ng was identified from production

(sites where sewage sludge was not applied to land), form ulation and use in sealants, and

dom e stic ap plica tion of paints.

175

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## (X) i) 

## There is a n eed for furth e r inform ation and/or testing.

The estim ated PEC/PNEC ratios for surface wate r are > 1 for m o st of the life-s t ages of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. The PNEC is based on two NOECs and an assessm e nt

factor of 50. A long-term toxic ity (early life stage) study with fish could allo w this to be

refined. If the PNEC were derived using a fa ctor of 10 on the daphnia NOEC, then m o st o f

the endpoints would give ratios less than 1. T h ere is some uncertainty about whether the

current fish toxicity database contains su fficient inform a tion on long-term toxicity to

sensitive lif e stages to allow a reduced assessm e nt factor to be used without the need for

further testing. However, given the available d a tabas e for chlo rinated paraffins as a whole,

and the conclusions found for other endpoints in th is assessm e nt, it is currently difficult to

justif y f u rth e r te sting with ve rteb rate species. T h erefore, th e need fo r this test should be

reviewed once the outcom e of the risk reduction m easures proposed elsewhere in this

assessm ent are known.

(X) ii) 

## There is at present no n eed for further inform ation and/or testing, or for risk

reduction measures beyond those which are being applied already. From the estim ated PEC/PNEC ratios for sedim e nt and the terrestrial com p art m ents, further

testing on sedim e nt and soil organi sm s is required to refine the PNECs for these endpoints. It

is recomm ended that a long-term sedim e nt t oxicity study with a th ird species such as



## Hyalella azteca and a soil respiration inhi bitio n test is con s idered. However, given the risks

identified for other endpoints in this risk assessm ent the need for these tests should be

reviewed once the likely effect of a ny risk reduction m easures are known.

A low risk to waste water tre a tm ent plan ts and the a t m o spheric com p artm ent 5 

## have been

identified from both the producti on and use of m e dium -cha in ch lorinated paraffins. It also

applies to th e assessm ent of surface water for lo cal releases from som e production sites, som e

PVC com p ounding sites, plastics/rubber com poundi ng sites, for m ulation and use of s ealants,

dom e stic ap plica tion of paints, use in em ulsi f i able m e tal cutting f l uids and from regional

sources.

For sedim e nt, this applies to the as sessm ent of local releas es from formulation an d use of

sealants and from regional sources.

For soil, this applies to the assessm ent of local releases fr om production sites, som e PVC

com pounding sites, som e plastics/rubber com p o unding sites, for m ulation and use of sealants,

industrial and dom e stic a pplication of paints, use in em ulsifi able m e tal cutting/working fluids

(not in term itten t release scenario), for m ula tion of leather fat liquors, and from regional

sources on agricultural land.

For secondary poisoning via the fish food chain, a low risk was identified from pr oduction

sites, som e sites using m e di um

- c hain chlorinated paraffins in the production of PVC

(plastisol coating site s, and sites carrying out extrusion/ other com pounding and/or processing

using open or closed system s, and sites carrying out conversi on in partially open system s),

the use in production of rubber and polym ers other than PVC, formulation and use of

sealan ts, f o r

m u lation an d use in pa ints, use in oil-based metal cutting/working fluids and

5 

### Som e com pon ent s of t h e c o m m e rci a l pr od uc t s m i ght ha ve p r o p ert i e s t h at m a y m ean t h at l o n g

- r an ge t r an spo r t

v i a th e atm o sph e re is a p o ssibilit y. Th is issu e sho u l d b e consid ered furth e r in th e app r op ri ate in tern ational fora.



## 176

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## em ulsif i able m e tal cutting/work ing fluids where spent fluids are not discharged to waste

water, the form ulation of leather fat liquors and sites where recycling of carbonless copy

paper occurs. A low risk of secondary poiso ning via the earthworm food chain is also

indicated for production (sites where no applic ation of sewage sludge onto land occurs),

for m ulation and use in sealants, a nd dom e stic application of paints.

(X) iii) 

## There is a n eed for lim iting the risk s; risk reduction m easures which

are already being applied sh all be taken into account.

For surface water, a risk is iden tif ied from the following application s :

• Use in the production of PVC in som e pro cesses (particularly where com pounding or

com pounding and conversion is carried out in partially open system s).

• Form ulation of m e tal cutting fluids, use in emulsifiable metal cutting/working fluids

where the sp ent fluid is d i scharg ed to waste water.

• Use in leather fat liquors.

For sedim e nt, a r i sk is id entif ied f r o m the f o llowing applications:

• Use in PVC: plastisol coating – conversion sites or sites carryi ng out both com pounding

and conversion.

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other – com pounding site s using partially open processes or sites

carrying out both com p ounding an d conversion using open, pa rtially open or closed

processes.

• Use in PVC: extrusion/other - sites carry ing out both com p ounding and conversion using

partially open system s. • Use in PVC: extrusion/other – conversion sites using open , partially open or closed

processes.

• Use in plastics/rubber: sites carrying out both co mpounding and conversion.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: f o rm ulation sites.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: use in oil-based fluids at la rge and sm all s ite s.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wo rking f l uids: use in em ulsif i ab le f l uids at sites with inte rm itten t

rele ase (d isp o sal) to sew e r/dr ain.

• Use in leather fat liquors: use at sites carrying out processing of hides/leather.

• Use in carbonless copy paper: site s carrying out paper recycling.

For the terr e s trial com p artm ent, a ris k is iden tif ie d f r om :

• Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids: f o rm ulation sites.

• Use in m e tal cutting/wo rking f l uids: use in em ulsif i ab le f l uids at sites with inte rm itten t

rele ase (d isp o sal) to sew e r/dr ain.

• Use in leather fat liquors: use at sites carrying out processing of hides/leather.

• Regional assessm ent of “ w aste rem a ining in the environm ent”.

For secondary poisoning, a risk is identified from all uses of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins for the earthworm food c h ain (other th an for production (sites where there is no

spreading of sewage sludge to land), for m ul ation and use of sealants, and dom e stic

application of paints). S i x scenarios also indicate a concern f o r the fish food chain:

177

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## • Use in the production of PVC in som e pro cesses (particularly where com pounding or

com pounding and conversion is carried out in partially open system s).

• Form ulation of m e tal cutting fluids.

• Use in em ulsif i able m e tal cutting / working f l uid s where the spent f l uid is disch a rg ed to

waste water.

• Use in leather fat liquors.

W h en the p o ssible effects of th e pro posed risk reduction m e asures on sh ort chain chlorinated

paraffins on the consumption and use of m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins are taken into

account, the PEC/PNEC ratios for secondary poisoni ng also indicate that a risk from use in

oil-based metal cutting fluids m a y a l so need to be considered if the typical concentration of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins present in the fluid is incr eased to around 10%.

5.3 HUMAN HEALTH



## To be added.

178

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## , 1163-1174.

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## Mytilu s edulis ) - 52% c h lorin a tion of interm ediate ch ain length n-paraf f in. ICI Confidential

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## Lumbriculus variega t us for assessing th e toxicity and bioaccum u lation of

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## , 269-179.

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## Gammarus pulex and 

## Daphnia magna . Zeneca,

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## , 455-463.

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## , 683-691.

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## , 715-724.

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## , 427-430.

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## test f o r

the Harpac tico i d 

## Nitoc r a spinipes. Ecotox. Environ. Safety., 11



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## ):

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## ) : Acute tox i c ity to 

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## )

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( 

## Triticum a e stivum ), oilseed rape ( 

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## Chironomus

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## Lumbriculus var i egatus . As traZeneca

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184

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## WHO (1996). Environm ental Health Criteria 181. Chlorinated Paraffins. International

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185

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## Appendix A EUSES modelling



## This appendix contains a copy of the EUSES pr intout for medium chain length chlorinated

paraffins. The results from the following scenar ios f r om the m a in report are include d in the

printou t

.

EUSES Prin tout Scenario

USE PATTERN 1 Use in PVC – plastisol a pplica tions

for m ulation com pounding site – open system

processing conversion site

– open system

private use com b ined com pounding/ conversion site – open system

USE PATTERN 2 Use in PVC – extrusion/other

for m ulation com pounding site – open system

processing com pounding site – partially open system

private use com pounding site – closed system

private use conversion site – closed system

processing com b ined com pounding/conve rsion site - par tially open system

for m ulation com pounding site USE PATTERN 3 Use in PVC – extrusion/other

for m ulation conversion site

– open system

processing conversion s ite – partially open system

USE PATTERN 4 Use in PVC - extrusion other

for m ulation com b ined com poundi ng/conversion site - open system

private use com b ined com pounding/ conversion site - closed system

USE PATTERN 5 Use in plastics/rubber

processing conversion site

private use com b ined com pounding/conversion site

USE PATTERN 6 Use in paints and varnishes

f o rm ulation f o rm ulation site

processing industrial application of paints

private use dom e stic application of paints

USE PATTERN 7 Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids

f o rm ulation f o rm ulation site

processing use in oil- based fluids (large site)

private use use in em ulsifiable fluids

recove ry use in em ulsif i able f l uid s – inte rm ittent re lease

186

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## USE PATTERN 8 Use in m e tal cutting/wor k ing f l uids

processing use in oil-based fluids (sm a ll site)

USE PATTERN 9 Use in leather fat liquors

f o rm ulation f o rm ulation site

processing use - com p lete processing of raw hides

private use use – processing of “wet blue”

USE PATTERN 10 Use in carbonless copy paper

recovery paper recycling

187

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

C15H24Cl 8 C15H24Cl 8

CAS-No 855 35-8 5

-9

855 35-8 5

-9 S Ex

plana tio n s

t at

us

c

o

lum n ' O ' = Outpu t; 'D' = Defau l t; 'S' = Set; 'I' = Imp o

rted

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE

Genera l n a me MCCPs - e.g. MCCPs - e.g. S

EC-notif ic

atio n n o

. D

EINECS no. 287- 477- 0 287- 477- 0 S

Mol e c u lar w e ig ht 488 488 [g.m ol-1 ] S

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

0 1 3 :5

1:4 8 Page: 1



## 188

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Melt in

g p o

int 0 0 [oC] S Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

Boili ng po int >200 >200 [oC] S

Vapo ur pr es

s u re a t 25 [oC] 2.7E-0 4 2.7E-0 4 [Pa] S

Water s o

l u b

ility 0.02 7 0.02 7 [mg. l-1] S

Oc

tanol-wat er p a rt

itio

n c

oef fic

i e n

t. 7 7 [log 10] S

Henry ' s

law c ons tant 4.88 4.88 [Pa.m 3

.m

ol-1 ] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

0 1 3 :5

1:4 8 Page: 2



## 189

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Regio nal pro duc ti on v o

l u m e of

s

ubs tanc e 6.53E+ 0

3 6.53E+ 0

3 [ton nes .y

r-1] O

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

Tonn ag

e of s

ubs ta nc e in E u ro pe 6.53E+ 0

4 6.53E+ 0

4 [ton nes .y

r-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 1]

Indus try

c

a te gory 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Therm opl as tic

s

: Therm opl as tic

s

: S

plas tic

i z e rs plas tic

i z e rs

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 0.02 5 [k g.d-1] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 1E-02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 1E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.15 0.15 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 39 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 24.5 3

1 3 0.18 5 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 2.45 31 3 0.18 5 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0.18 5 [k g.d-1] S

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

0 1 3 :5

1:4 8 Page: 3



## 190

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 0.21 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 2]

Indus try

c

a te gory 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try S

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Therm opl as tic

s

: Therm opl as tic

s

: S

plas tic

i z e rs plas tic

i z e rs

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0.05 5 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 0.09 2 [k g.d-1] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 1E-02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 1E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.15 0.15 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 39 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 24.5 3

1 3 0.3 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 2.45 31 3 0.5 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

0 1 3 :5

1:4 8 Page: 4



## 191

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 1E-02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0.02 55 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 0.04 25 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 3]

Indus try

c

a te gory 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try S

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Therm opl as tic

s

: Therm opl as tic

s

: S

plas tic

i z e rs plas tic

i z e rs

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0.28 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 0.28 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 1E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.15 0.15 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 39 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 24.5 3

1 3 0.3 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 2.45 31 3 0.3 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 192

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Therm opl as tic

s

: Therm opl as tic

s

: S

RELEASE ESTIMATION

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0.25 5 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 0.25 5 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 4]

Indus try

c

a te gory 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try S

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g S

plas tic

i z e rs plas tic

i z e rs

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0.33 5 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 0.37 2 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 1E-02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 1E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.15 0.15 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 39 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 24.5 3

1 3 0.6 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 2.45 31 3 0.8 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 193

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0.28 1 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 0.29 8 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 5]

Indus try

c

a te gory 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try 11 Po ly

mers i ndus try S

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g Poly mer proc es

s

i n

g S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Therm opl as tic

s

: Therm opl as tic

s

: S

plas tic

i z e rs plas tic

i z e rs

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0.01 55 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 0.04 65 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 1E-02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 1E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.15 0.15 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 39 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 24.5 3

1 3 0.15 5 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 2.45 31 3 0.15 5 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 194

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0.17 1 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 0.20 2 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 6]

Indus try

c

a te gory 14 Pa ints

, lac q u

e r

s and 14 Pa ints

, lac q u

e r

s and S

v a rnis hes in

dus try v a rnis hes in

dus try

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Water bas ed Water bas ed D

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Do it y ours e lf Do it y ours e lf D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0.05 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 0.15 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 5E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.15 0.15 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 1.59 45

3 0.05 9 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 195

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 5E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 5E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 2E-03 2E-03 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0.02 12

604 3E-07 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 7]

Indus try

c

a te gory 8 Me tal ex trac ti on, 8 Me tal ex trac ti on, S

refin i ng an d pr oc

e

s s

i ng refin i ng an d pr oc

e

s s

i ng

ind. ind.

Us

e c

a tegory 35 L ubric a n

ts

a n d 35 L ubric a n

ts

a n d S

add itiv es add itiv es

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Pure o ils Pure o ils D

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Primar y ste e l w o

r ks Pri m a r

y ste e l w o

r ks D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 5E-05 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 2E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-05 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0.10 9 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 4.35 04

1 0.83 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.18 5 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0.43 4 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 401. 58 4 0.33 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

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## 196

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 0.02 5 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[RECOVERY]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 6 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 25 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent

rel eas e No Yes S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 8]

Indus try

c

a te gory 8 Me tal ex trac ti on, 8 Me tal ex trac ti on, S

refin i ng an d pr oc

e

s s

i ng refin i ng an d pr oc

e

s s

i ng

ind. ind.

Us

e c

a tegory 35 L ubric a n

ts

a n d 35 L ubric a n

ts

a n d S

add itiv es add itiv es

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Pure o ils Pure o ils S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Others Others S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.18 5 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.8 0.8 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0.34 8 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 321. 93 0.3 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

0 1 3 :5

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## 197

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 9]

Indus try

c

a te gory 7 Le ath e r pr oc

es

s

i ng 7 Le ath e r pr oc

es

s

i ng S

ind u s t ry ind u s t ry

Us

e c

a tegory 47 So fte ners 47 So fte ners S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory No ex tra d e

ta ils No ex tra d e

ta ils D

nec es

s a ry nec es

s a ry

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory No ex tra d e

ta ils No ex tra d e

ta ils D

nec es

s a ry nec es

s a ry

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[FORMULATION]

Mai n cate gory for m

ul ati o n III Mult i-pur pose III Mult i-pur pose D

equ ipm ent equ ipm ent

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 2.5E-0 3 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-04 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 1 1 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 300 300 [-] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 5.43 80

1 0.35 [k g.d-1] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 43.5 0

4

1 1.1 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PROCESSING]

Mai n cate gory pr o

c essing III No n-disp ersive use III No n-disp ersive use D

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 1E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0.9 0 [-] S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 1E-02 0 [-] S

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.5 0.5 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 131 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 2.43 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 2.19 09

6E+03 0.9 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[PRIVATE USE]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0 0 [-] O

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 1 300 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 3.6 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

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Pri n t e

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1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[USE PATTERN 10]

Indus try

c

a te gory 12 Pu lp, pa per an d 12 Pu lp, pa per an d S

boar d in dus try boar d in dus try

Us

e c

a tegory 55/0 Others 55/0 Others S

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory Printi ng and al lie d Printi ng and al lie d S

proc es

s e

s proc es

s e

s

Ex

tra det ails o

n us e c

a te gory One c o

m

pany One c o

m

pany S

Frac tion of ton n a g

e for ap plic at

ion 0.1 0.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

[RECOVERY]

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to air 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to w a

s t e water 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of ton n a g

e rel eas ed

to in du

s t rial s o

il 0 0 [-] O

Frac tion of the ma i n loc a l s ourc e 0.4 0 [-] S

Number of em is

s

i on d a y s per y ear 200 250 [-] S

Loc al emis s

i o

n to air d u rin g e p is

od

e 0 0 [k g.d-1] O

Loc al emis s

i o

n to was t ewater duri n g epis o

de 0 6.17 [k g.d-1] S

Inter m

itt

ent rel eas e No No D

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

TOTAL REGIONAL EMISS I ONS TO COMPARTMENT S

Total reg i o nal em i s

s

i on to air 4.42 41 6E+04 1.70 27E+ 0

4 [k g.y r-1] S

Total reg i o nal em i s

s

i on to was t ew

at

er 6.42 22

2E+05 1.19 28

6E+05 [k g.y r-1] S

Total reg i o nal em i s

s

i on to ind u s t rial s o

il 40.9 0 [k g.d-1] O

Total reg i o nal em i s

s

i on to s u rf

ac

e w a ter 2.75 23

8E+05 5.11 22E+ 0

4 [k g.y r-1] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

RELEASE ESTIMATION

TOTAL CONTINENTAL EMISSION S TO COMPARTMENTS

Total c ont ine n ta l e m is

s

i on t o a i r 3.98 17

4E+05 1.53 19

3E+05 [k g.y r-1] S

Total c ont ine n ta l e m is

s

i on t o was t ew

ater 5.78E+ 0

6 1.07 34 8E+06 [k g.y r-1] S

Total c ont ine n ta l e m is

s

i on t o s

u rfac e water 2.47 71 4E+06 4.60 10

1E+05 [k g.y r-1] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

PARTITION COEFFICIENTS

BIOTA-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS

Bioc onc en

trati on f a c

t or for aq uat ic bi ota 4.57 08

8E+04 1.08 7E+0 3 [l.k g-1] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DEGRADATION A ND TRANSFORMATION

Charac teriz a t i o

n o

f bi ode gra dab ility Not bi od egra dab le Not bi od egra dab le D

Degrad ati on c a lc

ul atio n m e

th

od in S T P Firs t order , s

t an

da rd Firs t order , s

t an

da rd D

OECD/EU tests OECD/EU tests

Rate c ons ta nt f o

r bio degr ad

atio n i n STP 0 0 [d-1] O

Rate c ons ta nt f o

r bio degr ad

atio n i n s u rfac e water 0 0 [d-1] O

Rate c ons ta nt f o

r bio degr ad

atio n i n bulk s

o

il 6.93E- 0

7 6.93E- 0

7 [d-1] O

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Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

DEGRADATION A ND TRANSFORMATION

Rate c ons ta nt f o

r bio degr ad

atio n i n aerat ed s e

dim ent 6.93E- 0

7 6.93E- 0

7 [d-1] O

Rate c ons ta nt f o

r hy droly s

i s

in s u rfa c e water 6.93E- 0

7 6.93E- 0

7 [d-1] O

Rate c ons ta nt f o

r phot oly

s

i s

in s u rf

a c

e water 6.93E- 0

7 6.93E- 0

7 [d-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 1][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.8 0.01 25 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 8.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 28.7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 8.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 1][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 1.23 0.09 25 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.11 1 6.48E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 2.82E+ 0

3 213 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.11 1 6.48E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 1][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.10 5 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 7.35E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 241 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 7.35E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

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## 200

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Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 2][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.8 0.04 6 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 3.22E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 106 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 3.22E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 2][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 1.23 0.25 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.11 1 0.01 75 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 2.82E+ 0

3 575 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.11 1 0.01 75 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 2][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.02 13 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 1.49E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 48.9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 1.49E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 3][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.8 0.14 [mg. l-1] O

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## 201

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Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 3][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 9.8E-0 3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 322 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 9.8E-0 3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 3][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 1.23 0.15 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.11 1 0.01 05 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 2.82E+ 0

3 345 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.11 1 0.01 05 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 3][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.12 8 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 8.93E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 293 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 8.93E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 4][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.8 0.18 6 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 0.01 3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 428 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 0.01 3 [mg. l-1] O

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## 202

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PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 1.63E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 4][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 1.23 0.4 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.11 1 0.02 8 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes Yes O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 2.82E+ 0

3 920 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.11 1 0.02 8 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 4][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.14 9 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 0.01 04 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 343 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 0.01 04 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 5][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.8 0.02 32 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 1.63E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 53.5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 5][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 1.23 0.07 75 [mg. l-1] O

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## 203

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

SEWAGE TREATMENT

OUTPUT

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 172 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 6][PROCESSING]

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 5][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.11 1 5.42E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 2.82E+ 0

3 178 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.11 1 5.42E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 5][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.10 1 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 7.07E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 232 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 7.07E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 6][FOR MULATION]

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.8 0.07 5 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 5.25E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 5.25E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0.79 7 0.02 95 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.07 24 2.07E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 1.83E+ 0

3 67.8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.07 24 2.07E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

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## 204

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 7][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 18.2 0.01 16 [mg. l-1] O

OUTPUT

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.01 25 [mg. l-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 6][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0.01 06 1.5E-0 7 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 9.66E- 0

4 1.05E- 0

8 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 24.4 3.45E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 9.66E- 0

4 1.05E- 0

8 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 7][FOR MULATION]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 2.18 0.41 5 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 0.19 8 0.02 9 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes Yes O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+03 954 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 0.19 8 0.02 9 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 201 0.16 5 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 18.2 0.01 16 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 4.62E+ 0

5 379 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 7][PRI VATE USE]

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 28.7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

OUTPUT

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 21.7 5 2 0.05 [mg. l-1] S Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 7][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 8.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 8.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 7][RECOVERY]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 12.5 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 0.87 5 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No Yes O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 3.12E+ 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] S

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 12.5 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 8][PROCESSING]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 161 0.15 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 14.6 0.01 05 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 3.7E+0 5 345 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 14.6 0.01 05 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 9][FOR MULATION]

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 1.98 3.5E-0 3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 5E+04 115 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 1.98 3.5E-0 3 [mg. l-1] O

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## 206

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 9][PROCESSING]

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP 1.06 97

6E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP 0.09 08

436 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP 0.90 80

87 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP 0 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 1.1E+0 3 0.45 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt 99.5 0.03 15 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty Yes Yes O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge 2.52E+ 0

6 1.03E+ 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP 99.5 0.03 15 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 9][PRI VATE USE]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Frac tion of the em i s

s

i on de grad ed in STP ?? 0 [-] O

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 1.8 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 0.12 6 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No Yes O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 4.14E+ 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 0.12 6 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

LOCAL STP[USE PATTERN 10][RE C OVERY]

OUTPUT

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air b y STP ?? 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r by STP ?? 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge by STP ?? 0.93 [-] S

Conc entra tio n i n

u n trea ted was t ewat er 0 0.08 81 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n o

f c

hem ic

al (t ota l ) in t

he STP- effl ue nt ?? 6.17E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

e

fflu

ent ex c eeds s

o

l ubil i ty No No O

Conc entra tio n i n

d r

y s

e wage s l ud

ge ?? 203 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

PEC for m i c

r o-org anis m

s i n

th

e STP ?? 6.17E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

REGIONAL STP

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air 1.00 84

3E-03 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r 0.09 08

632 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge 0.90 81 28 0.93 [-] S

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## 207

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 4.35E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 3.9E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

CONTINENTAL STP

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

air 8.49 19E- 0

4 0 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

wat e r 0.09 09

141 0.07 [-] S

Frac tion of em is

s

i on d i rec t e

d to

s

l ud

ge 0.90 82

37 0.93 [-] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 1][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 4.64E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 3.82E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 4.27E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 5.57 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 1.52 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 1.52 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 1.27 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 1.46E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 1][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.82E- 0

3 5.14E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 7.29E- 0

4 4.23E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.91E- 0

3 3.44E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 6.32E- 0

4 2.82E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 8.05E- 0

3 7.32E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.77E- 0

3 6.71E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 103 9.38 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 46.8 4.23 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 46.8 4.23 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 22 2.36 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 4.5E-0 3 4.06E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 1][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 5.14E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 4.23E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 3.21E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 7.79E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 208

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.91E- 0

3 9.29E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 46.8 9.54 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

LOCAL SCALE Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 1][PRIVATE USE]

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 7.09E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 9.98 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 4.65 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 4.65 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 2.53 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 4.47E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 2][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 1.53E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 1.26E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 1.71E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 1.4E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 5.6E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 5.29E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 7.17 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 2.65 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 2.65 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 1.72 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 2.55E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 2][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.82E- 0

3 8.34E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 7.29E- 0

4 6.85E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 6.32E- 0

4 7.63E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 8.05E- 0

3 1.32E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.77E- 0

3 1.15E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 103 16.9 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 46.8 9.54 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 22 4.49 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 4.5E-0 3 9.18E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

[USE PATTERN 2][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 7.09E- 0

6 [mg. m-3] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 209

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 4.28E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 5.83 [mg.k g wwt-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE ( Continued )

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 2][PRIVATE USE]

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 5.83E- 0

6 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 7.9E-0 5 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 6.49E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 4.68E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 4.54E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 5.99 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 1.82 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 1.82 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 1.39 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 1.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 3][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 7.78E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 6.4E-0 5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 5.2E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 9.09E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 8.16E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 11.6 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 5.83 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 3 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 5.61E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 3][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.82E- 0

3 8.34E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 7.29E- 0

4 6.85E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.91E- 0

3 5.57E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 6.32E- 0

4 4.58E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 8.05E- 0

3 9.46E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.77E- 0

3 8.47E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 103 12.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 46.8 6.17 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 46.8 6.17 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 22 3.14 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 4.5E-0 3 5.93E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 210

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 8.62E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 11 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.77E- 0

3 1.61E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

0 1 3 :5

1:4 8 Page: 24 Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 3][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 7.09E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 5.83E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 4.74E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 3.89E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 7.78E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 5.41 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 5.41 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 2.83 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 5.2E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 4][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 9.31E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 7.65E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 6.91E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 5.68E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 1.08E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 9.57E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 13.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 7.38 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 7.38 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 3.63 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 7.1E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 4][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.82E- 0

3 1.67E- 0

4 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 7.29E- 0

4 1.37E- 0

4 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.91E- 0

3 1.49E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 6.32E- 0

4 1.22E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 8.05E- 0

3 1.87E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 103 24 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 46.8 14.6 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 46.8 14.6 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 22 6.53 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 4.5E-0 3 1.41E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O



## 211

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Defau l ts Stand ard

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 7.1E-0 5 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 1.41 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

s ourc e

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 6.32E- 0

4 2.37E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 4.5E-0 3 3.58E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 4][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 7.81E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 6.42E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 5.54E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 4.55E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 9.42E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 8.44E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 12.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 6.13 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 6.13 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 3.12 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 5.9E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 5][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 4.31E- 0

6 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 3.54E- 0

6 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 8.64E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 4.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 4.6E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 6.09 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 1.88 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 1.88 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 1.81E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 5][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.82E- 0

3 4.31E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 7.29E- 0

4 3.54E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.91E- 0

3 2.88E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 8.05E- 0

3 6.77E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.77E- 0

3 6.25E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 103 8.67 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 46.8 3.72 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 46.8 3.72 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 22 2.15 [mg.k g wwt-1] O



## 212

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 6.97E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 8.55 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

DISTRIBUTION Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 5][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 4.75E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 3.91E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 3.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 3.08E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 7.64E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 9.79 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 4.51 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 4.51 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 2.47 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 4.34E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 6][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 1.39E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 1.14E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 2.79E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 2.29E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 6.67E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 6.18E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 3.63 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 3.63 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 2.11 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 3.49E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 6][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 4.74E- 0

7 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 3.9E-0 7 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 3.84E- 0

3 1.1E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 3.16E- 0

3 9.01E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 5.98E- 0

3 4.98E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 5.3E-0 3 4.79E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 76.6 6.38 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 32.2 2.09 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 32.2 2.09 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 16.1 1.5 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 3.1E-0 3 2.01E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 213

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 5.44E- 0

4 1.06E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 6][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.32E- 0

9 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 5.2E-0 9 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.13E- 0

5 5.57E- 1 0 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 4.21E- 0

5 4.58E- 1 0 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 2.19E- 0

3 3.89E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.18E- 0

3 3.89E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 28 4.98 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 5.66 1.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 5.66 1.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 5.45 1.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 7][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 3.02E- 0

5 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 2.49E- 0

5 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.01 05 1.54E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 8.62E- 0

3 1.27E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.01 26 1.93E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.01 08 1.66E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 162 24.7 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 78.7 15.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 78.7 15.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 34.6 6.7 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 7.57E- 0

3 1.45E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 7][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.21E- 0

4 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 9.92E- 0

5 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.96 8 6.13E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.79 6 5.04E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.97 1E-03 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.79 8 8.93E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.24E+ 0

4 12.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 6.78E+ 0

3 6.67 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 6.78E+ 0

3 6.67 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 2.71E+ 0

3 3.32 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.65 2 6.41E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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## 214

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

s ourc e

DISTRIBUTION

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 9.97E+ 0

3 12.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 5.44E+ 0

3 6.16 [mg.k g wwt-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 7][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 4.64E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 3.82E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 4.35E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 4.27E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 5.57 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 1.52 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 1.52 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 1.27 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 1.46E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 7][RECOVERY]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 0.04 64 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 7.63E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 0.04 68 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 1.15E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 600 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 46.9 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 46.9 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 19.4 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 4.51E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 8][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 9.68E- 0

5 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 7.95E- 0

5 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.77 6 5.57E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.63 8 4.58E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.77 8 9.46E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.64 8.47E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 5.44E+ 0

3 6.16 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 2.18E+ 0

3 3.12 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.52 3 5.92E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

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## 215

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 1.51E- 0

3 9.73E- 0

5 [mg. m-3] O

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 0.10 5 1.86E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 0.08 62 1.53E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 0.07 11 2.69E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 5.28 1.67E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l 3.55 1.57E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

DISTRIBUTION

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 61.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

EUSES 10/0 8 /0

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d on 1 0 / 08

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1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 9][FORMULATION]

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 1.24E- 0

3 8E-05 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 0.10 7 5.74E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 0.08 83 5.41E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 1.37E+ 0

3 7.36 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 739 2.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 739 2.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 299 1.79 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 9][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e 6.77E- 0

4 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int 2.43E- 0

4 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r 1.9 1.37E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de 5.28 2.06E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) 1.9 1.76E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de 6.77E+ 0

4 26.4 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s 3.7E+0 4 16.3 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s 3.7E+0 4 16.3 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s 1.48E+ 0

4 7.17 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

LOCAL SCALE

[USE PATTERN 9][PRIVATE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 6.69E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 5.5E-0 3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 7.08E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 5.89E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 90.7 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 61.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 25.4 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 5.95E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O



## 216

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

LOCAL SCALE

Loc al PEC in gras s

l and (t ota l ) av er

a ged ov er 1 80 day s ?? 2.29 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

DISTRIBUTION

Conti nen tal P E C i n s

u rfac e wa ter (d i s s o

lv

ed) 2.92E- 0

4 5.33E- 0

5 [mg. l-1] O

Conti nen tal P E C i n in

dus tri a l s o

i l (to t al) 4.34 0.33 8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

DISTRIBUTION

Regio nal PEC in s

u rfac e wat e r (d is s o

lv

ed) 2.14E- 0

3 3.89E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Regio nal PEC in i ndus tri a l s o

i l (to t al ) 31.5 1.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

DISTRIBUTION

[USE PATTERN 10][RECOVERY]

Conc entra tio n i n

a i r dur ing

em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in air, 100 m fr om

po int ?? 0 [mg. m-3] O

s ourc e

Conc entra tio n i n

s

u rfac e wat e r d u rin g em is

s

i on epis o

d

e ?? 3.27E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e c

onc entr a ti on in s u r

f ac

e wat e r ?? 2.24E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s u rf

a c

e water d u ri ng e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 7.16E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Annu al av erag e l o c a l PEC in s u rf

ac

e water (d is s o

lv

ed) ?? 6.13E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al PEC in s e

di ment dur in

g e m is

s

i on epis o

de ?? 9.18 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 30 day s ?? 4.07 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in agric . s

o

il (t

ota l ) av era g ed ov er 18 0 d a y s ?? 4.07 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Loc al PEC in grou ndwat er u nder agr ic

ultur a l s o

i l ?? 3.92E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALE

CONTINENTAL

Conti nen tal P E C i n air ( t ot

al) 5.04E- 0

6 1.03E- 0

6 [mg. m-3] O

Conti nen tal P E C i n agr ic

ult

u ral s o

il (

t ota l ) 27.8 5.31 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Conti nen tal P E C i n por e wat e r o f a g r ic

ultura l s o

i l s 2.68E- 0

3 5.1E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Conti nen tal P E C i n na tura l s o

il (tot al ) 1.65 0.33 8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Conti nen tal P E C i n s

edi me nt (to t al) 6.62 1.21 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALE

REGIONAL

Regio nal PEC in a i r (tot al) 1.62E- 0

5 3.35E- 0

6 [mg. m-3] O

Regio nal PEC in a g ric u lt

ural s o

il (t

ot

al) 265 50.4 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Regio nal PEC in p

o

re wat e r of a g ric u ltura l s o

ils 0.02 54 4.85E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Regio nal PEC in n

a tura l s o

il (tot al) 5.3 1.1 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Regio nal PEC in s

edi men t (to t al) 48.4 8.8 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

BIOCONCENTRA TION

Bioc onc en

trati on f a c

t or for fis h 4.57 08

8E+04 1.08 7E+0 3 [l.k g-1] S

Partiti on c o

effic i en

t worm-p orewat er 1.26 49

1E+05 1.81 7E+0 3 [l.k g-1] S

Bioc onc en

trati on f a c

t or for eart h wor m

s 12.1 6 4

1 0.17 [k g.k

g -1] S

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 1][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.44 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.41 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 217

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.68 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.44 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.65 5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 3][PROCESSING]

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 1][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 112 0.57 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.89E+ 0

3 4.64 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 1][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.59 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 2][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.49 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.51 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 2][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 112 0.83 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.89E+ 0

3 5.09 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 2][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.45 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 3][FORMULATION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.78 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 112 0.67 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.89E+ 0

3 4.81 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 3][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.63 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.74 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 4][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.73 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.91 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 4][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 112 1.09 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.89E+ 0

3 5.53 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 218

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Defau l ts Stand ard

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.67 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.54 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 170 0.47 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 6][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 1.83E+ 0

4 0.69 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 7][PRIVA TE USE] Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 4][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.67 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 5][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.46 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.44 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 5][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 112 0.55 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.89E+ 0

3 4.6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 5][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.59 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 6][FORMULATION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.59 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 6][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.81E+ 0

3 4.46 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 98.7 0.42 2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 1.64E+ 0

3 4.38 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 7][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 295 1.11 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 2.09E+ 0

3 5.57 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 7][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 4.28E+ 0

4 4.85 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.44 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.41 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 219

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Defau l ts Stand ard

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.83 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 10][RECO VERY] Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 7][RECOVERY]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 8.27 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 8][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 1.47E+ 0

4 0.67 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 3.47E+ 0

4 4.81 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 9][FORMULATION]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 2.07E+ 0

3 0.50 5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 6.11E+ 0

3 4.52 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 9][PROCESSING]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors 4.34E+ 0

4 1.17 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l 2.26E+ 0

5 5.67 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

SECONDARY POISONING[USE PATTERN 9][PRIVA TE USE]

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 3.41 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 9.54 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

ENVIRONMENT-EXPOSURE

Conc entra tio n i n

fi s h from s u rf

ac

e w a ter f o

r pr eda tors ?? 0.54 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

eart h worms fr

om a g ric u l t

ura l s o

i l ?? 4.63 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 220

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Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

NOEC for mic r o-or gan is ms

in a STP 800 800 [mg. l-1] S

ENVIRONMENT - EFFECTS

PNEC for aq uat ic

orga nis m

s

, i n

ter

m

i ttent rel eas es 4E-03 4E-03 [mg. l-1] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - EFFECTS

MICRO-ORGANIS MS

EC50 for mic r o-

organ is ms

in a STP ?? ?? [mg. l-1] D

EC10 for mic r o-

organ is ms

in a STP ?? ?? [mg. l-1] D

PNEC for mic r o-

organ is ms

in a STP 80 80 [mg. l-1] O

As

s e

s s

m

ent fac t or

app lie

d i n ex tra p o

l ati on t o PNEC m i c

r o 10 10 [-] O

AQUATIC ORGA NISMS

EC50 for al ga e 0.49 0.49 [mg. l-1] S

L(E)C50 f o

r Dap h n ia 0.4 0.4 [mg. l-1] S

LC50 f o

r fis h 5E+03 5E+03 [mg. l-1] S

LC50 f o

r o

t her aq uatic s

pec i e

s ?? ?? [mg. l-1] D

NOEC for alg a e 0.49 0.49 [mg. l-1] S

NOEC for Daph ni a 0.01 0.01 [mg. l-1] S

NOEC for fis h 4.5 4.5 [mg. l-1] S

NOEC for oth e r a q uatic s

pec i e

s ?? ?? [mg. l-1] D

PNEC for aq uat ic

orga nis m

s 1E-03 2E-04 [mg. l-1] O

As

s e

s s

m

ent fac t or

app lie

d i n ex tra p o

l ati on t o PNEC Aq ua 10 50 [-] S

PNEC for aq uat ic

orga nis m

s with s t a t

is

tic

a l m e

th

od ?? ?? [mg. l-1] O

NOEC for oth e r te rres t rial s p ec

ies ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

PNEC for terres t ri al or gan is ms

with s t atis tic

a l met hod ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] O ENVIRONMENT - EFFECTS

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS

LC50 f o

r p

l an

ts ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

LC50 f o

r e

a rthwor ms ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

EC50 for mic r o

o

rg

anis m

s ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

LC50 f o

r o

t her terr es

trial s p ec

ies ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

NOEC for pla n ts ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

NOEC for eart h wo

rms ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

NOEC for mic r oor gan is ms ?? ?? [mg.k g wwt-1] D

PNEC for terres t ri al or gan is ms 10.4 2.08 [mg.k g wwt-1] O

Equil i bri u m part i ti o

n in

g us ed

for PNE C in s o

il ? Yes Yes O

As

s e

s s

m

ent fac t or

app lie

d i n ex tra p o

l ati on t o PNEC Te rr 1 1 [-] O

PNEC f o

r se d i m e nt -d

we l l i n g o r ga ni sm s 1 1

. 33 42 2

. 6 [ m

g

. kg wwt -1 ] S ENVIRONMENT - EFFECTS

SEDIMENT DWE LLING ORGANISMS

LC50 in av ian die t ary s t udy (5 d a y s ) 2.46 06E+ 0

4 2.46 06E+ 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] S

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BIRDS AND MAMMALS

NOAEL ?? ?? [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] D

NOEC v i a food ?? ?? [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Duratio n o

f (s

ub-)c hronic oral tes t Chronic Chronic S

Oral NOAEL 0.4 0.4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] S

NOEC v i a food 5 5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] S

Duratio n o

f (s

ub-)c hronic oral tes t Chronic Chronic S



## 221

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

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BIRDS AND MAMMALS Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - EFFECTS ( Cont inued )

PNEC for s e

c ond a r

y pois oni ng of bir d

s and ma mm als 0.5 0.5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 222

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 0.886 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 1][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 2.18 [-] O

RCR for the local soil compartment 711 7.31 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 21.4 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 1.09E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 8.82 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 224 1.15 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 1][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water com partment 8.05 3.66 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 45 20.3 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 91 36.1 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.39E- 0

3 8.09E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 3.79E+ 0

3 9.28 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 1][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 3.89 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment ?? 22.3 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 38.4 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 9.19E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 1.19 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 9.36 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 711 12.8 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 2.8 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 27.6 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 4.03E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 0.998 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 9.02 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water com partment 8.05 6.59 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 45 45.9 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 91 64.9 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.39E- 0

3 2.19E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 224 1.67 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals 3.79E+ 0

3 10.2 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 2.34 [-] O

RCR for the local soil com partment ?? 8.74 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 23 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 1.86E- 0

5 [-] O

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## 223

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION ( Continued )

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 0.915 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 8.88 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 3][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 4.54 [-] O

RCR for the local soil compartment 711 28 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 44.8 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 1.23E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 1.31 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 9.56 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 91 46.6 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 3][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water com partment 8.05 4.73 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 45 29.7 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.39E- 0

3 1.31E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 224 1.34 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 3.79E+ 0

3 9.61 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 9.49 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 3][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 4.31 [-] O

RCR for the local soil compartment ?? 26 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 42.5 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 1.12E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 1.27 [-] O

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 4][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 53.2 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 5.4 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 711 35.5 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 1.63E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 1.46 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 9.82 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals 3.79E+ 0

3 11.1 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 4][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water com partment 8.05 9.37 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 45 70.3 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 91 92.4 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.39E- 0

3 3.5E-04 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 224 2.17 [-] O

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## 224

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 4][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 4.71 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment ?? 29.5 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 46.4 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 1.3E-04 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 1.34 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 9.61 [-] O

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 5][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 23.4 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 2.38 [-] O

RCR for the local soil compartment 711 9.06 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 2.03E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 0.922 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 8.89 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 5][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water com partment 8.05 3.38 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 45 17.9 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 91 33.3 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.39E- 0

3 6.78E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 224 1.1 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals 3.79E+ 0

3 9.2 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment ?? 21.7 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 9.33 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 5][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 3.82 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 37.6 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 8.84E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 1.18 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 3.34 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 711 17.5 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 32.9 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 6.56E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 1.09 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 9.18 [-] O

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][PROCESSING]

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 9.05E- 0

4 2.58E- 0

5 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the local water com partment 5.98 2.49 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 31 10.1 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 67.6 24.6 [-] O

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## 225

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8 Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION ( Continued )

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][PROCESSING]

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals 340 0.943 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 3.61E+ 0

3 8.92 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water com partment 2.19 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the local soil com partment 5.44 5.29 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 24.7 19.2 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.21E- 0

5 1.31E- 1 0 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals 197 0.845 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 3.29E+ 0

3 8.75 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 589 2.22 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 12.6 9.65 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 75.7 72.6 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment 143 95.1 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 2.47E- 0

3 3.63E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals 4.18E+ 0

3 11.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 970 5.01 [-] O

RCR for the local soil com partment 6.52E+ 0

3 32.1 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.1E+04 49.4 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.228 1.44E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 3.66E+ 0

4 1.39 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals 8.57E+ 0

4 9.7 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 21.4 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 1.09E- 0

5 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 2.18 [-] O

RCR for the local soil com partment ?? 7.31 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 0.886 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 8.82 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 1.67 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][RECOVERY]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 11.7 [-] O

RCR for the local soil compartment ?? 225 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment ?? 2.31E+ 0

3 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 0.156 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals ?? 16.5 [-] O

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## 226

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Defau l ts Stand ard

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 8][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 778 4.73 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 6.93E+ 0

4 9.61 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

RCR for the local soil com partment 5.23E+ 0

3 29.6 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 8.8E+03 46.6 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.183 1.31E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 2.94E+ 0

4 1.34 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 0.0247 4.38E- 0

5 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 9][FORMU LATION]

RCR for the local water co mpartment 107 2.87 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment 711 13.4 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 1.21E+ 0

3 28.3 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 4.14E+ 0

3 1.01 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals 1.22E+ 0

4 9.04 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals 4.53E+ 0

5 11.3 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 9][PROCESSING]

RCR for the local water com partment 5.28E+ 0

3 10.3 [-] O

RCR for the local soil com partment 3.56E+ 0

4 78.3 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment co mpartment 5.97E+ 0

4 102 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant 1.24 3.94E- 0

4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s and mammals 8.69E+ 0

4 2.34 [-] O

RCR for the local soil compartment ?? 297 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 349 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 1.58E- 0

3 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 9][PRIVAT E USE]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 35.4 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 6.82 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds and mammals ?? 19.1 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 10][RECOVERY]

RCR for the local water co mpartment ?? 3.58 [-] O

RCR for the local soil co mpartment ?? 19.6 [-] O

RCR for the local sediment compartment ?? 35.3 [-] O

RCR for the sew a ge tr eatment plant ?? 7.71E- 0

5 [-] O

RCR for fish-eating bir d

s an d mammals ?? 1.09 [-] O

RCR for worm-eating birds a nd mammals ?? 9.26 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 1]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

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## 227

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 2]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 3] ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 4]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 5]

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 6]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 7]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 8]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 9]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 10]

RCR for the r e

gional w a ter co mpar tment 2.14 1.94 [-] O

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Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

ENVIRONMENT - RISK CHARACTERIZATION ( Continued )

REGIONAL[USE PATTERN 10]

RCR for the r e

gional soil compartment 254 242 [-] O

RCR for the r e

gional sediment compartment 42.7 33.8 [-] O

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/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

Purific a t

i on

fac t or

f

o

r s

u rfac e wa ter 0.25 0.25 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

BIOCONCENTRA TION AND BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS

Bioc onc en

trati on f a c

t or for fis h 4.57 08

8E+04 1.08 7E+0 3 [l.k g-1] S

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 1][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 0.46 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 9.33 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 1.46E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 0.13 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.04 36 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 1][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 4.18E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 7.62E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 2.89E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.05 12 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 5.93E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 3.5E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

LOCAL SCALE HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 1][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 7.86E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 0.01 43 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 5.43E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.96 2 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.01 12 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 6.57E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 1.35E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.05 32 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Pri n t e

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/ 0

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1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 1][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 127 0.72 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 287 25.9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 3.73 0.22 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 3.73 0.22 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 4.5E-0 3 4.06E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 20.9 1.32 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 6.6 0.41 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.57 0.14 2 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 1][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 1.29E- 0

4 1.16E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.20 8 1.2E-0 3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.06 4 3.92E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.08 98 5.66E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.05 29 3.34E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 1.6E-0 4 9.78E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 0.03 22 0.02 51 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 1][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.46E- 0

5 7.42E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.10 5 7.66E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 1 0.91 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 0.04 51 0.03 62 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 0.02 66 0.02 13 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.02E- 0

5 6.25E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.99 0.15 6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.22 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 1][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.77 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 28.5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.22 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 4.47E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 1.32 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.41 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 1][PRIVA TE USE] Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.28E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 1.27E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 3.92E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.15 6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 5.69E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 3.35E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 9.78E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 1][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 7.42E- 0

3 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 7.48E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 0.02 3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.91 6 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 0.03 33 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 0.01 96 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 5.73E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.17 1 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

LOCAL SCALE HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 2][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 0.57 5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 16.3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.07 99 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.07 98 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 2.55E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 0.49 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.15 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 2][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 7.29E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 9.45E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 1.37E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.08 93 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 2.12E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 1.25E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 3.41E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Pri n t e

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1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 2][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 7.67E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 9.95E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 0.01 44 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.94 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.02 23 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 0.01 32 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 3.59E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.09 5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 2][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 127 1.25 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 287 58.6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 3.73 0.36 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 3.73 0.36 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 4.5E-0 3 9.18E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 20.9 2.11 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 6.6 0.66 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 2][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 1.29E- 0

4 2.62E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.20 8 2.06E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.06 4 6.18E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.57 0.32 1 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.08 98 9.05E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.05 29 5.34E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 1.6E-0 4 1.54E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 0.04 51 0.02 63 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 2][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.46E- 0

5 7.62E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.10 5 5.98E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 0.03 22 0.01 8 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 1 0.93 4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 0.02 66 0.01 55 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.02E- 0

5 4.48E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.99 0.34 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 2][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.49 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 11.2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.04 61 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.04 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 1.75E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 0.29 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.09 46 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 2][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 4.99E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 8.1E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 7.9E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.06 12 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 1.29E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 7.59E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 1.97E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 2][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 7.7E-0 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 0.01 25 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 0.01 22 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.94 4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 0.01 99 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 0.01 17 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 3.03E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.06 48 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 3][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 0.88 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 35.8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.33 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.33 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 5.61E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 1.93 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.60 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 3][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 1.6E-0 5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 1.46E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 5.79E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.19 6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 8.28E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 4.88E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 1.44E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 3][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 7.39E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 6.73E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 0.02 67 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.90 6 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.03 82 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 0.02 25 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 6.66E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.21 7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 3][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 127 0.92 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 287 37.9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 3.73 0.36 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 3.73 0.36 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 4.5E-0 3 5.93E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 20.9 2.05 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 6.6 0.64 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 3][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 1.29E- 0

4 1.69E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.20 8 1.51E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.06 4 6.18E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.57 0.20 8 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.08 98 8.83E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.05 29 5.2E-0 3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 1.6E-0 4 1.54E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 3][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.46E- 0

5 7.39E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.10 5 6.59E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 0.03 22 0.02 69 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 1 0.90 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 0.04 51 0.03 85 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 0.02 66 0.02 27 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.02E- 0

5 6.72E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.99 0.22 9 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 3][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.84 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 33.2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.30 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.30 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 5.2E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 1.77 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.55 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 3][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.49E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 1.39E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 5.3E-0 3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.18 2 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 7.59E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 4.47E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 1.32E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 3][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 7.4E-0 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 6.92E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 0.02 64 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.90 6 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 0.03 78 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 0.02 23 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 6.57E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.20 1 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 4][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 1.04 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 45.3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.40 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 7.1E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 2.29 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.72 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 4][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 2.03E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 1.71E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 6.87E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.24 9 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 9.84E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 5.8E-0 3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 1.71E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 4][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 7.44E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 6.26E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 0.02 52 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.91 1 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.03 61 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 0.02 13 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 6.28E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.27 3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 4][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 127 1.75 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 287 89.7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 3.73 0.70 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 3.73 0.70 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 4.5E-0 3 1.41E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 20.9 4.03 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 6.6 1.27 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 4][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 1.29E- 0

4 4.01E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.20 8 2.88E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.06 4 0.01 21 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.57 0.49 2 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.08 98 0.01 73 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.05 29 0.01 02 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 1.6E-0 4 3.01E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 4][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.46E- 0

5 7.51E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.10 5 5.38E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 0.03 22 0.02 26 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 1 0.92 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 0.04 51 0.03 24 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 0.02 66 0.01 91 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.02E- 0

5 5.63E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.99 0.53 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 4][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.91 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 37.6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.33 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.33 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 5.9E-0 4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 1.94 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.61 2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 4][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.69E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 1.51E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 5.81E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.20 6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 8.33E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 4.91E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 1.45E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 4][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 7.42E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 6.63E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 0.02 56 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.90 9 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 0.03 67 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 0.02 16 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 6.38E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.22 7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 5][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 0.5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 11.6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.03 46 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.03 46 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 1.81E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 0.23 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.07 55 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 5][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 5.18E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 8.21E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 5.94E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.06 34 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 1.03E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 6.05E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 1.48E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 5][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 7.79E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 0.01 23 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 8.93E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.95 4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.01 54 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 9.1E-0 3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 2.22E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.06 65 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 5][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 127 0.68 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 287 22.8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 3.73 0.19 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 3.73 0.19 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 4.5E-0 3 3.58E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 20.9 1.12 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 6.6 0.35 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 5][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 1.29E- 0

4 1.02E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.20 8 1.12E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.06 4 3.33E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.57 0.12 5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.08 98 4.84E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.05 29 2.85E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 1.6E-0 4 8.31E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 5][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.46E- 0

5 7.44E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.10 5 8.13E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 0.03 22 0.02 43 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 1 0.91 1 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 0.04 51 0.03 52 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 0.02 66 0.02 08 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.02E- 0

5 6.05E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.99 0.13 7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 5][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.75 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 27.7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.21 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.21 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 4.34E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 1.24 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.39 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 5][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.24E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 1.24E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 3.65E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.15 2 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 5.31E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 3.13E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 9.09E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 5][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 7.5E-0 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 7.53E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 0.02 21 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.91 9 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 0.03 21 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 0.01 89 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 5.5E-0 5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.16 5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 6][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 0.67 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 22.3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.07 42 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.07 41 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 3.49E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 0.47 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.15 1 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 6][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 9.98E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 1.1E-0 3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 1.27E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.12 2 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 2.05E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 1.21E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 3.17E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 8.62E- 0

3 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 6][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 7.8E-0 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 9.95E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.95 6 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.01 61 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 9.47E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 2.48E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.12 8 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 0.33 4 0.04 64 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 6][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 242 0.52 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 198 12.9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 0.08 47 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 0.08 38 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 3.1E-0 3 2.01E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 1.06 0.14 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 1.45E- 0

3 2.9E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 6][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 8.85E- 0

5 5.76E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.39 8 8.55E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.08 0.07 05 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 4.54E- 0

3 6.31E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 2.68E- 0

3 3.72E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 3.55E- 0

6 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 6][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 5.94E- 0

5 7.92E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.26 7 0.01 18 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 9.75E- 0

4 3.99E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.72 7 0.97 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 3.05E- 0

3 8.68E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 1.8E-0 3 5.12E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 2.38E- 0

6 9.88E- 0

6 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.49 0.07 27 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 99.6 0.42 2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 0.08 13 0.01 68 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 6][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 34.7 6.75 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 0.08 13 0.01 68 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 5.45E- 0

4 1.06E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 0.64 0.13 2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 0.20 2 0.04 16 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 3.46E- 0

6 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 6][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 1.56E- 0

5 3.02E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.16 4 6.94E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 1.39E- 0

3 2.89E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 0.19 1 0.03 7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 2.75E- 0

3 5.66E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 1.62E- 0

3 3.33E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 6][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 4.32E- 0

5 7.77E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.45 5 0.01 78 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.87E- 0

3 7.42E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.52 9 0.95 2 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 7.64E- 0

3 0.01 45 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 4.51E- 0

3 8.57E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 9.62E- 0

6 1.85E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 0.36 0.03 89 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 7][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 492 1.8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 483 92.7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 0.21 0.01 77 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 0.20 7 0.01 72 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 7.57E- 0

3 1.45E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 2.43 0.34 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 0.76 7 0.10 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 243

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.80 8 2.96E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 8.79E- 0

6 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 7][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.16E- 0

4 4.15E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 3.6E-0 3 3.03E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 2.65 0.50 8 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.01 04 1.49E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 6.15E- 0

3 8.76E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 7][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 3E-03 2.89E- 0

3 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.22E- 0

5 8.07E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.23 2 5.75E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 1.03E- 0

3 5.89E- 0

4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.76 2 0.98 9 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 1.77E- 0

3 1.7E-0 3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 2.53E- 0

6 1.4E-0 6 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 3.48 0.51 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 7][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 3.65E+ 0

4 0.97 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.16E+ 0

4 40.9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 0.96 9 0.01 72 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 0.73 4 0.01 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.65 2 6.41E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 107 0.21 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 33.8 0.06 85 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 7][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 0.01 86 1.83E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 59.9 1.59E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.01 66 2.94E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 228 0.22 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.46 9.32E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.27 1 5.49E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.47E- 0

5 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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## 244

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 7 7E-03 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.56E- 0

8 3.15E- 0

6 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 7][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.45E- 0

5 8.04E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 5.75E- 0

5 1.29E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 0.98 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 1.59E- 0

3 4.09E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 9.38E- 0

4 2.41E- 0

3 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 289 0.22 8 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 7][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.46 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 9.33 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 1.46E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 0.13 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.04 36 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.05 12 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 7][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 4.18E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 7.62E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 2.89E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 5.93E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 3.5E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 7][P RIVATE USE]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 7.86E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 0.01 43 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 5.43E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.96 2 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 0.01 12 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 6.57E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 1.35E- 0

5 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.05 32 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 7][RECOVERY]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 1.25 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 288 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.01 95 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.01 79 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 4.51E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 0.83 2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.26 3 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 7][RECOVERY]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.29E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 2.06E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 3.34E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 1.58 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 3.58E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 2.11E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 7][R ECOVERY]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 8.12E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 1.3E-0 3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 2.11E- 0

4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.99 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 2.26E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 1.33E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 4.52E- 0

7 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 1.59 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 85.9 0.20 9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 8][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 2.93E+ 0

4 0.92 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 3.34E+ 0

4 37.8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 0.79 3 0.01 71 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 0.60 5 0.01 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.52 3 5.92E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 27.2 0.06 61 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 246

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 48.1 1.51E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 8][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 0.01 49 1.69E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.01 36 2.94E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 183 0.20 7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.36 9 8.98E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.21 8 5.3E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.05E- 0

5 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 8][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.45E- 0

5 8.04E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 7 7.18E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 5.87E- 0

5 1.39E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.79 0.98 5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 1.59E- 0

3 4.27E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 9.39E- 0

4 2.51E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.85E- 0

8 3.41E- 0

6 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 232 0.21 1 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 9][FORMULA TION]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 4.04E+ 0

3 0.58 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 4.54E+ 0

3 17.2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 6.35 0.41 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 6.32 0.41 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 0.07 11 2.69E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 45.3 2.31 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 14.3 0.73 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 9][FORMULATION]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 2.03E- 0

3 7.68E- 0

6 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 6.63 9.67E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.10 9 7.16E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 24.9 0.09 41 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.19 5 9.93E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.11 5 5.85E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 2.7E-0 4 1.79E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 3.41E- 0

3 0.06 06 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 9][F ORMULATION]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 6.36E- 0

5 6.51E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.20 8 8.19E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.77 9 0.79 7 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 6.1E-0 3 0.08 41 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 3.59E- 0

3 0.04 96 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 8.44E- 0

6 1.51E- 0

4 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 31.9 0.11 8 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h 8.68E+ 0

4 1.92 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t 3.43 0.01 77 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) 573 0.36 4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 9][PROCESSING]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t 2.27E+ 0

5 99.9 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) 2.15 0.01 72 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter 3.55 1.57E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) 181 0.11 5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

LOCAL SCALE HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 9][PROCESSING]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 0.10 2 4.47E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 143 3.15E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 0.05 88 3.04E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 1.24E+ 0

3 0.54 8 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 2.46 1.56E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 1.45 9.22E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 5.55E- 0

5 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 9][P ROCESSING]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 7.3E-0 5 8.07E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.10 2 5.68E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 4.23E- 0

5 5.48E- 0

4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.89 5 0.98 9 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 1.77E- 0

3 2.82E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 1.04E- 0

3 1.66E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 3.99E- 0

8 1.3E-0 6 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans 1.39E+ 0

3 0.55 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Defau l ts Stand ard Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 9][PRIVATE U SE]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 6.4 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 379 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.02 04 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.01 82 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 5.95E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 1.06 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.33 5 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 9][PRIVA TE USE]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.7E-0 4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 0.01 05 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 3.49E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 2.08 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 4.56E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 2.69E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 9][P RIVATE USE] HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 8.09E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 5.01E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 1.66E- 0

4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.99 1 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 2.17E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 1.28E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 3.42E- 0

7 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 2.1 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

LOCAL SCALE

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

wet f i s

h ?? 0.66 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PATTE RN 10][RECOVERY]

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

root tis

s ue of pla n t ?? 25 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

le

av

es

of pla n t ?? 0.01 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

gras s (wet we i ght) ?? 0.01 69 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

dri n k i ng w a ter ?? 3.92E- 0

4 [mg. l-1] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

me at (we t wei ght) ?? 0.17 7 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Loc al c o

nc

entra tio n in

mi lk (wet wei g ht) ?? 0.05 6 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

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## 249

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk ?? 4.49E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA[USE PA TTERN 10][RECO VERY]

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water ?? 1.12E- 0

5 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h ?? 1.09E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s ?? 2.92E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s ?? 0.13 7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat ?? 7.61E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r ?? 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r ?? 8.01E- 0

5 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE[USE PATTERN 10] [RECOVERY]

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h ?? 7.83E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s ?? 2.09E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops ?? 0.98 1 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat ?? 5.45E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk ?? 3.21E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r ?? 5.14E- 0

6 [-] O

Loc al t

o

ta l d a ily i n

t a k

e for hu mans ?? 0.14 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

REGIONAL SCALE

CONCENTRATIONS IN INTAKE MEDIA

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

wet fis h 97.7 0.42 2 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

ro

ot t i s

s ue of p l a n

t 1.62E+ 0

3 309 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

l eav es

of pla n t 0.09 62 0.01 97 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

gr

as

s (wet weig ht) 0.09 62 0.01 97 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

dr

ink

i n

g w

a ter 0.02 54 4.85E- 0

3 [mg. l-1] O

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

m

eat

(wet weigh t ) 10.4 1.99 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

Regio nal c onc entr a tio n i n

m

ilk

(wet weigh t ) 3.29 0.62 8 [mg.k g

- 1 ] O

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

REGIONAL SCALE

DOSES IN INTAKE MEDIA

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f dr

ink

i n

g water 7.27E- 0

4 1.38E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f fis h 0.16 6.94E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f l eaf c r o

p s 1.65E- 0

3 3.38E- 0

4 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f ro

ot c r o

p s 8.91 1.7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

eat 0.04 47 8.54E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f m

ilk 0.02 63 5.04E- 0

3 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

Daily dos e thro ug h in tak

e o

f a i r 3.46E- 0

6 7.18E- 0

7 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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## 250

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of fis h 0.01 76 4.06E- 0

4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of ro ot c r ops 0.97 4 0.99 1 [-] O Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

REGIONAL SCALE

FRACTIONS OF TOTAL DOSE

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of dri n k i n

g wat e r 7.95E- 0

5 8.09E- 0

5 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of l eaf c r o

p s 1.8E-0 4 1.97E- 0

4 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m eat 4.89E- 0

3 4.99E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of m ilk 2.88E- 0

3 2.94E- 0

3 [-] O

Frac tion of tot a l d o

s e throu g h

int a k

e of a i r 3.79E- 0

7 4.2E-0 7 [-] O

Regio nal tot a l dai l y intak e f

o

r h u m a n

s 9.14 1.71 [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] O

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## 251

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

HUMAN HEALTH - EFFECTS ASSE SSMENT Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

(SUB)CHRO NIC DATA

Oral NOAEL ?? ?? [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] D

Oral LOAEL ?? ?? [mg.k g

- 1 .d- 1 ] D

Dermal NOEC in a med i u m ?? ?? [mg.c m

- 3

] D

Dermal LOEC in a

med i u m ?? ?? [mg.c m

- 3

] D

Inha lat o

ry

(fibr e ) N O AEL ?? ?? [fibres

. m

-3] D

Inha lat o

ry

(fibr e ) L O AEL ?? ?? [fibres

. m

-3] D

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Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

CURRENT CLAS SIFICATION

Corrosive (C, R34 or R35) No No D

Irritat i ng

to skin (X i

, R38) No No D

Irritat i ng

to ey es

(Xi, R36) No No D

Ris k of s e rious d

a m ag

e to ey es

(Xi, R41) No No D

Irri ta ti n g to

re

sp

i r ato r y syste m (Xi

, R3 7 ) No No D

May c

aus e s

ens it i s

ation by in hal ati o n (Xn, R 42) No No D

May c

aus e s

ens it i s

ation by s

k i n c ont ac

t (Xi, R4 3) No No D

May c

aus e c

anc er

(T, R45) No No D

May c

aus e c

anc er

by

inh a l a ti on (T, R49) No No D

Pos s

i ble ris k of irr e v e rs ible eff e

c t s (Xn, R40) No No D

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.20 1 2.56 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 1][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 7.52 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 1][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 2.51E+ 0

3 4.09E+ 0

4 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 1][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 4.09E+ 0

4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 2.34 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 1.17E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 4.21 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 2.51E+ 0

3 2.6E+0 4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.20 1 1.16 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 2][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 2.03E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 6.17 [-] O

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION Pri n t e

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1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 3][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 2.77E+ 0

4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 1.85 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.20 1 1.74 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 3][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 2.51E+ 0

3 2.6E+0 4 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 3][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 3.03E+ 0

4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 1.99 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 4][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 2.34E+ 0

4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 1.47 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 4][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 2.51E+ 0

3 1.33E+ 0

4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.20 1 0.74 8 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 1.76 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 4][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 2.76E+ 0

4 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 5][FORMU LATION] HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 2.71E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 6.02 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 2.51E+ 0

3 4.82E+ 0

4 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 5][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.20 1 2.91 [-] O

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EUSES Summ ary report Singl e subst ance

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION Pri n t e

d on 1 0 / 08

/ 0

0 13 : 5

1 : 48

Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 5][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 4.4E+0 4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 2.42 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.26 8 5.5 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 1.26E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 3.13 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.13E+ 0

5 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 6][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.15E+ 0

5 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 1.11 10.3 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 4.55E+ 0

4 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.11 5 0.77 8 [-] O

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][PROCESSING] HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.62E+ 0

4 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 1.38E- 0

3 1.76 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 7.52 [-] O

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 7][RECOVERY] HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 0.25 2 [-] O

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## 255

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/ 0

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As

s e

s s

m

ent ty pes 1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.95E+ 0

4 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O Study MCCPs - ESR ASSESSMENT - ALL SCENARIOS

Subs tanc e MCCPs - e.g. C1 5 H 24Cl8

Defau l ts Stand ard

Ba

se

se t co mp l e

te No

Name Refere nc e Valu e Units Status

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 8][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 1.73E- 0

3 1.9 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 9][FORMU LATION]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.48E+ 0

3 2.24E+ 0

4 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 0.01 25 3.39 [-] O

HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 9][PROCESSING]

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air 7.21E+ 0

3 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia 2.88E- 0

4 0.72 2 [-] O

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 9][PRIVAT E USE]

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 0.19 1 [-] O

LOCAL[USE PAT TERN 10][RECOVERY] HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

MOS loc a l

, ex p o

s u re v i a air ?? 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

MOS loc a l

, to tal e x

pos ure v i a all me dia ?? 2.86 [-] O

MOS regi on al, tot a l ex p o

s u re v i a

al l med i a 0.04 38 0.23 4 [-] O HUMAN HEALTH - RISK CHARACTERIZATION

HUMANS EXPOSED VIA THE ENVI RONMENT

REGIONAL

MOS regi on al, ex p o

s u re v i a air 1.16E+ 0

5 5.57E+ 0

5 [-] O

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## 256

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix B Estimated vapour pressures for C 14

- 1 7 

## chlorinated paraffins



## log (vapour pressure) = -(0.353 × no. of C atom s) – (0.645 × no. of Cl atoms) + 4.462 Vapour pressures h a ve b een estim ated for each com b ination of num b er of carbon ato m s and

num b er of chlorin e ato m s for the m e dium chai n-chlorinated paraffins. The results are shown

in Table B1 

## . The QSAR used is that determ i n ed for the short-chain (C 10- 13 

## ) chlorina ted

paraffins by Drouillard et al. (1998) 6 :

where the vapour pressure units are P a at 25 o 

## C.

6 

### Drou illard K. G., To m y G. T., Mu i r D. C

. G. and Fr iesen K. J. (1 998 ). Vo l a tilit y o f ch lorin a ted n-alk a n e s

(C 10-12 

### ): va po u r press u r e s a n d He nry ’ s La w con s t a nt s. En vi ro n. To xi col

. C h em

., 17 , 1 252- 126 0.



## 257

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table B1 Estimated vapou r pressures for medium-chain chlorinated paraffins

No.carb on at om s No. chlo rine

atoms No. hyd r oge n

atoms Molecul a r we igh t %Cl Vapo ur pre ssu re (Pa)

1 4 1 2 9 2 3

2

. 5 1 5

. 3 0.07498 9

4

2

1

1 4 2 2 8 0.01698 2437 2

6

7 2 6

. 6

1 4 3 2 7 3 0

1

. 5 3 5

. 3 0.00384 5

9

1 8

1 4 4 2 6 3 3

6 4 2

. 3 8.70964 E-0 4

1 4 5 2 5 3 7 0

. 5 4 7

. 9 1.97242 E-0 4

1 4 6 4.46684 E-0 5 2

4 4 0

5 5 2

. 6

1 4 7 2 3 4 3

9

. 5 5 6

. 5 1.01158 E-0 5

2

2 4 7

4 2.29087 E-0 6

1 4 9 2 1 5 0

8

. 5 6 2

. 8 5.18800 E-0 7

1 4 1 0 1.17490 E-0 7 2

0 5 4

3 6 5

. 4

1 4 1 1 1 9 5 7 7

. 5 6 7

. 6 2.66073 E-0 8

1 4 1 2 1 8 6 1 2 6 9

. 6 6.02560 E-0 9

1 4 1 3 1.36458 E-0 9 1 7 6 4

6

. 5 7 1

. 4

1 4 1 4 1 6 6 8

1 7 3

. 0 3.09030 E-1 0

1 5 1 3 1 2 4

6

. 5 1 4

. 4 0.03326 5

9

5

5

1 5 2 3 0 2 8

1 2 5

. 3 0.00753 3

5

5

6

1 5 3 0.00170 6082 2

9 3 1 5

. 5 3 3

. 8

1 5 4 2 8 3 5

0 4 0

. 6 3.86367 E-0 4

1 5 5 2 7 3 8

4

. 5 4 6

. 2 8.74984 E-0 5

1 5 6 2 6 4 1 9 5 0

. 8 1.98153 E-0 5

1 5 7 2 5 4 5

3

. 5 5 4

. 8 4.48745 E-0 6

1 5 8 2 4 4 8

8 5 8

. 2 1.01625 E-0 6

1 5 9 2 3 5 2

2

. 5 6 1

. 1 2.30144 E-0 7

1 5 1 0 2 2 5 5

7 6 3

. 7 5.21195 E-0 8

1 5 1 1 2 1 5 9

1

. 5 6 6

. 0 1.18032 E-0 8

1 5 1 2 2 0 6 2

6 6 8

. 1 2.67301 E-0 9

1 5 1 3 1 9 6 6

0

. 5 6 9

. 9 6.05341 E-1 0

1 5 1 4 1 8 6 9

5 7 1

. 5 1.37088 E-1 0

1 7 7 2

9

. 5 7 3

. 0 3.10456 E-1 1

3

3 2 6

0

. 5 1 3

. 6 0.01475 7 0

6

5

1 6 2 3 2 2 9

5 2 4

. 1 0.00334 1 9

5

1 6 3 3 1 3 2

9

. 5 3 2

. 3 7.56833 E-0 4

1 6 4 3 0 3 6

4 3 9

. 0 1.71396 E-0 4

1 6 5 2 9 3 9

8

. 5 4 4

. 5 3.88150 E-0 5

1 6 6 2 8 4 3

3 4 9

. 2 8.79023 E-0 6 14 8 5 9

. 9

15 15

16 1

Table B1 continu ed overleaf



## 258

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table B1 c o n t in ued

No.carb on at om s No. chlo rine

atoms No. hyd r oge n

atoms Molecul a r we igh t %Cl Vapo ur pre ssu re (Pa)

1 6 7 2 7 4 6

7

. 5 5 3

. 2 1.99067 E-0 6

2

6 5 0

2 5 6

. 6 4.50817 E-0 7

1 6 9 2 5 5 3

6

. 5 5 9

. 6 1.02094 E-0 7

1 6 1 0 2 4 5 7 1 6 2

. 2 2.31206 E-0 8

1 6 1 1 2 3 6 0

5

. 5 6 4

. 5 5.23600 E-0 9

1 6 1 2 2 2 6 4

0 6 6

. 6 1.18577 E-0 9

1 6 1 3 2 1 6 7

4

. 5 6 8

. 4 2.68534 E-1 0

1 6 1 4 2 0 7 0

9 7 0

. 1 6.08135 E-1 1

1 6 1 5 1 9 7 4

3

. 5 7 1

. 6 1.37721 E-1 1

1 6 1 6 1 8 7 7 8 7 3

. 0 3.11889 E-1 2

1 7 1 3 5 2 7

4

. 5 1 2

. 9 0.00654 6

3

6

2

1 7 2 3 4 3 0

9 2 3

. 0 0.00148 2

5

1 8

3

3 3 4

3

. 5 3 1

. 0 3.35738 E-0 4

1 7 4 3 2 3 7

8 3 7

. 6 7.60326 E-0 5

1 7 5 3 1 4 1 2

. 5 4 3

. 0 1.72187 E-0 5

1 7 6 3 0 4 4

7 4 7

. 7 3.89942 E-0 6

1 7 7 2 9 4 8

1

. 5 5 1

. 6 8.83080 E-0 7

1 7 8 2 8 5 1 6 5 5

. 0 1.99986 E-0 7

2

7 5 8

. 0 4.52898 E-0 8

1 7 1 0 2 6 5 8

5 6 0

. 7 1.02565 E-0 8

1 7 1 1 2 5 6 1 9

. 5 6 3

. 0 2.32274 E-0 9

2

4 6 5

4 6 5

. 1 5.26017 E-1 0

1 7 1 3 2 3 6 8

8

. 5 6 7

. 0 1.19124 E-1 0

1 7 1 4 2 2 7 2

3 6 8

. 7 2.69774 E-1 1

2

1 7 0

. 3 6.10942 E-1 2

1 7 1 6 2 0 7 9

2 7 1

. 7 1.38357 E-1 2

1 7 1 7 1 9 8 2

6

. 5 7 3

. 0 3.13329 E-1 3 16 8

17 3

17 9 5 5

0

. 5

17 12

17 15 7 5

7

. 5



## 259

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix C Generic lev e l III fugacity modellin g



## The potential environmental di stribution of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins has been

studied using a generic level I II f ugacity m o del. The le ve l III m odel used was a four

com p art m ent m odel (FUGMOD version 1, January 1992) that has been circulated for use

within the O E CD HPV program . The program also carries out level I and level II m o delling

of the substance. The m o del was run using the de f a ult setting s in the m o del and the f o llowing

chem ical specific inpu t data:

water solub i lity 0.027 m g /l

vapour pressure 0.00027 Pa

l o g K o w 7

degradation half-life in air 48 hours

degradation half-life in ot her m e dia very large (e.g. 1 × 10 11 

## hours)

The level III m odel was run four times with a nom i nal release rate of 1,000 kg/hour initially

entering the air, soil or water com p artm ents in different proportions.

260

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

FUGACITY LEVEL I, II AND III PROGRAMS FOR OECD WORKSHOP VERSION 1 - JAN 1992

GENERIC PARAMETERS

Fugacity ratio 1.000E+00

Density kg/m3 1.185413 1000 2400 2400 1500 1000 SIX COMPARTMENT FUGACITY LEVEL I CALCULATION

Properties of MCCPs

Temperature deg C 25

Molecular mass g/mol 488

Melting point deg C 0

Vapor pressure Pa .00027

Sub-cooled liquid vapor press Pa .00027

Solubility g/m3 .027

Solubility mol/m3 5.533E-05

Henry's law constant Pa.m3/mol 4.88

Log octanol-water p-coefficient 7

Octanol-water partn-coefficient 1E+07

Organic C-water ptn-coefficient 4100000

Fish-water partition coefficient 500000

Air-water partition coefficient 1.969E-03

Soil-water partition coefficient 196800

Sedt-water partition coefficient 393600

Susp sedt-water partn coeffnt 1230000

Aerosol-air partition coeff 2.222222E+10

Aerosol Z value 8964843

Aerosol density kg/m3 2000

Amount of chemical moles 204918

Amount of chemical kilograms 100000

Fugacity Pa 5.517889E-10

Total of VZ products 3.714E+14

Phase properties and compositions

Phase Air Water Soil solids Sedt solids Susp sedt Fish

Volume m3 1.000E+14 2.000E+11 9.000E+09 1.000E+08 1.000E+06 2.000E+05

Depth m 1000 20 .1 .01

Area m2 1E+11 1E+10 9E+10 1E+10

Area fraction 1 .1 .9 .1

Frn org carb .02 .04 .2

Z mol/m3.Pa 4.034E-04 2.049E-01 4.033E+04 8.066E+04 2.520E+05 1.025E+05

VZ mol/Pa 4.034E+10 4.098E+10 3.630E+14 8.066E+12 2.520E+11 2.049E+10

Fugacity Pa 5.518E-10 5.518E-10 5.518E-10 5.518E-10 5.518E-10 5.518E-10

Conc mol/m3 2.226E-13 1.131E-10 2.225E-05 4.450E-05 1.391E-04 5.654E-05

Conc g/m3 1.086E-10 5.518E-08 1.086E-02 2.172E-02 6.787E-02 2.759E-02

Conc ug/g 9.164E-08 5.518E-08 4.525E-03 9.049E-03 4.525E-02 2.759E-02

Amount mol 22.26015 22.6143 200272.3 4450.494 139.0779 11.30715

Amount kg 10.86295 11.03578 97732.86 2171.841 67.87003 5.517889

Amount % 1.086295E-02 1.103578E-02 97.73286 2.171841 6.787003E-02 5.517889E-03



## 261

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SIX COMPARTMENT FUGACITY LEVEL II CALCULATION MCCPs

Emission rate of chemical mol/h 2049.18

Adv.flow m3/h 1E+12 2E+08 0 2000

Conc g/m3 3.395E-07 1.725E-04 3.394E+01 6.788E+01 2.121E+02 8.623E+01

Conc ug/g 2.864E-04 1.725E-04 1.414E+01 2.828E+01 1.414E+02 8.623E+01

D adv mol/Pa.h 4.034E+08 4.098E+07 0.000E+00 1.613E+08

Advection % 33.95344 3.449363 0 13.57669

Total reaction D value 5.824E+08

Output by advection mol/h 1044.662

Total output by reaction and advection mol/h 2049.18

Reaction residence time h 637614.3

Susp sedt .000005 2.520E+05

Fish .000001 1.025E+05

Soil water .3 2.049E-01

Sedt solids .2 8.066E+04 Emission rate of chemical kg/h 1000

Fugacity Pa 1.725E-06

Total of VZ products 3.714E+14

Total amount of chemical mol 6.404954E+08

Total amount of chemical kg 3.125617E+08

Phase properties,compositions and rates

Phase Air Water Soil solids Sedt solids Susp sedt Fish

Adv.restime h 100 1000 0 50000

Rct halflife h 48 1E+11 1E+11 1E+11

Rct rate c.h-1 .0144375 6.93E-12 6.93E-12 6.93E-12

Fugacity Pa 1.725E-06 1.725E-06 1.725E-06 1.725E-06 1.725E-06 1.725E-06

Conc mol/m3 6.958E-10 3.534E-07 6.955E-02 1.391E-01 4.347E-01 1.767E-01

Amount mol 69576.73 70683.66 6.259745E+08 1.391054E+07 434704.5 35341.83

Amount kg 33953.44 34493.63 3.054756E+08 6788346 212135.8 17246.81

Amount % 1.086296E-02 1.103578E-02 97.73287 2.171841 6.787004E-02 5.51789E-03

D rct mol/Pa.h 5.824E+08 2.840E-01 2.515E+03 5.589E+01

Rct rate mol/h 1004.514 4.898378E-07 4.338004E-03 9.640007E-05

Adv rate mol/h 695.7673 70.68366 0 278.2109

Rct rate kg/h 490.2029 2.390408E-07 2.116946E-03 4.704324E-05

Adv rate kg/h 339.5344 34.49363 0 135.7669

Reaction % 49.02028 2.390408E-08 2.116946E-04 4.704323E-06

Total advection D value 6.057E+08

Total D value 1.188E+09

Output by reaction mol/h 1004.518

Output by reaction kg/h 490.205

Output by advection kg/h 509.795

Total output by reaction and advection kg/h 1000

Advection residence time h 613112.6

Overall residence time h 312561.7

Bulk phase volume fractions and pure phase Z values used in Level III calculation

Phase Volume fraction Z value

Air 1 4.034E-04

Aerosol 2.000E-11 8.965E+06

Water .999994 2.049E-01

Soil solids .5 4.033E+04

Soil air .2 4.034E-04

Pore water .8 2.049E-01



## 262

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FOUR COMPARTMENT FUGACITY LEVEL III CALCULATION MCCPs

Bulk phase properties,compositions and rates

Phase Air Water Soil Sediment Total Fish

Bulk vol m3 1E+14 2E+11 1.8E+10 5E+08

Density kg/m3 1.185413 1000.003 1500.237 1280

Bulk Z value 5.827E-04 1.568E+00 2.016E+04 1.613E+04 1.025E+05

Bulk VZ 5.827E+10 3.135E+11 3.630E+14 8.066E+12 3.714E+14

Emission mol/h 2049.18 0 0 0 2049.18

Emission kg/h 1000 0 0 0 1000

Fugacity Pa 1.045E-06 5.944E-07 1.335E-05 2.321E-06 5.944E-07

Conc mol/m3 6.091E-10 9.319E-07 2.691E-01 3.744E-02 6.091E-02

Conc g/m3 2.972E-07 4.547E-04 1.313E+02 1.827E+01 2.972E+01

Conc ug/g phase 2.507E-04 4.547E-04 8.754E+01 1.427E+01 2.972E+01

Conc ug/g solids 2.286E+03 4.874E+01 1.094E+02 3.806E+01

Amount mol 60905.64 186370.9 4.844276E+09 1.871971E+07 4.863243E+09

Amount kg 29721.95 90948.98 2.364007E+09 9135217 2.373262E+09

Amount % 1.252367E-03 3.832234E-03 99.60999 .3849223

Adv.flow m3/h 1E+12 2E+08 0 10000

D rct mol/Pa.h 8.413E+08 2.173E+00 2.515E+03 5.590E+01

D adv mol/Pa.h 5.827E+08 3.135E+08 0.000E+00 1.613E+08

Rct rate mol/h 879.3252 1.29155E-06 3.357083E-02 1.297276E-04 879.3589

Rct rate kg/h 429.1107 6.302765E-07 1.638257E-02 6.330706E-05 429.1271

Adv rate mol/h 609.0564 186.3709 0 374.3941 1169.821

Adv rate kg/h 297.2195 90.94899 0 182.7043 570.8729

Intermedia Data. Half times Equiv flows D values Rates of transport

h m3/h mol/Pa.h mol/h kg/h

Soil to air 2.776E+08 4.493E+01 9.060E+05 1.209E+01 5.901E+00

3 rain rate .0001 .876

4 aerosol deposition velocity 6E-10 5.256E-06

10 sediment resuspension velocity .0000002 .001752

11 soil water runoff rate .00005 .438 Reaction % 42.91107 6.302766E-08 1.638257E-03 6.330706E-06

Advection % 29.72195 9.094899 0 18.27044

Residence Times h : Overall 2373263 Reaction 5530442 Advection 4157252

Air to water 5.700E+02 1.216E+11 7.085E+07 7.405E+01 3.614E+01

Air to soil 8.295E+01 8.355E+11 4.869E+08 5.089E+02 2.483E+02

Water to air 1.289E+04 1.075E+07 1.685E+07 1.002E+01 4.889E+00

Water to sediment 1.724E+02 8.041E+08 1.260E+09 7.493E+02 3.656E+02

Soil to water 6.758E+06 1.846E+03 3.722E+07 4.967E+02 2.424E+02

Sediment to water 3.461E+04 1.001E+04 1.615E+08 3.749E+02 1.829E+02

Transport velocity parameters m/h m/year

1 air side air-water MTC 5 43800

2 water side air-water MTC .05 438

5 soil air phase diffusion MTC .02 175.2

6 soil water phase diffusion MTC .00001 .0876

7 soil air boundary layer MTC 5 43800

8 sediment-water diffusion MTC .0001 .876

9 sediment deposition velocity .0000005 .00438

12 soil solids runoff rate 1E-08 .0000876

Individual process D values

Air-water diffusion (air-side) 2.017E+07 Air-water diffusion (water-side) 1.025E+08

Air-water diffusion (overall) 1.685E+07

Rain dissolution to water 204918 Aerosol deposition to water 5.378906E+07

Rain dissolution to soil 1844262 Aerosol deposition to soil 4.841015E+08

Soil-air diffusion (air-phase) 726152.3 Soil-air diffusion (water-phase) 184426.2

Soil-air diffusion (bndry layer) 1.815381E+08 Soil-air diffusion (overall) 906033.9

Water-sediment diffusion 204918

Water-sediment deposition 1.260246E+09 Sediment-water resuspension 1.613115E+08

Soil-water runoff (water) 922131.1 Soil-water runoff (solids) 3.629508E+07



## 263

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Bulk vol m3 1E+14 2E+11 1.8E+10 5E+08

Emission mol/h 0 2049.18 0 0 2049.18

Emission kg/h 0 1000 0 0 1000

Fugacity Pa 1.834E-08 2.145E-06 2.343E-07 8.373E-06 2.145E-06

Rct rate kg/h 7.53154 2.27383E-06 2.875387E-04 2.28391E-04 7.532059

Individual process D values

Air-water diffusion (air-side) 2.017E+07 Air-water diffusion (water-side) 1.025E+08

Water-sediment deposition 1.260246E+09 Sediment-water resuspension 1.613115E+08 FOUR COMPARTMENT FUGACITY LEVEL III CALCULATION MCCPs

Bulk phase properties,compositions and rates

Phase Air Water Soil Sediment Total Fish

Density kg/m3 1.185413 1000.003 1500.237 1280

Bulk Z value 5.827E-04 1.568E+00 2.016E+04 1.613E+04 1.025E+05

Bulk VZ 5.827E+10 3.135E+11 3.630E+14 8.066E+12 3.714E+14

Conc mol/m3 1.069E-11 3.362E-06 4.724E-03 1.351E-01 2.197E-01

Conc g/m3 5.217E-09 1.641E-03 2.305E+00 6.591E+01 1.072E+02

Conc ug/g phase 4.401E-06 1.641E-03 1.536E+00 5.150E+01 1.072E+02

Conc ug/g solids 4.013E+01 1.759E+02 1.921E+00 1.373E+02

Amount mol 1068.986 672364.8 8.502434E+07 6.753454E+07 1.532323E+08

Amount kg 521.6651 328114 4.149188E+07 3.295686E+07 7.477738E+07

Amount % 6.976243E-04 .4387878 55.48721 44.0733

Adv.flow m3/h 1E+12 2E+08 0 10000

D rct mol/Pa.h 8.413E+08 2.173E+00 2.515E+03 5.590E+01

D adv mol/Pa.h 5.827E+08 3.135E+08 0.000E+00 1.613E+08

Rct rate mol/h 15.43348 4.659488E-06 5.892187E-04 4.680144E-04 15.43455

Adv rate mol/h 10.68986 672.3648 0 1350.691 2033.746

Adv rate kg/h 5.216651 328.114 0 659.1371 992.4678

Reaction % .7531541 2.27383E-07 2.875388E-05 2.28391E-05

Advection % .5216652 32.81141 0 65.91372

Residence Times h : Overall 74777.38 Reaction 9927880 Advection 75344.88

Intermedia Data. Half times Equiv flows D values Rates of transport

h m3/h mol/Pa.h mol/h kg/h

Air to water 5.700E+02 1.216E+11 7.085E+07 1.300E+00 6.342E-01

Air to soil 8.295E+01 8.355E+11 4.869E+08 8.931E+00 4.358E+00

Water to air 1.289E+04 1.075E+07 1.685E+07 3.614E+01 1.764E+01

Water to sediment 1.724E+02 8.041E+08 1.260E+09 2.703E+03 1.319E+03

Soil to air 2.776E+08 4.493E+01 9.060E+05 2.122E-01 1.036E-01

Soil to water 6.758E+06 1.846E+03 3.722E+07 8.718E+00 4.255E+00

Sediment to water 3.461E+04 1.001E+04 1.615E+08 1.352E+03 6.600E+02

Transport velocity parameters m/h m/year

1 air side air-water MTC 5 43800

2 water side air-water MTC .05 438

3 rain rate .0001 .876

4 aerosol deposition velocity 6E-10 5.256E-06

5 soil air phase diffusion MTC .02 175.2

6 soil water phase diffusion MTC .00001 .0876

7 soil air boundary layer MTC 5 43800

8 sediment-water diffusion MTC .0001 .876

9 sediment deposition velocity .0000005 .00438

10 sediment resuspension velocity .0000002 .001752

11 soil water runoff rate .00005 .438

12 soil solids runoff rate 1E-08 .0000876

Air-water diffusion (overall) 1.685E+07

Rain dissolution to water 204918 Aerosol deposition to water 5.378906E+07

Rain dissolution to soil 1844262 Aerosol deposition to soil 4.841015E+08

Soil-air diffusion (air-phase) 726152.3 Soil-air diffusion (water-phase) 184426.2

Soil-air diffusion (bndry layer) 1.815381E+08 Soil-air diffusion (overall) 906033.9

Water-sediment diffusion 204918

Soil-water runoff (water) 922131.1 Soil-water runoff (solids) 3.629508E+07



## 264

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

FOUR COMPARTMENT FUGACITY LEVEL III CALCULATION MCCPs

Bulk phase properties,compositions and rates

Phase Air Water Soil Sediment Total Fish

Bulk vol m3 1E+14 2E+11 1.8E+10 5E+08

Density kg/m3 1.185413 1000.003 1500.237 1280

Bulk Z value 5.827E-04 1.568E+00 2.016E+04 1.613E+04 1.025E+05

Bulk VZ 5.827E+10 3.135E+11 3.630E+14 8.066E+12 3.714E+14

Emission mol/h 0 0 2049.18 0 2049.18

Emission kg/h 0 0 1000 0 1000

Fugacity Pa 4.275E-08 2.108E-06 5.429E-05 8.229E-06 2.108E-06

Conc mol/m3 2.491E-11 3.304E-06 1.095E+00 1.327E-01 2.159E-01

Conc g/m3 1.216E-08 1.612E-03 5.343E+02 6.478E+01 1.054E+02

D adv mol/Pa.h 5.827E+08 3.135E+08 0.000E+00 1.613E+08

Adv rate kg/h 12.15557 322.4563 0 647.7716 982.3835 Conc ug/g phase 1.025E-05 1.612E-03 3.561E+02 5.061E+01 1.054E+02

Conc ug/g solids 9.350E+01 1.728E+02 4.452E+02 1.350E+02

Amount mol 2490.894 660771.1 1.970603E+10 6.637004E+07 1.977307E+10

Amount kg 1215.556 322456.3 9.616545E+09 3.238858E+07 9.649256E+09

Amount % 1.259741E-05 3.341774E-03 99.66099 .3356588

Adv.flow m3/h 1E+12 2E+08 0 10000

D rct mol/Pa.h 8.413E+08 2.173E+00 2.515E+03 5.590E+01

Rct rate mol/h 35.96229 4.579144E-06 .1365628 4.599444E-04 36.09932

Rct rate kg/h 17.5496 2.234623E-06 6.664265E-02 2.244529E-04 17.61647

Adv rate mol/h 24.90895 660.7712 0 1327.401 2013.081

Reaction % 1.75496 2.234622E-07 6.664265E-03 2.244529E-05

Advection % 1.215557 32.24563 0 64.77716

Residence Times h : Overall 9649256 Reaction 5.477408E+08 Advection 9822291

Intermedia Data. Half times Equiv flows D values Rates of transport

h m3/h mol/Pa.h mol/h kg/h

Air to water 5.700E+02 1.216E+11 7.085E+07 3.028E+00 1.478E+00

Air to soil 8.295E+01 8.355E+11 4.869E+08 2.081E+01 1.016E+01

Water to air 1.289E+04 1.075E+07 1.685E+07 3.552E+01 1.733E+01

Water to sediment 1.724E+02 8.041E+08 1.260E+09 2.656E+03 1.296E+03

Soil to air 2.776E+08 4.493E+01 9.060E+05 4.919E+01 2.401E+01

Soil to water 6.758E+06 1.846E+03 3.722E+07 2.021E+03 9.861E+02

Sediment to water 3.461E+04 1.001E+04 1.615E+08 1.329E+03 6.486E+02

Transport velocity parameters m/h m/year

1 air side air-water MTC 5 43800

2 water side air-water MTC .05 438

3 rain rate .0001 .876

4 aerosol deposition velocity 6E-10 5.256E-06

5 soil air phase diffusion MTC .02 175.2

6 soil water phase diffusion MTC .00001 .0876

7 soil air boundary layer MTC 5 43800

8 sediment-water diffusion MTC .0001 .876

9 sediment deposition velocity .0000005 .00438

10 sediment resuspension velocity .0000002 .001752

11 soil water runoff rate .00005 .438

12 soil solids runoff rate 1E-08 .0000876

Individual process D values

Air-water diffusion (air-side) 2.017E+07 Air-water diffusion (water-side) 1.025E+08

Air-water diffusion (overall) 1.685E+07

Rain dissolution to water 204918 Aerosol deposition to water 5.378906E+07

Rain dissolution to soil 1844262 Aerosol deposition to soil 4.841015E+08

Soil-air diffusion (air-phase) 726152.3 Soil-air diffusion (water-phase) 184426.2

Soil-air diffusion (bndry layer) 1.815381E+08 Soil-air diffusion (overall) 906033.9

Water-sediment diffusion 204918

Water-sediment deposition 1.260246E+09 Sediment-water resuspension 1.613115E+08

Soil-water runoff (water) 922131.1 Soil-water runoff (solids) 3.629508E+07



## 265

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

FOUR COMPARTMENT FUGACITY LEVEL III CALCULATION MCCPs

Bulk phase properties,compositions and rates

Phase Air Water Soil Sediment Total Fish

Bulk vol m3 1E+14 2E+11 1.8E+10 5E+08

Air to water 5.700E+02 1.216E+11 7.085E+07 3.767E+01 1.839E+01

6 soil water phase diffusion MTC .00001 .0876

12 soil solids runoff rate 1E-08 .0000876 Density kg/m3 1.185413 1000.003 1500.237 1280

Bulk Z value 5.827E-04 1.568E+00 2.016E+04 1.613E+04 1.025E+05

Bulk VZ 5.827E+10 3.135E+11 3.630E+14 8.066E+12 3.714E+14

Emission mol/h 1024.59 1024.59 0 0 2049.18

Emission kg/h 500 500 0 0 1000

Fugacity Pa 5.318E-07 1.369E-06 6.791E-06 5.347E-06 1.369E-06

Conc mol/m3 3.099E-10 2.147E-06 1.369E-01 8.625E-02 1.403E-01

Conc g/m3 1.512E-07 1.048E-03 6.682E+01 4.209E+01 6.847E+01

Conc ug/g phase 1.276E-04 1.048E-03 4.454E+01 3.288E+01 6.847E+01

Conc ug/g solids 1.163E+03 1.123E+02 5.568E+01 8.769E+01

Amount mol 30987.31 429367.8 2.46465E+09 4.312713E+07 2.508237E+09

Amount kg 15121.81 209531.5 1.202749E+09 2.104604E+07 1.22402E+09

Amount % 1.235422E-03 1.711831E-02 98.26223 1.71942

Adv.flow m3/h 1E+12 2E+08 0 10000

D rct mol/Pa.h 8.413E+08 2.173E+00 2.515E+03 5.590E+01

D adv mol/Pa.h 5.827E+08 3.135E+08 0.000E+00 1.613E+08

Rct rate mol/h 447.3794 2.975519E-06 1.708003E-02 2.98871E-04 447.3968

Rct rate kg/h 218.3211 1.452053E-06 8.335053E-03 1.45849E-04 218.3296

Adv rate mol/h 309.8731 429.3678 0 862.5425 1601.783

Adv rate kg/h 151.2181 209.5315 0 420.9207 781.6703

Reaction % 21.83212 1.452053E-07 8.335053E-04 1.458491E-05

Advection % 15.12181 20.95315 0 42.09208

Residence Times h : Overall 1224020 Reaction 5606293 Advection 1565903

Intermedia Data. Half times Equiv flows D values Rates of transport

h m3/h mol/Pa.h mol/h kg/h

Air to soil 8.295E+01 8.355E+11 4.869E+08 2.589E+02 1.263E+02

Water to air 1.289E+04 1.075E+07 1.685E+07 2.308E+01 1.126E+01

Water to sediment 1.724E+02 8.041E+08 1.260E+09 1.726E+03 8.424E+02

Soil to air 2.776E+08 4.493E+01 9.060E+05 6.152E+00 3.002E+00

Soil to water 6.758E+06 1.846E+03 3.722E+07 2.527E+02 1.233E+02

Sediment to water 3.461E+04 1.001E+04 1.615E+08 8.636E+02 4.215E+02

Transport velocity parameters m/h m/year

1 air side air-water MTC 5 43800

2 water side air-water MTC .05 438

3 rain rate .0001 .876

4 aerosol deposition velocity 6E-10 5.256E-06

5 soil air phase diffusion MTC .02 175.2

7 soil air boundary layer MTC 5 43800

8 sediment-water diffusion MTC .0001 .876

9 sediment deposition velocity .0000005 .00438

10 sediment resuspension velocity .0000002 .001752

11 soil water runoff rate .00005 .438

Individual process D values

Air-water diffusion (air-side) 2.017E+07 Air-water diffusion (water-side) 1.025E+08

Air-water diffusion (overall) 1.685E+07

Rain dissolution to water 204918 Aerosol deposition to water 5.378906E+07

Rain dissolution to soil 1844262 Aerosol deposition to soil 4.841015E+08

Soil-air diffusion (air-phase) 726152.3 Soil-air diffusion (water-phase) 184426.2

Soil-air diffusion (bndry layer) 1.815381E+08 Soil-air diffusion (overall) 906033.9

Water-sediment diffusion 204918

Water-sediment deposition 1.260246E+09 Sediment-water resuspension 1.613115E+08

Soil-water runoff (water) 922131.1 Soil-water runoff (solids) 3.629508E+07



## 266

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix D Analytical meth ods used to determine C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins in

environmen tal med i a

Campbell and McConnell, 1980

Murray et al., 1987a and b

Ballschmiter, 1994 

## Several studies have been undertaken to m easure the levels of chlorina ted paraffins in water

and sed i m e nt. However, the an alyses are com p licat ed by th e fact that th ere are a wide num b er

of possible chlorinated paraffins (of different carbon chain lengt h, degrees of chlorination and

position of the ch lor i ne atom s alon g the carbo n chain ) p r esent in an y given co m m e rcial

product. Thus, care has to be taken when com p ar ing the results of one survey with those of

another, since different reference com pounds m a y have been used and hence different

chem ical species m a y have been m easured . The m a in analytical m e thods used for

determ ining the concentrations of C 14- 17 

## chlo rin a ted paraf f i ns in enviro nm ental sa m p les are

discussed in the following paragraphs. The m e t hods have been referred to by the author

nam e s that a ppear in the sections on environm enta l leve ls in the m a in part of the repor t. The

results from all the m e thods used are dependent to som e e x tent on the substance(s) used as

reference.

This m e thod com b ines solvent extraction/parti tion, colum n chrom a tography and finally TLC

with argenta tion. Quantitation is by visual com p arison of the intens ity of the TLC ‘spot’ with

those from standards. The intensity of the spot is chlorine dependent an d so, in order to err on

the high side of the possible concentratio n, a low chlorine content paraffin e.g.

42-45% wt. Cl, is used as refere nce. The m e thod is relatively inse nsitive to chem ical structure

and cannot distinguish between short-chain (C 10- 13 

## ) and m e dium -chain (C 14- 20 

## ) ch lorina ted

paraffins. This m e thod, therefore, is likely to detect all m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

present in a sam p le, but m a y overestim ate the co ncentration.

This m e thod is based on a gas chrom a tography/m ass spectrom e try (G C-MS) m e thod using

negativ e chem ical ionisation (NCI). The analysis is carried out by m on itoring sele cted m a ss

ranges of the m a ss spectrum for ions indicativ e of chlorinated paraffins. The m a s s ranges

scanned for m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins are 399-419, 439-453, and 475-487 am u.

The comm ercial product, Paroil 152 (C 14- 17 

## , 50-60% Cl), was used as reference m a terial. This

m e thod is reasonably sp ecific for medium -chain chlorinated paraffins, but will only identify

the com ponents which g i ve r i se to io ns in the m a ss spectrom e ter in the ranges scanned.

This m e thod also uses gas ch romatography/mass spectrom etry with negative chem ical

ionisation, and is sim ilar to that of Murray et al. (1987a and b). In this case the following

m a sses were m onitored in the m a ss spectrum : m / z = 402 and 404 (C 14 

## H 24 

## Cl 6 

## , 56% Cl), 416

and 418 (C 15 

## H 26 

## Cl 6 

## , 51% Cl), 436 and 438 (C 14 

## H 23 

## Cl 7 

## , 57 %). Again, the m e thod will only

detec t com p onents tha t give ris e to ions in the m a ss spectrom e ter in th ese ranges. Hordaf lex

SP (C 14- 17 

## , 56% Cl) was used as reference. This m e thod was used for the results obtained in

1994 and is reasonably specific for m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. The 1987 data

reported for som e areas of Germ any were appa rently obtained using a different analytical

m e thod, involving a hydrogenation/dehydrochlorin ation step (sim ilar to ICI, 1992), however

few other details are available.

267

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## Jansson et al., 1993



## This m e thod is based on GC-MS with NCI. The m e thod does not appear to distinguish

between chlorinated paraffins of different chai n length and uses Dechlorane as an internal

standard and several unspecifi ed comm ercial chlorinated pa raffin products as reference

com pounds. The m e thod can probably be consid ered to give an approxim a tion of the

concentration of total (i.e. short-, m e dium and long-chain length) chlorinated paraffins

present in a sam p le.

Environment Agency Japan, 1991



## Very few experim e ntal d e tails are g i ven. It is probably based on a GC-MS technique, but no

indication is given as to what types of chlorinated paraffin we re m easured. Again, th e m e thod

can probably be considered to give an approxim a tion of the c oncentr ation of total ch lorina ted

paraffins present in a sample.

ICI, 1992



## This m e thod uses on-colum n reduction of the ch lorinated paraffins to the parent hydrocarbon

using palladium /hydrogen, followed by quantific ation using gas chrom a tography. Calibration

uses known m i xtures of paraffins or chlorina ted paraffins. Prelim inary work-up of sam p les

involved sep a ration of water and suspended solid s, then extraction and cleanup of each phase

followed by gel perm ea tion separation of the ch lorinated paraffin com p onents. The m e thod

takes no allowance for chlorine content and an average value of 50% is assu m e d for

calibration purposes, thus the m e thod m a y sli ghtly underestim ate the chlorinated paraffin

concentratio n if high chlorin e con t ent m a terial is pres ent. This m e thod will, h o wever,

unam b iguously identify the presence of C 14- 17 

## chlorinated paraffins, pr ov ided any interf ering

n-paraffins are rem oved from the sa mple prior to analysis.

Greenpeace, 1995



## The m e thod used is sim ilar to the ICI, 1992 m e thod above. After sam p le cleanup, the analysis

was carried out using on-colum n reduction to the parent hydrocarbon , followed by GC-MS

quantification of the parent hydr ocarbon. The m a sses used for qua ntification were m/z = 57,

71, 85 and 99. A range of alkanes between C 10 

## and C 24 

## were used as ex ternal standards, with

cyclododecane being used as an internal standa rd. The total chlorina ted paraffin contents

were calculated as fro m the m easured alk a ne concentrations assum i ng an averag e chlorine

content of 50% . The method could distinguish between individual chlorinated paraffins with

different carbon chain lengths, t hus the concentration of C 14 

## , C 15 

## , C 16 

## and C 17 

## chlorinated

paraffins could be determ ined separately. Agai n, this m e thod m a y slightly underestim ate the

chlorinated paraffin concentration if high chlorine content m a terial is p r esent, and m a y also

be subject to interference from other alkanes pr esent in the sam p le if they were not rem oved

sufficiently in the sam p le clean-up s t age. Ther e is no infor m ation available on the efficiency

of the sam p l e clean-up steps em ployed.

As this m e t hod was used to determ ine the levels of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins in

breast m ilk (which is considered in detail in the hum a n health risk assessm e nt) Industry have

comm issioned an independent critiqu e of this m e t hod (A. J. Hanley. 1995 Greenpeace Report

on Chloroparaffins in the Environm ent. LGC (North W e st) Ltd. Report Num b er

LGCNW4613, May 2002). The report concluded that there was a ne ed for m o re work to be

268

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## done on the validation of this analytical m e thod since, a lthough differentiating between

various types of chlorinated paraffins, it does not specifically detect chlorinated paraffins and

so would be subject to interfer ences from any alkanes of sim ila r backb one to the c h lorin a ted

paraf f i ns pr esent in the sam p le. In addition it was concluded that more inform ation wa s

needed on the robustness of the method particularly with regard to the results of m e thod

blanks, the lifetim e of the catalys t us ed in th e reduction and the effec tiv e n ess of the sam p le

clean -up m e thod. This n eeds to be addressed alo ng with the accuracy and precision of the

m e thod in order to fully validat e the m e thod. The report also indicated that the relatively

lim ited sam p le size used in this study m a kes it difficult to m a ke inform ed judge ments on the

levels and occurrence of m e dium

- c hain chlo r i nated pa ra f f i ns in breast m ilk sam p les

throughout Europe.

Schmid and Müller, 1995

Rieger and Ballschmiter, 1995 

## Analysis was carried out using a GC m e thod with a NCI/m a ss spectrom e ter detector. The

m a sses used for quantification were m / z = 416 a nd 430 and m / z = 465 a nd 487. Results were

expressed in term s of equi valents to a comm ercial C 14- 18 

## , 52% Cl chlorinated paraffin

(W itachlor 352), assuming that the m a sses chosen for detection were representative of the

chlor i nated paraf f i ns pr esent in the sam p les and also the comm ercial chlorinated paraffin

used as stan dard.

Sam p le clean-up using a silica-gel colum n was employed. Hordaflex 60 (C 10- 13 

## , 62 % Cl) was

used as a standard (as only peaks corresponding to C 10- 13 

## chlorinated paraf f ins were detected).

Analysis was carried out using GC-ECD (e lectron capture detector) and GC-MS with

negativ e ch em ical ionisation. The f o llowing m a sses were m onitor e d in the analys is:

m

/ z = 402 a nd 404 (C 14 

## H 24 

## Cl 6 

## ); 416 and 418 (C 15 

## H 26 

## Cl 6 

## ); 436 and 438 (C 14 

## H 23 

## Cl 7 

## ). The

m e thod is sim ilar to that used by Ballschm iter (1994) and Murray et al. (1987a and b).

CEFAS, 1999



## A gas chrom a tography-m a ss spectrom e try (GC- MS) m e thod using negative ion chem ical

ionisation (NCI) was used for the analys is. Several commercial short- and m e dium -chain

commercial products were used for identification and quantifi cation. The ion fragm e ntation

patterns of comm ercial f o rm ulations where hi ghly dependent on the instrum e ntal conditions

but featured characteris t ic ion clus ters that allow e d som e inform ation on carbon-chain length

and degree of chlorination to be obtained. This informati on, along with the retention

characteristics of the various form ulations, was used as the basis of ide n tif ica tion o fshortand m e dium-chain chlorinated paraffi ns in the env i ronm ental s a m p les.

Both short- and m e dium-chain chlorinated paraf f ins showed chara c te ris t ic ion clus te rs in the

m

/ z range 70-75, corresponding to Cl 2 . 

## and HCl 2 . 

## . The detector respons e for this mass range

was used to estim ate th e sam p le concentration. Calibration curves were derived for several

short- and m e dium -cha in comm erc i al substa nces, and that of the commercial substance

corresponding m o st closely to the substances identified in the envi ronm ent was used for

quantification. In cases wher e the identity of the chlori nated paraffins found in the

environm ent could not be identif ied reliably, an average resp ons e facto r for 1 sho r t-chain and

1 m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin (with chlorine contents around 52-56% wt. Cl) wa s

used. This was particu l arly the c a se with the sa m p les of f

i sh, benthos a nd earthwor m s, where

269

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## the actual identity of the residu es presen t were difficult to assign due to the high

concentratio n of co-extracted lipid

- so luble m a terial.

Since accurate calibrati on of the m e thod is difficult to ach ieve in the absence of calibration

standard s for each com ponent of the commercial m i xtures, the resu lts o b tained can only be

considered as estim ates o f the concen tration.

Bennie et al., 2000



## Analysis wa s by low res o lution GC- M S with NCI. The MS detec t or was operated in f u ll-scan

mode from m / z=300 to 550. A comm ercial C 10- 13 

## , 60% wt. Cl and C 14- 1 7 

## , 52% wt. C l product

was used as reference m a terial. Quantitation of the sam p les was carried out by selected ion

monitoring of a lim ited num ber of ions from the accum u lated full scan (the m o st abundant

ion cluster of the various com ponents was used for quantification and the next m o st a bundant

cluster of the various components was used fo r confirm a tion). The paper indicates that the

m e thod used, as it uses low resolution m a ss spectrometry, m a y be m o re subject to

interferences from other substances than som e of the other methods.

270

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## van Z e ijl, 1997



## The chlorinated paraffin-containing extracts were fractionated using High Perform a nc e

Liquid Chrom a togaphy (HPLC) with gel perm eati on colum n s. The analysis was then carried

out on the chlorina ted paraf f i n f r action s usin g GC-MS with elec tro n capture n e gativ e

ionisation. T h e following negativ e ions clusters were m onitore d in the analyses: m / z –35 and

–37 (corresponding to Cl

- 

## ); m / z –70 and –72 (corresponding to Cl 2 - 

## ) and m / z –71 and –73

(corresponding to HCl 2 

## ). There are few details of th e com pounds used for analytical

standards. A range of technical products appe ar to have been studied and the product whos e

m a ss spectra resem b led that of th e sam p le m o st closely appears to have been used for

quantif ica tio n. This appe ars to have been a C 22- 2 6 

## , 42% wt. Cl product as the m a jority of the

chlorinated paraffins found were thought to be long-chain length chlorinated paraffins. The

report indicates that the choi ce of the reference com pound was im portant as the detector

responses w e re found to vary by about 1 orde r of m a gnitude between the various products

studies.

Metcalf-S mith et al., 1995



## The m e thod is sim ilar to Bennie et al., 2000.

Summary



## As can be seen from the above discussion, th ere are potential problem s with all the m e thods

used. Most of the m e thods are likely to provi de a rough estim ate of t h e concentration of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin, alt hough som e methods m a y not detect all the

m e dium -cha in length chlorinated paraffins present in a sam p le. The choice of the

standard /reference com pound used for quantification is im portan t in these analysis, b ecause if

the com position of the reference com pound i s si gnificantly different from that of the

substance in the environ m ent, then substantia l errors cou l d be introduc e d into the a n alysis

and also m i s-identification of the type of chlo rinated paraffin present could occur. Thus the

analytical m e thods should all be treated as giving only approximate concentrations in

environm ental sam p les.

References



## Ballschm iter K. (1994). Bestimm u ng von kurtz- und m ittelkettigen chloroparaffinen in

Wasser- und Sedim e nt proben aus Oberflächenwässe rn. Universität Ulm

. Abt. Analytische

Che m ie und Um weltchem i e, 10 May, 1994.

Bennie D. T., Sullivan C

. A. and Maguire R. J. (2000). Occu rrence of chlorinated paraffins in

beluga whales ( 

## Delphinapterus leucas ) from the S t . Lawrence Riv e r and rain bow trout

( 

## Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and carp ( 

## C y

prinus carpio ) from Lake Ontario. W a ter Qual. Res. J.

Canada, 35 

## , 263-281.

Ca m pbell I. and McConnell G. (1980). Chlorina ted paraf f ins and the environment. 1.

Environm ental Occurrence. Environ. Sci. Technol., 9 

## , 1209-1214.

271

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## CEFAS (1999). Sam p li ng the levels of short and m e dium chain length chlorinated paraffins

in the envir o nm ent. Final repo rt f o r

the Depa rtm e nt of the Environm e n t, Transport and the

Regions. The Centre for E nvironm ent, Fisheries and A quacultu re Science,

Burnham

- on-Crouch.

Environm ent Agency Japan (1991 ). Che m icals in the Environm ent. Report on Environm ental

Survey and W ildlife Monitoring of Che m ical s in F. Y. 1988 and 1989. Office of Health

Studies, Departm e nt of Environm ental Health, En vironm ent Agency Japan

.

Greenpeace (1995). Greenpeace Zur Sach e: Chlo rparaffine. May 1995.

ICI (1992). Persona l communication.

Jansson B., Andersson R., Aspl und L., Litzén K., Sellström U ., Uve m o U-B., W a hlberg C.,

W i deqvist U., Odsjö T and Olsson M. (1993). Chlo rinated and brom ina t ed persistent organic

com pounds in biological sam p les from the environm ent. Environ. Toxicol. Chem

., 12



## , 1163-1174.

Murray T., Frankenberry M., Steele D. H. and Heath R. G. (1987a). Chlorinated paraffins: A

report on the findings from two field studies , Sugar Creek, Ohio, Tinkers Creek, Ohio.

Volum e 1, Technical Report. United States Environm ental Protection Agency Report EPA

560/5-87-012.

Murray T., Frankenberry M., Steele D. H., and Heath R. G. (1987b). Ch lorinated paraffins: A

report on the findings from two field studies , Sugar Creek, Ohio, Tinkers Creek, Ohio.

Volum e 2. Appendix D. The Quality Assuranc e Project Plan. United States Enviro nm ental

Protection A g ency Report EPA 560/5-87-12.

Metcalfe-S m ith J. L., Maguire R. J., Batchelo r S. P. and Bennie D. T. (1995). Occurrence of

chlorinated paraffins in the St. Lawrence rive r near a m a nufacturing plant in Cornwall, ON.

Aquatic ecosystem protection branch. National Wa ter Research Institute. Departm e nt of the

Environm ent, Burlington, ON. (as quoted in Tomy, 1998).

Rieger R. and Ballschm iter K. (1995). Sem i vo latile organic com pou nds - polychlorinated

dibenzo- 

## p -dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCD F), biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene

(HCB), 4,4’-DDE and chlorin a ted p a raffins (CP) - as m a rkers in s e wer film s. Fresenius J.

Anal. Chem

., 352 

## , 715-724.

Schm id P. P. and Müller M. D. (1985). Trace level detection of chlo rinated paraffins in

biological and environm ental samples, using gas chrom a tography/m a ss spectrom etry with

negativ e-ion chem ical io nization. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem

., 68 

## , 1985.

Tom y G. T., Fisk A. T., Westm o re J. B. and Muir D. C. G. (1998). Environm ental chem istry

and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alka nes. Rev. Environ. Contam . Toxi col., 158 

## , 53-128.

van Zeijl H. (1997). Report of the results of the one-off DIFFCHEM-proj ect. Oslo and Paris

Convention for the P r evention of Marine Pollution. Environm en tal Assessm e nt and

Monitor i ng Com m ittee ( A SMO), Co penhagen, 7-11 April 1997.

272

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## Appendix E Assessment of possible replacemen t of short-chain chlorinated paraffins

w i th medium-chain chlorinated paraffins

Introductio n



## The curren t risk asse ssm ent report for sh ort-ch ain c h lorin a ted paraffins (CAS No:

85535-84-8) recomm ended that risk reduction meas ures should be undertaken for two uses.

The uses were form ulation and use in m e tal cutt ing/working fluids and form ulation and use in

leather treatm ent (fat liquors).

Draft risk reduction strategies have been developed for these two areas. In both cases

m a rketing and use restrictions were r eco m m e nded, and it was identif ied that the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins c ould be used as an a lte rn ative in the s e applica tio ns. This

Appendix considers the possib l e effects of replacem ent of the short-chain by the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins in these applications.

Quantities and trends



## The available data on the am ount s of both s hort-chain and m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraf f i ns used in the EU in th es e app lications are given in Table E.1



## .

Table E.1 Trends in use of chlorinated paraffins in the EU

Use Year Quantit y

of chlo rinat e

d pa raf f in suppli e d in EU ( t onne s/yea r)

Sho r t-c h a i n Mediu m -cha i n T o t a l

Metal cutting/wor k ing fluids 1989 11,300 a



### 1 9

9

0 10,050 a



### 1 9

9

1 8,350 a



### 1 9

9

2 7,300 a



### 1 9

9

3 6,150 a 

### ; 7,51 0 c



### 1 9

9

4 9,380 b 

### ; 8,69 0

c 

### 2,611 b 

### 11,301- 11,991

1 9

9

5 8,502 c 

### ; 8, 490 c 

### 2,765 b 

### 11,255- 11,267

1 9

9

6 3,302 b



### 1 9

9

7 5,953 b



### 1 9

9

8 increased d



### Leather treatm e n

t (fat liquors ) 1994 390 b 

### 1,614 b 

### (ca 807 ) 2,004 (ca 1,000 )

1 9

9

5 1,270 b 

### (ca 6 35)

1 9

9

6 decreased d 

### 1,172 b 

### (ca 5 86) decreased d



### 1 9

9

7 1,048 b 

### (ca 5 24)

1 9

9

8 decreased d



### Note: a) Figur es refer t

o UK, Irela nd and continental West ern Europe, exclu d ing Italy.

b) CEFIC da ta for amounts su pplie d to the EU. Fo r l eather t r eatme nt, around 50% of t he chlorinate d pa raffin supplied is

exported f r om th e EU after the fo r m

ulation stag e. T he figures given i n brackets r epres ent the a m ount of chlorinated

paraffin takin g int o account t hese exports.

c) Reported in RPA, 1996 (figures for EU ( e

xcludin g Luxembo urg))

. d) Figur es known but consider ed a s confidential info r m

a t

i o

n



## 273

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Metal working/cutting fluids

The available data indicate that in 1994, a combined total of around 12,000 tonnes/year of

short and medium -chain chlorinated paraffins were used in th is applicatio n in the EU. Bef o re

this date, the available infor m ation indicates that there was a general decrease in the amounts

of

chlorinated paraf f i n used in this applica tion

. Since this tim e, there has been a rapid

increase in the am ounts of m e dium-chain chlori nated paraf f in used. This increase is m o st

probably due to a m ove from the short-chain to m e dium -cha in chlorina ted paraffins for this

application, rather than an increase in th e total am ounts of chlorinated paraffins used.

The draft risk reduction strategy on short-chai n chlorinated paraffins (RPA, 1996) indicates

that m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are most likely to be the pref erred altern ative f o r

neat oil applications. W i th em ulsion-based fluids

, the m a jority of users are expected to m ove

to chlorine-free alternatives, due to concerns over the stab ility of the fluid, although

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins m a y also be used.

The individual m e m b ers of Euro Chlor have voluntarily agreed to reduce the use of

short-chain chlorinated paraffins in m e tal cu tting fluids to the following tim etable: 80%

reduction in use (from 1993 levels) by 1997, and elim ination in use by year 2000.

The switch to m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins as replacem ents for the sh ort-ch ain

chlor i nated paraf f i n m a y resu lt in som e cha nges in the fluid form ulation for a given

application. This arises because the relations hip between chlorin e content and viscosity is

slightly d i f f erent f o r the two gro ups of a dditiv es. For a given ch lorin e content, th e

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin generally has a higher viscosity than the short-chain

chlorinated paraffin. Two i m portant consid era tion s in the f o rm ulation of m e tal

cutting/working fluids are viscosity and chlorine content of the fluid. Thus, if short-chain

chlorinated paraffins are re placed by m e dium -chain lengt h chlorinated paraffins two

approaches can be taken. Firstl y for a given application, a me dium -chain chlorinated paraffin

of sim ilar chlorine content to, but higher visc os ity than, th e short-cha i n chlor i nated paraf f i n

can be us ed. In th is c a se, in ord e r to m a intain the viscos ity of the f i na l f l u i d, the base oil m a y

have to be refor m ulated. The second approach would be to use a m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin of sim ilar viscosity (and hence lower chlo rin e content) as th e s hort-ch ain chlorin a ted

paraffin. In this case, the ch lorin e conten t of the fluid would be lower than the fluid

containing short-chain chlorinated p a raf f i n and so the resu lt is th at higher concentrations of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins (up to 10% by weight rather than the typical level of 5%

by weight) m a y have to be us ed in the fluids (R PA, 1996).

In order to take into account the possible replac em ent of short-chain chlorinated paraffins by

m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins, it can be ass u m e d as a worst cas e that the total us age of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins could re ach a total of around 12,000 tonnes/year (the

sum of m e dium - and short-chai n chlorinated paraffins for th is use in 1994). This should

repres ent th e likely foreseeab le m a xim u m usage of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins in

this area as other non-chlorinat ed alternatives for short-chai n chlorinated paraffins m a y be

used, particularly in em ulsifiable fluids (RPA, 1996).

In addition, the effects o f a possible increase in concentratio n of the chlorinated paraffin in

the fluid fro m around 5% to 10% w ill al so need to be tak e n into accoun t.

274

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Leather fat liquors

The draft risk reduction strategy for short-chai n chlorinated paraffins (RPA. 1997) indicated

that the following substances co ul d pos s i bl y be us e d as alt e r n atives if m a rketing and use

restrictions were applied:

- m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins (a nd also longer chai n length chlorinated

paraffins);

- anim al oils (usually der i ved f r om beef tallow) ;

- vegetable oils (e.g. corn, soya, palm and to som e extent rapeseed).

It is c l ea r f r o m the ava i lable d a ta re ported in Table E1 

## tha t there is a ge neral dec r ea se in the

am ounts of chlorinated paraffins used in l eather fat liquors in th e EU. Further, the

m e dium -cha in length chlorinated paraffins are m u ch more comm only used that the

short-chain length chlorinated pa raffins in this application. If all th e short-chain were

replaced by m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins, then the am ount supplied for formulation

m a y reach around 2, 000 tonnes/year, with around 1 000 tonnes/year of th is bein g

subsequently applied to leather in the EU. Th e s e figures relate to 1994, and represent the

highest usag e in recent y ears. These figures are likely to represent the foreseeable upp er lim it

of the am ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin used in this applica tion, as it is clea r tha t

a decline in use of both m e dium - and short- chain chlorinated paraffins is occurring.

Effect on predicted env i ronmental concentrations



## Environm ental rele ases f o r region al a nd continen tal m odelling

Using the extrapolated use figur es above, and the release factor s detailed in the m a in report,

the followin g releases to the environ m ent can be estim ated:



## Meta l cuttin g/working fluids

Assum i ng a total usage of 12,000 tonnes/year of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins and the

sam e split between oil-based and em ulsion fluids as in the m a in report, g i ves around

8,060 tonnes/year in oil-based fluids and 3,940 tonnes/year in em ulsion fluids, then the

following releases can b e estim a ted:

Form ulation of fluids:

Quantity of m e dium -cha in chlo rinate d paraffins used = 12,00 0 tonnes/y e ar

Release to the environm ent = 0.25% to waste water

Total EU release = 30 to nnes/yea r to waste wate r

Regional release = 3 ton n es/year to waste water

Continental release = 27 t onnes/year to waste water

Use in Em ulsif i able f l u i d s :

Quantity of m e dium -cha in chlo rinate d paraffins used = 3,940 tonnes/y ear

Release to the environm ent = 50% to waste water

Total EU release = 1,970 tonnes/year to waste water

Regional release = 197 tonnes/year to waste water

Continental releas e = 1,773 tonnes/year to waste water

275

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Use in Oil-b a sed f l uids :

Quantity of m e dium -chain chlo rina te d paraf f i ns used = 8,060

Release to the environm ent = 4% (large /m edium f

acility with sw arf reproc es sing) to

waste water

= 18% (sm a ll and m e dium sized f acilities with n o swarf

reprocessing) to waste w a ter

Fraction of total us e in la rge/m e dium f

acilities = 6 0 %

Fraction of total us e in m e dium /sm a ll f acilitie s = 40%

Total EU re lease to env i ronm ent = 8,060 × ((0.0 4 × 0.6)+(0.18 × 0.4)) = 774 tonnes/year

to waste water

Regional release = 77.4 tonnes/year to waste water

Continental releas e = 696.6 tonnes/year to waste water



## Leather fat liquors

Assum i ng a total usage of 2,000 tonnes/year of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins in the

for m ulation of leather fat liquors, w ith around 50% of these liquors (containing

1,000 tonnes/year of m e dium chain chlorinate d paraffins) in the EU, then the following

releases can be estim a ted:

Form ulation of leather f a t liquo rs (d e f ault calcula tion) :

Quantity of m e dium -cha in chlo rinate d paraffins used = 2,000 tonnes/y ear

Release to the environm ent = 0.1% to air

= 0

. 3 % t o w a s t e w a t e r

Total EU release = 2.0 tonnes/year to air

= 6.0 tonnes/year to waste water

Regional release = 0.2 tonnes/year to air

= 0.6 tonnes/year to waste water

Continental release = 1.8 tonnes/year to air

= 5.4 tonnes/year to waste water

Use of leather fat liquors:

Quantity of m e dium -cha in chlo rina ted paraffins used = 1000 tonnes/year

Release to the environm ent = 2% to was t e water

Total EU release = 20 tonnes/year to waste water

Regional release = 2 tonne s/year to waste water

Continental release = 18 t onnes/year to waste water



## Overall regional and co n t i n e n t a l r e l e a s e s

Table E.2 

## shows the total region al and contine n tal re leas es estim ated from the m a in report

for the cu rrent usag e of m e dium -chain ch lorin a ted paraffins, and th e estim ated total taking

into a ccoun t the rev i se d f i gur es f o r use in m e tal workin g/ cutting and leather treatm e nt,

assum i ng that m e dium -chain chlorinated para f f i ns will to tally re place the s hort-ch ain

chlorinated paraffins in these applications.

276R331_0208_envTableE.2Revised releasesfor the regional and continentalenvironmentUseLifestageEstimatedrelease from originalreport (currentsituation)aEstimatedrelease assumingreplacementof short-chainbymedium-chain chlorinated paraffins inmetal workingandleather treatmentapplicationsRegionalContinentalRegionalContinentalMetal cutting/working fluidsFormulation1,488 kg/year towater13,875 kg/year towater3,000 kg/year towater27,000 kg/year to waterUse in oil-based fluids38,100 kg/year towater342,900 kg/year towater77,400 kg/year towater696,600 kg/year towaterUse in emulsifiable fluids99,200 kg/year towater892,800 kg/year towater197,000 kg/year towater1,773,000 kg/year to waterLeatherfat liquorsFormulation315 kg/year to water105 kg/year to air2,829 kg/year towater943 kg/year to air600 kg/year to water200 kg/year to air5,400 kg/year towater1,800 kg/year toairUse1,050 kg/year towater9,430 kg/year towater2,000 kg/year towater18,000 kg/year towaterAll otherusesAll30,255 kg/year towater16,922 kg/year toair271,748 kg/year towater152,250 kg/year toair30,255 kg/year towater16,922 kg/year toair271,748 kg/year towater152,250 kg/year toairTotal170,408 kg/year towater (split119,286 kg/year towwtp and51,122 kg/year direct tosurface water)17,027 kg/year toair1,533,582 kg/year to water(split 1,073,482 kg/year towwtp and 460,101kg/yeardirect to surfacewater)153,193 kg/year toair310,255 kg/year towater (split217,179 kg/year towwtp and93,077 kg/year direct tosurface water)17,122 kg/year toair2,791,748 kg/year to water(split 1,954,198 kg/year towwtp and 837,550kg/yeardirect to surfacewater)154,050 kg/year toairNote:a) Figures derivedin main report277

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Local releas e estim a tes

In this Section, the local release estim a tes have been re-calculated using the m e thods given in

the m a in report, but based on the extrapolated use volumes for m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins.



## Meta l working/cutting fluids

The releases estim a ted below are based on the s a m e m e thods as u s ed in the m a in re port. In

addition, the possible increase in the m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin content from 5% (as

assum e d in the m a in assessm ent) to 10%, as m a y occur when they are used to replace

short-chain chlorinated paraffins for som e applications, is also taken into account.

Form ulation of fluids:

Quantity of m e dium -cha in chlo rinate d paraffins used = 12,00 0 tonnes/y e ar

Quantity of m e dium -cha in ch lo rinated paraffins used in reg i o n = 1,200 to nnes/year

Fraction used at one s ite = 1/6 = 200 tonnes/year

Release to the environm ent = 0.25% to waste water

Num b er of days = 300 days/year

Local release = 500 kg/year = 1.67 kg/day to waste water

Use in Em ulsif i able f l u i d s :

Concentration of chlorinate d paraffin in oil phase = 10%

Dilution rate of oil in water = 1:20 o i l:water

W eekly loss rate of f

l uid = 60 litres /week to waste wate r

Loss rate of chlorinated paraffin = 0.30 kg/week

Num b er of days = 300 days/year = 6 days/week

Local release = 0.050 kg/day

In addition, there will be an inte r m ittent loss of 50 kg/event of m e dium chain chlorin a ted

paraffin when the whole system (10,000 litres) is replaced

Use in Oil-b a sed f l uids :

Concentration of chlorinate d paraffin in fluid = 10%

Am ount of c u tting flu i d contain e d at large s i te = 50,000 litres (containing

5,000 kg of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin)

Am ount of c u tting flu i d contain e d at sm all site = 10,000 litres (containing

1000 kg of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin)

Release to e nvironm ent f r om large site = 4% to waste wate r

Release to e nvironm ent f r om sm all site = 18 % to waste wate r

Num b er of days = 300 days/year

Local release (large site ) = 200 kg/year = 0.67 kg/day

Local release (sm a ll site) = 180 kg/year = 0.6 kg/day



## Leather fat liquors

The loca l re lease estim a tes and PEC calcu lation s will b e th e sam e as in the m a in report a s

they do not depend on the total amount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins used in the

applic ation.

278

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## PEC regional 

## and PEC continental



### Possi ble f u tu re situati on 

## The values for PEC

reg i onal 

## and P E C continental 

## estim ated u s ing the release d a ta given in

Table E.2 

## a r e shown in Table E.3 

## . The values f o r the curr ent situa tion are taken f r om the

m a in report.

Table E.3 PEC regi o n al 

### and PEC cont i n e n

t a l 

### for medium-chain chlorinated paraffins for the current situation and p o

ssible

future increased use as a result o f risk reducti on measures on short-chain chlorinated paraffins

PEC Curre nt sit u ati o n (from main re port )

PEC

r egi onal ( a i r

) 

### 3.35 × 10 -6 

### mg/ m

3 

### 5.45 × 10 -6 

### mg/ m

3



### PEC

r egi onal ( s ur

face w a t

e r

) 

### 0.39 μg/l 0.71 μg/l

PEC

r egi onal ( agr

i c ul tur

a l soi l ) 

### 50.4 mg/kg wet wt. 91.6 mg/kg wet wt.

PEC

r egi onal ( s edi m ent) 

### 8.80 mg/kg wet wt. 16.0 mg/kg wet wt.

PEC conti nent al (

a i r

) 

### 1.03 × 10 -6 

### mg/ m

3 

### 1.7 × 10 -6 

### mg/m 3



### PEC conti nent al (

s ur

face w a ter

) 

### 0.053 μg /l 0.096 μg /l

PEC conti nent al (

agr

i c ul tu

r a l soi l ) 

### 5.31 mg/kg wet wt. 9.62 mg/kg wet wt.

PEC conti nent al (

s edi m e n

t ) 

### 1.21 mg/kg wet wt. 2.18 mg/kg wet wt.



## From the PECs reported in Table E3 

## , it can b e seen that in a worst case, rep l acem e nt of

short-chain chlorinated paraffins by m e dium -chain chlor i nated paraf f i ns in m e tal

working/cutting and leather fat liquoring applications could increase the regional

concentrations by around a factor of 2.

It should be born in m i nd that the available m onitoring data indicate th at the current regional

concentratio ns in surface water, s e d i m e nt a nd soil are less than predicted using the EUSES

m odel. This indica tes that the actu a l reg i ona l em issions m a y be ove restim ated and/or the

actual rem o val rate in the environment m a y be underestim ated in the model used. This adds

uncertainty to the pred icted f u ture co ncentr ation s

.

PEC local



## The values obtained for the PEC local 

## for m e tal working/cutting use, taking into account the

possible increased em issions of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are shown below. For

most of the other uses a change in the PEC local 

## may result as a consequen ce of the increase in

the PEC region al 

## . The consequence of th ese cha nges are cons idered in later.



## Meta l cuttin g/working

The revised PEC local 

## for use in m e tal working fluids are as follows:

Form ulation: PEC local ( water) 

## = 3

. 8 1 μ g / l

P E C local( sediment) 

## = 4 8

. 8 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C local ( soil) 

## = 30.0 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C fish ( secondary poisoni ng) 

## = 2.15 m g /kg wet wt.

P E C worm( s econ dary poiso ning) 

## = 10.3 m g /kg wet wt.

279

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Use in oil-based fluids: PEC local ( water) 

## = 1

. 9 5 μ g / l

( l a r g e s i t e ) P E C local( sediment) 

## = 2 5

. 0 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C local ( soil) 

## = 13.1 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C fish ( secondary poisoni ng) 

## = 1.32 m g /kg wet wt.

P E C worm( s econ dary poiso ning) 

## = 8.9 m g /kg wet wt.

Use in oil-based fluids: PEC local ( water) 

## = 1

. 8 2 μ g / l

(sm a ll site ) PEC local( sediment) 

## = 2 3

. 3 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C local ( soil) 

## = 11.9 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C fish ( secondary poisoni ng) 

## = 1.26 m g /kg wet wt.

P E C worm( s econ dary poiso ning) 

## = 8.8 m g /kg wet wt.

Use in em ulsifiable flu i d s : PEC local ( water) 

## = 0

. 8 0 μ g / l

P E C local( sediment) 

## = 1 0

. 2 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C local ( soil) 

## = 2.63 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C fish ( secondary poisoni ng) 

## = 0.81 m g /kg wet wt.

P E C worm( s econ dary poiso ning) 

## = 8.01 m g /kg wet wt.

Use in em ulsifiable flu i d s : PEC local ( water) 

## = 9 3

. 6 μ g / l

(interm ittent rele ase) PEC local( sediment) 

## = 1

, 2 0 0 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C local ( soil) 

## = 93.5 m g / k g w e t w t

. P E C fish ( secondary poisoni ng) 

## = 1.6 m g /kg wet wt.

P E C worm( s econ dary poiso ning) 

## = 15.7 m g /kg wet wt.

Effect on P E C/PNEC r a tios



## The effects of a total repla cem ent of short-chain chlorinated paraffins by m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins in m e tal working and leat her uses on the PEC/PNEC ratios for all uses

are considered in Tables E4 to E7 

## . The cu rr ent s itua tio n is taken f r om the m a in r i s k

assessm ent report. The f u ture s itu ation includ es the effects of the p r edicted increase in

regiona l con centr ation s on the PEC/PNEC ratios f o r all uses.

The results shown in Tables E.4 to E7 

## indica te tha t the biggest po te ntia l of the im pact

replacem ent occurs on the PEC/PNECs for t h e aquatic (surface water, sedim e nt, fish)

com p artm ent, with very little ch ange predicte d to occur on the PEC/PNEC for the terres t rial

com p art m ent.

For surface water and s e dim e nt, it can be seen that for m a ny uses, the PEC is dominated b y the regional contribution. The use of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins in m e tal

cutting/working fluids is predicte d to have the highest contributi on to the tota l re leas e s of the

substance to water. In th e curren t situation, th e regional contribution to water from t h is use is

around 81% (138,788 kg/year out of a total of 170,408 kg/year), and this is predicted to

increase to around 89% (277,400 kg/year out of a total of 310,255 kg/year).

280

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table E4 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for surface water (P NEC = 0.2 μg/l)

Scen ario Step Curre nt sit u ati o n usin g

measu red reg i o n al

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns Futu r e sit u ati o n

PEC (μ g/l) PEC / P N E C PEC (μ g/l) PEC / P N E C

Producti o n 4 S i t e

s 0.10-0.2 7 0

. 5

0

- 1

. 3 5 0.70-0.8 7 3

. 5

0

- 4

. 3

5

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

- O 0

. 1 5 0

. 7

5 0

. 7

5 3

. 7

5 Use in PVC – pla s tisol

coating Conversion – O 0.44 2.20 1.05 5.25

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.49 2.45 1.10 5.50

Compounding - O 0.27 1.35 0.88 4.40 Use in PVC –

extrusion/oth e r Compounding – PO 1.03 5.15 1.63 8.15

Compounding – C 0.18 0.90 0.78 3.90

Conversion – O 0.62 3.10 1.23 6.15

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n

– PO 0

. 6

6 3

. 3

0 1

. 2 6 6

. 3

0

Conversion – C 0.57 2.85 1.18 5.90

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 0.79 3.95 1.40 7.00

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n

– P O 1

. 5 9 7

. 9

5 2

. 1 9 1 0

. 9

5

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 0.65 3.25 1.26 6.30

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g 0

. 1 9 0

. 9

5 0

. 7

9 3

. 9

5 Use in plastics/ru bber

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 3

9 1

. 9 5 0

. 9

9 4

. 9

5

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 0

. 4

8 2

. 4

0 1

. 0 8 5

. 4

0

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible < 1 n e

g l i g i b l e < 1

Formulation 0.38 1.90 0.98 4.90

Industrial ap plication 0

. 2

1 1

. 0 5 0

. 8

2 4

. 1 0

Domestic applica t ion 0

. 1 0 0

. 5

0 0

. 7 1 3

. 5

5

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1

. 6 4 8

. 2

0 3.81 19.05 Use in metal cutti ng/

working fluids Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 0.71 3.55 1.32 a 

### [1.95] b 

### 6

. 6

0

a 

### [9.75] b



### Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 0.66 3.30 1.26 a 

### [1.82] b 

### 6.30 a 

### [9.10] b



### Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.15 0.75 0.75 a 

### [0.80] b 

### 3.75 a 

### [4.00] b



### Use in emulsifiable fluids – inter m

itt

ent

release 4 6

. 6 2 3

3 47.1 a 

### [93.6] b 

### 236 a 

### [468] b



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 0.29 1.45 0

. 8

9 4

. 4

5 Use in leather fa t

liquors Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 1

. 7 7 8

. 8

5 2

. 3

8 1 1

. 9

Use – processing of wet blue 6.79 34.0 36.95

Use in carbonles s copy

paper Paper recycling 0.43 2.15 1

. 0 3 5

. 1 5

0.1 0.5 0.71 Use in paints

7.39

Regional sources 3.55



### Note: a) Assuming a 5 %

med i um-chain chlorinated paraffin content in th e base fluid.

b) Assuming a 1 0 %

medium-chain chlorinated paraffin content in t he base fluid.



## 281

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table E5 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for s ediment (PNEC = 1 mg/kg wet wt.)

Scen ario Step Curre nt sit u ati o n usin g

measu red reg i o n al

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns Futu r e sit u ati o n

PEC ( m

g/k g wet wt.) PEC / P N E C P E C ( m

g/k g wet wt.) P E C /P NE C

Producti o n 4 S i t e

s 1.28-3.4 6 1

. 3

- 3

. 5 9

. 0

- 1 1

. 2 9

. 0

- 1 1

. 2

Compounding - O 1.88 1.9 9.6 9.6 Use in PVC – pla s tisol

coating Conversion – O 5.68 5.7 13.4 13.4

Compounding/c o

nversion - O 6.27 6.3 14.0 14.0

Compounding - O 3.46 3.5 11.2 11.2 Use in PVC –

extrusion/oth e r C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

- P O 13.2 13.2 2 0

. 9 2 0

. 9

Compounding – C 2.30 2.3 10.0 10.0

Conversion – O 7.94 7.9 15.7 15.7

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n

– PO 8

. 4

5 8

. 5 1 6

. 2 1 6

. 2

Conversion – C 7.30 7.3 15.1 15.1

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 10.1 10.1 17.9 17.9

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n

- P O 2 0

. 4 2 0

. 4 2 8

. 1 2 8

. 1

Compounding/c o

nversion - C 8.32 8.3 16.1 16.1

Use in plastics/ru bber Compounding 2.38 2.4 10.1 10.1

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 4

. 9

9 5

. 0 1 2

. 7 1 2

. 7

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n 6

. 1 4 6

. 1 1 3

. 8 1 3

. 8

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible < 1 n e

g l i g i b l e < 1

Use in paints Formulation 4.86 4.9 12.6 12.6

I n

d u

s

t r i a l ap p

l i c

a t

i o

n 2

. 6

9 2

. 7 1 0

. 4 1 0

. 4

D o

m

e

s

t i c applica t i o

n 1

. 2 8 1

. 3 9

. 0

4 9

. 0

4

F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 2 1

. 0 21.0 48.8 48.8 Use in metal

cutting/working fl uids Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 9.09 9.1 16.9 a 

### [25.0] b 

### 1 6

. 9

a 

### [25.0] b



### Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 8.45 8.5 16.2 a 

### [23.3] b 

### 16.2 a 

### [23.3] b



### Use in emulsifiable fluids 1.92 1.9 9.63 a 

### [10.2] b 

### 9.6 a 

### [10.2] b



### Use in emulsifiable fluids – inter m

itt

ent

release 597 5 9

7 6 0

4 a 

### [1,200] b 

### 6 0

4 a 

### [1,200] b



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 3

. 7 1 3

. 7 1 1

. 4 1 1

. 4

Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 2 2

. 7 2 2

. 7 3 0

. 5 3 0

. 5

Use – processing of wet blue 86.9 86.9 94.7 94.7

Use in carbonles s copy

paper Paper recycling 5.50 5.5 1 3

. 2 1 3

. 2

Regional sources 0.7 0.7 16.0 16.0 Use in leather fa t

liquors



### Note: a) Assuming a 5 %

med i um-chain chlorinated paraffin content in th e base fluid.

b) Assumin g a 10 % medium -chain chlorinated p a raff in content in t he base fluid.



## 282

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table E.6 Estimated PEC/ P NEC ratios for soil (PNEC = 2.12 mg/kg wet wt.)

Scen ario Step Curre nt sit u ati o n usin g

measu red reg i o n al

c

o n c en t r at

i o ns Futu r e sit u ati o n

PEC ( m

g/k g wet wt) PEC / P N E C P E C ( m

g/k g wet wt.) P E C /P NE C

Producti o n 4 S i t e

s negligible < 1 n e

g l i g i b l e < 1

0.51 0.24 2.21 1.0 Use in PVC – pla s tisol

coating Conversion – O 3.21 1.5 4.92

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 3.64 5.34 2.5

1.64 0.77 3.34 1.6 Use in PVC –

extrusion/oth e r Compounding – PO 8.53 4.0 10.2 4.8

Compounding – C 0.81 0.38 2.51 1.2

Conversion – O 4.82 2.3 6.52 3.1

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n

– PO 5

. 1 6 2

. 4 6

. 8

6

Conversion – C 4.40 2.1 6.10 2.9

Compounding/c o

nversion – O 6.37 3.0 8.07 3.8

Compounding/c o

n v

e r

s

i o

n

– P O 1 3

. 6 6

. 4 1 5

. 3 7

. 2

Compounding/c o

nversion – C 5.12 2.4 6.82 3.2

Use in plastics/ru bber Compounding 0.87 0.41 2.57 1.2

C o n v

e r

s

i o

n 2

. 7 1 1

. 3 4

. 4

1 2

. 1

C o m

p

o

u n

d i n g

/ c o

nversion 1.7 3

. 5 5

. 2

0 2

. 5

Use in sealants Formulation and use negligible < 1 n e

g l i g i b l e < 1

Use in paints Formulation 2.62 1.2 4.32 2.0

I n

d u

s

t r i a l ap p

l i c

a t

i o

n 1

. 0 8 0

. 5

1 2

. 7

9 1

. 3

D o

m

e

s

t i c a p p

l i c

a t

i o

n negligible < 1 n e

g l i g i b l e < 1

6

. 7 3 0

. 0 1 4

. 2 Use in metal

cutting/working fl uids Use in oil-based f l uids (large) 5.66 2.7 7.36 a 

### [13.1] b 

### 3

. 5

a 

### [6.2] b



### Use in oil-based f l uids (small) 5.15 2.4 6.85 a 

### [11.9] b 

### 3

. 2

a 

### [5.6] b



### Use in emulsifiable fluids 0.51 0.24 2.21 a 

### [2.63] b 

### 1

. 0 a 

### [1.2] b



### Use in emulsifiable fluids – inter m

itt

ent

release 4 6 2 1

. 7 47.6 a 

### [93.5] b 

### 2 2

. 5

a 

### [44.1] b



### F o

r m

u l a t i o

n 1

. 7 8 0

. 8

4 3

. 4

9 1

. 6 Use in leather fa t

liquors Use – complete p r ocessing of r a

w

hides 1 5

. 3 7

. 2 1 7

. 0 8

. 0

Use – processing of wet blue 60.8 28.6 62.5 29.5

Use in carbonles s copy

paper Paper recycling 3.02 1.4 4

. 7

6 2

. 2

Regional sources 0.088 0.042 91.6 43.2 Compounding - O

2.3

1.7

Compounding - O

3

. 2

Formulation 14.1



### Note: a) Assuming a 5 %

med i um-chain chlorinated paraffin content in th e base fluid.

b) Assumin g a 10 % medium -chain chlorinated p a raff in content in t he base fluid.



## 283R331_0208_envTableE7Estimated concentrations in fishand earthwormsfor secondary poisoning (PNEC = 0.5 mg/kg)ScenarioStepCurrent situation using measured regional concentrationsFuture situationFishEarthwormsFishEarthwormsPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECProductionSiteA0.110.22negligible<10.771.5negligible<1SiteB0.150.30negligible<10.811.6<1SiteC0.190.38<10.841.7negligible<1SiteD0.110.22negligible<10.771.5negligible<1Compounding- O0.130.261.73.40.791.6264528Use in PVC –plastisol coatingConversion–O0.260.529.318.60.921.8270540Compounding/conversion - O0.280.5610.420.81.90.94270540Compounding- O0.190.384.89.60.841.7267534Use in PVC –extrusion/otherCompounding -PO0.521.0424.148.21.182.4287574Compounding–C0.140.282.55.00.801.6264528Conversion – O0.340.6827.41.002.0273546Conversion–PO0.360.7214.729.41.022.0277254Conversion – C0.320.6412.625.20.982.0273546Compounding/conversion – O0.420.8418.136.21.082.2280560Compounding/conversion-PO1.5438.376.61.432.9300600Compounding/conversion - C0.722540.3614.629.21.012.0277Use in plastics/rubberCompounding0.150.302.75.40.811.6264528Conversion0.247.815.6270540Compounding/conversion0.2810.020.00.931.9270540negligible<1negligible<1negligible<1negligiblenegligiblenegligible13.70.770.480.90 1.80.56Use in sealantsFormulationanduse<1Table E7 continued overleaf284R331_0208_envTable E7 continuedScenarioStepCurrent situation using measured regional concentrationsFuture situationFishEarthwormsFishEarthwormsPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECPEC(mg/kg)PEC/PNECUse in paintsFormulation0.230.467.615.20.891.8270 540Industrialapplication0.160.323.36.60.821.6264Domesticapplication<1negligible<1negligible <1 negligible <1Formulation1.604.30.8039.779.42.15339678Use in metalcutting/working fluidsUse in oil-based fluids (large)0.380.7616.132.21.04a[1.32]b2.1a[2.6]b277a[293]b554a[586]bUse in oil-based fluids (small)0.360.7214.72.0a[2.5]b29.41.02a[1.26]b277a[290]b554a[580]bUse in emulsifiable fluids528a[528]b0.130.261.73.40.79a[0.81]b1.6a[1.6]b264a[264]bUse in emulsifiable fluids –intermittent release0.521.041292581.18a[1.6]b2.4a[3.2]b389a[517]b778a[1,034]bFormulation0.380.85 1.70.195.210.4267534Use in leather fatliquorsUse – complete processing of rawhides0.861.7243.086.01.513.0303606Use – processingof wet blue3.106.21713423.757.5432864Use in carbonlesscopy paperPaperrecycling0.2317.65400.468.80.891.8270528negligibleNote:a) Assuming a 5%medium-chainchlorinated paraffin content in the base fluid.b) Assuminga 10% medium-chainchlorinated paraffin content in thebase fluid.285

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## References



## RPA (1996) . Risk-benefit analysis on the use of short chain length chlorinated paraffins in

cutting fluids in the m e tal working indus try. Produced for the Departm e nt of the

Environm ent. Risk and P o licy Analysts Lim ited.

RPA (1997). Risk-benefit analysis on the use of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in leather

processing. Stage 1 Report for the Departm e nt of the Envi ronm ent, Transport and the

Regions. Risk and Policy Analysts Lim ited.

286

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix F Estimation of w a ste remaini ng in the environ m ent and further

consideration of diffusive emission s from articles

Introductio n



## This Appendix considers an alternative approach to that given in the m a in risk assessm ent

report to estim a ting the possible diffusive em i ssions of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins

from products over their lifetim es. The basis of th e approach taken here is that outlined in the

Nove m b er 1999 and May 2000 draft Risk Asse ssm ent Reports for di-(2-diethylhexyl)

phthala te (D EHP), f o r which Sweden is the rapp orteur country. The approach considers both

losses of the substance itself over the products lif etim e and also the production of any waste

containing the substance that m a y be released to the environm ent over the products’ lifecycle.

DEHP is the m a jor plasticiser used in PVC, and accounts for around 51% of the total

phthalate plasticiser use. In som e c a lculations in this Appendix it is as sum e d that the use

pattern of PVC (and other polym ers) containi ng m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins is

sim ilar to that of PVC containing DEHP. This assum p tion is reasonable as m e dium -chai n

chlorinated paraffins in PVC ar e m a inly used as secondary pl asticisers alongside the prim ary

plasticisers (phthalates s u ch as DEHP).

Quantity o f DEHP used in PVC (and other p o lym e rs) in the EU

= 462,000 tonnes/year

As DEHP a ccounts for around 51% of the phthala te plasticiser usage in PVC, the total

am ount of phthalate plasticised PVC produced in the EU can be estim ated at approxim ately

3 × 10 6 

## tonnes/year.

Estim ated quantity of P V C containing m e di um

- c hain chlorinated paraffins produced

in EU = 0.36-0.54 × 10 6 

## tonnes/year In orde r to use the d a ta given in the DEHP repor t, the rela tiv e m a rket share of PVC

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins is needed. This can be estim ated roughly as

follows (the inform ation on DEHP is taken from the May 2000 draft of the risk assessm ent

f o r that subs tance ) :

Typical DE HP content of PVC = 30%

Estim ated quantity of PVC containing DEHP pr oduced in E U = 1.54 × 10 6 

## tonnes/year

Quantity of m e dium -chain chlo rin a te d paraf f i ns used in PV C (and oth e r polym ers) in

EU = 53,973 tonnes/year

Typical m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin of PVC = 10-15%

Therefore, based on the above calculations, me dium -chain chlorinated paraffins could be

present in around 12-18% of th e total PVC (or other polym er s) containing plasticisers

(phtha late s) produced in the EU. A f i gure of 18% of the total plastic i ser use will be used in

the f o llowin g Sections a s a worst ca s e

.

In the draft DEHP risk assessm ent, the uses of f

l exib le PVC were split between ind oor and

outdoor uses, with 78% of the flexible PVC us ed in indoor applicatio ns and 22% used in

outdoor applications. T h is split will also be assum e d to be applicable for PVC c ontaining

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins here.

287

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## It should be noted that the actual amounts of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins used in the

various PVC applica tio ns conside r e d are les s well def i ned than is the c a se f o r DEHP. This

therefore introduces further uncertainty into the em issions estim ated. Infor m ation has been

provided on the am ounts of m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins us ed in certain applications,

but the data set is incomplete (t he actual final use of a large fr action of the total tonnage could

not be de ter m ined in the survey, and the app lic a b ility to the EU as a whole is un certain) an d

so can only act as a guide. This inform ation is discussed in the relev a nt Sections below and

shows that in general the approach taken appears to be reasonable.

Estimated e m iss i ons fr om volatilisation from PVC



## In Section 3.1.0.2.9 of the m a in risk assessm en t report, an em ission fi gure to air for m e diu m

chain chlorinated paraffins of 5 × 10 -4 

## μg/m 2 

## /s was determ ined f o r vola t ilis ation f r o m P V C

over 21 days. Assum i ng this em ission rate rem a ins constant with tim e this em ission figure is

equivalent to 15.8 m g / m 2 

## /year. This is used h e re to es timate releas es to the environm ent

taking into account th e surface area of products in a sim ilar way as carried out for DEHP.

Indoor applications



## PVC flooring

In the draft DEHP risk assessm ent the total annual production of PVC- floor ing in the EU was

taken as 2.3 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## /year, with a lif e tim e of 20 years. If it is as sum e d that m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins are presen t in 18% of the flooring, th e am ount of flooring containing

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins produced in the EU is 4.14 × 10 7 

## m 2 

## /year, and the total

am ount present in the E U is 8.28 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## assuming a 20 year life-span.

Using the em ission factor of 15.8 mg/ m 2 

## /year for on the total area of flooring estim ated t o

contain m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins pres ent in the E U gives an estim ated air em ission

of 13.1 tonnes/year from this source.

A supplier of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins has indicated that ar ound 20% of the total

supplied f

o r PVC applic ations is u s e d in f l oor in g. Assum i ng this perc e n tage is app licab le to

all suppliers, the total amount of medium -chain chlorinate d paraffin used PVC flooring can

be estim a ted at around 10,700 tonnes/year. As sum i ng that PVC flooring has a density of

1,300 kg/m 3 

## and a thickness of 2 mm (0.002 m) (tak en from the draft DEHP report), and a

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin content of 10-15%, the total annua l surface area of

PVC-flooring containing m e dium

- c hain chlo rinated paraffins can be es tim ated as

2.7-4.1 × 10 7 

## m 2 

## /year, or a total su rface area pres ent in the E U of 5.4-8.2 m 2 

## over a 20 year

lifetim e. This is in good agreem ent with the figu re estim a ted above and leads to an estim ated

air em ission of 8.5-13.0 tonnes/year usi ng the same em ission factor as above.

Further inform ation has also been provided to indicate that around 50-60% of cushion vinyl

flooring is coated with polyur ethane in order to im prove the wear res i stan ce and stain

resistance of the product. This coating will obviously affect the potential for vol atilisation of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins from the pr oduct but no inform ation is available on this.

If it is assum e d that 50% of the PVC flooring has this type of coating, and the coating reduces

the em ission rate by a factor of 10, then th e estim ated air em ission for m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins would be of the order of 5.1-7.8 tonnes/year.

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Vinyl wall c o vering

In the draf t DEHP risk assessm ent the total an nual production of vinyl wall cove rin g in th e

EU was taken as 4 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## /year, with a lif etim e of 7 years. If it is assum e d that m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins are pres ent in 18% of the wall cove ring, the total am ount of wall

covering containing m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins present in the EU = 4 × 10 8 

## ×7× 0.18

= 5.0 × 10 8 

## m 2



## .

If it is assum e d that m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins are pr esent in 18% of these products

and that the em ission rate is sim ilar to that of the phthalates present, th en an air em i ssion of

7.2 tonnes/year for m e dium -chain chlorinated pa raffins can be estim ated from this source. Using the em ission factor of 15.8 mg/m 2 

## /year for m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins, gives

an estim a ted air em ission of 7.9 tonnes/year from this source.

A supplier of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins has indicated that ar ound 11% of the total

supplied f o r PVC application s is u s ed in wa ll coverings. Assum i ng this per c e n tage is

applicable to all suppliers, the total am ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin used in

PVC wall coverings can be estim ated at around 5,900 tonnes/year. Assum i ng that PVC wall

covering has density of 1,300 kg/m 3 

## (taken from the draft DE HP report), a thickness of

0.5 mm (0.005 m ; estimate) and a medium -chain chlorinated paraffin content of 10-15%, the

total annual surface area of PVC-wall covering con t ain i ng m e dium -chain chlorin a ted

paraffins can be estim ated as 6.0-9.0 × 10 7 

## m 2 

## /year or a total of 4.2-6.4 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## over a 7 yea r

lifetim e. This is in good agreem ent with the figu re estim ated above, and leads to an estim ated

air em ission of 6.6-10.0 tonnes/year from th is source using the sam e e m ission factor as

above.



## Coated products, film and sheet

In the draft DEHP risk assessm e nt the rele vant statistics for th e production of coated

products, film and sheet (e.g. upholstery, pack aging, stationary products, luggage, clothing

etc.) containing phthalate plasticisers coul d not be obtained. Instead the worst case

assum p tion of 40 tonnes/year for total phthalate em issions from these products as determ ined

by the European Council for Plas ticisers and Interm ediates (ECP I, 1996) was used as the

basis of the release es tim a te. This estim ate was based on a product lifetim e of 7 years.

Inform ation provided from a supplier of m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins indicates that

around 6.6% of the total supplied for PVC applic ations is used in textiles and coated

products. A ssum i ng that this percentage is app licable to all suppliers, the total am ount of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins used in this type of product can be estim ated at around

3,600 tonnes/year. It is not possible to relate this figure the inform ation reported above for

DEHP. As a rough approxim a tion, assum i ng a density of PVC of 1,300 kg/m 3 

## , an averag e

thickness for this type of produc t of 1 mm (0.001m ) and a 10- 15% m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffin content, the annual surf ace area for this type of product containing m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins produced each y ear can be estim ated at 1.8-2. 7 × 10 7 

## m 2 

## /year. This

should be considered a very crude estim ate as the actual thickness of products in this group

could be v e ry variab le. Assum i ng the products have a 7 year lifetim e, the total su rface area

present in the EU is 1.3-1.9 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## . Using the em ission factor of 15.8 mg/m 2 

## /year f o r on the

total area estim a ted to contain m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins present in the EU gives an

estim ated air em ission of tonnes/year from this source of 2-3 tonnes/ year. This figure also

289

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## assum e s that em issions only occurs from one si de of the products. If em issions occur fr om

both sides, then the su rface area figures, hen ce release figures, wou l d be doubled i.e.

4-6 tonnes/year. This is of a sim ilar order to the value obt ained above based on the DEHP

data. No distinction is m a de here in the am ounts of these products used from indoor and

outdoor applications, although it is likely that m o s t are us ed in indoor applications.



## Cable

If it is assum e d that m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins are pr esent in 18% of these products

and that the em ission rate is sim ilar to that of the phthalates present, th en an air em i ssion of

9 tonnes/year for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins can be estim ated from this source. In the draft DEHP risk assessm ent report the relevant statistics for the production of cable

contain i ng p h thalate p l as ticisers cou l d not be obtained. Instead the wo rs t case assum p tion of

50 tonnes/year for total phthala te em issions from these pr oducts as determ ined by the

European Council for Plasticisers and Interm ed iates (ECPI, 1996) was used as the basis of

the releas e estim ate.

Inform ation provided from a supplier of m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins indicates that

around 17% of the total supplied for PVC applica tions is used in cable products. A ssum i ng

that this p e rcentage is applic able to al l sup p lie rs, the tota l am ount of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins used in this type of product can be estim ated at around

9,200 tonnes/year. It is not possi ble to relate this figure the inform ation reported above for

DEHP. Ass u m i ng a density of PVC of 1,300 kg/m 3 

## , and average thickness for this type of

product of 1.5 mm (0.0015m ; taken from draft DEHP assessm e nt) and a 10-15%

m e dium -cha in chlo rinated paraffin content, th e annual su rface area for this type of product

contain i ng m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins produced each year can be estim ated at

3.1-4.7 × 10 7 

## m 2 

## /year. Assum i ng the products have a 30 y ear lifetim e (from DEHP report), the

total surface area presen t in the EU is 9.3-14.1 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## . Cabling can be used in both indoor

and outdoor applications. In the draft DEHP r i sk assessm ent, the overall split of PVC

application s between indoor and outdoor was 78%:22%. The actual split for cabling is

unknown and so this split will be assum e d to ap ply here. This gives th e total surface area of

cabling present in indoor applica tions in the EU as 7.3-10.9 × 10 8 

## m 2



## .

Using the em ission factor of 15.8 mg/ m 2 

## /year f o r on the tota l a r ea estim ated to conta i n

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffi ns presen t in the EU gives an es tim ated air em ission from

this source of 11.5-16.7 tonnes/year. This is of a sim ilar order to the value obtained above

based on the DEHP data. Em issions from outdoor cabling applications are considered later.



## Hose and profile

In the draft DEHP risk assessm ent report the re levant statistics for th e production of hose and

profile containing phthalate plasti cisers could not be obtained. Instead it was assum e d that, as

the surface to volum e ratio and lifetim e were sim ilar to PVC-flooring, the overall releases of

DEHP would be sim ilar to flooring. T h e relative a m ounts of DEHP used in

flooring:profile/hose (74,708 tonne s/year:55,911 tonnes/year or 1. 34:1) was used to scale the

estim ated em issions from PVC flooring to g i ve an estim a te from this use.

If

it is assu m e d that m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins are present in PVC- flooring and

hoses/profile in a sim ilar ratio to found for DEHP (i.e. 1.34:1) the releases to air from this

290

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## application can be estim a ted using the abov e scaling f actor from those es tim ated for

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin in PVC-floor ing. Thus the estim a ted release to air of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins is 13.1/1.34 = 9.8 tonnes/year.

No infor m ation is available on the actual am o unts of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

used in th es e applicatio ns.

Outdoor applications

The draft ris k assessm ent report on DEHP provi ded estim ate d figures for the em itting surface

areas for various outdo or PVC products produ ced each year containin g DEHP. These are

shown below, along with the estim a ted lifetim es of the product. These figures were estim ated

from the known DEHP yearly con s um ption in these application s and applying a “surface

correction factor” to co nvert the co nsum pti on figures to an annual surface area p r oduced

figure. Since DEHP accounts of around 51% of the total phthalate plastici ser use in PVC, the

surface area of all flexible (phthalate pl asticised) PVC produced each year in these

applic ation s will be a r ou nd twice th e values g i ve n.

coil coating 26,455,000 m 2 

## /year 10 year

hoses and profiles 1,587,300 m 2 

## /year 10 year Annual em itting surface area Lifetim e

(based on D E HP annual production)

car undercoating 3,703,700 m 2 

## /year 12 year

roofing m a t e rial 529,100 m 2 

## /year 20 year

fabric coating 22,222,200 m 2 

## /year 10 year

cable and wires (above ground) 2,116,400 m 2 

## /year 30 year

cable and wires (buried) 8,465,600 m 2 

## /year 30 year

shoe soles 3,174,600 m 2 

## /year 5 year

Assum i ng m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins occur in around 18% of all plasticised PVC

used in the above applications and using an em ission rate of 15.8 m g / m 2 

## /yea r, the f o llowing

em ission estim a tes can be obtain e d to air for m e dium -cha in chlorina ted paraffins over the

lifetim e of the PVC products (em i ssion = 2 × annual surface area produced based on

DEHP × lif etim e × 0.18 × 15.8 m g /year):

Estim ated medium -chain chlorinated paraffin em i ssion

car undercoating {0.25 tonnes/year} a



## roofing m a t e rial 0.060 tonnes/year

coil coating 1.50 tonnes/year

fabric coating 1.26 tonnes/year

cable and wires (above ground) 0.36 tonnes/year

cable and wires (buried) (1.44 tonne s/year – em issions will be to

soil com p artm ent)

hoses and profiles 0.09 tonnes/year

shoe soles 0.09

Note: a) Medium -chain chlorinated paraff ins are not thought to be used in car

undercoating – calculation give n only as an example.

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### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Inform ation on the actual am ounts of m e dium-cha in chlorinated paraf f ins used in various

PVC applications have been prov ided in a survey carried out by an EU supplier. T h e figures

are uncertain as a) they are incom p lete (the actual end-use of a large proportion of the total

am ount was not known and b) there is som e uncertainty over the applicability of the figures

to the EU as a whole.

The inform a tion provided confirm e d that m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins were not used

in car undercoating and no use in the production of roofing mate rials could be identified.

For the oth e r applica tio ns, the use of m e dium

- c hain chlorinate d paraffins in shoe soles was

estim ated to be 0.6% of the total us e in PVC. Assum i ng this percen ta ge applies to the total

am ount supplied in the EU for PVC applications, the am ount of m e di um -chain chlorinated

paraffins used in production of shoe sole s each year would be around 320 tonnes/year.

Assum i ng that the density of PVC is 1,300 kg/m 3 

## , the average th ickness of shoe soles is

10 mm (0.01 m ; taken from draft DEHP ass e ssm ent) and the m e dium -chain c h lorin a ted

paraffin content is 10 -15%, then the annual surface area of shoe soles co ntain i ng

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins produced each year can be es tim ated as 164,000-246,000

m 2 

## /year. Assum i ng a life tim e of 5 years, and an em ission fac t or of 15.8 mg/ m 2 

## /year, the tota l

air em ission of m e dium-chain ch lorinated paraf f ins from s hoe soles can be estim ated as

0.013-0.019. This is slightly lower than, but of a sim ilar order of m a gnitude to, the estim ate

m a de above.

For coating applications, som e figures for th e actual am ounts used have been provided been

provided in the survey, but thes e have been considered in th e indoor em issions earlier, as it

was not possible to distinguish between indoor and outdoor a pplications. This lead to a

sim ilar order of m a gnitude estim a te for the overall em issions as reported above.

No infor m ation was provided in the survey on the am ounts of m e dium-chain chlorinated

paraffins used in hoses and profiles or coil coating in outdoor applications.

For cable, in f o rm ation provided in th e survey allo wed an estim ate of for the total a r ea of PVC

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin to be m a de as 9.3-14.1 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## to be m a de,

with the area present in outdoor a pplications being around 2.0-3.1 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## (based on a

30 year lifetim e and 22% of the total bei ng used outdoors; see Section 2.1). Using the

em ission fa ctor for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins of 15.8 m g / m 2 

## /year, and assum i ng

that 80% of the cable is deep -buried and 20% is above ground, the total em ission to air of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins can be estim ated as 0.63-0.98 direct to air and

2.5-3.9 tonnes/year to soil. These values are sim ilar to those estim ated above based on the

DEHP data.

Estimated emissions from leach i ng from PVC



## Indoor applications

In these es tim a tes it is assum e d that m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins have a sim ilar

potential for leaching from PVC as DEHP (s ee m a in Section 3.1.0.2.9 of m a in risk

assessm ent report).

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## Washing clothing with P V C printing

It is not known if m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are used in this ap plica tion. In the draf t

risk asses s m ent report f o r DEHP a tota l EU re lease of DEHP f r om this app lic ation was

estim ated at 99 tonnes/year (range 18-180 tonne s/year), based on m easurem ents of phthalate

loss c a r r ied out in Denm ark. If it is a ssum e d th at m e dium -cha in chlorina ted paraffins are used

in this application, then a release of 34.7 t onnes/year can be estim ated based on the relative

am ounts of PVC containing DEHP and m e dium-chain chlorinated paraf f ins estim ated earlier

(i.e. m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins m a y be present in 18% of th e to tal pla s ticised PVC

or 35% of t h e PVC containing DEHP). There is a large u n certainty in this f i gure due to

uncertainties in the release rate and the re lative am ount s of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraf f i ns used in th is ap plica tion (if they ar e use d at all).



## Washing PV C flooring

An em ission figure for D E HP of 5 μg/dm 2 

## (=500 μg/m 2 

## ) per cleaning event (10 day interval)

was reported in the draft DEHP risk assessm en t, based on experim e ntal data from Sweden.

The study was designed only to determ ine the l eaching loss and did not include any loss due

t o a b r a de d pa r t i c ul at e s

.

In the draft DEHP risk assessm ent report the total annual production of PVC-flooring in the

EU was taken as 2.3 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## /year, with a lif etim e of 20 years. I f it is a ssu m e d that

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins are present in 18% of the flooring, the total amount of

flooring containing m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins present in the EU = 2.3 × 10 8 

## × 20 × 0.18

= 8.28 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## . A si m ilar estim ate of 5.4-8.2 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## is obtained using inform ation provided

by a supplier on the likely am ounts of m e dium -c hain chlorinated paraffins used in this

application (see Section 1). Using the above em ission figure and cleanin g of the flooring once

per week, the estim ated em ission of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffin is

14.0-21.5 tonnes/year.

Further inform ation has also been provided to indicate that around 50-60% of cushion vinyl

flooring is coated with polyur ethane in order to im prove the wear res i stan ce and stain

resis t anc e o f the produ ct. This coa ting will obviously affect the pot ential for leaching of

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins from the pr oduct but no inform ation is available on this.

If it is assum e d that 50% of the PVC flooring has this type of coating, and the coating reduces

the em issio n rate by a factor of 10, then th e estim a ted leaching em ission for m e di um -chain

chlorinated paraffins would be of the order of 8.4-12.9 tonnes/year.

The draft D E HP risk as sessm ent report also co nsidered abrasion loss from PVC flooring. The

assessm ent used data from standard tests from abrasion loss that indicated about 0.1-0.15 mm

(average 0.125 mm ) of the surface will be worn away over the lifet im e of the flooring.

Assum i ng the flooring is typically 2 mm thick, this abrasion loss corresponds to a loss rate of

around 6.25% over the lifetim e of the PVC floori ng or 0.31%/year. This loss was assum e d to

occur on all PVC flooring were wa lking occurred frequently a nd was estim ated to be around

50% of the total PVC area.

Earlier, it was estim a ted that around 8.28 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## of PVC-floori ng could contain

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins at around 10 % by weight of the PVC could be present in

the EU. Ass u m i ng an initial thickness of 0.002 m (2 mm) and a representative density of

around 1,200-1,300 kg/m 3 

## for plasticis ed PVC (from Draft risk assessm ent of DEHP), the

293

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## am ount of PVC containing m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffins in flooring can be roughly

estim ated as 2.15 × 10 6 

## tonnes at any one tim e (assum i ng a 20 year lifetime). If the ab rasion

rate is 0.31%/year, and 50% of the available fl o o ring is sub j ect to ab rasion, then the am ount

of PVC abraded as particulates is 3,333 tonnes/year. The medi um chain chlorinated paraffin

could be present at up to 10% in these part iculates, i.e. 333 tonnes/year of chlorinated

paraffin.

Inform ation has been provided by a supplier of m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins to

indicate that around 20% of the amount used in PVC applicati ons is in f l ooring. This equates

to around 10,700 tonnes/year of medium -chain chlorinated paraffins in flooring, assum i ng

that this percentage is app licable to the total amount supplied to the EU. Using the sam e

assum p tions as above (a 20 year lifetim e, abrasion rate of 0.31%/year and 50% of the

available flooring is subject to abrasion), then the am ount of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins lost in particulates is around 332 tonnes/year. This is in very good agreem ent with

the above figure. Again, it also needs to be taken into accoun t that around 50- 60% of cushion

vinyl floorin g is coated with polyurethane whic h will reduce the wear rate of the product, and

hence em ission of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffi n. No inform ation is available on this but

if

it is assum e d that 50 % of the PVC flooring h a s this type of coating, and the coating reduces

the wear rate/em i ssion factor by a facto r o f 10, then the estim ated air em ission fo r

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins woul d be of the order of 200 tonnes/year.

These par tic ulate s are likely to end up in wa ste water (by w a shing) o r landf ill (by c l eaning

m e thods not involving water). In the May 2000 dr aft of the DEHP risk assessm ent, it was

assum e d that 50% of these em issions would end up in waste water (around

100-166 tonnes/year of m e dium ch a i n chlorinated paraffins).

Outdoor applications

The annual release of plasticise r from roofing m a terials have been estim ated from studies

carried out by Pastruska et al., 1988 and Pastru ska and Just, 1990). These gave overall loss

figures (includes volatilisation, leaching and degradation) of phthala tes from the roofing

m a terial of 0.15%/year for open air exposures and 0.35%/year for a surface covered with

gravel. In th e draft risk assessm ent report for DEHP these figures were co nverted into surface

area em ission figures for DEHP of 1. 98 g/m 2 

## /year for uncovered surfaces and 4.62 g/m 2 

## /year

for gravel-covered su rfaces. These figures were assum e d to repres ent th e leaching loss from

the PVC, and were expected to be distribu ted 50 % to surf ac e water and 5 0 % to soil.

Using a similar m e thodology as used for DEHP , the following surface area em ission figures

can be estimated for m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffins using the above data:

1 m 2 

## of roofing m a terial (1.5 mm thickness) = 1.5 × 10 6 

## mm 3 

## volum e

Density of PVC (unplasticised) = 1.406 m g / m m 3



## Density of DEHP = 0.985 m g / m m 3



## Density of MCCP = 1.3 m g / m m 3



## Overall density of plasticised PVC (10% MCCP and 35% DEHP) = 1.248 m g / m m 3



## Surface area em ission factor for MC CP = 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year or 0.65 g/m 2 

## /year 1 m 2 

## of roofing m a terial (1.5 mm thickness) = 1872 g

Am ount of MCCP present in 1 m 2 

## roofing m a terial = 10% = 187.2 g/m 2



## Annual em ission rate = 0.15%/year or 0.35% year

294

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## These calcu lations assu m e that the m e dium -chain chlo rinated paraffins are as equally

susceptible to rem o val (leachin g) as DE HP. Processes oth e r than leach ing (e.g.

biodegradation) could have occu rred in these exp e rim e nts with phthalates, which m a y not be

applicable to m e dium -chain chlo rin a ted paraffins , resulting in an overestim ate of the leach ing

loss.

Assum i ng m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins occur in around 18% of all plasticised PVC

used in the outdoor ap plications o u tlin ed in Section 2.2 and using an e m issio n rate of

0.65 g/m 2 

## /year for gravel covered surface and 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year for open surfaces, the following

estim ated leaching lo sses can be ob tained for m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins over the

lifetim e of the PVC products (em i ssion = 2 × annual surface area produced based on

DEHP × lif etim e × 0.18 × e m ission factor g/year):

roofing m a t e rial 0.65 g/m 2 

## /year 2.5 tonnes/year

hoses and profiles 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year 1.6 tonnes/year Em ission factor Estim ated leaching lo ss

car undercoating {0.28 g/m 2 

## /year 4.5 tonnes/year} a



## coil coating 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year 26.7 tonnes/year

fabric coating 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year 22.4 tonnes/year

cable and wires (above ground) 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year 6.4 tonnes/year

cable and wires (buried) 0.65 g/m 2 

## /year (59.4 tonnes/year –

em issions will b e to so il

c o m p a r t m e n t )

shoe soles 0.65 g/m 2 

## /year 3.7 tonnes/year

Note: a) Medium -chain chlorinated paraff ins are not thought to be used in car

undercoating – calculation give n only as an example.

In addition, a figure of 47 tonne s/year of DEHP was estim ated to be released to waste water

during the washing of car underbodies in the draft risk assessm ent for DEHP. The “scaled ”

em ission for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffi ns (taking into account the relative am ounts

used in PVC applications) would be around 16 tonnes/year. However, it is thought that

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins do not ha ve a significan t u s e in car und ercoating.

Inform ation on the actual am ounts of m e dium-cha in chlorinated paraf f ins used in various

PVC applications have been provided in a survey carried out by an EU supplier. The

inform ation provided confirm e d that m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins w e r e n o t u s e d i n c a r

undercoating and no use in the production of roofing m a terials could be identified.

For the oth e r applica tio ns, the use of m e dium

- c hain chlorinate d paraffins in shoe soles was

estim ated to be 0.6% of the total us e in PVC. Assum i ng this percen ta ge applies to the total

am ount supplied in the EU for PVC applications, the am ount of m e di um -chain chlorinated

paraffins used in production of shoe sole s each year would be around 320 tonnes/year.

Assum i ng that the density of PVC is 1,300 kg/m 3 

## , the average th ickness of shoe soles is

10 mm (0.01 m ) and the m e dium

- c hain chlori nated paraffin content is 10-15%, then the

annual surface area of shoe soles containing medium -chain chlorinated paraffins produced

each year can be estim a ted as 164,00 0-246,000 m 2 

## /year. Assum i ng a life tim e of 5 years, and

an em ission factor of 0.65 g/m 2 

## /year, the total em ission via leach ing of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins from shoe soles can be estim ated as 0.53–0.80 tonnes/year. This is

slightly low e r than the estim ate m a de above.

295

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## For fabric coating applications, some figures for the actual amounts used have been provided

by Industry, but these have been considered in the indoor em issions earlier, as it was not

possible to distinguish between indoor and outdoor applications.

No inform a tion was provided in the Industry survey on the am ounts of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins used in hoses and profile s or cable coating in outdoor applications.

For cable, infor m ation provided by Industry al lowed an estim ate of the total area of PV C

containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin to be m a de as 9.3-14.1 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## to be m a de,

with the area present in outdoor a pplications being around 2.0-3.1 × 10 8 

## m 2 

## (based on a

30 year lifetim e and 22% of the total bei ng used outdoors; see Section 2.1). Using the

em ission fa ctor for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins of 0.28 g/m 2 

## /year for above ground

cables and 0.65 g/m 2 

## /year for bu ried cab les, and assu m i ng that 80% of the cable is

deep-buried and 20% is above ground (taken fr om the draft DEHP a ssessm ent), the total

em ission via leaching of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins can be estim a ted as

11.2-17.4 tonnes/year from above ground cables and 104-161 tonnes/year from below ground

cables. These values are slight ly higher than those estim ated above based on the DEHP data.

Emissions d u ring w a ste disposal



## Car shredding

As well as P V C-coated underbodies (which are unlikely to contain m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins), cars m a y contain o t her PVC articles (e.g. cable or wiring) that m a y contain

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins. The draf t risk assessm ent report on DEHP includes an

em ission scenario for this endpoint and this in form ation has been used here to estim ate the

worst case em issions of m e dium -cha in chlorina ted paraffins during the process as follows:

Am ount of PVC per car = 16 kg

Percentage of PVC that is plasticised = 35%

Am ount of plasticised P V C/car = 5.4 kg

Am ount of m e dium -cha in chlorinated para ffin/car = 0.54 (assum i ng 10% content in

PVC)

Total num ber of cars processed in E U = 10,600,000 per year

Total am ount of m e dium-chain chlorina ted paraffins present = 5,724 tonnes/year

Num b er of s h redder sites in EU = 252

Average am ount of m e dium-chain chlo rinated paraffins processed/site

= 22.7 tonnes/year

Num b er of days of operation = 300

Em ission factor to air = 0.05%

Local release of m e dium -chain chlori nated paraffins to air = 11.4 kg/year

= 0.038 kg/day

Total EU release of m e di um -chain chlori nated paraffins to air = 2.86 tonnes/year



## Incineration of municipal waste

No infor m ation is available on levels of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins in the exhaust

gases from municipal w a ste inci nerators and so it is not possible to estim ate a release fr o m

this sour ce. The conditio ns present d u ring m unici pal waste in ciner a tion w ould be expected to

effectively destroy any m e dium -cha in c h l o r i n a t e d p a r a f f i n s p r e s e n t

.

296

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Municipal landfill

No infor m at ion is available on the amounts of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins subject to

leach ing fro m municipal landfills. In the draf t Risk Assess m e nt of DEHP it was estim ated

that around 15 tonnes/y ear of DEHP could be l eached from landfills to waste water in the

EU. If it is assum e d that m e dium -chain chlorina ted paraffins have a sim ilar potential to leach

as DEHP then the am ount of m e dium -chain ch lorinated paraffins leached could be estim ated

to be roughly around 2 tonnes/year , based on scaling the DEHP figure to the relative tota l

volum es of DEHP ( 476,000 tonnes/year) a nd m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins

(65,256 tonnes/year) used in al l applications in the EU.

Waste rem a ining in the environm ent

Waste rem a ining in the environm ent can be c onsidered to be particles of polym er product

(e.g. PVC, paint, sealant etc.) which contain the m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffin. These

particles are prim arily released to the urban/industrial soil co mpartm ent, but which m a y also

end up in sedim e nt or air. End-products with outdoor uses are m o st lik ely to be sources of

this was t e. The release can occu r b o th over th e lifetim e of the produ ct (due to weathering,

wear etc. ) and at dispos al (particularly where articles are d i sm antled or subjected to other

m echanical processes).

In the draf t DEHP risk assessm ent, waste rem a ining in the environm ent was identif ied to be

produced from the following outdoor applications of PVC:

car undercoating

roofing m a t e rial

coil co ating

f a bric coa tin g

cables and wires

hoses and profiles

shoe soles

Further it w a s stated that 22% of the DEHP in PVC was used in th ese outdoor applications.

The actual breakdown of the use of m e dium

- c hain chlorinated paraffins between these

different sources is not know n and so it will be assu m e d that around 22% of the

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin is also used in PVC for outdoo r applica tio ns. This

assum p tion is probably reasonable since one of the m a jor uses of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins in PVC appears to be for flooring (an indoor use).

In addition, m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins are also us ed in outdoor paints and building

sealan ts which also need to be considered as p o ssible sou r ces of waste rem a ining in the

environm ent. The use in leather fat liquors, carbonless copy paper and m e tal working/cutting

fluids are not considered to contribute si gn ificantly to th ese types o f release. Ta b l e F 1



## outlin es the relev a nt ton n ages f o r th e applicatio ns conside r e d

.

These em ission facto r s u s ed for th ese types of lo sses in the draft DEHP risk assessm e n t were

around 2-10% over the lifetim e of the product, w ith the higher factor being applied to articles

subject to high wear rates (such as car underbod ies and shoe soles), and 2% during disposal

operations. The assum p tions behind the derivati on of these factors were not given in the

report. These releases were thought to occur m a inly to urban/industrial soil. A sim ilar

297

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## approach is taken here as a wo rst case, using sim ilar factors as used for DEHP. Onl y outdoor

applic ation s are consid e r ed to contr i bute s i gnif i cantly to th e waste ove r the lif e tim e of the

articles.

This approa ch assum e s the f o llowing :

- the quantity of articles/p roducts containing m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins

disposed of each year is equal to the qua ntity of new articles/produ cts containin g

m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffins produced each year.

- the em issions f actors estim ate th e tota l re leas e over the entire service life of t h e

product/article (i.e. for high wear articles , 10% of the product is worn away as

particles/dust over the li fetim e of the product)

In the calculations, the am ount of m e dium -cha in chlorinated paraffin lost by volatilisation

and or leach ing and during processing and for m ul ation (as estim ated earlier or in th e m a in

risk assessm ent report) is also taken into account to avoid double counting.

For use in rubber/polym e rs (oth er than PVC), sealants/adhesiv es and paints, a particulate

em ission factor of 2% over the technical lifetim e of the product and 2% at disposal is used (in

the May 2000 draft of t h e DEHP assessm ent a figur e of 5% over the technical lifetim e (and

5% at disposal) was used for paints and sealan ts, and so th ese values are also con s idered ).

However, for PVC applications there m a y be som e high we ar products produced (e.g. shoe

soles) and so a higher partic ulate em ission factor m a y be a pprop riate to som e of these

application s

. Since the actual breakd o wn of th e use of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins

between these various P V C end-uses is current ly unknown, an em ission factor of 6% over the

lifetim e of the technical product was used (average of the low and high wear factors), with

2% em ission at disposal.

The em issions are likely to b e m a inly to so il. In the dr af t DEHP assessm ent it was a ssum e d

that 75% of the em ission would be to industrial/urban so il and 0.1% to air, with the rem a inde r

occurring to surface water (sed im ent). The sam e split of the em issions will be used here in

the absence of any further inform ation.

There are many uncertainties inhere nt in these e m ission estim a tes. Further, sin ce th is “waste”

is essentially polym eric particle s (e.g. rubber, sealant, paint) containing the m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffin, it is not known if this is “available” in the environm ent and so would

lead to actual exposure of organism s to m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffin.

In addition to these particul ate releases, an estim a ted 166 tonnes/year of m e dium-chain

chlorinated paraffins m a y be em itted to waste water (and 166 tonnes/y ear to landfill/d isposal)

as particu l ates for PVC flooring as a result of wear and subsequent washing (see earlier).

298

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table F1 Estimation of wa ste remaining in the environment

Uses cons ide r e

d

for waste re m a ining in e n viro nment

P

V C Rubber/ poly m e r

s (othe r th an PVC ) Seala n ts/

adhesi ves Paint s

Total qua ntity of MCCP used in

applications 51,827 t onnes/ye a r 2,146 to nnes/yea r 2,360 to nnes/yea r 1,180 to nnes/yea r

Quantity of MCC P emitte d from ot her

formulation and p r ocessing

(accounted for el sewhere in

assessment) 216 b 

### tonnes/ye a r 2.58 b 

### tonnes/y ear negligible b 

### 5.9 b 

### tonnes/ye a r

Percent age us ed in outdoor

applications (wor st case

assumptions) 2 2 % 1 0 0

% 1 0 0

% 1 0 0

%

Quantity of MCC P prese n t in ou td

oor

applications 11,354 t onnes/ye a r 2,143 to nnes/yea r 2,360 to nnes/yea r 1,174 to nnes/yea r

Volatilisation and leaching loss duri ng

product lifetime f

o

r outdo or applications (acc ounted f o

r elsew here

in assessment) 143 a 

### tonnes/ye a r 1.07 b 

### tonnes/y ear 107.2 b 

### tonn es/ye a r 45.4 b 

### tonnes/y ear

Quantity of MCC P remai n ing in

outdoor applicati ons after

volatilisation and leaching losses 11,211 t onnes/ye a r 2,142 to nnes/yea r 2,253 to nnes/yea r 1,129 to nnes/yea r

Percent age p a rtic ulate emission ov er

technical lifetime of product 6 % 2 % 2

- 5

% 2

- 5

%

Amount of MCCP emitted as waste

remaining in t he environment over

technical lifetime of product 673 tonn es/year 42.8 ton nes/year 45.1-11 2.7

tonnes/yea r 22.6-56. 4

tonnes/yea r

Amount of MCCP remaining in

product at dispos al 10,538 t onnes/ye a r 2,099 to nnes/yea r 2,140-2, 208

tonnes/yea r 1,073-1, 106

tonnes/yea r

Percent age p a rtic ulate emission at

disposal 2 % 2 % 2

- 5

% 2

- 5

%

Amount of MCCP emitted as waste

remaining in t he environment at

disposal 211 tonn es/year 42.0 ton nes/year 44.2-10 7.0

tonnes/yea r 22.1-53. 6

tonnes/yea r

Total amo unt of MCCP as waste

remaining in t he environment 884 tonn es/year 84.8 ton nes/year 89.3-21 9.7

tonnes/yea r 44.7-11 0

tonnes/yea r

u r

b

a n s o

i l 7 5 % 7 5 % 7 5 % 7 5 %

s

u r

f a c

e w a t

e r 2 4

. 9

% 2 4

. 9

% 2 4

. 9

% 2 4

. 9

%

air 0

. 1 % 0

. 1 % 0

. 1 % 0

. 1 %

Total amo unt of MCCP as waste

remaining in t he environment to

urban soil 663 tonn es/year 63.6 ton nes/year 67.0-16 4.7

tonnes/yea r 33.5-82. 5

tonnes/yea r

Total amo unt of MCCP as waste

remaining in t he environment to

surface water 220 tonn es/year 21.1 ton nes/year 22.2-54. 7

tonnes/yea r 11.1-27. 4

tonnes/yea r

Total amo unt of MCCP as waste

remaining in t he environment to ai r 0.9 tonn es/year 0.085 to nnes/yea r 0.089-0. 22

tonnes/yea r 0.045-0. 11

tonnes/yea r Distribution of

emission

Note: a) Figur es taken f r om this Appendi x. b) Figur es taken f r om main assess ment rep o

rt.



## 299

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Summary o f emissions estimated

Table F2 

## summ arises the em issions estim a ted here for diffusive losses of m e dium -chain

chlorinated paraffins during the lifetim e of PVC (and other polym ers) products and during

disposal of articles. Ta b l e F 3 

## summarises the em issions of m e dium -chain chlorinated

paraffins as particulates (waste rem a ining in the environm ent) over the lifecycle of products.

In order to generate these figures, a large num ber of “worst case” assum p tions have had to be

m a de. This leads to a la rge uncer ta inty in th e figures obtained, and the approach taken m a y grossly overestim ate the actual releas es. In par ticular, th e inform ation on leach ing los s es from

products outdoors is based on a study where the overall loss (including leaching, degradation

and particulate loss due to wear /weathering) of phthalate plas ticiser from roofing m a terial

was determ ined. In the study, it was not possibl e to distinguish between these types of loss

and so it ha s been as su m e d that all the lo ss wa s due to lea c hing. The applic ability of this

approach to estim ating the leaching loss of m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins from products

outdoors is unknown.

Table F 2 Summary of diffusive losse s of medium-chain ch lorinated paraffins from PVC (and other polymers)

during product lifetimes and disp osal

Lifesta g e Emis sion of m e

dium c h ain chlo rinat e

d pa raf f in (tonn es/ye ar)

Volat ility l o sse s to air Leachi ng l o ss t o

wate r an d soil

flooring – ind oor 5.1-13.1 8.4-21.5 b 

### Product

lifetime wall covering – in door 6.6-10.0

coated pr oducts, film and sheet – i ndoor 4.0-7.2 34.7 a,b



### cable – indoo r 9-16.7

hose and profile – indoor 9.8

roofing ma terial – outdoor {0.060 } d 

### {2.5} c,d



### coil coating – ou t door 1.50 26.7 c



### fabric coating – o u

tdoor 1.26 22.4 c



### cable – out door 0.36-0.9 8

(+1.44-3. 9 to de e p

soil) 6.44 c 

### -17. 4 c



### (+59.4-16 1 to d e

ep soil)

hoses and profile - outdo or 0.09 1.6 c



### s

h

o

e s o

l e

s 0.013-0. 0 9 0.53 c 

### -3.7 c



### Total from PVC o v

er prod uct lifeti m e 37.8-60. 8 (to air)

(+1.44-3. 9 to d e

ep soil) 73.2-93. 4 (to was t e water)

30.1-37. 2 (to urb an/industrial soil)

(+59.4-16 1 to d e

ep soil)

car shreddin g 2.86 Waste

disposal i n c

i n

e r

a t

i o

n

m

u n i c i p

a l landfill 2 b



### Total from PVC a t disposal 2.86 (to air) 2 (to waste wate r )

Note: a) Estimat ed for washing clothing with PVC printi ng – it is not known if medium-chain chlorinated paraffi ns are use d in

this application.

b) Losses prim ari l y to wastewater.

c) Losses to soil and water ( a

ssu med to be split 5 0

:50 betwee n sur f ace water an d in dustrial/urba n soil ).

d) This was not i d entified as a use of medium-c hain chlorinated p a raff ins in an Indus try survey.



## 300

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table F3 Summary of waste remaining in the environment during product lifetimes and disp osal

Lifesta g e Emis sion of m e

dium c h ain chlo rinat e

d pa raf f in as pa rticul ates ( t onne s/yea r)

A i r S u r f a c

e w a t

e r Waste wate r Soil

PVC 0.7 168 100-166 a 

### 504 Product

lifetime Rubber/polyme r s (other t han

PVC ) 0

. 0

4 1 0

. 7 3 2

. 1

0.05-0.1 1 11.2-28. 1 33.8-84. 5

P a i n t s 0.02-0.0 6 5

. 6

- 1 4

. 0 17.0-42. 3

P

V C 0

. 2 5 2

. 5

Rubber/polyme r s (other t han

PVC ) 0

. 0

4 1 0

. 5

S e

a l a n t s / adhesiv e

s 0.04-0.1 1 11.0-26. 6 33.2-80. 3

P a i n t s 0.02-0.0 5 5.5-13.3 16.6-14. 2

100-166 826-973 Sealants/ adhesiv es

158 Waste

disposal

31.5

Total 1.1-1.3 275-324

Note: a) Emission t o waste water from washing PVC-flo o

ring. A furth e r 1 00-166 t onnes/ye a r estimated to e nd up in lan d

fill.



## References



## ECPI (1996). European Council for Plasticisers a nd Interm e d iates. Assessm ent of the release,

occurrence and possible effects of plasticisers in the enviro nm ent. Phthalate esters used in

plasticised P V C. CEFIC, Septem ber 1996. (as qu oted in the Nove m b er 1999 draft of the ESR

risk as sessm ent repo rt fo r DEHP).

Pastruska G., Kerner-Gang W. and Ju st U. (1988). Langzeitverhalten von

PVC-P-Dachbahnen. Kautschuk Gumm i Kuns tstoffe, 41, 451-454. (as quoted in the

Nove m b er 1999 draft of the ESR risk assessm ent report for D E HP).

Pastruska G. and Jus t U. (1990). W e ichm a c herverlust aus langjährig freibewitternten

PVC-P-Dachbahnen. Kautschuk G u mm i Kuns tstoffe, 43, 1093-1094. (as quoted in the

Nove m b er 1999 draft of the ESR risk assessm ent report for D E HP).

301

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix G Volatility losses from PVC



## This Appendix considers further the available infor m ation on the volatil ity of m e dium chain

chlorinated paraffins from PVC that is discus sed in Section 3.1.0.2.1 of the main risk

assessm ent report. Inform ation on the vola tility rela tiv e to DEHP is shown in Table G1 and

G2



## .

The data shows that the 45% wt

. Cl product is around 3 tim es as volatile as DEHP fr om PVC

and this f i g u re is u s ed in the m a in risk as sessm ent repo rt a s a worst c a s e f o r estim a tion of

local releases.

The data for the 52% wt. Cl product shows that this is around 1.4 ti m e s as volatile as DEHP

f r om PVC. The ef f ect of this lower volatility on the estim a ted releases and subsequent PECs

is shown in Tables G3 t o G5



## .

Table G1 Ageing loss from PVC (BS 2782 methods 465A and B)

For D E HP al one

P

a r

t s DE HP P a r

t s MCCP % loss % DE HP loss/par t s DE H P

5

6 0 0

. 5

5 0

. 0

0

9

8

P

a r

t s DE HP P a r

t s MCCP % loss Calculated

cont ribut ion

fr

om DE HP Residual f r o m

MCCP % MCCP

loss/pa rts

MCCP Relative lo ss

MC C P /D EH P

5

0 1 0 0

. 8

5 0

. 4

9

0 0

. 3

6

0 0

. 0

3

6 3

. 6

7 3

1

. 0 0 0

. 4

2

1 0

. 5

7

9 0

. 0

2

9 2

. 9

5

2

3

6 3 0 1

. 1 5 0

. 3

5

3 0

. 7

9

7 0

. 0

2

7 2

. 7 1 2

Average for C 14- 1 7 

### , 45% wt. Cl 3.112

For C 14- 17 

### , 52% w t . Cl with DEH P

Calculated

cont ribut ion

fr

om DE HP Residual f r o m

MCCP % MCCP

loss/pa rts

MCCP Relative lo ss

MC C P /D EH P

5

1 1 0 0

. 6

0 0

. 5

0

0 0

. 1 0 0 0

. 0

1 0 1.022

4

3 2 0 0

. 7

0 0

. 4

2

1 0

. 2

7

9 0

. 0

1 4 1

. 4 2

1

3

7 3 0 0

. 8

5 0

. 3

6

3 0

. 4

8

7 0

. 0

1 6 1

. 6 5

8

Average for C 14- 1 7 

### , 52% wt. Cl 1.367 For C 14- 17 

### , 45% w t . Cl with DEH P

4

3 2 0

P

a r

t s DE HP P a r

t s MCCP % loss



## 302

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table G2 Weight loss on h eating of plasticiser

Plasti c ise r Weigh t los s aft e r 4

hours hea t ing at

150 o 

### C

(%) Weigh t los s aft e r 4

hours hea t ing at

180 o 

### C Relative wei ght l o ss (MC C P /D EH P) at

150 o 

### C Relative wei ght l o ss (MC C P /D EH P) at

180 o 

### C

D E H P 0

. 3 1.9

C 1 4

- 1 7

, 45 % w t

. C l 0

. 7 2

. 8 2

. 3 1

. 5

C 1 4

- 1 7

, 52 % w t

. C l 0

. 5 1

. 4 1

. 7 0

. 7

C 1 4

- 1 7

, 58 % w t

. C l 0

. 3 0

. 8 1

. 0 0

. 4



## 303R331_0208_envTableG3Exposure estimates for C14-17, 52%wt. Cl substanceUseTonnages (tonnes/year)Release factors forwaste water(%)Release factorsfor air(%)Currentrelease estimates forwaste waterRevised release estimates for52% Clforwaste waterCurrentrelease estimates for airRevised release estimates for52% ClforairNumberof daysTotalLocalRegionalCurrent52% ClCurrent52% ClLocal(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Production65456545PVC -compoundingsite- plastisol process74.40.0100.0100.0000.0000.0250.0250.0000.000300PVC - Processingsite- plastisolprocess0.03574.40.0750.0750.0350.1860.0870.1860.087300PVC - Combinedcompounding/processing site-plastisol process74.40.0850.0450.0750.0350.2110.1120.1860.087300PVC -Compounding site- secondaryplasticiser - opensystem0.0171120.0250.0150.0070.0930.0560.026300PVC -Compounding site- secondaryplasticiser -partially opensystem0.0075990.0250.0170.0150.4990.3390.3000.140300PVC -Compounding site- secondaryplasticiser -closed system510.0250.0170.0150.0070.0430.0290.0260.012300PVC - Processingsite- secondaryplasticiser - opensystem1120.0750.0350.0750.0350.2800.1310.2800.1313000.063Table G3 continued overleaf304R331_0208_envTable G3continuedUseTonnages (tonnes/year)Release factors forwaste water(%)Release factorsfor air(%)Currentrelease estimates forwaste waterRevised release estimates for52% Clforwaste waterCurrentrelease estimates for airRevised release estimates for52% ClforairNumberof daysTotalLocalRegionalCurrent52% ClCurrent52% ClLocal(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)PVC - Processingsite- secondaryplasticiser -partially opensystem0.3005990.0150.0070.0150.0070.3000.1400.140300PVC - Processingsite- secondaryplasticiser -closed system510.1500.0700.1500.0700.2550.1190.2550.119300PVC - Combinedcompounding/processing site-secondaryplasticiser - opensystem1120.1000.0520.0900.0420.3730.1940.3360.157300PVC - Combinedcompounding/processing site-secondaryplasticiser -partially opensystem5990.0400.0240.0300.0140.7990.4790.5990.280300PVC - Combinedcompounding/processing site-secondaryplasticiser -closed system510.1750.0870.1650.0770.2980.1480.2810.131300PVC (general) -raw materialshandling5180051800.0100.0100.0000.00051846625184662300PVC (general) -compounding3626036260.0150.0070.0150.0073513155351315535131553513155300Table G3 continued overleaf305R331_0208_envTable G3continuedUseTonnages (tonnes/year)Release factors forwaste water(%)Release factorsfor air(%)Currentrelease estimates forwaste waterRevised release estimates for52% Clforwaste waterCurrentrelease estimates for airRevised release estimates for52% ClforairNumberof daysTotalLocalRegionalCurrent52% ClCurrent52% ClLocal(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)PVC (general) -processing - opensystems134681346.80.7500.3500.7500.350651058586651058586651058586651058586300PVC (general) -processing -partially open andclosed systems383323833.20.1500.0700.1500.070370533349370533349370533349370533349300Total PVC1108399751110839975110565950891056595089300Rubber/otherplastics -compoundingsite0.04732.250290.3000.04732.250290.3000.01610.75096.7500.01610.75096.750300Rubber/otherplastics -processing site0.155107.500966.0000.155107.500966.0000.155107.500966.0000.155107.500966.000300Rubber/otherplastics -combinedcompounding/processing site0.2020.2020.1710.171300Paints-formulation site0.1535431860.1535431860.0511810620.051181062300Paints- industrialapplication0.05911810620.0591181062300Paints-application bygeneral public3.00×10-73.00×10-7300Metalcutting/workingfluids -formulation0.831488138750.83148813875300Table G3 continued overleaf306R331_0208_envTable G3continuedUseTonnages (tonnes/year)Release factors forwaste water(%)Release factorsfor air(%)Currentrelease estimates forwaste waterRevised release estimates for52% Clforwaste waterCurrentrelease estimates for airRevised release estimates for52% ClforairNumberof daysTotalLocalRegionalCurrent52% ClCurrent52% ClLocal(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Metalcutting/workingfluids - oil based -large site0.33381003429000.3338100342900300Metalcutting/workingfluids - oil based -smallsite0.30.3300Metalcutting/workingfluids - emulsion0.025992008928000.02599200892,800Metalcutting/workingfluids - emulsion-intermittentdischarge25256Leather fatliquors- formulation1.131528291.131528290.351059430.35105943300Leather fatliquors- processing ofraw hides0.9105094300.910509430Leather fatliquors- processing ofwetblue3.63.6300Carbonless copypaper-recycling14.837053334514.8370533345250Table G3 continued overleaf307R331_0208_envTable G3continuedCurrentrelease estimates forwaste waterCurrentrelease estimates for airUseTonnages (tonnes/year)Release factors forwaste water(%)Release factorsfor air(%)Revised release estimates for52% Clforwaste waterRevised release estimates for52% ClforairNumberof daysTotalLocalRegionalCurrent52% ClCurrent52% ClLocal(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Local(kg/day)Regional(kg/year)Continental(kg/year)Polymers-service life1479013311014790133110612055035612053035300All other uses58,103159,2601,433,793159,2601,433,7936,4616,46158,103Total fromallsources170,4081,533,590170,4081,533,59017,027153,19217,027151,192viawwtp119,2861,073,513viawwtp119,2861,073,51351,122460,077direct51,122460,077direct308

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table G4 Local PEC calcu l ations for a C 14 -1 7 

### , 52 %

Cl sub s

ta nce

C local 

### (water) (ug/l ) PEC local 

### (water) ( u g / l ) PEC local 

### (sedime n t)

(mg/k g

wet w t .) U s e S i z e of

WWT P

(m

3 

### /day) % to

wwtp Dilution

facto r

current

(45% Cl) 52% Cl 52% Cl current

(45% Cl) 52% Cl

Producti o n 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 1 7 0 0

. 1 7 0 0

. 5

5

8 0

. 5

5

8 7

. 1 4 3 7

. 1 4 3

PVC - co mpoun ding site

- plastisol proces s 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 0

4

6 0

. 0

4

6 0

. 4

3

4 0

. 4

3

4 5

. 5

6 5

. 5

6

PVC

- Processin g site -

plastisol process 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 3

4

6 0

. 1 6 1 0.734 0.549 9

. 3

9 7

. 0

3

PVC - Com b

ined

compoundin g

/

processing site -

plastisol process 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 3

9

2 0

. 2

0

7 0

. 7

8

0 0

. 5

9

5 9

. 9

8 7

. 6

2

PVC - Com pound ing

site - seconda ry

plasticiser - ope n

system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 1 7 3 0

. 1 1 8 0

. 5

6

1 0

. 5

0

6 7

. 1 9 6

. 4

8

PVC - Com pound ing

site - seconda ry

plasticiser - partia lly

open system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 9

2

8 0

. 6

3

1 1

. 3 1 6 1

. 0 1 9 1 6

. 8

4 1 3

. 0

4

PVC - Com pound ing

site - seconda ry

plasticiser - closed

system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 0

7

9 0

. 0

5

4 0

. 4

6

7 0

. 4

4

2 5.98 5

. 6

5

PVC

- Processin g site -

secondary plastic i ser -

open system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 5

2

0 0

. 2

4

3 0

. 9

0

8 0

. 6

3

1 1 1

. 6 3 8

. 0

8

PVC

- Processin g site -

secondary plastic i ser -

partially open sys tem 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 5

5

7 0

. 2

6

0 0

. 9

4

5 0

. 6

4

8 1 2

. 0

9 8

. 2

9

PVC

- Processin g site -

secondary plastic i ser -

closed system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 4

7

4 0

. 2

2

1 0

. 8

6

2 0

. 6

0

9 1 1

. 0 3 7

. 8

0

PVC - Com b

ined

compoundin g

/

processing site -

secondary plastic i ser -

open system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 6

9

4 0

. 3

6

1 1

. 0 8

2 0

. 7

4

9 1 3

. 8

5 9

. 5

9

PVC - Com b

ined

compoundin g

/

processing site -

secondary plastic i ser -

partially open sys tem 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 1

. 4 8

4 0

. 8

9

1 1

. 8 7

2 1

. 2 7

9 2 3

. 9

7 1 6

. 3

7

PVC - Com b

ined

compoundin g

/

processing site -

secondary plastic i ser -

closed system 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 5

5

3 0

. 2

7

5 0

. 9

4

1 0

. 6

6

3 1 2

. 0

4 8

. 4

9 current

(45% Cl)

Table G4 co ntinu ed overleaf



## 309

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table G4 co nti nue d

C local( w at

er) 

### ( μ g / l ) PEC local( w at

er) 

### ( μ g / l ) P E C local(sediment) 

### (mg/kg

wet wt.) U s e S i z e of

WWT P

(m

3 

### /day) % to

wwtp Dilution

facto r

current

(45% Cl) 52% Cl current

(45% Cl) 52% Cl 52% Cl

Rubber/oth er pla s tics -

compoundin g site 2 0

0

0 7 10 6.07 0

. 0

8

6 0

. 0

8

6 0

. 4

7

4 0

. 4

7

4 6

. 0

7

Rubber/oth er pla s tics -

processing site 2 0

0

0 7 0

. 6

7

6 1 0 0

. 2

8

8 0

. 2

8

8 0

. 6

7

6 8

. 6

5 8

. 6

5

Rubber/oth er pla s tics -

combined

compoundin g

/

processing site 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 3

7

5 0

. 3

7

5 0

. 7

6

3 0

. 7

6

3 9

. 7 7 9

. 7 7

Paints - f o

rmulati on site 2000 7 10 0.279 0.279 0.667 0.667 8.54 8.54

Paints - industrial

application 2000 0.498 0.498 7 1 0 0

. 1 1 0 0

. 1 1 0 6

. 3

7 6

. 3

7

Paints - applicati on by

general p ublic 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 0

0

0 0

. 0

0

0 0

. 3

8

8 0

. 3

8

8 4

. 9

7 4

. 9

7

Metal cutting/wor k ing

fluids - formula t io

n 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 1

. 5 4

3 1

. 5 4

3 1

. 9 3

1 1

. 9 3

1 2 4

. 7 1 2 4

. 7 1

Metal cutting/wor k ing

fluids - oil based

- large

site 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 6

1 3 0

. 6

1 3 1.001 1.001 1 2

. 8

2 1 2

. 8

2

Metal cutting/wor k ing

fluids - oil based

- small

site 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 5

5

8 0

. 5

5

8 0

. 9

4

6 0

. 9

4

6 12.10 1 2

. 1 0

Metal cutting/wor k ing

fluids - emulsion 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 0

. 0

4

6 0

. 0

4

6 0

. 4

3

4 0

. 4

3

4 5

. 5

6 5

. 5

6

Metal cutting/wor k ing

fluids - emulsion -

intermittent disch arge 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 4 6

. 4

6

2 4 6

. 4

6

2 4 6

. 8

5

0 4 6

. 8

5

0 5 9

9

. 7

2 5 9

9

. 7

2

Leather fat liquor s -

formulation 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 2

. 0

4

4 2

. 0

4

4 2

. 4

3

2 2

. 4

3

2 3 1

. 1 4 31.14

Leather fat liquor s -

processing of raw hides 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 1

. 6 7 3 1

. 6 7 3 2

. 0

6

1 2

. 0

6

1 2 6

. 3

8 2 6

. 3

8

Leather fat liquor s -

processing of wet blue 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 6

. 6

9

1 6

. 6

9

1 7

. 0

7

9 7

. 0

7

9 9 0

. 6

1 9 0

. 6

1

Carbonless copy paper

- recycling 2 0

0

0 7 1 0 2 7

. 5

0

5 2 7

. 5

0

5 2 7

. 8

9

3 2 7

. 8

9

3 3 5

7

. 0

6 3 5

7

. 0

6 current

(45% Cl)



## 310

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env

Table G5 Predicted regional concentration s for a C 14-1 7 

### , 52 %

wt. Cl sub s

tan c

e

Subs tanc e Wate r (u g/l) Sedi ment (mg / k

g

) Agricult ura l soil

(mg/k g

) Natural soil

(mg/k g

) Air (mg/m 3 

### )

Current (4 5% wt. Cl) 0.388 8.79 50.4 1.1 3.35 × 10 -6



### 52% wt. Cl 0.388 8.79 50.4 1.1 3.35 × 10 -6



## 311

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## Appendix H Effects of variability in physico -ch e mical properties and degradation rate

on the envir o nmental m o delling of me dium- c hain chlorin a ted paraff ins

Physico-chemical properties



## Medium -chain chlorinated paraffins are com p le x m i xtures. This presents som e problem s over

the values of physico-chem ical properties to be chosen for the environm ental m o delling of

these sub s ta nces. In o r d e r to sim p lif y the env i ro nm ental m o delling the m a in risk as sessm ent

report a set of physical chem ical properties were chosen as being representative of the

m e dium chain chlorinated paraffins as a group. However, for the m a jority of the

physico-ch em ical properties relev a n t for the e n v i ronm ental modelling, a range of values h a s

been determ ined. This Appendix considers the effect of varying som e of the key

physico-chem ical properties wi thin the range m easured on the predicted environm ental

concentration. In order to do this simply, th e EUSES mode l was run several tim es using the

release estim ates for one local scenario (Use in rubber/plastics – conv ersion site; this is

chosen as an exam ple as it has releas es to bo th air and waste water) and the total regional and

continen tal rele ases as determ ined in the m a in repor t. This then allows the resultin g

concentratio ns to be com p ared directly with those obtained in the m a in report.

The physico-chem ical properties f o r m e dium

- c ha in chlorinated paraffins are discussed in

Chapter 1 of the m a in risk asse ssm e nt report. The values used as input data used in the

various ex ample calcu la tions are shown in Table H1 

## . The v a lues chos en reflect the range of

values m easured for m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins. In all calculations, 93% removal in

the waste water treatm e nt plant due to ad sorption onto sewage sludge was assum e d.

Table H2 

## gives the resulting PECs from this approach.

Table H3 

## o u tlin es th e PEC/PNEC ratios ob ta ined for su rface wate r, sedim e nt, soil and

secondary poisoning, using the various physico-ch em ical properties (the PNECs for s e dim e nt

and soil are based on the equilibrium partitio ning approach). For the soil and sedim e nt

endpoints, both the PEC and PNEC depend on the value for the organic carbon-water

partition coefficient used

.

312R331_0208_envTableH1Input data for EUSES model for the various scenarios consideredValueusedinEUSES calculationModel inputMainassessmentABDEFGHJMolecular weight(g/mole)488488405c419d468e481488488488488488Watersolubility(μg/l)275272727272727272727Vapour pressure(Pa)2.7×10-42.7×10-42.7×10-45×10-5c2×10-5d2×10-6e9×10-7f2.7×10-42.7×10-42.7×10-42.7×10-4Henrys Law constanta(Pa.m3.mole-1)4.8826.40.750.310.0350.0164.884.884.884.884.88LogKow7777775.566.57.58Kocb(l/kg)5.89×1055.89×1055.89×1055.89×1055.89×1055.89×1053.59×1049.13×1042.32×1051.5×1063.8×106PNECwater(μg/l)0.20.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2PNECsediment(mg/kg wetwt.)g2.62.62.62.62.62.60.160.401.06.516.5PNECsoil(mg/kgwet wt.)g2.111.22.12.12.12.12.10.130.320.825.28PNECsecondary poisoning(mg/kg food)0.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.5Continental release153,193 kg/year toair, 1,073,482kg/year to waste water and460,101kg/year to surface waterRegional release17,027 kg/year toair, 119,286 kg/year to waste water and 51,122 kg/year to surface waterLocal release(Use inrubber/plastics –conversion site)0.155 kg/day to air and 0.155 kg/day to waste waterover 300daysCINotea) Henrys law constant estimatedfrom water solubility and vapour pressure (alsodepends on the molecular weight).b) Kocestimatedby EUSES from logKow.c) Vapour pressure and molecularweight appropriate for C14, 51-53%wt. Cl congeners.d) Vapour pressure and molecularweight appropriate for C15, 51-53%wt. Cl congeners.e) Vapour pressure and molecularweight appropriate for C16, 51-53%wt. Cl congeners.f) Vapour pressureand molecularweight appropriate for C17, 51-53%wt. Cl congeners.g) PNECs for sediment and soil calculated by the equilibrium partitioning method– dependent onKoc value.313R331_0208_envTableH2Resulting concentrations for the various scenarios consideredEndpointValueestimatedin EUSES calculationMainassessmentABCEFGHIJLocal concentrations (use inrubber/plastics – conversion site)0.680.930.931.230.18Sediment(mg/kgwetwt.)15.18.76.111.211.611.912.00.962.274.8412.5Agricultural soil (30 days average)(mg/kg wet wt.)3.723.58 3.88 3.793.453.673.662.412.963.643.43Porewater(agriculturalsoil)(μg/l)0.360.360.340.370.35 0.353.81.830.840.140.0514.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-54.3×10-5Fish (for secondary poisoning)(mg/kg wet wt.)0.550.33 0.76 0.800.830.831.010.940.790.310.15Earthworms (forsecondarypoisoning) (mg/kgwet wt.)15292.2 17510217817817830.059.3188204Total daily human intake (mg/kgbw/day)0.1370.076 0.109 0.1570.1270.1380.1320.1260.1250.0530.172Predicted regional concentrationsSurfacewater(μg/l)0.390.64 0.65 0.720.560.190.580.620.670.220.108.804.2713.214.614.60.972.324.9512.515.0Agriculturalsoil(mg/kgwetwt.)60.233.350.429.458.659.660.28.2317.963.069.9Pore water (agricultural soil) (μg/l)4.98.22.85.65.75.85.81311.12.41.043.4×10-66.2×10-61.2×10-68.9×10-76.6×10-76.5×10-76.4×10-65.8×10-64.7×10-62.1×10-61.4×10-6Total daily human intake (mg/kgbw.day)1.711.02.042.511.992.022.040.1730.440.973.27DSurfacewater(μg/l)0.48 0.87 0.911.14 0.96 0.39Air (during emission episode)(mg/m3)4.3×10-5Sediment(mg/kgwetwt.)14.0Air (mg/m3)314R331_0208_envTableH3Resulting PEC/PNEC ratios for the various scenarios consideredEndpointPEC/PNEC ratioMainassessmentA BCDEFGHIJLocal concentrations (use inrubber/plastics – conversion site)Surfacewater(μg/l)3.42.4 4.44.64.74.7 6.25.74.81.9 0.9Sediment(mg/kgwetwt.)483323434546466057199.217.717.018.518.0 17.517.4185426.93.11.10.661.51.71.72.01.91.60.60.3Earthworms (forsecondarypoisoning) (mg/kgwet wt.)30418435637635035635660118.6204408Predicted regional concentrationsSurfacewater(μg/l)3.13.31.950.952.93.23.33.62.81.10.5Sediment(mg/kgwetwt.)33.816.450.853.856.256.260.657.849.419.29.1Agricultural soil (mg/kg wet wt.)24014027928328728764055940611962Agricultural soil (30 days average)(mg/kg wet wt.)93Fish (for secondary poisoning)(mg/kg wet wt.)1.6315

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## As can be s een from Ta ble H3 

## , th er e is som e varia tion in th e resu lts ob tained. Lowe ring th e

water so lubility (or inc r e a sing th e He nrys law co nstant to va lues of aroun d 25 Pa.m 3 

## .m o l e -1 

## )

and increasing the log Kow value above 7-7.5 a ppeared to have the largest effects on the

resulting PE C/PNEC ratio, lead ing to generally lower ratios for surface water, sed i m e nt and

soil.

Degradation rate 

## The extrem e s of the PEC/PNEC ratios obtained va ry by a factor of around 7 for surface water

and sedim e nt and by a factor of up to 60 for ag ricu ltur a l s o il. However, f o r m o st scenar io s

(e.g. B, C, D, E, F, G, H) the var i a tion in PEC/PNEC ratio seen is m u ch less than this, an d

indicates that only the extrem es of the values of the range of physico-chem ical properties

would result in a sign ificant chan ge to the P E C/PNEC r a tios ob tain ed. The values for

physico-chem ical properties used in the m a in a ssessm ent results in PEC/PNEC ratios that are

generally in the m i ddle to upper end of the range determ ined, and indicate that the results are

reasonably representative for the m a jority of the com ponents of the commercial m i xtures.

Since m e di um -chain chlorinated paraffins ar e not readily biodegradable, the appropriate

default rate constan t s for degr ad atio n in surface water (6.93 × 10 -7 

## day -1 

## ), s o il (6.93 × 10 -7 

## day -1 

## )

and sedim e nt (6.93 × 10 -8 

## day -1 

## ) were used in the EUSES m o dell ing in th e m a in report. These

correspond to degradatio n half-lives of the orde r of 2,740 yea r s in soil an d surface water, and

27,400 years in bulk sedim e nt. The regional concen trations estim ated usin g these values were

genera lly higher than th e availa ble monitoring data indicated. On e explanation for this would

be if m e dium -chain chlorinated paraffins are less pers iste nt in the e nvironm ent than is

indica ted by thes e def a u lt d e grada tio n half liv es . Therefore th e sens itiv ity of the calc u lations

to these degradation rates was investigated. In this analysis the phys ico-chem ical properties

and regional and continental releases were as in the m a in report and the EUSES m o del was

run several tim es with different values for th e degradation rate constants. The res u lts are

shown in Table H4



## .

Table H4 Effects of varyin g the biodegradation half-life on predicted regional concentration s

Biodegradati o n H a l f

- l i f

e PEC regional



### Surface

water, soil Bulk

sedime n t Surface

water, soil Bulk

sedime n t Surface

water Sedi m e n t A g r i c u l t ura l soil

6.93 × 10 -7 

### 6.93 × 10 -8 

### 2,740 yea r s 27,400 ye ars 0.39 μg/l 8.8 mg/kg wet wt. 50.4 mg/kg wet wt.

6.93 × 10 -6 

### 6.93 × 10 -7 

### 274 years 2,740 yea r s 0.27 μg/l 6.04 mg/kg wet wt. 10.6 mg/kg wet wt.

6.93 × 10 -5 

### 6.93 × 10 -6 

### 5.32 mg/kg wet wt. 27.4 years 274 years 0.24 μg/l 1.19 mg/kg wet wt.

6.93 × 10 -4 

### 6.93 × 10 -5 

### 2.74 years 27.4 years 0.21 μg/l 4.71 mg/kg wet wt. 0.12 mg/kg wet wt.

1.90 × 10 -4 

### 1 year 10 years 0.19 μg/l 3.92 mg/kg wet wt. 0.044 mg/k g wet wt.

6.93 × 10 -3 

### 6.93 × 10 -3 

### 100 days 2.74 years 0.13 μg/l 2.3 mg/kg wet wt. 0.012 mg/k g wet wt.

0.0139 1.93 × 10 -3 

### 1.45 mg/kg wet wt. 50 days 1.37 years 0.10 μg/l 0.006 mg/k g wet wt.

0.0231 2.31 × 10 -3 

### 30 days 300 days 0.08 μg/l 0.97 mg/kg wet wt. 0.004 mg/k g wet wt.

0.1 μg/l 0.7 mg/kg wet wt. 0.088 mg/k g wet wt. 1.90 × 10 -3



### Measured data



## 317

### R3 31_ 020 8_ env



## As can be seen from the data p r esented in Ta b l e H 4 

## , th e reg i onal s o il concen tr ation is

particula r ly sensitive to the va lu e of the deg r adati on rate chosen. A degr adation half-life in

soil of around 2 years leads to predicted levels that are consis tent with the m easured data.

318