5E-1

APPENDIX 5E: INPUTS TO PM2.5 COBENEFIT MODELING 

Overview

This section presents inputs used in generating PM2.5 cobenefits estimates including (a) 

benefit-per-ton estimates for each sector (dimensioned by mortality study and simulation year)1

(Table 5E-1), and (b) NOx emissions reductions by sector for both the 2025 and post-2025 

scenarios (Table 5E-2).2 For additional detail on the approach used to generate PM2.5 cobenefits 

estimates and the role played by these two types of inputs, see Chapter 5, Section 5.4.4. 

 

1 Benefit-per-ton estimates were generated for each of the long-term exposure-related mortality studies used in 

generating core benefits estimates for this RIA including Krewski et al., 2009 and Lepeule et al., 2012 (see 

Appendix 5D, section 5D.1). Estimates were available for 2025 and 2030, with those being used to model 

cobenefits for the 2025 scenario and post-2025 scenario, respectively.

2 Sector-level NOx reductions (for each alternative standard level) were generated using methods described in 

Chapter 4, section 4.2 and 4.3. As noted in section 5.4.4, NOx emissions reductions associated with alternative 

standard levels considered for this NAAQS review involved seven of the 17 sectors for which we had benefitper-ton values and consequently, the cobenefits PM2.5 estimates are based on simulated benefits for those seven 

sectors.
5E-2

Table 5E-1. Summary of Effect Estimates from Associated Sectors with Change in Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 in Recent 

Cohort Studies in North Americaa

a Benefit-per-ton estimates reflect application of the 20-year segmented lag used in the core analysis (see section 5.6.4.1) together with either a 3% or 7% social 

discount rate as noted in the table. In addition, separate sets of benefit-per-ton estimates were generate for 2025 and 2030, reflecting application of appropriate 

projected demographic and baseline incidence data (see section 5.4.4 for additional detail).

b Benefit-per-ton estimates for the non-specified source category were generated as a weighted average of values for the 17 source categories, with weighting 

based on sector-specific NOx emissions for 2005 obtained from Fann et al., 2012. 

air, 

locamotive 

and 

marine

cement 

kilns

coke 

ovens

EGU 

point

electric 

arc 

furnaces

farro 

alloys

integrated 

iron and 

steel

iron and 

steel

non-EGU 

point 

other

nonpoint 

other nonroad onroad

pulp and 

paper refineries

residenti

al wood

taconite 

mining

ocean 

going 

vessels

Nonspecified 

source b 

2025 at 7% social discount

Krewski et al., 2009 $7,221 $5,692 $10,438 $5,245 $9,610 $4,358 $13,424 $16,944 $6,341 $7,859 $6,979 $7,620 $3,746 $6,924 $13,598 $5,998 $2,033 $6,433

Lepeule et al., 2012 $16,295 $12,856 $23,578 $11,841 $21,708 $9,842 $30,325 $38,262 $14,316 $17,737 $15,749 $17,177 $8,460 $15,636 $30,706 $13,538 $4,586 $14,514

2025 at 3% social discount

Krewski et al., 2009 $8,005 6,311 $11,572 $5,815 $10,654 $4,832 $14,883 $18,783 $7,029 $8,713 $7,736 $8,447 $4,154 $7,676 $15,075 $6,649 $2,254 $7,132

Lepeule et al., 2012 $18,071 14,257 $26,149 $13,132 $24,074 $10,916 $33,630 $42,433 $15,876 $19,671 $17,466 $19,049 $9,383 $17,340 $34,054 $15,014 $5,086 $16,096

2030 at 7% social discount

Krewski et al., 2009 $7,829 $6,125 $11,056 $5,591 $10,219 $4,637 $14,264 $18,373 $6,814 $8,469 $7,587 $8,214 $4,017 $7,531 $14,695 $6,403 $2,258 $6,941

Lepeule et al., 2012 $17,662 $13,830 $24,969 $12,621 $23,080 $10,473 $32,217 $41,475 $15,380 $19,109 $17,116 $18,512 $9,070 $17,000 $33,176 $14,451 $5,091 $15,655

2030 at 3% social discount

Krewski et al., 2009 $8,680 $6,791 $12,258 $6,199 $11,330 $5,142 $15,815 $20,369 $7,554 $9,389 $8,412 $9,106 $4,454 $8,349 $16,293 $7,099 $2,504 $7,695

Lepeule et al., 2012 $19,587 $15,338 $27,691 $13,996 $25,596 $11,615 $35,729 $45,997 $17,057 $21,192 $18,983 $20,530 $10,059 $18,854 $36,794 $16,026 $5,646 $17,362

Emissions sector

Long-term mortality 

study
5E-3

Table 5E-2. Sector-Specific NOx Emissions Reductions for Each Alternative Standard Levela

a All values are tons of NOx reductions (75ppb vs alternative standard). Results are presented both for “CA NOx” (emissions in CA only – used in post-2025 

scenario PM2.5 cobenefits modeling) and “nonCA NOx” (emissions reductions outside of CA – used in 2025 scenario PM2.5 cobenefits modeling). 

 CA NOx nonCA NOx CA NOx nonCA NOx CA NOx nonCA NOx 

Aircraft, locomotives and marine vessels - - - - - -

Area sources - 45,708 - 94,340 - 95,332

Cement kilns - 20,135 - 43,867 - 43,867

Electricity Generating Units - 32,315 - 217,881 - 244,079

Industrial point sources - 382,743 - 741,588 - 750,620

Non-road mobile sources - 4,984 - 12,863 - 12,863

On-road mobile sources - - - - - -

Pulp and paper facilities - 357 - 617 - 617

Refineries - 8,243 - 12,384 - 12,411

Residential wood combustion - - - - - -

Unknown sector 53,289 154,343 104,708 752,162 143,916 2,234,709

TOTAL 53,289 648,828 104,708 1,875,702 143,916 3,394,497

 60ppb 

Emissions Sector

Alternative Standard Level

 70ppb 65ppb