June 9, 2015

United States Department of Transportation

Docket Management System

1200 New Jersey Ave., SE

Washington, DC 20590

Re: Exemption Request Under Section 333 of the FAA Reform Act and Part 11 of the Federal 

Aviation Regulations

Dear Sir or Madam:

Persuant to Section 333 of the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) Modernization and Reform Act 

of 2012 (the “Reform Act”) and 14 CFR Part 11, Dropcopter, the operator of the AeriCam X6 

Hexacopter (“AeriCam X6”), a small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) manufactured by 

AeriCam, Inc. (located at 991 Howard St., San Francisco, California) seeks exemption from the 

Federal Aviation Regulations (“FARs”) listed below. Each rule listed below is discussed further 

in this petition, along with an equivalent level of safety and explanation as to why an exemption 

is appropriate. 

14 CFR Part 21; Subpart H

14 CFR Part 91.203(a) & (b)

14 CFR Part 45.23 and 45.29

14 CFR Part 61.113 and 61.133

14 CFR Part 91.9 

14 CFR Part 91.109

14 CFR Part 91.119

14 CFR Part 91.121

14 CFR Part 91.151

14 CFR Part 91.401-417

This petition supports an application for a commercial Certificate of Authorization to use the 

AeriCam X6 system for agricultural purposes: specifically aerial filming and crop imaging. The 

system, designed especially for professional aerial filming purposes, consists of a lightweight 

battery operated aircraft (weighing less than 55 pounds including payload), a 2.4ghz FASST 

radio control system and associated communications equipment. 

The aircraft, which has been tested using sensors in a closed test controlled research area, can 

carry a variety of camera systems that allow it to conduct precision photogrammetry and crop 

imaging at the resolutions necessary for precision agriculture. This high-resolution data can 

direct variable seeding rates as well as precise application of fertilizer and chemicals reducing 

their use. This data helps farmers increase yields and reduce labor costs and the demands for 

fossil fuels.

Furthermore, Dropcopter intends to operate the AeriCam X6 system commercially in controlled 

conditions on private property with the landowner’s permission. Dropcopter would operate the 

AeriCam X6 system at low altitudes (between a minimum of 20 feet above ground level (AGL) 

and maximum of 400 feet AGL) in limited flight durations (maximum of 25 minutes) over a 

limited airspace. Given the small size, low weight and lack of hazardous payload when 

compared to conventional manned aircraft, the AeriCam X6 system is a lower-risk alternative to 
conventional manned aircraft intended for similar use. Therefore, by approving these 

exemptions, FAA will create benefits to both agriculture and the environment which are in the 

public interest.

The aircraft will be operated in the field with both a Pilot in Command (PIC) and a ground-based 

Visual Observer (VO) in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1, vol. 16 “Unmanned Aircraft 

Systems,” with the following additional restrictions:

 All operations will occur in Class G airspace at no more than 400 feet above ground 

level (AGL)

 Operations will take place over private property with the permission of the land owner

 All required permits will be obtained from state and local government prior to operation

 The aircraft will not be operated over urban or populated areas

 The aircraft will not be operated at air shows or over an open-air assembly of people

 The aircraft will not be operated over heavily trafficked roads

 The aircraft will not be operated within 5 nautical miles (NM) of an airport or heliport

 Operations will be limited to daytime, visual meteorological conditions

 Aircraft will remain within a Visual Line of Sight at no greater than 1⁄2 NM of the PIC at all 

times

 While the aircraft is airborne, the VO will be positioned within voice distance to the PIC

 PIC will file a NOTAM providing radial/DME, radius, and a date/time group for each 

operation

The PIC and VO will be required to complete, at a minimum, an advanced h-4 hang gliding 

instructors permit from the United States Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association Inc. 

Additionally, the PIC will hold a current FAA airman medical certificate or a valid U.S. driver’s 

license issued by a state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, a territory, a possession, or the 

Federal government. The PIC will also meet the flight review requirements specific in 14 CFR 

Part 61.56 in an aircraft in which the PIC is rated on his or her pilot certificate.

The aircraft will be operated on a Radio Frequency spectrum compliant with Federal 

Communications Commission requirements, and will not be operated at a speed exceeding 87 

knots (100 miles per hour).

Additional information is provided below, including: Exemption Request and Equivalent Level of 

Safety, Safety Case and the Applicable Legal Standard under Section 333.

Dropcopter has also provided the following materials as appendices: Dropcopter’s Standard 

Operating Procedures, the manufacturer’s User Manual and the United States Hang Gliding and 

Paragliding Association, Inc.’s Pilot Proficiency System.

Dropcopter respectfully requests that all documents pertaining to the specific maintenance and 

operation of the AeriCam X6 be held as confidential by the FAA. Dropcopter can and will 

provide these documents on request.

Exemption Request and Equivalent Level of Safety

14 CFR Part 21, Subpart H—Airworthiness Certificates

Summary: 14 CFR Part 21, Subpart H establishes the procedural requirements for the 

issuance of airworthiness certificates as required by FAR §91.203 (a)(1). 
Reason for Exemption: Considering the size, weight, speed and limited operating area 

associated with the UAS and its operation, Dropcopter seeks relief from 14 CFR Part 21, and 

any associated noise certification and testing requirements of Part 36. 

Specifically, the UAS to be operated by Dropcopter is less than 55 lbs fully loaded, carries 

neither a pilot nor passenger, carries no explosive materials or flammable liquid fuels and 

operates exclusively within a secured area as set out in the User Manual. 

§91.203 Civil aircraft: Certifications required.

Summary: The regulation provides that an airworthiness certificate, with the registration 

number assigned to the aircraft, and a registration certificate must be aboard the aircraft. 

Additionally, subparagraph (b) provides that the airworthiness certificate be "displayed at the 

cabin or cockpit entrance so that it is legible to passengers or crew." 

Reason for Exemption: The AeriCam X6 is too small to carry documentation, does not have 

an entrance and is not capable of carrying passengers or crew. 

To achieve an equivalent level of safety and meet the intent of 91.203, Dropcopter proposes 

that documents deemed appropriate for this aircraft by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) will 

be co-located with the crew at the ground control station and available for inspection upon 

request. To identify the aircraft, Dropcopter proposes that the information found on 

airworthiness and registration certificates be permanently affixed to the aircraft via placard: 

Manufacturer: AeriCam, Inc.

Model: AeriCam X6

Registered to: 

Dropcopter

262 Beverly Street

San Francisco, California 94132

If found please contact: Adam Fine 

Ph: (415) 225-2278

Email: adamtfine@gmail.com

§45.23 Display of marks; general.

Summary: This regulation requires that an operator display a mark on the aircraft consisting of 

the Roman capital letter “N” followed by the registration number of the aircraft. Further, when an 

aircraft is considered “limited, restricted or light-sport category aircraft or experimental or 

provisionally certified aircraft,” the operator must display on the aircraft the words “limited,” 

“restricted,” “light-sport,” “experimental” or “provisional,” as applicable.

Reason for Exemption: The AeriCam X6 does not have an entrance in which the word 

“experimental” can be placed, and may not have a registration number assigned to it by the 

FAA. 

To achieve an equivalent level of safety, Dropcopter will include the word “experimental” on the 

top and bottom of the aircraft. 

§45.29 Size of marks.

Summary: This regulation requires that each operator of an aircraft display marks on the 

aircraft meeting certain size requirements.
Reason for Exemption: Considering the size and structure of the AeriCam X6, Dropcopter 

seeks relief from this regulation. To achieve an equivalent level of safety, Dropcopter will display 

at the ground station a high-contrast flag or banner that contains the words “Unmanned Aircraft 

Ground Station” in letters three inches high or greater. Given the short operating range of the 

ground station, this flag or banner will be visible to any observer of the aircraft.

§61.113 and 61.133 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command. 

Summary: These sections require that no person that holds a private pilot certificate may act as 

a pilot in command of an aircraft for compensation or hire. Subparagraph (b) allows a private 

pilot to act as pilot in command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if 

the flight is only incidental to that business or employment, and the aircraft does not carry 

passengers or property for compensation or hire.

Reason for Exemption: Since there is no means available for the pilot of a UAS to gain the 

experience in an equivalent category and class to apply for a commercial pilot’s license, 

Dropcopter will achieve an equivalent level of safety by requiring its pilots to hold, at a minimum, 

an advanced h-4 hang gliding instructors permit from the United States Hang Gliding and 

Paragliding Association Inc. Additionally, the PIC will hold a current FAA airman medical 

certificate or a valid U.S. driver’s license issued by a state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, 

a territory, a possession, or the Federal government. The PIC will also meet the flight review 

requirements specific in 14 CFR Part 61.56 in an aircraft in which the PIC is rated on his or her 

pilot certificate. Since the aircraft cannot carry passengers or property, Dropcopter believes its 

pilot training requirements meet the intent of 61.113 subpara (b) even though the intent of this 

application is to conduct a business.

§91.103 Preflight action.

Summary: The regulation provides that each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, 

become familiar with all available information concerning that flight, to include, “For any flight, 

runway lengths at airports of intended use, and the following takeoff and landing distance 

information:... For civil aircraft for which an approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual 

containing takeoff and landing distance data is required, the takeoff and landing distance data 

contained therein.”

Reason for Exemption: The PIC will take all actions including reviewing weather, flight battery 

requirements, aircraft performance data, and landing and takeoff distances before initiation of a 

flight. The PIC will also account for all relevant site-specific conditions in their preflight 

procedures. Risks presented by sun glare will be mitigated by the PIC’s and VO’s ability to see 

other air traffic and initiate a return-to-home sequence if needed. However, given the limited 

nature on how the UAS will be used and that all operations will not be conducted within an 

airport environment, takeoff and landing data associated with airport data will not be applicable. 

Therefore, we request relief from 91.103(b).

§91.9 Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.

Summary: This regulation requires that no person may operate an aircraft unless a current, 

approved flight manual is in the aircraft.

Reason for Exemption: Dropcopter seeks relief from this section because the aircraft is too 

small to carry documentation. To achieve an equivalent level of safety, Dropcopter will ensure a 

current, approved aircraft flight manual is available to the crew at the ground station any time 

the aircraft is in, or preparing for, flight.
§91.109 Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests.

Summary: The regulation provides that "No person may operate a civil aircraft that is being 

used for flight instruction unless that aircraft has fully functioning dual controls." 

Reason for Exemption: The AeriCam X6 ground control station is based on a small hand-held 

radio controller. While it does not offer a second set of "controls," both the student and instructor 

can, and will, operate the single set of controls simultaneously. With both student and instructor 

having "hands-on" the controls during flight, Dropcopter believes this technique meets the intent 

of 91.109 and provides an equivalent level of safety.

§91.119 Minimum safe altitudes: General.

Summary: This regulation requires that no person may operate an aircraft below 500 feet over 

sparsely populated areas, except when necessary for takeoff or landing.

Reason for Exemption: Since the aircraft will be operating between a minimum of 20 feet 

about ground level (AGL) and maximum of 400 feet AGL, Dropcopter cannot comply with this 

regulation.

To achieve an equivalent level of safety, Dropcopter will only fly over private property with the 

permission of the land owner. The land owner will be briefed of the expected route of flight and 

the associated risks to persons and property on the ground. Due to the small size of the 

AeriCam X6, the hazard to persons, vessels, vehicles and structures is not comparable to 

manned aircraft and should be considered.

Further, the aircraft will not be operated over congested areas or over any open-air assembly of 

persons. The aircraft will be operated at an altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency 

landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

§91.121 Altimeter settings.

Summary: This regulation provides that aircraft shall maintain cruising altitudes by reference to 

an altimeter setting available within 100 nautical miles of the aircraft. 

Reason for Exemption: The aircraft will fly below 400 feet AGL and will not need to maintain 

hemispherical cruising altitudes to de-conflict with other aircraft. As such, an appropriate 

altimeter measurement presented to the pilot should be Above Ground Level and should be 

based on the digitally encoded telemetric data feed, which downlinks from the aircraft to a 

ground-based on-screen display. The altitude information will be generated by equipment 

installed onboard the UAS, using GPS triangulation, digitally encoded barometric altimeter, 

radio altimeter, or any combination thereof. Prior to each flight, a zero altitude initiation point will 

be established and confirmed for accuracy by the UAS PIC. Since the aircraft will fly no more 

than 30 minutes, even rapid changes in barometric pressure will have limited effect on the 

safety of the flight. 

§91.151 Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.

Summary: This regulation provides that no person may begin a flight in an airplane under 

daytime-VFR conditions unless there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing 

and to fly after that for at least 30 minutes. 

Reason for Exemption: Each AeriCam X6 is battery operated and the maximum duration of 

flight from a single battery charge is between 10 and 50 minutes. Since the aircraft will never fly 

more than the visual line of sight (VLOS) from the PIC and the VO near the point of intended 
landing, a full battery charge at launch will ensure that Dropcopter meets the reserve energy 

requirement of this paragraph. The UAS will not be operated unless it can begin the flight with 

enough power to complete the intended operation and operate after that for at least five minutes 

or with the reserve power recommended by the manufacturer. Dropcopter requests an 

exemption to the word "fuel" and asks for an equivalent interpretation with the word "energy".

§91.401-417 Maintenance required, Records, Inspections and Operation after 

maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration.

Summary: These regulations provide that the operator is primarily responsible for maintaining 

the aircraft in an airworthy condition, including compliance with Parts 39 and 43. Paragraphs 

91.407 and 91.409 require that the aircraft be "approved for return to service by a person 

authorized under 43.7" after maintenance and inspection. 

Reason for Exemption: Dropcopter intends that the PIC perform maintenance and inspection 

of the aircraft and "be authorized to approve the aircraft for return to service." 

The UAS will be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s maintenance, overhaul, 

replacement, inspection, and life limit requirements for both the system and related 

components. Maintenance performed by the PIC is limited to repairing small cracks, replacing a 

propeller, and updating software and firmware. All other maintenance will be performed by the 

manufacturer. The PIC will document work performed in accordance with 91.417. Dropcopter 

feels that due to the size, construction, and simplicity of the aircraft, the PIC can ensure an 

equivalent level of safety.

Any UAS that has undergone maintenance or alterations that affect the UAS operation or flight 

characteristic will undergo a functional test flight prior to conducting further operations. 

Functional test flights will only be conducted by a current and qualified PIC with a VO and will 

remain 500 feet from other people.

Safety Case

Approval of this exemption for commercial operation of the AeriCam X6 for agricultural purposes 

will enhance safety by reducing risk. Conventional operations, using jet or piston powered 

aircraft, operate at extremely low altitudes just feet above the subject being inspected and in 

extreme proximity to people and structures. Such manned operations present the risks 

associated with vehicles that weigh in excess of 6,000 lbs., carrying large amounts of jet A or 

other fuel. Such aircraft must fly to and from the project location. In contrast, a sUAS weighing 

fewer than six lbs. and powered by batteries eliminates virtually all of that risk given the reduced 

mass and lack of combustible fuel carried on board. The sUAS is carried to the target area and 

not flown. The sUAS will carry no passengers or crew and, therefore, will not expose them to 

the risks associated with manned aircraft flights.

The operation of the AeriCam X6, weighing less than 6 lbs., conducted in the strict conditions 

outlined above, will provide an equivalent level of safety supporting the grant of the exemptions 

requested herein. These lightweight aircraft operate at slow speeds, close to the ground and in 

areas that are under the control of the customer. As a result, they are far safer than 

conventional operations conducted with manned aircraft operating in close proximity to the 

ground and people.

Furthermore, no national security issue is raised by the grant of this exemption. Given the size, 

load carrying capacity, speed at which it operates and the fact that it carries no explosives or 

other dangerous materials, the AeriCam X6 poses no threat to national security.
Applicable Legal Standard under Section 333

Dropcopter submits that grant of this exemption application for use of the UASs in precision 

aerial surveys will advance Congressional mandate in Section 333 of the Reform Act to 

accelerate the introduction of UASs into the national airspace system (NAS) if it can be 

accomplished safely. This law directs the Secretary of Transportation to consider whether 

certain UASs may operate safely in the NAS before completion of the rulemaking required 

under Section 332 of the Reform Act. In making this determination, the Secretary is required to 

determine which types of UASs do not create a hazard to users of the NAS or the public or pose 

a threat to national security in light of the following:

 The UAS’s size, weight, speed and operational capability;

 Operation of the UAS in close proximity to airports and populated areas; and

 Operation of the UAS within visual line of sight of the operator.

Reform Act 333(a)(1). If the Secretary determines that such vehicles “may operate safely in the 

NAS, the Secretary shall establish requirements for the safe operation of such aircraft in the 

NAS.” Id. 333(c) (emphasis added).1

The Federal Aviation Act expressly grants the FAA the authority to issue exemptions. This 

statutory authority, by its terms, includes exempting civil aircraft, as the term is defined under 

40101 of the Act, from the requirement that all civil aircraft must have a current airworthiness 

certificate and those regulations requiring commercial pilots to operate aircraft in commercial 

service:

The Administrator may grant an exemption from a requirement of a regulation prescribed 

under subsection (a) or (b) of this section or any of sections 44702-44716 of this title if 

the Administrator finds the exemption is in the public interest.

49 U.S.C. 44701(f). See also 49U.S.C. 44711(a); 49 U.S.C. 44704; 14 C.F.R. 91.203(a)(1).

The grant of the requested exemption is in the public interest based on the clear direction in 

Section 333 of the Reform Act; the additional authority in the Federal Aviation Act, as amended; 

the strong equivalent level of safety surrounding the proposed operations; and the significant 

public benefit, including enhanced safety and cost savings associated with transitioning to UASs 

for aerial surveying. Accordingly, the applicant respectfully that the FAA grant the requested 

exemption without delay.2

The name and contact information of the applicant is:

 

1 Applicant submits that this provision places a duty on the Administrator to not only process applications for 

exemptions under Section 333, but for the Administrator, if he deems the conditions proposed herein required 

modification to allow approval, to supply conditions for the safe operation of the UAS. Dropcopter welcomes the 

opportunity to consult with FAA staff to address any issues or concerns that this proposal may raise that they believe 

may require modification.

2

In filing this petition, Dropcopter also is requesting that the FAA combine the grant of the Section 333 exemption 

with a stand-alone Certificate of Operation (COA) that will allow commercial operations of the AeriCam X6 in 

California without the necessity of filing for a COA for each flight. Compliance with the conditions agreed to herein 

and that may be imposed by the FAA, as set forth in prior Section 333 exemptions, provide the separation needed 

from other aircraft. Notice to airmen and notice to air traffic control can be provided by the filing of a NOTAM as 

set forth within the proposed conditions.
Dropcopter

Attn: Adam Fine

Ph: (415) 225-2278

Email: adamtfine@gmail.com

Dropcopter is willing and prepared to modify or amend any part of this request to satisfy the 

need for an equivalent level of safety. Please contact me at any time if you require additional 

information or clarification. We look forward to working with the FAA.

Best Regards,

Adam Fine

Dropcopter
Appendices:

A. Dropcopter Standard Operating Procedures

B. AeriCam, Inc. AeriCam X6 Hexacopter User Manual

C. United States Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association, Inc. Pilot Proficiency System
Appendix A

Dropcopter Standard Operating Procedures 
Standard Operating Procedures for Multirotor Safety

Please read the instructions for the relevant flight control electronics before proceeding.

Never connect and start untested motors for the first time with the propellers attached.

Always balance propellers before flight. Unbalanced propellers can cause excessive vibration 

which may lead to material fatigue or crash.

Check the forward orientation of the flight controller used and the motor assignment 

configuration. Check that all propellers, clockwise and counterclockwise, are installed correctly 

before a first flight.

Before the first flight or after any change in location over 10 miles – arm and calibrate flight 

controller GPS and compass.

For calibration procedures, refer to a manufacturer’s manual for the flight controller being used.

Make sure transmitter and onboard battery packs are fully charged. Make sure that the antenna 

of the Radio (TX) is up and correctly positioned. 

Ensure the receiver (RX) for the craft is well positioned within the craft and secured and that the 

antenna is facing downward and correctly attached.

Place the craft on level ground and turn on the transmitter – check that the correct model is 

selected on the TX.

Check and set the flight timer duration.

Connect the battery to the craft’s FC inputs and wait for the engine controller beeps to stop.

Stand about 4m behind the craft with the craft facing directly away.

Check the established 50m flight safety perimeter, ensuring no unauthorized personnel are 

present.

Survey the area; look for obstacles that may not have seen previously, like power lines and 

overhead wires.

Never fly craft near a controlled aerodrome or in controlled airspace.

Check the weather conditions, the wind speed and direction. Do not fly in gusty strong wind at 

any time. Always try and fly the craft with the wind at your back so the craft will drift directly 

away from you.
Always keep visual on the craft when in flight – if people approach inside the safety perimeter to 

talk or to ask questions whilst flying the craft do not engage in the conversation and ask them to 

stand well clear until the craft has landed.

Re-check safety perimeter after takeoff. Adjust the throttle gently and check to see if the craft 

wants to tilt to one direction. If so, the trim on the TX may need to be adjusted to achieve safe 

flight.

If payload on the craft has increased or decreased since the last flight, the TX gain may need to 

be adjusted.

Pre-flight safety check

Thoroughly check the craft before every flight:

Open the body and check to see if all the components are safe and secure and not loose.

Check to see if any wires have come off

Check for loose bolts on the assembly

Check that the batteries are secure

Check the battery voltage, and if more than one battery, check spares too

Check the propellers for marks and nicks

Check the propeller nuts or bolts, make sure they are tight

Check the engine mounts and the bolts and nuts for tightness

Check the Transmitter battery voltage; never fly the craft with a low voltage reading on your 

transmitter (check with the manufacturer of equipment for minimum and maximum voltage 

readings).

Check that the transmitter antenna is not damaged.

Check that the craft receiver module is well connected and that the antennas are properly 

positioned.

Take a good look over the craft from all sides to make sure that nothing appears unusual or out 

of place.

Check flight perimeter

Check for power lines and overhead obstacles.

Assess the weather conditions, wind direction and speed. An anemometer (hand held wind 

speed meter) is a good tool to have otherwise use some dry grass or a tissue, throwing in the 

air to gauge the wind direction. Do not fly in gusty and turbulent conditions.

Do’s and Don’t’s

Never fly in strong wind – the operational safe wind speed for these craft is about 10-15 KPH.

In the event of a crash or a hard landing, always check the craft for damage before taking off 

again. In this instance, also check that for dirt or grit in the engines; this can cause an engine or 

engines to overheat and fail in flight resulting in an out-of-control craft and serious damage or 

injury to the craft, other people and their property.

The launch field should preferably be open and flat with short grass. If it is necessary to take off 

in a field which only has long grass, manually flatten a 1.5m diameter take off perimeter with 

your feet.
Always have a flight plan – visualize flight path and check again for obstacles.

Never fly the craft out of direct line of sight and always keep eyes on the craft whilst it is in the 

air.

Never fly the craft above 400 feet in height (the length of a football field).

Never fly near people – a 50m (150 ft) perimeter around and above people is a recommended 

minimum and operational law in most countries.

Always set transmitter timer before each flight to about 80% of the known flight duration for the 

battery pack installed in the craft.

Never turn transmitter off in flight.

First person view flights are against the law in some countries – check the relevant aviation

safety authority in your country before flying FPV. Always have a “spotter” with if you do fly 

FPV.

Never let unauthorized personnel fly the craft.

Never fly under the influence of any substance or alcohol. Whilst there is a minimum blood 

alcohol level allowed for driving an automobile in most countries, the law for pilots in command 

of flying craft around the globe is universal. There is a zero limit tolerance.

Always turn the transmitter on before connecting the battery to the craft, and always disconnect 

the battery from the craft before turning your transmitter off.
Appendix B

AERICAM, INC. AeriCam X6 Hexacopter User Manual 






Appendix C

United States Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association, Inc. Pilot Proficiency System
The United States Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association, Inc. 

 

Pilot Proficiency System

Standard Operating Procedure 12-02

Last Amended March, 2015

12-02.01 Introduction

USHPA pilot ratings are issued to reflect completion of WITNESSED tasks. Some tasks may seem to 

require excessive precision or attention to detail, but the practice preparing for them will prove beneficial. 

A rating gives a pilot an introduction to local people at a different site. Flying sites are labeled according 

to the approximate skill level required to fly there safely. A pilot may fly the hill only if the local people feel 

he is capable of doing so.

It is recommended that all pilots maintain a flight log.

Definitions:

A. Pilot Ratings: A rating reflects the aptitude and flying competence on a free-flight wing or craft. 

Pilots are rated via the type of free-flight wing or craft: including hang glider, and paraglider..Pilots 

are assigned a pilot rating 0-5 (Student, Beginner, Novice, Intermediate, Advanced, Master), 

depending on each classification structure outlined in the rating structure of SOP 12-02. Ratings 

do not expire until another rating of a higher level supersedes it.

B. Special Skills: Techniques to support and enhance a rated pilots' flying experience are called 

special skills and include but are not limited to: launching, flying techniques, competitive learning, 

and circumstantial skills that enrich the pilots flying experience on or with a particular wing-type. 

Special Skills do not expire or get replaced by other special skills, ratings, or appointments.

C. Appointments: Administrators or Regional Directors give Appointment titles to a skilled pilot or 

pilot supportive role that shows a level of expertise and training above the average rating process 

or special skill processes – may include clinics, support the rating process, training high-level 

instructors, training basic pilot members, or acknowledgment of service to the members of the 

organization. Titles may include, but are not limited to: Instruction, Towing Administration & 

Supervision, Examiners, Observers, Mentors, and Tandem. All appointments are renewed every 

three years or annually based on SOP 12-05.

12-02.02 Administration Procedures

A. Flights offered in evidence of a skill must have been made in accordance with regulations and 

requirements of the USHPA in effect at the time of the flight.

B. Ratings shall be obtained in order, starting with either the Student (H-0/ P-0) or Beginner (H-1/P1) rating. Each successive rating assumes the applicant has the ability to perform the tasks 

required by all lower ratings. Beginner and Novice (H-2/P-2) ratings may be issued 

simultaneously.

C. Student ratings (temporary or H-0/P-0) are issued by USHPA Basic, Advanced or Tandem 

Instructors (T-3) for ALL students prior to training or tandem flights. A temporary Student rating is 

issued when the student and the Instructor complete and sign a 30-Day temporary Student

membership application (including the Student Rating section), and waiver. A permanent Student 

rating (H-0/P-0) may be issued when the applicant completes and signs a full membership 

Pilot Proficiency Program Page 1 of 34 SOP 12-02

Copyright © 1974 - 2015 United States Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association, Inc. All rights reserved. v.2015-3-3
The United States Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association, Inc. 

 

application, the USHPA waiver, and both Student and instructor sign the Student Rating Form. 

The documents and application fees (if applicable) are submitted to USHPA headquarters. 

Provided all the requirements are met, the USHPA shall issue a permanent rating. 

D. Beginner (H-1/P-1) and Novice (H-2/P-2) ratings may be issued by USHPA Basic or Advanced 

Instructors. A temporary Beginner or Novice rating is issued when the applicant and the 

Instructor complete and sign a USHPA Pilot Proficiency Program Rating Application. The 

applicant retains the 30-Day Temporary Rating Card at the bottom of the application and submits 

the application with the required application fee to USHPA.

E. Intermediate (H-3/ P-3) and Advanced (H-4/ P-4) ratings may be issued by USHPA Observers or 

Advanced Instructors. A temporary Intermediate or Advanced rating is issued when the 

applicant and the Observer or Advanced Instructor complete and sign a USHPA Pilot Proficiency 

Program Rating Application. The applicant retains the 30-Day Temporary Rating Card at the 

bottom of the application and submits the application with the required application fee to USHPA.

F. Master ratings (H-5/P-5) may be issued by USHPA Regional Directors. The applicant shall send 

the signed application form, the required application fee, and the completed waiver to USHPA 

Headquarters and provided that all the requirements are met, the USHPA shall issue a Master

rating.

G. Examiners may recommend applicants for the Instructor Certification Program, may appoint 

Observers, and may recommend Advanced Pilots (H-4/P-4) for the Master Rating (H-5/P-5). All 

recommendations are submitted to the USHPA office.

H. All pilots applying for ratings MUST be current Pilot or Rogallo members.

I. Any member renewing his or her membership as a Contributor must have any ratings deactivated 

in the USHPA database prior to processing that membership.

J. Any pilot allowing his or her membership in USHPA to lapse for a period of 3 or more years, or 

any member who downgrades from a Pilot or Rogallo member to a Contributor or Subscriber 

member for a period of 3 or more years must receive a proficiency check by a USHPA Basic 

Instructor, Advanced Instructor, or Observer in order for the previous rating and special skills to 

be restored. A rating or special skill can be restored only by a Basic Instructor, Advanced

Instructor, or Observer qualified to issue that rating or special skill.

K. Pilots who have been inactive for a substantial period of time but have maintained their Pilot or 

Rogallo membership status are advised to see an Instructor for a proficiency check as a matter of 

good judgment.

L. Before the USHPA issues any permanent rating card, and as a condition precedent to the 

issuance of any rating, the applicant must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard 

waiver and assumption of risk agreement and deliver an original signed copy to the USHPA 

office.

M. Aerotow special skills (AT) can only be issued by Aerotow Administrators or Aerotow Observers,

or by Basic or Advanced Instructors who also possess an AT rating.

N. Aerotow Vehicle Pilot appointment (ATP) can only be issued by Aerotow Administrators.

12-02.03 Rating Requirements

A. Launch Method - A USHPA rated pilot must be rated for at least one Launch Skill, either Foot 

Launch (FL) or one of the tow launch methods, and may be issued one or more.

B. Tow special skills - Holding of a tow launch method does not signify the skills necessary to 

operate a tow system. The operation of a tow system is a difficult and demanding task requiring 

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special training. A pilot is not rated for aerotowing behind a flying tow vehicle without an Aerotow 

rating signoff.

12-02.04 Witnessed Tasks for Launch Skill Requirement –

Foot Launch

The following are the witnessed tasks required to qualify for the Foot Launch Skill. They are separated by 

pilot rating level. A pilot must perform or have performed all of the listed witnessed tasks for his rating 

level and below. Any pilot holding a Foot Launch Skill Requirement at the time he earns a higher rating 

must also demonstrate the appropriate witnessed foot launch tasks for the higher rating level he becomes 

rated for.

12-02.05 Student Hang Gliding Rating (H-0)

A. General Description - A Student pilot has the basic knowledge required to understand and accept 

the risks of flying as a tandem passenger on a hang glider. This includes:

1. A basic understanding of the process involved in launching, flying and landing modern 

hang gliders.

2. An understanding that a hang glider is controlled through weight shift and that control is 

hampered by holding any part of the vehicle other than where the Instructor indicates.

3. An understanding that to foot launch a tandem flight, the Student and the Instructor must 

run efficiently together to produce airspeed to launch.

4. An understanding that the Student must pay attention to the Instructor’s commands at all 

times and be capable of carrying out those instructions.

5. An understanding of the reasons for, techniques used, and deployment of a backup 

parachute.

6. Must be advised that tandem flights on a hang glider is conducted under an exemption 

granted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the glider is not certified for 

tandem flight by the FAA

B. Recommended Operating Limitations for Student Pilots:

1. It is highly recommended that all flights be made under the direct supervision of a 

USHPA Certified Basic or Advanced Instructor.

12-02.06 Beginner Hang Gliding Rating (H-1)

A. General Description - A Beginner pilot has the knowledge and basic skills necessary to fly and 

practice under direct instructor supervision and within significant operating limitations. The pilot 

understands the USHPA hang gliding rating systems and recommended operating limitations.

B. Beginner Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks 

1. Set up and preflight of glider and harness, to include familiarity with owner's manual(s).

2. Demonstrate proper ground handling of equipment.

a. With each flight, demonstrate method(s) of establishing that pilot is hooked in just 

prior to launch.

3. Launch unassisted showing:

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a. Aggressive run, if foot launched.

b. Good angle of attack and pitch control.

c. Directional control.

d. Smooth transition to flying, during launch.

4. Airspeed recognition and control.

a. Two flights, predetermined to show:

i. Constant airspeed.

ii. Smooth straight flight towards a pre-selected target.

iii. Safe, smooth landing, as pre-arranged on feet, wheels, or floats, into 

wind.

b. Two flights, predetermined to show:

i. Confident, slight variation in airspeed showing awareness and control of 

airspeed envelope. 

ii. Smoothly increasing airspeed, smoothly slowing airspeed showing good 

control, familiarity, and anticipation of safe envelope, without losing 

control. Airspeed to remain well above stall speed.

iii. Safe, smooth landing, as pre-arranged on feet, wheels, or floats, into 

wind.

5. Shows ability to recognize and understand how different wind conditions at this site will 

affect their flights.

a. Wind direction.

b. Wind velocity.

c. Terrain Shape.

d. Obstructions.

6. On each flight, demonstrates proper post-landing procedure, to include, but not limited to:

a. Setting glider down.

b. Unhooking.

c. Checking traffic.

d. Removal of glider from landing area.

e. Any specific protocol at this site.

7. Demonstration of understanding of the importance of proper breakdown, packing, 

transportation, and storage of glider.

8. The pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the 

rating.

9. Must pass USHPA Hang Gliding Beginner written exam.

10. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption of risk 

agreement for the Beginner rating and deliver an original signed copy to the USHPA 

office.

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C. Recommended Operating Limitations for Beginner Pilots:

1. Should exceed these limitations only after demonstrating complete mastery of the 

required Beginner tasks (above), and only after acquiring a full understanding of the 

potential problems and dangerous situations which may arise from exceeding these 

limitations.

2. It is highly recommended that all flights be made under the direct supervision of a 

USHPA Certified Basic or Advanced Instructor.

3. Should fly only in winds of 12 mph or less, with gust differential of 5 mph or less.

4. Should foot launch only on slopes of 3:1 to 6:1, where wind is within 15° of being straight 

up the slope.

5. Should launch only when there are no obstructions within 60° to either side of intended 

flight path, and when pilot may fly straight out from launch to landing with no need to 

maneuver and no possibility of over-flying the landing area.

6. Should maintain flight heading within 15° of directly into the wind.

7. Should fly appropriate sites so as to maintain altitude below 100' AGL.

12-02.07 Novice Hang Gliding Rating (H-2)

A. General Description – A Novice hang glider pilot has the knowledge and basic skills necessary to 

fly and practice without direct instructor supervision but within significant operating limitations. 

The pilot understands the USHPA hang gliding rating systems and recommended operating 

limitations.

The pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the rating. 

Pilots must demonstrate Beginner level skills and knowledge before obtaining the Novice rating. 

All witnessed flights must be pre-planned by pilot and discussed with Instructor.

B. Novice Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. Attends a minimum of 8 hours of ground school theory as outlined in the ICP 

Manual:

i. Weather 

aa. Show students how to observe weather forecasts relating to the 

site from news broadcasting, newspapers and the Internet.

ab. Monitor weather forecast on a weather radio and or smart 

phones prior to leaving for flying and on site prior to flying.

ac. Discuss with students the wisdom of calling a local pilot to gain 

insight into the local conditions. 

ii. Launches 

aa. Consider altitude humidity and temperature factors (air density)

ab. Consider the slope of the ramp or hill, wind factors and the need 

for wire assistance.

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ac. Discuss the angle of attack requirements, especially with cliff 

launches.

iii. Danger Signs

aa. High wind, dust blowing, white caps, swaying trees, smoke 

laying down and lenticular clouds.

ab. Rotor possibilities – note overall wind signs (cloud drift, water 

lines, bird drift, smoke from fires or smoke stack smoke direction) 

with respect to wind indicators at launch.

ac. Varying wind directions and differences at launch and landing.

iv. Landing

aa. Consider air density (as listed above in launches) 

ab. Wind direction awareness and how wind affects landing. Wind 

direction indicators other than the wind sock.

ac. Approach.

i. Watch for man-made objects. Lines in the field mean 

fences, ditches or power lines. Assume all roads have 

power lines.

ii. Setup procedures for long straight approach.

iii. Discuss approach options and preferred approaches 

with locals.

iv. Extra speed for handling gradient and turbulence. 

v. Review crosswind landing techniques

vi. Tree landing techniques

vii. Avoidance of obvious crop fields.

v. Equipment

aa. Food and water

ab. Instruments – air speed indicator etc.

vi. Site Orientation

aa. Discuss general site specifics, departure time, arrival time, and 

protocol. Also review the dive syndrome (first flight students 

flying too fast to LZ) and signs of proper airspeed (bar position, 

air speed indicator and bar feel).

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b. Must have logged a minimum of 25 flights with a required ability to demonstrate 

an appropriate landing approach.

2. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

a. Demonstrates set-up and preflight of glider, harness, and reserve parachute.

b. Gives a reliable analysis of general conditions of the site and self; and flight plan 

including flight path, areas to avoid in relation to the wind flow, and obstacles to 

stay clear of.

c. With each flight, demonstrates method of establishing that pilot is hooked in just 

prior to launch.

d. Demonstrates successful, aggressive, confident launches on a slope shallower 

than 4:1 with less than 6 mph wind.

e. Demonstrates successful, aggressive, confident launches, where wind is at least 

15° cross to straight in wind not exceeding 5 mph.

f. Demonstrates flight with smooth variation in airspeed, from above minimum sink 

to fast flight, while maintaining a heading.

g. Demonstrates flight showing ability to comfortably and precisely slow the glider to 

minimum sink and smoothly increase to normal airspeed while maintaining a 

heading. The pilot should not mush or stall the glider. These maneuvers should 

be practiced and observed with a minimum of 75 feet AGL in smooth conditions.

h. While in preferred flying position, demonstrates flight(s) along a planned path 

alternating "S" turns of at least 90° change in heading. Flight heading need not 

exceed 45° from straight into wind. Turns must be smooth with controlled 

airspeed, ending in safe, stand-up landings on a heading.

i. Demonstrates 180o turns in both directions, and at various speeds and bank 

angles.

j. Explains how to safely execute a 360 degree turn, and describes the associated 

risk factors and decision making process.

k. Demonstrates three consecutive landings that average less than 100' from a 

target (or optional landing task – see Addendum 1 – Optional Landing Task), 

safe, smooth, on feet and into the wind. The target must be sufficiently close to 

launch such that turns are required to set up an approach and avoid over-flying 

the target. The target should be at least 100' below the launch point.

l. Demonstrates smooth entry to and exit from flying position without changes in 

pitch and roll.

m. While in preferred flying position, demonstrates flight with smooth variation in 

airspeed, from above minimum sink to fast flight, while maintaining a heading.

n. While in preferred flying position, demonstrates flight showing ability to 

comfortably and precisely slow the glider to minimum sink and smoothly increase 

airspeed to normal while maintaining a heading. The pilot should not mush or 

stall the glider. These maneuvers should be practiced and observed with a 

minimum of 75 feet AGL in smooth conditions.

o. Must pass the USHPA Novice Hang Gliding Written Examination.

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p. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption 

of risk agreement for the Novice rating and deliver an original signed copy to the 

USHPA office.

q. Demonstrates reserve deployment while hanging in a harness in simulated 

turbulence or emergency conditions.

r. Acknowledges and understands the need to become familiar with site-specific 

restrictions and launch or landing access limits, consistent with preservation of 

flying privileges at a site.

C. Recommended Operating Limitations for Novice Pilots

1. Should exceed these limitations only after thoroughly mastering all required tasks, and 

after acquiring a full understanding of the potential problems and dangers involved in 

exceeding these limitations.

2. It is highly recommended that all flights be made under the direct supervision of a 

USHPA Certified Basic or Advanced Instructor or Observer.

3. Should fly only in smooth winds of 18 mph or less and gusty winds to 11 mph.

4. If foot launching, should launch only on slopes 2:1 to 7:1, where wind is within 25° of 

being straight up the slope.

5. Should maintain heading within 90° of directly into wind, and within 45° of directly into 

wind below 60' AGL.

6. Flight speed. Should not attempt to fly slowly when encountering lift, but instead, 

concentrate on maintaining attitude, heading, and airspeed. Slow flight must be 

preceded by stall experience 500' from any object.

12-02.08 Intermediate Hang Gliding Rating (H-3)

A. General Description – The pilot has the knowledge and skills to fly most sites in mild to moderate 

soaring conditions, and to judge when the site and conditions are within the pilot's skill, 

knowledge, and experience level. The pilot understands the USHPA hang gliding rating system 

and recommended operating limitations, and the FARs and other flying rules applicable to his/her 

flying (ridge rules, thermal right of way, FAR 103, aircraft sectional use and regulated airspace 

avoidance, etc.).

The pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the rating.

B. Intermediate Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. Must have logged a minimum of 30 flying days.

b. Must have logged a total of at least 90 flights.

c. Must have logged a minimum of ten hours of solo airtime.

2. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

a. Has received training in and/or understands the importance and significance of:

i. Right of way rules.

ii. FAA Regulations and aircraft sectional charts.

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iii. Airspeed control, stalls, spins, and adverse yaw.

iv. Glider owner’s manual.

v. USHPA Accident Report results currently in print.

b. Can give verbal analysis of conditions on the hill demonstrating knowledge of 

wind shadows, gradients, lift, sink, laminar air, turbulence, and rotors, and the 

effect these items can have on an intended flight path and turns.

c. Must give a verbal flight plan for each observed flight.

d. Must show thorough preflight of harness, glider, and reserve parachute.

e. With each flight, demonstrates a method of establishing that the pilot is hooked in 

just prior to launch.

f. All takeoffs should be aggressive, confident and with a smooth transition to flying. 

Flights with slow, unstable launches will not be considered adequate as 

witnessed tasks.

g. For witnessed tasks, all landings must be safe, smooth, on the feet, and in 

control.

h. Demonstrates the ability to differentiate airspeed from ground speed.

i. Demonstrate smooth coordinated 360° turns in both directions, with reversal at 

various speeds and bank angles.

j. Demonstrates linked 180° turns along a predetermined ground track showing 

smooth controlled reversals and proper coordination at various speeds and bank 

angles.

k. Explains stall warning characteristics.

l. Has practiced and demonstrates gentle stalls and proper recovery under the 

direct supervision of an instructor or qualified observer, at least 500' from any 

object.

m. In 8 to 15 mph wind, demonstrates the ability to maintain airspeed at or near 

minimum sink during crosswind and upwind legs, without any evidence of stalls.

n. Demonstrates three consecutive landings that average less than 50' from a target 

(or optional landing task – see Addendum 1 – Optional Landing Task) after flights 

requiring turns on approach.

o. Demonstrates proper airspeed control on landing approach when descending 

through a gradient.

p. Demonstrates proper airspeed for maximum distance flown into a significant 

headwind.

q. Demonstrates complete understanding of all Hang Gliding Tow Discussion 

Topics (Only for pilots with Towing special skills).

r. Must pass USHPA Hang Gliding Intermediate written exam.

s. The pilot must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and 

assumption of risk agreement for the Intermediate rating and deliver an original 

signed copy to the USHPA office.

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t. Acknowledges and understands the need to become familiar with site-specific 

restrictions and launch or landing access limits, consistent with preservation of 

flying privileges at a site.

3. Recommended Operating Limitations for Intermediate Pilots

a. Should fly only in winds of 25 mph or less, with gust differential of 10 mph or less.

b. Should initiate downwind turns only with 500' of clearance outward from the hill or 

ridge in winds above 18 mph, and 300' of clearance in winds above 10 mph.

c. Upon mastering the above skills, an Intermediate Pilot should pursue new 

maneuvers, sites and conditions with the guidance of a USHPA Certified 

Advanced Instructor or Observer.

12-02.09 Advanced Hang Gliding Rating (H-4)

A. General Description – The pilot has the knowledge and skills to fly technically demanding sites in 

strong soaring conditions, and to judge when the site and conditions are within the pilot's skill, 

knowledge, and experience level. The pilot understands the USHPA hang gliding rating system 

and recommended operating limitations, and the FARs and other flying rules applicable to his/her 

flying.

The pilot will fly using good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the rating.

B. Advanced Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. 250 flights.

b. Must have made 5 flights at each of 5 different sites in Intermediate level 

conditions, of which at least 3 were inland.

c. Must have logged a minimum of 80 flying days.

d. Must have at least 1, 1-hour flight.

e. Must have at least 1 30-minute flight in thermal lift without sustaining ridge lift.

f. Must have logged 75 hours total air time with no more than 25 of these hours to 

be tandem. Of these 75 hours, 25 must be in thermal lift, with no more than 10 of 

these 25 hours to be tandem.

2. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

a. Demonstrates preflight of harness, glider, and reserve parachute.

b. Can give a verbal analysis of conditions.

c. Can develop then follow a flight plan.

d. With each flight, demonstrates a method of establishing that pilot is hooked in 

just prior to launch.

e. All takeoffs should be aggressive, confident and with a smooth transition to flying. 

Flights with slow, unstable launches will not be considered adequate as 

witnessed tasks.

f. All landings must be safe, smooth, on the feet and in control.

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g. Demonstrate ability to allow clearance when doing 180° turns by demonstrating 

figure eights:

i. In a wind sufficient to cause drift, two points will be selected on a line 

perpendicular to the wind.

ii. The pilot will fly along a line parallel to that joining the pylons, slightly 

downwind of the pylons, toward a point midway between them. During 

the crosswind leg, the pilot will establish the degree of wind drift. At the 

midpoint between the pylons, the pilot will make a smooth deliberate 

upwind turn and enter a figure eight course consisting of smooth turns of 

constant ground track radius around the pylons (centered on the pylons) 

with straight segments crossing at the midpoint between the pylons.

iii. The pilot must complete two consecutive figure eights in which the 

airspeed, bank angle, and turn rate are altered smoothly around the 

course such that the proper ground track is held and the drift is 

compensated for, without overcompensation or hesitation.

h. Demonstrate three consecutive landings that average less than 25' from a target 

(or optional landing task – see Addendum 1 – Optional Landing Task) after a 

flight which requires turns on approach. In smooth conditions, the spot location 

should be changed by the Observer, for each of the three flights. Flights should 

be a minimum of one minute and 200' AGL.

i. At a minimum of 500' demonstrate intentional stalls straight ahead and in turns, 

not exceeding manufacturer’s recommended limitations, showing confident, 

smooth recoveries.

j. Demonstrates the ability to soar above a low point for five minutes on each of 

three different flights.

k. Demonstrates an altitude gain of at least 500' in thermals.

l. Demonstrates complete understanding of all Hang Gliding Tow Discussion 

Topics (Only for pilots with Towing special skills).

m. Must pass the USHPA Hang Gliding Advanced written exam.

n. Must convince the Instructor or Observer that he can check in and fly Advanced 

rated sites without endangering spectators, other pilots, or jeopardizing the site.

o. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption 

of risk agreement for the Advanced rating and deliver an original signed copy to 

the USHPA office.

3. Recommended Operating Limitations for Advanced Pilots

a. Should not fly within 30' of another glider in smooth air, or 100' of another glider 

in moderately turbulent air.

12-02.10 Master Hang Gliding Rating (H-5)

A. General Description – For pilots who wish to further diversify their skills in the sport of hang 

gliding, and to recognize the achievement of the expert skilled pilot who has experience beyond 

the Advanced level, there is a designation of Master Pilot. No site will be designated as requiring 

Master skills. The pilot will fly using good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate 

with the rating.

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B. Master Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. Must be a current USHPA Pilot or Rogallo Member.

b. Must have all non-launch Special Skills.

c. Must have a minimum of 1,450 points in at least six categories. (see chart below) 

Must have a minimum of 400 hours logged airtime with at least 200 hours in 

thermals, and at least 500 logged flights.

d. Must obtain at least three letters of recommendation from USHPA Observers, 

Examiners or Advance Instructors, who will attest to the flying requirements and 

especially the good judgment and maturity of the applicant. If these officials have 

not seen the applicant flying for this three year period, additional letters of 

recommendation must be presented so that the three year block of time is 

covered.

e. Must possess the Bronze Safe Pilot Award, or above (100 flights; there are no 

points given for this).

Categories Points Max Points Allowed

Air time

(min. 400 hours)

1 pt./hour

(beyond 400 hrs required airtime)

350

Number of flights

(Min. 500 flights. 250 must 

be foot launched)

1 pt./flight. 

(beyond required 500 flights)

250

Altitude Gains(Only one 

altitude gain may be used 

from each flight)

10 pts./2,000' gain

15 pts./3,000' gain

20 pts./4,000' gain

25 pts./5,000' gain

30 pts./6,000' gain

350

Cross Country

(10 mile min. flights.)

1 pt./mile 350

Number of different sites 

flown

10 pts./site 300

Number of different gliders 

flown

5 pts./glider 150

Competition 10 pts./fifth

20 pts./fourth

30 pts./third

40 pts./second

50 pts./first

100

Tandem

(As pilot in command)

10 pts./flight 100

Towing(Payout Reel, 

Stationary Winch Static Line, 

Aerotow)

5 pts./flight 100 (50 pts. in each 

of the possible 

categories)

f. The pilot is to present documentation of flight experience, to meet the 1,450 point 

minimum, to his Regional Director, who confirms completion of requirements. 

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The Director then approves or denies the application. If the application is denied, 

the pilot may appeal the denial to the USHPA Board of Directors. A two-thirds 

vote of the Board is required to uphold the appeal. A Regional Directors' award 

of a Master designation may be rescinded by a two-thirds vote of the Board.

g. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption 

of risk agreement for the Master rating and deliver an original signed copy to the 

USHPA office.

12-02.11 Hang Gliding Special Skill Endorsements

A. Special Skills attainable by Novice and above (H-2-H-5).

1. Light Wind Cliff or Ramp Launch (CL):

a. Demonstrates the ability to launch safely from a shallow slope ramp or cliff top, 

where running room is severely restricted, drop off is precipitous, wind is 5 mph 

or less, such that positive attitude control and strong, aggressive sprinting starts 

are required. Stalled, falling/diving launches are not acceptable demonstrations, 

even if flight is achieved.

2. Flat Slope Launches (FSL):

a. Demonstrates ability to launch in less than 10 mph wind from slopes which 

approach the maximum L/D of the glider.

3. Platform Launch (PL)

a. Must demonstrate system set up and pre-flight, including a complete discussion 

of all those factors which are particular to the specific tow system used and those 

factors which are relevant to towing in general. Must demonstrate complete 

understanding of both normal and emergency procedures, including checklists 

for normal procedures and the indications of an impending emergency and 

convince the instructor of his ability to recognize and execute emergency 

procedures.

b. Demonstrates successful, confident, controlled launches and flight under tow to 

release at altitude, with a smooth transition to flying, with proper directional and 

pitch control resulting in proper tracking of the tow line and appropriate 

maintenance of proper tow line tension and airspeed. Such demonstrations may 

be made in ideal wind conditions.

c. Has discussed all Towing Discussion Topics with the issuing Tow Official.

4. Surface Tow (ST)

a. Must demonstrate tow system set up and preflight, including a complete 

discussion of all of the factors which are particular to the specific tow system 

used, and those factors which are relevant to towing in general. Must 

demonstrate complete understanding of both normal and emergency procedures, 

including checklists for normal procedures and the indications of an impending 

emergency, and convince the instructor of his/her ability to recognize and 

execute emergency procedures.

b. Demonstrates successful, confident, controlled launches and flight under tow to 

release altitude, with a smooth transition to flying, with proper directional and 

pitch control resulting in the proper tracking of the tow line and appropriate 

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maintenance of proper tow line tension and airspeed. Such demonstrations may 

be made in ideal wind conditions.

c. Has discussed all Towing Discussion Topics with the issuing ST official.

B. Special Skills attainable by Intermediate and above (H-3-H-5).

1. Assisted Windy Cliff or Ramp Launch (AWCL):

a. Demonstrates ability to launch with wire assist in windy conditions from a 

precipitous cliff or ramp with strong lift at takeoff. Must show proper use of 

release signals and confident, aggressive launch.

2. Turbulence (TUR):

a. Demonstrates controlled and un-panicked flight in conditions requiring quick, 

deliberate, substantial, and correct control application.

3. Restricted Landing Field (RLF):

a. Demonstrates a landing using a downwind leg, base leg and a final leg approach 

where the entire base leg, final and landing occur within a 300' square.

4. Cross Country (X-C):

a. Must hold 2 and 3 above.

b. Demonstrate ability to recognize a safe landing area from the air and determine 

and execute a safe approach and landing, accounting for wind direction, rotors, 

obstacles, power lines, ground slope, vegetation, etc.

5. High Altitude Launch (HA):

a. Demonstrates the ability to launch unassisted with strong launches in winds less 

than 5 mph.

b. Demonstrates launches from sites with density altitude of 6000' or higher.

i. Demonstrates understanding of high altitude conditions (e.g., air 

density, cloud suck, anabatic and catabatic conditions, hypoxia, 

hypothermia).

D. Aerotow (AT)

The aerotow skill is a demonstration of the pilot's ability to launch and tow successfully 

and safely behind a flying tow vehicle. This special skill is available to Novice and above 

rated pilots (H-2-H-5), and may be demonstrated through "dolly" launch or other launch 

procedures. Pilots participating in aerotowing are required to have the aerotow special 

skill or be under the supervision of an Aerotow Official. In order to receive the special 

skill, a pilot must pass the AT written exam and demonstrate the following to an Aerotow 

Official:

1. Demonstrates the assembly and preflight of the system, including inspection of the tow 

line, tow line connection, tow bridles and releases.

2. Demonstrates understanding of signals between tow vehicle pilot and glider pilot. Must

demonstrate system set up and pre-flight, including a complete discussion of all those 

factors which are particular to the specific aerotow system used and those factors which 

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are relevant to aerotowing in general. Must demonstrate complete understanding of both 

normal and emergency procedures, including checklists for normal procedures, 

indications of possible impending emergencies and how to properly execute emergency 

procedures.

3. Gives a complete discussion of the dangers to the glider pilot and tow vehicle pilot of 

improper positioning of the glider pilot during tow in both straight and turning flight; being 

high or low and left or right of the proper center position in straight flight, being too high or 

low on the inside of a turn, and being too high or low on the outside of a turn.

4. Must convince the evaluator of the understanding of the correct use of airspeed to 

achieve maximum distance over the ground in various conditions of wind, lift, sink, etc. 

The pilot must also convince the evaluator of the understanding of the likely presence of 

wind, lift, and sink over various types of terrain.

5. Demonstrates successful, confident, controlled launches and flight under tow to release 

at altitude with a tandem pilot, with a smooth release and turn to the right when 

transitioning to free flight. Must demonstrate proper directional and pitch control resulting 

in proper tracking of the aerotow vehicle in both straight and turning flight and appropriate 

maintenance of proper tow line tension and airspeed. Must perform and demonstrate 

proper technique for at least one normal and one crosswind takeoff (actual or simulated) 

with a tandem pilot. Must demonstrate the ability to control the glider position within the 

“cone of safety” behind the aerotow vehicle by performing “cross” and “diamond” 

maneuvers during tow at altitude with a tandem pilot who is experienced and proficient at 

performing those maneuvers. (Note: This checks for positive control and lockout 

prevention skills, somewhat like the “boxing the wake” maneuver used for sailplane 

aerotow check flights, but “boxing the wake” must not be performed by hang gliders on 

tow due to lack of 3-axis control.) The candidate must demonstrate the ability to recover 

from roll oscillations induced by the tandem pilot. The candidate must also demonstrate 

the ability to properly react to a weak link/tow rope break simulation with a tandem pilot, 

initiated by the tandem pilot at altitude, but at a lower than normal release altitude. Such 

demonstrations should be made in smooth air. A minimum of 2 tandem flight 

demonstrations must be made to the issuing official.

6. Demonstrates successful, confident, controlled launches and flight under tow to release 

at altitude as a solo pilot, with a smooth release and turn to the right when transitioning to 

free flight. Must demonstrate proper directional and pitch control resulting in proper 

tracking of the aerotow vehicle in both straight and turning flight and appropriate 

maintenance of proper tow line tension and airspeed. Such demonstrations may be 

made in smooth or mildly turbulent air. A minimum of 3 solo flight demonstrations must 

be made to the issuing official. Additional instruction or mentorship should be provided to 

help the newly skilled aerotow pilot gradually transition to towing in mid-day 

thermal/turbulent conditions.

7. When tandem aerotow instruction is not available, solo-only aerotow instruction may be 

offered as an alternative. To receive an aerotow at the completion of solo-only aerotow 

instruction, the candidate must perform a minimum of 5 solo aerotow flights under the 

direct supervision of the issuing official during which he/she must demonstrate 

successful, confident, controlled launches and flight under tow to release at altitude, with 

a smooth release and turn to the right when transitioning to free flight. He/she must 

demonstrate proper directional and pitch control resulting in proper tracking of the 

aerotow vehicle in both straight and turning flight and appropriate maintenance of proper 

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tow line tension and airspeed. Additional instruction or mentorship should be provided to 

help the newly skilled aerotow pilot gradually transition to towing in mid-day 

thermal/turbulent conditions.

12-02.12 Student Paragliding Rating (P-0)

A. General Description - A Student pilot has the basic knowledge required to understand and accept 

the risks of flying as a tandem passenger on a paraglider. This includes:

1. A basic understanding of the process involved in launching, flying and landing modern 

paragliders.

2. An understanding that a paraglider is controlled through the use of brakes and risers and 

that control is hampered by holding any part of the vehicle other than where the Instructor 

indicates.

3. An understanding that to foot launch a tandem flight, the Student and the Instructor must 

run efficiently together to produce airspeed to launch.

4. An understanding that the Student must pay attention to the Instructor’s commands at all 

times and be capable of carrying out those instructions.

5. An understanding of the reasons for, techniques used, and deployment of a backup 

parachute.

6. Must be advised that tandem flights in paragliders are conducted under an exemption 

granted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the glider is not certified for 

tandem flight by the FAA

B. Recommended Operating Limitations for Student Pilots:

1. It is highly recommended that all flights be made under the direct supervision of a 

USHPA Certified Basic or Advanced Instructor.

12-02.13 Beginner Paragliding Rating (P-1)

A. General Description - A Beginner pilot has the knowledge and basic skills necessary to fly and 

practice under direct instructor supervision and within significant operating limitations. The pilot 

understands the USHPA paragliding rating systems and recommended operating limitations.

B. Beginner Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Attends and completes a basic ground school.

2. Layout and preflight of canopy and harness.

3. Demonstrates canopy handling skills sufficient to launch - under control.

4. With each flight, demonstrate method(s) of establishing that pilot is properly connected to 

the canopy, with cleared lines and risers, just prior to inflation.

5. Launch unassisted showing:

a. Aggressive inflation and run.

b. Pendulum control during launch.

c. Directional control.

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d. Smooth transition from running to flying, during launch.

6. Airspeed recognition and control,

a. Two flights, predetermined to show:

i. Constant airspeed.

ii. Smooth straight flight towards a pre-selected target.

iii. Safe, smooth landing, on feet, into wind.

b. Two flights, predetermined to show:

i. Confident, slight variation in airspeed showing awareness of control 

inputs and pendulum control.

ii. Smoothly increasing airspeed, and smoothly slowing airspeed showing 

good control.

iii. Safe, smooth landing, on feet, into wind.

7. Shows the ability to recognize and understand how different wind conditions at this site 

will affect their flights.

a. Wind direction.

b. Wind velocity.

c. Terrain shape.

d. Obstructions.

8. On each flight, demonstrates proper post-landing procedure, to include, but not limited to:

a. Canopy deflation.

b. Canopy immobilization.

c. Checking traffic.

d. Removal of canopy from landing area.

e. Disconnection from the canopy.

9. Demonstration of understanding of the importance of proper packing, storage, and care 

of the canopy.

10. The pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the 

rating.

11. Must pass the USHPA Beginner Paragliding written exam.

12. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption of risk 

agreement for the Beginner rating and deliver an original signed copy to the USHPA 

office.

C. Recommended Operating Limitations for Beginner Pilots:

1. Should exceed these limitations only after demonstrating complete mastery of the 

required Beginner paragliding tasks (above), and only after acquiring a full understanding 

of the potential problems and dangerous situations which may arise from exceeding 

these limitations.

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2. It is highly recommended that all flights be made under the direct supervision of a 

USHPA Certified Basic or Advanced Paragliding Instructor.

3. Should fly only in steady winds of 12 MPH. or less.

4. If foot launching, should only foot launch only on slopes of 3:1 - 4:1, where wind is within 

15° of being straight up the slope.

5. Should launch only when there are no obstructions within 60° to either side of the 

intended flight path, and when pilot may fly straight out from launch to landing with no 

need to maneuver and no possibility of over-flying the landing area.

6. Should fly appropriate sites for this skill level.

7. Should fly a canopy recommended by the manufacturer as suitable for Beginner or 

Novice pilots.

12-02.14 Novice Paragliding Rating (P-2)

A. General Description – A Novice paraglider pilot has the knowledge and basic skills necessary to 

fly and practice without direct instructor supervision but within significant operating limitations. 

The pilot understands the USHPA paragliding rating systems and recommended operating 

limitations.

The pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the rating. 

Pilots must demonstrate Beginner level skills and knowledge before obtaining the Novice rating. 

All witnessed flights must be pre-planned by the pilot and discussed with the Instructor.

B. Novice Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. Attends a minimum of 8 hours of ground school theory as outlined in the ICP 

Manual

i. Weather 

aa. Show students how to observe weather forecasts relating to the 

site from news broadcasting, newspapers and the Internet.

ab. Monitor weather forecast on a weather radio and or smart 

phones prior to leaving for flying and on site prior to flying.

ac. Discuss with students the wisdom of calling a local pilot to gain 

insight into the local conditions. 

vii. Launches 

aa. Consider altitude humidity and temperature factors (air density)

ab. Consider the slope of the ramp or hill, wind factors and the need 

for wire assistance.

ac. Discuss the angle of attack requirements, especially with cliff 

launches.

viii. Danger Signs

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aa. High wind, dust blowing, white caps, swaying trees, smoke 

laying down and lenticular clouds.

ab. Rotor possibilities – note overall wind signs (cloud drift, water 

lines, bird drift, smoke from fires or smoke stack smoke direction) 

with respect to wind indicators at launch. 

ac. Varying wind directions and differences at launch and landing.

ix. Landing

aa. Consider air density (as listed above in launches) 

ab. Wind direction awareness and how wind affects landing. Wind 

direction indicators other than the wind sock.

ac. Approach.

i. Watch for man-made objects. Lines in the field mean 

fences, ditches or power lines. Assume all roads have 

power lines.

ii. Setup procedures for long straight approach.

iii. Discuss approach options and preferred approaches 

with locals.

iv. Extra speed for handling gradient and turbulence. 

v. Review crosswind landing techniques

vi. Tree landing techniques

vii. Avoidance of obvious crop fields.

x. Equipment

aa. Food and water

ab. Instruments – air speed indicator etc.

xi. Site Orientation 

ab. Discuss general site specifics, departure time, arrival time, and 

protocol. Also review the dive syndrome (first flight students 

flying too fast to LZ) and signs of proper airspeed (bar position, 

air speed indicator and bar feel).

b. Must have logged a minimum of 25 flights with a required ability to demonstrate an 

appropriate landing approach with the canopy lowered to the ground between 

flights.

2. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

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a. Demonstrates layout and preflight of the canopy, harness, and backup reserve 

parachute.

b. Gives a reliable analysis of general conditions of the site and self, and a flight 

plan including flight path, areas to avoid in relation to the wind flow, and 

obstacles to stay clear of.

c. Demonstrates 5 consecutive forward inflations with a visual check of the canopy 

each time.

d. Demonstrates 5 consecutive controlled reverse inflations with proper surge 

dampening.

e. Demonstrates controlled kiting of a glider overhead for 2 minutes in a steady 

wind.

f. Demonstrates 2 clean, smooth reverse inflations/reversals prior to launch.

g. With each flight, demonstrates a method of establishing that the pilot is properly 

connected to the glider, with cleared lines and risers just prior to inflation.

h. Demonstrates 2 successful, aggressive, confident inflations/launches, where the 

wind is at least 15° cross to straight up the hill in wind not exceeding 5 m.p.h.

i. Demonstrates 2 no-wind (0-5 m.p.h.) inflations/launches.

j. Demonstrates how to brief and instruct a ground crew and explain when an 

assisted launch is necessary.

k. Demonstrates 2 high-wind (10-15 m.p.h.) inflations/launches.

l. Demonstrates flight with smooth variation in airspeed, from above minimum sink 

to fast flight, while maintaining a heading.

m. Demonstrates flight showing the ability to comfortably and precisely slow the 

glider to minimum sink and smoothly increase to normal airspeed while 

maintaining a heading. The pilot should not slow the glider to near the stall 

speed.

n. Demonstrates flight(s) along a planned path alternating 'S' turns of at least 90o

change in heading. Flight heading need not exceed 45o from straight into the 

wind. Turns must be smooth with controlled airspeed, ending in safe, stand up 

landings on a heading.

o. Demonstrates 180o turns in both directions, and at various speeds and bank 

angles.

p. Explains how to safely execute a 360 degree turn, and describes the associated 

risk factors and decision making process.

q. Demonstrates hands-off flying, one handed flying skills, weight-shift turns, and 

rear-riser turns.

r. Demonstrates symmetric and asymmetric tip folds for increased descent rate.

s. Demonstrates the ability to judge and allow for proper clearance from a ridge and 

other vehicles.

t. Demonstrates 5 landings within 25' of a target (or optional landing task – see 

Addendum 1 – Optional Landing Task), safe, smooth, on the feet and into the 

wind. The target must be sufficiently close to launch such that turns are required 

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to set up an approach and avoid over-flying the target. The target should be at 

least 100' below the launch point.

u. Explains proper strong wind landing procedures and how to keep from being 

dragged back.

v. Explains correct canopy maintenance.

w. Explains how to lengthen and shorten the flight path.

x. Explains the right of way traffic rules.

y. Demonstrates the proper use of a speedbar/accelerating system.

z. Demonstrates reserve deployment while hanging in a harness in simulated 

turbulence or malfunction conditions.

aa. Gives a thorough verbal demonstration of knowledge of how to:

i. Maintain directional control during and correct for an asymmetric wing 

fold of 25% of the wing span.

ii. Fly at minimum sink while precluding any chance of inadvertent stall or 

spin, particularly when flying through lift, sink or in conjunction with 

making turns.

iii. Increase descent rate and/or forward speed.

bb. Demonstrates proper and effective PLF technique.

cc. Must pass the USHPA Novice Paragliding written exam.

dd. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption 

of risk agreement for the Novice rating and deliver an original signed copy to the 

USHPA office.

ee. Acknowledges and understands the need to become familiar with site-specific 

restrictions and launch or landing access limits, consistent with preservation of 

flying privileges at a site.

C. Recommended Operating Limitations for Novice Paragliding Pilots

1. Should exceed these limitations only after thoroughly mastering all required tasks, and 

after acquiring a full understanding of the potential problems and dangers involved in 

exceeding these limitations.

2. Maximum base wind of 12 MPH

3. Maximum peak gusts to 15 MPH

4. Maximum gust rate of 5 MPH in 5 seconds.

5. Should not fly in thermal lift where peak climb rates exceed 200 fpm.

6. If foot launching, should launch only on slopes steeper than 4:1, where the wind is within 

25o of being straight up the slope.

7. Visual contact with the landing zone.

8. Avoid application of either brake beyond 2/3 of the way from slack to stall position.

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9. Limit turns to 30o of bank, limit speed in turns to 1.5 times the straight line, brakes off, 

cruise speed, and smoothly exit any spiral turn which shows a tendency to steepen or 

accelerate.

10. Should fly a canopy recommended by the manufacturer as suitable for Beginner to 

Intermediate pilots.

12-02.15 Intermediate Paragliding Rating (P-3)

A. General Description – The pilot has the knowledge and skills to fly most sites in mild to moderate 

soaring conditions, and to judge when the site and conditions are within the pilot's skill, 

knowledge, and experience level. The pilot understands the USHPA paragliding rating system 

and recommended operating limitations, and the FARs and other flying rules applicable to his/her 

flying (ridge rules, thermal right of way, FAR 103, aircraft sectional use and regulated airspace 

avoidance, etc.).

The pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the rating.

B. Intermediate Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. Must have logged a minimum of 30 flying days.

b. Must have logged a total of at least 90 flights.

c. Must have logged a minimum of 20 hours of solo airtime.

2. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

a. Has received training in and/or understands the importance and significance of:

i. Right of way rules.

ii. FAA Regulations and aircraft sectional charts

iii. Airspeed control, stalls, spins, and turbulence-induced collapses and 

recoveries.

iv. Canopy owner’s manual.

v. USHPA Accident Report results currently in print.

3. Can give verbal analysis of conditions on the hill, demonstrating knowledge of wind 

shadows, gradients, lift, sink, laminar air, turbulence and rotors, and the effect these 

items have on an intended flight path and turns.

4. Must give a verbal flight plan for each observed flight.

5. Must show thorough preflight of the harness, canopy, and backup reserve parachute.

6. With each flight, demonstrates a method of establishing that the pilot is properly 

connected to the glider, with cleared lines and risers just prior to launch.

7. All inflations/launches should be aggressive, confident, and with a smooth transition from 

running to flying. Flights with slow, unstable inflations/launches will not be considered 

adequate for witnessed tasks.

8. For witnessed tasks, all landings must be safe, smooth, on the feet, and in control.

9. Demonstrates the ability to differentiate airspeed from ground speed.

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10. Demonstrates linked 180° turns along a predetermined ground track showing smooth 

controlled reversals and proper coordination at various speeds and bank angles.

11. Demonstrates 360° turns in both directions, and at various speeds and bank angles.

12. Demonstrates symmetric and asymmetric tip folds (25% per side, 50% total) or some 

other method of canopy reduction for increased descent rate.

13. Demonstrates one method to increase forward speed.

14. Demonstrates proper surge control of canopy using properly timed brake application.

15. Gives a thorough verbal description of how to maintain directional control during and 

correct for an 50% asymmetric wing collapse.

16. Gives a thorough explanation of:

a. Why flying a paraglider with one or both control toggles significantly extended 

should be avoided unless flaring for a landing.

b. The signs that the paraglider has entered a stalled configuration (one or both 

sides).

17. In 8 to 15 m.p.h. winds, demonstrates the ability to maintain airspeed at or near minimum 

sink during crosswind and upwind legs, without any evidence of stalls.

18. Demonstrates 5 landings within 10' of a target (or optional landing task – see Addendum 

1 – Optional Landing Task) after flights requiring turns on approach.

19. Demonstrates proper airspeed control on landing approach when descending through a 

gradient.

20. Demonstrates proper airspeed for maximum distance flown into a significant headwind.

21. Demonstrates complete understanding of all Paragliding Tow Discussion Topics (for tow 

rated pilots only).

22. Must pass the USHPA Intermediate Paragliding written exam.

23. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption of risk 

agreement for the Intermediate rating and deliver an original signed copy to the USHPA 

office.

24. Acknowledges and understands the need to become familiar with site-specific restrictions 

and launch or landing access limits, consistent with preservation of flying privileges at a 

site.

C. Recommended Operating Limitations for Intermediate Paraglider Pilots

1. Maximum base wind of 15 m.p.h.

2. Maximum peak gusts to 18 m.p.h.

3. Maximum gust rate of 5 m.p.h. in 5 seconds.

4. Avoid steep turns close to the ground.

5. Avoid application of either brake beyond 3/4 of the way from full off to stall position.

6. Limit turns to bank angles recommended by the manufacturer, limit speed in turns to 2 

times the straight line, brakes off, cruise speed, and smoothly exit any spiral turn that 

shows a tendency to steepen or accelerate.

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7. Should initiate downwind turns only with 300' of clearance outward from the hill or ridge in 

winds above 15 m.p.h., and 200' of clearance in winds above 10 m.p.h.

8. Should not fly in thermals where peak climb rates exceed 500 fpm or where significant 

vertical cloud development exists.

9. Upon mastering the above skills, an Intermediate Paragliding Pilot should pursue new 

maneuvers, sites, and conditions with the guidance of a USHPA Certified Advanced 

Paragliding Instructor or Observer.

12-02.16 Advanced Paragliding Rating (P-4)

A. General Description – The pilot has the knowledge and skills to fly technically demanding sites in 

strong soaring conditions, and to judge when the site and conditions are within the pilot's skill, 

knowledge, and experience level. The pilot understands the USHPA paragliding rating system 

and recommended operating limitations, and the FARs and other flying rules applicable to his/her 

flying.

The pilot will fly using good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the rating.

B. Advanced Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

1. Logged Requirements

a. 250 flights.

b. Must have made 5 flights at each of 5 different sites in Intermediate level 

conditions, of which 3 were inland.

c. Must have logged a minimum of 80 flying days.

d. Must have at least 3, 1-hour flights in thermal lift without sustaining ridge lift. 

Flights must originate from at least 2 different sites in Intermediate level 

conditions.

e. Must have at least 1, 1-hour flight in ridge lift without sustaining thermal lift.

f. Must have logged a minimum of 75 hours total airtime, with no more than 25 of 

these hours to be tandem. Of these 75 hours, 25 must be in thermal lift, with no 

more than 10 of these 25 hours to be tandem flights.

g. Must have flown a minimum of 5 different canopies.

2. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

a. Demonstrates preflight of the harness, canopy, and backup reserve parachute.

b. Can give a verbal analysis of conditions.

c. Can develop then follow a flight plan.

d. With each flight, demonstrates a method of establishing that the pilot is properly 

connected to the glider, with cleared lines and risers just prior to launch.

e. All inflations/launches should be aggressive, confident, and with a smooth 

transition from running to flying. Flights with slow, unstable inflations/launches 

will not be considered adequate as witnessed tasks.

f. All landings must be safe, smooth, on the feet and in control.

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g. Demonstrate ability to allow clearance when doing 360° turns by demonstrating 

figure eights:

i. In a wind sufficient to cause drift, two points will be selected on a line 

perpendicular to the wind.

ii. The pilot will fly along a line parallel to that joining the pylons, slightly 

downwind of the pylons, toward a point midway between them. 

During the crosswind leg, the pilot will establish the degree of wind 

drift. At the midpoint between the pylons, the pilot will make a 

smooth, deliberate upwind turn and enter a figure eight course 

consisting of smooth turns of constant ground track radius around 

the pylons (centered on the pylons) with straight segments at the 

midpoint between the pylons.

iii. The pilot must complete two consecutive figure eights in which the 

airspeed, bank angle, and turn rate are altered smoothly around the 

course such that the proper ground track is held and the drift is 

compensated for, without overcompensation or hesitation.

h. Demonstrate three consecutive landings within 10' of a target (or optional landing 

task – see Addendum 1 – Optional Landing Task) after a flight which requires 

turns on approach. In smooth conditions, the spot location should be changed by 

the Observer, for each of the three flights. Flights should be a minimum of one 

minute and 200' AGL.

i. Demonstrate smooth coordinated 360° turns in both directions, with reversal at 

various speeds and bank angles appropriate to the rating level.

j. Demonstrates significant asymmetric wing collapses (50% of the wing span) with 

directional control.

k. Demonstrates complete understanding of all Paragliding Tow Discussion Topics 

(for tow rated pilots only).

l. Must pass the USHPA Advanced Paragliding written exam.

m. Must convince the Instructor or Observer that he can check in and fly Advanced 

rated sites without endangering spectators, other pilots, or jeopardizing the site.

n. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption 

of risk agreement for the Advanced rating and deliver an original signed copy to 

the USHPA office.

C. Recommended Operating Limitations for Advanced Paraglider Pilots

1. Should not fly within 30' of another glider in smooth air, or within 100' of another glider in 

moderately turbulent air.

12-02.17 Master Paragliding Rating (P-5)

A. General Description – For pilots who wish to further diversify their skills in the sport of paragliding, 

and to recognize the achievement of the expert skilled pilot who has experience beyond the 

Advanced level, there is a designation of Master Pilot. No site will be designated as requiring 

Master skills. The pilot will fly using good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate 

with the rating.

B. Master Rating - Required Witnessed Tasks

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1. Logged Requirements

a. Must be a current USHPA Pilot or Rogallo Member.

b. Must have all non-launch Special Skills except Para Ski (PS), Mini-Wing 1 (M-1) 

or Mini-Wing 2 (M-2).

c. Must have a minimum of 1,450 points in at least 6 categories (see chart below). 

Must have a minimum of 400 hours airtime with at least 200 hours in thermals, 

and at least 500 logged flights.

d. Must obtain at least 3 letters of recommendation from USHPA Paragliding 

Observers, Examiners, or Advance Instructors, who will attest to the flying 

requirements and especially the good judgment and maturity of the applicant. If 

these officials have not seen the applicant flying for this 3 year period, additional 

letters of recommendation must be presented so that the 3 year block of time is 

covered.

e. Must possess the Bronze Safe Pilot Award, or above (100 flights; there are no 

points given for this).

Categories Points Max Points Allowed

Air time

(min. 400 hours)

1 pt./hour

(beyond 400 hours required 

airtime)

350

Number of flights

(Min. 500 flights. 250 

must be foot launched)

1 pt./flight

(beyond required 500 flights)

250

Altitude Gains(Only one 

altitude gain may be used 

from each flight)

10 pts./2,000' gain

15 pts./3,000' gain

20 pts./4,000' gain

25 pts./5,000' gain

30 pts./6,000' gain

350

Cross Country

(10 mile min. flights)

1 pt./mile 350

Number of different sites 

flown

10 pts./site 300

Number of different 

gliders flown

5 pts./glider 150

Competition 10 pts./fifth

20 pts./fourth

30 pts./third

40 pts./second

50 pts./first

100

Tandem

(As pilot in command)

10 pts./flight 100

Towing(Payout Reel, 

Stationary Winch Static 

Line)

5 pts./flight 100 (50 pts. in each 

of the possible 

categories)

f. The pilot is to present documentation of flight experience, to meet the 1,450 point 

minimum, to his Regional Director, who confirms completion of the requirements. 

The Director then approves or denies the application. If the application is denied, 

the pilot may appeal the denial to the USHPA Board of Directors. A two-thirds 

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vote of the Board is required to uphold the appeal. A Regional Director's award 

of a Master designation may be rescinded by a two-thirds vote of the Board.

g. Must agree to all the provisions of the USHPA standard waiver and assumption 

of risk agreement for the Master rating and deliver an original signed copy to the 

USHPA office.

12-02.18 Paragliding Special Skill Endorsements

A. Special Skills attainable by Novice (P-2) only.

1. -

B. Special Skills attainable by Novice and above (P-2-P-5).

1. Ridge Soaring (RS):

a. Demonstrates the ability to kite and launch safely on a slope producing 

sustainable ridge lift

b. Demonstrates the ability to fly a standard traffic pattern in both isolated and traffic 

conditions, illustrating the ability to communicate properly with other pilots in the 

pattern.

c. Demonstrates the ability to soar in a crosswind without stalling on downwind 

legs, and demonstrates the ability to fly at minimum sink without stalling in turns.

d. Demonstrates the ability to perform consistent and safe top landings.

2. Light Wind Cliff or Ramp Launch (CL):

a. Demonstrates the ability to launch safely from a shallow slope ramp or 

non-abrupt or overhung cliff top, where running room is severely restricted, drop 

off is steep, and wind is 5 m.p.h. or less, such that positive attitude control and 

strong, aggressive sprinting starts are required. Stalled, falling/diving launches 

are not acceptable demonstrations, even if flight is achieved.

3. Flat Slope Launches (FSL):

a. Demonstrates ability to launch in less than 10 m.p.h. wind from slopes which 

approach the maximum L/D of the glider.

4. Restricted Landing Field (RLF):

a. Demonstrates a landing using a downwind leg, base-leg, and a final leg 

approach where the entire base-leg, final, and landing occur within a 100' square.

b. Demonstrates the ability to plan and execute consistent and controlled side hill 

landings on various slopes.

c. Demonstrates the ability to plan and execute consistent and controlled top 

landings from various approaches.

5. Turbulence (TUR):

a. Demonstrates controlled and un-panicked flight in conditions requiring quick, 

deliberate, substantial, and correct control application to reduce pendulum 

motion.

b. Demonstrates proper directional control and correction of full (i.e., 50% of the 

wing span) asymmetric collapses.

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c. Demonstrates sustained flight in moderate thermal conditions without the aid of 

ridge lift.

d. Demonstrates smooth and correctly timed surge control.

e. Must have logged five 30-minute thermal flights without sustaining ridge lift.

6. High Altitude Launch (HA):

a. Demonstrates the ability to launch unassisted with strong, running 

forward-inflation launches in winds less than 5 m.p.h.

b. Demonstrates launches from sites with density altitude of 6000' or higher.

c. Demonstrates understanding of high altitude conditions (e.g., air density, cloud 

suck, anabatic and catabatic conditions, hypoxia, hypothermia).

7. Surface Tow (ST)

a. Must demonstrate tow system set up and preflight, including a complete 

discussion of all of the factors which are particular to the specific tow system 

used, and those factors which are relevant to towing in general. Must 

demonstrate complete understanding of both normal and emergency procedures, 

including checklists for normal procedures and the indications of an impending 

emergency, and convince the instructor of his/her ability to recognize and 

execute emergency procedures.

b. Demonstrates successful, confident, controlled launches and flight under tow to 

release altitude, with a smooth transition to flying. Such demonstrations may be 

made in ideal wind conditions.

c. Has discussed all Towing Discussion Topics with the issuing ST official

8. Para-Ski (PS)

a. Demonstrates the ability to correctly set up and self launch with skis on. This is a 

no wind skill. Pilot must have the ability to inflate the canopy in forward launch 

position first try.

b. Explains conditions, weather, equipment and protocols peculiar to flight in a ski 

area environment.

c. Demonstrates light wind launches and landings with skis.

C. Special Skills attainable by Intermediate and above (P-3 – P-5).

1. Cross Country (X-C):

a. Must hold RLF and TUR.

b. Demonstrates ability to recognize a safe landing area from the air and determine 

and execute a safe approach and landing, accounting for wind direction, rotors, 

obstacles, power lines, ground slope, vegetation, etc.

c. Demonstrates significant altitude gains (1000' or greater) above launch.

d. Demonstrates flight at a site where the landing area is not visible from launch, is 

not the normal landing area, and cannot be reached in a glide. The flight must 

demonstrate the pilot's ability to locate and link thermals to reach a destination.

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e. Demonstrates knowledge applicable to cross-country flight (e.g., downwind 

rotors, cloud streets, detecting wires and other obstructions from the air, 

advancing storm fronts, convergences and shears, etc.).

D. Special Skills for Mini-Wing Flying obtained by Novice rated pilots and above (P-2 – P-5)

1. All pilots rated P-2 – P-5 must meet all requirements listed below.

2. Issuing of Mini-Wing special skills for Mini-Wing Instructors is outlined in the 

Administration SOP (see SOP 12-05).

3. All Mini-Wing 1 (M-1) requirements must be fulfilled before being issued a MiniWing 2 (M-2) special skill.

E. Mini-Wing 1 (M-1)

General Description – The pilot has the knowledge and skills to fly most sites in mild to moderate 

flying conditions, and to judge when the site and conditions are within the pilot's skill, knowledge, 

and experience level. The pilot understands the USHPA Mini-Wing special skill system and 

recommended operating limitations, and the FARs and other flying rules applicable to his/her 

flying (ridge rules, FAR 103, aircraft sectional use and regulated airspace avoidance, etc.). The 

pilot shall use good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the Special Skill.

1. Required Witnessed Tasks 

a. Logged Requirements 

i. Attends ground school covering the glider, rules of flight, meteorology 

and applicable FARs.

ii. Must have logged a total of at least 25 flights on a mini-wing in a variety 

of conditions and terrain.

iii. Flight altitude needs to be adequate height to allow for proper launch 

transitioning into normal flight and appropriate set up for landing.

b. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

i. Pre-flight and Launch (Includes Foot and Ski launched)

aa. All inflations/launches should be aggressive, confident, and with 

a smooth transition from running to flying. Flights with slow, 

unstable inflations/launches will not be considered adequate for 

witnessed tasks.

ab. Must pass the USHPA Mini-Wing 1 (M-1) written exam.

ac. Provides a reliable analysis of general conditions of the site, their

own mental state, a flight plan (for each flight) including flight 

path, areas to avoid in relation to the wind flow, how to lengthen 

and shorten the plan, and obstacle avoidance.

ad. Gives verbal analysis of conditions on the hill, demonstrating 

knowledge of wind shadows, gradients, lift, sink, laminar air, 

turbulence and rotors, and the effect these items have on an 

intended flight path and turns. Able to differentiate airspeed from 

ground speed.

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ae. Acknowledges and understands the need to become familiar 

with site-specific restrictions and launch or landing access limits, 

consistent with preservation of flying privileges at a site.

af. Must convince the Instructor that he can check-in and fly rated 

sites without endangering spectators, other pilots, or jeopardizing 

the site.

ag. Has received training in and/or understands the importance and 

significance of:

i. Right of way rules.

ii. FAA Regulations and aircraft sectional charts

iii. Airspeed control, stalls, spins, and turbulence-induced 

collapses and recoveries.

iv. Canopy owner’s manual.

v. USHPA Accident Report results currently in print.

ah. Explains relationship between roll and dive and increased rate of 

descent.

ai. Explains functionality and proper use of the trim system.

aj. Demonstrates layout and preflight of the canopy and harness.

ak. Demonstrates 10 consecutive forward inflations with a visual 

check of the canopy each time.

al. Demonstrates 10 clean, smooth reverse inflations/reversals prior 

to launch.

am.Demonstrates controlled kiting of a glider overhead for 2 minutes 

in a steady wind.

an. Demonstrates 2 successful, aggressive, confident 

inflations/launches, where the wind is not exceeding 5 m.p.h.

ao. Demonstrates 2 successful, confident, high-wind 

inflations/launches.

ap. Explains and demonstrates an aborted launch and reasons for 

doing so.

c. Flying

i. Pilots should only fly a mini-wing commensurate with their skill level.

ii. When flying an USHPA site, it must be Mini-Wing Approved and 

appropriate for the pilots skill level.

iii. Demonstrates weight shift S-Turns.

iv. Demonstrates flight(s) along a planned path alternating 'S' turns of at 

least 90 degree change in heading. Flight heading need not exceed 45 

degrees from straight into the wind. Turns must be smooth with 

controlled airspeed, ending in safe, stand-up landings on a heading.

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v. Demonstrates flight showing Best Glide Speed, which may or may not be 

the same as the gliders trim speed, without slowing the glider to near 

stall.

vi. Demonstrates the ability to judge and allow for proper clearance from a 

ridge, gliders, and other obstacles.

vii. Demonstrates proper surge control of canopy using properly timed brake 

application.

viii. Demonstrates how to lengthen and shorten a flight path.

d. Landing

i. Landings must be safe, smooth, upright, and in control.

ii. Explains proper strong wind landing procedures and how to keep from 

being dragged back.

iii. Explains and demonstrates proper flare timing.

iv. Demonstrates proper and effective PLF technique.

a. Demonstrates 5 safe landings within a designated rectangle 30 ft wide by 100 ft 

long.

3. Recommended Operating Limitations

a. Should exceed these limitations ONLY AFTER thoroughly mastering all required 

tasks, and after acquiring a full understanding of the potential problems and 

dangers involved in exceeding these limitations.

b. Launching in no wind, cross winds in excess of 25 degrees, and cliff launches 

are not recommended.

c. Maximum base wind of 15 m.p.h.

d. Maximum gust rate of 5 m.p.h. in 5 seconds.

e. Avoid steep turns close to the ground and 360 degree turns.

f. Limit turns to bank angles recommended by the manufacturer.

g. Avoid downwind turns.

h. Should not fly within 50 ft of another glider in smooth air, or within 100 ft of 

another glider in moderately turbulent air.

i. Should not fly in lift.

j. Should maintain visual contact with the landing zone.

F. Mini-Wing 2 (M-2)

General Description – The pilot has the knowledge and skills to fly technically demanding sites in 

strong soaring conditions, and to judge when the site and conditions are within the pilot's skill, 

knowledge, and experience level. The pilot understands the USHPA paragliding rating system 

and recommended operating limitations, and the FARs and other flying rules applicable to his/her 

flying. The pilot will fly using good judgment and have a level of maturity commensurate with the 

Special Skill. The pilot has completed the training and skills needed to obtain a Mini-Wing 1 (M-1) 

special skill. All pilots shall meet all of the logged requirements, demonstrate ALL skill 

requirements, and pass the written exam. 

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1. Required Witnessed Tasks

a. Logged Requirements

i. 250 flights.

ii. Must have made 5 flights at 5 different sites in varied conditions.

iii. Must have at least 20 flights with at least 1,000 ft of vertical decent for 

each flight.

iv. Must have flown at least 5 different mini-wings.

v. Must have logged a minimum of 80 flying days.

b. Demonstrated Skills and Knowledge

i. Fulfills the requirements of the Mini-Wing 1 (M-1) Special Skill.

ii. Must pass the USHPA Mini-Wing 2 (M-2) written exam.

iii. Gives verbal analysis of conditions.

iv. Demonstrates preflight of the harness, and canopy.

v. Develops then follows a flight plan.

vi. Must convince the Instructor that he can check-in and fly rated sites 

without endangering spectators, other pilots, or jeopardizing the site.

vii. All landings must be safe, smooth, on the feet and in control.

viii. Demonstrates 5 consecutive landings within a rectangle 30 ft wide by 50 

ft long after a flight that requires turns on approach.

4. Recommended Operating Limitations

a. Should exceed these limitations ONLY AFTER thoroughly mastering all required 

tasks, and after acquiring a full understanding of the potential problems and 

dangers involved in exceeding these limitations.

a. Should not fly within 50 ft of another glider in smooth air, or within 100 ft of 

another glider in moderately turbulent air.

b. Avoid steep turns close to the ground.

c. Maximum gust rates of 5 mph in 5 seconds.

d. Limit turns to bank angles recommended by the manufacturer.

e. When flying an USHPA site, it must be Mini-Wing approved and appropriate for

the pilots skill level.

12-02.19 Addendum 1 – Optional Landing Task

At the discretion of the Observer or Instructor and not the pilot, this task may be substituted for the "three 

spot landings in a row" task. The optional landing task must only be used when the spot landing task is 

not practical or potentially dangerous. The administration of the task is as follows:

A. Equipment. Two flags, connected by a 200' long piece of wide ribbon. Flags and ribbon should 

be of a size and color so as to be visible from the air. Alternately, a 200' long line may be 

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permanently marked on the ground in areas where the wind direction is highly reliable. The 

endpoints of the line must be visible from the air on approach, and at least one wind direction flag 

should be provided.

B. Procedure. The, Basic Instructor, Advanced Instructor or Observer selects the most logical (most 

desirable / safest) landing point in the landing area. He plants one flag (the limit flag) 100' directly 

upwind of this point, stretches out the ribbon and plants the second flag (the threshold flag) 100' 

downwind of the ideal landing point; 200' downwind of the limit flag.

The ribbon represents a runway. The task is to land on the runway. Successful completion of the 

task requires the pilot to make a landing where no weight bearing contact is made prior to the 

threshold flag, beyond the limit flag, or more than 20' laterally away from the ribbon (runway 

centerline). The pilot may not touch the nose of the glider, nor the control bar, nor any part of the 

pilot's body other than the soles of his feet to the ground. In a landing that is pre-designated to 

be made on wheels, the front of the pilot’s body may touch the ground.

Successful completion of the task requires that two landings be made and observed and recorded 

by the Basic Instructor, Advanced Instructor or Observer in the pilot's certification book or 

logbook. They need not be on consecutive attempts; however, following any failed attempt at the 

task, the Observer, Basic Instructor, or Advanced Instructor shall note the failed attempt in the 

pilot's certification book of logbook, and the pilot shall not be eligible to attempt the task again 

until he logs ten additional landings.

The required task is the same for candidates for Novice (H-2/P-2), Intermediate (H-3/P-3), and 

Advanced (H-4/P-4) ratings. However, Basic Instructors, Advanced Instructors, and Observers 

should administer the task in conditions appropriate for each level: smooth winds at the end of 

the day with no significant thermal activity for Novice candidates, lighter or less consistent winds 

with some convective or turbulent activity for Intermediate candidates, and middle of the day, light 

or inconsistent winds with significant convective or turbulent activity for Advanced candidates. It 

is expected that pilots attempting the task be able to set up a “crab” to handle a slight variation 

between wind direction and "runway" orientation. However, the Instructor or Observer has the 

option of discounting a failed attempt and allowing an immediate re-test if a major change in wind 

direction or conditions during the attempt has made the difficulty of the task inappropriate for the 

level of skill being tested for.

12-02.20 Addendum 2 – Exemption #4144 (Towing)

Pursuant to the authority contained in Sections 313(a) and 601(c) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, the 

individuals authorized by the USHPA are granted an exemption for the FARs to the extent necessary to 

allow unpowered ultralight vehicles to be towed aloft by powered ultralights.

The exemption is subject to the following limitations:

A. Each operation must comply with all sections of 14 CFR Part 103 except #103.1(b) of the FAR.

B. No charge, assessment or fee may be made for the operation of the towing ultralight except the 

actual expenses of the specific flight.

C. Both occupants on both ultralights must possess a current pilot rating issued by the USHPA.

D. For identification purposes, the USHPA shall issue an individual authorization to each person 

allowed to conduct operations under this exemption. Each authorization must include an 

identification number and a copy of this exemption. The USHPA must have a procedure to 

rescind this authority when needed.

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E. Operations conducted under this exemption shall be in accordance with the safety and 

certification rules and guidelines, as amended, established by the USHPA, including those 

specified in paragraphs 1 through 12 in the petitioners supportive information.

F. Each operator of an ultralight vehicle under the authority of this exemption must be familiar with 

the provisions contained herein and must have in his or her personal possession a copy of the 

authorization issued by the USHPA and a copy of this exemption. These documents shall be 

presented for inspection upon request by the FAA.

The following requirements must be understood and adhered to:

A. Both vehicles (powered and unpowered ultralight) must meet the vehicle standards of Part 103.

B. Both vehicles must meet the requirements of the USHPA Towing standards.

C. While towing, both vehicles may be used for recreational purposes only. (Tow vehicles may be 

used in instructional flights but not for commercial purposes or for enumeration other than the 

cost of towing fees.)

D. The pilot of the powered ultralight vehicle must possess and have in his possession a current 

aero-tug pilot appointment issued by the USHPA.

E. The pilot of the unpowered ultralight vehicle must possess and have in his possession a current 

pilot rating issued by the USHPA. This rating shall be at least a USHPA Intermediate (H-3/P-3) for 

a recreational pilot and a USHPA Novice (H-2/P-2) for a student pilot under the supervision of a 

USHPA certified instructor.

F. The unpowered ultralight (hang glider) may be used for two-place instructional purposes (tandem) 

if the instructor possesses a current USHPA instructor appointment and is operating under the 

conditions of the two-place exemption.

G. Prior to a student’s first flight in a towed ultralight (hang glider), the pilot of the powered ultralight 

and the instructor must inform the student that instruction under tow is conducted under an 

exemption granted to the USHPA by the FAA.

H. The instructor must keep written record of all operations conducted under this exemption. The 

record shall include the students name, the date and the location of the instruction. The record 

must be maintained for 12 calendar months. The instructors shall present this record for 

inspection upon reasonable request by the USHPA or the FAA.

I. The instructor shall notify the USHPA within 30 days of any accident occurring while operating 

under this exemption. This information shall be made available upon reasonable request by the 

FAA.

J. The structural integrity of the tow hitch and tow line must be substantiated in accordance to 

USHPA standards and recorded in the tow launch vehicle records by the owner.

K. The operational capabilities of the powered ultralight to tow and release a hang glider 

satisfactorily must be demonstrated in an assigned test area under actual operational conditions 

to a USHPA observer and be duly recorded in the tow vehicle records.

L. Both towed and towing pilots must obey operational procedures set forth in the USHPA Towing 

standards.

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