IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

In the Matter of the Parentage of

No. 79059-5-I

D.L. and J.L.

DIVISION ONE

ERIK NILSEN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

Respondent,

and

LEANNE LOWE,

Appellant. FILED: January 6, 2020

APPELWICK, C.J. — Lowe appeals a modification to a parenting plan for twin

sons, J.L. and D.L. She alleges that there was not adequate grounds for the trial

court to proceed with Nilsen’s modification request after she withdrew her request

to relocate the boys. She also argues that the trial court impermissibly relied on

facts known to the court prior to the most recently adjudicated parenting plan to

find adequate cause to modify the parenting plan. And, she argues that there was

insufficient evidence of a substantial change in circumstances after the most

recently adjudicated parenting plan to support modification. We affirm.

FACTS

Leanne Lowe and Erik Nilsen are the parents of twin boys, J.L. and D.L.

The boys were born on March 2, 2010. They have strong and stable relationships

with both parents. Nilsen first sought a parenting plan regarding the children in
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2011. While the parentage action was pending, Lowe moved with the boys to

California without a court order. She rented out her Washington home and entered

a one year lease in California. The court ordered Lowe to return the boys to

Washington. Lowe then sought a negotiated plan with Nilsen. The parents agreed

on a parenting plan on February 8, 2012. Under the plan, D.L. would reside a

majority of the time with Nilsen in Washington while J.L. would reside a majority of

the time with Lowe in California. The plan called for the boys to be reunited in

Washington by September 2, 2014. One child would remain with each parent in

the Puget Sound area. If Lowe didn’t return to the Puget Sound area, both children

would reside a majority of the time with the Nilsen.

Lowe returned to Washington in between the summer and fall of 2014.

Nilsen then petitioned to modify the parenting plan. Lisa Barton completed a

guardian ad litem (GAL) report on behalf of both children on August 12, 2015.

Barton recommended that the children have close to equal residential time with

each parent. But, she recommended slightly more time with Lowe in order to

facilitate going to school with their half-sister, Lowe’s daughter. She also

recommended that the statutory presumption in favor of relocation under RCW

26.09.520 should not apply in this case. On December 23, 2015, the trial court

adopted these recommendations in a new parenting plan. The parties

subsequently modified the plan by agreement to correct a minor error. The

updated plan was filed on February 8, 2016.

About a year later, in early February 2017, Lowe informed Nilsen that she

had a potential job offer in Florida. She told Nilsen that she would take the offer

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and relocate to Florida unless Nilsen agreed to modify the parenting plan. Lowe

told Nilsen that “as the primary custodial parent, [she] would have a very strong

argument in court for relocation.” She said that if Nilsen did not agree to her plan

he “[would] be facing BOTH an appeals case and a relocation case.” But, if Nilsen

approved her updated parenting plan, she would reject her Florida job offer.

However, she refused to rule out further relocation, saying only that the reasons

for future location would need to be “more imperative,” such as her getting

remarried to a man in another state. Nilsen agreed to Lowe’s demands. Lowe

later told the GAL that she “was willing to agree to not move to Florida” because

she wasn’t really considering it anyway.

One month later, in March 2017, Lowe filed a notice of intent to relocate to

California. Lowe stated that her employer had mandated this move. She further

stated that she needed to move because she was getting married to a man named

Robert Burge, who lived in southern California. Lowe also stated that the move

was necessary because her daughter had a skin condition that required her to be

in a warmer climate. In her declaration in support of her request, she underlined

that the law includes a presumption that children be allowed to move pursuant to

RCW 26.09.520. She did not include that her existing parenting plan specifically

removed the relocation presumption in this case. Nilsen objected to the relocation.

He proposed that if Lowe were to move, the parenting plan should be modified so

that the children live with him the majority of the time.

Barton was again appointed as the GAL for the children to address issues

related to relocation and development of a parenting plan. She issued her report

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on June 29, 2017. Barton reported that Lowe’s marriage to Burge “does appear

to be an afterthought in an effort to gain traction for the relocation action.” Burge

reported to Barton that that their relationship had “changed” in early March, when

Lowe gave her the notice to relocate. Barton also noted that it was “interesting”

that Lowe did not mention marrying until Nilsen raised the issue when the parties

were discussing relocation. And, Barton learned from Lowe’s employer that they

considered her move to California to be for “personal reasons” rather than a job

requirement as Lowe had claimed. She said that Lowe had provided no evidence

regarding her daughter’s medical condition requiring her to move to California.

Barton also reported that Lowe told her that she had discussed the potential move

with the children.

Barton recommended that the relocation be denied. She also

recommended that the children should reside primarily with Nilsen. On August 1,

2017, about a month after Barton issued her report, Lowe withdrew her request to

relocate and moved to dismiss Nilsen’s modification action. Nilsen objected and

asked the court to allow his modification action to proceed. The trial court found

that Lowe had acted in bad faith throughout the relocation action. It also found

that her withdrawal of the relocation notice was disingenuous and submitted in bad

faith. The court ordered Lowe to pay $9,811.88 in attorney fees to Nilsen. It also

denied her motion to dismiss Nilsen’s modification action, but instructed Nilsen to

file a separate motion for adequate cause to modify the plan.

On October 12, 2017, Nilsen filed a petition to modify the parenting plan.

He proposed that the boys reside with him 15 out of 28 days, and with Lowe 13

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No. 79059-5-1/5

out of 28 days. The court found adequate cause for a hearing to modify the plan

based on Lowe’s constant threats of relocation creating a detriment to the children.

Lowe filed a notice of discretionary review of the adequate cause determination to

this court on February 12, 2018. This court denied review. After a trial, the court

approved Nilsen’s proposed changes to the parenting plan.

Lowe appeals.

DISCUSSION

Lowe raises three issues on appeal. First, she argues that there was not

adequate cause for the trial court to allow Nilsen’s modification action to proceed

once she withdrew her relocation petition. Next, she contends that the trial court

impermissibly relied on facts known to the court prior to the most recent parenting

plan in determining that a substantial change in circumstances warranted

modification of the plan. Last, she argues that there was insufficient evidence of

a change of circumstances to support a modification.

A trial court may not modify a parenting plan unless it finds, upon the basis

of facts that have arisen since the prior decree or plan or that were unknown to the

trial court at the time of the prior decree or plan, that a substantial change in

circumstances has occurred. RCW 26.09.260(1). A party seeking modification of

a parenting plan must submit an affidavit setting forth facts supporting the

requested modification. RCW 26.09.270. The opposing party may file opposing

affidavits. ROW 26.09.270. The trial court must then determine if the affidavits

establish adequate cause to hear the motion. ROW 26.09.270. If it determines

that the affidavits establish adequate cause, it shall hold a hearing on an order to

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No. 79059-5-116

show cause why the request should not be granted. RCW 26.09.270. However,

a person objecting to relocation of a child may petition to modify the parenting plan

without a showing of adequate cause other than the proposed relocation itself.

RCW 26.09.260(6). This court reviews a superior court’s determination of

adequate cause for abuse of discretion. In re Parentage of Jannot, 149 Wn.2d

123, 128, 65 P.3d 664 (2003).

I. Withdrawal of Relocation Petition

Lowe argues that the trial court erred in allowing Nilsen’s modification action

to proceed after she withdrew her relocation petition. She contends that the facts

here are comparable to In re Marriage of Grigsby, 112 Wn. App. 1, 57 P.3d 1166

(2002).

In Grigsby, a mother and father had joint custody of two sons. Id. at 4. By

agreement of the parties, the boys lived with the mother a majority of the time. k~.

After the parties had both moved to Washington, the mother petitioned the court

to relocate with the boys, and the father objected and sought a modification of the

parenting plan due to the proposed relocation. ki. at 5. After a hearing, the trial

court ruled against relocation, but did not immediately rule on the parenting plan

modification. at 6. The mother immediately declared her intent to remain in

Washington to the court. j~,

Nevertheless, the trial court held another hearing on the parenting plan

modification roughly two months later. j4~ It justified holding another hearing by

voicing concern about potential future proposed relocations, stating it wanted to

“retain the status quo as much as possible.” ki. at 15. The trial court subsequently

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No. 79059-5-1/7

modified the parenting plan to give the father a slight majority of residential time.

kI. at 6. This court overturned the modification, holding that once the mother

indicated that she would not relocate, the relocation could not serve as the basis

for a modification of the parenting plan. Seeki at 17.

The facts here differ in two significant ways. First, unlike the mother in

Grigsby, Lowe was found to have withdrawn her relocation petition in bad faith. ki.

The court in Grigsby specifically declined to reach the question of whether a trial

court would have authority to modify the parenting plan in that instance. Id.

Second, the trial court here did not rely solely on the relocation petition as

the basis for modifying the parenting plan. Rather, it required Nilsen to show

adequate cause on his own modification petition after the petition for relocation

had been withdrawn. Nilsen complied by submitting an affidavit as required by

ROW 26.09.270. This course of action is expressly recognized in Grigsby. 112

Wn. App. at 17 (‘Grigsby is, of course, free to seek modification of the parenting

plan should he be able to establish that there has been a substantial change in

circumstances of the children.”).

The trial court did not err in allowing Nilsen to pursue a modification request

upon the necessary threshold showing after withdrawal of the relocation petition.

II. Facts Known Prior to the Most Recent Parenting Plan

Lowe argues next that trial court impermissibly relied on facts known to the

court prior to the adjudication of the December 2015 parenting plan when it

modified the 2016 parenting plan. ROW 26.09.260 provides that a court should

modify a parenting plan only if it finds a substantial change in circumstances “upon

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No. 79059-5-1/8

the basis of facts that have arisen since the prior decree or plan or that were

unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree or plan.’ Facts that are not

anticipated by the court at the time of the prior decree are considered unknown for

the purposes of showing a basis to modify the parenting plan. In re Marriage of

Parker, 135Wn. App. 465, 471, 145 P.3d 383 (2006). A material change can also

be deemed to occur where a provision of the original decree anticipates

cooperation and that cooperation is not forthcoming. Selivanoff v. Selivanoff, 12

Wn. App. 263, 265, 529 P.2d 486 (1974).

Here, the parties’ most recently adjudicated plan was entered on December

28, 2015.1 However, the trial court in the modification made extensive findings of

fact concerning events that occurred prior to the previous plan. Lowe contends

this was error.

That the trial court provided a recitation of the family’s history in its findings

does not by itself indicate a violation of ROW 26.09.260. The statute calls for the

court to determine whether a “substantial change” has occurred. ROW

26.09.260(1). Plainly, it would be impossible to determine whether any sort of

change had occurred without an understanding of the status quo. So, to the extent

that the trial court included historical facts to provide context for a finding of a

substantial change, it did not err.

1 The parties agreed to modify this plan in February 2016 to correct a

typographical error. Because the February 2016 was uncontested, the court may

look to facts prior to that plan. See In re Marriage of Timmons, 94 Wn. 2d 594,

599-600, 617 P.2d 1032 (1980).

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No. 79059-5-1/9

Lowe, however, contends that the trial court did more than simply provide

context. She argues that the trial court “based its modification almost entirely on

facts that arose prior to the last contested parenting plan.” She points to the 18

findings of fact referencing events prior to December 2015, and the court’s

reference to “long standing patterns” of attempting to relocate.

Lowe raised these concerns to the trial court in a motion for reconsideration.

The trial court denied her motion, confirming that its “modification . . . is based on

facts and circumstances that have arisen since the entry of the 2016 parenting

plan.” The trial court further explained that the pre-2016 facts it included were “the

history of this family and the context by which all of the facts arising since the entry

of the February 2016 parenting plan is viewed.”

Consideration of the history of attempted relocation was also permissible to

discern whether a “provision of the original decree anticipates cooperation and that

cooperation is not forthcoming.” Selivanoff, 12 Wn. App. at 265. The previous

parenting plan contained a provision that a presumption in favor of relocation would

not apply to this case.2 The trial court here found that provision was “a clear

attempt to address the ongoing disruption that repeated relocations have caused.”

However, the court found the effort was “unsuccessful and ignored by the mother.”

Consideration of the provision and its history was therefore necessary to determine

whether Lowe’s lack of cooperation constituted a substantial change.

2 The question of whether a trial court has authority to waive this

presumption is not before us and we therefore decline to address it.

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No. 79059-5-1/10

The trial court’s use of facts known prior to the most recent parenting plan

was permissible.

Ill. Sufficiency of Evidence of Substantial Change

Last, Lowe contends that the there was insufficient evidence of a change in

circumstances after December 2015 to support a modification of the parenting

plan. A trial court’s decision to modify a parenting plan is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. See In re Marriage of McDole, 122 Wn.2d 604, 610, 859 P.2d 1239

(1993). This decision will not be reversed unless the court exercised its discretion

in an untenable or manifestly unreasonable way. j.4. A trial court’s findings will be

upheld if they are supported by substantial evidence. k~.

The trial court determined that a change was necessary because Lowe’s

repeated attempts to relocate, and repeated involvement of the children in parental

conflicts, were adverse to the best interests of the children.

Since the December 2015 plan, Lowe has threatened relocation twice: first,

to Florida and then, a month later, to California. She used her first request to

relocate, a move she later stated she “was not considering” anyway, to get more

residential time from Nilsen. She was forced to withdraw her second request after

the GAL uncovered inconsistencies in her proffered reasons for the move. That

request came only one month after exacting concessions in exchange for dropping

her previous request to move to Florida.

Lowe admitted to discussing the potential move to California with the

children, in violation of a prohibition in the parenting plan. She moved to California

with her daughter, but without her sons, while a decision from the trial court was

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No. 79059-5-I/il

pending, making the boys all the more aware of the potential separation from their

father. In attempting to relocate to California, Lowe also explicitly relied on the

presumption in favor of relocation, by including and underlining the presumption in

her request to court. She did not disclose that the trial court had provided in the

existing parenting plan that the statutory presumption would not apply to these

parents. She acted contrary to the plan and was not candid to the court.

Lowe also involved the children in her attempts to interfere with Nilsen’s

residential time. She did this by enrolling the children in a Taekwondo class that

met on Tuesdays and Thursdays, even though Tuesday was Nilsen’s only

residential weekday with the boys. She did this one year after having reduced

Nilsen’s residential time through her threatened move to Florida. She claims she

had Nilsen’s permission to do so. But, the “permission” was that he had agreed to

a different martial arts class two years earlier. She claims that she “didn’t force

him” to take the children to Taekwondo during his residential time. But, she admits

that the boys were aware that one of the classes was scheduled during his

residential time, and that the boys had told Nilsen they had class during that time.

The boys had a goal of working towards a “black belt” in Taekwondo. The mother

framed Nilsen’s choice by saying “if he chose to support their goal, then that was

up to him.” The trial court correctly concluded that this placed Nilsen in a situation

to either disappoint the boys or lose his only weekday time with them. The facts

support a conclusion of abusive use of conflict by Lowe and of involving the

children in the conflict.

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No. 79059-5-1/12

The trial court had reason to believe that Lowe would continue her attempts

at relocation. Just 17 days prior to trial, Lowe e-mailed her daughter’s father,

indicating that all his visits with their daughter after September 1, 2018 would take

place “at [her] residence in Costa Mesa, California.” The trial court thus found her

trial testimony that she didn’t have a residence in Costa Mesa not credible. The

court further found that either Lowe did have a residence in Costa Mesa, or she

was misleading her daughter’s father. The court also found this exchange

indicated either that the mother would deliberately schedule her daughter’s

residential time with her father in Costa Mesa wthout the boys, that she would take

the boys with her to Costa Mesa, or that she would be residing in Costa Mesa.

The trial court found that Lowe provided no credible explanation for her statements

in the e-mail that she resided in California.

Accordingly, the trial court had sufficient evidence of the mother’s continued

threats of relocation and involving the boys in parental conflict occurring after the

prior order to conclude that a substantial change of circumstances in the lives of

the children had occurred. The court had additional reasons to believe this

behavior would continue under the current residential schedule. Its reasons for

exercising its discretion to modify the parenting plan are not manifestly

unreasonable. The actual changes are not otherwise challenged.

Lowe argues that there was no evidence the children were being harmed.

In fact, she points to the trial court noting the children were doing exceptionally

well. But, the best interest standard does not require that the court wait until the

children are so damaged that they exhibit measurable harm before protecting them

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No. 79059-5-1/13

from behaviors that pose a risk of harm. ~ In re Marriage of Frasier, 33 Wn.

App. 445, 451, 655 P.2d 718 (1982) (“There is nothing in the language of [RCW

26.09.260] which compels a court to wait until damage has actually occurred .

before taking corrective action in child custody cases.”). The evidence before the

trial court amply suggested the behavior of Lowe posed a risk of harm to the

children and was not in their best interest.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding a substantial change in

circumstances and granting the modification.

We affirm.

L~4J*i

WE CONCUR:

1’ L~iJ4

V

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