J-S60016-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

CYNTHIA BAKER SPANGLER 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 522 MDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence February 27, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-14-SA-0000004-2018

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., NICHOLS, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 18, 2018

Appellant Cynthia Baker Spangler appeals from the judgment of 

sentence following a bench trial and her conviction for harassment.1 Appellant 

contends that the trial court should have dismissed the charge, and she also 

challenges the sufficiency and weight of the evidence. We affirm.

We set forth the following as background.2 Appellant and Megan Shirey, 

the victim, are neighbors. Shirey testified about multiple incidents with 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(3).

2 We glean the facts from the trial transcript. We have construed the facts in 

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. See Commonwealth v. 

Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000) (stating, “[w]hen reviewing a 

sufficiency claim the court is required to view the evidence in the light most 
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Appellant. R.R. at 8a.3 The first such incident was in April of 2017, shortly 

after Shirey moved in next door to Appellant’s home. Id. at 9a. Shirey arrived 

home and let her dog out into her yard. Id. Appellant’s dogs barked 

continuously at Shirey’s dog. Id.4 Appellant came over to introduce herself 

to Shirey, “alluded” that their respective dogs were going to be problematic, 

and asked if Shirey knew when she would let her dog out. Id. Shirey replied 

that her dog would use her yard when she was home and hoped that 

Appellant’s dogs would get used to Shirey’s dog. Id. Appellant responded 

that she did not think so. Id. According to Shirey—who was then pregnant—

Appellant said “it would be a shame if that baby couldn’t sleep once it gets 

here.” Id.

Shirey also recounted another incident, date unknown, in which Shirey 

was on her deck while her husband and dog were in the yard. Id. Shirey saw 

Appellant outside, who then “flipped [her] off from [Appellant’s] deck.” Id. 

Shirey stated that the source of tension between the two was because Shirey’s 

dog “causes” Appellant’s dogs to bark. Id. At some point, Shirey had made 

multiple complaints to the township about the noise from Appellant’s dogs. 

Id.

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favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all 

reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.” (citation omitted)).

3 We cite to the reproduced record for the parties’ convenience.

4 Appellant testified she has five dogs. R.R. at 13a.
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Shirey also testified about incidents that occurred on September 25, 

2017, and on November 20, 2017. Id. at 7a-8a. In September, Shirey had 

taken her dog outside to the backyard of her home. Id. at 8a. Shirey’s dog 

chose to lie down in the sun and Shirey flipped the dog back onto his feet. Id. 

According to Shirey, Appellant saw this from her porch, yelled that Shirey was 

abusing her dog, said she was going to call the police, and called Shirey “an 

asshole.” Id. Shirey later contacted the police, who arrived and told Appellant 

not to speak with Shirey or enter Shirey’s property. Id. at 6a (citation 

discussing the September 2017 incident). 

On November 20, 2017, Shirey left work, picked up her then fourmonth-old son from daycare, and drove home. Id. at 7a. When Shirey 

arrived, she parked her car in the driveway, and went inside with her son. Id. 

She then opened their basement door and both she and the family dog went 

outside into the fenced backyard. Id. Within a minute of Shirey’s walking 

outside, one of Appellant’s dogs began barking, which, according to Shirey, 

was “typical.” Id. Shirey’s dog was not barking. Id. at 8a. 

The barking prompted Shirey to reach into her pocket for her phone so 

she could video record the barking. Id. at 7a-8a. She explained that the 

township had advised her that she needed to provide a video of the barking 

before the township could cite anyone for violating a noise ordinance. Id. 

Upon realizing her phone was not in her pocket and was in her car, she exited 
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the backyard to proceed to her driveway, where her car was parked. Id. at 

8a. Shirey saw Appellant on her driveway with her cell phone out. Id. 

Shirey yelled at Appellant to leave her property and that she would 

contact the police because Appellant was violating the September police “stay 

away” order. Id. Appellant, according to Shirey, responded, “I know what 

you’re doing little girl. We don’t do that to our babies.” Id. Appellant was 

also pointing her phone at the license plate area of Shirey’s car. Id. Shirey 

repeatedly told Appellant to leave her property, and Appellant walked back to 

the road and continued to yell at Shirey. Id. Another neighbor witnessed the 

exchange and told Appellant to leave Shirey alone. Id. Shirey acknowledged 

there were no incidents between September and November. Id. at 10a. 

On February 27, 2018, the court held a summary trial at which the above 

facts were presented. Appellant testified and, generally, denied that her dogs 

barked in the manner described by Shirey. Id. at 13a. Appellant countered 

that her actions in September of 2017 were motivated by a concern for 

Shirey’s dog given the hot weather that day. Id. at 14a. Appellant also denied 

cursing Shirey. Id. With respect to the November 2017 incident, Appellant 

stated that she passed by Shirey’s home to investigate what had caused 

Appellant’s dogs to bark. Id. While Appellant was on Shirey’s driveway, 

according to Appellant, Shirey exited her home to curse Appellant. Id. 

Appellant denied having any intent to harass Shirey. Id. at 15a.
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The court found Appellant guilty of the above-mentioned crimes and 

reimposed the fines and costs previously imposed by the magisterial district 

judge. Appellant filed a post-sentence motion. Appellant’s motion 

acknowledged that Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(d) bars filing a post-sentence motion 

when, as here, Appellant appealed from a summary conviction after a trial de 

novo. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(d); R.R. at 20a. Appellant’s motion explained 

that out of an abundance of caution, she was raising a claim challenging the 

weight of the evidence. R.R. at 20a. Before the court ruled on Appellant’s 

motion, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on March 28, 2018. On March 

29, 2018, the court issued an order stating it could not rule on Appellant’s 

post-sentence motion because she had filed an appeal. Order, 3/29/18. 

Appellant timely filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.5 

The trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion, which addressed Appellant’s issues 

and held, among other things, that Appellant’s weight claim lacked merit. Trial 

Ct. Op., 4/19/18, at 2 (holding that verdict did not shock the court’s sense of 

justice because it found Appellant’s testimony not credible). 

Appellant raises the following issues in her brief:

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5 Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement was not included in the certified record 

transmitted to this Court, but was part of the reproduced record. No party 

has challenged the statement’s accuracy. See generally Pa.R.A.P. 1921 cmt. 

(stating, “where the accuracy of a pertinent document is undisputed, the Court 

could consider that document if it was in the Reproduced Record, even though 

it was not in the record that had been transmitted to the Court”). 
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1. Whether the alleged conduct of [Appellant] should be dismissed 

for being de minim[i]s, as defined in 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 312, as it did 

not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought to be 

prevented by the law defining the offense and/or did so only to an 

extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of conviction?

2. Whether the evidence presented was insufficient to support 

[Appellant’s] conviction for 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709(a)(3)

(Harassment – Course of Conduct) with respect to each element 

of the offense?

3. Whether the issue of the verdict being against the weight of 

the evidence can be first raised in a direct appeal to the Superior 

Court following a trial de novo because the Rules of Criminal 

Procedure state that there shall be no post-sentence motions in 

summary case appeals following a trial de novo in the court of 

common pleas, such that it would be procedurally impossible for 

[Appellant] to raise this issue at any other time?

4. Whether [Appellant’s] conviction for 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709(a)(3) 

(Harassment – Course of Conduct) was against the weight of the 

evidence, was manifestly unreasonable, and was so contrary to 

the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice since certain facts 

were so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give 

them equal weight with all the other facts is to deny justice 

including, but not limited to, the fact that the [victim’s] testimony 

incontrovertibility [sic] established that [Appellant’s] actions 

served a legitimate purpose.

Appellant’s Brief at 6 (some capitalization omitted and issues reordered to 

facilitate disposition).

With respect to Appellant’s first issue, she contends that the trial court 

abused its discretion by not dismissing the charge. Id. at 28. According to 

Appellant, in Commonwealth v. Houck, 335 A.2d 389, 391 (Pa. Super. 

1975), the Court affirmed the trial court’s decision to dismiss a charge of 

harassment because it was de minimis under 18 Pa.C.S. § 312. Id. Appellant 

argues that the facts of Houck, which we discuss below, are analogous to the 
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underlying facts, and thus, the trial court should have dismissed the charge 

against her. The Commonwealth countered that Appellant waived the issue 

by not raising it before the trial court. Commonwealth’s Brief at 13-14.

The standard of review for evaluating whether a trial court dismissed 

charges properly under Section 312 is an abuse of discretion. 

Commonwealth v. Przybyla, 722 A.2d 183, 184 (Pa. Super. 1998). Section 

312, in relevant part, follows:

(a) General rule.—The court shall dismiss a prosecution if, 

having regard to the nature of the conduct charged to constitute 

an offense and the nature of the attendant circumstances, it finds 

that the conduct of the defendant:

(1) was within a customary license or tolerance, neither 

expressly negatived by the person whose interest was infringed 

nor inconsistent with the purpose of the law defining the 

offense;

(2) did not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought 

to be prevented by the law defining the offense or did so only 

to an extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of 

conviction; or

(3) presents such other extenuations that it cannot reasonably 

be regarded as envisaged by the General Assembly or other 

authority in forbidding the offense.

18 Pa.C.S. § 312(a). 

In short, “the language of the statute requires the trial court to dismiss 

the prosecution on its own accord, upon a determination that the defendant’s 

conduct involved de minim[i]s infractions.” Commonwealth v. Gemelli, 474 

A.2d 294, 300 (Pa. Super. 1984) (citation omitted). “[N]either the statute 

nor case law requires a defendant to preserve the issue of de minim[i]s
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infractions by means of inclusion in an omnibus motion.” Id. “An offense 

alleged to be de minimis in nature should not be dismissed where either harm 

to the victim or society in fact occurs.” Commonwealth v. Lutes, 793 A.2d 

949, 963 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted).

In Houck, cited by Appellant, the defendant and victim were friends for 

years. Houck, 335 A.2d at 391. Their friendship broke down, and the 

defendant was charged with harassing the victim by telephone and, during 

those calls, saying he was “lower than dirt” and “morally rotten.” Houck, 335 

A.2d at 390. The trial court dismissed the charge, reasoning the defendant’s 

actions did not violate the then-existing harassment statute and even if they 

did, the actions were “too trivial to warrant a conviction.” Id. Thus, the court 

dismissed the indictment under Section 312, and the Commonwealth 

appealed. Id. at 389-90. The Houck Court affirmed, albeit with little 

reasoning other than it agreed “with the propriety of the trial judge’s action in 

dismissing the case.” Id. at 391.

Turning to the merits, we initially disagree with the Commonwealth that 

Appellant waived the issue. See generally Gemelli, 474 A.2d at 300. 

Indeed, the Gemelli Court pointed out that the trial court should act of its 

own accord per the statute. See id. On the merits, unlike the facts in Houck, 

there were no telephone calls. Cf. Houck, 335 A.2d at 390. Rather, as set 

forth above, Appellant was physically present on Shirey’s property and

verbally harassing her, which harmed Shirey. See Lutes, 793 A.2d at 963. 
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Given this record, Appellant has not established that the trial court abused its 

discretion by not dismissing the charges as de minimis. See Przybyla, 722 

A.2d at 184. 

We next address Appellant’s sufficiency challenge to Section 2709(a)(3). 

Appellant contends the Commonwealth failed to establish all three elements. 

First, Appellant argues that the September and November incidents do not 

rise to the level of a “course of conduct.” Appellant’s Brief at 15. She 

acknowledges Shirey’s testimony about several additional incidents, but 

maintains they were unrelated, trivial, and of little weight. Id. at 17 n.1. 

Second, Appellant asserts that her “name-calling” of Shirey should not be 

considered “lewd, lascivious, threatening or obscene words.” Id. at 18 

(quoting 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(f)). She claims that the trial court’s finding that 

she received multiple warnings is not supported by the record. Id. at 19. 

Third, Appellant argues her actions had legitimate purpose, which, as she had 

testified, were to inform Shirey that she was abusing her dog, a criminal 

offense. Id. at 20. As for the November 2017 incident, Appellant claims that 

she was legitimately concerned that Shirey had left her child in Shirey’s car. 

Id. at 22.

The standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence 

follows:

A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence presents a 

question of law. We must determine whether the evidence is 

sufficient to prove every element of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt. We must view evidence in the light most 
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favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, and accept 

as true all evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom upon 

which, if believed, the fact finder properly could have based its 

verdict.

Commonwealth v. Arcelay, 190 A.3d 609, 617 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation 

omitted).

The Crimes Code defines harassment in pertinent part, as follows:

(a) Offense defined.—A person commits the crime of 

harassment when, with intent to harass, annoy or alarm another, 

the person:

* * *

(3) engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly commits acts 

which serve no legitimate purpose[.]

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(f) Definitions.—As used in this section, the following words and 

phrases shall have the meanings given to them in this subsection:

* * *

“Course of conduct.” A pattern of actions composed of more than 

one act over a period of time, however short, evidencing a 

continuity of conduct. The term includes lewd, lascivious, 

threatening or obscene words, language, drawings, caricatures or 

actions, either in person or anonymously. Acts indicating a course 

of conduct which occur in more than one jurisdiction may be used 

by any other jurisdiction in which an act occurred as evidence of 

a continuing pattern of conduct or a course of conduct.

18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(3), (f). It is well-settled that the term “includes” is a 

term of enlargement, and not limitation, in construing statutory language. 

Braun v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 24 A.3d 875, 963 (Pa. Super. 2011) (per 

curiam).
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In Commonwealth v. Tedesco, 550 A.2d 796 (Pa. Super. 1988), this 

Court construed the term “course of conduct” as follows. 

[T]here must be evidence of a repetition of the offensive 

conduct. In interpreting the aforegoing, this Court, in 

Commonwealth v. Schnabel, 236 Pa. Super. 280, 344 A.2d 896 

(1975), held that the Commonwealth failed to establish that 

appellant-lessor engaged in a “course of conduct” of harassment 

by the single act of cutting the complainant-lessee’s water hose. 

In so doing, it is important to note that the Schnabel Court 

embraced the definition that course of conduct is more than an 

isolated verbal or physical act. It is a pattern of conduct composed 

of same or similar acts repeated over a period of time, however 

short, which establishes a continuity of purpose in the mind of the 

actor. Such definition undermines the [defendant’s] contention 

that the reviewing court is precluded from examining the 

testimony elicited regarding matters that occurred prior to . . . the 

date of the complained of conduct.

Id. at 799-800 (emphases in original, some citations and internal quotation 

marks omitted).

After careful consideration of the parties’ briefs, the record, and the trial 

court’s opinion, we affirm on the basis of the trial court’s reasoning. See Trial 

Ct. Op. at 3-4. Further, even assuming Appellant’s name-calling did not fall 

within the category of “lewd, lascivious, threatening or obscene words,”

section 2709’s use of the term “includes” means that it did not criminalize only 

threatening words. See Braun, 24 A.3d at 963. Section 2709(f) forbids 

threatening actions, as well, such as Appellant’s. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(f). 

Finally, it was for the court, as fact-finder, to determine whether Appellant’s 

actions had a legitimate purpose, and the trial court did not find Appellant’s 

testimony credible. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3-4. Having viewed the record in the 
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light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we perceive no error of law. See 

Arcelay, 190 A.3d at 617.

Appellant lastly contends that her challenge to the weight of the 

evidence was properly preserved for appellate review. Appellant’s Brief at 

13.6 On the merits, Appellant challenges the trial court’s categorization of her 

testimony as inconsistent. Id. at 25. Appellant maintains that her testimony 

corroborated her intent not to harass victim. Id. Appellant argues that 

Shirey’s testimony verifies that Appellant’s statements were made out of 

concern for the victim’s dog and not to harass. Id. at 25-27.

With respect to a challenge to the weight of the evidence, we set forth 

the following as background:

Ordinarily, a challenge to the weight of the evidence is waived 

unless it is presented in the first instance to the trial court. 

Preservation of this type of claim normally takes the form of a 

post-sentence motion. However, a defendant convicted of a 

summary offense is precluded from filing any post-sentence 

motions. Thus, [the defendant] had no opportunity to preserve 

his weight of the evidence argument prior to filing his Statement 

of Matters Complained of on Appeal. It would be unjust to deprive 

[the defendant] of the right to raise this issue on the grounds that 

he failed to file a motion he was not entitled to file. . . . Because 

[the defendant’s] challenge to the weight of the evidence has been 

considered in the first instance by the trial court, we decline to 

find waiver. . . .

A true “weight of the evidence” claim contends the verdict is a 

product of speculation or conjecture. Such a claim requires a new 

trial only when the verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to 

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6 The Commonwealth agrees with Appellant that she preserved her weight 

claim. Commonwealth’s Brief at 7.
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shock one’s sense of justice. A decision regarding the weight of 

the evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial judge whose 

decision will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that 

discretion.

Commonwealth v. Dougherty, 679 A.2d 779, 784-85 (Pa. Super. 1996) 

(citations omitted).

Initially, we agree with the trial court that Appellant preserved her 

challenge to the weight of the evidence. See id.; accord Trial Ct. Op. at 1. 

After careful review of the record, the parties’ briefs, and the trial court’s 

rationale, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court. See Trial Ct. 

Op. at 2; Dougherty, 679 A.2d at 784-85. The trial court noted that Appellant 

expressly disregarded a police instruction to stay off of Shirey’s property. As 

set forth above, Appellant’s statements to Shirey did not, in the trial court’s 

view, support a concern about the victim’s dog. Accordingly, we affirm the 

judgment of sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judge Shogan joins the memorandum.

Judge Strassburger concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/18/2018