United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 01-1808

___________

Charles Naucke; Theresa Naucke; *

John Duval, *

*

Appellants, *

*

v. *

*

City of Park Hills; James Link, *

personally and in his official capacity *

as City Administrator for the City of *

Park Hills, *

*

Appellees, *

*

Wheaton USA, Inc., a New Jersey *

corporation, *

*

Defendant. *

Appeals from the United States

District Court for the 

Eastern District of Missouri.

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No. 01-1809

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Charles Naucke; John Duvall, *

*

Appellees, *

*

v. *
1

The Honorable Donald J. Stohr, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri. 

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*

City of Park Hills, *

*

Defendant, *

*

James Link, personally and in his *

official capacity as City Administrator *

for the City of Park Hills, *

*

Appellant, *

*

Wheaton USA, Inc., a New Jersey *

corporation, *

*

Defendant. *

 ___________

Submitted: December 14, 2001

Filed: March 27, 2002

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Before LOKEN, RICHARD S. ARNOLD and BYE, Circuit Judges.

___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

Theresa Naucke appeals the district court's1

adverse grant of summary judgment

in her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against the City of Park Hills (Park Hills) and James

Link, personally and in his official capacity as City Administrator for Park Hills.

Charles Naucke and John Duvall appeal the district court's partial denial of attorney's

fees claimed in conjunction with their successful § 1983 claims. James Link cross-
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appeals the jury's verdict finding him liable to Charles and John under § 1983. We

affirm. 

I.

Charles Naucke, Theresa Naucke, and John Duvall are residents of Park Hills,

Missouri. Charles and Theresa are husband and wife. John is Theresa's brother. In

1998, Charles was employed as Chief of the fire department of Park Hills, and John

was employed as a part-time firefighter with the department. Theresa was President

of the fire department's ladies' auxiliary. 

In early 1998, James Link, the City Administrator for Park Hills, proposed

various changes within Park Hills' fire department, including changes to an

emergency medical service regulation which precluded certain firefighters from

responding to emergency medical calls. In response to the proposed changes, Theresa

approached Link and expressed her dissatisfaction. Sometime thereafter, Link

stopped Charles and John at an intersection in the city and told them they were in

jeopardy of losing their jobs if they did not censure Theresa. Later, Theresa had her

name put on the agenda for an upcoming City Council meeting so she could speak out

against the proposed changes to the regulation. Before her scheduled appearance at

the City Council meeting, Charles was removed from his position as fire chief. At

approximately the same time, the ladies' auxiliary was ordered to disband. Several

months later, Charles was removed from the fire department entirely. 

Theresa attended the City Council meeting along with John. John addressed

the Council regarding what he believed was the illegal employment of a minor on the

fire department, and claimed the new fire chief was attempting to hide the violation.

John was fired from his part-time position with the department the following day.

 
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After Charles's removal as fire chief and John's termination, Theresa continued

to voice her dissatisfaction to the City Council on a number of issues. She criticized

Link and the City Council on issues related to labor violations, unlawful staffing of

the fire department, competency of fire department personnel, and an ordinance

requiring citizens wanting to appear before the Council to submit written comments

for pre-approval. Theresa claims she was ridiculed and humiliated by Link,

individual Council members and the Council as a whole in retaliation for her public

speech. She alleges Link made derogatory comments to her in public places, and he

or members of the Council posted a picture in a local grocery store of her home which

bore the caption "The Naucke house. Donations needed." Theresa also alleges she

was the subject of a letter which circulated around town stating one of her children

had been fathered by Link.

Theresa brought suit under § 1983 claiming the actions of the City Council and

Link, in response to her exercise of free speech, caused damage to her reputation,

personal humiliation, disgrace, and mental anguish and suffering. She alleged she

was no longer able to go out in public in Park Hills, and, for the first time on appeal,

alleges she has sustained economic damages because of Charles' termination as fire

chief. Charles and John also brought suit under § 1983 alleging, among other things,

Link and the City Council retaliated against them because of Theresa's and John's

public speech. Link and Park Hills moved for summary judgment. The district court

dismissed Theresa's claim finding she had failed to state a claim for damages

cognizable under § 1983, and had failed to establish a causal connection between the

damages claimed and any actions of the Appellees. The district court denied the

motion for summary judgment as to Charles and John, and the case proceeded to trial.

On November 6, 2000, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Charles and John.

The jury determined Charles lost his job as a direct result of his support for Theresa's

speech rights. He was awarded back pay of $8,542, emotional distress damages of
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$50,000, and punitive damages of $100,000. The jury found John had been removed

from the fire department as a direct result of the exercise of his own free speech rights

and awarded him $6,750 in back pay, $10,000 for emotional damages, and $30,000

in punitive damages. Link moved for judgment as a matter of law (JAML) arguing

the evidence was insufficient to support the verdicts and the damages awards. The

district court denied the motion and this appeal followed. 

II.

A. Theresa Naucke - Summary Judgment.

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard

as the district court. Jaurequi v. Carter Mfg. Co., 173 F.3d 1076, 1085 (8th Cir.

1999). Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary

judgment shall be awarded to a party if there exists no genuine issue as to any

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. When

ruling on a summary judgment motion, a court must view the evidence "in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party." Dush v. Appleton Elec. Co., 124 F.3d 957,

962-63 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing F. D. I. C. v. Bell, 106 F.3d 258, 263 (8th Cir. 1997)).

However, a 'nonmovant must present more than a scintilla of evidence and must

advance specific facts to create a genuine issue of material fact for trial.' Bell, 106

F.3d at 263 (quoting Rolscreen Co. v. Pella Prods. of St. Louis, Inc., 64 F.3d 1202,

1211 (8th Cir. 1995)). In order to survive a motion for summary judgment under §

1983, the plaintiff must raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether (1) the

defendant acted under color of state law, and (2) the alleged wrongful conduct

deprived the plaintiff of a constitutionally protected federal right. Wade v. Goodwin,

843 F.2d 1150, 1151-52 (8th Cir. 1988). 
2

Theresa alleges she also sustained economic damages flowing from Charles'

demotion. This allegation was not made in the district court, and we will not consider

an argument asserted for the first time on appeal. Berg v. Norand Corp., 169 F.3d

1140, 1145 (8th Cir. 1999).

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Theresa's complaint alleges "damage to her reputation, personal humiliation,

disgrace, mental anguish and suffering" resulting from Appellees' § 1983 violations.2

Theresa claims Appellees retaliated against her exercise of free speech rights by (1)

conducting a public audit of the fire department's ladies' auxiliary while she was

President, (2) publicly scolding her at City Council meetings, (3) engaging in public

name calling, (4) posting a picture of her home in a public place with the caption

"The Naucke House. Donations Needed.", and (5) circulating a letter suggesting Link

was the father of one of her children. The district court held the injuries claimed were

insufficient as a matter of law to support Theresa's First Amendment claim or were

not traceable to any actions taken by Appellees. 

"[C]riticism of public officials lies at the very core of speech protected by the

First Amendment." Colson v. Grohman, 174 F.3d 498, 507 (5th Cir. 1999) (citing

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 (1964)). Retaliation by a

government actor in response to such an exercise of First Amendment rights forms

a basis for § 1983 liability. Pendleton v. St. Louis County, 178 F.3d 1007, 1011 (8th

Cir. 1999). To establish a claim for retaliation under § 1983, a plaintiff must show

"she was engaged in constitutionally protected activity, that [the government

official's] adverse action caused her to suffer an injury which would 'chill a person

of ordinary firmness from continuing . . . in that activity,' and that the adverse action

was motivated in part by . . . exercise of her constitutional rights." Carroll v. Pfeffer,

262 F.3d 847, 850 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Bloch v. Ribar, 156 F.3d 673, 678 (6th

Cir. 1998)). 

We believe Theresa's criticism of the City Council and City Administrator is

the type of speech intended to be protected by the First Amendment. Further, we
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assume, without deciding, that any retaliatory action taken against Theresa by

members of the City Council and Link was motivated in part by exercise of her

protected First Amendment rights. We disagree, however, that the actions attributed

to the City Council and Link were sufficiently egregious to "chill a person of ordinary

firmness from continuing . . . in that [constitutionally protected] activity." Bloch, 156

F.3d at 678. 

In some cases, embarrassment, humiliation and emotional distress may be

sufficient to support a § 1983 claim. Mattox v. City of Forest Park, 183 F.3d 515,

521 (6th Cir. 1999). But, “'it would trivialize the First Amendment to hold that

harassment for exercising the right of free speech was always actionable no matter

how unlikely to deter a person of ordinary firmness from that exercise.'” Bloch, 156

F.3d at 679 (quoting Bart v. Telford, 677 F.2d 622, 625 (7th Cir. 1982)); cf. Bechtel

v. City of Belton, 250 F.3d 1157, 1162 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that not all adverse

action taken against a public employee in retaliation for exercising First Amendment

rights is sufficient to support a cause of action under § 1983). The harassing

comments Theresa attributes to Link and members of the City Council were

offensive, unprofessional and inappropriate. The embarrassment, humiliation and

emotional distress she alleges as a result of these comments, however, would be

insufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to speak out.

Indeed, the record reflects Theresa, in the face of these comments, continued to speak

out against Link and the City Council on numerous occasions. 

Additionally, Theresa has failed to present evidence of a causal connection

between Appellees and several of the retaliatory acts she has alleged. "[I]t is enough

that the defendant's fault was a substantial factor in producing the plaintiff's injuries,

and the defendant's fault need not be the sole proximate cause in order to allow

recovery." Ricketts v. City of Columbia, 36 F.3d 775, 779 (8th Cir. 1994). But,

while causation is generally a jury question, it can provide the basis for summary

judgment when "the question is so free from doubt as to justify taking it from the
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jury." Id. No evidence connects Link or Park Hills to the photograph of the Naucke

home or the letter. Similarly, comments made by Theresa's employer and other

residents of Park Hills suggesting she quit speaking out are not traceable to any action

taken by Appellees in retaliation for her exercise of a constitutionally protected right.

Because Theresa has failed to establish a violation of her constitutional rights, she has

failed to state a claim under § 1983. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's

dismissal of her claim. 

B. Attorney's Fees.

Charles and John appeal the district court's denial of attorney's fees for 27.9

hours of attorney time spent in pursuit of Theresa's unsuccessful claim. Prevailing

parties should ordinarily recover fees unless circumstances make an award unjust.

Little Rock Sch. Dist. v. Pulaski County Special Sch. Dist. No. 1, 17 F.3d 260, 262-

63 (8th Cir. 1994). We review the determination of prevailing party status de novo.

Jenkins v. State of Mo., 127 F.3d 709, 713-14 (8th Cir. 1997). As prevailing parties,

Charles and John were awarded $112,190 in attorney's fees. Theresa, however, was

not a prevailing party because her claim was dismissed. Accordingly, the district

court properly denied any additional award of attorney's fees. 

C. James Link - Sufficiency of the Evidence.

Link appeals the district court's denial of his motion for JAML, arguing there

was insufficient evidence to find he violated Charles's and John's constitutional

rights. We review the denial of a motion for JAML de novo. Cardenas v. AT&T

Corp., 245 F.3d 994, 998 (8th Cir. 2001). The evidence is viewed in the light most

favorable to the verdict and the verdict will be reversed only if no reasonable jury

could have returned a verdict for the non-moving party. Id. In a claim under § 1983,

there must be evidence of a causal connection between the misconduct complained

of and the official sued. Harris v. Pirch, 677 F.2d 681, 685 (8th Cir. 1982). 
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Plaintiffs presented evidence that Theresa confronted Link about changes he

proposed within the fire department and he reacted angrily. Later, Link stopped

Charles and John and threatened their employment if they did not censure Theresa.

When Theresa continued speaking out, Charles was removed as fire chief and later

fired from the department. Similarly, when John exercised his free speech rights he

was fired from the department. Link argues it was the City Council or other members

of city government who made the employment decisions, and his involvement was

limited to ministerial acts, i.e., drafting letters for others. We believe, however, the

jury could reasonably have concluded Link improperly influenced the decisionmaking process, and was able to make good on his threat to have Charles and John

terminated. 

Finally, Link appeals the district court's denial of his motion for JAML on the

issue of punitive damages, arguing the award was not supported by the evidence.

Unlike compensatory damages, which are mandatory and are awarded as a matter of

right once liability is established, punitive damages are awarded or rejected in a

particular case at the discretion of the fact finder once sufficiently serious misconduct

by the defendant is shown. Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 52 (1983). The focus is on

the intent of the defendant and whether the offensive conduct calls for deterrence and

punishment over and above that provided by compensatory awards. Id. at 54.

Punitive damages are appropriate in a § 1983 case "'when the defendant's conduct is

shown to be motivated by evil motive or intent, or when it involves reckless or

callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others.'" Walters v.

Grossheim, 990 F.2d 381, 385 (8th Cir. 1993) (quoting Smith, 461 U.S. at 56).

We believe the evidence was sufficient to support an award of punitive

damages. Link threatened to have Charles and John fired if they did not stop Theresa

from exercising a constitutionally protected right. When Theresa persisted, she was

disparaged and insulted, Charles was removed as fire chief and ultimately fired from

the department. A similar fate befell John after he chose to speak out publicly about
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fire department policy. The jury could have reasonably concluded these actions were

motivated by an evil intent or taken in reckless or callous disregard of the Plaintiffs'

federally protected rights. Because the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's

verdicts and damages awards, we affirm the district court's denial of Link's motion

for JAML.

III.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.