# Patent

## Title
Markers associated with arteriovascular events and methods of use thereof

## Abstract

Disclosed are methods of identifying subjects with arteriovascular disease, subjects at risk for developing arteriovascular disease, methods of differentially diagnosing diseases associated with arteriovascular disease from other diseases or within sub-classifications of arteriovascular disease, methods of evaluating the risk of arteriovascular events in patients with arteriovascular disease, methods of evaluating the effectiveness of treatments in subjects with arteriovascular disease, and methods of selecting therapies for treating arteriovascular disease.

## Background
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/755,146, filed Apr. 6, 2010, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/811,441, filed Jun. 7, 2007 and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/811,996, filed on Jun. 7, 2006. Each of the applications and patents cited in this text, as well as each document or reference cited in each of the applications and patents (including during the prosecution of each issued patent; “application cited documents”), and each of the U.S. and foreign applications or patents corresponding to and/or claiming priority from any of these applications and patents, and each of the documents cited or referenced in each of the application cited documents, are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. More generally, documents or references are cited in this text, either in a Reference List before the claims, or in the text itself; and, each of these documents or references (“herein-cited references”), as well as each document or reference cited in each of the herein-cited references (including any manufacturer's specifications, instructions, etc.), is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. Documents incorporated by reference into this text may be employed in the practice of the invention.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to the identification of biological markers associated with arteriovascular events and methods of using such biological markers in screening, prevention, diagnosis, therapy, monitoring, and prognosis of arteriovascular disease.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Arteriovascular disease continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in Europe and North America. Although age-adjusted death rates have declined over the past two decades, the absolute mortality rate from arteriovascular disease has not. Arteriovascular disease accounts for over one-half million deaths (1 out of every 5) in the U.S. yearly. The lifetime risk of arteriovascular disease after age 40 has been estimated at 49% for men and 32% for women. Even for those who survive to age 70 years, the lifetime risk for arteriovascular disease has been estimated at 35% for men and 24% for women. Arteriovascular diseases include atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD).
Risk factors for arteriovascular disease currently account for a large proportion of the burden of heart disease in the United States, suggesting that risk-factor identification and risk-lowering treatments could postpone or prevent the majority of arteriovascular events. Identified risk factors for arteriovascular disease include independent risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure (hypertension), elevated serum total cholesterol (CHOL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and advancing age. Conditional risk factors for arteriovascular disease include elevated serum triglycerides (TRIG), small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine levels, elevated serum lipoprotein (a) (LPA), prothrombotic factors such as fibrinogen (FGA), and inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP), whose contribution to risk may vary upon their relationship to other identified risk factors. Other risk factors include obesity (measured by weight (WT), height (HT), Body Mass Index (BMI), and abdominal girth comparisons such as waist (“Waist”) or hip (“Hip”) circumference, ankle-brachial index, physical inactivity, family history of arteriovascular disease, ethnicity, and psychosocial factors. Arteriovascular disease risk factors have been the subject of many studies, including those presented in Pasternak, R. C. et al (2003) JACC 41(11): 1855-1917 and Grundy, S. M. (1999) Circulation 100: 988-998.
Typically, a patient suspected of having arteriovascular disease is assessed on several of the “traditional” or “conventional” risk factors: age, sex, total cholesterol concentration, HDL and LDL cholesterol concentration, smoking status, diabetic status, and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), as well as many of the above conditional risk factors, such as LPA, FGA, CRP, and homocysteine, amongst others. These risk factors have been incorporated into useful predictive models of future arteriovascular events, such as the Framingham Risk Score presented in Wilson, P. W, et al (1998) Circulation 97: 1837-1847, however this “evidence-based” multiple risk factor or “global risk assessment” approach is only moderately accurate for predicting short- and long-term risk of manifesting a major arteriovascular event, particularly an event such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS, comprising myocardial infarction and unstable angina), stroke or sudden death, in healthy populations or asymptomatic individuals. In particular, while such approaches may, at typical clinical measurement cut-off levels, be relatively sensitive to individuals who have multiple risk factors, experienced past arteriovascular events or who have already confirmed arteriovascular disease (who would be “true positives” if they subsequently experience an acute arteriovascular event), they suffer from specificity, also identifying large portions of the population who do not subsequently experience acute arteriovascular events (“false positives”). In the typical adult population, these algorithms yield many more false positives than true positives, particularly in the low (<6% ten year risk of an acute event) and intermediate risk (6-20% ten year risk of an acute event) populations that make up the majority of those tested. While performance metrics for global risk assessment indices may evidence high clinical utility in the population in which the index algorithm was trained, occasionally exhibiting an AUC as high as 0.8, but more commonly an AUC around 0.7 (Wilson et al. above reported 0.74 for men and 0.77 for females for the Framingham Risk Score), such predictive models show relatively low transferability between populations, which may differ based on genetic and other factors, and absent substantial recalibration and re-optimization, often the AUC will drop to below 0.65, as shown in the example. They also are often difficult for clinicians to effectively implement and perform within an active clinical environment, involving complex calculations and numerical manipulations.
Thus, the general concept of applying one or more biomarkers to the task of classifying current and predicting future arteriovascular disease or risk of future arteriovascular events is not new in the clinical practice, literature or patent art. Several specific biomarkers, biomarker combinations, and methods have been proposed over time, with limited adoption to date due to several issues including technical difficulty, analytical performance, clinical performance, reliability, and practical clinician application of complex algorithms combining more than one such biomarker. By way of example, Ridker, P. et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,147 dated Mar. 21, 2000, suggested the use of a marker of systemic inflammation (including the use of CRP, a cytokine or a cellular adhesion marker such as soluble ICAM-1) could be useful in assessing the risk profile of an apparently healthy individuals risk profile for developing a future myocardial infarction, either alone or in combination with traditional risk factors such as CHOL or HDLC; such use of CRP has now become routine. Schönbeck, U. et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,518 B2 dated Mar. 13, 2007, suggested similar usage for soluble CD40 ligand (CD40LG) in predicting future cardiovascular disorders, such as myocardial infarction or stroke, in apparently healthy individuals; this has not been clinically adopted due to inadequate performance as a single marker. Anderson, L. (2004) in J. Physiological Society 563.1: 23-60, suggested 177 individual candidate biomarker proteins with reported associations to cardiovascular disease and stroke that might be of use in constructing panels of disease-related proteins for several applications, including the anticipation of future myocardial infarction or stroke, if it were found that several of the biomarkers were independent and not strongly correlated with each other, and thus able to be combined together into panels and “composite indices” more useful than the information gathered from the single biomarkers used individually; beyond referencing the previously mentioned relationships with CRP and cholesterol, no such useful individual panel involving was disclosed by Anderson, and several technical barriers and shortcomings of existing multi-marker analytical techniques in future discovery of such multi-marker associations were mentioned. Puskas, R. et al., in US Patent Publication 2006/0078998 A1 published Apr. 13, 2006, disclosed an technical technique useful for such single or multiplexed biomarker single molecule counting in samples, and mentions a wide analytical range of potential biomarkers and functional biomarker groupings potentially useful in multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease; no specific combination of biomarkers for predicting the future risk of arteriovascular events was mentioned, nor were all of the individual biomarkers of the current invention disclosed therein.
Tabibiazar, R. et al., in US Patent Publication 2007/0070099239 A1 published May 3, 2007, disclosed the use of several specific panels of biomarkers combined with various algorithms and analytical processes, in the discrimination and classification of atherosclerotic patients with past acute myocardial infarction from such patients with known stable cardiovascular disease, from those with no history of cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis, or amongst various classification of atherosclerotic staging and current medication use within known atherosclerotic patients. Although various “predictive” algorithms are mentioned therein, and the suggestion made that certain of such disclosed biomarker panels may be useful in the prediction of future cardiovascular events, no specific panel for prediction of future cardiovascular events or future cardiovascular status tested within an asymptomatic and previously undiagnosed population is disclosed. Nor is such clearly claimed in the application as filed, nor are any examples given within the published patent of study designs involving the measurement of apparently healthy and asymptomatic individuals prior to known cardiovascular events (or confirmed symptoms and/or diagnosed atherosclerosis) and then subsequently following their health status for a sufficient longitudinal time period allowing the development of subsequent cardiovascular events. Although certain of the individual panels of biomarkers disclosed therein may be useful in such applications, it is unlikely that the panels, algorithms and analytical processes disclosed therein, selected and trained on past events and known symptomatic disease, will successfully predict the future risk of cardiovascular events in asymptomatic and previously undiagnosed subjects with as high a degree of diagnostic accuracy as is presented and claimed in Tabibiazar over a specific multi-year time horizon, absent substantial and predictive model re-training, re-modeling, optimization and re-purposing likely not possible absent inputs from such longitudinal studies, which may include changes to cutoffs, reference values and other formula. Although overlap of certain individual biomarkers disclosed in Tabibiazar with individual biomarkers and a subset of the panels of the current invention is acknowledged, each of the individual biomarkers mentioned in Tabibiazar which are also claimed herein in specific panel combinations of the current invention (and specifically CCL2, IGF1, LEP, VEGF, and IL8) were also previously disclosed in the prior published art as associated with cardiovascular disease (each of them were notably mentioned and reviewed in the aforementioned Anderson reference, amongst others). Such specific clinical applications, additional biomarkers, specific biomarker combination panels, study designs, and analytical techniques and formula are key aspects of the current invention.
Recently, several studies in the scientific literature have been published examining various individual and multiple biomarker strategies, most notably Folsom, A. R. et al. (2006) Arch. Intern Med 166:1368-1373 and Wang, T. J. et al. (2006) N Eng J Med 355: 2631-2639. These studies, utilizing retrospective samples from longitudinal clinical studies such as the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Framingham Heart Study, combined subject clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors (including using such traditional laboratory based biomarkers such as CHOL, CRP, FGA, HDLC, LPA, and Homocysteine), as well as novel markers such as Albumin-to-creatine ratios, Aldosterone, ANP (NPPA), BNP (NPPB), D-dimer, ICAM1, IL6, LEP, MMP1, PLA2G7, PLAT, PLG, REN, SELE, SERPINE1, TIMP1, THBD, amongst others, both as individual markers and incrementally as additions to multi-marker indices. Both studies found little improvement in the ability to predict future arteriovascular events with novel markers over the models incorporating the basic clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors. As a result, the use of such novel markers remains clinically controversial.
Given the foregoing, it is clear that an important discrepancy has arisen in understanding the role of the aforementioned risk factors and biomarkers compared to the development of arteriovascular disease events. In contrast to the relative ease of recognition and clarity of treatment and prevention strategies in patients with symptomatic arteriovascular disease (i.e., exhibit symptoms such as active chest pain, claudication, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a major problem of detection, treatment, and prevention of arteriovascular disease exists in the large, apparently healthy, population who have no symptoms, yet are at an increased risk to develop arteriovascular disease or experience major arteriovascular events. A large number of victims of the disease who are apparently healthy die or have initial acute arteriovascular events suddenly without prior symptoms. Despite the many available risk assessment approaches, a substantial gap remains in the detection of asymptomatic individuals who ultimately develop arteriovascular disease. Currently available screening and diagnostic methods are insufficient to identify asymptomatic individuals before such acute events associated with arteriovascular disease occur. Of those who experience a major arteriovascular event as many as 20% have none of the traditional risk factors. There remains an unmet need in the art to directly diagnose and predict the risk of arteriovascular disease and events, particularly in those individuals who do not exhibit symptoms or few or none of the traditional risk factors currently measured by physicians.
All of the foregoing references, including Tabibiazar, are herein referred to and incorporated in their entirety.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates in part to the discovery that certain biological markers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites, and other analytes, as well as certain physiological conditions and states, are present in subjects with an increased risk of arteriovascular events, such as, but not limited to, acute coronary syndromes such as myocardial infarction and unstable angina, as well as other acute events associated with an arteriovascular disease, including those associated with atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), but where such subjects do not exhibit some or all of the traditional risk factors of these diseases, or subjects who are asymptomatic for these diseases.
Accordingly, the invention provides biological markers of arteriovascular events that, when used together in combinations of three or more such biomarker combinations, or “panels,” can be used to assess the risk of subjects experiencing said arteriovascular events, to diagnose or identify subjects with an arteriovascular disease, to monitor the risk factors for development of an arteriovascular disease, to monitor subjects that are undergoing therapies for an arteriovascular disease, to differentially diagnose disease states associated with an arteriovascular disease from other diseases or within sub-classifications of arteriovascular diseases, to evaluate changes in the risk of arteriovascular events in subjects with an arteriovascular disease, and to select or modify therapies or interventions for use in treating subjects with an arteriovascular disease, or for use in subjects who are at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease.
An aspect of the present invention provides use of a panel of biological markers, some of which are unrelated to arteriovascular disease or have not heretofore been identified as related to the risk of future arteriovascular disease or events, but are related to early biological changes that can lead to the development of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events, to detect and identify subjects who exhibit none of the symptoms or few or none of the traditional risk factors for arteriovascular disease, i.e., who are asymptomatic for arteriovascular disease and have only non-specific indicators of potential arteriovascular events, such as arteriovascular risk factors, or who exhibit none or few of the traditional risk factors of arteriovascular disease, yet remain at risk.
Significantly, many of the individual biomarkers disclosed herein have shown little individual significance in the diagnosis of arteriovascular disease, or individually for assessing the risk of arteriovascular disease or events, but when used in combination with other disclosed biomarkers and combined with the various herein disclosed algorithms, traditional laboratory risk factors of arteriovascular disease, and other clinical parameters of arteriovascular disease, become significant discriminates of a subject having arteriovascular disease or a subject who is at risk for developing an arteriovascular event, from one who is not at risk for arteriovascular disease or is not at significant risk of developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. The Methods of the present invention provide an improvement over currently available methods of risk evaluation of the development of arteriovascular disease and/or arteriovascular events in a subject by measurement of the biomarkers defined herein.
Accordingly, in certain embodiments an aspect of the invention is directed to a method for assessing a risk of developing an arteriovascular disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method allows for assessing risk with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes, measuring a level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS. For instance, the ARTERIORISKMARKERS may include one or more of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which markers are in a sample obtained from the subject. In certain embodiments, the level of expression of five or more, ten or more, twenty-five or more, or fifty or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS are measured. The method may further include measuring a clinically significant alteration in the level of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the sample, for instance, where the alteration indicates an increased risk of developing an arteriovascular disease in the subject.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method of diagnosing or identifying a subject having an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method allows for assessing risk with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes measuring the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a sample from the subject. The method may further include comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS to a reference value. The reference value may be an index value or may be may be derived from one or more risk prediction algorithms or computed indices for the arteriovascular disease.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for assessing the progression of an arteriovascular disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method allows for assessing the progression of an arteriovascular disease in a subject with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time, detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time, and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to the amount detected in second step, or to a reference value. In certain embodiments, the first sample is taken from the subject prior to being treated for the arteriovascular disease and/or the second sample is taken from the subject after being treated for the arteriovascular disease. Further, in certain embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more subjects who have suffered from an arteriovascular event.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment for an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method allows for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment for an arteriovascular disease in a subject with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from a subject at a first period of time; detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time; and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to the amount detected in the second step, or to a reference value, wherein the effectiveness of treatment is monitored by a change in the level of the effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS from the subject. In certain embodiments, the treatment for the arteriovascular disease to be monitored includes exercise regimens, dietary supplements, therapeutic agents, surgical intervention, and prophylactic agents. In certain embodiments, the effectiveness of treatment is additionally monitored by detecting changes in body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol levels, LDL levels, HDL levels, systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or combinations thereof. Further, the reference value is derived from one or more subjects who show an improvement in arteriovascular risk factors as a result of one or more treatments for arteriovascular disease.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for selecting a treatment regimen for a subject diagnosed with or at risk for an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method allows for selecting a treatment regimen for a subject diagnosed with or at risk for an arteriovascular disease with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time, optionally detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to a reference value, or optionally to an amount detected in the second step. In certain embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more subjects who show an improvement in arteriovascular disease risk factors as a result of one or more treatments for the arteriovascular disease. For instance, the improvement may be monitored by an imaging modality, by detecting a reduction in body mass index (BMI), a reduction in total cholesterol levels, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDL levels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the imaging modality may include one or more of: computed tomography (CT), optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS), high-resolution IVUS, elastography (palpography), angioscopy, electron beam computed tomography (EBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), immunoscintigraphy, and invasive angiography.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for treating one or more subjects at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the method includes, detecting the presence of increased levels of at least two different ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are present in a sample from the one or more subjects; and treating the one or more subjects. For instance, the one or more subjects may be treated with one or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs until altered levels of the at least two different ARTERIORISKMARKERS return to a baseline value measured in one or more subjects at low risk for developing the arteriovascular disease, or a baseline value measured in one or more subjects who show improvements in arteriovascular risk markers as a result of treatment with one or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs. In certain embodiments, the arteriovascular disease-modulating drug comprises β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers, antiplatelet agents, anti-coagulant agents, sulfonylureas, biguanides, insulin, thiazolidinediones, nitrates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, statins, cilostazol, pentoxifylline, buflomedil, naftidrofuryl, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the improvements in arteriovascular risk markers may be as a result of treatment with the one or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs and may include a reduction in body mass index (BMI), a reduction in total cholesterol levels, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDL levels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method of differentially diagnosing disease states associated with an arteriovascular disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a sample from the subject; and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to a arteriovascular disease subject expression profile, or to a reference value.
The arteriovascular disease may include a metabolic syndrome, Syndrome X, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock, endocarditis, aortic stenosis, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and/or congenital heart disease. The arteriovascular disease may be measured by any method well known in the art, for instance, such as electrophoretically or immunochemically, for instance, by radio-immunoassay, immunofluorescence assay or by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, the level of ARTERIORISKMARKERS may be measured by specific oligonucleotide hybridization.
The subject maybe a subject that has not been previously diagnosed or identified as having or suffering from the arteriovascular disease or the subject may be one that is asymptomatic for the arteriovascular disease. Further, the subject may be one that has previously been identified and/or treated or has not previously been identified and/or treated for the arteriovascular disease. Additionally, the sample may be obtained by any means known in the art and may be serum, blood plasma, blood cells, endothelial cells, tissue biopsies, ascites fluid, bone marrow, interstitial fluid, sputum, urine, or the like.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for assessing a risk of plaque development in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method allows for assessing risk with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes measuring the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS, such as 1-1023, in a sample from the subject. The method may further include measuring a clinically significant alteration in the level of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the sample, for instance, wherein the alteration indicates an increased risk of developing a plaque in the subject. In certain embodiments, the subject has not been previously diagnosed as having a plaque, while in other embodiments the subject is asymptomatic for the plaque.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method of diagnosing or identifying a subject having a plaque. In certain embodiments, the method allows for diagnosing or identifying a subject having a plaque with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes measuring the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a sample from the subject. The method may further include comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS to a reference value. In certain embodiments, the reference value is an index value and in other embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more risk prediction algorithms or computed indices for plaque development.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for assessing the progression of a plaque formation that associated with atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis in a subject. In certain embodiments, the method allows for assessing the progression of a plaque formation that associated with atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis in a subject with a predetermined level of predictability. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time; detecting a level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time; and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to the amount detected in the second step, or to a reference value. In certain embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more subjects who have suffered from plaque rupture.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method for evaluating changes in the risk of plaque formation in a subject diagnosed with or at risk for developing atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time; optionally detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time; and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to a reference value, or optionally, to the amount in the second step. In certain embodiments, the first sample is taken from the subject prior to being treated for the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis and/or the second sample is taken from the subject after being treated for the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the treatment for atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis comprises exercise regimens, dietary supplements, therapeutic agents, surgical intervention, and prophylactic agents. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more subjects who have suffered from plaque rupture.
In certain embodiments, the subject is suffering from atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, the subject may or may not have been previously diagnosed or identified as having a plaque, suffering from atherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis; and/or may or may not have been previously treated for atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. Further, the subject may be asymptomatic for the plaque, atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, the first sample is taken from the subject prior to being treated for the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis and/or the second sample is taken from the subject after being treated for the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an arteriovascular disease reference expression profile that includes a pattern of marker levels of an effective amount of two or more markers selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which is taken from one or more subjects who do not have the arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the subject invention is directed to an atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis reference expression profile that includes a pattern of marker levels of an effective amount of two or more markers selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which are taken from one or more subjects who do not have atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis. In certain embodiments, the subject invention is directed to an arteriovascular disease subject expression profile, that includes a pattern of marker levels of an effective amount of two or more markers selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which are taken from one or more subjects who have the arteriovascular disease, are at risk for developing the arteriovascular disease, or are being treated for the arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the subject invention is directed to an atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis subject expression profile, that includes a pattern of marker levels of an effective amount of two ore more markers selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, which are taken from one or more subjects who have atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis and maybe at risk for developing atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis, or may be being treated for atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an array that includes a plurality of ARTERIORISKMARKER detection reagents, which detect the corresponding ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, and are sufficient to generate a profile(s). In certain embodiments, the detection reagent includes one or more antibodies or fragments thereof, one or more oligonucleotides, one or more aptamers, one or more arteriovascular disease reference expression profiles and/or optionally, additional test results and subject information. In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a machine readable media containing one or more of the atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis reference expression profiles and optionally, additional test results and subject information. In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method of tracking a subject's status that includes collecting an arteriovascular disease reference expression profile and reporting the expression profile to a center.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel. In certain embodiments, the one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS are indicative of a physiological pathway associated with an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the physiological pathway comprises inflammation, platelet aggregation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, necrosis, or vascular calcification.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of a site associated with an arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the site includes one or more coronary arteries, peripheral arteries, or cerebrovascular arteries.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of the progression of an arteriovascular disease.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of the speed of progression of an arteriovascular disease.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel that includes one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are specific to one or more arteriovascular diseases.
In certain embodiments, an aspect of the subject invention is directed to a method of evaluating changes in the risk of an arteriovascular event in a subject diagnosed with an arteriovascular disease. The method includes detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time; optionally detecting the level of an effective amount of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time and comparing the level of the effective amount of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in the first step to a reference value, or optionally, to the amount in the second step.
In certain embodiments, the subject has previously been treated for the arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the subject is asymptomatic for the arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the first sample is taken from the subject prior to being treated for the arteriovascular disease and/or the second sample is taken from the subject after being treated for the arteriovascular disease. In certain embodiments, the reference value is derived from one or more subjects who have suffered from an arteriovascular event. In certain embodiments, the arteriovascular event includes plaque rupture, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, blood clots of the leg, stroke, or aneurysm.
Aspects of the invention include methods for evaluating the risk of a cardiovascular event for a subject. In certain embodiments, the method comprises measuring at least three component ARTERIORISKMARKERS for the individual selected from the component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within the groups consisting of Core Markers I, Core Markers II, Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, Clinical Parameters, Supplemental Markers I, and Supplemental Markers II, provided at least one component ARTERIORISKMARKER is selected from the component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Core Markers I. In a further embodiment, the method comprises any combination comprising at least two or more component ARTERIORISKMARKERS, providing at least two of such are selected from within Core Markers I.
In certain aspects, we contemplate the use of POMC alone, while in other aspects POMC is used with other markers. In some embodiments, POMC is measured by itself and in other embodiments, POMC is used with markers selected from the group comprising HDLC, VEGF, CCL2, IL6ST, IL8, and LEP. In another embodiment, POMC is measured along with an additional clinical parameter. In certain embodiments, the additional parameters are selected from Age or BMI. In another embodiment, the invention includes a kit comprising at least one reagent for the detection or quantification of POMC.
In a particular preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of four or more biomarkers from a given subject, with three or more of such biomarkers measured in samples from the subject, and two or more of such markers chosen from a set including angiogenin (ANG), CD40 molecule aka TNF receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 aka CD26 (DPP4), interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST), proopiomelanocortin aka adrenocorticotropin/beta-lipotropin/alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/beta-endorphin (POMC), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 aka MCP-1 (CCL2), insulin-like growth factor 1 aka somatomedin C(IGF1), leptin (LEP), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), and a third or more additional biomarker measurements optionally chosen from any of the subject's clinical parameters, traditional laboratory risk factors (including, without limitation, any ARTERIORISKMARKERS or other biomarkers, identified herein), in the subject's sample. These four or more biomarkers are combined together by a mathematical process or formula into a single number reflecting the subject's risk for developing an arteriovascular event, or for use in selecting, tailoring, and monitoring effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions, such as treatment of subjects with arteriovascular disease and risk modulating drugs, for said conditions.
Another embodiment is a method of performance improvement to an existing combination of biomarkers used in multi-biomarker global risk assessment of a patient, and in particular combinations drawing three or more biomarker from the combined groups of Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors and Clinical Parameters, wherein that improvement comprises the addition of at least one, of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen from the groups of Core Markers I or Core Markers 2, and the combination of the results in a new analytical process. For example, the invention would cover the addition of POMC to the Framingham Risk Score, or of LEP to a risk factor counting algorithm for the multiple criterias defining metabolic syndrome under NCEP ATP III, or other existing clinical algorithm using the three or more such biomarkers, including the combination of Age, BMI, and CHOL, as well as the combination of such modifiable risk factors as LDL, HDLC, TRIG, CHOL, together with those of SBP, DBP, and Glucose, where such was combined using an analytical process.
Additional biomarkers beyond any of the starting amounts of biomarkers cited in these preceding preferred embodiments may also be added to the panel from any of ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, and traditional laboratory risk factors.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. In cases of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples described herein are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from and encompassed by the following detailed description and claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following Detailed Description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention to specific embodiments described, may be understood in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, incorporated herein by reference, in which:
FIG. 1 is a table containing key ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including clinical parameters, traditional laboratory risk factors, and together with core, supplemental and additional biomarkers, that are used in the predictive models according to the present invention. These are identified based on the commonly used gene symbol as described in the detailed description on the invention.
FIGS. 2-1 and 2-2 are flow charts depicting ARTERIORISKMARKER pathophysiology and progression and biomarker functions, pathways and other categories over the spectrum of arteriovascular disease, including numerical references to the canonical molecular pathways as currently listed within the Kyoto University Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) web site. Such pathway diagrams listed at the KEGG web site include references to each of the various biomarker participants within the given pathway, relating biomarkers both directly and indirectly associated with arteriovascular disease. These KEGG pathways are depicted in the following FIGS. 2-A through 2-P.
FIGS. 2A-1 and 2A-2 are KEGG 4920, depicting the adipocytokine signaling pathway.
FIG. 2-B is KEGG 4910, depicting the insulin signaling pathway.
FIGS. 2C-1 to 2C-3 are KEGG 4060, depicting cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways.
FIGS. 2D-1 to 2D-3 are KEGG 4514, depicting pathways and interactions between cell adhesion molecules.
FIGS. 2E-1 and 2E-2 are KEGG 4670, depicting leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways.
FIGS. 2F-1 and 2F-2 are KEGG 4660, which depicts the T-cell receptor signaling pathway.
FIGS. 2G-1 and 2G-2 are KEGG 4370, depicting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway.
FIGS. 2H-1 and 2H-2 are KEGG 4110, which depicts pathways involved in the cell cycle.
FIGS. 2I-1 to 2I-3 are KEGG 4010, depicting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.
FIGS. 2J-1 to 2J-3 are KEGG 4210 and depicts pathways involved in apoptosis.
FIGS. 2K-1 and 2K-2 are KEGG 4020, depicting the calcium signaling pathway.
FIGS. 2L-1 and 2L-2 are KEGG 4610, and depicts the complement and coagulation cascades.
FIGS. 2M-1 and 2M-2 are KEGG 4512, depicting interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and their receptors.
FIGS. 2N-1 to 2N-3 are KEGG 0564, which depicts pathways involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
FIGS. 2O-1 to 2O-3 are KEGG 0590, depicting pathways involved in arachidonic acid metabolism.
FIGS. 2P-1 to 2P-3 are KEGG 4810 and depicts pathways involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
FIG. 3 is a table detailing the clinical study design of the various Examples given, showing the design and study subject clinical characteristics, both excluding stroke events (Cases per Example 1, n=26) and including stroke events (Cases per Example 2, n=33) within the Case (Converter to Arteriovascular Events) arms, and for the Control (Non-Converter to Cardiovascular Events, n=724) arm shared for both Examples.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are tables summarizing the measured values and variances of certain selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS studied within the Examples given, including their concentration or other measurement units, mathematical normalization transformations (used in model formula and multi-biomarker index construction), transformed mean and standard deviation values, and back-transformed (raw) mean biomarker concentration or other value as measured for both the Total Cases (Converter to Arteriovascular Events, n=33) and Total Controls (Non-Converter to Cardiovascular Events, n=724) of the Examples, as well as a comparison of the mean values with a statistical p-value given, using a two-tailed t-test for the null hypothesis (the probability that means are equal).
FIGS. 5A to 5F are tables further dividing the Cases cohort into sub-groupings based on the event type and, for the non-stroke subjects, based on the time elapsed from the baseline entry date to the study (also the sample collection date for the samples tested for ARTERIORISKMARKERS) to the earliest arteriovascular event date. The table also provides the measured means and variances for each sub-group as otherwise described in FIG. 4 applying the same summary statistics, additionally providing statistical p-values for a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (KW). Several markers show statistically significant differences across the sub-groups, indicating an ability to both distinguish stroke from other arteriovascular events and also to distinguish between early and late converters to arteriovascular events.
FIG. 6 is a chart depicting the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve of a global risk assessment index according to the Framingham model for risk of future cardiovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations (sensitivity and specificity of the Framingham model to cardiovascular events excluding stroke patients from the analysis) and with the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic of 0.61 calculated and shown in the legend.
FIG. 7 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fitted linear discrimant analysis (LDA) models for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations, starting with a single ARTERIORISKMARKER clinical parameter (Age) ROC curve, then adding an additional ARTERIORISKMARKER (POMC, HDLC, and BMI) and reoptimizing the model at each subsequent ROC curve, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend for each step. These increasing curve AUCs demonstrate the additional discrimination value imparted by the additional marker, increasing from 0.72 to 0.82.
FIG. 8 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a seven biomarker fitted LDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from a group limited to blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS as its sole parameters, and included POMC, HDLC, VEGF, LEP, IL6ST, Ins120, and IGF1 as inputs, with a calculated AUC of 0.8.
FIG. 9 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a nine biomarker fitted LDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from the complete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS, and included Age, POMC, HDLC, CCL2, BMI, VEGF, IL18, IL6ST, EGF, with a calculated AUC of 0.88.
FIG. 10 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from the Example 1 study populations. This continues through 53 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selected blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). A superimposed line shows the parallel changes in Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), a measure of the goodness of fit of an estimated statistical model which trades off model complexity (size in total number of ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs) against how well the model fits the data (a lower AIC is relatively better than a higher one).
FIG. 11 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from the Example 1 study populations. This continues through 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AIC is included as in the previous chart.
FIG. 12 is a table summarizing the complete enumeration of fitted LDA models for all single, two, three, and four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible from a starting set of 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both blood-bourne analytes and clinical parameters. The table indicates first the total possible panel combinations, which expands from 61 for single ARTERIORISKMARKERS to 521,855 for four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations. It then gives the number of combinations which produce fitted LDA models that achieve an equal or greater AUC than that shown as the hurdle in the leftmost column of the table (all as calculated in the populations of Example 1). For example, in the row indicated 0.75, from all possible two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (1,830 combinations), only 2 combinations (0.11% of the total two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible) resulted in a fitted LDA model that equalled or exceeded an AUC of 0.75, while only 198 three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (0.55% of 35,990 possible three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations) resulted in fitted LDA models exceeding the same hurdle, and so on. No single markers reached this hurdle; in fact, in the data set used only Age and POMC equaled or exceeded an AUC of 0.65.
FIGS. 13A to 13D are tables listing all 200 individual two marker combinations (10.93% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible) achieving an AUC of 0.65 or better according to the analysis summarized previously.
FIGS. 14A to 14TT list all 2,573 individual three marker combinations (7.15% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible) achieving an AUC of 0.70 or better according to the analysis summarized previously.
FIGS. 15A to 15FFFFFF list all 8,153 individual four marker combinations (1.56% out of a total 521,855 unique combinations possible) achieving an AUC of 0.75 or better according to the analysis summarized previously.
FIG. 16 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fitted full models, utilizing the best model of any type by achieved ROC curve (chosen from model types including LDA (multiple selection and model size criteria), SVM (Random Forest, Top Kruskal-Wallis), and ELDA (multiple thresholds)) for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations. This chart encompasses models selected from three different overlapping subsets of ARTERIORISKMARKERS from a total set of 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS. One subset encompassed all “Clinical Marker” ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both the non-analyte clinical parameters as well as only the blood-bourne traditional laboratory risk factors most commonly used in current global risk assessment models: CHOL, HDLC, LDL, HBA1C, Glucose, and Insulin; it achieved a maximum AUC of 0.82. Another group included only the “Blood-Bourne Markers” analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS without non-analyte clinical parameters; it achieved an ROC of 0.86. The final set included all 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS; it achieved an AUC of 0.92. This analysis demonstrates selected use of blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS imparts incremental information even to the full set of standard clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors.
FIG. 17 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from only the blood-borne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.86 as shown in the legend.
FIG. 18 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best total ARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from all 61 possible ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.90 as shown in the legend.
FIGS. 19A to 19D provide information on the inputs used under different ARTERIORISKMARKER model types and selection techniques, with resulting “best” models given model design and constraints, within both of the different case populations of Example 1 (excluding stroke from the Case arm) and Example 2 (including stroke in the Case arm). Of particular note is the consistency of selection of certain markers, which are the Core Markers of the invention, across three or more model types, multiple model constraints, and marker selection techniques.
FIG. 20 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from the Example 2 study populations. This continues through 53 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selected blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). The AIC is included as in the previous charts.
FIG. 21 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic using the results from the Example 2 study populations. This continues through 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AIC is included as in the previous charts.



Differences in marker selection using the same models and marker selection criteria across the different cohorts excluding versus including stroke converters, and amongst the markers when restricted to blood-bourne markers only versus allowed to select all variables, may demonstrate both the substitutability of certain biomarkers, where multiple solutions to the model optimization are likely, and the impact of population and diagnostic indication/intended use on the best fitted models. Several techniques of result normalization, model cross-validation, and model calibration are disclosed herein which may be employed in various scenarios as appropriate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the identification of biomarkers associated with subjects having an arteriovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, and CVD, are predisposed to or at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease or are predisposed to or at risk of experiencing an acute arteriovascular event. Accordingly, the invention provides methods for identifying subjects who have an arteriovascular disease, or who are predisposed to or at risk for experiencing an arteriovascular event by the detection of biomarkers associated with an arteriovascular disease, including those subjects who are asymptomatic for an arteriovascular disease. These biomarkers are also useful for monitoring subjects undergoing treatments and therapies for an arteriovascular disease, and for selecting or modifying therapies and treatments that would be efficacious in subjects having an arteriovascular disease, wherein selection and use of such treatments and therapies slow the progression of an arteriovascular disease, or substantially delay or prevent its onset, or reduce or prevent the incidence of arteriovascular events.
DEFINITIONS
“Accuracy” refers to the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated quantity (a test reported value) to its actual (or true) value. Clinical accuracy relates to the proportion of true outcomes (true positives (TP) or true negatives (TN) versus misclassified outcomes (false positives (FP) or false negatives (FN)), and may be stated as a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) or negative predictive values (NPV), or as a likelihood, odds ratio, among other measures.
As used herein, “atherosclerosis” and “atherothrombosis” refer to systemic inflammatory disease states associated with complex inflammatory responses to multifaceted vascular pathologies involving inflammatory activation of the endothelium, inflammatory leukocytes as a source of thrombogenic stimuli, smooth muscle cells as a source of procoagulants and amplifier of the inflammatory response during thrombosis, and platelets as mediators of inflammation. Arteries harden and narrow due to buildup of a material called “plaque” on their inner walls. As the plaque develops and increases in size, the insides of the arteries get narrower (“stenosis”) and less blood can flow through them. Stenosis or plaque rupture may cause partial or complete occlusion of the affected vasculature. Tissues supplied by the vasculature are thus deprived of their source of oxygenation (ischemia) and cell death (necrosis) can occur.
“Arteriovascular disease” as defined herein is a general term used to classify numerous conditions affecting the heart, heart valves, blood, and vasculature of the body and encompasses any disease affecting the heart or blood vessels, including, but not limited to, Metabolic Syndrome, Syndrome X, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, angina pectoris (stable and unstable), cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta and its branches (such as aortic stenosis), peripheral artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and congenital heart disease, and including, without limitation, any acute ischemic arteriovascular event. Arteriovascular disease as used herein is meant to most commonly refer to the ischemic or pro-ischemic disease, rather than generally to non-ischemic disease.
“Arteriovascular event” is used interchangeably herein with the term “acute arteriovascular event”, “cardiac event”, or “cardiovascular event” and refers to sudden cardiac death, acute coronary syndromes such as, but not limited to, plaque rupture, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, as well as non-cardiac acute arteriovascular events such as blood clots of the leg, aneurysms, stroke and other arteriovascular ischemic events where arteriovascular blood flow and oxygenation is interrupted.
“Biomarker” in the context of the present invention encompasses, without limitation, proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, together with their polymorphisms, mutations, variants, modifications, subunits, fragments, protein-ligand complexes, and degradation products, protein-ligand complexes, elements, related metabolites, and other analytes or sample-derived measures. Biomarkers can also include mutated proteins or mutated nucleic acids. Biomarkers also encompass non-blood borne factors or non-analyte physiological markers of health status, such as “clinical parameters” defined herein, as well as “traditional laboratory risk factors”, also defined herein. Biomarkers also include any calculated indices created mathematically or combinations of any one or more of the foregoing measurements, including temporal trends and differences. The term “analyte” as used herein can mean any substance to be measured and can encompass electrolytes and elements, such as calcium.
Where available, and unless otherwise described herein, biomarkers which are gene products are identified based on the official letter abbreviation or gene symbol assigned by the international Human Genome Organization Naming Committee (HGNC) and listed at the date of this filing at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene), also known as Entrez Gene.
“CAD” or “coronary′ artery disease” is an arteriovascular disease which occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle (the coronary arteries) become calcified and/or narrowed. Eventually, blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, and, because blood carries much-needed oxygen, the heart muscle is not able to receive the amount of oxygen it needs, and often undergoes necrosis. CAD encompasses disease states such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (heart attack), angina (stable and unstable), and atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis that occurs in the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. An estimated 13 million Americans are currently diagnosed with CAD, with approximately 7 million being the survivors of past acute events. Over 1 million new acute CAD events occur each year, many resulting in death. The lifetime risk of CAD after age 40 is 49 percent for men and 32 percent for women.
Subjects who are deemed clinically to be at low risk or no risk for developing arteriovascular disease such as CAD often exhibit none or few of the traditional risk factors for the arteriovascular disease, but nevertheless may still be at risk for an acute arteriovascular event. Approximately 20% of all acute CAD events occur in subjects with none of the traditional risk factors, and the majority of all acute CAD occur in subjects who have not been previously diagnosed with CAD. Often these subjects do not exhibit the symptoms of an acute CAD event, i.e. shortness of breath and/or chest pain, until the actual occurrence of such an acute event. A substantial detection gap remains for those who are at risk for an acute CAD event yet are asymptomatic, without traditional risk factors, or are currently deemed clinically to be at low risk and have not yet been diagnosed with CAD.
“ARTERIORISKMARKER” OR “ARTERIORISKMARKERS” encompass one or more of all biomarkers whose levels are changed in subjects who have an arteriovascular disease or are predisposed to developing an arteriovascular disease, or at risk of an arteriovascular event.
Individual analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS are summarized in Table 2 and are collectively referred to herein as, inter alia, “arteriovascular event risk-associated proteins”, “ARTERIORISKMARKER polypeptides”, or “ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins”. The corresponding nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides are referred to as “cardiac event risk-associated nucleic acids”, “cardiac event risk-associated genes”, “ARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids”, or “ARTERIORISKMARKER genes”. Unless indicated otherwise, “ARTERIORISKMARKER”, “cardiac event risk-associated proteins”, “cardiac event risk-associated nucleic acids” are meant to refer to any of the sequences disclosed herein. The corresponding metabolites of the ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins or nucleic acids can also be measured, as well as any of the aforementioned traditional risk marker metabolites previously disclosed, including, without limitation, such metabolites as total cholesterol (CHOL), LDL, HDLC, cholesterol sub-fractions, and glucose, herein referred to as “ARTERIORISKMARKER metabolites”.
Non-analyte physiological markers of health status (e.g., such as age, diastolic or systolic blood pressure, body-mass index, and other non-analyte measurements commonly used as traditional risk factors) are referred to as “ARTERIORISKMARKER physiology”. Calculated indices created from mathematically combining measurements of one or more, preferably two or more of the aforementioned classes of ARTERIORISKMARKERS are referred to as “ARTERIORISKMARKER indices”.
“Clinical parameters” encompasses all non-sample or non-analyte biomarkers of subject health status or other characteristics, such as, without limitation, age (Age), ethnicity (RACE), gender (Sex), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), family history (FamHX), height (HT), weight (WT), waist (Waist) and hip (Hip) circumference, body-mass index (BMI), as well as others such as Type I or Type II Diabetes Mellitus or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DM or GDM, collectively referred to here as Diabetes), and resting heart rate.
“CVD” or “cerebrovascular disease” is an arteriovascular disease in the blood vessels that feed oxygen-rich blood to the face and brain, such as atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. This term is often used to describe “hardening” of the carotid arteries, which supply the brain with blood. It is a common comorbid disease with CAD and/or PAD. It is also referred to as an ischemic disease, or a disease that causes a lack of blood flow. CVD encompasses disease states such as “cerebrovascular ischemia,” “acute cerebral infarction,” “stroke,” “ischemic stroke,” “hemorrhagic stroke,” “aneurysm,” “mild cognitive impairment (MCI)” and “transient ischemic attacks” (TIA). Ischemic CVD is believed to closely related to CAD and PAD; non-ischemic CVD may have multiple pathophysiologies. An estimated 5 million Americans are the survivors of past diagnosed acute CVD events, with an estimated 700 thousand acute CVD events occurring each year. As disclosed herein, subjects deemed to be at low risk or no risk of CVD based on clinical assessments of traditional arteriovascular disease risk factors, or without symptoms such as TIAs, MCI or severe headache, may still be at risk for an acute CVD event.
“FN” is false negative, which for a disease state test means classifying a disease subject incorrectly as non-disease or normal.
“FP” is false positive, which for a disease state test means classifying a normal subject incorrectly as having disease.
A “formula,” “algorithm,” or “model” is any mathematical equation, algorithmic, analytical or programmed process, or statistical technique that takes one or more continuous or categorical inputs (herein called “parameters”) and calculates an output value, sometimes referred to as an “index” or “index value.” Non-limiting examples of “formulas” include sums, ratios, and regression operators, such as coefficients or exponents, biomarker value transformations and normalizations (including, without limitation, those normalization schemes based on clinical parameters, such as gender, age, or ethnicity), rules and guidelines, statistical classification models, and neural networks trained on historical populations. Of particular use in combining ARTERIORISKMARKERS and other biomarkers are linear and non-linear equations and statistical classification analyses to determine the relationship between levels of ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected in a subject sample and the subject's risk of arteriovascular disease. In panel and combination construction, of particular interest are structural and synactic statistical classification algorithms, and methods of risk index construction, utilizing pattern recognition features, including established techniques such as cross-correlation, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), factor rotation, Logistic Regression (Log Reg), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Eigengene Linear Discriminant Analysis (ELDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Recursive Partitioning Tree (RPART), as well as other related decision tree classification techniques, Shrunken Centroids (SC), StepAIC, Kth-Nearest Neighbor, Boosting, Decision Trees, Neural Networks, Bayesian Networks, Support Vector Machines, and Hidden Markov Models, among others. Other techniques may be used in survival and time to event hazard analysis, including Cox, Weibull, Kaplan-Meier and Greenwood models well known to those of skill in the art. Many of these techniques are useful either combined with a ARTERIORISKMARKER selection technique, such as forward selection, backwards selection, or stepwise selection, complete enumeration of all potential panels of a given size, genetic algorithms, or they may themselves include biomarker selection methodologies in their own technique. These may be coupled with information criteria, such as Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) or Bayes Information Criterion (BIC), in order to quantify the tradeoff between additional biomarkers and model improvement, and to aid in minimizing overfit. The resulting predictive models may be validated in other studies, or cross-validated in the study they were originally trained in, using such techniques as Bootstrap, Leave-One-Out (LOO) and 10-Fold cross-validation (10-Fold CV). At various steps, false discovery rates may be estimated by value permutation according to techniques known in the art. A “health economic utility function” is a formula that is derived from a combination of the expected probability of a range of clinical outcomes in an idealized applicable patient population, both before and after the introduction of a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention into the standard of care. It encompasses estimates of the accuracy, effectiveness and performance characteristics of such intervention, and a cost and/or value measurement (a utility) associated with each outcome, which may be derived from actual health system costs of care (services, supplies, devices and drugs, etc.) and/or as an estimated acceptable value per quality adjusted life year (QALY) resulting in each outcome. The sum, across all predicted outcomes, of the product of the predicted population size for an outcome multiplied by the respective outcome's expected utility is the total health economic utility of a given standard of care. The difference between (i) the total health economic utility calculated for the standard of care with the intervention versus (ii) the total health economic utility for the standard of care without the intervention results in an overall measure of the health economic cost or value of the intervention. This may itself be divided amongst the entire patient group being analyzed (or solely amongst the intervention group) to arrive at a cost per unit intervention, and to guide such decisions as market positioning, pricing, and assumptions of health system acceptance. Such health economic utility functions are commonly used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, but may also be transformed to estimate the acceptable value per QALY the health care system is willing to pay, or the acceptable cost-effective clinical performance characteristics required of a new intervention.
For diagnostic (or prognostic) interventions of the invention, as each outcome (which in a disease classifying diagnostic test may be a TP, FP, TN, or FN) bears a different cost, a health economic utility function may preferentially favor sensitivity over specificity, or PPV over NPV based on the clinical situation and individual outcome costs and value, and thus provides another measure of health economic performance and value which may be different from more direct clinical or analytical performance measures. These different measurements and relative trade-offs generally will converge only in the case of a perfect test, with zero error rate (a.k.a., zero predicted subject outcome misclassifications or FP and FN), which all performance measures will favor over imperfection, but to differing degrees.
“Measuring” or “measurement,” or alternatively “detecting” or “detection,” means assessing the presence, absence, quantity or amount (which can be an effective amount) of either a given substance within a clinical or subject-derived sample, including the derivation of qualitative or quantitative concentration levels of such substances, or otherwise evaluating the values or categorization of a subject's non-analyte clinical parameters.
“Negative predictive value” or “NPV” is calculated by TN/(TN FN) or the true negative fraction of all negative test results. It also is inherently impacted by the prevalence of the disease and pre-test probability of the population intended to be tested. See, e.g., O'Marcaigh A S, Jacobson R M, “Estimating The Predictive Value Of A Diagnostic Test, How To Prevent Misleading Or Confusing Results,” Clin. Ped. 1993, 32(8): 485-491, which discusses specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values of a test, e.g., a clinical diagnostic test. Often, for binary disease state classification approaches using a continuous diagnostic test measurement, the sensitivity and specificity is summarized by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves according to Pepe et al, “Limitations of the Odds Ratio in Gauging the Performance of a Diagnostic, Prognostic, or Screening Marker,” Am. J. Epidemiol 2004, 159 (9): 882-890, and summarized by the Area Under the Curve (AUC) or c-statistic, an indicator that allows representation of the sensitivity and specificity of a test, assay, or method over the entire range of test (or assay) cut points with just a single value. See also, e.g., Shultz, “Clinical Interpretation Of Laboratory Procedures,” chapter 14 in Teitz, Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Burtis and Ashwood (eds.), 4th edition 1996, W.B. Saunders Company, pages 192-199; and Zweig et al., “ROC Curve Analysis: An Example Showing The Relationships Among Serum Lipid And Apolipoprotein Concentrations In Identifying Subjects With Coronory Artery Disease,” Clin. Chem., 1992, 38(8): 1425-1428. An alternative approach using likelihood functions, odds ratios, information theory, predictive values, calibration (including goodness-of-fit), and reclassification measurements is summarized according to Cook, “Use and Misuse of the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve in Risk Prediction,” Circulation 2007, 115: 928-935.
Finally, hazard ratios and absolute and relative risk ratios within subject cohorts defined by a test are a further measurement of clinical accuracy and utility. Multiple methods are frequently used to defining abnormal or disease values, including reference limits, discrimination limits, and risk thresholds as per Vasan, “Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Basis and Practical Considerations,” Circulation 2006, 113: 2335-2362.
Analytical accuracy refers to the reproducibility and predictability of the measurement process itself, and may be summarized in such measurements as coefficients of variation, and tests of concordance and calibration of the same samples or controls with different times, users, equipment and/or reagents. These and other considerations in evaluating new biomarkers are also summarized in Vasan, 2006.
“PAD” or “peripheral artery disease” encompasses disease states such as atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis that occur outside the heart and brain. It is a common comorbid disease with CAD. Subjects who are deemed to be at low risk or no risk of PAD based upon an assessment of traditional risk factors of PAD (or arteriovascular disease), or who are asymptomatic for PAD or an arteriovascular disease may nevertheless be at risk for an arteriovascular event, even in the absence of claudication. Claudication can be defined as pain or discomfort in the muscles of the legs occurring due to a decreased amount of blood flowing to a muscle from narrowing of the peripheral arteries, producing ischemia and often arterial occlusion, causing skeletal muscle and limb necrosis. The pain or discomfort often occurs when walking and dissipates under resting conditions (intermittent claudication). Pain, tightness, cramping, tiredness or weakness is often experienced as a result of claudication. An estimated 8 to 12 million Americans are estimated to have PAD, but only 25% or less are currently diagnosed and treated.
PAD not only causes the hemodynamic alterations common in CAD, but also results in metabolic changes in skeletal muscle. When PAD has progressed to severe chronic and acute peripheral arterial occlusion, surgery and limb amputation often become the sole therapeutic options. PAD is widely considered to be an underdiagnosed disease, with the majority of confirmed diagnoses occurring only after symptoms are manifested, or only with other arteriovascular disease, and irreversible arteriovascular damage due to such ischemic events has already occurred.
“Performance” is a term that relates to the overall usefulness and quality of a diagnostic or prognostic test, including, among others, clinical and analytical accuracy, other analytical and process characteristics, such as use characteristics (e.g., stability, ease of use), health economic value, and relative costs of components of the test. Any of these factors may be the source of superior performance and thus usefulness of the test, and may be measured by appropriate “performance metrics,” such as AUC, time to result, shelf life, etc. as relevant.
“Positive predictive value” or “PPV” is calculated by TP/(TP+FP) or the true positive fraction of all positive test results. It is inherently impacted by the prevalence of the disease and pre-test probability of the population intended to be tested.
“Risk” in the context of the present invention, relates to the probability that an event will occur over a specific time period, as in the conversion to arteriovascular events, and can mean a subject's “absolute” risk or “relative” risk. Absolute risk can be measured with reference to either actual observation post-measurement for the relevant time cohort, or with reference to index values developed from statistically valid historical cohorts that have been followed for the relevant time period. Relative risk refers to the ratio of absolute risks of a subject compared either to the absolute risks of low risk cohorts or an average population risk, which can vary by how clinical risk factors are assessed. Odds ratios, the proportion of positive events to negative events for a given test result, are also commonly used (odds are according to the formula p/(1−p) where p is the probability of event and (1−p) is the probability of no event) to no-conversion. Alternative continuous measures which may be assessed in the context of the present invention include time to arteriovascular disease conversion and therapeutic arteriovascular disease conversion risk reduction ratios.
“Risk evaluation,” or “evaluation of risk” in the context of the present invention encompasses making a prediction of the probability, odds, or likelihood that an event or disease state may occur, the rate of occurrence of the event or conversion from one disease state to another, i.e., from a normal condition to an arteriovascular condition or to one at risk of developing an arteriovascular event, or from at risk of an arteriovascular event to a more stable arteriovascular condition. Risk evaluation can also comprise prediction of future clinical parameters, traditional laboratory risk factor values, or other indices of arteriovascular disease, such as coronary calcium scores, other imaging or treadmill scores, passive or provocative testing results, arteriovasculature percentage stenosis or occlusion and other measurements of plaque burden and activity, either in absolute or relative terms in reference to a previously measured population. The methods of the present invention may be used to make continuous or categorical measurements of the risk of conversion to arteriovascular disease and events, thus diagnosing and defining the risk spectrum of a category of subjects defined as being at risk for an arteriovascular event. In the categorical scenario, the invention can be used to discriminate between normal and other subject cohorts at higher risk for arteriovascular events. In other embodiments, the present invention may be used so as to discriminate those at risk for developing an arteriovascular event from those having arteriovascular disease, or those having arteriovascular disease from normal. Such differing use may require different ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations and individualized panels, mathematical algorithms, and/or cut-off points, but be subject to the same aforementioned measurements of accuracy and performance for the respective intended use.
A “sample” in the context of the present invention is a biological sample isolated from a subject and can include, by way of example and not limitation, whole blood, serum, plasma, blood cells, endothelial cells, tissue biopsies, lymphatic fluid, ascites fluid, interstitial fluid (also known as “extracellular fluid” and encompasses the fluid found in spaces between cells, including, inter alia, gingival crevicular fluid), bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, mucous, sputum, sweat, urine, or any other secretion, excretion, or other bodily fluids.
“Sensitivity” is calculated by TP/(TP+FN) or the true positive fraction of disease subjects.
“Specificity” is calculated by TN/(TN+FP) or the true negative fraction of non-disease or normal subjects.
By “statistically significant”, it is meant that the alteration is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone (which could be a “false positive”). Statistical significance can be determined by any method known in the art. Commonly used measures of significance include the p-value, which presents the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as a given data point, assuming the data point was the result of chance alone. A result is often considered highly significant at a p-value of 0.05 or less.
A “subject” in the context of the present invention is preferably a mammal. The mammal can be a human, non-human primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, horse, or cow, but are not limited to these examples. Mammals other than humans can be advantageously used as subjects that represent animal models of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events. A subject can be male or female. A subject can be one who has been previously diagnosed or identified as having arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, and optionally has already undergone, or is undergoing, a therapeutic intervention for the arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular event. Alternatively, a subject can also be one who has not been previously diagnosed as having arteriovascular disease. For example, a subject can be one who exhibits one or more risk factors for arteriovascular disease, or a subject who does not exhibit arteriovascular risk factors, or a subject who is asymptomatic for arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events. A subject can also be one who is suffering from or at risk of developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event.
“TN” is true negative, which for a disease state test means classifying a non-disease or normal subject correctly.
“TP” is true positive, which for a disease state test means correctly classifying a disease subject.
“Traditional laboratory risk factors” correspond to biomarkers isolated or derived from subject samples and which are currently evaluated in the clinical laboratory and used in traditional global risk assessment algorithms, such as those from the San Antonio Heart Study, the Framingham Heart Study, and the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), also known as NCEP/ATP III. Traditional laboratory risk factors commonly tested from subject blood samples include, but are not limited to, total cholesterol (CHOL), LDL (LDL), HDL (HDLC), VLDL (VLDL), triglycerides (TRIG), glucose, insulin and hemoglobin A1c (HBA1C). Glucose as used herein includes, without limitation, fasting glucose (Glucose) as well as glucose levels taken during and after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), such as 120 minute Glucose (herein labeled “Gluc120”). Insulin (INS) as used herein includes, without limitation, fasting insulin (Insulin) and insulin levels taken during and after the OGTT, such as 120 minute Insulin (herein labeled “Ins120”), as well as insulin's precursors (such as pro-insulin) and their cleavage products such as soluble c-peptide (SCp). Traditional laboratory risk factors are also understood to encompass those ARTERIORISKMARKERS frequently tested in those at risk of arteriovascular or other thrombotic diseases, specifically including, without limitation, fibrinogen (FGA), lipoprotein (a) (LPA), c-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and homocysteine.
Methods and Uses of the Invention
The methods disclosed herein are used with subjects at risk for experiencing an arteriovascular event, subjects who may or may not have already been diagnosed with an arteriovascular disease, and subjects undergoing treatment and/or therapies for an arteriovascular disease. The methods of the present invention can also be used to monitor or select a treatment regimen for a subject who has an arteriovascular disease, and to screen subjects who have not been previously diagnosed as having an arteriovascular disease, such as subjects who exhibit risk factors for an arteriovascular disease, or to assess a subject's future risk of an arteriovascular event, Preferably, the methods of the present invention are used to identify and/or diagnose subjects who are asymptomatic for an arteriovascular disease. “Asymptomatic” means not exhibiting the traditional symptoms, including chest pain and shortness of breath for CAD, claudication for PAD, and TIAs, MCI and severe headache for CVD.
The methods of the present invention may also used to identify and/or diagnose subjects already at higher risk of arteriovascular disease based on solely on the traditional risk factors including, without limitation, gender; race, wherein the chances of developing an arteriovascular disease can be greater in certain ethnic groups; family history, wherein risk of developing an arteriovascular disease is thought to be due, in part, to genetics. Other traditional risk factors for developing an arteriovascular disease include cigarette smoking, elevated systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) aka hypertension, elevated serum total (CHOL) and LDL cholesterol levels, low serum HDL cholesterol (HDLG), diabetes mellitus (Diabetes), advancing age, obesity, physical inactivity, abnormal blood glucose (Glucose, Gluc120) and insulin (Insulin, Ins120, SCp) levels, elevated serum triglyceride (TRIG) levels, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein (a) (LPA), prothrombotic factors such as fibrinogen (FGA), and inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP). Each of these may be used as an input variable and/or ARTERIORISKMARKER to multiple-ARTERIORISKMARKER models of the invention.
A subject having an arteriovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD can be identified by measuring the amounts (including the presence or absence) of an effective number (which can be two or more) of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a subject-derived sample and the amounts are then compared to a reference value. Alterations in the amounts and patterns of expression of biomarkers, such as proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and polynucleotides, polymorphisms of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, and polynucleotides, mutated proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, and polynucleotides, or alterations in the molecular quantities of metabolites or other analytes (such as elemental calcium) in the subject sample compared to the reference value are then identified.
A reference value can be relative to a number or value derived from population studies, including without limitation, such subjects having similar body mass index, total cholesterol levels, LDL/HDL levels, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of the same or similar age range, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects having family histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, or CAD, PAD, or CVD, or relative to the starting sample of a subject undergoing treatment for an arteriovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD, Such reference values can be derived from statistical analyses and/or risk prediction data of populations obtained from mathematical algorithms and computed indices of arteriovascular disease, such as but not limited to, algorithms reported in the Framingham Study, NCEP/ATP III, among others. Reference ARTERIORISKMARKER indices can also be constructed and used using algorithms and other methods of statistical and structural classification.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the reference value is the amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a control sample derived from one or more subjects who are both asymptomatic and lack traditional risk factors for an arteriovascular disease. Such subjects who lack traditional risk factors for an arteriovascular disease can be verified as those subjects having a serum cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 120 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 80 mm Hg, non-current smoker, no history of diagnosed diabetes, no previously diagnosed acute coronary syndrome or hypertension, among other aforementioned other risk factors, or can be verified by another invasive or non-invasive diagnostic test of arteriovascular disease known in the art, such as but not limited to, electrocardiogram (ECG), carotid B-mode ultrasound (for intima-medial thickness measurement), electron beam computed tomography (EBCT), coronary calcium scoring, multi-slice high resolution computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, stress exercise testing, angiography, intra-vascular ultrasound (IVUS), other contrast and/or radioisotopic imaging techniques, or other provocative testing techniques. In a further embodiment, such subjects are monitored and/or periodically retested for a diagnostically relevant period of time (“longitudinal studies”) following such test to verify continued absence from arteriovascular disease or acute arteriovascular events (disease or event free survival). Such period of time may be one year, two years, two to five years, five years, five to ten years, ten years, or ten or more years from the initial testing date for determination of the reference value. Furthermore, retrospective measurement of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in properly banked historical subject samples may be used in establishing these reference values, thus shortening the study time required, presuming the subjects have been appropriately followed during the intervening period through the intended horizon of the product claim.
A reference value can also comprise the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS derived from subjects who show an improvement in arteriovascular risk factors as a result of treatments and/or therapies for arteriovascular diseases. Such improvements include a reduction in body mass index, a reduction in total cholesterol, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDLC levels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or other aforementioned risk factor or combinations thereof. A reference value can also comprise the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS derived from subjects who have confirmed disease by one of the above invasive or non-invasive techniques, or are at high risk for developing an arteriovascular event, or who are at high risk for developing an atherosclerotic or atherothrombotic plaque rupture, or who have suffered from an arteriovascular event or plaque rupture.
A subject predisposed to developing an arteriovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD, or at increased risk of experiencing an arteriovascular event can be identified by measuring the levels of an effective amount (which may be two or more) of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a subject-derived sample and the levels are then compared to a reference value. Alterations in the level of expression of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and polynucleotides, polymorphisms of proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, and polynucleotides, or alterations in the molecular quantities of metabolites or other analytes in the subject sample compared to the reference value are then identified.
A reference value can be relative to a number or value derived from population studies including without limitation, such subjects having the same or similar arteriovascular risk factors, which include atherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis risk factors, such as similar body mass index or similar total cholesterol levels, similar LDL/HDLC levels, similar blood glucose levels, similar systolic or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of the same or similar age range, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects having family histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, or CAD, PAD, or CVD, subjects who exhibit similar symptoms of an arteriovascular disease, or relative to a value obtained from a starting sample of a subject undergoing treatment for an arteriovascular disease, subjects who have shown improvement in arteriovascular risk factors as a result of treatment for the arteriovascular disease, or subjects who are not at risk or at low risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, or subjects who are asymptomatic for arteriovascular disease.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the reference value is the amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a control sample derived from one or more subjects who are not at risk or at low risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, or subjects who are asymptomatic for arteriovascular disease. Such subjects who are not at risk or at low risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, or who are asymptomatic for arteriovascular disease can be verified by comparing the risk factors of the subjects against a number derived from longitudinal studies of subjects from which the likelihood of arteriovascular disease progression can be determined, including without limitation, such subjects having similar body mass index or similar total cholesterol levels, similar LDL/HDLC levels, similar blood glucose levels, similar systolic or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of the same or similar age range, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects who exhibit similar symptoms of an arteriovascular disease, or subjects having family histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD.
In another embodiment, the reference value is an index value or a baseline value. An index value or baseline value is a composite sample of an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS from one or more subjects who do not have an arteriovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD, or subjects who are asymptomatic for an arteriovascular disease. A baseline value can also comprise the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a sample derived from a subject who has shown an improvement in arteriovascular risk factors (encompassing atherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis risk factors) as a result of arteriovascular treatments or therapies. Such improvements include, without limitation, a reduction in body mass index, a reduction in total cholesterol, a reduction in LDL levels, an increase in HDLC levels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, or combinations thereof. In this embodiment, to make comparisons to the subject-derived sample, the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS are similarly calculated and compared to the index value. Optionally, subjects identified as having an arteriovascular disease, or being at increased risk of developing an arteriovascular disease are chosen to receive a therapeutic regimen to slow the progression of an arteriovascular disease, or decrease or prevent the risk of developing an arteriovascular disease.
The progression of an arteriovascular disease, or effectiveness of an arteriovascular disease treatment regimen can be monitored by detecting a ARTERIORISKMARKER in an effective amount (which may be two or more) of samples obtained from a subject over time and comparing the amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected. For example, a first sample can be obtained prior to the subject receiving treatment and one or more subsequent samples are taken after or during treatment of the subject. Arteriovascular diseases are considered to be progressive (or, alternatively, the treatment does not prevent progression) if the amount of ARTERIORISKMARKER changes over time relative to the reference value, whereas the arteriovascular disease is not progressive if the amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS remains constant over time (relative to the reference population, or “constant” as used herein). The term “constant” as used in the context of the present invention is construed to include changes over time with respect to the reference value.
Additionally, therapeutic or prophylactic agents suitable for administration to a particular subject can be identified by detecting a ARTERIORISKMARKER in an effective amount (which may be two or more) in a sample obtained from a subject, exposing the subject-derived sample to a test compound that determines the amount (which may be two or more) of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the subject-derived sample. Accordingly, treatments or therapeutic regimens for use in subjects having an arteriovascular disease, or subjects at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease can be selected based on the amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in samples obtained from the subjects and compared to a reference value. Two or more treatments or therapeutic regimens can be evaluated in parallel to determine which treatment or therapeutic regimen would be the most efficacious for use in a subject to delay onset, or slow progression of an arteriovascular disease.
The present invention further provides a method for screening for changes in marker expression associated with an arteriovascular disease, by determining the amount (which may be two or more) of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a subject-derived sample, comparing the amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a reference sample, and identifying alterations in amounts in the subject sample compared to the reference sample.
If the reference sample, e.g., a control sample, is from a subject that does not have an arteriovascular disease, or if the reference sample reflects a value that is relative to a person that has a high likelihood of rapid progression to an arteriovascular disease, a similarity in the amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKER analytes in the test sample and the reference sample indicates that the treatment is efficacious. However, a difference in the amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKER in the test sample and the reference sample indicates a less favorable clinical outcome or prognosis.
By “efficacious”, it is meant that the treatment leads to a decrease in the amount of a ARTERIORISKMARKER protein, nucleic acid, polymorphism, metabolite, or other analyte, decreases in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, decreases in total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, increases in HDL cholesterol levels, or decreases in BMI. Assessment of the risk factors disclosed herein can be achieved using standard clinical protocols. Efficacy can be determined in association with any known method for diagnosing, identifying, or treating an arteriovascular disease.
The present invention further encompasses methods of differentially diagnosing and distinguishing arteriovascular diseases, such as, but not limited to, Metabolic Syndrome, Syndrome X, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, angina pectoris (stable and unstable), cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta and its branches (such as aortic stenosis), peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and congenital heart disease. One embodiment of the invention provides a method of differentially diagnosing and distinguishing the progressive stages of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis based on the development of an occlusive or subocclusive thrombus (also known as a “plaque”), which may be ruptured or non-ruptured. Plaque rupture is the most common type of plaque complication, accounting for  ̃70% of fatal acute myocardial infarctions and/or sudden coronary deaths. Thus, there is an interdependent relationship between plaque growth and arterial thrombosis, providing the framework for precipitation of an acute arteriovascular event. Plaques within the arteriovascular system become “high-risk,” “unstable,”, or “vulnerable” in response to a wide array of local and systemic influences, such as inflammation, composition of the plaque, prothrombotic milieu, among others (Wasserman, E. J. and Shipley, N. M. (2006) Mt. Sinai J. Med. 73L: 431-439). Plaque composition is a major pathophysiological determinant of arteriovascular disease. Measurement of plaque components can determine the probability of an arteriovascular event, and can be useful in diagnosing or identifying asymptomatic subjects.
The earliest changes begin within the endothelium, where activated endothelial cells (ECs) recruit monocytes and T-lymphocytes to the vessel wall (Springer, T. A. (1994) Cell 76: 301-314). Endothelial dysfunction drives this process, which is marked by endothelial cell expression of leukocyte and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs) and increased endothelial permeability to lipoproteins, leukocytes, and other inflammatory mediators, Increasing number of atherogenic lipoproteins and T-cells within the intima stimulate monocytes to differentiate to macrophages, which then become lipid-laden foam cells as they engulf and ingest modified lipoproteins. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate and proliferate, leukocyte recruitment amplifies, and platelet aggregates adhere to injured endothelium in response to a variety of inflammatory mediators secreted by ECs, activated leukocytes, SMCs, and platelets (Springer, T. A. and Cybulsky, M. I., (1996) In: Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease Vol. 1 Lippincott-Raven (Philadelphia), pp. 511-538). These lesions are commonly referred to in the art as “fatty streaks”. With continued progression, these plaques accumulate pools of extracellular lipid deposits that surround increasing numbers of inflammatory cells, SMCs, and connective tissue elements, all of which comprise a pro-atherogenic, pro-thrombotic, dynamic extracellular matrix (ECM). In response to cytokines and growth factors, such as but not limited to transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), a fibrous cap, composed primarily of SMCs and collagen, develops around the expanding lipid core, walling it off from the lumen. The atheromatous core accumulates larger, more confluent amounts of extracellular lipids along with pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., interferon-γ) and proteolytic enzymes (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) that contribute to the erosion of the fibrous cap by digesting its components.
Plaques are identified by several criteria, such as but not limited to plaque cap thickness, plaque lipid core size, presence or absence of a necrotic core, plaque stenosis (luminal narrowing), remodeling (expansive vs. constrictive remodeling), color (yellow, glistening yellow, red, etc.), collagen content vs. lipid content, mechanical stability (stiffness and elasticity), calcification burden and pattern (nodule vs. scattered, superficial vs. deep, etc.), plaque activity/function, such as plaque inflammation (comprising macrophage density, rate of monocyte infiltration, and density of activated T-cell), endothelial dysfunction measured by local nitric oxide production, anti-procoagulation properties of the endothelium, plaque oxidative stress, superficial platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition, rate of apoptosis, angiogenesis, leaking vasa vasorum, and intraplaque hemorrhage, the presence of matrix metalloproteinase activity in the cap, and the present of certain microbial antigens. Other criteria include pan-arterial measurements, such as transcoronary gradients of serum markers of vulnerability, total coronary calcium burden, total coronary vasoreactivity (endothelial function), total arterial burden of plaque including peripheral arterial burden, among others.
Plaques which often, but do not always, create significant degrees of arterial luminal stenosis are characterized by a degraded fibrous cap with superimposed organizing thrombus and a well-formed, mostly acellular necrotic core containing oxygen radicals, oxidized lipids, dying foam cells, erythrocyte membranes, and apoptotic cellular debris (referred to in the art as “thin-cap fibroatheroma”). These high-risk atheromas may progress to largely occlusive and calcified or fibrotic atheromas, which may in turn trigger signs and symptoms of more progressive arteriovascular diseases, such as angina pectoris and which occur secondary to acute thrombosis or during periods of inadequate collateral/luminal blood flow.
The progression of a fatty streak to a high-risk atheroma occurs through a continuous process of ECM remodeling. Dysregulation of ECM metabolism may result in an accelerated accumulation of lipids and foam cells, a net increase in collagen resorption with subsequent weakening of the fibrous cap and compensatory changes in vessel wall architecture. Neovascularization in atherosclerotic arteries introduces fragile intimal microvessels (also known as “vasa vasorum”), which may rupture into the core, resulting in repeated, often subclinical, intraplaque hemorrhage. As these clots reorganize and are layered with fibrous tissue, the lesion advances. Expansive ECM remodeling results in outward growth of the plaque, increasing the circumference of the diseased section of artery. The extent of luminal narrowing has been found to be inversely proportional to the degree of expansive remodeling (Pasterkamp, G. et al (1995) Circulation 91: 1444-1449).
Inflammation plays a key role during thrombogenesis, or disruption of the plaque. Procoagulant factors within the ECM are exposed to luminal blood flow at sites where plaque disruption has occurred. Stimulated by inflammatory mediators, circulating platelets adhere to damaged endothelium and form aggregates that become trapped in fibrin. Given the appropriate mixture of disturbed blood flow, inflammation, and thrombogenic potential, occlusive thrombi may occur, causing an arteriovascular event even in the absence of visible plaque disruption. Hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, diabetes, elevated levels of homocysteine as well as C-reactive protein, smoking, apoptosis, elevated levels of lipoprotein A, elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), high levels of MMPs, the presence of tissue factor, as well as other conditions, augment the inflammatory and hemodynamic response to vascular injury and feed the coagulation cascade, resulting in accelerated thrombogenesis.
The present invention also provides ARTERIORISKMARKER panels including one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of a general physiological pathway associated with an arteriovascular disease (such as inflammation, coagulation, necrosis), an arteriovascular disease site (such as the heart or brain), the particular stage of the arteriovascular disease (such as platelet aggregation or plaque rupture), the rate of progression of the arteriovascular disease (i.e., speed or kinetics that the arteriovascular disease is progressing at), and one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that can be used to exclude or distinguish between different disease states or sequelae associated with arteriovascular disease. The ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the invention also provides categories or clusters of analytes that can be measured and detected according to signaling pathway or physiological pathway. A single ARTERIORISKMARKER may have several of the aforementioned characteristics according to the present invention, and may alternatively be used in replacement of one or more other ARTERIORISKMARKERS where appropriate for the given application of the invention.
The present invention also comprises a kit with a detection reagent that binds to two or more ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites, or other analytes. Also provided by the invention is an array of detection reagents, e.g., antibodies and/or oligonucleotides that can bind to two or more ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins or nucleic acids, respectively. In one embodiment, the ARTERIORISKMARKER are proteins and the array contains antibodies that bind an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 sufficient to measure a statistically significant alteration in ARTERIORISKMARKER expression compared to a reference value. In another embodiment, the ARTERIORISKMARKERS are nucleic acids and the array contains oligonucleotides or aptamers that bind an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 sufficient to measure a statistically significant alteration in ARTERIORISKMARKER expression compared to a reference value.
Also provided by the present invention is a method for treating one or more subjects at risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, comprising: detecting the presence of altered amounts of an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS present in a sample from the one or more subjects; and treating the one or more subjects with one or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs until altered amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS return to a baseline value measured in one or more subjects at low risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, or alternatively, in subjects who do not exhibit any of the traditional risk factors for arteriovascular disease.
Also provided by the present invention is a method for treating one or more subjects having an arteriovascular disease comprising: detecting the presence of altered levels of an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS present in a sample from the one or more subjects; and treating the one or more subjects with one or more arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs until altered amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS return to a baseline value measured in one or more subjects at low risk for developing an arteriovascular disease.
Also provided by the present invention is a method for evaluating changes in the risk of an arteriovascular event in a subject diagnosed with an arteriovascular disease, comprising detecting an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS (which may be two or more) in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time, detecting the amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time, and comparing the amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected at the first and second periods of time.
The present invention also encompasses a method for evaluating the risk of plaque rupture in a subject diagnosed with atherosclerosis or atherothrombosis, comprising detecting an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS (which may be two or more) in a first sample from the subject at a first period of time, detecting the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in a second sample from the subject at a second period of time, and comparing the amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS detected at the first and second periods of time.
A method for differentially diagnosing disease states associated with an arteriovascular disease in a subject is provided, comprising detecting an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the group consisting of ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, or the ARTERIORISKMARKER panels of the invention, in a sample from the subject; and comparing the amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS to the arteriovascular disease subject profiles of the present invention, or to a reference value.
Also provided by the present invention is a method of monitoring the progression of plaque formation in a subject comprising detecting an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from the group consisting of CARDIORISKMARKERS 1-1023, or the ARTERIORISKMARKER panels of the invention, in a sample from the subject; and comparing the amounts of the two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS, or the ARTERIORISKMARKER panel, to the arteriovascular disease subject profiles of the present invention, or to a reference value.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Indications of the Invention
The invention allows the diagnosis and prognosis of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events. The risk of developing an arteriovascular disease can be detected by measuring an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites, and other analytes (which may be two or more) in a test sample (e.g., a subject derived sample), and comparing the effective amounts to reference or index values, often utilizing mathematical algorithms or formula in order to combine information from results of multiple individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS and from non-analyte clinical parameters into a single measurement or index. Subjects identified as having an increased risk of an arteriovascular disease can optionally be selected to receive treatment regimens, such as administration of prophylactic or therapeutic compounds such as “arteriovascular disease-modulating agents” as defined herein, or implementation of exercise regimens, surgical interventions as defined elsewhere in this disclosure, or dietary supplements to prevent or delay the onset of an arteriovascular disease.
The amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKER protein, nucleic acid, polymorphism, metabolite, or other analyte can be measured in a test sample and compared to the “normal control level,” utilizing techniques such as reference limits, discrimination limits, or risk defining thresholds to define cutoff points and abnormal values for arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events, all as described in Vasan, 2006. The “normal control level” means the level of one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS or combined ARTERIORISKMARKER indices typically found in a subject not suffering from an arteriovascular disease. Such normal control level and cutoff points may vary based on whether a ARTERIORISKMARKER is used alone or in a formula combining with other ARTERIORISKMARKERS into an index. Alternatively, the normal control level can be a database of ARTERIORISKMARKER patterns from previously tested subjects who did not convert to arteriovascular disease over a clinically relevant time horizon.
The present invention may be used to make continuous or categorical measurements of the risk of conversion to arteriovascular disease, thus diagnosing and defining the risk spectrum of a category of subjects defined as at risk for having an arteriovascular event. In the categorical scenario, the methods of the present invention can be used to discriminate between normal and arteriovascular disease subject cohorts. In other embodiments, the present invention may be used so as to discriminate those at risk for having an arteriovascular event from those having more stable arteriovascular disease, those more rapidly progressing (or alternatively those with a shorter probable time horizon to an arteriovascular event) to an arteriovascular event from those more slowly progressing (or with a longer time horizon to an arteriovascular event), or those having arteriovascular disease from normal. Such differing use may require different ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations in individual panel, mathematical algorithm, and/or cut-off points, but be subject to the same aforementioned measurements of accuracy and other performance metrics relevant for the intended use.
Identifying the subject at risk of having an arteriovascular event enables the selection and initiation of various therapeutic interventions or treatment regimens in order to delay, reduce or prevent that subject's conversion to an arteriovascular disease state. Levels of an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites, or other analytes also allows for the course of treatment of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular event to be monitored. In this method, a biological sample can be provided from a subject undergoing treatment regimens, e.g., drug treatments, for arteriovascular disease. Such treatment regimens can include, but are not limited to, exercise regimens, dietary supplementation, bariatric surgical intervention, and treatment with therapeutics or prophylactics used in subjects diagnosed or identified with arteriovascular disease or at risk of having an arteriovascular event. If desired, biological samples are obtained from the subject at various time points before, during, or after treatment.
The present invention can also be used to screen patient or subject populations in any number of settings. For example, a health maintenance organization, public health entity or school health program can screen a group of subjects to identify those requiring interventions, as described above, or for the collection of epidemiological data. Insurance companies (e.g., health, life or disability) may screen applicants in the process of determining coverage or pricing, or existing clients for possible intervention. Data collected in such population screens, particularly when tied to any clinical progression to conditions like arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events, will be of value in the operations of, for example, health maintenance organizations, public health programs and insurance companies. Such data arrays or collections can be stored in machine-readable media and used in any number of health-related data management systems to provide improved healthcare services, cost effective healthcare, improved insurance operation, etc. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0038227; U.S. Patent Application No. US 2004/0122296; U.S. Patent Application No. US 2004/0122297; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,018,067. Such systems can access the data directly from internal data storage or remotely from one or more data storage sites as further detailed herein. Thus, in a health-related data management system, wherein risk of developing a arteriovascular condition for a subject or a population comprises analyzing arteriovascular disease risk factors, the present invention provides an improvement comprising use of a data array encompassing the biomarker measurements as defined herein and/or the resulting evaluation of risk from those biomarker measurements.
A machine-readable storage medium can comprise a data storage material encoded with machine readable data or data arrays which, when using a machine programmed with instructions for using said data, is capable of use for a variety of purposes, such as, without limitation, subject information relating to arteriovascular disease risk factors over time or in response to arteriovascular disease-modulating drug therapies, drug discovery, and the like. Measurements of effective amounts of the biomarkers of the invention and/or the resulting evaluation of risk from those biomarkers can implemented in computer programs executing on programmable computers, comprising, inter alia, a processor, a data storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. Program code can be applied to input data to perform the functions described above and generate output information. The output information can be applied to one or more output devices, according to methods known in the art. The computer may be, for example, a personal computer, microcomputer, or workstation of conventional design.
Each program can be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. The language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Each such computer program can be stored on a storage media or device (e.g., ROM or magnetic diskette or others as defined elsewhere in this disclosure) readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer, for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. The health-related data management system of the invention may also be considered to be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform various functions described herein.
Levels of an effective amount of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites, or other analytes can then be determined and compared to a reference value, e.g. a control subject or population whose athersclerotic state is known or an index value or baseline value. The reference sample or index value or baseline value may be taken or derived from one or more subjects who have been exposed to the treatment, or may be taken or derived from one or more subjects who are at low risk of developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, or may be taken or derived from subjects who have shown improvements in arteriovascular disease risk factors (such as clinical parameters or traditional laboratory risk factors as defined herein) as a result of exposure to treatment. Alternatively, the reference sample or index value or baseline value may be taken or derived from one or more subjects who have not been exposed to the treatment. For example, samples may be collected from subjects who have received initial treatment for arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event and subsequent treatment for arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event to monitor the progress of the treatment. A reference value can also comprise a value derived from risk prediction algorithms or computed indices from population studies such as those disclosed herein.
The ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the present invention can thus be used to generate a “reference ARTERIORISKMARKER profile” of those subjects who do not have arteriovascular disease or are not at risk of having an arteriovascular event, and would not be expected to develop arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. The ARTERIORISKMARKERS disclosed herein can also be used to generate a “subject ARTERIORISKMARKER profile” taken from subjects who have arteriovascular disease or are at risk for having an arteriovascular event. The subject ARTERIORISKMARKER profiles can be compared to a reference ARTERIORISKMARKER profile to diagnose or identify subjects at risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, to monitor the progression of disease, as well as the rate of progression of disease, and to monitor the effectiveness of arteriovascular treatment modalities. The reference and subject ARTERIORISKMARKER profiles of the present invention can be contained in a machine-readable medium, such as but not limited to, analog tapes like those readable by a VCR, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, USB flash media, among others, Such machine-readable media can also contain additional test results, such as, without limitation, measurements of clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors. Alternatively or additionally, the machine-readable media can also comprise subject information such as medical history and any relevant family history. The machine-readable media can also contain information relating to other arteriovascular disease-risk algorithms and computed indices such as those described herein.
Differences in the genetic makeup of subjects can result in differences in their relative abilities to metabolize various drugs, which may modulate the symptoms or risk factors of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events. Subjects that have arteriovascular disease, or at risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event can vary in age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, blood pressure, LDL and HDL levels, and other parameters. Accordingly, use of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS disclosed herein, both alone and together in combination with known genetic factors for drug metabolism, allow for a pre-determined level of predictability that a putative therapeutic or prophylactic to be tested in a selected subject will be suitable for treating or preventing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event in the subject.
To identify therapeutics or drugs that are appropriate for a specific subject, a test sample from the subject can also be exposed to a therapeutic agent or a drug, and the level of one or more of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, nucleic acids, polymorphisms, metabolites or other analytes can be determined. The level of one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be compared to sample derived from the subject before and after treatment or exposure to a therapeutic agent or a drug, or can be compared to samples derived from one or more subjects who have shown improvements in arteriovascular risk factors (e.g., clinical parameters or traditional laboratory risk factors) as a result of such treatment or exposure.
Agents for reducing the risk of arteriovascular disease, an arteriovascular event, or arteriovascular complications include, without limitation of the following, insulin, hypoglycemic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, lipid reducing agents, anti-hypertensives such as calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, angiotensin system inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, rennin inhibitors, together with other common risk factor modifying agents (herein “arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs”).
“Insulin” includes rapid acting forms, such as Insulin lispro rDNA origin: HUMALOG (1.5 mL, 10 mL, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind.), Insulin Injection (Regular Insulin) form beef and pork (regular ILETIN I, Eli Lilly], human: rDNA: HUMULIN R (Eli Lilly), NOVOLIN R (Novo Nordisk, New York, N.Y.), Semisynthetic: VELOSULIN Human (Novo Nordisk), rDNA Human, Buffered: VELOSULIN BR, pork: regular Insulin (Novo Nordisk), purified pork: Pork Regular ILETIN II (Eli Lilly), Regular Purified Pork Insulin (Novo Nordisk), and Regular (Concentrated) ILETIN II U-500 (500 units/mL, Eli Lilly); intermediate-acting forms such as Insulin Zinc Suspension, beef and pork: LENTE ILETIN G I (Eli Lilly), Human, rDNA: HUMULIN L (Eli Lilly), NOVOLIN L (Novo Nordisk), purified pork: LENTE ILETIN II (Eli Lilly), Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH): beef and pork: NPH ILETIN I (Eli Lilly), Human, rDNA: HUMULIN N (Eli Lilly), Novolin N (Novo Nordisk), purified pork: Pork NPH Iletin II (Eli Lilly), NPH-N (Novo Nordisk); and long-acting forms such as Insulin zinc suspension, extended (ULTRALENTE, Eli Lilly), human, rDNA: HUMULIN U (Eli Lilly).
“Hypoglycemic” agents are preferably oral hypoglycemic agents and include, without limitation, first-generation sulfonylureas: Acetohexamide (Dymelor), Chlorpropamide (Diabinese), Tolbutamide (Orinase); second-generation sulfonylureas: Glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL), Glyburide (Diabeta; Micronase; Glynase), Glimepiride (Amaryl); Biguanides: Metformin (Glucophage); Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose (Precose), Miglitol (Glyset), Thiazolidinediones: Rosiglitazone (Avandia), Pioglitazone (Actos), Troglitazone (Rezulin); Meglitinides: Repaglinide (Prandin); and other hypoglycemics such as Acarbose; Buformin; Butoxamine Hydrochloride; Camiglibose; Ciglitazone; Englitazone Sodium; Darglitazone Sodium; Etoformin Hydrochloride; Gliamflide; Glibomuride; Glicetanile Gliclazide Sodium; Gliflumide; Glucagon; Glyhexamide; Glymidine Sodium; Glyoctamide; Glyparamide; Linogliride; Linogliride Fumarate; Methyl Palmoxirate; Palmoxirate Sodium; Pirogliride Tartrate; Proinsulin Human; Seglitide Acetate; Tolazamide; Tolpyrramide; Zopolrestat.
“Anti-inflammatory” agents include Alclofenac; Alclometasone Dipropionate; Algestone Acetonide; Alpha Amylase; Amcinafal; Amcinafide; Amfenac Sodium; Amiprilose Hydrochloride; Anakinra; Anirolac; Anitrazafen; Apazone; Balsalazide Disodium; Bendazac; Benoxaprofen; Benzydamine Hydrochloride; Bromelains; Broperamole; Budesonide; Carprofen; Cicloprofen; Cintazone; Cliprofen; Clobetasol Propionate; Clobetasone Butyrate; Clopirac; Cloticasone Propionate; Cot methasone Acetate; Cortodoxone; Deflazacort; Desonide; Desoximetasone; Dexamethasone Dipropionate; Diclofenac Potassium; Diclofenac Sodium; Diflorasone Diacetate; Diflumidone Sodium; Diflunisal; Difluprednate; Diftalone; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Drocinonide; Endrysone; Enlimomab; Enolicam Sodium; Epirizole; Etodolac; Etofenamate; Felbinac; Fenamole; Fenbufen; Fenclofenac; Fenclorac; Fendosal; Fenpipalone; Fentiazac; Flazalone; Fluazacort; Flufenamic Acid; Flumizole; Flunisolide Acetate; Flunixin; Flunixin Meglumine; Fluocortin Butyl; Fluorometholone Acetate; Fluquazone; Flurbiprofen; Fluretofen; Fluticasone Propionate; Furaprofen; Furobufen; Halcinonide; Halobetasol Propionate; Halopredone Acetate; Ibufenac; Ibuprofen; Ibuprofen Aluminum; Ibuprofen Piconol; Ilonidap; Indomethacin; Indomethacin Sodium; Indoprofen; Indoxole; Intrazole; Isoflupredone Acetate; Isoxepac; Isoxicam; Ketoprofen; Lofemizole Hydrochloride; Lornoxicam; Loteprednol Etabonate; Meclofenamate Sodium; Meclofenamic Acid; Meclorisone Dibutyrate; Mefenamic Acid; Mesalamine; Meseclazone; Methylprednisolone Suleptanate; Momiflumate; Nabumetone; Naproxen; Naproxen Sodium; Naproxol; Nimazone; Olsalazine Sodium; Orgotein; Orpanoxin; Oxaprozin; Oxyphenbutazone; Paranyline Hydrochloride; Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium; Phenbutazone Sodium Glycerate; Pirfenidone; Piroxicam; Piroxicam Cinnamate; Piroxicam Olamine; Pirprofen; Prednazate; Prifelone; Prodolic Acid; Proquazone; Proxazole; Proxazole Citrate; Rimexolone; Romazarit; Salcolex; Salnacedin; Salsalate; Salycilates; Sanguinarium Chloride; Seclazone; Sermetacin; Sudoxicam; Sulindac; Suprofen; Talmetacin; Talniflumate; Talosalate; Tebufelone; Tenidap; Tenidap Sodium; Tenoxicam; Tesicam; Tesimide; Tetrydamine; Tiopinac; Tixocortol Pivalate; Tolmetin; Tolmetin Sodium; Triclonide; Triflumidate; Zidometacin; Glucocorticoids; Zomepirac Sodium. An important anti-inflammatory agent is aspirin.
Preferred anti-inflammatory agents are cytokine inhibitors. Important cytokine inhibitors include cytokine antagonists (e.g., IL-6 receptor antagonists), aza-alkyl lysophospholipids (AALP), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors, such as anti-TNF-alpha antibodies, soluble TNF receptor, TNF-alpha, anti-sense nucleic acid molecules, multivalent guanylhydrazone (CNI-1493), N-acetylcysteine, pentoxiphylline, oxpentifylline, carbocyclic nucleoside analogues, small molecule S9a, RP 55778 (a TNF-alpha synthesis inhibitor), Dexanabinol (HU-211, is a synthetic cannabinoid devoid of cannabimimetic effects, inhibits TNF-alpha production at a post-transcriptional stage), MDL 201,449A (9-[(1R,3R)-trans-cyclopentan-3-ol] adenine, and trichodimerol (BMS-182123). Preferred TNF-alpha inhibitors are Etanercept (ENBREL, Immunex, Seattle) and Infliximab (REMICADE, Centocor, Malvern, Pa.).
“Lipid reducing agents” include gemfibrozil, cholystyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors useful for administration, or co-administration with other agents according to the invention include, but are not limited to, simvastatin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784), lovastatin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938), pravastatin sodium (U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227), fluvastatin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,073), atorvastatin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,995), cerivastatin, and numerous others described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,985, U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,935, U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,896, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,109, U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,895, U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,435, U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,332, U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,031, U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,256, U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,689, U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,298, U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,125, U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,604, U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,171, U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,327, U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,021, U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,440, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,386, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,378, U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,646, U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,932, U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,435, U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,312, U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,306, U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,870, U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,857, U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,911, U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,931, U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,136, U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,000, U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,453, U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,716, U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,144, U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,128, U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,837, U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,234, U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,494, U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,429, U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,231, U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,693, U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,538, U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,940, U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,675, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,864, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,860, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,800, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,727, U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,143, U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,620, U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,861, U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,657, U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,624 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,402, the disclosures of which patents are incorporated herein by reference.
Anti-thrombotic and/or fibrinolytic agents include Plasminogen (to plasmin via interactions of prekallikrein, kininogens, Factors XII, XIIIa, plasminogen proactivator, and tissue plasminogen activator[TPA]) Streptokinase; Urokinase: Anisoylated Plasminogen-Streptokinase Activator Complex; Pro-Urokinase; (Pro-UK); rTPA (alteplase or activase; r denotes recombinant), rPro-UK; Abbokinase; Eminase; Sreptase Anagrelide Hydrochloride; Bivalirudin; Dalteparin Sodium; Danaparoid Sodium; Dazoxiben Hydrochloride; Efegatran Sulfate; Enoxaparin Sodium; Ifetroban; Ifetroban Sodium; Tinzaparin Sodium; retaplase; Trifenagrel; Warfarin; Dextrans.
Anti-platelet agents include Clopridogrel; Sulfinpyrazone; Aspirin; Dipyridamole; Clofibrate; Pyridinol Carbamate; PGE; Glucagon; Antiserotonin drugs; Caffeine; Theophyllin Pentoxifyllin; Ticlopidine; Anagrelide.
Lipid reducing agents include gemfibrozil, cholystyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid, probucol lovastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, cirivastatin.
Direct thrombin inhibitors include hirudin, hirugen, hirulog, agatroban, PPACK, thrombin aptamers.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors are both antibodies and non-antibodies, and include but are not limited to ReoPro (abcixamab), lamifiban, tirofiban.
One preferred agent is aspirin.
“Calcium channel blockers” are a chemically diverse class of compounds having important therapeutic value in the control of a variety of diseases including several cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension, angina, and cardiac arrhythmias (Fleckenstein, Cir. Res. v. 52, (suppl. 1), p. 13-16 (1983); Fleckenstein, Experimental Facts and Therapeutic Prospects, John Wiley, New York (1983); McCall, D., Curr Pract Cardiol, v. 10, p. 1-11 (1985)). Calcium channel blockers are a heterogeneous group of drugs that belong to one of three major chemical groups of drugs, the dihydropyridines, such as nifedipine, the phenyl alkyl amines, such as verapamil, and the benzothiazepines, such as diltiazem. Other calcium channel blockers useful according to the invention, include, but are not limited to, amrinone, amlodipine, bencyclane, felodipine, fendiline, flunarizine, isradipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, perhexilene, gallopamil, tiapamil and tiapamil analogues (such as 1993RO-11-2933), phenytoin, barbiturates, and the peptides dynorphin, omega-conotoxin, and omega-agatoxin, and the like and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
“Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents” are a class of drugs that antagonize the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines in angina pectoris, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers include, but are not limited to, atenolol, acebutolol, alprenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bunitrolol, carteolol, celiprolol, hedroxalol, indenolol, labetalol, levobunolol, mepindolol, methypranol, metindol, metoprolol, metrizoranolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol, practolol, practolol, sotalolnadolol, tiprenolol, tomalolol, timolol, bupranolol, penbutolol, trimepranol, 2-(3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-amino-2-hyd-roxypropoxy)-3-pyridenecarbonitrilHCl, 1-butylamino-3-(2,5-dichlorophenoxy-)-2-propanol, 1-isopropylamino-3-(4-(2-cyclopropylmethoxyethyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol, 3-isopropylamino-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)-2-butanol, 2-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxy-propylthio)-4-(5-carbamoyl-2-thienyl)thiazol, 7-(2-hydroxy-3-t-butylaminpropoxy)phthalide. The above-identified compounds can be used as isomeric mixtures, or in their respective levorotating or dextrorotating form.
A number of selective “COX-2 inhibitors” are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, COX-2 inhibitors described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995 “Phenyl heterocycles as cox-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,213 “Diaryl bicyclic heterocycles as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,752 “Phenyl heterocycles as COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,142 “Phenyl heterocycles as COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,422 “Aryl substituted 5,5 fused aromatic nitrogen compounds as anti-inflammatory agents”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,253 “N-benzylindol-3-yl propanoic acid derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,260 “5-methanesulfonamido-1-indanones as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,780 “N-benzyl indol-3-yl butanoic acid derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,318 “Diphenyl-1,2-3-thiadiazoles as anti-inflammatory agents”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,374 “Diaryl-5-oxygenated-2-(5H)-furanones as COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,584 “3,4-diaryl-2-hydroxy-2,5-dihy-drofurans as prodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,140 “Phenyl heterocycles as COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,909 “Diphenyl stilbenes as prodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,413 “Alkylated styrenes as prodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,700 “Bisaryl cyclobutenes derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,943 “Stilbene derivatives useful as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,419 “Substituted pyridines as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,742 “Pyridinyl-2-cyclopenten-1-ones as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,631 “Alkylated styrenes as prodrugs to COX-2 inhibitors”; all of which are commonly assigned to Merck Frosst Canada, Inc. (Kirkland, Calif.). Additional COX-2 inhibitors are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,933, assigned to G. D. Searle & Co. (Skokie, Ill.), entitled: “Substituted sulfonylphenyl-heterocycles as cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.”
A number of the above-identified COX-2 inhibitors are prodrugs of selective COX-2 inhibitors, and exert their action by conversion in vivo to the active and selective COX-2 inhibitors. The active and selective COX-2 inhibitors formed from the above-identified COX-2 inhibitor prodrugs are described in detail in WO 95/00501, published Jan. 5, 1995, WO 95/18799, published Jul. 13, 1995 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995, issued Dec. 12, 1995. Given the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,297, entitled: “Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA and assays for evaluating cyclooxygenase-2 activity,” a person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine whether an agent is a selective COX-2 inhibitor or a precursor of a COX-2 inhibitor, and therefore part of the present invention.
“Angiotensin II antagonists” are compounds which interfere with the activity of angiotensin II by binding to angiotensin II receptors and interfering with its activity. Angiotensin II antagonists are well known and include peptide compounds and non-peptide compounds. Most angiotensin II antagonists are slightly modified congeners in which agonist activity is attenuated by replacement of phenylalanine in position 8 with some other amino acid; stability can be enhanced by other replacements that slow degeneration in vivo. Examples of angiotensin II antagonists include: peptidic compounds (e.g., saralasin, [(San1)(Val5)(Ala8)] angiotensin-(1-8) octapeptide and related analogs); N-substituted imidazole-2-one (U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,634); imidazole acetate derivatives including 2-N-butyl-4-chloro-1-(2-chlorobenzile) imidazole-5-acetic acid (see Long et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247(1), 1-7 (1988)); 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid and analog derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,463); N2-tetrazole beta-glucuronide analogs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,992); substituted pyrroles, pyrazoles, and tryazoles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,127); phenol and heterocyclic derivatives such as 1,3-imidazoles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,566); imidazo-fused 7-member ring heterocycles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,825); peptides (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,684); antibodies to angiotensin II (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,386); and aralkyl imidazole compounds such as biphenyl-methyl substituted imidazoles (e.g., EP Number 253,310, Jan. 20, 1988); ES8891 (N-morpholinoacetyl-(-1-naphthyl)-L-alany-1-(4, thiazolyl)-L-alanyl (35,45)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-cyclo-hexapentanoyl-N-hexylamide, Sankyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan); SKF108566 (E-alpha-2-[2-butyl-1-(carboxy phenyl) methyl] 1H-imidazole-5-yl[methylan-e]-2-thiophenepropanoic acid, Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Pa.); Losartan (DUP753/MK954, DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company); Remikirin (RO42-5892, F. Hoffman LaRoche AG); A.sub.2 agonists (Marion Merrill Dow) and certain non-peptide heterocycles (G. D. Searle and Company).
“Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors” include amino acids and derivatives thereof, peptides, including di- and tri-peptides and antibodies to ACE which intervene in the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting the activity of ACE thereby reducing or eliminating the formation of pressor substance angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors have been used medically to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and renal disease. Classes of compounds known to be useful as ACE inhibitors include acylmercapto and mercaptoalkanoyl prolines such as captopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,776) and zofenopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,906), carboxyalkyl dipeptides such as enalapril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,829), lisinopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,829), quinapril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,949), ramipril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,258), and perindopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,729), carboxyalkyl dipeptide mimics such as cilazapril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,924) and benazapril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,520), phosphinylalkanoyl prolines such as fosinopril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,201) and trandolopril.
“Renin inhibitors” are compounds which interfere with the activity of renin. Renin inhibitors include amino acids and derivatives thereof, peptides and derivatives thereof, and antibodies to renin. Examples of renin inhibitors that are the subject of United States patents are as follows: urea derivatives of peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,835); amino acids connected by nonpeptide bonds (U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,937); di- and tri-peptide derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,835); amino acids and derivatives thereof (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,104,869 and 5,095,119); diol sulfonamides and sulfinyls (U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,924); modified peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,006); peptidyl beta-aminoacyl aminodiol carbamates (U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,471); pyrolimidazolones (U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,451); fluorine and chlorine statine or statone containing peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,066,643); peptidyl amino diols (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,063,208 and 4,845,079); N-morpholino derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,466); pepstatin derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,283); N-heterocyclic alcohols (U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,292); monoclonal antibodies to renin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,401); and a variety of other peptides and analogs thereof (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,071,837, 5,064,965, 5,063,207, 5,036,054, 5,036,053, 5,034,512, and 4,894,437).
Anti-platelet” agents include but are not limited to, Clopridogrel; Sulfinpyrazone; Aspirin; Dipyridamole; Clofibrate; Pyridinol Carbamate; PGE; Glucagon; Antiserotonin drugs; Caffeine; Theophyllin Pentoxifyllin; Ticlopidine; Anagrelide.
Other arteriovascular disease-modulating drugs include, but are not limited to, lipase inhibitors such as cetilistat (ATL-962); synthetic amylin analogs such as Symlin pramlintide with or without recombinant leptin; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors like sergliflozin (869682; KGT-1251), YM543, dapagliflozin, GlaxoSmithKline molecule 189075, and Sanofi-Aventis molecule AVE2268; dual adipose triglyceride lipase and PI3 kinase activators like Adyvia (ID 1101); antagonists of neuropeptide Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptors like Nastech molecule PYY3-36, synthetic analog of human hormones PYY3-36 and pancreatic polypeptide (7TM molecule TM30338); Shionogi molecule S-2367; cannabinoid CB I receptor antagonists such as rimonabant (Acomplia), taranabant, CP-945,598, Solvay molecule SLV319, Vernalis molecule V24343; hormones like oleoyl-estrone; inhibitors of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (also known in the art as “triple monoamine reuptake inhibitors”) like tesofensine (Neurosearch molecule NS2330); inhibitors of norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake, like Contrave (bupropion plus opioid antagonist naltrexone) and Excalia (bupropion plus anticonvulsant zonisaminde); inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11b-HSDI) like Incyte molecule INCB13739; inhibitors of cortisol synthesis such as ketoconazole (DiObex molecule DIO-902); inhibitors of gluconeogenesis such as Metabasis/Daiichi molecule CS-917; glucokinase activators like Roche molecule R1440; antisense inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B such as ISIS 113715; as well as other agents like NicOx molecule NCX 4016; injections of gastrin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) analogs such as Islet Neogenesis Therapy (E1-I.N.T.); and betahistine (Obecure molecule OBE101).
A subject cell (i.e., a cell isolated from a subject) can be incubated in the presence of a candidate agent and the pattern of ARTERIORISKMARKER expression in the test sample is measured and compared to a reference profile, e.g., an arteriovascular disease reference expression profile or a non-arteriovascular disease reference expression profile or an index value or baseline value. The test agent can be any compound or composition or combination thereof, including, dietary supplements. For example, the test agents are agents frequently used in arteriovascular treatment regimens and are described herein.
The aforementioned methods of the invention can be used to evaluate or monitor the progression and/or improvement of subjects who have been diagnosed with an arteriovascular disease, and who have undergone surgical interventions for these diseases, such as, for example, angioplasty, arteriovascular grafting of stems, including self expanding stents and drug-eluting stents comprising for example paclitaxel, atherectomy, coronary artery bypass, aortic and mitral valve replacement, heart transplantation, ventricular remodeling, transmyocardial laser therapy, aneurysm repair, aortic dissection, pacemaker devices, and Maze procedure.
Additionally, any of the aforementioned methods can be used separately or in combination to assess if a subject has shown an “improvement in arteriovascular disease risk factors” or moved within the risk spectrum of subjects at risk for having an arteriovascular event. Such improvements include, without limitation, a reduction in body mass index, a reduction in blood glucose levels, an increase in HDL levels, a decrease in LDL or total cholesterol levels, a reduction in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, an increase in insulin levels, or combinations thereof.
A subject suffering from or at risk of developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event may also be suffering from or at risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. Type 2 Diabetes in particular and arteriovascular disease have many risk factors in common, and many of these risk factors are highly correlated with one another. The relationships among these risk factors may be attributable to a small number of physiological phenomena, perhaps even a single phenomenon. Subjects suffering from or at risk of developing Diabetes, arteriovascular disease, hypertension or obesity are identified by methods known in the art.
Because of the interrelationship between Diabetes and arteriovascular disease, some or all of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS and ARTERIORISKMARKER panels of the present invention may overlap or be encompassed by biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, or pre-diabetic conditions, and indeed may be useful in the diagnosis of the risk of Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, or pre-diabetic conditions.
Performance and Accuracy Measures of the Invention
The performance and thus absolute and relative clinical usefulness of the invention may be assessed in multiple ways as noted above. Amongst the various assessments of performance, the invention is intended to provide accuracy in clinical diagnosis and prognosis. The accuracy of a diagnostic or prognostic test, assay, or method concerns the ability of the test, assay, or method to distinguish between subjects having arteriovascular disease, or at risk for arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, is based on whether the subjects have an “effective amount” or a “significant alteration” in the levels of a ARTERIORISKMARKER. By “effective amount” or “significant alteration,” it is meant that the measurement of an appropriate number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS (which may be one or more) is different than the predetermined cut-off point (or threshold value) for that ARTERIORISKMARKER(S) and therefore indicates that the subject has arteriovascular disease or is at risk for having an arteriovascular event for which the ARTERIORISKMARKER(S) is a determinant. The difference in the level of ARTERIORISKMARKER between normal and abnormal is preferably statistically significant. As noted below, and without any limitation of the invention, achieving statistical significance, and thus the preferred analytical and clinical accuracy, generally but not always requires that combinations of several ARTERIORISKMARKERS be used together in panels and combined with mathematical algorithms in order to achieve a statistically significant ARTERIORISKMARKER index.
In the categorical diagnosis of a disease state, changing the cut point or threshold value of a test (or assay) usually changes the sensitivity and specificity, but in a qualitatively inverse relationship. Therefore, in assessing the accuracy and usefulness of a proposed medical test, assay, or method for assessing a subject's condition, one should always take both sensitivity and specificity into account and be mindful of what the cut point is at which the sensitivity and specificity are being reported because sensitivity and specificity may vary significantly over the range of cut points. Use of statistics such as AUC, encompassing all potential cut point values, is preferred for most categorical risk measures using the invention, while for continuous risk measures, statistics of goodness-of-fit and calibration to observed results or other gold standards, are preferred.
Using such statistics, an “acceptable degree of diagnostic accuracy”, is herein defined as a test or assay (such as the test of the invention for determining the clinically significant presence of ARTERIORISKMARKERS, which thereby indicates the presence of arteriovascular disease and/or a risk of having an arteriovascular event) in which the AUC (area under the ROC curve for the test or assay) is at least 0.60, desirably at least 0.65, more desirably at least 0.70, preferably at least 0.75, more preferably at least 0.80, and most preferably at least 0.85.
By a “very high degree of diagnostic accuracy”, it is meant a test or assay in which the AUC (area under the ROC curve for the test or assay) is at least 0.80, desirably at least 0.85, more desirably at least 0.875, preferably at least 0.90, more preferably at least 0.925, and most preferably at least 0.95.
The predictive value of any test depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the test, and on the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested. This notion, based on Bayes' theorem, provides that the greater the likelihood that the condition being screened for is present in an individual or in the population (pre-test probability), the greater the validity of a positive test and the greater the likelihood that the result is a true positive. Thus, the problem with using a test in any population where there is a low likelihood of the condition being present is that a positive result has limited value (i.e., more likely to be a false positive). Similarly, in populations at very high risk, a negative test result is more likely to be a false negative.
As a result, ROC and AUC can be misleading as to the clinical utility of a test in low disease prevalence tested populations (defined as those with less than 1% rate of occurrences (incidence) per annum, or less than 10% cumulative prevalence over a specified time horizon). Alternatively, absolute risk and relative risk ratios as defined elsewhere in this disclosure can be employed to determine the degree of clinical utility. Populations of subjects to be tested can also be categorized into quartiles by the test's measurement values, where the top quartile (25% of the population) comprises the group of subjects with the highest relative risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, and the bottom quartile comprising the group of subjects having the lowest relative risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. Generally, values derived from tests or assays having over 2.5 times the relative risk from top to bottom quartile in a low prevalence population are considered to have a “high degree of diagnostic accuracy,” and those with five to seven times the relative risk for each quartile are considered to have a “very high degree of diagnostic accuracy.” Nonetheless, values derived from tests or assays having only 1.2 to 2.5 times the relative risk for each quartile remain clinically useful are widely used as risk factors for a disease; such is the case with total cholesterol and for many inflammatory biomarkers with respect to their prediction of future arteriovascular events. Often such lower diagnostic accuracy tests must be combined with additional parameters in order to derive meaningful clinical thresholds for therapeutic intervention, as is done with the aforementioned global risk assessment indices.
A health economic utility function is an yet another means of measuring the performance and clinical value of a given test, consisting of weighting the potential categorical test outcomes based on actual measures of clinical and economic value for each. Health economic performance is closely related to accuracy, as a health economic utility function specifically assigns an economic value for the benefits of correct classification and the costs of misclassification of tested subjects. As a performance measure, it is not unusual to require a test to achieve a level of performance which results in an increase in health economic value per test (prior to testing costs) in excess of the target price of the test.
In general, alternative methods of determining diagnostic accuracy are commonly used for continuous measures, when a disease category or risk category (such as those ati risk for having an arteriovascular event) has not yet been clearly defined by the relevant medical societies and practice of medicine, where thresholds for therapeutic use are not yet established, or where there is no existing gold standard for diagnosis of the pre-disease. For continuous measures of risk, measures of diagnostic accuracy for a calculated index are typically based on curve fit and calibration between the predicted continuous value and the actual observed values (or a historical index calculated value) and utilize measures such as R squared, Hosmer-Lemeshow P-value statistics and confidence intervals. It is not unusual for predicted values using such algorithms to be reported including a confidence interval (usually 90% or 95% CI) based on a historical observed cohort's predictions, as in the test for risk of future breast cancer recurrence commercialized by Genomic Health, Inc. (Redwood City, Calif.).
In general, by defining the degree of diagnostic accuracy, i.e., cut points on a ROC curve, defining an acceptable AUC value, and determining the acceptable ranges in relative concentration of what constitutes an effective amount of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the invention allows for one of skill in the art to use the ARTERIORISKMARKERS to identify, diagnose, or prognose subjects with a pre-determined level of predictability and performance.
Relative Performance of the Invention
Only a minority of individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS achieve an acceptable degree of prognostic accuracy for future arteriovascular events. A representative list of 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS, chosen as high priority based on the quality of the published scientific literature associating them with arteriovascular disease, was tested in the study design of Example 1 below. An exhaustive enumerative analysis of all potential single biomarker, two biomarker, and three biomarker and four biomarker panel combinations of this 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS was used to derive individual best fit LDA models to predict risk of conversion to arteriovascular events in the Example 1 populations (see FIG. 12 and Table 1 below). A fitted LDA model was developed for every possible ARTERIORISKMARKER combination of a given panel size and then analyzed for its AUC statistic.
It is immediately apparent from the table below that there was a very low likelihood of finding individual prognostic biomarkers with an acceptable diagnostic accuracy, even from such an enriched population of ARTERIORISKMARKERS as those cited in literature with evidence of an association with frank arteriovascular disease.







TABLE 1







Exhaustive Enumeration of All Single, Two, Three and Four Marker Combination


of ARTERIORISKMARKERS and Their Best Fit LDA Model AUC Statistics












Single Markers
2 Marker Panels
3 Marker Panels
4 Marker Panels









Total Possible Panels

















100 00%

100.00%

100.00%

100.00%


All Panels with AUC
61
% of
1,830
% of
35,990
% of
521,855
% of


Equal or Greater Than:
Count
Total
Count
Total
Count
Total
Count
Total


















0.05
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.10
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.15
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.20
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.25
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.30
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.35
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.40
61
100.00%
1,830
100.00%
35,990
100.00%
521,855
100.00%


0.45
60
98.36%
1,829
99.95%
35,988
99.99%
521,855
100.00%


0.50
51
83.61%
1,760
96.17%
35,740
99.31%
521,104
99.86%


0.55
25
40.98%
1,244
67.98%
30,169
83.83%
481,357
92.24%


0.60
10
16.39%
672
36.72%
19,747
54.67%
363,849
69.72%


0.65
2
3.28%
200
10.93%
7,970
22.15%
184,389
35.33%


0.70
1
1.64%
69
3.77%
2,573
7.15%
62,489
11.97%


0.75
—
0.00%
2
0.11%
198
0.55%
8,153
1.56%


0.80
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
29
0.01%


0.85
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%


0.90
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%


0.95
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%


1.00
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%
—
0.00%









As shown in FIG. 12, none of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS, out of the total 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS tested in Example 1, achieved an AUC of 0.75 for the prediction of arteriovascular events even using a best fit univariate LDA model. The individual ARTERIORISKMARKER parameters tested included many of the traditional laboratory risk factors and clinical parameters commonly used in global risk assessment and indices for arteriovascular disease. Taken alone in a univariate best fit LDA model, only ten of the 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS achieved an acceptable AUC of 0.6 or better; this was less than one in five markers. Many of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS most useful in constructing panels of multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS were not in this group.
This analysis indicates that documented evidence of associations with arteriovascular disease, as was found in the published literature for each of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS, does not necessarily grant a biomarker prognostic utility for future arteriovascular events. In fact, only two ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Age and POMC, achieved an AUC of even 0.65 in a univariate best fit LDA model, representing less than one in twenty of the total ARTERIORISKMARKERS tested in this relatively enriched literature selected grouping of ARTERISKMARKERS. Despite this lack of a very high level of diagnostic accuracy in any single ARTERIORISKMARKER, Age remains the most dominant factor in global risk assessment algorithms for predicting the risk of arteriovascular disease or of arteriovascular events (such as in the Framingham Risk Score), and furthermore remains the primary identification method and definition of appropriate categories of subjects for the testing and diagnosis of asymptomatic arteriovascular disease.
Even larger combinations utilizing multiple biomarkers infrequently achieve high model accuracy. A minimum combination of two or more biomarkers (as taught in the invention herein) was required to achieve a level of accuracy defined by an AUC of 0.75 or above within the Example 1 data set. Across all 1,830 unique possible combinations, only two combinations of two ARTERIORISKMARKERS yielded bivariate best fit LDA models which met this hurdle. Such two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations occurred at an approximate rate of approximately one in a thousand potential combinations. In contrast, two hundred unique bivariate ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations met a model accuracy hurdle of an AUC of 0.65 in the same data set. Each of these is disclosed in FIG. 13, including 69 two ARTERIORISKMARKER, combinations which met an AUC hurdle of 0.70. Combinations of two ARTERIORISKMARKERS making this higher hurdle occurred again in less than one in twenty of the potential combinations. All of these two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations with an AUC of 0.70 or better contained either Age or POMC as one of the two included ARTERIORISKMARKERS.
After panel size was increased above bivariate ARTERIORISKMARKERS combination panels, additional other biomarkers also became participants in the higher performing trivariate combinations of three ARTERIORISKMARKERS. Many of these combinations yielded acceptable LDA model performance, equal to or above an AUC of 0.60, both with and without the inclusion of either Age or POMC within the panel. In fact, certain combinations of three or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS were found to exhibit superior performance of an AUC of 0.70 or better, and are listed in FIG. 14, which presents 2,573 unique three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations. These include many without the inclusion of either Age or POMC. The total three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations at this level of performance occurred in just over seven percent of the total group of 35,990 unique combinations. Furthermore, included in the 2,573 are 198 three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations which made an AUC of 0.75 or better. This represents less than one in one hundred of the total possible unique combinations of three or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS.
At combinations comprising four ARTERIORISKMARKERS, the total unique combinations represent 521,855 unique panels. Achieving an AUC of at least 0.75 were 8,153, a less than one in fifty success rate; each of these four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations are enumerated in FIG. 15. A very high level of diagnostic accuracy, representing an AUC of 0.8 was finally achieved in 29 of the panels listed therein. This represents less than one per ten thousand of the total possible unique combinations of four or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS.
Notably, the preceding analysis of summarized in FIGS. 12 through 15 also demonstrated that no single biomarker was required to practice the invention at an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy, although several individually identified biomarkers are parts of the most preferred embodiments as disclosed below. It is a feature of the invention that diagnostic or prognostic information lost due to removing one ARTERIORISKMARKER can often be replaced through substitution with one or more other ARTERIORISKMARKERS, and generically by increasing the panel size, subject to the need to increase the study size in order for studies examining very large models encompassing many ARTERIORISKMARKERS to remain statistically significant. It is also a feature of the invention that overall performance and accuracy can often be improved by adding additional biomarkers (e.g., ARTERIORISKMARKERS, traditional laboratory risk factors, and clinical parameters) as additional inputs to a formula or model, as demonstrated above in the relative performance of univariate, bivariate, and trivariate models, and below in the performance of larger models:
The ultimate determinant and gold standard of true risk of arteriovascular events is actual conversions within a sufficiently large study population and observed over the length of time claimed, as was done in the Examples contained herein. However, this is problematic, as it is necessarily a retrospective point of view for the individual patient. As a result, subjects suffering from or at risk of developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event are commonly diagnosed or identified by methods known in the art, generally using either traditional laboratory risk factors or other non-analyte clinical parameters, and future risk is estimated based on historical experience and registry studies. Such methods include, but are not limited to, measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in vitro determination of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and glucose levels from blood samples, stress tests, ankle-brachial indices (ABI) which is the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the ankle arteries to the systolic blood pressure in the brachial arteries, measurement of human serum C-reactive protein (hsCRP), subfractions of LDL, electrocardiogram (ECG), imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS), carotid B-mode ultrasound, high-resolution IVUS, elastography (palpography), angioscopy, electron beam computed tomography (EBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as contrast-enhanced MRI with superparamagnetic iron oxide and gadolinium fluorine compounds, positron emission tomography (PET) such as fluorodeoxyglucose PET, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), immunoscintigraphy, and invasive angiography.
For example, subjects considered at lower risk for developing an arteriovascular disease or experiencing an arteriovascular event include, but are not limited to, the following favorable traditional risk factor traits: serum cholesterol less than 200 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 120 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 80 mm Hg, non-current smoker, no history of diagnosed diabetes, normal insulin sensitivity and secretion, no previously diagnosed CAD, PAD, CVD or hypertension, and no base-line electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. A subject's risk may be assessed by assessing either such single characteristics or by assessing an individual's “index score” constructed mathematically of such single measurement characteristics with reference to predicted risk from a longitudinal study series, as in the Framingham index and NCEP ATP III guidelines. However, even subjects who are asymptomatic and/or subject who do not exhibit any of the aforementioned risk factors, or with low predicted risk, for arteriovascular disease may be at risk for an arteriovascular event. Therefore, the ARTERIORISKMARKERS and methods of use disclosed herein provide for identification and diagnosis of arteriovascular disease or risk of arteriovascular events in such asymptomatic subjects, and to further and more accurately risk stratify both higher and lower risk subjects beyond their predicted risk as assessed by the presence or absence of arteriovascular disease symptoms, traditional risk factors, indices, and guidelines.
Subjects considered at high risk may exhibit baseline ECG abnormalities. Normal heart rate observable by ECG is usually between 60 and 100 beats per minute and the rhythm appears regular. P waves, QRS complexes, T waves appear normal. ST segments are not elevated above or depressed below the baseline of the ECG tracing. The P wave is a record of the movement of electrical activity through the upper heart chambers (atria). The QRS complex is a record of the movement of electrical impulses through the lower heart chambers (ventricles). The ST segment usually appears as a straight, level line between the QRS complex and the T wave. Elevated or lowered ST segments may mean the heart muscle is damaged or not receiving enough blood. The T wave corresponds to the period when the lower heart chambers are relaxing electrically and preparing for their next muscle contraction. However, normal-appearing ECG can occur even in the presence of heart disease.
Abnormalities observed by ECG include heart rhythm. There are many different kinds of irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). A heart rate less than 60 beats per minutes is called a “bradycardia”. A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minutes is called a “tachycardia”. Examples of tachycardias may include a fast, irregular heart rhythm that originates in the ventricle (ventricular fibrillation) or a fast, regular heart rhythm that begins in the atrium (atrial flutter). Abnormal conduction of the electrical impulse in the heart can also be seen in other types of arrhythmias.
If the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle are blocked, the muscle may receive less oxygen and may begin to die (ischemia or heart attack), This damage to the heart muscle may show up on the electrocardiogram. Early ECG signs of poor blood flow to the heart may include lowered (depressed) ST segments, Early ECG signs of heart attack often include raised (elevated) ST segments. Later, as the heart attack persists, Q waves on the ECG may appear and become deeper.
Certain changes in the ECG may suggest thickening of the muscle walls of one or more heart chambers. Conditions that may cause hypertrophy of one or more heart chambers include high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or heart valve disease. Elevated ST segments on the ECG may indicate an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) or the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis). Proper contraction of the heart depends upon normal levels of electrolytes in the blood, such as calcium and potassium. Too much or too little of these electrolytes results in certain rhythm abnormalities, such as abnormal changes in the P wave, QRS complex, or T wave that can be seen on an electrocardiogram. Certain medications for the heart and other conditions can result in ECG changes.
Subjects at increased risk for developing an arteriovascular disease, and for experiencing arteriorvascular events, can include, without limitation, BMI over 25 (BMI between 25-29 are considered “overweight”, while BMI of 30 or above is considered “obese”), waist circumference of 40 inches or larger in men or 35 inches or larger in women; current smoking of at least 5 cigarettes per day on average, systolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, fasting hyperglycemia, e.g., glucose levels of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl (wherein subjects who exhibit these glucose levels are considered to be diabetic), and impaired fasting glucose (glucose greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl but below 126 mg/dl).
As noted above, risk prediction for arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event can also encompass risk prediction algorithms and computed indices that assess and estimate a subject's absolute risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event with reference to a historical cohort. Risk assessment using such predictive mathematical algorithms and computed indices has increasingly been incorporated into guidelines for diagnostic testing and treatment, and encompass indices obtained from and validated with, inter alia, stratified samples from a representative population.
As previously mentioned, despite the numerous studies and algorithms that have been used to assess the risk of arteriovascular disease, the evidence-based, multiple risk factor assessment approach is only moderately accurate for the prediction of short- and long-term risk of manifesting an arteriovascular event, particularly sudden death, in asymptomatic or otherwise healthy subjects. Such risk prediction algorithms can be advantageously used with the ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the present invention to distinguish between subjects in a population of interest to determine the risk stratification of developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. The ARTERIORISKMARKERS and methods of use disclosed herein provide tools that can be used in combination with such risk prediction algorithms to assess, identify, or diagnose subjects who are asymptomatic and do not exhibit the traditional risk factors.
The data derived from risk factors, risk prediction algorithms, and from the methods of the present invention can be combined and compared by known statistical techniques in order to compare the relative performance of the invention to the other techniques.
Furthermore, the application of such techniques to panels of multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS is encompassed by or within the ambit of the present invention, as is the use of such combinations and formulae to create single numerical “risk indices” or “risk scores” encompassing information from multiple ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs.
Risk Markers of the Invention (ARTERIORISKMARKERS)
The biomarkers and methods of the present invention allow one of skill in the art to identify, diagnose, or otherwise assess those subjects who do not exhibit any symptoms of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, but who nonetheless may be at risk for developing arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, or experiencing symptoms characteristic of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event.
One thousand and twenty-three analyte-based biomarkers have been identified as being found to have altered or modified presence or concentration levels in subjects who have arteriovascular disease, or who exhibit symptoms characteristic of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event.
Table 2 comprises the one thousand and twenty-three analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS of the present invention, where the ARTERIORISKMARKER can be assigned to a single gene or gene product, and specifically excluding. One skilled in the art will recognize that the ARTERIORISKMARKERS presented herein encompasses all forms and variants, including but not limited to, polymorphisms, isoforms, mutants, derivatives, precursors including nucleic acids and pro-proteins, cleavage products, receptors (including soluble and transmembrane receptors), ligands, protein-ligand complexes, and post-translationally modified variants (such as cross-linking or glycosylation), fragments, and degradation products, as well as any multi-unit nucleic acid, protein, and glycoprotein structures comprised of any of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS as constituent sub-units of the fully assembled structure.







TABLE 2







ARTERIORISKMARKERS













Gene


ARTERIORISKMARKER
Official Name
Common Name
Symbol













1
alpha-2-macroglobulin
alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) - alpha 2M,
A2M




alpha 2-macroglobulin


2
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1),
ABCA1 - ABC-1, ABC1, CERP, HDLDT1,
ABCA1



member 1
TGD, ATP binding cassette transporter 1; ATP-




binding cassette 1; ATP-binding cassette




transporter-1; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family




A member 1; cholesterol efflux regulatory




protein; high density lipoprotein deficiency,




Tangier type, 1; membrane-bound


3
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B
Multi Drug Resistance 1 - ABC20, CD243,
ABCB1



(MDR/TAP), member 1
CLCS, GP170, MDR1, P-gp, PGY1, ATP-




binding cassette sub-family B member 1; P




glycoprotein 1; P-glycoprotein 1; colchicin




sensitivity; doxorubicin resistance; multidrug




resistance 1


4
acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase beta
acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase beta - ACC2,
ACACB




ACCB, HACC275, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2


5
acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-
medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
ACADM



12 straight chain


6
angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - ACE1,
ACE



dipeptidase A) 1
CD143, DCP, DCP1, CD143 antigen;




angiotensin I converting enzyme; angiotensin




converting enzyme, somatic isoform;




carboxycathepsin; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase




1; kininase II; peptidase P; peptidyl-dipeptidase




A; testicular ECA


7
angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-
deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype of the
ACE



dipeptidase A) 1
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is




PROTECTIVE against VTE (venous




thromboembolism)/insertion/deletion (I/D)




angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene




polymorphism - ACE1, CD143, DCP, DCP1,




CD143 antigen; angiotensin I converting




enzyme; angiotensin converting enzyme, somatic




isoform; carboxycathepsin; dipeptidyl




carboxypeptidase 1; kininase II; peptidase P;




peptidyl-dipeptidase A; testicular ECA


8
acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family
fatty acid-CoA ligase-like enzyme polypeptide -
ACSM2



member 2
HXMA, HYST1046, xenobiotic/medium-chain




fatty acid: CoA ligase


9
actin, alpha 1, skeletal muscle
skeletal α-actin - ACTA, ASMA, CFTD,
ACTA1




CFTD1, CFTDM, MPFD, NEM1, NEM2,




NEM3, alpha 1 actin; alpha skeletal muscle actin


10
actin, alpha, cardiac muscle
cardial α-actin - CMD1R, cardiac muscle alpha
ACTC




actin; smooth muscle actin


11
actin, gamma 2, smooth muscle, enteric
smooth muscule α actin - ACT, ACTA3, ACTE,
ACTG2




ACTL3, ACTSG, actin, gamma 2; actin-like




protein; alpha-actin 3; smooth muscle gamma




actin


12
actinin, alpha 1
alpha(1)-actinin - alpha-actinin 1
ACTN1


13
adducin 1 (alpha)
alpha-adducin
ADD1


14
adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain
Adiponectin - ACDC, ACRP30, APM-1, APM1,
ADIPOQ



containing
GBP28, adiponectin, adipocyte, C1Q and




collagen domain containing; adipocyte, C1Q and




collagen domain-containing; adiponectin;




adipose most abundant gene transcript 1; gelatin-




binding protein 28


15
adiponectin receptor 1
G Protein Coupled Receptor AdipoR1 -
ADIPOR1




ACDCR1, CGI-45, PAQR1, TESBP1A


16
adiponectin receptor 2
G Protein Coupled Receptor AdipoR2 -
ADIPOR2




ACDCR2, PAQR2


17
adrenomedullin receptor
Adrenomedullin Receptor - 7TMR, AMR,
ADMR




gamrh, hrhAMR, G-protein coupled receptor


18
adenosine A1 receptor
G-protein-coupled receptor adenosine A1- RDC7
ADORA1


19
adenosine A2b receptor
G-protein-coupled receptor adenosine A2B -
ADORA2B




ADORA2


20
adenosine A3 receptor
G-protein-coupled receptor adenosine A3 -
ADORA3




A3AR, AD026, AD026 protein (AD026)


21
adrenergic, alpha-1A-, receptor
Alpha-1A Adrenergic Receptor, ADRA1A -
ADRA1A




ADRA1C, ADRA1L1, ALPHA1AAR, G protein




coupled receptor; adrenergic, alpha -1A-,




receptor; adrenergic, alpha-1C-, receptor; alpha-




1A-adrenergic receptor


22
adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptor
beta2-adrenergic receptor - ADRA1,
ADRA1B




ALPHA1BAR, alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor


23
adrenergic, alpha-1D-, receptor
adrenergic alpha 1D receptor - ADRA1,
ADRA1D




ADRA1A, ADRA1R, ALPHA1, DAR,




adrenergic, alpha -1D-, receptor; adrenergic,




alpha-1A-, receptor; alpha-1D-adrenergic




receptor


24
adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor
G protein-coupled alpha 2A-adrenoceptor
ADRA2A




(ADRA2A) - ADRA2, ADRA2R, ADRAR,




ALPHA2AAR, ZNF32, alpha-2A-adrenergic




receptor; alpha-2AAR subtype C10; alpha2A




adrenergic receptor


25
adrenergic, alpha-2B-, receptor
ADRA2L1, ADRA2RL1, ADRARL1,
ADRA2B




ALPHA2BAR, G-protein coupled receptor;




adrenergic receptor alpha 2B; alpha-2-adrenergic




receptor-like 1; alpha-2B-adrenergic receptor


26
adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface
G Protein- Coupled Beta-2 Adrenoceptor -
ADRB2




ADRB2R, ADRBR, B2AR, BAR, BETA2AR,




beta-2 adrenergic receptor; beta-2 adrenoceptor;




catecholamine receptor


27
adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface
beta2-adrenergic receptor - ADRB2R, ADRBR,
ADRB2




B2AR, BAR, BETA2AR, beta-2 adrenergic




receptor; beta-2 adrenoceptor; catecholamine




receptor


28
adrenergic, beta-3-, receptor
beta-3-adrenergic receptor - BETA3AR, Beta-3
ADRB3




Adrenergic Receptor


29
adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 1
G Protein- Dependent Receptor Kinase 2
ADRBK1




(GRK2) - BARK1, BETA-ARK1, GRK2, beta




adrenergic receptor kinase 1


30
alpha-fetoprotein
serum alpha-fetoprotein - FETA, HPAFP, alpha-
AFP




1-fetoprotein; alpha-fetoglobulin


31
advanced glycosylation end product specific
RAGE - advanced glycosylation end product-
AGER



receptor
specific receptor RAGE3; advanced




glycosylation end product-specific receptor




variant sRAGE1; advanced glycosylation end




product-specific receptor variant sRAGE2;




receptor for advanced glycosylation end-




products; soluble receptor


32
1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
acylglycerol acyltransferase-like protein MGAT-
AGPAT7



7 (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, eta)
X2 - AYTL3, LPAAT-eta, PLSC domain




containing protein; acyltransferase like 3


33
angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase inhibitor,
AGT M235T variant of angiotensinogen (AGT)
AGT



clade A, member 8)
gene & see patent info - ANHU, SERPINA8,




angiotensin I; angiotensin II precursor;




angiotensinogen; angiotensinogen (serine (or




cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member




8); angiotensinogen (serine (or cysteine)




proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1




antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 8); pre-




angiotensinogen


34
angiotensin II receptor, type 1
G protein-Coupled Receptor AGTR1A - AG2S,
AGTR1




AGTR1A, AGTR1B, AT1, AT1B, AT2R1,




AT2R1A, AT2R1B, HAT1R, angiotensin




receptor 1; angiotensin receptor 1B; type-1B




angiotensin II receptor


35
angiotensin II receptor, type 2
G protein-coupled Receptor AGTR2 - AT2,
AGTR2




ATGR2, MRX88, angiotensin receptor 2


36
angiotensin II receptor-like 1
G Protein- Counled Apelin Receptor - APJ,
AGTRL1




angiotensin receptor-like 1


37
aryl hydrocarbon receptor
aryl hydrocarbon receptor - AH-receptor;
AHR




aromatic hydrocarbon receptor


38
alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, A2HS, AHS, FETUA,
AHSG




HSGA, Alpha-2HS-glycoprotein; fetuin-A


39
A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 1
kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 1 - AKAP,
AKAP1




AKAP121, AKAP149, AKAP84, D-AKAP1,




PRKA1, SAKAP84, A-kinase anchor protein 1;




A-kinase anchor protein, 149 kD; dual-specificity




A-kinase anchoring protein 1; protein kinase A




anchoring protein 1; protein kinase A1;




spermatid A-kinase anchor protein 84


40
A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 10
A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 10 - D-AKAP2,
AKAP10




PRKA10, A-kinase anchor protein 10; dual-




specificity A-kinase anchoring protein 2;




mitochondrial A kinase PPKA anchor protein 10;




protein kinase A anchoring protein 10


41
A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 13
A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 13 - AKAP-
AKAP13




Lbc, BRX, HA-3, Ht31, LBC, PROTO-LB,




PROTO-LBC, c-lbc, A-kinase anchor protein 13;




A-kinase anchoring protein; breast cancer




nuclear receptor-binding auxiliary protein;




guanine nucleotide exchange factor Lbc;




lymphoid blast crisis oncogene


42
aldo-keto reductase family 1, member A1
aldehyde reductase: ALR; ALDR1
AKR1A1



(aldehyde reductase)


43
aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10
aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase -
AKR1B10



(aldose reductase)
AKR1B11, AKR1B12, ALDRLn, ARL-1,




ARL1, HIS, HSI, aldo-keto reductase family 1,




member B10; aldo-keto reductase family 1,




member B11 (aldose reductase-like); aldose




reductase-like 1; aldose reductase-like peptide;




aldose reductase-related protein; small intestine




reductase


44
v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene
Ser/Thr kinase Akt - PKB, PRKBA, RAC, RAC-
AKT1



homolog 1
ALPHA, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein




kinase; murine thymoma viral (v-akt) oncogene




homolog-1; protein kinase B; rac protein kinase




alpha


45
v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene
Ser/Thr kinase Akt - PKBG, PRKBG, RAC-PK-
AKT3



homolog 3 (protein kinase B, gamma)
gamma, RAC-gamma, STK-2, RAC-gamma




serine/threonine protein kinase; protein kinase B




gamma; serine threonine protein kinase, Akt-3;




v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3


46
albumin
Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) - cell growth
ALB




inhibiting protein 42; growth-inhibiting protein




20; serum albumin


47
aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family
Aldehyde dehydrogenase - ALDH-E2, ALDHI,
ALDH2



(mitochondrial)
ALDM, ALDH class 2; acetaldehyde




dehydrogenase 2; liver mitochondrial ALDH;




mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2;




nucleus-encoded mitochondrial aldehyde




dehydrogenase 2


48
aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate
Aldolase C - aldolase 3; brain-type aldolase;
ALDOC




fructoaldolase C; fructose-1,6-biphosphate




triosephosphate lyase; fructose-bisphosphate




aldolase C


49
alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor
alpha-1-microglobulin - HCP, ITI, ITIL, UTI,
AMBP




Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (inter-




alpha-trypsin inhibitor, light chain; protein HC);




Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor; inter-




alpha-trypsin; alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin;




growth-inhibiting protein 19


50
adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1
adenosine monophosphate deaminase I (isoform
AMPD1



(isoform M)
M) - MAD, MADA, Adenosine monophosphate




deaminase-1 (muscle)


51
angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5
angiogenin - RNASE4, RNASE5
ANG


52
angiopoietin 2
angiopoietin 2, AGPT2, ANG2, Tie2-ligand;
ANGPT2




angiopoietin-2; angiopoietin-2B; angiopoietin-2a


53
alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase
Aminopeptidase N - CD13, LAP1, PEPN,
ANPEP



(aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase M,
gp150, aminopeptidase M; aminopeptidase N;



microsomal aminopeptidase, CD13, p150)
membrane alanine aminopeptidase; microsomal




aminopeptidase


54
annexin A1
annexins - ANX1, LPC1, annexin I; annexin I
ANXA1




(lipocortin I); lipocortin I


55
annexin A2
annexins - ANX2, ANX2L4, CAL1H, LIP2,
ANXA2




LPC2, LPC2D, P36, PAP-IV, annexin II;




calpactin I heavy polypeptide; chromobindin 8;




lipocortin II; placental anticoagulant protein IV


56
annexin A3
annexins - ANX3, Annexin III (lipocortin III);
ANXA3




annexin III (lipocortin III, 1,2-cyclic-inositol-




phosphate phosphodiesterase, placental




anticoagulant protein III, calcimedin 35-alpha);




calcimedin 35-alpha


57
annexin A4
annexins - ANX4, PIG28, annexin IV; annexin
ANXA4




IV (placental anticoagulant protein II); placental




anticoagulant protein II; proliferation-inducing




gene 28; proliferation-inducing protein 28


58
annexin A5
circulating annexin V+ apoptotic microparticles
ANXA5




in peripheral blood (Entered annexin V0 into




Entrez), ANX5, ENX2, PP4, anchorin CII;




annexin 5; endonexin II; lipocortin V; placental




anticoagulant protein I


59
apolipoprotein A-I
apolipoproteins A-1 and B, amyloidosis;
APOA1




apolipoprotein A-I, preproprotein; apolipoprotein




A1; preproapolipoprotein


60
apolipoprotein A-I
apoA-I, amyloidosis; apolipoprotein A-I,
APOA1




preproprotein; apolipoprotein A1;




preproapolipoprotein


61
apolipoprotein A-II
Apolipoprotein A-II
APOA2


62
apolipoprotein A-IV
APOA4 -
APOA4


63
APOA5 and Name: apolipoprotein A-V
APOA5 - APOA-V, APOAV, RAP3,
APOA5




apolipoprotein A5; apolipoprotein AV;




regeneration-associated protein 3


64
apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)
apolipoproteins A-1 and B - Apolipoprotein B,
APOB




FLDB, apoB-100; apoB-48; apolipoprotein B;




apolipoprotein B48


65
apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)
APOB - FLDB, apoB-100; apoB-48;
APOB




apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B48


66
apolipoprotein C-I
apolipoprotein C-I
APOC1


67
apolipoprotein C-II
APOC2 -
APOC2


68
apolipoprotein C-III
APOC3 - APOCIII
APOC3


69
apolipoprotein D
apolipoprotein D -
APOD


70
apolipoprotein E
Apolipoprotein E - AD2, apoprotein, Alzheimer
APOE




disease 2 (APOE*E4-associated, late onset);




apolipoprotein E precursor; apolipoprotein E3


71
apolipoprotein H (beta-2-glycoprotein I)
beta2GPI - B2G1, BG, apolipoprotein H; beta-2-
APOH




glycoprotein I


72
apolipoprotein L, 1
apolipoprotein L1 - apolipoprotein L-I
APOL1


73
apolipoprotein M
apolipoprotein M - G3a, HSPC336, NG20,
APOM




NG20-like protein; alternative name: G3a, NG20


74
v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene
Raf protein - A-RAF, ARAF1, PKS2, RAFA1,
ARAF



homolog
Oncogene ARAF1; Ras-binding protein DA-Raf;




v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene




homolog 1


75
Rho GTPase activating protein 1
Rho GTPase activating protein 1 - CDC42GAP,
ARHGAP1




RHOGAP, RHOGAP1, p50rhoGAP, CDC42




GTPase-activating protein


76
type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor
puromycin-insensitive leucyl-specific
ARTS-1



shedding aminopeptidase regulator
aminopeptidase -A-LAP, ALAP, APPILS,




ARTS1, ERAAP, ERAP1, PILSAP, adipocyte-




derived leucine aminopeptidase; aminopeptidase




PILS


77
N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid
Acid ceramidase: AC; PHP; ASAH; PHP32
ASAH1



ceramidase) 1


78
N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (non-
acid ceramidase - HNAC1, N-acylsphingosine
ASAH2



lysosomal ceramidase) 2
amidohydrolase (non-lysosomal ceramidase) 2B;




N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 2; acid




ceramidase; mitochondrial ceramidase; neutral




ceramidase; neutral/alkaline ceramidase; non-




lysosomal ceramidase


79
aspartate beta-hydroxylase
asparagine hydroxylase - BAH, CASQ2BP1,
ASPH




HAAH, JCTN, junctin, aspartyl/asparaginyl-




beta-hydroxylase; humbug; junctate; junctin




isoform 1; peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase


80
ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 1
cation transport ATPase-like - Na+, K+ ATPase
ATP1A1



polypeptide
alpha subunit; Na+/K+ -ATPase alpha 1 subunit;




Na+/K+ ATPase 1; Na, K-ATPase, alpha-A




catalytic polypeptide; Na, K-ATPase alpha-1




subunit; Na, K-ATPase catalytic subunit alpha-A




protein; Na/K-ATPase alpha subunit fragment




(aa 1-149); sodium pump 1; sodium-potassium-




ATPase, alpha 1 polypeptide


81
ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 2 (+)
ATPase, Na+1K+ transporting, alpha 2 (+) -
ATP1A2



polypeptide
FHM2, MHP2, Na+/K+ -ATPase alpha 2 subunit




proprotein; Na+/K+ ATPase 2; Na+/K+ ATPase,




alpha-A(+) catalytic polypeptide; Na+/K+




ATPase, alpha-B polypeptide; migraine,




hemiplegic 2; sodium pump 2; sodium-




potassium ATPase; sodium/potassium-




transporting ATPase alpha-2 chain


82
ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 4
cation transport ATPase - ATP1A1, ATP1AL2,
ATP1A4



polypeptide
ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha




polypeptide-like 2; Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 4




subunit; Na+/K+ ATPase 4; Na+/K+ ATPase,




alpha-D polypeptide; Na, K-ATPase subunit




alpha-C; sodium pump 4; sodium/potassium-




transporting ATPase alpha-4 chain


83
ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle,
ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle, fast
ATP2A1



fast twitch 1
twitch 1 - 12 - ATP2A, SERCA1, ATPase, Ca++




transporting, fast twitch 1; SR Ca(2+)-ATPase 1;




calcium pump 1; calcium-transporting ATPase




sarcoplasmic reticulum type, fast twitch skeletal




muscle isoform; endoplasmic reticulum class 1/2




Ca(2+) ATPase; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic




reticulum calcium ATPase 1


924
ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle,
cation transport ATPase - ATP2B, DAR, DD,
ATP2A2



slow twitch 2
SERCA2, ATPase, Ca++ dependent, slow-




twitch, cardiac muscle-2; SR Ca(2+)-ATPase 2;




calcium pump 2; calcium-transporting ATPase




sarcoplasmic reticulum type, slow twitch skeletal




muscle isoform; endoplasmic reticulum class 1/2




Ca(2+) ATPase; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic




reticulum calcium ATPase 2


925
ATPase, Ca++ transporting, ubiquitous
SERCA3, ATPase, Ca(2+)-transporting,
ATP2A3




ubiquitous; SR Ca(2+)-ATPase 3; adenosine




triphosphatase, calcium; calcium pump 3;




calcium-translocating P-type ATPase;




sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase;




sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase




isoform 3f; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum




calcium ATPase 3


926

Thrombin-Antithrombin III
autoantibody


927

anti-PF4/heparin antibodies (for recurrent
autoantibody




thrombotic events after acute coronary




syndromes)


928

anticardiolipin, anti-CL
autoantibody


84

Endothelial cell reactive antibody (ECRA)/anti-
autoantibody




endothelial cell antibodies (AECA)


85

plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex
autoantibody


86
arginine vasopressin (neurophysin II,
copeptin - ADH, ARVP, AVP-NPII, AVRP, VP,
AVP



antidiuretic hormone, diabetes insipidus,
arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II;



neurohypophyseal)
vasopressin-neurophysin II-copeptin,




vasopressin


87
arginine vasopressin receptor 1A
arginine vasopressin receptor 1 - SCCL
AVPR1A




vasopressin subtype 1a receptor; V1-vascular




vasopressin receptor AVPR1A; V1a vasopressin




receptor; antidiuretic hormone receptor 1A;




vascular/hepatic-type arginine vasopressin




receptor


929
arginine vasopressin receptor 1B
arginine vasopressin receptor 3 - AVPR3,
AVPR1B




antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B; arginine




vasopressin receptor 3; pituitary vasopressin




receptor 3; vasopressin V1B receptor


88
arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (nephrogenic
arginine vasopressin receptor 2 - ADHR, DI1,
AVPR2



diabetes insipidus)
DIR, DIR3, NDI, V2R, arginine vasopressin




receptor 2


89

Chlamydia Pneumoniae (Cp) infection
Bacteria


90
HLA-B associated transcript 3
BAT3 - G3, HLA-B associated transcript-3;
BAT3




large proline-rich protein BAT3; scythe, A-B




associated transcript 3 A cluster of genes


91
HLA-B associated transcript 4
BAT4 - G5, HLA-B associated transcript-4
BAT4




A-B associated transcript 4 A


92
HLA-B associated transcript 5
BAT5 - NG26, HLA-B associated transcript-5,
BAT5




A-B associated transcript 5 A


93
BCL2-associated X protein
Bax - Bax zeta, apoptosis regulator BAX
BAX


94
basal cell adhesion molecule (Lutheran blood
AU, CD239, LU, MSK19, Auberger b antigen;
BCAM



group)
B-CAM cell surface glycoprotein; B-cell




adhesion molecule; F8/G253 antigen; Lutheran




blood group (Auberger b antigen included);




antigen identified by monoclonal antibody F8;




basal cell adhesion molecule; basal cell adhesion




molecule (Lu and Au blood groups);




glycoprotein 95 kDa


95
branched chain aminotransferase 1, cytosolic
branched chain aminotransferase 1, cytosolic:
BCAT1




BCT1, ECA39, MECA39


96
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
BCL-2-Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma protein 2
BCL2


97
3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1
BDH, MGC2723, MGC4347, MGC9788; (R)-3-
BDH1




hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 3-




hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 3-




hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (heart,




mitochondrial); D-beta-hydroxybutyrate




dehydrogenase, mitochondrial


98
Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1, GTP binding
CXC chemokine receptor 5 - CD185, CXCR5,
BLR1



protein (chemokine (C-X-C motif)
MDR15, Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1; Burkitt



receptor 5)
lymphoma receptor 1, GTP-binding protein;




Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1, isoform 1; C-X-C




chemokine receptor type 5; monocyte-derived




receptor 15


99
BMP2 inducible kinase
BMP-2 inducible kinase - BIKE, BMP-2
BMP2K




inducible kinase


100
v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene
Raf protein - B-raf 1, BRAF1, RAFB1, 94 kDa
BRAF



homolog B1
B-raf protein; Murine sarcoma viral (v-raf)




oncogene homolog B1


101
bromodomain containing 3
bromodomain containing 3 I - ORFX, RING3L,
BRD3




RING3-like gene; bromodomain containing




protein 3; bromodomain-containing 3


102
BUB1 budding uninhibited by
Bub1 - BUB1A, BUB1L, hBUB1, BUB1
BUB1



benzimidazoles 1 homolog (yeast)
budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1




homolog; budding uninhibited by




benzimidazoles 1 (yeast homolog); mitotic




spindle checkpoint kinase; putative




serine/threonine-protein kinase


103
complement component 3
complement C3 - acylation-stimulating protein
C3




cleavage product; complement component C3,




ASP; CPAMD1


104
complement component 3a receptor 1
G protein coupled receptor C3AR1 (complement
C3AR1




component 3a receptor 1) - AZ3B, C3AR,




HNFAG09, complement component 3 receptor 1


105
complement component 4A (Rodgers blood
complement C4 - C4A anaphylatoxin; Rodgers
C4A



group)
form of C4; acidic C4; c4 propeptide;




complement component 4A; complement




component C4B


106
complement component 4B (Childo blood
C4A, C4A13, C4A91, C4B1, C4B12, C4B2,
C4B



group)
C4B3, C4B5, C4F, CH, CO4, CPAMD3, C4




complement C4d region; Chido form of C4;




basic C4; complement C4B; complement




component 4B; complement component 4B,




centromeric; complement component 4B,




telomeric; complement component C4B


107
complement component 5a receptor 1
COMPLEMENT COMPONENT 5a
C5AR1




RECEPTOR - C5A, C5AR, C5R1, CD88, C5a




anaphylatoxin receptor; C5a receptor;




complement component 5 receptor 1 (C5a




ligand); complement component-5 receptor-2




(C5a ligand)


108
calcitonin receptor
calcitonin receptor - CRT, CTR, CTR1
CALCR


109
calcitonin receptor-like
calcitonin receptor-like receptor - CGRPR,
CALCRL




CRLR


110
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
BL-CAM: CaM kinase II beta subunit; CaM-
CAMK2B



(CaM kinase) II beta?
kinase II beta chain; CaMK-II beta subunit;




calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase




IIB; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein




kinase type II beta chain; proline rich




calmodulin-dependent protein kinase


111
caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine
caspase-3: PARP cleavage protease; SREBP
CASP3



peptidase
cleavage activity 1; Yama; apopain; caspase 3;




caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease;




cysteine protease CPP32; procaspase3


112
caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine
caspase 8 - CAP4, FLICE, MACH, MCH5,
CASP8



peptidase
FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease;




MACH-alpha-1/2/3 protein; MACH-beta-1/2/3/4




protein; Mch5 isoform alpha; caspase 8; caspase




8, apoptosis-related cysteine protease; cysteine




protease; procaspase-8; procaspase-8L


116
caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine
caspase 9 - APAF-3, APAF3, CASPASE-9c,
CASP9



peptidase
ICE-LAP6, MCH6, ICE-like apoptotic protease




6; apoptotic protease MCH-6; apoptotic protease




activating factor 3; caspase 9; caspase 9,




apoptosis-related cysteine protease; caspase-9c




protein


113
cholecystokinin B receptor
cholecystokinin receptor B - CCK-B, GASR -
CCKBR




CCK2 receptor; cholecystokinin-B




receptor/gastrin receptor; gastrin receptor;




gastrin\cholecystokinin brain receptor


114
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1
I-309; P500; SCYa1; SISe; TCA3; T
CCL1




lymphocyte-secreted protein I-309; inflammatory




cytokine I-309; small inducible cytokine A1;




small inducible cytokine A1 (I-309, homologous




to mouse Tca-3)


115
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11
eosinophil chemotactic protein; eotaxin; small
CCL11




inducible cytokine A11; small inducible cytokine




subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 11; small




inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys),




member 11 (eotaxin)


117
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12
Scya12
CCL12


120
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19
CC chemokine ligand 19; CK beta-11; EBI1-
CCL19




ligand chemokine; OTTHUMP00000000531;




beta chemokine exodus-3; exodus-3;




macrophage inflammatory protein 3-beta; small




inducible cytokine A19; small inducible cytokine




subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 19


118
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) -
CCL2




GDCF-2, GDCF-2 HC11, HC11, HSMCR30,




MCAF, MCP-1, MCP1, SCYA2, SMC-CF,




monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; monocyte




chemotactic and activating factor; monocyte




chemotactic protein 1, homologous to mouse




Sig-je; monocyte secretory protein JE; small




inducible cytokine A2; small inducible cytokine




A2 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1,




homologous to mouse Sig-je); small inducible




cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 2


119
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21
Efficient Chemoattractant for Lymphocytes;
CCL21




OTTHUMP00000000526;




OTTHUMP00000000527; beta chemokine




exodus-2; exodus-2; secondary lymphoid tissue




chemokine; small inducible cytokine A21; small




inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys),




member 21


121
chemokine (C-C motif)ligand 3
GOS19-1; LD78ALPHA; MIP-1-alpha; MIP1A;
CCL3




SCYA3; LD78 alpha beta; small inducible




cytokine A3; small inducible cytokine A3




(homologous to mouse Mip-1A)


122
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4
ACT2; AT744.1; G-26; LAG1; MGC104418;
CCL4




MIP-1-beta; MGC126025; MIP1B;




MGC126026; SCYA2; SCYA4; CC chemokine




ligand 4; chemokine C-C motif ligand 4;




lymphocyte-activation gene 1; secreted protein




G-26; small inducible cytokine A4 (homologous




to mouse Mip-1B)


123
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5
SIS-delta; T-cell specific RANTES protein; T-
CCL5




cell specific protein p288; beta-chemokine




RANTES; regulated upon activation, normally




T-expressed, and presumably secreted; small




inducible cytokine A5; small inducible cytokine




A5 (RANTES); small inducible cytokine




subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 5


124
chemokine (c-C motif) ligand 7
FIC, MARC; MCP-3; MCP3; MGC138463;
CCL7




MGC138465; NC28; SCYA6; SCYA7;




monocyte chemoattractant protein 3; small




inducible cytokine A7; small inducible cytokine




A7 (monocyte chemotactic protein 3)


125
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7, FIC, MARC,
CCL7




MCP-3, MCP3, MGC138463, MGC138465,




NC28, SCYA6, SCYA7, monocyte




chemoattractant protein 3; monocyte chemotactic




protein 3; small inducible cytokine A7; small




inducible cytokine A7 (monocyte chemotactic




protein 3)


126
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, HC14, MCP-2,
CCL8




MCP2, SCYA10, SCYA8, monocyte




chemoattractant protein 2; monocyte chemotactic




protein 2; small inducible cytokine A8; small




inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys),




member 8; small inducible cytokine subfamily A




(Cys-Cys), member 8 (monocyte chemotactic




protein 2)


127
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9
CCL10, Scya10, Scya9
CCL9


128
cyclin A2
cyclin A - CCN1, CCNA, cyclin A
CCNA2


129
cyclin B1
CCNB1 - G2/mitotic-specific cyclin B1
CCNB1


130
cyclin D1
cyclin D - BCL1, PRAD1, U21B31, B-cell
CCND1




CLL/lymphoma 1; G1/S-specific cyclin D1;




cyclin D1 (PRAD1: parathyroid adenomatosis




1); parathyroid adenomatosis 1


131
cyclin E1
CycE: cyclin Es; cyclin Et
CCNE1


132
cyclin H
CycH: CDK-activating kinase; MO15-
CCNH




associated protein; cyclin-dependent kinase-




activating kinase


133
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1
CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) - CD191,
CCR1




CKR-1, CMKBR1, HM145, MIP1aR, SCYAR1,




RANTES receptor


134
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10
chemokine receptor 10 - GPR2, CC chemokine
CCR10




receptor 10; G protein-coupled receptor 2


135
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2
C-C Chemokine Receptor 2 - CC-CKR-2,
CCR2




CCR2A, CCR2B, CD192, CKR2, CKR2A,




CKR2B, CMKBR2, MCP-1-R, MCP-1 receptor;




chemokine (C-C) receptor 2; monocyte




chemoattractant protein 1 receptor; monocyte




chemotactic protein 1 receptor


136
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3
CC-CKR-3, CD193, CKR3, CMKBR3, CC
CCR3




chemokine receptor 3; b-chemokine receptor;




eosinophil CC chemokine receptor 3; eosinophil




eotaxin receptor


137
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4
C-C Chemokine Receptor 4 - CC-CKR-4,
CCR4




CKR4, CMKBR4, ChemR13, HGCN: 14099,




K5-5, chemokine (C-C) receptor 4


138
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5
CC-CKR-5, CCCKR5, CD195, CKR-5, CKR5,
CCR5




CMKBR5, C-C chemokine receptor 5; C-C




chemokine receptor type 5; CC chemokine




receptor 5; CCR5 chemokine receptor;




chemokine (C-C) receptor 5; chemokine receptor




CCR5; chemr13


139
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6
C-C chemokine receptor type 6 - BN-1, CD196,
CCR6




CKR-L3, CKR6, CKRL3, CMKBR6, DCR2,




DRY-6, GPR-CY4, GPR29, GPRCY4, STRL22,




G protein-coupled receptor 29; chemokine (C-C)




receptor 6; chemokine receptor-like 3; seven-




transmembrane receptor, lymphocyte, 22


140
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7
C-C chemokine receptor type 7 - BLR2, CD197,
CCR7




CDw197, CMKBR7, EBI1, C-C chemokine




receptor type 7; CC chemokine receptor 7; EBV-




induced G protein-coupled receptor 1; Epstein-




Barr virus induced G-protein coupled receptor;




Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 1; MIP-3 beta




receptor; chemokine (C-C) receptor 7;




lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled peptide




receptor


141
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8
Chemokine Receptor 8 - CDw198, CKR-L1,
CCR8




CKRL1, CMKBR8, CMKBRL2, CY6, GPR-




CY6, TER1, CC chemokine receptor 8; CC-




chemokine receptor chemr1; chemokine (C-C)




receptor 8; chemokine (C-C) receptor-like 2


142
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9
Chemokine Receptor 9 - CDw199, GPR-9-6,
CCR9




GPR28, G protein-coupled receptor 28


143
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1
chemokine receptor 11 - CC-CKR-11, CCBP2,
CCRL1




CCR10, CCR11, CCX-CKR, CKR-11, PPR1,




VSHK1, C-C chemokine receptor type 11;




chemocentryx chemokine receptor; chemokine,




cc motif, receptor-like protein 1; orphan seven-




transmembrane receptor, chemokine related


144
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2: CKRX,
CCRL2




CRAM-A, CRAM-B, HCR


145
CD14 molecule
CD14 antigen - monocyte receptor
CD14


146
CD14 molecule
CD14 (C-260T polymorphism) entered “CD14”,
CD14




CD14 antigen


147
CD163 molecule
CD163 - M130, MM130 - CD163 antigen;
CD163




macrophage-associated antigen, macrophage-




specific antigen


148
CD40 molecule, TNF receptor superfamily
CD40 molecule, TNF receptor superfamily
CD40



member 5
member 5, Bp50, CDW40, MGC9013,




TNFRSF5, p50, B cell surface antigen CD40; B




cell-associated molecule; CD40 antigen; CD40




antigen (TNF receptor superfamily member 5);




CD40 type II isoform; CD40L receptor; nerve




growth factor receptor-related B-lymphocyte




activation molecule; tumor necrosis factor




receptor superfamily, member 5


149
CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5,
CD40 Ligand (CD40L) (also called soluble
CD40LG



hyper-IgM syndrome)
CD40L vs. platelet-bound CD40L), CD154,




CD40L, HIGM1, IGM, IMD3, T-BAM,




TNFSF5, TRAP, gp39, hCD40L, CD40 antigen




ligand; CD40 ligand; T-B cell-activating




molecule; TNF-related activation protein; tumor




necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 5;




tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily,




member 5 (hyper-IgM syndrome); tumor




necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5


150
CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)
CD44, CDW44 - ECMR-III, IN, LHR, MC56,
CD44




MDU2, MDU3, MIC4, MUTCH-I, Pgp1, CD44




antigen; CD44 antigen (Indian blood group);




CD44 antigen (homing function and Indian




blood group system); CD44 epithelial domain




(CD44E); CDW44 antigen; GP90 lymphocyte




homing/adhesion receptor; Hermes antigen;




antigen gp90 homing receptor; cell adhesion




molecule (CD44); cell surface glycoprotein




CD44; extracellular matrix receptor-III; heparan




sulfate proteoglycan; hyaluronate receptor;




phagocytic glycoprotein I


151
CD55 molecule, decay accelerating factor for
complement 32: CD55 antigen, decay
CD55



complement (Cromer blood group)
accelerating factor for complement (Cromer




blood group); Cromer blood group; decay




accelerating factor for complement; decay




accelerating factor for complement (CD55,




Cromer blood group system); decay accelerating




factor for complement (CD55, Cromer blood




group); decay-accelerating factor 3


152
CD63 molecule
lysosome-associated membrane protein (CD63) -
CD63




(entered just “CD63” here) LAMP-3, ME491,




MLA1, OMA81H, TSPAN30, CD63 antigen;




CD63 antigen (melanoma 1 antigen);




granulophysin; lysosome-associated membrane




glycoprotein 3; melanoma 1 antigen; melanoma-




associated antigen ME491; melanoma-associated




antigen MLA1; ocular melanoma-associated




antigen; tetraspanin-30


153
cell division cycle 2, G1 to S and G2 to M
CDK1: cell cycle controller CDC2; cell division
CDC2




control protein 2 homolog; cell division cycle 2




protein; cyclin-dependent kinase 1; p34 protein




kinase


154
CDC42 binding protein kinase beta (DMPK-
CDC42 binding protein kinase beta (DMPK-
CDC42BPB



like)
like) - MRCKB, CDC42-binding protein kinase




beta; CDC42-binding protein kinase beta




(DMPK-like); DMPK-like; MRCK beta


155
CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase
CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase binding) 2 -
CDC42EP2



binding) 2
BORG1, CEP2, CRIB-containing BOGR1




protein; Cdc42 effector protein 2


930
CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase
CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase binding) 3 -
CDC42EP3



binding) 3
BORG2, CEP3, UB1, CRIB-containing




BORG2 protein; Cdc42 effector protein 3;




MSE55-related protein


931
CDC6 cell division cycle 6 homolog
Cdc6: CDC18 (cell division cycle 18, S. pombe,
CDC6



(S. cerevisiae)
homolog)-like; CDC6 (cell division cycle 6, S.




cerevisiae) homolog; CDC6 homolog; CDC6-




related protein


932
cadherin 1, type 1, E-cadherin (epithelial)
Arc-1, CD324, CDHE, ECAD, LCAM, UVO,
CDH1




cadherin 1, E-cadherin (epithelial); cadherin 1,




type 1; calcium-dependent adhesion protein,




epithelial; cell-CAM 120/80; uvomorulin


933
cyclin-dependent kinase 4
CDK4: cell division kinase 4; melanoma
CDK4




cutaneous malignant, 3


934
cyclin-dependent kinase 5
cyclin-dependent kinase 5, PSSALRE, protein
CDK5




kinase CDK5 splicing


935
cyclin-dependent kinase 6
CDK6: cell division protein kinase 6
CDK6


936
centromere protein C 1
centromere protein C 1 - CENPC, centromere
CENPC1




autoantigen C1


937
cholesteryl ester transfer protein, plasma
cholesterol ester transfer protein - lipid transfer
CETP




protein


156
CHK1 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe)
Chk1: CHK1 (checkpoint, S. pombe) homolog;
CHEK1




CHK1 checkpoint homolog; Checkpoint, S.




pombe, homolog of, 1


157
CHK2 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe)
Chk2: CHK2 (checkpoint, S. pombe) homolog;
CHEK2




checkpoint-like protein CHK2; protein kinase




CHK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase CHK2


158
chromogranin A (parathyroid secretory
chromogranin-A, CGA, chromogranin A
CHGA



protein 1)
precursor; parathyroid secretory protein 1


159
chitinase 1 (chitotriosidase)
chitotriosidase - chitotriosidase; plasma
CHIT1




methylumbelliferyl tetra-N-acetylchitotetraoside




hydrolase


160
choline kinase alpha
choline kinase - CHK, CKI
CHKA


161
choline kinase beta
choline kinase (CHK) - CHETK, CHKL, choline
CHKB




kinase-like, choline/ethanolamine kinase


162
cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M1 - HM1,
CHRM1




M1, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1,




ACM1


163
cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M2 - HM2,
CHRM2




7TM receptor; cholinergic receptor, muscarinic




2, isoform a; muscarinic M2 receptor; muscarinic




acetylcholine receptor M2


164
cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3
muscarinic acetyl choline receptor 3 - HM3, m3
CHRM3




muscarinic receptor; muscarinic acetylcholine




receptor M3


165
cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4
ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR,
CHRM4




MUSCARINIC 4 - HM4, muscarinic




acetylcholine receptor M4


166
cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 5
muscarinic acetyl choline receptor 5 - HM5,
CHRM5




muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5


167
citron (rho-interacting, serine/threonine
CIT polypeptide - CRIK, STK21, citron; rho-
CIT



kinase 21)
interacting, serine/threonine kinase 21


168
creatine kinase, brain
CK, CK-MB, B-CK, CKBB, brain creatine
CKB




kinase; creatine kinase B-chain; creatine kinase-B


169
creatine kinase, muscle
CK, CK-MB, CKMM, M-CK, creatine kinase M
CKM




chain; creatine kinase-M; muscle creatine kinase


170
creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A
CK, CK-MB, CKMT1, UMTCK, acidic-type
CKMT1A




mitochondrial creatine kinase; creatine kinase,




mitochondrial 1 (ubiquitous)


171
creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B
CK, CK-MB, CKMT, CKMT1, UMTCK, acidic-
CKMT1B




type mitochondrial creatine kinase; creatine




kinase, mitochondrial 1 (ubiquitous); ubiquitous




mitochondrial creatine kinase precursor variant


172
creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2 (sarcomeric)
CK, CK-MB, SMTCK, basic-type mitochondrial
CKMT2




creatine kinase; sarcomeric mitochondrial




creatine kinase


173
clusterin
clusterin, AAG4, APOJ, CLI, KUB1,
CLU




MGC24903, SGP-2, SGP2, SP-40, TRPM-2,




TRPM2, aging-associated protein 4;




apolipoprotein J; clusterin (complement lysis




inhibitor, SP-40,40, sulfated glycoprotein 2,




testosterone-repressed prostate message 2,




apolipoprotein J); complement lysis inhibitor;




complement-associated protein SP-40; sulfated




glycoprotein 2; testosterone-repressed prostate




message 2


174
chymase 1, mast cell
chymase 1 - CYH, MCT1, chymase 1
CMA1




preproprotein transcript E; chymase 1




preproprotein transcript I; chymase, heart;




chymase, mast cell; mast cell protease I


175
chemokine-like receptor 1
chemokine-like receptor 1 - ChemR23, DEZ,
CMKLR1




orphan G-protein coupled receptor, Dez


176
chemokine orphan receptor 1
G-protein-coupled receptor RDC1 - GPR159,
CMKOR1




RDC1, G protein-coupled receptor


177
CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane
chemokine-like factor 7: chemokine-like factor
CMTM7



domain containing 7
super family 7; chemokine-like factor super




family member 7 variant 2; chemokine-like




factor superfamily 7


178
collagen, type XVIII, alpha 1
collagen type XVIII-alpha(1): alpha 1 type
COL18A1




XVIII collagen; antiangiogenic agent;




endostatin; multi-functional protein MFP


179
collagen, type I, alpha 1
collagen α-1: Collagen I, alpha-1 polypeptide;
COL1A1




Collagen alpha 1 chain; alpha 1 type I collagen;




collagen alpha 1 chain type I; collagen of skin,




tendon and bone, alpha-1 chain; osteogenesis




imperfecta type IV; pro-alpha-1 collagen type 1;




type I collagen alpha 1 chain; type I collagen pro




alpha 1(I) chain propeptide; type II procollagen




gene fragment


180
collagen, type I, alpha 2
collagen α-2: Collagen I, alpha-2 polypeptide;
COL1A2




Collagen of skin, tendon and bone, alpha-2




chain; alpha 2 type I collagen; alpha 2(I)-




collagen; alpha-2 collagen type I; osteogenesis




imperfecta type IV; type I procollagen


181
collagen III propepeptide (PIIIP)
collagen, type III, alpha 1 (Ehlers-Danlos
COL3A1




syndrome) type IV, autosomal dominant


182
collagen, type V, alpha 2
collagen type V: AB collagen; Collagen V,
COL5A2




alpha-2 polypeptide; alpha 2 type V collagen;




collagen, fetal membrane, A polypeptide; type V




preprocollagen alpha 2 chain


183
ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase)
ceruloplasmin - CP-2, Ceruloplasmin;
CP




ferroxidase


184
carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell)
carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) - mast cell
CPA3




carboxypeptidase A3


185
carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma,
thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
CPB2



carboxypeptidase U)
(TAFI) - CPU, PCPB, TAFI, carboxypeptidase




B-like protein; carboxypeptidase U; plasma




carboxypeptidase B2; thrombin-activable




fibrinolysis inhibitor; thrombin-activatable




fibrinolysis inhibitor


186
carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma,
carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma, carboxypeptidase
CPB2



carboxypeptidase U)
U) - CPU, PCPB, TAFI, (carboxypeptidase B2




(plasma)); carboxypeptidase B-like protein;




carboxypeptidase U; plasma carboxypeptidase




B2; thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor;




thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor


187
carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma,
carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma, carboxypeptidase
CPB2



carboxypeptidase U)
U) - CPU, PCPB, TAFI, (carboxypeptidase B2




(plasma)); carboxypeptidase B-like protein;




carboxypeptidase U; plasma carboxypeptidase




B2; thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor;




thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor


188
carboxypeptidase N, polypeptide 1, 50 kD
CPN - CPN, SCPN, carboxypeptidase N
CPN1




polypeptide 1 50 kD


189
corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2
corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 -
CRHR2




CRFR2


190
carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
carnitine O-octanoyltransferase - COT
CROT


191
C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related
C-Reactive Protein, CRP, PTX1
CRP


192
C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related
CRP gene +1444C > T variant - C-Reactive
CRP




Protein, CRP, PTX1


193
colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage)
colony stimulating factor 1; macrophage colony
CSF1




stimulating factor


194
colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating
CSF2



macrophage)
factor - GMCSF, colony stimulating factor 2;




granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating




factor; molgramostin; sargramostim


195
colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte)
colony stimulating factor 3; filgrastim;
CSF3




granulocyte colony stimulating factor;




lenograstim; pluripoietin


196
casein kinase 1, delta
casein kinase 1, delta, isoform 1 - HCKID
CSNK1D


197
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 2 (versican)
versican - VERSICAN
CSPG2


198
cardiotrophin 1
cardiotrophin-1 - CT-1, CT1, cardiophin 1
CTF1


199
connective tissue growth factor
Connective tissue growth factor - CCN2,
CTGF




IGFBP8, NOV2, hypertrophic chondrocyte-




specific protein 24; insulin-like growth factor-




binding protein 8


200
cathepsin B
cathepsin B - procathepsin B, APPS; CPSB, APP
CTSB




secretase; amyloid precursor protein secretase;




cathepsin B1; cysteine protease; preprocathepsin B


201
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1
GRO1, GROa, MGSA, MGSA alpha, MGSA-a,
CXCL1



(melanoma growth stimulating activity,
NAP-3, SCYB1: GRO1 oncogene (melanoma



alpha)
growth stimulating activity, alpha); GRO1




oncogene (melanoma growth-stimulating




activity); chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1;




melanoma growth stimulatory activity alpha


202
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10, C7, IFI10,
CXCL10




INP10, IP-10, SCYB10, crg-2, gIP-10, mob-1,




gamma IP10; interferon-inducible cytokine IP-




10; protein 10 from interferon (gamma)-induced




cell line; small inducible cytokine B10; small




inducible cytokine subfamily B (Cys-X-Cys),




member 10


204
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2
CINC-2a, GRO2, GROb, MGSA beta, MGSA-b,
CXCL2




MIP-2a, MIP2, MIP2A, SCYB2; GRO2




oncogene; melanoma growth stimulatory activity




beta


203
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3
CD182; CD183; CKR-L2; CMKAR3; GPR9;
CXCR3




IP10; IP10-R; Mig-R; MigR; G protein-coupled




receptor 9; IP 10 receptor; Mig receptor;




chemokine (C-X-C) receptor 3;


205
chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4
CXC chemokine receptor 4 - CD184, FB22,
CXCR4




HM89, HSY3RR, LAP3, LCR1, LESTR,




NPY3R, NPYR, NPYRL, NPYY3R, WHIM, C-




X-C chemokine receptor type 4; CD184 antigen;




chemokine (C-X-C motif), receptor 4 (fusin);




chemokine receptor 4; fusin; leukocyte-derived




seven-transmembrane-domain receptor;




lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 3;




neuropeptide Y receptor Y3; seven




transmembrane helix receptor; seven-




transmembrane-segment receptor, spleen;




stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor


206
chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6
CXC Chemokine Receptor 6 - BONZO, CD186,
CXCR6




STRL33, TYMSTR, G protein-coupled receptor;




G protein-coupled receptor TYMSTR


207
cytochrome c, somatic
cytochrome c - CYC, HCS, cytochrome c
CYCS


208
cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B,
cytochrome P450 CYP11-B1: cytochrome
CYP11B1



polypeptide 1
P450, subfamily XIB (steroid 11-beta-




hydroxylase), polypeptide 1; cytochrome p450




X1B1; steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase; steroid 11-




beta-monooxygenase


209
cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B,
aldosterone synthase: aldosterone synthase;
CYP11B2



polypeptide 2
cytochrome P450, subfamily XIB (steroid 11-




beta-hydroxylase), polypeptide 2; cytochrome




P450, subfamily XIB polypeptide 2; steroid 11-




beta-monooxygenase; steroid 11-beta/18-




hydroxylase; steroid 18-hydroxylase; steroid 18-




hydroxylase, aldosterone synthase, P450C18,




P450aldo


210
cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C,
minor allele of CYP2C9*2 - CPC9, CYP2C,
CYP2C9



polypeptide 9
CYP2C10, P450 MP-4, P450 PB-1, P450IIC9,




cytochrome P-450 S-mephenytoin 4-




hydroxylase; cytochrome P450, subfamily IIC




(mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 10;




cytochrome P450, subfamily IIC (mephenytoin




4-hydroxylase), polypeptide 9; cytochrome




p4502C9; flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase;




mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase; microsomal




monooxygenase; xenobiotic monooxygenase


211
cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1
Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 1 - CYSLT1,
CYSLTR1




CYSLT1R, CYSLTR, HG55, HMTMF81, LTD4




receptor; cysteinyl leukotriene D4 receptor;




cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 splice variant V


212
cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2
Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 2 - CYSLT2,
CYSLTR2




CYSLT2R, GPCR, HG57, HPN321, KPG_011,




hGPCR21, G protein-coupled receptor; G-




protein coupled receptor protein; cysteinyl




leukotriene CysLT2 receptor


213
doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 1
DCAMKL1-like serine/threonine kinase -
DCAMKL1




doublecortin and CaM kinase-like 1, DCLK,




doublecortin-like kinase


214
desmin
desmin - CMD11, CSM1, CSM2, intermediate
DES




filament protein


215
deafness, autosomal dominant 5
deafness, autosomal dominant 5 I - ICERE-1,
DFNA5




deafness, autosomal dominant 5 protein;




nonsyndromic hearing impairment protein


216
diacetylglycerol o-acyltransferase 2-like 4
acylglycerol acyltransferase-like proteins, DC4,
DGAT2L4




DC4L


217
dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR family)
RDH17, Rsdr1, SDR1, retSDR1; short-chain
DHRS3



member 3
dehydrogenase/reductase 1


218
dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family)
short chain dehydrogenase/reductase -
DHRS4



member 4
DHRS4L2, SCAD-SRL, SDR-SRL, humNRDR,




NADP(H)-dependent retinol




dehydrogenase/reductase B1 isoform;




NADP(H)-dependent retinol




dehydrogenase/reductase B2 isoform;




NADP(H)-dependent retinol




dehydrogenase/reductase short isoform; NADP-




dependent retinol dehydrogenase; NADPH-




dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase;




peroxisomal short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase


219
DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A,
pDJA1 - DJ-2, DjA1, HDJ2, HSDJ, HSJ2,
DNAJA1



member 1
HSPF4, hDJ-2, heat shock protein, DNAJ-like 2


220
dolichyl-phosphate (UDP-N-
dolichyl-phosphate N-
DPAGT1



acetylglucosamine) N-
acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1



acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1



(GlcNAc-1-P transferase)


221
dipeptidase 1 (renal)
dipeptidase 1 (DPEP1) - MBD1, MDP, RDP
DPEP1


222
dipeptidyl-peptidase 3
dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 - DPPIII, dipeptidyl
DPP3




aminopeptidase III; dipeptidyl arylamidase III;




dipeptidyl peptidase III; dipeptidylpeptidase 3;




dipeptidylpeptidase III


223
dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (CD26, adenosine
dipeptidylpeptidase IV - ADABP, ADCP2,
DPP4



deaminase complexing protein 2)
CD26, DPPIV, TP103, T-cell activation antigen




CD26; adenosine deaminase complexing protein




2; dipeptidylpeptidase IV; dipeptidylpeptidase




IV (CD26, adenosine deaminase complexing




protein 2)


224
dipeptidyl-peptidase 7
dipeptidylpeptidase 7 - DPP2, DPPII, QPP -
DPP7




carboxytripeptidase; dipeptidyl aminopeptidase




II; dipeptidyl arylamidase II; dipeptidyl




peptidase 7; dipeptidyl-peptidase II precursor;




dipeptidylpeptidase 7


225
dipeptidyl-peptidase 9
dipeptidyl-peptidase 9 - DPRP2, dipeptidyl
DPP9




peptidase IV-related protein-2;




dipeptidylpeptidase 9


226
dopamine receptor D1
dopamine receptor D1 - DADR, DRD1A
DRD1


227
dopamine receptor D3
dopamine receptor D3 - D3DR
DRD3


228
dopamine receptor D4
dopamine receptor D4 - dopamine receptor D4,
DRD4




D4DR: D(2C) dopamine receptor; see also Acc#:




L12398; seven transmembrane helix receptor


229
dopamine receptor D5
dopamine receptor D5 - DBDR, DRD1B,
DRD5




DRD1L2, D1beta dopamine receptor; dopamine




receptor D1B


230
endothelial differentiation, lysophosphatidic
endothelial differentiation, lysophosphatidic acid
EDG2



acid G-protein-coupled receptor, 2
G-protein-coupled receptor 2 - Gpcr26, LPA1,




LPAR1, Mrec1.3, edg-2, rec.1.3, vzg-1,




ventricular zone gene 1


231
endothelial differentiation, sphingolipid G-
endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-
EDG3



protein-coupled receptor, 3
protein-coupled receptor 3 - EDG-3, LPB3,




S1P3, S1PR3, G protein-coupled receptor,




endothelial differentiation gene-3; S1P receptor




EDG3; sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3


232
endothelial differentiation, sphingolipid G-
endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-
EDG5



protein-coupled receptor, 5
protein-coupled receptor 5 polypeptide - AGR16,




EDG-5, Gpcr13, H218, LPB2, S1P2, S1PR2,




S1P receptor EDG5; sphingosine 1-phosphate




receptor 2


233
endothelial differentiation, lysophosphatidic
LPC1; S1P4; SIPR4; SLP4; sphingosine 1-
EDG6



acid G-protein-coupled receptor, 6
phosphate receptor 4; phingosine 1-phosphate




receptor Edg-6; endothelial differentiation; G




protein coupled receptor 6; G protein-coupled




receptor 6


234
endothelial differentiation, lysophosphatidic
endothelial differentiation lysophosphatic acid
EDG7



acid G-protein-coupled receptor, 7
G-protein-coupled receptor 7 - Edg-7, GPCR,




HOFNH30, LP-A3, LPA3, LPAR3, LPA




receptor EDG7; calcium-mobilizing




lysophosphatidic acid receptor LP-A3;




endothelial cell differentiation gene 7


235
endothelin 1
endothelin-1-ET1
EDN1


236
endothelin 1
endothelin-1-ET1
EDN1


237
endothelin 2
EDN2: ET2
EDN2


238
endothelin 3
endothelin III: ET3, ET3, truncated endothelin 3
EDN3


239
endothelin receptor type A
endothelin receptor type A - ETA, ETRA, G
EDNRA




protein-coupled receptor


240
endothelin receptor type B
G protein-coupled receptor ETB - ABCDS, ETB,
EDNRB




ETRB, HSCR, HSCR2, Hirschsprung disease 2


967
epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone)
epidermal growth factor (beta-urogastrone),
EGF




URG, urogastrone


968
elastase 2, neutrophil
Elastase - HLE, HNE, NE, PMN-E, bone
ELA2




marrow serine protease; leukocyte elastase;




medullasin; polymorphonuclear elastase


241
elastin (supravalvular aortic stenosis,
elastin: Williams syndrome region; elastin;
ELN



Williams-Beuren syndrome)
tropoelastin


242
endoglin (Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 1)
Endoglin - CD105, END, HHT1, ORW, ORW1,
ENG




Endoglin; endoglin


969
enolase 2 (gamma, neuronal)
enolase, gamma, neurone-specific - 2-phospho-
ENO2




D-glycerate hydrolyase; enolase 2; neural




enolase; neuron specific gamma enolase;




neurone-specific enolase


243
enolase 3 (beta, muscle)
β-enolase: 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase;
ENO3




ENO3, muscle enolase 3 beta; beta enolase;




enolase 3; enolase-3, beta, muscle; muscle




specific enolase; skeletal muscle enolase


244
ectonucleotide
Sphingomyelinase - ALK-SMase, alkaline
ENPP7



pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7
sphingomyelinase


245
ectonucleoside triphosphate
CD39, ATPDase, CD39, NTPDase-1, CD39
ENTPD1



diphosphohydrolase 1
antigen; ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase; ecto-




apyrase; lymphoid cell activation antigen


246
erythropoietin
erythropoietin (EPO) - epoetin
EPO


247
esterase A4
esterase - Esterase-A4
ESA4


248
esterase B3
esterase - Esterase-B3
ESB3


249
esterase D/formylglutathione hydrolase
esterase - Esterase D; S-formylglutathione
ESD




hydrolase; esterase 10


250
ethanolamine kinase 1
ethanolamine kinase 1 (EKI1) - EKI, EKI1
ETNK1


251
coagulation factor X
Prothrombin time (PT) (Entered Prothrombin
F10




into Entrez), FX, FXA, Stuart factor; Stuart-




Prower factor; factor Xa; prothrombinase


252
coagulation factor XI (plasma thromboplastin
Factor XI, activated partial thromboplasmin time
F11



antecedent)
(APTT), (entered thromboplastin and Factor XI




into Entrez), FXI, platelet coagulation factor XI


253
F11 receptor
junction adhesion molecules-1, 2, and 3 -
F11R




CD321, JAM, JAM-1, JAM-A, JAM1, JAMA,




JCAM, KAT, PAM-1, junctional adhesion




molecule 1; junctional adhesion molecule A;




platelet F11 receptor; platelet adhesion molecule


254
coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor)
Coagulation factor XII - Hageman factor;
F12




coagulation factor XII


255
coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide
Coagulation Factor XIII - Coagulation factor
F13A1




XIII A chain; Coagulation factor XIII, A




polypeptide; TGase; (coagulation factor XIII, A1




polypeptide); coagulation factor XIII A1 subunit;




factor XIIIa, coagulation factor XIII A1 subunit


256
coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide
FXIII gene L34 polymorphism - Coagulation
F13A1




factor XIII A chain; Coagulation factor XIII, A




polypeptide; TGase; (coagulation factor XIII, A1




polypeptide); coagulation factor XIII A1 subunit;




factor XIIIa


257
coagulation factor XIII, B polypeptide
Coagulation Factor XIII - TGase; coagulation
F13B




factor XIII B subunit


258
coagulation factor II (thrombin)
Prothrombin time (PT) (Entered Prothrombin
F2




into Entrez), PT, coagulation factor II;




prothrombin; prothrombin B-chain; serine




protease


259
coagulation factor II (thrombin)
prothrombin G20210A mutation - PT,
F2




coagulation factor II; prothrombin; prothrombin




B-chain; serine protease


260
coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor
protease activated receptor 1 - CF2R, HTR,
F2R




PAR1, TR, coagulation factor II receptor;




protease-activated receptor 1; thrombin receptor


261
coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor
protease-activated receptor 1 (a GPCR) - NK2R,
F2R




NKNAR, SKR, TAC2R, NK-2 receptor;




Tachykinin receptor 2 (substance K receptor;




neurokinin 2 receptor); neurokinin 2 receptor;




neurokinin-2 receptor; seven transmembrane




helix receptor; tachykinin 2 receptor (substance




K receptor, neurokinin 2 receptor)


262
coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1
G Protein Coupled Proteinase Activated
F2RL1




Receptor 2 - GPR11, PAR2, G protein-coupled




receptor-11; protease-activated receptor 2


263
coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 2
G-protein coupled proteinase activated receptor 3 -
F2RL2




PAR3, Coagulation factor II receptor-like 2




(protease-actovated receptor 3); coagulation




factor II receptor-like 2; protease-activated




receptor 3; thrombin receptor-like 2


264
coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3
G Protein Coupled Proteinase Activated
F2RL3




Receptor 4 - PAR4, protease-activated receptor-4


265
coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue
activated partial thromboplasmin time (APTT),
F3



factor)
(entered thromboplastin into Entrez) CD142, TF,




TFA, coagulation factor III; tissue factor


266
coagulation factor V (proaccelerin, labile
Factor V gene - mutation at nucleotide position
F5



factor)
1691 - FVL, PCCF, factor V, activated protein c




cofactor; coagulation factor V; coagulation factor




V jinjiang A2 domain; factor V Leiden; labile




factor


267
coagulation factor V (proaccelerin, labile
Factor V, FVL, PCCF, factor V, activated
F5



factor)
protein c cofactor; coagulation factor V;




coagulation factor V jinjiang A2 domain; factor




V Leiden; labile factor


268
coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin
FVII coagulation protein; coagulation factor VII;
F7



conversion accelerator)
cogulation factor VII; eptacog alfa


269
coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin
factor VII - FVII coagulation protein;
F7



conversion accelerator)
coagulation factor VII; cogulation factor VII;




eptacog alfa


270
coagulation factor VIII, procoagulant
Factor VIII, AHF, F8 protein, F8B, F8C, FVIII,
F8



component (hemophilia A)
HEMA, coagulation factor VIII; coagulation




factor VIII, isoform b; coagulation factor VIIIc;




factor VIII F8B; procoagulant component,




isoform b


271
coagulation factor IX
Coagulation Factor IX - Christmas factor;
F9




Coagulation factor IX (plasma thromboplastic




component); Factor 9; Factor IX; coagulant




factor IX; coagulation factor IX; truncated




coagulation factor IX


272
fatty acid binding protein 2, intestinal
intestinal fatty acid binding protein - FABPI, I-
FABP2




FABP, Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal;




intestinal fatty acid binding protein 2


273
fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart
fatty acid-binding protein, heart-type (H FABP) -
FABP3



(mammary-derived growth inhibitor)
Fatty acid-binding protein 3, muscle; fatty acid




binding protein 11; fatty acid binding protein 3;




mammary-derived growth inhibitor


274
fibroblast activation protein, alpha
fibroblast activation protein - DPPIV, FAPA,
FAP




SEPRASE, fibroblast activation protein, alpha




subunit; integral membrane serine protease


275
Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6)
soluble Fas/APO-1 (sFas), ALPS1A, APO-1,
FAS




APT1, Apo-1 Fas, CD95, FAS1, FASTM,




TNFRSF6, APO-1 cell surface antigen; CD95




antigen; Fas antigen; apoptosis antigen 1; tumor




necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 6


276
Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6)
Fas ligand (sFasL), APT1LG1, CD178, CD95L,
FASLG




FASL, TNFSF6, CD95 ligand; apoptosis (APO-




1) antigen ligand 1; fas ligand; tumor necrosis




factor (ligand) superfamily, member 6


277
Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor
FcgammaRIIa - CD32, CD32A, CDw32, FCG2,
FCGR2A



(CD32)
FCGR2, FCGR2A1, FcGR, IGFR2, Fc fragment




of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor for (CD32)


278
Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor
FcgammaRIIa - CD32, CD32A, CDw32, FCG2,
FCGR2A



(CD32)
FCGR2, FCGR2A1, FcGR, IGFR2, Fc fragment




of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor for (CD32)


279
Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIa, receptor
FcgammaRIIA-R/H131, the FcgammaRIIIB-
FCGR3A



(CD16a)
Na1/Na2, and the FcgammaRIIIA-F/V158




polymorphisms (entered FcgammaRIIIA),




CD16, CD16a, FCG3, FCGR3, IGFR3, Fc




fragment of IgG, low affinity III, receptor for




(CD16); Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIa,




receptor for (CD16); Fc gamma receptor III-A;




Fc-gamma receptor IIIb (CD16); FcgammaRIIIA


280
Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIb, receptor
FcgammaRIIA-R/H131, the FcgammaRIIIB-
FCGR3B



(CD16b)
Na1/Na2, and the FcgammaRIIIA-F/V158




polymorphisms (entered FcgammaRIIIB), CD16,




CD16b, FCG3, FCGR3, Fc fragment of IgG, low




affinity IIIb, receptor for (CD16); Fc-gamma




receptor; Fc-gamma receptor IIIB; Fc-gamma




receptor IIIb (CD 16); low affinity




immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B


281
ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen domain
Fibrinogen, EBP-37, FCNL, P35, ficolin-2, L-
FCN2



containing lectin) 2 (hucolin)
ficolin; collagen/fibrinogen domain-containing




protein 2; ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen domain-




containing lectin) 2; ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen




domain-containing lectin) 2 (hucolin); ficolin 2;




ficolin B; hucolin; serum lectin p35


282
ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen domain
Fibrinogen, FCNH, HAKA1, H-ficolin; Hakata
FCN3



containing) 3 (Hakata antigen)
antigen; collagen/fibrinogen domain-containing




lectin 3 p35; collagen/fibrinogen domain-




containing protein 3; ficolin (collagen/fibrinogen




domain-containing) 3 (Hakata antigen); ficolin 3;




ficolin-3


283
free fatty acid receptor 1
G protein-coupled receptor 40 - FFA1R, GPR40,
FFAR1




G protein-coupled receptor 40


284
free fatty acid receptor 3
G protein coupled receptor 41 - FFA3R, GPR41,
FFAR3




G protein-coupled receptor 41


285
fibrinogen alpha chain
Fibrin, Fib2, fibrinogen, A alpha polypeptide;
FGA




fibrinogen, alpha chain, isoform alpha




preproprotein; fibrinogen, alpha polypeptide


286
fibrinogen beta chain
Fibrin, B beta polypeptide; fibrinogen, beta
FGB




chain; fibrinogen, beta chain, preproprotein,




fibrinopeptide B beta 1-42, fibrinopeptide B beta




15-42


287
fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic)
fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic): endothelial
FGF1




cell growth factor, alpha; endothelial cell growth




factor, beta; heparin-binding growth factor 1




precursor


288
fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic)
Fibrin, BFGF, FGFB, HBGH-2, basic fibroblast
FGF2




growth factor; basic fibroblast growth factor




bFGF; fibroblast growth factor 2; heparin-




binding growth factor 2 precusor; prostatropin


289
fibrinogen gamma chain
Fibrin, fibrinogen, gamma chain; fibrinogen,
FGG




gamma polypeptide


290
fibroblast growth factor (acidic) intracellular
acidic fibroblast growth factor - FGFIBP, FIBP-
FIBP



binding protein
1, FGF intracellular binding protein


291
FK506 binding protein 1A, 12 kDa
FK506 binding protein 1A - FKBP-12, FKBP1,
FKBP1A




FKBP12, FKBP12C, PKC12, PKCI2, PPIASE,




FK506 binding protein 1A (12 kD); FK506-




binding protein 1; FK506-binding protein 12;




FK506-binding protein 1A; FK506-binding




protein 1A (12 kD); FK506-binding protein, T-




cell, 12-kD; immunophilin FKBP12; peptidyl-




prolyl cis-trans isomerase; protein kinase C




inhibitor 2; rotamase


292
formyl peptide receptor-like 1
N-Formyl Peptide Receptor Like 1 - ALXR,
FPRL1




FMLP-R-II, FMLPX, FPR2A, FPRH1, FPRH2,




HM63, LXA4R, lipoxin A4 receptor (formyl




peptide receptor related)


293
formyl peptide receptor-like 2
formyl peptide receptor-like 2 polypeptide -
FPRL2




FML2_HUMAN, FMLPY, FPRH1, FPRH2,




RMLP-R-I, FMLP-related receptor II


294
fibronectin type III and SPRY domain
Fibronectin, GLFND, MIR1, fibronectin type 3
FSD1



containing 1
and SPRY (spla, ryanodine) domain containing




(with coiled-coil motif) 1; fibronectin type 3 and




SPRY domain containing 1; fibronectin type 3




and SPRY domain-containing protein


295
follistatin
follistatin - FS
FST


296
ferritin
FTH; PLIF; FTHL6; PIG15; apoferritin; placenta
FTH1




immunoregulatory factor; proliferation-inducing




protein 15


297
ferritin, light polypeptide
ferritin - L apoferritin; ferritin L subunit; ferritin
FTL




L-chain; ferritin light chain; ferritin light




polypeptide-like 3


298
ferritin mitochondrial
ferritin - ferritin H subunit; ferritin heavy chain-
FTMT




like; mitochondrial ferritin


299
FYN oncogene related to SRC, FGR, YES
FYN oncogene related to SRC - proto-oncogene
FYN




tyrosine-protein kinase FYN - SLK, SYN,




OKT3-induced calcium influx regulator; c-syn




protooncogene; protein-tyrosine kinase fyn;




proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase fyn; src-




like kinase; src/yes-related novel gene; tyrosine




kinase p59fyn(T)


300
FYN oncogene related to SRC, FGR, YES
proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase FYN -
FYN




SLK, SYN, OKT3-induced calcium influx




regulator; c-syn protooncogene; protein-tyrosine




kinase fyn; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein




kinase fyn; src-like kinase; src/yes-related novel




gene; tyrosine kinase p59fyn(T)


301
growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible,
Gadd45 - DDIT1, GADD45, DNA damage-
GADD45A



alpha
inducible transcript 1; DNA damage-inducible




transcript-1; DNA-damage-inducible transcript 1


302
galanin
GALN; GLNN; galanin-related peptide
GAL


303
glucagon receptor
glucagon receptor -GGR,
GCGR


304
growth differentiation factor 15
NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)-
GDF15




activated protein 1; PTGF-beta; prostate




differentiator factor


305
glial fibrillary acidic protein
glial fibrillary acidic protein - intermediate
GFAP




filament protein


306
gamma-glutamyltransferase 1
GGT; GTG; CD224; glutamyl transpeptidase;
GGT1




gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase


307
gamma-glutamyltransferase 1
gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) - CD224,
GGT1




GGT, GTG, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase;




glutamyl transpeptidase


308
gamma-glutamyltransferase 2
gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) - GGT
GGT2


309
growth hormone 1
growth hormone - GH, GH-N, GHN, hGH-N,
GH1




pituitary growth hormone


310
growth hormone receptor
growth hormone receptor - GHBP, growth
GHR




hormone binding protein; growth hormone




receptor variant; serum binding protein;




somatotropin receptor


311
ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone
ghrelin - MTLRP, ghrelin, obestatin, ghrelin;
GHRL




ghrelin precursor; ghrelin, growth hormone




secretagogue receptor ligand; motilin-related




peptide


312
growth hormone secretagogue receptor
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor -
GHSR




ghrelin receptor


313
gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43 kDa
connexin 43: connexin 43; gap junction protein,
GJA1



(connexin 43)
alpha-like; oculodentodigital dysplasia




(syndactyly type III)


314
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor -
GLP1R


315
glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor
glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor -
GLP2R


316
guanine nucleotide binding protein (G
G-protein, α-subunit of inhibitory (GI-α) - GIP,
GNAI2



protein), alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide 2
GNAI2B, GTP-binding regulatory protein Gi




alpha-2 chain


317
guanine nucleotide binding protein (G
G-protein beta-3 subunit - G protein, beta-3
GNB3



protein), beta polypeptide 3
subunit; GTP-binding regulatory protein beta-3




chain; guanine nucleotide-binding protein




G(I)/G(S)/G(T) beta subunit 3; guanine




nucleotide-binding protein, beta-3 subunit;




hypertension associated protein; transducin beta




chain 3


318
glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2,
aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial -
GOT2



mitochondrial
aspartate aminotransferase 2


319
glycoprotein 1b (platelet), alpha polypeptide
GPIb receptor - BSS, CD42B, CD42b-alpha,
GP1BA




GP1B, platelet glycoprotein 1b alpha




polypeptide; platelet membrane glycoprotein 1b-




alpha subunit


320
glycerol phosphatase, beta-
GPB -
GPB


321
glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific
glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol-specific
GPLD1



phospholipase D1
phospholipase D - GPIPLD, GPIPLDM,




PIGPLD, PIGPLD1, GPI-specific phospholipase




D; glycoprotein phospholipase D;




glycosylphosphatIdylinositol-specific




phospholipase D; glycosylphosphatidylinositol




specific phospholipase D1, isoform 2;




phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol-glycan-




specific


322
G protein-coupled receptor 1
G protein-coupled receptor 1
GPR1


323
G protein-coupled receptor 103
G protein-Coupled Receptor 103 - AQ27,
GPR103




SP9155, QRFP receptor


324
G protein-coupled receptor 107
Lung Seven Transmembrane Receptor 1 -
GPR107




LUSTR1, lung seven transmembrane receptor 1


325
G protein-coupled receptor 109A
hm74-like g protein coupled receptor - HM74a,
GPR109A




HM74b, PUMAG, Puma-g, G protein-coupled




receptor HM74a


326
G protein-coupled receptor 109B
G-Protein Coupled Receptor 74 - HM74,
GPR109B




PUMAG, Puma-g, GTP-binding protein;




putative chemokine receptor


327
G protein-coupled receptor 12
G protein-coupled receptor 12 - GPCR21
GPR12


328
G protein-coupled receptor 132
G2A-RECEPTOR - G2A, G protein-coupled
GPR132




receptor G2A; G2 accumulation protein


329
G protein-coupled receptor 15
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 15 -
GPR15


330
G protein-coupled receptor 151
galanin receptor-like GPCR - GALRL, GPCR,
GPR151




PGR7, galanin receptor-like; putative G-protein




coupled receptor


331
G protein-coupled receptor 17
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 -
GPR17


332
G protein-coupled receptor 171
G Protein-Coupled Receptor H963 - H963,
GPR171




platelet activating receptor homolog


333
G protein-coupled receptor 173
seven transmembrane G protein coupled receptor -
GPR173




SREB3, G-protein coupled receptor 173; super




conserved receptor expressed in brain 3


334
G protein-coupled receptor 18
G Protein Coupled Receptor 18 -
GPR18


335
G protein-coupled receptor 19
G-protein coupled receptor 19 -
GPR19


336
G protein-coupled receptor 20
G protein-coupled receptor 20 -
GPR20


337
G protein-coupled receptor 21
G protein-coupled orphan receptor 21 -
GPR21


338
G protein-coupled receptor 22
G protein Coupled Receptor 22 - tcag7.108
GPR22


339
G protein-coupled receptor 23
G protein-Coupled P2Y Purinoreceptor 9 -
GPR23




LPAR4, P2RY9, P2Y5-LIKE, P2Y9


340
G protein-coupled receptor 25
G Protein-Coupled receptor 25
GPR25


341
G protein-coupled receptor 26
G-protein coupled receptor 26 -
GPR26


342
G protein-coupled receptor 27
G-protein coupled receptor 27 - SREB1, super
GPR27




conserved receptor expressed in brain 1, GPR27


343
G protein-coupled receptor 3
G protein coupled receptor 3 polypeptide -
GPR3




ACCA, adenylate cyclase constitutive activator


344
G protein-coupled receptor 30
G-protein coupled receptor 30 - CMKRL2,
GPR30




DRY12, FEG-1, GPCR-Br, LERGU, LERGU2,




LyGPR, chemokine receptor-like 2; flow-




induced endothelial G-protein coupled receptor;




leucine rich protein in GPR30 3′UTR


345
G protein-coupled receptor 31
G protein-coupled receptor 31 - (G protein-
GPR31




coupled receptor 31)


346
G protein-coupled receptor 32
G-Protein Coupled Receptor 32 -
GPR32


347
G protein-coupled receptor 34
G protein-coupled receptor 34 -
GPR34


348
G protein-coupled receptor 35
G protein-coupled receptor 35 -
GPR35


349
G protein-coupled receptor 35
G-Protein Coupled Receptor R35 -
GPR35


350
G protein-coupled receptor 37 (endothelin
endothelin receptor type B-like protein 1 -
GPR37



receptor type B-like)
EDNRBL, PAELR, hET(B)R-LP, G protein-




coupled receptor 37; Parkin-associated




endothelin receptor-like receptor; endothelin




receptor type B-like


351
G protein-coupled receptor 37 (endothelin
G-protein-coupled receptor 37 - EDNRBL,
GPR37



receptor type B-like)
PAELR, hET(B)R-LP, G protein-coupled




receptor 37; Parkin-associated endothelin




receptor-like receptor; endothelin receptor type




B-like, BG37


352
G protein-coupled receptor 39
G-protein-coupled-receptor 39 -
GPR39


353
G protein-coupled receptor 4
G Protein Coupled Receptor 4
GPR4


354
G protein-coupled receptor 42
G protein-coupled receptor 42 - FFAR1L,
GPR42




GPR41L


355
G protein-coupled receptor 44
G-protein coupled receptor 58 - CD294, CRTH2,
GPR44




chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule




expressed on TH2 cells


356
G protein-coupled receptor 45G protein-
G-Protein Coupled Receptor 45 - PSP24,
GPR45



coupled receptor 45
PSP24(ALPHA), PSP24A, high-affinity




lysophosphatidic acid receptor


357
G protein-coupled receptor 50
G-protein coupled receptor 50 - H9
GPR50


358
G protein-coupled receptor 52
G-protein coupled receptor 52 -
GPR52


359
G protein-coupled receptor 6
G-protein coupled receptor 6 polypeptide -
GPR6


360
G protein-coupled receptor 64
G Protein-coupled Receptor 64 - HE6, TM7LN2,
GPR64




G protein-coupled receptor, epididymis-specific




(seven transmembrane family)


361
G protein-coupled receptor 65
G-Protein Coupled Receptor 65 - TDAG8,
GPR65




hTDAG8, T-cell death-associated gene 8


362
G protein-coupled receptor 68
ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor 1 -
GPR68




OGR1, ovarian cancer G protein-coupled




receptor, 1


363
G protein-coupled receptor 75
G protein-coupled receptor 75 - GPR-chr2
GPR75


364
G protein-coupled receptor 77
G protein-coupled receptor 77 - C5L2, GPF77, G
GPR77




protein-coupled receptor C5L2


365
G protein-coupled receptor 82
G protein-coupled receptor 82
GPR82


366
G protein-coupled receptor 83
G-Protein Coupled Receptors 72 - GIR, GPR72,
GPR83




G protein-coupled receptor 72; G-protein




coupled receptor 72; glucocorticoid induced




recept


367
G protein-coupled receptor 84
G protein-coupled receptor 84 - EX33, GPCR4,
GPR84




inflammation-related G protein-coupled receptor




EX33


368
G protein-coupled receptor 85
G protein-coupled receptor 85 - SREB, SREB2,
GPR85




seven transmembrane helix receptor; super




conserved receptor expressed in brain 2


369
G protein-coupled receptor 87
G protein-Coupled Receptor 87 - FKSG78,
GPR87




GPR95, KPG_002, G protein-coupled receptor




95


370
G protein-coupled receptor 88
G protein-coupled receptor 88 - STRG, G-
GPR88




protein coupled receptor 88


371
G protein-coupled receptor 92
G-protein coupled receptor 92 - GPR93,
GPR92




KPG_010, G-protein coupled receptor; internal




gene name of KIRIN laboratory: H95; putative G




protein-coupled receptor 92


372
G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group
G Protein-Coupled Receptor, Family C, Group 5,
GPRC5B



5, member B
Member B-RAIG-2, RAIG2, G protein-coupled




receptor, family C, group 1, member B; retinoic




acid responsive gene protein


373
G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family C Group 5
GPRC5C



5, member C
Member C - RAIG-3, RAIG3, G protein-coupled




receptor family C, group 5, member C; orphan




G-protein coupled receptor; retinoic acid




responsive gene protein


374
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1
G protein-dependent receptor kinase 1 (GRK1) -
GRK1




GPRK1, RHOK, RK, rhodopsin kinase


375
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4
G protein-coupled receptor 4 kinase - GPRK2L,
GRK4




GPRK4, GRK4a, IT11, G protein-coupled




receptor kinase 2-like (Drosophila); G-protein




coupled receptor kinase 4


376
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5
G protein-coupled receptor 5 kinase - GPRK5
GRK5


377
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6
G protein-coupled receptor 6 kinase - GPRK6
GRK6


378
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7
G protein coupled receptor kinase 7 -
GRK7


379
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1
metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 - GPRC1A,
GRM1




GRM1A, MGLUR1, MGLUR1A, mGlu1


380
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 2
metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 - GLUR2,
GRM2




GPRC1B, MGLUR2, mGlu2, glutamate receptor




homolog


381
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4
metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 - GPRC1D,
GRM4




MGLUR4, mGlu4


382
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5
metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 - GPRC1E,
GRM5




MGLUR5, MGLUR5A, MGLUR5B, mGlu5


383
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7
metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 - GLUR7,
GRM7




GPRC1G, MGLUR7, mGlu7


384
glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8
metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 - GLUR8,
GRM8




GPRC1H, MGLUR8, mGlu8


385
glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha
glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha -
GSK3A


386
glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta -
GSK3B


387
glutathione S-transferase M1
Glutathione S transferase M1/GST mu-1
GSTM1




(GSTM1), GST1, GSTM1-1, GSTM1a-1a,




GSTM1b-1b, GTH4, GTM1, H-B, MU, MU-1,




GST class-mu 1; HB subunit 4; S-




(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase; glutathione S-




alkyltransferase; glutathione S-




aralkyltransferase; glutathione S-aryltransferase;




glutathione S-transferase, Mu-1


388
glutathione S-transferase M2 (muscle)
GST4, GSTM, GSTM2-2, GTHMUS, GST
GSTM2




class-mu 2; GST, muscle; S-




(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase M2; glutathione




S-alkyltransferase M2; glutathione S-




aralkyltransferase M2; glutathione S-




aryltransferase M2; glutathione S-transferase 4;




glutathione S-transferase M1; glutathione S-




transferase M2; glutathione S-transferase Mu 2


389
glutathione S-transferase theta 1
Glutathione S transferase T1/GST theta-1
GSTT1




(GSTT1)


390
guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 2
GC-SA2, GUC1A2
GUCY1A2


391
guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 3
guanylate cyclase, α1-subunit of the soluble -
GUCY1A3




GC-SA3, GUC1A3, GUCA3, GUCSA3, GC-S-




alpha-1; soluble guanylate cyclase large subunit


392
guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, beta 3
guanylatcyclase, β1-subunit of the soluble - GC-
GUCY1B3




S-beta-1, GC-SB3, GUC1B3, GUCB3, GUCSB3


393
factor VII activating protein; hepatocyte
hyaluronan binding protein 2
HABP2



growth factor activator-like protein;



hyuronan-binding protein 2; hyaluronic acid



binding protein 2; plasma hyaluronan binding



protein


394
hyaluronan synthase 2
hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS-2) -
HAS2


395
hemoglobin, alpha 1
circulating CD31+ apoptotic microparticles in
HBA1




peripheral blood, (Entered CD31 into Entrez),




CD31, alpha 1 globin; alpha one globin; alpha-1




globin; alpha-1-globin; alpha-2 globin; alpha-2-




globin; hemoglobin alpha 1 globin chain;




hemoglobin alpha 2; hemoglobin alpha-1 chain;




hemoglobin alpha-2


396
hemoglobin, alpha 1
hemoglobin, alpha 1, CD31, MGC126895,
HBA1




MGC126897, alpha 1 globin; alpha one globin;




alpha-1 globin; alpha-1-globin; alpha-2 globin;




alpha-2-globin; hemoglobin alpha 1 globin




chain; hemoglobin alpha 2; hemoglobin alpha-1




chain; hemoglobin alpha-2


397
hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2
G Protein- Coupled Receptor OX1R - OX2R -
HCRTR2




hypocretin receptor-2; orexin receptor 2; orexin




receptor-2


398
hexosaminidase A (alpha polypeptide)
hexosaminidase A - TSD, N-acetyl-beta-
HEXA




glucosaminidase; beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase;




hexosaminidase A


399
hexosaminidase B (beta polypeptide)
hexosaminidase B - ENC-1AS, N-acetyl-beta-
HEXB




glucosaminidase; hexosaminidase B


400
hepatocyte growth factor (hepapoietin A;
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) - F-TCF,
HGF



scatter factor)
HGFB, HPTA, SF, fibroblast-derived tumor




cytotoxic factor; hepatocyte growth factor;




hepatopoietin A; lung fibroblast-derived




mitogen; scatter factor


401
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit
HIF - HIF-1alpha, HIF1-ALPHA, MOP1,
HIF1A



(basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)
PASD8, ARNT interacting protein; hypoxia-




inducible factor 1, ATPase Ca++ binding




protein: ARNT interacting protein; hypoxia-




inducible factor 1, alpha subunit; member of




PAS superfamily 1


402
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha - HNF4,
HNF4A




HNF4a7, HNF4a8, HNF4a9, MODY, MODY1,




NR2A1, NR2A21, TCF, TCF14




Other Designations: HNF4-alpha; hepatic




nuclear factor 4 alpha; hepatocyte nuclear factor




4 alpha; transcription factor-14


403
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 - HNF4, HNF4a7,
HNF4A




HNF4a8, HNF4a9, MODY, MODY1, NR2A1,




NR2A21, TCF, TCF14, HNF4-alpha; hepatic




nuclear factor 4 alpha; hepatocyte nuclear factor




4 alpha; transcription factor-14


404
haptoglobin
haptoglobin - hp2-alpha
HP


405
hepsin (transmembrane protease, serine 1)
protease hepsin - TMPRSS1
HPN


406
hemopexin
haemopexin - hemopexin
HPX


407
hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 2
11betaHSD2: AME; AME1; HSD2; HSD11K
HSD11B2


408
heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A
dnaK-type molecular chaperone HSP70-1; heat
HSPA1A




shock 70 kD protein 1A; heat shock 70 kDa




protein 1B; heat shock-induced protein


409
heat shock 70 kDa protein 8
Heat shock protein 70, HSC54, HSC70, HSC71,
HSPA8




HSP71, HSP73, HSPA10, LAP1, NIP71, LPS-




associated protein 1; N-myristoyltransferase




inhibitor protein 71; constitutive heat shock




protein 70; heat shock 70 kD protein 8; heat




shock 70 kd protein 10; heat shock cognate




protein 54; heat shock cognate protein, 71-kDa;




lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 1;




uncharacterized bone marrow protein BM034


410
heat shock 70 kDa protein 9 (mortalin)
CSA, GRP75, HSPA9B, MGC4500, MOT,
HSPA9




MOT2, MTHSP75, PBP74, mot-2; 75 kDa




glucose regulated protein; heat shock 70 kD




protein 9; heat shock 70 kD protein 9B (mortalin-




2); heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B; heat shock




70 kDa protein 9B (mortalin-2); mortalin,




perinuclear; p66-mortalin; peptide-binding




protein 74; stress-70 protein, mitochondrial


411
heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B (mortalin-2)
heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B-CSA, GRP75,
HSPA9B




HSPA9, MOT, MOT2, MTHSP75, PBP74, mot-




2, 75 kDa glucose regulated protein; heat shock




70 kD protein 9; heat shock 70 kD protein 9B




(mortalin-2); heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B;




mortalin, perinuclear; p66-mortalin; peptide-




binding protein 74; stress-70 protein,




mitochondrial


412
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1F
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F - 5-HT1F,
HTR1F




HTR1EL, MR7, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor




1F; GENE RECEPTEUR 5HT6 HUMAIN


413
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A
5-hydroxytryptamine 2A polypeptide, 5HT2a
HTR2A




polypeptide - 5-HT2A, HTR2, 5-HT2 receptor


414
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B - 5-
HTR2B




HT(2B), 5-HT2B


415
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C polypeptide -
HTR2C




5-HT2C, HTR1C


416
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3A
5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 3A - 5-HT-3, 5-
HTR3A




HT3A, 5-HT3R, 5HT3R, HTR3, 5-




hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor-3; 5HT3




serotonin receptor; Serotonin-gated ion channel




receptor; serotonin receptor; truncated receptor,




containing only 3 transmembrane domains


417
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B - 5-HT3B, 5-
HTR3B




hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B




precursor; 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor B




subunit; serotonin-gated ion channel subunit


418
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3,
5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 3C - 5-
HTR3C



family member C
hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 subunit C, 5HT3c


419
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 - 5-HT4, 5-
HTR4




HT4R, 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor; cardiac




5-HT4 receptor; serotonin 5-HT4 receptor


420
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A
SEROTONIN 5-HT5A RECEPTOR - 5-HT5A,
HTR5A




5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A


421
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 6
G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5-HT6 - 5-HT6
HTR6


422
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 7
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 - 5-HT7, 5-
HTR7



(adenylate cyclase-coupled)
hydroxytryptamine receptor 7; serotonin 5-HT-7




receptor


423
intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54),
soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, BB2,
ICAM1



human rhinovirus receptor
CD54, P3.58, 60 bp after segment 1; cell surface




glycoprotein; cell surface glycoprotein P3.58;




intercellular adhesion molecule 1


424
intercellular adhesion molecule 3
ICAM 3 - CD50, CDW50, ICAM-R,
ICAM3




intercellular adhesion molecule-3


425
carboxy-terminal-telopeptide of type I
collagen I degradation byproduct (ICTP),
ICTP



collagen (ICTP)
carboxy-terminal-telopeptide of type I collagen




(ICTP)


426
interferon, gamma
IFNG: IFG; IFI
IFNG


966

Cryoglobulines (CG)
Ig


427
insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-1: somatomedin C. insulin-like growth
IGF1




factor-1


428
insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
insulin like growth factor 1 receptor - CD221,
IGF1R




IGFIR, JTK13, clone 1900 unknown protein


429
insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1
insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1
IGFBP1




(IGFBP-1) - AFBP, IBP1, IGF-BP25, PP12,




hIGFBP-1, IGF-binding protein 1; alpha-




pregnancy-associated endometrial globulin;




amniotic fluid binding protein; binding protein-




25; binding protein-26; binding protein-28;




growth hormone independent-binding protein;




placental protein 12


430
insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3
insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3:
IGFBP3




IGF-binding protein 3 - BP-53, IBP3, IGF-




binding protein 3; acid stable subunit of the 140




K IGF complex; binding protein 29; binding




protein 53; growth hormone-dependent binding




protein


431
interleukin 10
IL-10, CSIF, IL-10, IL10A, TGIF, cytokine
IL10




synthesis inhibitory factor


432
interleukin 12B (natural killer cellstimulatory
CLMF, CLMF2, IL-12B, NKSF, NKSF2; IL12,
IL12B



factor 2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation
subunit p40; cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation



factor 2, p40)
factor 2, p40; interleukin 12, p40; interleukin




12B; interleukin-12 beta chain; natural killer cell




stimulatory factor, 40 kD subunit; natural killer




cell stimulatory factor-2


433
interleukin 13
interleukin 13, ALRH, BHR1, IL-13,
IL13




MGC116786, MGC116788, MGC116789, P600


434
interleukin 17D
IL17D: interleukin 27
IL17D


435
interleukin 17 receptor D
SEF, IL-17RD, IL17RLM, SEF, similar
IL17RD




expression to FGF protein


436
interleukin 18 (interferon-gamma-inducing
IL-18-IGIF, IL-18, IL-1g, IL1F4, IL-1 gamma;
IL18



factor)
interferon-gamma-inducing factor; interleukin




18; interleukin-1 gamma; interleukin-18


437
interleukin 1, beta
interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) - IL-1, IL1-BETA,
IL1B




IL1F2, catabolin; preinterleukin 1 beta; pro-




interleukin-1-beta


438
interleukin 1, beta
IL-1B(+3954)T (associated with higher CRP
IL1B




levels) - IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1F2, catabolin;




preinterleukin 1 beta; pro-interleukin-1-beta


439
interleukin 1 family, member 5 (delta)
Interleukin 1 - FIL1, FIL1(DELTA), FIL1D,
IL1F5




IL1HY1, IL1L1, IL1RP3, IL-1 related protein 3;




IL-1F5 (IL-1HY1, FIL1-delta, IL-1RP3, IL-IL1,




IL-1-delta); IL-1ra homolog; IL1F5 (Canonical




product IL-1F5a); family of interleukin 1-delta;




interleukin 1 family, member 5; interleukin 1,




delta; interleukin-1 HY1; interleukin-1 receptor




antagonist homolog 1; interleukin-1-like protein 1


440
interleukin 1 receptor, type 1
IL1RA-CD121A, IL-1R-alpha, IL1R, IL1RA,
IL1R1




P80, IL-1 receptor (fibroblast type): antigen




CD121a; interleukin 1 receptor alpha, type I;




interleukin receptor 1


441
interleukin 1 receptor-like 1
interleukin-1 receptor family member, ST2 -
IL1RL1




DER4, FIT-1, ST2, ST2L, ST2V, T1, homolog




of mouse growth stimulation-expressed gene;




interleukin 1 receptor-related protein


442
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) -
IL1RN




ICIL-1RA, IL-1ra3, IL1F3, IL1RA, IRAP,




IL1RN (IL1F3); intracellular IL-1 receptor




antagonist type II; intracellular interleukin-1




receptor antagonist (icIL-1ra); type II




interleukin-1 receptor antagonist


443
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
IL-1RN(VNTR)*2 (associated with lower CRP
IL1RN




levels) - ICIL-1RA, IL-1ra3, IL1F3, IL1RA,




IRAP, IL1RN (IL1F3); intracellular IL-1




receptor antagonist type II; intracellular




interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (icIL-1ra); type




II interleukin-1 receptor antagonist


444
interleukin 2
interleukin-2 (IL-2) - IL-2, TCGF, lymphokine,
IL2




T cell growth factor; aldesleukin; interleukin-2;




involved in regulation of T-cell clonal expansion


445
interleukin 2 receptor, alpha
IL-2R - CD25, IL2R, TCGFR, Interleukin-2
IL2RA




receptor, interleukin 2 receptor, alpha chain


446
interleukin 2 receptor, beta
IL-2R - CD122, P70-75, CD122 antigen; high
IL2RB




affinity IL-2 receptor beta subunit; interleukin 2




receptor beta


447
interleukin 3 (colony-stimulating factor,
IL-3, MCGF, MGC79398, MGC79399, MULTI-
IL3



multiple)
CSF; P-cell stimulating factor; hematopoietic




growth factor; interleukin 3; mast-cell growth




factor; multilineage-colony-stimulating factor


448
interkeukin 4
BSF1, IL-4, MGC79402 B_cell stimulatory
IL4




factor 1; lymphocyte stimulatory factor 1


449
interleukin 5 (colony-stimulating factor,
EDF, IL-5, TRF; B cell differentiation factor I;
IL5



eosinophil)
T-cell replacing factor; eosinophil differentiation




factor; interleukin 5; interleukin-5


450
interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), BSF2, HGF, HSF, IFNB2,
IL6




IL-6


451
interleukin 6 receptor
interleukin-6 receptor, soluble (sIL-6R) -
IL6R




CD126, IL-6R-1, IL-6R-alpha, IL6RA, CD126




antigen; interleukin 6 receptor alpha subunit


452
interleukin 6 signal transducer (gp130,
gp130, soluble (sgp130) - CD130, CDw130,
IL6ST



oncostatin M receptor)
GP130, GP130-RAPS, IL6R-beta, CD130




antigen; IL6ST nirs variant 3; gp130 of the




rheumatoid arthritis antigenic peptide-bearing




soluble form; gp130 transducer chain;




interleukin 6 signal transducer; interleukin




receptor beta chain; membrane glycoprotein




gp130; oncostatin M receptor


453
interleukin 7
IL-7, IL7 nirs variant 1; IL7 nirs variant 2; IL7
IL7




nirs variant 4


454
interleukin 8
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), 3-10C, AMCF-I, CXCL8,
IL8




GCP-1, GCP1, IL-8, K60, LECT, LUCT,




LYNAP, MDNCF, MONAP, NAF, NAP-1,




NAP1, SCYB8, TSG-1, b-ENAP, CXC




chemokine ligand 8; LUCT/interleukin-8; T cell




chemotactic factor; beta-thromboglobulin-like




protein; chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8;




emoctakin; granulocyte chemotactic protein 1;




lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating factor;




monocyte derived neutrophil-activating protein;




monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor;




neutrophil-activating factor; neutrophil-




activating peptide 1; neutrophil-activating




protein 1; protein 3-10C; small inducible




cytokine subfamily B, member 8


455
interleukin 8 receptor, alpha
C-C; C-C CKR-1; CD128; CD181; CDw128a;
IL8RA




CKR-1; CMKAR1; CXCR1; IL8R1; IL8RBA,




IL-8 receptor; IL-8 receptor type 1; chemokine




(C-X-C motif) receptor 1; chemokine (C-X-C)




receptor 1; high affinity interleukin-8 receptor A;




interleukin-8 receptor alpha; interleukin-8




receptor type 1; interleukin-8 receptor type A


456
interleukin 8 receptor, beta
CXC chemokine receptor 2 - CD182, CDw128b,
IL8RB




CMKAR2, CXCR2, IL8R2, IL8RA - CXCR2




gene for IL8 receptor type B; GRO/MGSA




receptor; chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2;




chemokine (CXC) receptor 2; high affinity




interleukin-8 receptor B; interleukin 8 receptor




B; interleukin 8 receptor beta; interleukin 8




receptor type 2; interleukin-8 receptor type B


457
integrin-linked kinase
integrin-linked kinase 1 - P59
ILK


458
integrin-linked kinase-2
integrin-linked kinase 2
ILK-2


459
inhibin, beta A (activin A, activin AB alpha
activin A - EDF, FRP, Inhibin, beta-1; inhibin
INHBA



polypeptide)
beta A


460
insulin
insulin, proinsulin
INS


461
insulin-like 4 (placenta)
insulin-like 4 gene - EPIL, PLACENTIN, early
INSL4




placenta insulin-like peptide (EPIL); insulin-like 4


462
CD220, HHF5
insulin receptor
INSR


463
IQ motif containing GTPase activating
IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 -
IQGAP1



protein 1
HUMORFA01, SAR1, p195, RasGAP-like




with IQ motifs


464
IQ motif containing GTPase activating
IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 2 -
IQGAP2



protein 2


465
integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein IIb of
glycoprotein-Iib - CD41, CD41B, GP2B, GPIIb,
ITGA2B



IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41)
GTA, HPA3, integrin alpha 2b; integrin, alpha




2b (platelet glycoprotein IIb of IIb/IIIa complex,




antigen CD41B); platelet fibrinogen receptor,




alpha subunit; platelet-specific antigen BAK, GP




Iib/IIIa


466
integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180),
integrin alpha-L - CD11A, LFA-1, LFA1A,
ITGAL



lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1;
LFA-1 alpha; antigen CD11A (p180),



alpha polypeptide)
lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, alpha




polypeptide; integrin alpha L; integrin gene




promoter; lymphocyte function-associated




antigen 1


467
integrin, beta 2 (complement component 3
Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) leukocyte adhesion
ITGB2



receptor 3 and 4 subunit)
molecule - CD18, LAD, LCAMB, LFA-1,




MAC-1, MF17, MF17, cell surface adhesion




glycoprotein (LFA-1/CR3/P150,959 beta subunit




precursor); complement receptor C3 beta-




subunit; integrin beta 2; integrin beta chain, beta




2; integrin, beta 2; integrin, beta 2 (antigen CD18




(p95), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1;




macrophage antigen 1 (mac-1) beta subunit);




leukocyte cell adhesion molecule CD18;




leukocyte-associated antigens CD18/11A,




CD18/11B, CD18/11C


468
integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa,
glycoprotein Iib/IIIa - CD61, GP3A, GPIIIa,
ITGB3



antigen CD61)
integrin beta chain, beta 3; platelet glycoprotein




IIIa precursor


469
integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa,
platelet glycoprotein IIIa Leu33Pro allele/
ITGB3



antigen CD61)
Pl(A1/A2) polymorphism of GPIIIa/Pl(A2)




(Leu33Pro) polymorphism of beta(3) integrins/




polymorphism responsible for the Pl(A2)




alloantigen on the beta(3)-component - CD61,




GP3A, GPIIIa, integrin beta chain, b


470
junctional adhesion molecule 2
junction adhesion molecules-1, 2, and 3 -
JAM2




C21orf43, CD322, JAM-B, JAMB, PRO245,




VE-JAM, VEJAM, JAM-IT/VE-JAM; junctional




adhesion molecule B; vascular endothelial




junction-associated molecule


471
junctional adhesion molecule 3
junction adhesion molecules-1, 2, and 3 - JAM-
JAM3




C, JAMC, junctional adhesion molecule C


472
potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-
voltage-gated-K+ channel (KV1.2) - HBK5,
KCNA2



related subfamily, member 2
HK4, HUKIV, KV1.2, MK2, NGK1, RBK2,




potassium channel; voltage-gated potassium




channel protein Kv1.2


473
potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-
voltage-gated-K+ channel (KV1.5) - HCK1,
KCNA5



related subfamily, member 5
HK2, HPCN1, KV1.5, PCN1, cardiac potassium




channel; insulinoma and islet potassium channel;




potassium channel 1; potassium channel protein;




voltage-gated potassium channel; voltage-gated




potassium channel protein Kv1.5


474
potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-
voltage-gated-K+ channel β subunit: potassium
KCNAB1



related subfamily, beta member 1
channel beta 3 chain; potassium channel beta3




subunit; potassium channel shaker chain beta 1a;




potassium voltage-gated channel beta subunit;




voltage-gated potassium channel beta-1 subunit


475
potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related
LQT5, LQT6, MIRP1, cardiac voltage-gated
KCNE2



family, member 2
potassium channel accessory subunit 2; minK-




related peptide-1; minimum potassium ion




channel-related peptide 1; potassium channel




subunit, MiRP1; potassium voltage-gated




channel subfamily E member 2; voltage-gated




K+ channel subunit MIRP1


476
potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily
ERG1, HERG, HERG1, Kv11.1, LQT2, cause of
KCNH2



H (eag-related), member 2
Long QT Syndrome Type 2; ether-a-go-go-




related potassium channel protein; human eag-




related gene; potassium channel HERG;




potassium channel HERG1; potassium voltage-




gated channel, subfamily H, member 2; voltage-




gated potassium channel; voltage-gated




potassium channel, subfamily H, member 2


477
potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,
KCNJ2 - HHBIRK1, HHIRK1, IRK1, KIR2.1,
KCNJ2



subfamily J, member 2
LQT7, cardiac inward rectifier potassium




channel; inward rectifier K+ channel KIR2.1;




inward rectifier potassium channel 2; potassium




inwardly-rectifying channel J2


478
potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,
Protein- Coupled Inwardly Rectifying Potassium
KCNJ3



subfamily J, member 3
Channel - GIRK1, KIR3.1, G protein-activated




inward rectifier potassium channel 1; inward




rectifier K+ channel KIR3.1; potassium




inwardly-rectifying channel J3


479
potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,
protein-coupled-inwardly-rectifying- potassium-
KCNJ6



subfamily J, member 6
channel-GIRK2 - BIR1, GIRK2, KATP2,




KCNJ7, KIR3.2, hiGIRK2, G protein-activated




inward rectifier potassium channel 2; inward




rectifier potassium channel KIR3.2; potassium




inwardly-rectifying channel J6


480
potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,
RP11-536C5.1, GIRK3, KIR3.3; G protein-
KCNJ9



subfamily J, member 9
activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3; G




protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium




channel; inwardly rectifier K+ channel KIR3.3;




potassium inwardly-rectifying channel subfamily




J9


481
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 1
potassium channel subfamily K, member 1 -
KCNK1




DPK, HOHO, TWIK-1, TWIK1, potassium




channel, subfamily K, member 1 (TWIK-1);




potassium inwardly-rectifying channel,




subfamily K, member 1


482
Potassium Channel Subfamily K. Member 10
K2p10.1, TREK-2, TREK2; 2P domain
KCNK10




potassium channel TREK2; TWIK related K+




channel 2; outward rectifying potassium channel




protein TREK-2; potassium channel TREK-2


483
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 2
potassium channel subfamily K, member 2 -
KCNK2




TPKC1, TREK, TREK-1, TREK1, hTREK-1c,




hTREK-1e, TWIK-related potassium channel 1;




potassium channel, subfamily K, member 2




(TREK-1); potassium inwardly-rectifying




channel, subfamily K, member 2; tandem-pore-




domain potassium channel TREK-1 splice




variant e; two-pore potassium channel 1


484
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 3
potassium channel subfamily K, member 3 -
KCNK3




OAT1, TASK, TASK-1, TBAK1, Kcnk3




channel; TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+




channel; acid-sensitive potassium channel




protein TASK; cardiac potassium channel;




potassium channel, subfamily K, member 3




(TASK); potassium channel, subfamily K,




member 3 (TASK-1); potassium inwardly-




rectifying channel, subfamily K, member 3; two




P domain potassium channel


485
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 4
potassium channel subfamily K, member 4 -
KCNK4




TRAAK, TRAAK1, TRAAK; TWIK-related




arachidonic acid-stimulated potassium channel




protein; two pore K+ channel KT4.1


486
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 5
potassium channel subfamily K, member 5 -
KCNK5




TASK-2, TASK2, TWIK-related acid-sensitive




K+ channel 2; acid-sensitive potassium channel




protein TASK-2; potassium channel, subfamily




K, member 1 (TASK-2); potassium channel,




subfamily K, member 5 (TASK-2)


487
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 6
potassium channel subfamily K, member 6 -
KCNK6




KCNK8, TOSS, TWIK-2, TWIK2, TWIK-




originated sodium similarity sequence; inward




rectifying potassium channel protein TWIK-2;




potassium channel, subfamily K, member 6




(TWIK-2)


488
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 7
Potassium Channel Subfamily K Member 7 -
KCNK7




TWIK3, potassium channel, subfamily K,




member 7, isoform B; two pore domain K+




channel


489
potassium channel, subfamily K, member 9
Potassium Channels Subfamily K Member 9 -
KCNK9




KT3.2, TASK-3, TASK3, TWIK-related acid-




sensitive K+ channel 3; acid-sensitive potassium




channel protein TASK-3; potassium channel




TASK3; potassium channel, subfamily K,




member 9 (TASK-3)


490
potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like
KCNQ1-ATFB1, KCNA8, KCNA9, KVLQT1,
KCNQ1



subfamily, member 1
Kv1.9, Kv7.1, LQT, LQT1, RWS, WRS, kidney




and cardiac voltage dependend K+ channel; long




(electrocardiographic) QT syndrome, Ward-




Romano syndrome 1; slow delayed rectifier




channel subunit


491
Kell blood group, metalloendopeptidase
X-pro dipeptidase like peptidase - ECE3;
KEL




CD238, PEPD-like


492
mixed lineage kinase 4
MLK4 alpha, MLK4 beta - MLK4
KIAA1804


493
G protein-coupled receptor 54
G-protein coupled receptor 54 -
KISS1R


494
kallikrein 1, renal/pancreas/salivary
kallikrein 1 - KLKR, Klk6, hK1, glandular
KLK1




kallikrein 1; kallikrein 1; kallikrein serine




protease 1; tissue kallikrein


495
kallikrein 10
kallikrein 10 - NES1, PRSSL1, breast normal
KLK10




epithelial cell associated serine protease; normal




epithelial cell-specific 1; protease, serine-like, 1


496
kallikrein 11
kallikrein 11 - PRSS20, TLSP, hippostasin;
KLK11




protease, serine, 20 trypsin-like; protease, serine,




trypsin-like


497
kallikrein 12
kallikrein 12 - KLK-L5, kallikrein-like protein 5
KLK12


498
kallikrein 15
kallikrein 15 - ACO, HSRNASPH, ACO
KLK15




protease; kallikrein-like serine protease;




prostinogen


499
kallikrein 2, prostatic
kallikrein 2 - KLK2A2, hK2, glandular kallikrein 2
KLK2


500
kallikrein 5
kallikrein 5 - KLK-L2, KLKL2, SCTE,
KLK5




kallikrein-like protein 2; stratum corneum tryptic




enzyme


501
kallikrein 6 (neurosin, zyme)
kallikrein 6 - Bssp, Klk7, NEUROSIN, PRSS18,
KLK6




PRSS9, SP59, ZYME, hK6, kallikrein 6;




protease M; protease, serine, 18; protease, serine, 9


502
kallikrein 7 (chymotryptic, stratum corneum)
kallikrein 7 - PRSS6, SCCE, kallikrein 7 splice
KLK7




variant 3; protease, serine, 6; stratum corneum




chymotryptic enzyme


503
kallikrein 8 (neuropsin/ovasin)
kallikrein 8 - HNP, NP, NRPN, PRSS19,
KLK8




TADG14, kallikrein 8; neuropsin; neuropsin type




1; neuropsin type 2; ovasin; protease, serine, 19;




tumor-associated differentially expressed gene




14


504
kallikrein 9
kallikrein 9 - KLK-L3, KLK8, KLKL3,
KLK9




kallikrein 8; kallikrein 9 splice variant 2;




kallikrein-like protein 3


505
kallikrein B, plasma (Fletcher factor) 1
kallikrein 3 - KLK3 - Kallikrein, plasma;
KLKB1




kallikrein 3, plasma; kallikrein B plasma;




kininogenin; plasma kallikrein B1


506
kininogen 1
high molecular weight kininogen - BDK, KNG,
KNG1




kininogen, alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor,




bradykinin


507
lymphocyte-activation gene 3
Lymphocyte-activation protein 3 - CD223,
LAG3




lymphocyte-activation protein 3


508
laminin, alpha 3
laminin alpha - E170, LAMNA, LOCS, lama3a,
LAMA3




BM600 150 kD subunit; epiligrin 170 kda




subunit; epiligrin alpha 3 subunit; kalinin 165 kD




subunit; laminin alpha 3 subunit; laminin, alpha




3 (nicein (150 kD), kalinin (165 kD), BM600




(150 kD), epilegrin); laminin-5 alpha 3 chain;




nicein 150 kD subunit


509
laminin, beta 3
laminin - LAMNB1, BM600-125 kDa; kalinin-
LAMB3




140 kDa; laminin subunit beta 3; laminin, beta 3




(nicein (125 kD), kalinin (140 kD), BM600




(125 kD)); nicein-125 kDa


510
laminin, gamma 2
laminin-gamma(2) - B2T, BM600, EBR2,
LAMC2




EBR2A, LAMB2T, LAMNB2, BM600-100 kDa;




kalinin (105 kD); kalinin-105 kDa; laminin,




gamma 2 (nicein (100 kD), kalinin (105 kD),




BM600 (100 kD), Herlitz junctional




epidermolysis bullosa)); nicein (100 kDa); nicein-




100 kDa


511
lysosome-associated membrane protein
CD107a, LAMPA, LGP120
LAMP1


512
lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
LCAT -
LCAT


513
lipocalin 2 (oncogene 24p3)
neutrophil proteinase-associated lipocalin
LCN2




(NGAL) - NGAL


514
lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain
lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 - SLP-76, SLP76,
LCP2



containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa)
76 kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein; SH2 domain-




containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD;




lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2; lymphocyte




cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain-containing




leukocyte protein of 76 kD)


515
low density lipoprotein receptor (familial
LDLR - FH, FHC, LDL receptor; LDLR
LDLR



hypercholesterolemia)
precursor; low density lipoprotein receptor


516
left-right determination factor 2
endometrial bleeding-associated factor:
LEFTY2




endometrial bleeding associated factor;




endometrial bleeding associated factor (left-right




determination, factor A; transforming growth




factor beta superfamily); transforming growth




factor, beta-4 (endometrial bleeding-associated




factor; LEFTY A)


517
leptin (obesity homolog, mouse)
leptin - OB, OBS, leptin; leptin (murine obesity
LEP




homolog); obesity; obesity (murine homolog,




leptin)


518
leptin receptor
leptin receptor, soluble - CD295, OBR, OB
LEPR




receptor


519
legumain
putative cysteine protease 1 - AEP, LGMN1,
LGMN




PRSC1, asparaginyl endopeptidase; cysteine




protease 1; protease, cysteine, 1 (legumain)


520
leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 49 - FEX, GPR49,
LGR5



coupled receptor 5
GPR67, GRP49, HG38, G protein-coupled




receptor 49; G protein-coupled receptor 67;




orphan G protein-coupled receptor HG38


521
leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-
leucine-rich repeat-containing GPCR 6 - GPCR,
LGR6



coupled receptor 6
gonadotropin receptor


522
leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-
Leucine- Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein
LGR7



coupled receptor 7
Coupled Receptor 7 - LGR7.1, LGR7.10,




LGR7.2, RXFP1, relaxin family peptide receptor 1


523
leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-
G-protein coupled receptor 105 - GPR106,
LGR8



coupled receptor 8
GREAT, LGR8.1, RXFP2, G protein coupled




receptor affecting testicular descent


524
LIM domain kinase 1
LIM domain kinase 1 - LIMK, LIM motif-
LIMK1




containing protein kinase


525
lipase A, lysosomal acid, cholesterol esterase
lipase A, lysosomal acid, cholesterol esterase
LIPA



(Wolman disease)
(Wolman disease) - CESD, LAL; cholesterol




ester hydrolase; lipase A; lysosomal acid lipase;




sterol esterase


526
lipase, hepatic
LIPC - HL, HTGL, LIPH, lipase C
LIPC


527
lipase, hepatic
LIPC - HL, HTGL, LIPH, lipase C
LIPC


528
lipoprotein, Lp(a)
lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], AK38, APOA, LP,
LPA




Apolipoprotein Lp(a); antiangiogenic AK38




protein; apolipoprotein(a)


529
latrophilin 1
secretin-type GPCR - CIRL1, CL1, LEC2,
LPHN1




calcium-independent alpha-latrotoxin receptor 1;




lectomedin-2


530
latrophilin 2
secretin-type GPCR - CIRL2, CL2, LEC1,
LPHN2




LPHH1, calcium-independent alpha-latrotoxin




receptor 2; latrophilin 1; latrophilin homolog 1;




latrophilin homolog 2 (cow); lectomedin-1


531
latrophilin 3
secretin-type GPCR - CIRL3, LEC3, calcium-
LPHN3




independent alpha-latrotoxin receptor 3;




latrophilin homolog 3 (cow); lectomedin 3


532
lipoprotein lipase
LPL - LIPD
LPL


533
low density lipoprotein-related protein 1
lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (soluble
LRP1



(alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor)
(sLRP1) (alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor) -




A2MR, APOER, APR, CD91; LRP, TGFBR5,




alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor; low density




lipoprotein-related protein 1; type V tgf-beta




receptor


534
lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily,
lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily, member
LTA



member 1)
1) - LT, TNFB, TNFSF1, lymphotoxin alpha;




tumor necrosis factor beta


535
leukotriene B4 receptor
G-protein-coupled receptor LTB4 - BLT1,
LTB4R




BLTR, CMKRL1, GPR16, LTB4R1, LTBR1,




P2RY7, P2Y7, G protein-coupled receptor 16;




chemokine receptor-like 1; purinergic receptor




P2Y, G-protein coupled, 7


536
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 -
MAP2K2




MAPKK2, MEK2, MKK2, PRKMK2, ERK




activator kinase 2; MAP kinase kinase 2;




MAPK/ERK kinase 2; dual specificity mitogen-




activated protein kinase kinase 2; mitogen-




activated protein kinase kinase 2, p45, MAP2K5




polypeptide


537
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
MKK3 - MAPKK3, MEK3, MKK3, PRKMK3,
MAP2K3




MAP kinase kinase 3; MAPK/ERK kinase 3;




dual specificity mitogen activated protein kinase




kinase 3


538
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen activated protein kinase MAP3KX -
MAP3K1



kinase 1
MAPKKK1, MEKK, MEKK1, MAP/ERK




kinase kinase 1; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 1;




MEK kinase 1


539
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
MAP3K10



kinase 10
10 - MLK2, MST, MKN28 derived




nonreceptor_type serine/threonine kinase;




MKN28 kinase; mixed lineage kinase 2


540
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-
MAP3K11



kinase 11
11 - MLK-3, MLK3, PTK1, SPRK, SH3




domain-containing proline-rich kinase; mixed




lineage kinase 3; protein-tyrosine kinase PTK1


541
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
MAP3K13



kinase 13
13 - LZK, leucine zipper-bearing kinase


542
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen activated protein kinase MAP3KX -
MAP3K2



kinase 2
MEKK2, MEKK2B, MAP/ERK kinase kinase 2;




MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 2; MEK kinase 2


543
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen activated protein kinase MAP3KX -
MAP3K3



kinase 3
MAPKKK3, MEKK3, MAP/ERK kinase kinase




3; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 3


544
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase
MAP3K5



kinase 5
5 - ASK1, MAPKKK5, MEKK5, MAP/ERK




kinase kinase 5; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 5;




apoptosis signal regulating kinase


545
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 -
MAP3K9



kinase 9
MLK1, PRKE1, mixed lineage kinase 1 (tyr




and ser/thr specificity)


546
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-
MAPK1




ERK, ERK2, ERT1, MAPK2, P42MAPK,




PRKM1, PRKM2, p38, p40, p41, p41mapk,




extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2; mitogen-




activated protein kinase 2; protein tyrosine




kinase ERK2


547
mitogen-activated protein kinase 11
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) -
MAPK11




P38B, P38BETA2, PRKM11, SAPK2, SAPK2B,




p38-2, p38Beta, mitogen-activated protein kinase




p38 beta; mitogen-activated protein kinase p38-




2; stress-activated protein kinase-2; stress-




activated protein kinase-2b


548
mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) -
MAPK14




CSBP1, CSBP2, CSPB1, EXIP, Mxi2,




PRKM14, PRKM15, RK, SAPK2A, p38,




p38ALPHA, Csaids binding protein; MAP




kinase Mxi2; MAX-interacting protein 2;




cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drug




binding protein; p38 MAP kinase; p38 mitogen




activated protein kinase; p38alpha Exip; stress-




activated protein kinase 2A


549
microtubule-associated protein tau
tau protein-DDPAC, FTDP-17, MAPTL,
MAPT




MSTD, MTBT1, MTBT2, PPND, TAU, G




protein beta1/gamma2 subunit-interacting factor




1; microtubule-associated protein tau, isoform 4;




tau protein


550
megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase
megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine protein
MATK




kinase - CHK, CTK, HHYLTK, HYL, HYLTK,




Lsk, Csk-homologous kinase; Csk-type protein




tyrosine kinase; HYL tyrosine kinase;




hematopoietic consensus tyrosine-lacking




kinase; hydroxyaryl-protein kinase; leukocyte




carboxyl-terminal src kinase related gene;




protein kinase HYL; tyrosine kinase MATK;




tyrosine-protein kinase CTK; tyrosylprotein




kinase


551
myoglobin
Myoglobin, PVALB
MB


552
myelin basic protein
myelin basic protein (MBP)
MBP


553
membrane-bound transcription factor
subtilase-like serine protease - PCSK8, S1P,
MBTPS1



peptidase, site 1
SKI-1, membrane-bound transcription factor




protease, site 1; membrane-bound transcription




factor site-1 protease; site-1 protease;




subtilisin/kexin isozyme-1


554
melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte
melanocortin 1 receptor - MSH-R, melanocortin
MC1R



stimulating hormone receptor)
1 receptor; melanocyte stimulating hormone




receptor; melanotropin receptor


555
melanocortin 2 receptor (adrenocorticotropic
melanocortin-2 - ACTHR, ACTH receptor; MC2
MC2R



hormone)
receptor; adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor;




corticotropin receptor; melanocortin 2 receptor


556
melanocortin 3 receptor
G protein coupled receptor MC3 - MC3
MC3R


557
melanocortin 4 receptor
G protein coupled receptor MC4 -
MC4R


558
melanocortin 5 receptor
G protein coupled receptor MC5
MC5R


559
melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 24 - GPR24,
MCHR1




MCH1R, SLC1, G protein-coupled receptor 24;




G-protein coupled receptor 24 isoform 1,




GPCR24


560
Mdm2, transformed 3T3 cell double minute
MDM2 - hdm2, mouse double minute 2
MDM2



2, p53 binding protein (mouse
homolog; mouse double minute 2, human




homolog of; p53-binding protein; p53-binding




protein MDM2; ubiquitin-protein ligase E3




Mdm2


561
c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase
receptor tyrosine kinase MerTK - MER, c-mer,
MERTK




MER receptor tyrosine kinase; STK kinase


562
methionyl aminopeptidase 1
METHIONINE AMINOPEPTIDASE 1
METAP1




(MetAP1) -


563
methionyl aminopeptidase 2
methionine aminopeptidase 2 polypeptide -
METAP2




MNPEP, p67


564
MLCK protein
MGC126319, MGC126320, MLCK2; cardiac-
MLCK




MyBP-C associated Ca/CaM kinase; myosin




light chain kinase


565
motilin receptor
G-protein-coupled receptor 38 - GPR38,
MLNR




MTLR1, G protein-coupled receptor 38


566
membrane metallo-endopeptidase (neutral
neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) - CALLA,
MME



endopeptidase, enkephalinase, CALLA,
CD10, NEP, membrane metallo-endopeptidase;



CD10)
neprilysin


567
matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial
matrix metalloproteinase-1 - CLG, CLGN,
MMP1



collagenase)
fibroblast collagenase; interstitial collagenase;




matrix metalloprotease 1; matrix




metalloproteinase 1; matrix metalloproteinase 1




(interstitial collagenase)


568
matrix metallopeptidase 11 (stromelysin 3)
SL-3, ST3, STMY3, matrix metalloproteinase
MMP11




11; matrix metalloproteinase 11 (stromelysin 3);




stromelysin 3; stromelysin III


569
matrix metallopeptidase 12 (macrophage
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), HME, MME,
MMP12



elastase)
macrophage elastase; macrophage




metalloelastase; matrix metalloproteinase 12;




matrix metalloproteinase 12 (macrophage




elastase)


570
matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membrane-
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-X1,
MMP14



inserted)
MT1-MMP, MTMMP1, matrix




metalloproteinase 14; matrix metalloproteinase




14 (membrane-inserted); membrane type 1




metalloprotease; membrane-type matrix




metalloproteinase 1; membrane-type-1 matrix




metalloproteinase


571
matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A,
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-2,
MMP2



72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV
CLG4, CLG4A, MMP-II, MONA, TBE-1, 72 kD



collagenase)
type IV collagenase; collagenase type IV-A;




matrix metalloproteinase 2; matrix




metalloproteinase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kD




gelatinase, 72 kD type IV collagenase); matrix




metalloproteinase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa




gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase); matrix




metalloproteinase-II; neutrophil gelatinase


572
matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1,
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), SL-1,
MMP3



progelatinase)
STMY, STMY1, STR1, matrix




metalloproteinase 3; matrix metalloproteinase 3




(stromelysin 1, progelatinase); progelatinase;




proteoglycanase; stromelysin 1; transin-1


573
matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B,
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-9,
MMP9



92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV
CLG4B, GELB, 92 kD type IV collagenase;



collagenase)
gelatinase B; macrophage gelatinase; matrix




metalloproteinase 9; matrix metalloproteinase 9




(gelatinase B, 92 kD gelatinase, 92 kD type IV




collagenase); matrix metalloproteinase 9




(gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV




collagenase); type V collagenase


574
marapsin 2
marapsin - marapsin 2
MPN2


575
myeloperoxidase
Myeloperoxidase - myeloperoxidase
MPO


576
MAS-related GPR, member D
MAS-RELATED GENE - MRGD, TGR7, mas-
MRGPRD




related G protein-coupled MRGD


577
MAS-related GPR, member E
Mas related G-protein coupled receptor E -
MRGPRE




GPR167, MRGE, G protein-coupled receptor




167; mas-related G protein-coupled MRGE


578
MAS-related GPR, member F
human rta-like g protein-coupled receptor - mas
MRGPRF




related gene F, GPR140, GPR168, RTA, mrgF,




G protein-coupled receptor 168; G protein-




coupled receptor MrgF; seven transmembrane




helix receptor


579
MAS-related GPR, member X1
Mas-related gene X1 - sensory neuron-specific G
MRGPRX1




protein-coupled receptor 4, GPCR, MRGX1,




SNSR4, G protein-coupled receptor MRGX1; G




protein-coupled receptor SNSR3


580
MAS-related GPR, member X3
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor 3 -
MRGPRX3




sensory neuron-specific G protein-coupled




receptor 1, GPCR, MRGX3, SNSR1, G protein-




coupled receptor MRGX3; G protein-coupled




receptor SNSR1; G protein-coupled receptor




SNSR2


581
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase -
MTHFR



(NADPH)
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase




intermediate form, red blood cell 5-




methyltetrahydrofolate (RBC 5-MTHFR) -




(MTHFR A1298C) mutation


582
melatonin receptor 1A
melatonin receptor type 1A - MEL-1A-R,
MTNR1A




melatonin receptor type 1A


583
melatonin receptor 1B
melatonin receptor type 1B - MEL-1B-R,
MTNR1B




melatonin receptor MEL1B; melatonin receptor




type 1B


584
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein - ABL,
MTTP




MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein




(large polypeptide, 88 kD); microsomal




triglyceride transfer protein (large polypeptide,




88 kDa); microsomal triglyceride transfer protein




large subunit


585
mucin 16, cell surface associated
CA-125, CA125, CA125 ovarian cancer antigen;
MUC16




mucin 16


586
myeloid differentiation primary response
myeloid differentiation primary response gene
MYD88



gene (88)


587
myosin, heavy polypeptide 11, smooth
smooth muscle heavy chain - AAT4, FAA4,
MYH11



muscle
SMHC, SMMHC, smooth muscle myosin heavy




chain 11


588
myosin, heavy polypeptide 6, cardiac muscle,
myosin heavy chain, cardiac - ASD3, MYHC,
MYH6



alpha (cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic 1)
MYHCA, alpha-MHC, alpha myosin heavy




chain; alpha-myosin heavy chain; myosin heavy




chain 6; myosin heavy chain, cardiac muscle




alpha isoform


589
myosin, heavy polypeptide 7, cardiac muscle,
myosin heavy chain, cardiac - CMD1S, CMH1,
MYH7



beta
MPD1, MYHCB, beta-myosin heavy chain;




myopathy, distal 1; myosin heavy chain (AA 1-96);




rhabdomyosarcoma antigen MU-RMS-




40.7A


590
myosin, heavy polypeptide 7B, cardiac
myosin heavy chain, cardiac - MYH14, U937-
MYH7B



muscle, beta
associated antigen; antigen MLAA-21; myosin




heavy chain-like


591
myosin, light polypeptide 1, alkali; skeletal,
myosin light chain I, cardiac - MLC1F, MLC3F,
MYL1



fast
A1 catalytic; A2 catalytic; fast skeletal myosin




alkali light chain 1


592
myosin, light polypeptide 2, regulatory,
myosin light chain II, cardiac - CMH10, MLC2,
MYL2



cardiac, slow
myosin light chain 2


593
myocardin
myocardin - MYCD
MYOCD


594
folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane
N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 2 -
NAALAD2



antigen) 1
FGCP, FOLH, GCP2, GCPII, NAALAD1,




NAALAdase, PSM, PSMA, mGCP, N-




acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 1;




folate hydrolase 1; folylpoly-gamma-glutamate




carboxypeptidase; glutamate carboxylase II;




glutamate carboxypeptidase II; membrane




glutamate carboxypeptidase; prostate-specific




membrane antigen; pteroylpoly-gamma-




glutamate carboxypeptidase


595
N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase-
N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase-like
NAALADL1



like 1
1 - I100, NAALADASEL, 100 kDa ileum brush




border membrane protein; N-acetylated alpha-




linked acidic dipeptidase-like; ileal




dipeptidylpeptidase


596
NGFI-A binding protein 1 (EGR1 binding
NGFI-A-binding protein - EGR1 binding protein
NAB1



protein 1)
1; NGFI-A binding protein 1; NGFI-A-binding




protein 1


597
NGFI-A binding protein 2 (EGR1 binding
MADER, EGR1 binding protein 2; NGFI-A
NAB2



protein 2)
binding protein 2; NGFIA-binding protein-2;




melanoma-associated delayed early response




protein


598
napsin A aspartic peptidase
napsin 1 - KAP, Kdap, NAP1, NAPA, SNAPA,
NAPSA




napsin A; pronapsin A


599
neural cell adhesion molecule 1
VCAM-1 - neural cell adhesion molecule 1,
NCAM1




CD56, MSK39, NCAM, antigen recognized by




monoclonal antibody 5.1H11; neural cell




adhesion molecule, NCAM


600
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha
CD14 (C-260T polymorphism) entered “CD14”,
NDUFA2



subcomplex, 2, 8 kDa
B8, CD14, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)




1 alpha subcomplex, 2 (8 kD, B8)


601
NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related
serine/threonine protein kinase NEK1 - NY-
NEK1



kinase 1
REN-55, protein-serine/threonine kinase gene;




serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek1


602
NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related
never in mitosis gene A-related kinase 3
NEK3



kinase 3
polypeptide - HSPK36, NIMA-related kinase 3;




glycogen synthase A kinase; hydroxyalkyl-




protein kinase; phosphorylase B kinase kinase;




serine/threonine-protein kinase NEK3


603
NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)- related
NEK-like serine/threonine kinase - JCK,
NEK8



kinase 8
NEK12A, NIMA-family kinase NEK8; NIMA-




related kinase 12a; NIMA-related kinase 8;




serine/thrionine-protein kinase NEK8


604
nerve growth factor, beta polypeptide
B-type neurotrophic growth factor (BNGF) -
NGFB




beta-nerve growth factor; nerve growth factor,




beta subunit


605
neuromedin B receptor
Neuromedin B Receptor -
NMBR


606
neuromedin U receptor 1
Neuromedin U 1 receptor - (FM-3), FM-3, GPC-
NMUR1




R, GPR66, NMU1R, G protein-coupled receptor




66


607
neuromedin U receptor 2
neuromedin U2 receptor - FM4, NMU2R
NMUR2


608
nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible,
inducible nitric oxide synthase - HEP-NOS,
NOS2A



hepatocytes)
INOS, NOS, NOS2, NOS, type II; nitric oxide




synthase 2A; nitric oxide synthase, macrophage


609
nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell)
393 ecNOS allele/missense Glu298Asp variant
NOS3




of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene/T(−786)-->




C mutation in the 5′-flanking region of




the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene -




ECNOS, NOS III, eNOS, endothelial nitric




oxidase synthase; endothelia


610
NADPH oxidase 1
NAD(P)H oxidase - GP91-2, MOX1, NOH-1,
NOX1




NOH1, NADPH oxidase homolog-1; mitogenic




oxidase (pyridine nucleotide-dependent




superoxide-generating)


611
NADPH oxidase 3
NAD(P)H oxidase - GP91-3 - NADPH oxidase
NOX3




catalytic subunit-like 3


612
NAD(P)H oxidase - NADPH oxidase 4
NAD(P)H oxidase - KOX, KOX-1, RENOX
NOX4


613
NADPH oxidase, EF-hand calcium binding
NAD(P)H oxidase - NOX5A, NOX5B, NADPH
NOX5



domain 5
oxidase, EF hand calcium-binding domain 5


614
neuropeptides B/W receptor 1
G protein-coupled receptor 7 - GPR7, G protein-
NPBWR1




coupled receptor 7; neuropeptides B/W receptor




type 1; opioid-somatostatin-like receptor 7


615
neuropeptides B/W receptor 2
G-protein coupled receptor 8 - GPR8, G protein-
NPBWR2




coupled receptor 8; opioid-somatostatin-like




receptor 8


616
aminopeptidase-like 1
aminopeptidase-like 1 -
NPEPL1


617
aminopeptidase puromycin sensitive
puromycin sensitive aminopeptidase - MP100,
NPEPPS




PSA, metalloproteinase MP100; puromycin-




sensitive aminopeptidase


618
neuropeptide FF receptor 1
neuropeptide FF receptor 1 - GPR147, NPFF1,
NPFFR1




NPFF1R1, OT7T022, G protein-coupled




receptor 147


619
neuropeptide FF receptor 2
neuropeptide FF receptor 2 - GPR74, NPFF2,
NPFFR2




NPGPR, G protein-coupled receptor 74;




neuropeptide FF 2; neuropeptide G protein-




coupled receptor


620
natriuretic peptide precursor A
atrial naturetic peptide (ANP) - ANF, ANP,
NPPA




CDD-ANF, PND, atrial natriuretic peptide;




pronatriodilatin, natriuretic peptide, atrial, N-




terminal (N-ANP), natriuretic peptide, atrial,




propeptide (31-67)


621
natriuretic peptide precursor B
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), BNP, brain
NPPB




type natriuretic peptide, natriuretic protein,




natriuretic peptide, brain, N-terminal (NT-BNP),




natriuretic peptide, brain, pro-form (proBNP)


622
natriuretic peptide precursor C
natriuretic peptide, atrial C-terminal (C-ANP) -
NPPC




CNP, C-type natriuretic precursor


623
natriuretic peptide receptor A/guanylate
natriuretic peptide receptor A - ANPRA, ANPa,
NPR1



cyclase A (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor A)
GUC2A, GUCY2A, NPRA Other Designations:




natriuretic peptide A type receptor


624
neuropeptide Y receptor Y1
G Protein-Coupled Receptor NPY1 - NPYR,
NPY1R




modulator of neuropeptide Y receptor


625
neuropeptide Y receptor Y2
G Protein-Coupled Receptor NPY2 -
NPY2R


626
nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B,
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily O. Group B.′
NR0B2



member 2
Member 2 (NR0B2) - SHP, SHP1, orphan




nuclear receptor SHP; short heterodimer partner;




small heterodimer partner


627
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D,
Human Nuclear Receptor NR1D1 - EAR1,
NR1D1



member 1
THRA1, THRAL, ear-1, hRev, Rev-erb-alpha;




thyroid hormone receptor, alpha-like


628
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H,
Liver X Receptor Beta - LXR-b, LXRB, NER,
NR1H2



member 2
NER-I, RIP15, UNR, LX receptor beta; liver X




receptor beta; nuclear orphan receptor LXR-beta;




oxysterols receptor LXR-beta; steroid hormone-




nuclear receptor NER; ubiquitously-expressed




nuclear receptor


629
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H,
LXR-alpha - LXR-a, LXRA, RLD-1, liver X
NR1H3



member 3
receptor, alpha


630
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H,
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 -
NR1H4



member 4
BAR, FXR, HRR-1, HRR1, RIP14, farnesoid X




receptor


631
nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E,
nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E member 1 -
NR2E1



member 1
TLL, TLX, XTLL, tailless (Drosophila)




homolog; tailless homolog (Drosophila)


632
nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C,
NR3C2, MCR, MLR, MR, mineralocorticoid
NR3C2



member 2
receptor (aldosterone receptor)


633
nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A,
Nuclear Receptor NR4A1 - GFRP1, HMR, N10,
NR4A1



member 1
NAK-1, NGFIB, NP10, NUR77, TR3, TR3




orphan receptor; early response protein NAK1;




growth factor-inducible nuclear protein N10;




hormone receptor; orphan nuclear receptor




HMR; steroid receptor TR3


634
nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A,
Nuclear Receptor NR4A2 - HZF-3, NOT,
NR4A2



member 2
NURR1, RNR1, TINUR, NGFI-B/nur77 beta-




type transcription factor homolog; T-cell nuclear




receptor NOT; intermediate-early receptor




protein; nur related protein-1 (mouse), human




homolog of; orphan nuclear receptor NURR1;




transcriptionally inducible nuclear receptor




related 1


635
nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A,
Nuclear Receptor NR4A3 - CHN, CSMF,
NR4A3



member 3
MINOR, NOR1, TEC, chondrosarcoma,




extraskeletal myxoid, fused to EWS; mitogen




induced nuclear orphan receptor; neuron derived




orphan receptor; translocated in extraskeletal




chondrosarcoma


636
nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A,
nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1 -
NR5A1



member 1
AD4BP, ELP, FTZ1, FTZF1, SF-1, SF1, fushi




tarazu factor (Drosophila) homolog 1; nuclear




receptor AdBP4; steroidogenic factor 1


637
neutral sphingomyelinase 3
Sphingomyelinase
NSMASE3


638
neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1
neurotrophin receptor - MTC, TRK, TRK1,
NTRK1




TRKA, p140-TrkA, Oncogene TRK; high




affinity nerve growth factor receptor; tyrosine




kinase receptor; tyrosine kinase receptor A


639
neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2
neurotrophin receptor - GP145-TrkB, TRKB,
NTRK2




BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor; tyrosine




kinase receptor B


640
neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3
neurotrophin receptor - TRKC, gp145(trkC),
NTRK3




NT-3 growth factor receptor; neurotrophin 3




receptor; tyrosine kinase receptor C


641
neurotensin receptor 1 (high affinity)
Neurotensin Receptor 1 - NTR, neurotensin
NTSR1




receptor 1


642
ornithine decarboxylase 1
ornithindecarboxylase
ODC1


643
oxidised low density lipoprotein (lectin-like)
lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein
OLR1



receptor 1
receptor (LOX-1), CLEC8A, LOX1, SCARE1,




lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1; scavenger




receptor class E, member 1


644
opioid receptor, delta 1
G-protein coupled opioid receptor delta 1 -
OPRD1




OPRD


645
opioid receptor, kappa 1
G protein-coupled opioid receptor kappa 1 -
OPRK1




KOR, OPRK, Opiate receptor, kappa-1; kappa




opioid receptor


646
orosomucoid 1
orosomucoid (alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein), AGP-
ORM1




A, AGP1, ORM, Orosomucoid-1 (alpha-1-acid




glycoprotein-1); alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1


647
orosomucoid 2
α1-acid glycoprotein: alpha-1-acid glycoprotein,
ORM2




type 2


648
oncostatin M
oncostatin M -
OSM


649
oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor 1
G Protein Coupled Receptor TG1019 - GPCR,
OXER1




GPR170, TG1019, 5-oxo-ETE acid G-protein-




coupled receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor




TG1019


650
oxytocin receptor
Oxytocin Receptor - OT-R
OXTR


651
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 1
Purinoceptor 2 Type Y - P2Y1, ATP receptor;
P2RY1




P2 purinoceptor subtype Y1; P2Y purinoceptor




1; platelet ADP receptor; purinergic receptor




P2Y1


652
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled,
G Protein Coupled Receptor P2Y10 - P2Y10, G-
P2RY10



10
protein coupled purinergic receptor P2Y10; P2Y




purinoceptor 10; P2Y-like receptor


653
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled,
G Protein-Coupled Receptor P2Y11 - P2Y11,
P2RY11



11
P2Y purinoceptor 11; P2Y11 receptor;




purinergic receptor P2Y11


654
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled,
G Protein-Coupled Receptor P2Y12 - ADPG-R,
P2RY12



12
HORK3, P2T(AC), P2Y(AC), P2Y(ADP),




P2Y(cyc), P2Y12, SP1999, ADP-glucose




receptor; G-protein coupled receptor SP1999;




Gi-coupled ADP receptor HORK3; P2Y




purinoceptor 12; platelet ADP receptor;




purinergic receptor P2RY12; purinergic receptor




P2Y, G-protein coupled 12; purinergic receptor




P2Y12; putative G-protein coupled receptor


655
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled,
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 86-FKSG77,
P2RY13



13
GPCR1, GPR86, GPR94, P2Y13, SP174, G




protein-coupled receptor 86


656
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 2
Purinoceptor 2 Type Y (P2Y2) - HP2U, P2RU1,
P2RY2




P2U, P2U1, P2UR, P2Y2, P2Y2R, ATP




receptor; P2U nucleotide receptor; P2U




purinoceptor 1; P2Y purinoceptor 2; purinergic




receptor P2Y2; purinoceptor P2Y2


657
pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein
Purinoceptor 4 Type Y (P2Y4) - NRU, P2P,
P2RY4



coupled, 4
P2Y4, UNR, C381P2Y purinoceptor 4;




pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y4; uridine nucleotide




receptor


658
purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 5
Purinoceptor 5 Type Y (P2Y5) - P2Y5, G-
P2RY5




protein coupled purinergic receptor P2Y5; P2Y




purinoceptor 5; RB intron encoded G-protein




coupled receptor; purinergic receptor 5


659
pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein
G protein-Coupled P2Y Purinoreceptor 6 -
P2RY6



coupled, 6
P2Y6, G-coupled nucleotide receptor; P2




purinoceptor; P2Y purinoceptor 6; P2Y6




receptor; pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y6


660
procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate 4-
prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha-2 subunit - 4-PH
P4HA2



dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), alpha
alpha 2, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha II subunit



polypeptide II


661
platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase,
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-
PAFAH1B1



isoform Ib, alpha subunit 45 kDa
AH), LIS1, LIS2, MDCR, PAFAH, Platelet-




activating factor acetylhydrolase, isoform 1B,




alpha subunit; lissencephaly 1 protein; platelet-




activating factor acetylhydrolase, isoform Ib,




alpha subunit (45 kD)


662
platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2,
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-
PAFAH2



40 kDa
AH), HSD-PLA2, platelet-activating factor




acetylhydrolase 2; platelet-activating factor




acetylhydrolase 2 (40 kD)


663
p21/Cdc42/Rac1-activated kinase 1 (STE20
P21/CDC42/RAC1-activated kinase 1 -
PAK1



homolog, yeast)
PAKalpha, p21-activated kinase 1;




p21/Cdc42/Rac1-activated kinase 1 (yeast Ste20-




related)


664
p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2
P21/CDC42/RAC1-activated kinase 1 - PAK65,
PAK2




PAKgamma, S6/H4 kinase; p21-activated kinase 2


665
p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 3
CDKN1A, MRX30, MRX47, OPHN3,
PAK3




PAK3beta, bPAK, hPAK3, oligophrenin-3; p21-




activated kinase 3; p21-activated kinase-3


666
pregnancy-associated plasma protein A,
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a -
PAPPA



pappalysin 1
ASBABP2, DIPLA1, IGFBP-4ase, PAPA,




PAPP-A, PAPPA1, aspecific BCL2 ARE-




binding protein 2; differentially placenta 1




expressed protein; insulin-like growth factor-




dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease;




pregnacy-associated plasma protein A;




pregnancy-associated plasma protein A


667
progestin and adipoQ receptor family
steroid progestin receptor gamma - MPRG -
PAQR5



member V
membrane progestin receptor gamma


668
progestin and adipoQ receptor family
steroid progestin receptor alpha - MPRA, mSR,
PAQR7



member VII
membrane progestin receptor alpha


669
progestin and adipoQ receptor family
steroid progestin receptor beta - C6orf33,
PAQR8



member VIII
LMPB1, MPRB, lysosomal membrane protein in




brain-1; membrane progestin receptor beta


670
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family,
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRT,
PARP1



member 1
ADPRT1, PARP, PARP-1, PPOL, pADPRT-1,




ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-




ribose) polymerase); ADP-ribosyltransferase




NAD(+); poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase;




poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase; poly(ADP-




ribosyl)transferase


671
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family,
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRT2,
PARP2



member 2
ADPRTL2, ADPRTL3, PARP-2, pADPRT-2,




ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly(ADP-




ribose) polymerase)-like 2; poly (ADP-ribosyl)




transferase-like 2; poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase


672
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family,
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRT3,
PARP3



member 3
ADPRTL2, ADPRTL3, IRT1, hPARP-3,




pADPRT-3, ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+;




poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase)-like 2; ADP-




ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose)




polymerase)-like 3; NAD+ ADP-




ribosyltransferase 3; poly(ADP-ribose)




polymerase 3; poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase-3


673
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family,
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase - ADPRTL1,
PARP4



member 4
PARPL, PH5P, VAULT3, VPARP, p193, ADP-




ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose)




polymerase)-like 1; H5 proline-rich; I-alpha-I-




related; PARP-related; poly(ADP-ribose)




synthetase; poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase-like 1;




vault protein, 193-kDa


674
proliferating cell nuclear antigen
PCNA - DNA polymerase delta auxiliary
PCNA




protein; cyclin


675
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
PCSK9 gene or in the NARC-1 - FH3,
PCSK9




HCHOLA3, NARC-1, NARC1,




hypercholesterolemia, autosomal dominant 3;




neural apoptosis regulated convertase 1


676
phosphodiesterase 10A
phosphodiesterase 10A - HSPDE10A,
PDE10A




(phosphodiesterase 10A); phosphodiesterase




10A1 (PDE10A1)


677
phosphodiesterase 11A
phosphodiesterase 11A1 - PDE11A1, cyclic
PDE11A




nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A1;




phosphodiesterase 11A1; phosphodiesterase




11A3


678
phosphodiesterase 1A, calmodulin-dependent
phosphodiesterase 1A - HCAM1, HSPDE1A,
PDE1A




3′,5′ cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase;




calcium/calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide




phosphodiesterase; calmodulin-dependent




phosphodiesterase; phosphodiesterase-1A


679
phosphodiesterase 1B, calmodulin-dependent
phosphodiesterase 1B - PDE1B1, PDES1B,
PDE1B




Phosphodiesterase-1B; calcium/calmodulin-




stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase;




calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase




PDE1B1; phosphodiesterase 1B;




phosphodiesterase 1B, calmodulin-dependent;




presumed 63 kDa form of the type 1 cyclic




nucleotide phosphodiesterase family known as




PDE1B


680
phosphodiesterase 1C, calmodulin-dependent
phosphodiesterase 1C - Hcam3, Human 3′,5′
PDE1C



70 kDa
cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase




(HSPDE1C1A); phosphodiesterase 1C,




calmodulin-dependent (70 kD)


681
phosphodiesterase 3A, cGMP-inhibited
phosphodiesterase 3A - CGI-PDE, cGMP-
PDE3A




inhibited 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase A; cyclic




GMP inhibited phosphodiesterase A


682
phosphodiesterase 3B, cGMP-inhibited
phosphodiesterase 3 B - cGIPDE1, cyclic
PDE3B




nucleotide phosphodiesterase


683
phosphodiesterase 4A, cAMP-specific
phosphodiesterase 4A - DPDE2, PDE4,
PDE4A



(phosphodiesterase E2 dunce homolog,
Phosphodiesterase-4A, cAMP-specific (dunce



Drosophila)
(Drosophila)-homolog; cAMP-specific




phosphodiesterase; cyclic AMP




phosphodiesterase PDE4A11; cyclic AMP-




specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4A10;




phosphodiesterase 4A, cAMP-specific (dunce




(Drosophila)-homolog phosphodiesterase E2);




phosphodiesterase isozyme 4


684
phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specific
phosphodiesterase 4B - DPDE4, PDEIVB,
PDE4B



(phosphodiesterase E4 dunce homolog,
cAMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase



Drosophila)
4B; dunce-like phosphodiesterase E4;




phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specific;




phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specific (dunce




(Drosophila)-homolog phosphodiesterase E4)


685
phosphodiesterase 4C, cAMP-specific
phosphodiesterase 4C - DPDE1, ISOFORM OF
PDE4C



(phosphodiesterase E1 dunce homolog,
CAMP-DEPENDENT 3′,5′-CYCLIC



Drosophila)
PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4C; PDE4C [amino




acids 597-712]; PDE4C-delta54, cAMP-specific




(dunce (Drosophila)-homolog; dunce




(Drosophila)-homolog phosphodiesterase E1;




phosphodiesterase 4C, cAMP-specific (dunce




(Drosophila)-homolog phosphodiesterase E1)


686
phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific
phosphodiesterase 4D - DPDE3, HSPDE4D,
PDE4D



(phosphodiesterase E3 dunce homolog,
PDE4DN2, STRK1, cAMP-specific



Drosophila)
phosphodiesterase 4D; cAMP-specific




phosphodiesterase PDE4D6; dunce-like




phosphodiesterase E3; phosphodiesterase 4D,




cAMP-specific (dunce (Drosophila)-homolog




phosphodiesterase E3)


687
phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP-specific, rod,
PHOSPHODIESTERASE 6B - CSNB3, PDEB,
PDE6B



beta (congenital stationary night blindness 3,
phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP-specific, rod, beta



autosomal dominant)


688
phosphodiesterase 6C, cGMP-specific, cone,
phosphodiesterase PDE6C - PDEA2
PDE6C



alpha prime


689
phosphodiesterase 7A
phosphodiesterase 7a1 - HCP1, PDE7,
PDE7A




phosphodiesterase isozyme 7


690
phosphodiesterase 7B
phosphodiesterase 7b - high-affinity cAMP-
PDE7B




specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase; rolipram-




insensitive phosphodiesterase type 7


691
phosphodiesterase 8A
phosphodiesterase 8A - HsT19550, cAMP-
PDE8A




specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 8A;




high-affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-




insensitive 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A


692
phosphodiesterase 8B
phosphodiesterase 8B - 3′,5′ cyclic nucleotide
PDE8B




phosphodiesterase 8B


693
phosphodiesterase 9A
PHOSPHODIESTERASE 9A1 - HSPDE9A2,
PDE9A




CGMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase




type 9; phosphodiesterase PDE9A21


694
platelet-derived growth factor alpha
platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-alpha):
PDGFA



polypeptide
PDGF A-chain; platelet-derived growth factor




alpha; platelet-derived growth factor alpha chain


695
platelet-derived growth factor beta
Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide -
PDGFB



polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis)
PDGF2, SIS, SSV, c-sis, HUMANES PDGF-B



oncogene homolog
GEN AUS PGEM2-PDGF-B, PDGF, B chain;




PDGF-B VORLAEUFERSEQUENZ; Platelet-




derived growth factor, beta polypeptide




(oncogene SIS); becaplermin; oncogene SIS;




platelet-derived growth factor 2; platelet-derived




growth factor beta; platelet-derived growth




factor, B chain; v-sis platelet-derived growth




factor beta polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral




oncogene homolog)


696
platelet-derived growth factor beta
Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide -
PDGFB



polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis)
PDGF2, SIS, SSV, c-sis, HUMANES PDGF-B



oncogene homolog)
GEN AUS PGEM2-PDGF-B, PDGF, B chain;




PDGF-B VORLAEUFERSEQUENZ; Platelet-




derived growth factor, beta polypeptide




(oncogene SIS); becaplermin; oncogene SIS;




platelet-derived growth factor 2; platelet-derived




growth factor beta; platelet-derived growth




factor, B chain; v-sis platelet-derived growth




factor beta polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral




oncogene homolog)


697
platelet-derived growth factor beta
platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide
PDGFB



polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral (v-sis)
(simian sarcoma viral (v-sis) oncogene



oncogene homolog)
homolog), FLJ12858, PDGF2, SIS, SSV, c-sis,




HUMANES PDGF-B GEN AUS PGEM2-




PDGF-B, FLANKIERT VON 5′-ECORI UND




3′-HINDIII




RESTRIKTIONSSCHNITTSTELLEN; PDGF,




B chain; PDGF-B VORLAEUFERSEQUENZ;




Platelet-derived growth factor, beta polypeptide




(oncogene SIS); becaplermin; oncogene SIS;




platelet-derived growth factor 2; platelet-derived




growth factor beta; platelet-derived growth




factor, B chain; v-sis platelet-derived growth




factor beta polypeptide (simian sarcoma viral




oncogene homolog)


698
platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha
platelet derived growth factor PDGF-alpha
PDGFRA



polypeptide
receptor


699
platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta
platelet derived growth factor PDGF-beta
PDGFRB



polypeptide
receptor - CD140B, JTK12, PDGF-R-beta,




PDGFR, PDGFR1 beta platelet-derived growth




factor receptor; platelet-derived growth factor




receptor beta


700
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) -
PDK1




mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase




isoenzyme 1; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase,




isoenzyme 1


701
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 2
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2) -
PDK2




pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 2


702
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 3
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) -
PDK3




pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 3


703
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) -
PDK4



4 + A4
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; pyruvate




dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4


704
platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule
circulating CD31+ apoptotic microparticles in
PECAM1



(CD31 antigen)
peripheral blood, (Entered CD31 into Entrez),




CD31, PECAM-1, CD31/EndoCAM; PECAM-1,




CD31/EndoCAM; adhesion molecule


705
proenkephalin
proenkephalin (no “other” names listed than
PENK




official name)


706
peptidase D
X-pro dipeptidase - PROLIDASE, Xaa-Pro
PEPD




dipeptidase; proline dipeptidase


707
platelet factor 4 (chemokine (C-X-C motif)
platelet factor 4 (PF4) - CXCL4, SCYB4
PF4



ligand 4)


708
phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4
phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) B-type -
PGAM4




PGAM-B, PGAM3, phosphoglycerate mutase




family 3; phosphoglycerate mutase family 4;




phosphoglycerate mutase processed protein


709
plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase
plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase -
PGCP




aminopeptidase


710
placental growth factor, vascular endothelial
placental growth factor - PLGF, PlGF-2
PGF



growth factor-related protein


711
serum placental growth factor
Placenta growth factor [Precursor], PlGF, PLGF
PGF


712
phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog,
phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog -
PHEX



X-linked (hypophosphatemia, vitamin D
HPDR, HPDR1, HYP, HYP1, PEX, XLH, X-



resistant rickets)
linked phosphate regulating endopeptidase




homolog; phosphate regulating gene with




homologies to endopeptidases on the X




chromosome; phosphate regulating gene with




homologies to endopeptidases on the X




chromosome (hypophosphatemia, vitamin D




resistant rickets)


713
phospholipase A2, group VII (platelet-
lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-
PLA2G7



activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma)
PLA2) (associated with coronary endothelial




dysfunction). LDL-PLA2, PAFAH,




phospholipase A2, group VII; platelet-activating




factor acetylhydrolase


714
plasminogen activator, tissue
tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA), T-PA, TPA,
PLAT




alteplase; plasminogen activator, tissue type;




reteplase; t-plasminogen activator; tissue




plasminogen activator (t-PA)


715
phospholipase C, beta 1 (phosphoinositide-
Phosphoinositide-specific-phospholipase-B1: 1-
PLCB1



specific)
phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate;




1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate




phosphodiesterase beta 1; PLC-beta-1;




inositoltrisphosphohydrolas


716
phospholipase C-like 1
phospholipase C-like protein - PLC-L, PLCE,
PLCL1




PLCL, PLDL1, phospholipase C, epsilon


717
phospholipase C-like 2
phospholipase C-like protein - KIAA1092,
PLCL2




PLCE2, phospholipase C, epsilon 2


718
plasminogen
plasminogen - covering first half of fourth
PLG




kringle


719
phospholamban
phospholamban - CMD1P, PLB, cardiac
PLN




phospholamban


720
proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/
proopiomelanocortin - beta-LPH; beta-MSH;
POMC



beta-lipotropin/alpha-melanocyte stimulating
alpha-MSH; gamma-LPH; gamma-MSH;



hormone/beta-melanocyte stimulating
corticotropin; beta-endorphin; met-enkephalin;



hormone/beta-endorphin)
lipotropin beta; lipotropin gamma; melanotropin




beta; N-terminal peptide; melanotropin alpha;




melanotropin gamma; pro-ACTH-endorphin;




adrenocorticotropin; pro-opiomelanocortin;




corticotropin-lipotrophin; adrenocorticotropic




hormone; alpha-melanocyte-stimulating




hormone; corticotropin-like intermediary peptide


721
paraoxonase 1 ESA, PON, Paraoxonase
paraoxonase-ESA, PON, Paraoxonase
PON1


722
paraoxonase 2
paraoxonase-A-esterase 2; aromatic esterase 2;
PON2




serum aryldialkylphosphatase 2; serum




paraoxonase/arylesterase 2


723
paraoxonase 3
paraoxonase - paraoxanase-3; serum
PON3




paraoxonase/lactonase 3


724
phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2A
LLP1a, LPP1, PAP-2a, PAP2, PAP2a2,
PPAP2A




PAP2alpha2, PAPalphal, lipid phosphate




phosphohydrolase 1; lipid phosphate




phosphohydrolase 1a; phosphatidic acid




phosphatase 2a; phosphatidic acid




phosphohydrolase type 2a; type 2 phosphatidic




acid phosphohydrolase; type-2 phosphatidic acid




phosphatase alpha


725
phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2C
phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2C-like -
PPAP2C




LPP2, PAP-2c, PAP2-g, lipid phosphate




phosphohydrolase 2; phosphatidic acid




phosphohydrolase type 2c; type-2 phosphatidic




acid phosphatase-gamma


726
peroxisome proliferative activated receptor,
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPARA



alpha
(PPAR), NR1C1, PPAR, hPPAR, PPAR alpha


727
peroxisome proliferative activated receptor,
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPARD



delta
(PPAR), FAAR, NR1C2, NUC1, NUCI, NUCII,




PPAR-beta, PPARB, nuclear hormone receptor




1, PPAR Delta


728
peroxisome proliferative activated receptor,
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPARG



gamma
(PPAR), HUMPPARG, NR1C3, PPARG1,




PPARG2, PPAR gamma; peroxisome




proliferative activated receptor gamma;




peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor




gamma; peroxisome proliferator-activated




receptor gamma 1; ppar gamma2


729
pro-platelet basic protein (chemokine
beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) - B-TG1, Beta-TG,
PPBP



(C-X-C motif) ligand 7)
CTAP3, CTAPIII, CXCL7, LA-PF4, LDGF,




MDGF, NAP-2, NAP-2-L1, PBP, SCYB7, TC1,




TC2, TGB, TGB1, THBGB, THBGB1 - CXC




chemokine ligand 7; beta-thromboglobulin;




connective tissue-activating peptide III; low-




affinity platelet factor IV; neutrophil-activating




peptide-2; pro-platelet basic protein; pro-platelet




basic protein (includes platelet basic protein,




beta-thromboglobulin, connective tissue-




activating peptide III, neutrophil-activating




peptide-2); small inducible cytokine B7; small




inducible cytokine subfamily B, member 7;




thrombocidin 1; thrombocidin 2;




thromboglobulin, beta-1


730
pro-platelet basic protein-like 1 (includes
beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG) - TGB2,
PPBPL1



platelet basic protein, beta-thromboglobulin,
Thromboglobulin, beta-2; beta-thromboglobulin;



connective tissue-activating peptide III,
connective tissue-activating peptide I; platelet



neutrophil-activating peptide-2-like 1)
basic protein


731
protective protein for beta-galactosidase
Protective protein for beta-galactosidase - CTSA,
PPGB



(galactosialidosis)
GLB2, GSL, NGBE, PPCA, Protective protein




for beta-galactosidase (cathepsin A); beta-




galactosidase 2; beta-galactosidase protective




protein; protective protein for beta-galactosidase


732
protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor)
Growth arrest and DNA damage protein 34
PPP1R15A



subunit 15A
(GADD34), GADD34, growth arrest and DNA-




damage-inducible 34; protein phosphatase 1,




regulatory subunit 15A


733
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B),
calcineurin - CALNB1, CNB, CNB1,
PPP3R1



regulatory subunit B, 19 kDa, alpha isoform
calcineurin B; protein phosphatase 3 (formerly



(calcineurin B, type I)
2B), regulatory subunit B (19 kD), alpha isoform




(calcineurin B, type I); protein phosphatase 3,




regulatory subunit B, alpha isoform 1


734
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B),
calcineurin - PPP3RL, CBLP-like; calcineurin B,
PPP3R2



regulatory subunit B, 19 kDa, beta isoform
type II; calcineurin B-like protein; protein



(calcineurin B, type II)
phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory subunit




B (19 kD), beta isoform (calcineurin B, type II);




protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, beta




isoform


735
pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1
G Protein- Coupled Receptor NPY4 - NPY4-R,
PPYR1




NPY4R, PP1, Y4


736
proteoglycan 4
glycosaminoglycans - CACP, HAPO, JCAP,
PRG4




MSF, SZP, Jacobs camptodactyly-arthropathy-




pericarditis syndrome gene; articular superficial




zone protein; (MSF: megakaryocyte stimulating




factor); camptodactyly, arthropathy, coxa vara,




pericarditis syndrome gene; lubricin;




megakaryocyte stimulating factor; proteoglycan




4, (megakaryocyte stimulating factor, articular




superficial zone protein, camptodactyly,




arthropathy, coxa vara, pericarditis syndrome)


737
protein kinase C, gamma
protein kinase C gamma - PKC-gamma, PKCC,
PRKCG




PKCG, SCA14, spinocerebellar ataxia 14


738
protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic
DNA-PK: DNAPK, DNPK1, HYRC, HYRC1,
PRKDC



polypeptide
XRCC7, p350


739
protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type I
Protein Kinase, cGMP-Dependent - CGKI,
PRKG1




FLJ36117, PGK, PRKG1B, PRKGR1B, cGKI-




BETA, cGKI-alpha, Protein kinase, cGMP-




dependent, regulatory, type I; protein kinase,




cGMP-dependent, regulatory, type I, beta


740
prolactin releasing hormone receptor
G-protein coupled receptor 10 - GPR10, GR3,
PRLHR




PrRPR, G protein-coupled receptor 10; prolactin




releasing peptide receptor; prolactin-releasing




hormone receptor


741
protein C (inactivator of coagulation factors
Protein C - PROC1, protein C
PROC



Va and VIIIa)


742
protein C receptor, endothelial (EPCR)
protein C receptor (endothelial) - CCCA,
PROCR




CCD41, CD201, EPCR, APC receptor; CD201




antigen; activated protein C receptor; cell cycle,




centrosome-associated protein; centrocyclin;




endothelial protein C receptor


743
prokineticin receptor 1
G protein coupled receptor 73a - GPR73,
PROKR1




GPR73a, PKR1, ZAQ, G protein-coupled




receptor 73; G protein-coupled receptor ZAQ


744
protein S (alpha)
Protein S - PROS, PS 26, PS21, PS22, PS23,
PROS1




PS24, PS25, PSA, Protein S, protein Sa,




preproprotein S; propiece of latent protein S;




truncated CDS due to variation


745
protein Z, vitamin K-dependent plasma
PZ
PROZ



glycoprotein


746
proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 3
gamma carboxyglutamic acid (gla) - TMG3,
PRRG3



(transmembrane)
transmembrane gamma-carboxyglutamic acid




protein 3


747
proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 4
gamma carboxyglutamic acid (gla) - TMG4,
PRRG4



(transmembrane)
transmembrane gamma-carboxyglutamic acid




protein 4


748
protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)
eosinophil serine protease 1 (PRSS1) - TRP1,
PRSS1




TRY1, TRY4, TRYP1, cationic trypsinogen;




digestive zymogen; nonfunctional trypsin 1;




protease serine 1; protease, serine, 1; serine




protease 1; trypsin 1; trypsin I; trypsinogen 1;




trypsinogen A


749
protease, serine, 8 (prostasin)
serine protease 8 - CAP1, PROSTASIN,
PRSS8




channel-activating protease 1; prostasin


750
growth-inhibiting protein 26
prostate-specific membrane antigen-like - GCP3,
PSMAL




GCP III; N-acetylated-alpha-linked-acidic




dipeptidase; glutamate carboxypeptidase III;




hypothetical protein LOC219595; prostate-




specific membrane antigen-like


751
prostaglandin E receptor 1 (subtype EP1),
G protein coupled receptor prostaglandin E2 EP1 -
PTGER1



42 kDa
EP1PGE receptor, EP1 subtype; prostaglandin




E receptor 1, subtype EP1; prostanoid EP1




receptor


752
prostaglandin E receptor 2 (subtype EP2),
G-Protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2
PTGER2



53 kDa
EP2 - EP2 Prostaglandin E receptor 2, EP2




subtype, 53 kD


753
prostaglandin E receptor 3 (subtype EP3)
G protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2
PTGER3




EP3 1 - EP3, EP3-I, EP3-II, EP3-III, EP3-IV,




EP3e, PGE receptor, EP3 subtype; alternative




splicing; prostaglandin E receptor 3, subtype




EP3; prostaglandin E2 receptor; prostaglandin




receptor (PGE-2); prostanoid EP3 receptor


754
prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4)
G Protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2
PTGER4




EP4 - EP4, EP4R, PGE receptor, EP4 subtype;




prostaglandin E receptor 4, subtype EP4;




prostaglandin E2 receptor


755
prostaglandin F receptor (FP)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin F2-
PTGFR




alpha - FP, PGF receptor; PGF2 alpha receptor;




prostaglandin F receptor; prostaglandin F2 alpha




receptor; prostaglandin receptor (2-alpha);




prostanoid FP receptor


756
prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) receptor (IP)
prostaglandin 12 receptor - IP, PRIPR, PGI
PTGIR




receptor; prostacyclin receptor; prostanoid IP




receptor


757
prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase
prostacyclin synthetase (PGI-II synthetase)
PTGIS


758
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
Pro17Leu variant of PTGS1 - COX1, COX3,
PTGS1



(prostaglandin G/H synthase and
PCOX1, PGG/HS, PGHS-1, PGHS1, PHS1,



cyclooxygenase)
PTGHS, prostaglandin G/H synthase and




cyclooxygenase; prostaglandin-endoperoxide




synthase 1


759
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) - COX-2, COX2,
PTGS2



(prostaglandin G/H synthase and
PGG/HS, PGHS-2, PHS-2, hCox-2,



cyclooxygenase)
cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin G/H synthase




and cyclooxygenase; prostaglandin-




endoperoxide synthase 2


760
parathyroid hormone-like hormone
parathyroid hormone related protein: PTH-
PTHLH




related protein; humoral hypercalcemia of




malignancy; osteostatin; parathyroid hormone-




like protein; parathyroid hormone-like related




protein; parathyroid hormone-related protein;




parathyroid-like protein


761
parathyroid hormone-like hormone
parathormone-like protein
PTHLH




(PTH/parathyroidhormone related protein) -




HHM, PLP, PTHR, PTHRP, PTH-related




protein; humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy;




osteostatin; parathyroid hormone-like protein;




parathyroid hormone-like related protein;




parathyroid hormone-related protein;




parathyroid-like protein


762
parathyroid hormone receptor 1
parathyroid hormone receptor 1 - PTHR, PTH
PTHR1




receptor; PTH/PTHr receptor; PTH/PTHrP




receptor; PTH/PTHrP type I receptor;




parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-




related peptide receptor; parathyroid




hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein




receptor; seven transmembrane helix receptor


763
pituitary tumor-transforming 1
PTTG: ESP1-associated protein 1; pituitary
PTTG1




tumor-transforming protein 1; tumor-




transforming protein 1


764
phosphorylase, glycogen; brain
glycogen phosphorylase BB - brain glycogen
PYGB




phosphorylase; glycogen phosphorylase B




(cardiac? - Anderson reference?)


765
v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene
Raf protein-CRAF, Raf-1, c-Raf, Oncogene
RAF1



homolog 1
RAF1; raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine




protein kinase


766
retinoic acid receptor, alpha
retinoic acid receptor alpha - NR1B1, RAR,
RARA




Retinoic acid receptor, alpha polypeptide;




nucleophosmin-retinoic acid receptor alpha




fusion protein NPM-RAR long form;




nucleophosmin-retinoic acid receptor alpha




fusion protein NPM-RAR short form


767
retinoic acid receptor, beta
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group B.
RARB




Member 2 (NR1B2) - HAP, NR1B2, RRB2,




HBV-activated protein; RAR-epsilon; hepatitis B




virus activated protein; retinoic acid receptor




beta 2; retinoic acid receptor beta 4; retinoic acid




receptor beta 5; retinoic acid receptor, beta




polypeptide


768
retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107)
p107 - CP107, PRB1, 107 kDa retinoblastoma-
RBL1




associated protein; cellular protein 107;




retinoblastoma-like protein 1


769
renin
REN: angiotensin-forming enzyme precursor;
REN




angiotensinogenase precursor; renin precursor,




renal


770
resistin
resistin - ADSF, FIZZ3, RETN1, RSTN, XCP1,
RETN




C/EBP-epsilon regulated myeloid-specific




secreted cysteine-rich protein precursor 1; found




in inflammatory zone 3


771
regulator of G-protein signalling 2, 24 kDa
RGS2 - G0S8, G0 to G1 switch regulatory 8,
RGS2




24 kD; cell growth-inhibiting protein 31


772
rhomboid, veinlet-like 1 (Drosophila)
rhomboid-related protein - RHBDL, RRP,
RHBDL1




Rhomboid, drosophila, homolog of; rhomboid




(veinlet, Drosophila)-like; rhomboid, veinlet-like 1


773
rhomboid, veinlet-like 2 (Drosophila)
rhomboid-related protein - RRP2, rhomboid
RHBDL2




(veinlet, Drosophila)-like 2; rhomboid-related




protein 2


774
arginyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase B)
Arginyl Amino-peptidase RNPEP -
RNPEP




aminopeptidase B


775
arginyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase B)-
arginyl aminopeptidase B-like 1 - argininyl
RNPEPL1



like 1
aminopeptidase-like 1


776
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein
Rho-associated protein kinase 1 - P160ROCK,
ROCK1



kinase 1
p160-ROCK


777
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein
Rho-associated protein kinase 1 -
ROCK2



kinase 2


778
relaxin family peptide receptor 3
somatostatin- and angiogenin-like peptide
RXFP3




receptor - GPCR135, RLN3R1, SALPR, G-




protein coupled receptor SALPR; relaxin 3




receptor 1; somatostatin and angiotensin-like




peptide receptor


779
retinoid X receptor, alpha
Retinoid X Receptor Alpha - NR2B1
RXRA


780
retinoid X receptor, gamma
Retinoid X Receptor Gamma - NR2B3, RXRC,
RXRG




retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma


781
RYK receptor-like tyrosine kinase
Ryk - JTK5, JTK5A, RYK1, JTK5A protein
RYK




tyrosine kinase; hydroxyaryl-protein kinase


782
ryanodine receptor 2 (cardiac)
calcium-release channel (ryanodin receptor II)
RYR2


783
S100 calcium binding protein, beta (neural)
S-100b (astroglial protein, candidate marker for
S100B




cerebral tissue damage) (entered S-100b into




Entrez) - NEF, S100, S-100 calcium-binding




protein, beta chain; S100 beta; S100 calcium-




binding protein, beta; S100 calcium-binding




protein, beta (neural)


784
serum amyloid A1 cluster
Serum Amyloid A (SAA), SAA, SAA4, serum
SAA@




amyloid A cluster


785
serum amyloid A1
Serum Amyloid A (SAA), PIG4, SAA, TP53I4,
SAA1




tumor protein p53 inducible protein 4


786
serum amyloid A2
Serum Amyloid A (SAA) (no “other names
SAA2




listed other than official name)


787
serum amyloid A4, constitutive
Serum Amyloid A (SAA), C-SAA, CSAA
SAA4


788
stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase)
Stearoyl CoA desaturase - FADS5, PRO0998,
SCD




SCD1, acyl-CoA desaturase; delta-9-desaturase;




fatty acid desaturase; predicted protein of




HQ0998; stearoyl-CoA desaturase


789
secretoglobin, family 1A, member 1
uteroglobin - CC10, CC16, CCSP, UGB,
SCGB1A1



(uteroglobin)
Uteroglobin (Clara-cell specific 10-kD protein);




uteroglobin


790
sodium channel, voltage-gated, type V, alpha
CDCD2, CMD1E, CMPD2, HB1, HB2, HH1,
SCN5A



(long QT syndrome 3)
IVF, LQT3, Nav1.5, SSS1, cardiac sodium




channel alpha subunit; cardiomyopathy, dilated




1E (autosomal dominant); sodium channel,




voltage-gated, type V, alpha polypeptide (long




(electrocardiographic) QT syndrome 3); voltage-




gated sodium channel type V alpha


791
sterol carrier protein 2
sterol carrier protein 2, DKFZp686C12188,
SCP2




DKFZp686D11188, NLTP, NSL-TP, SCPX,




nonspecific lipid-transfer protein; sterol carrier




protein X


792
serine carboxypeptidase 1
retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase -
SCPEP1




HSCP1, RISC, serine carboxypeptidase 1




precursor protein


793
selectin E (endothelial adhesion molecule 1)
E-selectin, CD62E, ELAM, ELAM1, ESEL,
SELE




LECAM2, leukocyte endothelial cell adhesion




molecule 2; selectin E, endothelial adhesion




molecule 1


794
selectin L (lymphocyte adhesion molecule 1)
L-Selectin - CD62L, LAM-1, LAM1, LECAM1,
SELL




LNHR, LSEL, LYAM1, Leu-8, Lyam-1,




PLNHR, TQ1, hLHRc, Leu-8 antigen; Leu-8




antigen short form; leukocyte adhesion




molecule-1 (LAM-1); lymph node homing




receptor; lymphocyte adhesion molecule 1;




selectin L


795
selectin P (granule membrane protein
CD62, CD62P, GMP140, GRMP, PADGEM,
SELP



140 kDa, antigen CD62)
PSEL, antigen CD62; granulocyte membrane




protein; selectin P; selectin P (granule membrane




protein 140 kD, antigen CD62)


796
selectin P ligand
CLA, CD162, PSGL-1, PSGL1, cutaneous
SELPLG




lymphocyte-associated antigen


797
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1
alpha(1)-antitrypsin-A1A, A1AT, AAT, PI,
SERPINA1



antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 1
PI1, alpha-1-antitrypsin MBrescia variant;




protease inhibitor 1 (anti-elastase), alpha-1-




antitrypsin; serine (or cysteine) proteinase




inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase,




antitrypsin), member 1


798
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1
alpha(1)-antitrypsin - ARGS, ATR, PIL,
SERPINA2



antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 2
psiATR, Protease inhibitor 1-like; protease




inhibitor 1 (alpha-1-antitrypsin)-like; serine (or




cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1




antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 2


799
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1
Alpha (1)-antichymotrypsin - alpha-1-
SERPINA3



antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3
antichymotrypsin; antichymotrypsin; growth-




inhibiting protein 24; growth-inhibiting protein




25; serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor,




clade A, member 3; serpin peptidase inhibitor,




clade A, member 3


800
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1
protein C inhibitor (PCI) - PAI3, PCI, PLANH3,
SERPINA5



antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 5
PROCI, Protein C inhibitor (plasminogen




activator inhibitor-3); protein C inhibitor; protein




C inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor III);




serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A




(alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 5


801
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1
alpha(1)-antitrypsin - RP1-82J11.2, TBG, alpha-
SERPINA7



antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 7
1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin; serine (or cysteine)




proteinase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1




antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 7; serine (or




cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A, member




7; thyroxin-binding globulin; thyroxine-binding




globulin


802
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade C
Anti-thrombin III (ATIII), AT3, ATIII,
SERPINC1



(antithrombin), member 1
antithrombin; antithrombin (aa 375-432);




antithrombin III; coding sequence signal peptide




antithrombin part 1; serine (or cysteine)




proteinase inhibitor, clade C (antithrombin),




member 1; signal peptide antithrombin part 1


803
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade D (heparin
HCII - HC2, HCF2, HCII, HLS2, LS2, heparin
SERPIND1



cofactor), member 1
cofactor II; leuserpin 2; serine (or cysteine)




proteinase inhibitor, clade D (heparin cofactor),




member 1


804
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin,
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 - PAI, PAI-1,
SERPINE1



plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1),
PAI1, PLANH1, plasminogen activator inhibitor,



member 1
type I; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; serine




(or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E (nexin,




plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1


805
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin,
Plasminogen activator inhibitor I - PAI, PAI-1,
SERPINE1



plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1),
PAI1, PLANH1, plasminogen activator inhibitor,



member 1
type I; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; serine




(or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E (nexin,




plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1


806
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade F
Alpha 2 antiplasmin - alpha-2-antiplasmin;
SERPINF2




alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor; serine (or cysteine)




proteinase inhibitor, clade F (alpha-2




antiplasmin, pigment epithelium derived factor),




member 2


807
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1
complement C1 inactivator - complement
SERPING1



inhibitor), member 1
component 1 inhibitor; plasma protease C1




inhibitor; serine (or cysteine) proteinase




inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor), member 1,




(angioedema, hereditary); serine/cysteine




proteinase inhibitor clade G member 1 splice




variant 3


808
sarcoglycan, delta (35 kDa dystrophin-
sarcoglycan - 35DAG, CMD1L, DAGD, SG-
SGCD



associated glycoprotein)
delta, SGCDP, SGD, 35 kD dystrophin-




associated glycoprotein; delta-sarcoglycan;




dystrophin associated glycoprotein, delta




sarcoglycan; placental delta sarcoglycan;




sarcoglycan, delta (35 kD dystrophin-associated




glycoprotein)


809
serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase
Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 -
SGK




SGK1, serine/threonine protein kinase SGK;




serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase


810
serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase family,
serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase-like -
SGK3



member 3
CISK, SGK2, SGKL, cytokine-independent




survival kinase; serum/glucocorticoid regulated




kinase 3; serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase-




like


811
sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1
sphingosine phosphate lyase - SPL
SGPL1


812
sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1
FLJ39004, SPP2; sphingosine 1-phosphate
SGPP2




phosphohydrolase 2


813
sex hormone-binding globulin
sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) - ABP,
SHBG




Sex hormone-binding globulin (androgen




binding protein)


814
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (p45)
Skp2: CDK2/cyclin A-associated protein p45; S-
SKP2




phase kinase-associated protein 2


815
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A1 - HOCT1,
SLC22A1



transporter), member 1
OCT1, oct1_cds, organic cation transporter 1;




solute carrier family 22 member 1


816
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation
organic cation transporter SLC22A10 - OAT5,
SLC22A10



transporter), member 10
hOAT5, organic anion transporter 5, UST3-




LIKE2


817
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A11 - OAT4,
SLC22A11



transporter), member 11
hOAT4, organic anion transporter 4; solute




carrier family 22 member 11


818
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A12 -
SLC22A12



transporter), member 12
OAT4L, RST, URAT1, organic anion transporter




4-like; solute carrier family 22 member 12; urate




anion exchanger 1; urate transporter 1


819
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
organic cationic transporter-like 3 - OCTL1,
SLC22A13



transporter), member 13
OCTL3, ORCTL3, organic cation transporter




like 3; organic cationic transporter-like 3


820
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Organic Cationic Transporter-Like 4 - OCTL2,
SLC22A14



transporter), member 14
OCTL4, ORCTL4, organic cation transporter




like 4; organic cationic transporter-like 4


821
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
ORGANIC CATION TRANSPORTER FLIPT1 -
SLC22A15



transporter), member 15
FLIPT1, fly-like putative organic ion




transporter 1; trans-like protein


822
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Putative Organic Ion Transporter 0KB1 - CT2,
SLC22A16



transporter), member 16
FLIPT2, OCT6, OKB1; carnitine transporter 2;




fly-like putative organic ion transporter 2;




organic cation transporter 6; solute carrier family




22, member 16


823
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Potent Brain Type Organic Ion Transporter -
SLC22A17



transporter), member 17
BOCT, BOIT, hBOIT, potent brain type organic




ion transporter


824
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A1L -
SLC22A18



transporter), member 18
BWR1A, BWSCR1A, HET, IMPT1, ITM,




ORCTL2, SLC22A1L, TSSC5, p45-BWR1A,




Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome




region 1, candidate A; efflux transporter-like




protein; imprinted multi-membrane spanning




polyspecific transporter-related protein; organic




cation transporter-like 2; p45 Beckwith-




Wiedemann region 1A; solute carrier family 22




(organic cation transporter), member 1-like;




tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 5;




tumor-suppressing STF cDNA 5


825
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A2 - OCT2,
SLC22A2



transporter), member 2
organic cation transporter (OCT2); organic




cation transporter 2; solute carrier family 22




member 2


826
solute carrier family 22 (extraneuronal
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A3 - EMT,
SLC22A3



monoamine transporter), member 3
EMTH, OCT3, EMT organic cation transporter




3; extraneuronal monoamine transporter; organic




cation transporter 3; solute carrier family 22




member 3


827
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A4 - OCTN1,
SLC22A4



transporter), member 4
integral membrane transport protein; organic




cation transporter 4; solute carrier family 22




member 4


828
solute carrier family 22 (organic cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A5 - CDSP,
SLC22A5



transporter), member 5
OCTN2, high-affinity sodium dependent




carnitine cotransporter; organic cation




transporter 5; organic cation/carnitine transporter




2; solute carrier family 22 member 5


829
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A6 -
SLC22A6



transporter), member 6
HOAT1, OAT1, PAHT, ROAT1, para-




aminohippurate transporter; renal organic anion




transporter 1; solute carrier family 22 member 6


833
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion
Organic anion Transporter SLC22A7 - NLT,
SLC22A7



transporter), member 7
OAT2, liver-specific transporter; organic anion




transporter 2; solute carrier family 22 member 7


830
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion
organic anion transporter SLC22A8 - OAT3,
SLC22A8



transporter), member 8
organic anion transporter 3; solute carrier family




22 member 8


831
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation
organic anion transporting (OAT)-like protein
SLC22A9



transporter), member 9
UST3-LIKE1 - HOAT4, OAT4, UST3H, ust3,




organic anion transporter 4


832
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation
Organic Cation Transporter SLC22A9 - HOAT4,
SLC22A9



transporter), member 9
OAT4, UST3H, ust3, organic anion transporter 4


834
solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid
fatty acid CoA ligase-like AMP-binding enzyme -
SLC27A2



transporter), member 2
ACSVL1, FACVL1, FATP2, HsT17226,




VLACS, VLCS, hFACVL1, very long-chain




fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase 1; very-long-chain




acyl-CoA synthetase


835
solute carrier family 31 (copper transporters)
COPT1; CTR1; MGC75487; hCTR1; copper
SLC31A1



member 1
transporter homolog 1; copper transporter 1


836
solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter transporters - GAT-3, GAT3
SLC6A11



transporter, GABA), member 11


837
solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter transporters - 5-HTT, 5HTT,
SLC6A4



transporter, serotonin), member 4
HTT, OCD1, SERT, hSERT, 5-




hydroxytryptamine transporter; 5HT transporter;




Na+/Cl− dependent serotonin transporter;




serotonin transporter; sodium-dependent




serotonin transporter; solute carrier family 6




member 4


838
solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen
sodium proton exchanger (NHE-I) - APNH,
SLC9A1



exchanger), member 1 (antiporter, Na+/H+,
NHE1, Na+/H+ antiporter, amiloride-sensitive;



amiloride sensitive)
Na—Li countertransporter; sodium/hydrogen




exchanger 1; solute carrier family 9




(sodium/hydrogen exchanger), isoform 1




(antiporter, Na+/H+, amiloride sensitive); solute




carrier family 9, isoform A1


839
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid
ASM, NPD, acid sphingomyelinase;
SMPD1



lysosomal (acid sphingomyelinase)
sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid




lysosomal


840
smoothelin
smoothelin
SMTN


841
superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic
superoxide-dismutase: Cu/Zn superoxide
SOD1



lateral sclerosis 1 (adult))
dismutase; Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase; SOD,




soluble; indophenoloxidase A


842
secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin, bone
osteopontin: secreted phosphoprotein 1; secreted
SPP1



sialoprotein I, early T-lymphocyte activation
phosphoprotein-1 (osteopontin, bone



1)
sialoprotein)


843
somatostatin receptor 1
somatostatin receptor 1 - SRIF-2, G-protein
SSTR1




coupled receptor; somatostatin receptor isoform 1


844
somatostatin receptor 2
somatostatin receptor subtype 2
SSTR2


845
somatostatin receptor 3
somatostatin receptor 3 -
SSTR3


846
somatostatin receptor 4
somatostatin receptor 4 - G-protein coupled
SSTR4




receptor


847
somatostatin receptor 5
somatostatin receptor 5 - somatostatin receptor
SSTR5




subtype 5


848
succinate receptor 1
G protein-coupled receptor 91 - GPR91, G
SUCNR1




protein-coupled receptor 91; P2Y purinoceptor 1


849
trace amine associated receptor 1
trace amine receptor 1 - TA1, TAR1, TRAR1,
TAAR1




trace amine receptor 1


850
trace amine associated receptor 2
G-protein coupled receptor 58 - GPR58, G
TAAR2




protein-coupled receptor 58


851
trace amine associated receptor 3
G-protein coupled receptor 57 - G protein-
TAAR3




coupled receptor 57, GPR57, GPR58, TAAR3


852
trace amine associated receptor 5
putative neurotransmitter receptor - PNR,
TAAR5




putative neurotransmitter receptor


853
trace amine associated receptor 6
G protein-coupled receptor polypeptide (TA4
TAAR6




receptor) - TA4, TRAR4, trace amine receptor 4


854
trace amine associated receptor 8
TA5 receptor - GPR102, TA5, TAR5, TRAR5,
TAAR8




G protein-coupled receptor 102; trace amine




receptor 5


855
tachykinin receptor 1
Tachykinin Receptor 1 - NK1R, NKIR, SPR,
TACR1




TAC1R, NK-1 receptor; Tachykinin receptor 1




(substance P receptor; neurokinin-1 receptor);




neurokinin 1 receptor; tachykinin 1 receptor




(substance P receptor, neurokinin 1 receptor)


856
tachykinin receptor 2
Tachykinin Receptor 2 - NK2R, NKNAR, SKR,
TACR2




TAC2R, NK-2 receptor; Tachykinin receptor 2




(substance K receptor; neurokinin 2 receptor);




neurokinin 2 receptor; neurokinin-2 receptor;




seven transmembrane helix receptor; tachykinin




2 receptor (substance K receptor, neurokinin 2




receptor)


857
tachykinin receptor 3
Tachykinin Receptor 3 - NK3R, TAC3RL, NK-3
TACR3




receptor; neurokinin B receptor


858
TBC1 domain family, member 2
TBC1 domain family member 2 - PARIS-I,
TBC1D2




PARIS1, TBC1D2A, prostate antigen recognized




and identified by SEREX (serological




identification of anitgens by recombinant




expression cloning)


859
thromboxane A2 receptor
thromboxane A2 - TXA2-R, PROSTANOID TP
TBXA2R




RECEPTOR


860
transcription factor 2, hepatic; LF-B3; variant
hepatocyte nuclear factor 2 - FJHN, HNF1B,
TCF2



hepatic nuclear factor
HNF1beta, HNF2, LFB3, MODY5, VHNF1,




transcription factor 2


861
transcription factor CP2
SEF - CP2, LBP-1C, LSF, SEF, TFCP2C, SAA3
TFCP2




enhancer factor; Transcription factor CP2, alpha




globin


862
tissue factor pathway inhibitor (lipoprotein-
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) - EPI,
TFPI



associated coagulation inhibitor)
LACI


863
transforming growth factor, beta 1 (Camurati-
TGF-beta: TGF-beta 1 protein; diaphyseal
TGFB1



Engelmann disease)
dysplasia 1, progressive; transforming growth




factor beta 1; transforming growth factor, beta 1;




transforming growth factor-beta 1, CED, DPD1,




TGFB


864
transforming growth factor, beta 2
TGF beta 2 - TGF-beta2
TGFB2


865
transforming growth factor, beta receptor III
TGF-3: TGF-beta3
TGFB3



(betaglycan, 300 kDa)


866
thrombomodulin
soluble thrombomodulin - CD141, THRM, TM,
THBD




CD141 antigen; fetomodulin


867
thrombospondin 1
thrombospondin - THBS, TSP, TSP1,
THBS1




thrombospondin-1p180


868
thrombospondin 2
thrombospondin 2 - TSP2
THBS2


869
thyroid hormone receptor, alpha
thyroid hormone receptor alpha - AR7, EAR-7.1,
THRA



(erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a)
EAR-7.2, EAR7, ERB-T-1, ERBA, ERBA-



oncogene homolog, avian)
ALPHA, ERBA1, NR1A1, THRA1, THRA2,




THRA3, TR-ALPHA-1, c-ERBA-1, c-ERBA-




ALPHA-2, EAR-7.1/EAR-7.2; ERBA-related 7;




avian erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a)




oncogene homolog; thyroid hormone receptor,




alpha; thyroid hormone receptor, alpha (avian




erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a) oncogene




homolog); thyroid hormone receptor, alpha 1;




thyroid hormone receptor, alpha-2; thyroid




hormone receptor, alpha-3; triiodothyronine




receptor


870
thyroid hormone receptor, beta (erythroblastic
thyroid hormone receptor-beta - ERBA-BETA,
THRB



leukemia viral (v-erb-a) oncogene homolog 2,
ERBA2, GRTH, NR1A2, THR1, THRB1,



avian)
THRB2, avian erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-




erb-a) oncogene homolog 2; generalized




resistance to thyroid hormone; oncogene




ERBA2; thyroid hormone receptor beta 1;




thyroid hormone receptor, beta; thyroid hormone




receptor, beta (avian erythroblastic leukemia




viral (v-erb-a) oncogene homolog 2)


871
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) -
TIMP1




CLGI, EPA, EPO, HCI, TIMP, erythroid




potentiating activity; fibroblast collagenase




inhibitor; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1;




tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (erythroid




potentiating activity, collagenase inhibitor)


872
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) -
TIMP2




CSC-21K, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase




2; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2




precursor; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2


873
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (Sorsby
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) -
TIMP3



fundus dystrophy, pseudoinflammatory)
HSMRK222, K222, K222TA2, SFD, MIG-5




protein; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3;




tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (Sorsby




fundus dystrophy, pseudoinflammatory)


874
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 4
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) -
TIMP4




tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4


875
TLR4 and Name: toll-like receptor 4
TLR4 299Gly allele associated with
TLR4




DECREASED CAD risk - CD284, TOLL, hToll,




homolog of Drosophila toll


876
transmembrane protease, serine 13
mosaic serine protease - MSP, MSPL, mosaic
TMPRSS13




serine protease; transmembrane protease, serine




11


877
transmembrane protease, serine 2
transmembrane serine protease 2 - PRSS10,
TMPRSS2




epitheliasin


878
transmembrane protease, serine 3
transmembrane serine protease 3 - DFNB10,
TMPRSS3




DFNB8, ECHOS1, TADG12, serine protease




TADG12


879
transmembrane protease, serine 4
transmembrane serine protease 4 - MT-SP2,
TMPRSS4




TMPRSS3, membrane-type serine protease 2;




transmembrane serine protease 3


880
transmembrane protease, serine 5 (spinesin)
transmembrane serine protease 5 - SPINESIN,
TMPRSS5




transmembrane protease, serine 5


881
thymosin, beta 4, X-linked
Thymosine beta 4 - FX, PTMB4, TB4X,
TMSB4X




TMSB4, prothymosin beta-4; thymosin beta-4;




thymosin, beta 4; thymosin, beta 4, X




chromosome


882
thymosin, beta 4, Y-linked
Thymosine beta 4 - TB4Y, thymosin beta-4, Y
TMSB4Y




isoform; thymosin, beta 4, Y chromosome


883
tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily,
TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) - DIF,
TNF



member 2)
TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, APC1 protein;




TNF superfamily, member 2; TNF, macrophage-




derived; TNF, monocyte-derived; cachectin;




tumor necrosis factor alpha


884
tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily,
tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 - DIF, TNF-
TNF



member 2)
alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, APC1 protein; TNF




superfamily, member 2; TNF, macrophage-




derived; TNF, monocyte-derived; cachectin;




tumor necrosis factor alpha


885
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD262, DR5,
TNFRSF10B



member 10b
KILLER, KILLER/DR5, TRAIL-R2, TRAILR2,




TRICK2, TRICK2A, TRICK2B, TRICKB,




ZTNFR9, Fas-like protein precursor; TNF-




related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2;




TRAIL receptor 2; apoptosis inducing protein




TRICK2A/2B; apoptosis inducing receptor




TRAIL-R2; cytotoxic TRAIL receptor-2; death




domain containing receptor for TRAIL/Apo-2L;




death receptor 5; p53-regulated DNA damage-




inducible cell death receptor(killer); tumor




necrosis factor receptor-like protein ZTNFR9


886
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD263, DCR1,
TNFRSF10C



member 10c, decoy without an intracellular
LIT, TRAILR3, TRID, TNF related TRAIL



domain
receptor; TNF related apoptosis-inducing ligand




receptor 3; TRAIL receptor 3; antagonist decoy




receptor for TRAIL/Apo-2L; decoy receptor 1;




decoy without an intracellular domain;




lymphocyte inhibitor of TRAIL; tumor necrosis




factor receptor superfamily, member 10c


887
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD264, DCR2,
TNFRSF10D



member 10d, decoy with truncated death
TRAILR4, TRUNDD, TNF receptor-related



domain
receptor for TRAIL; TRAIL receptor 4; TRAIL




receptor with a truncated death domain; decoy




receptor 2; decoy with truncated death domain;




tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,




member 10d


888
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
CD265, EOF, FEO, ODFR, OFE, PDB2, RANK,
TNFRSF11A



member 11a, NFKB activator
TRANCER, osteoclast differentiation factor




receptor; receptor activator of nuclear factor-




kappa B; tumor necrosis factor receptor




superfamily, member 11a; tumor necrosis factor




receptor superfamily, member 11a, activator of




NFKB


923
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
OPG (osteoprotegerin), OCIF, OPG, TR1,
TNFRSF11B



member 11b (osteoprotegerin)
osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor;




osteoprotegerin


889
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
soluble necrosis factor receptor - ATAR, HVEA,
TNFRSF14



member 14 (herpesvirus entry mediator)
HVEM, LIGHTR, TR2, CD40-like protein




precursor; herpesvirus entry mediator;




herpesvirus entry mediator A; tumor necrosis




factor receptor superfamily, member 14; tumor




necrosis factor receptor-like gene2


890
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 gene R92Q
TNFRSF1A



member 1A
polymorphism - CD120a, FPF, TBP1, TNF-R,




TNF-R-I, TNF-R55, TNFAR, TNFR1, TNFR55,




TNFR60, p55, p55-R, p60, tumor necrosis factor




binding protein 1; tumor necrosis factor receptor




1; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1; tumor




necrosis factor-alpha receptor


891
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
soluble necrosis factor receptor - CD120b,
TNFRSF1B



member 1B
TBPII, TNF-R-II, TNF-R75, TNFBR, TNFR2,




TNFR80, p75, p75TNFR, p75 TNF receptor;




tumor necrosis factor beta receptor; tumor




necrosis factor binding protein 2; tumor necrosis




factor receptor 2


892
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
soluble necrosis factor receptor - APO-3, DDR3,
TNFRSF25



member 25
DR3, LARD, TNFRSF12, TR3, TRAMP, WSL-




1, WSL-LR, apoptosis inducing receptor;




apoptosis-mediating receptor; death domain




receptor 3; death domain receptor 3 soluble




form; death receptor beta; lymphocyte associated




receptor of death; translocating chain-association




membrane protein; tumor necrosis factor




receptor superfamily, member 12; tumor necrosis




factor receptor superfamily, member 12




(translocating chain-association membrane




protein)


893
tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 8
CD30, DIS166E, KI-1, CD30 antigen; CD30L
TNFRSF8




receptor; Ki-1 antigen; cytokine receptor CD30;




lymphocyte activation antigen CD30


894
tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily,
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (APO-
TNFSF10



member 10
2L) (TRAIL), APO2L, Apo-2L, CD253, TL2,




TRAIL, Apo-2 ligand; TNF-related apoptosis




inducing ligand TRAIL


895
tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily,
CD254, ODF, OPGL, RANKL, TRANCE,
TNFSF11



member 11
hRANKL2, sOdfTNF-related; activation-




induced cytokine; osteoclast differentiation




factor; osteoprotegerin ligand; receptor activator




of nuclear factor kappa B ligand; tumor necrosis




factor ligand superfamily, member 11


896
troponin C type 1 (slow)
TNC, TNNC; Troponin-C1, slow; cardiac
TNNC1




troponin C; troponin C, slow; troponin C1, slow


897
troponin I type 3 (cardiac)
cardiac Troponin I, CMH7, TNNC1, cTnI,
TNNI3




familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7;




troponin I, cardiac


898
TNNI3 interacting kinase
cardiac-related ankyrin-repeat protein kinase -
TNNI3K




CARK, TNNI3 interacting kinase variant;




cardiac ankyrin repeat kinase


899
troponin T type 1 (skeletal, slow)
ANM, MGC104241; troponin T1, skeletal, slow;
TNNT1




troponin-T1, skeletal,


900
troponin T type 2 (cardiac)
cardiac Troponin T, CMD1D, CMH2, TnTC,
TNNT2




cTnT, troponin T type 2, cardiac; troponin T,




cardiac muscle; troponin T2, cardiac


901
tropomyosin 1 (alpha)
tropomyosin, α-skeletal - HTM-alpha, TMSA,
TPM1




TPM1-alpha, TPM1-kappa, alpha tropomyosin;




sarcomeric tropomyosin kappa; tropomyosin 1




alpha chain


902
tropomyosin 3
tropomysin 3 - NEM1, TRK
TPM3


903
tripeptidyl peptidase I
TpP - CLN2, GIG1, LINCL, TPP I, TPP-I,
TPP1




ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 2, late infantile




(Jansky-Bielschowsky disease); growth-




inhibiting protein 1; tripeptidyl-peptidase I


904
tripeptidyl peptidase II
Tripeptidyl Peptidase 2 - TRIPEPTIDYL
TPP2




PEPTIDASE II


905
tryptase alpha/beta 1
mast cell Tryptase, TPS1, TPS2, TPSB1, alpha
TPSAB1




II, lung tryptase; mast cell protease II; mast cell




tryptase; pituitary tryptase; skin tryptase;




tryptase 1; tryptase II; tryptase beta 1; tryptase,




alpha; tryptase-I; tryptase-III


906
tryptase beta 2
mast cell Tryptase, TPS2, TPSB1, tryptaseC,
TPSB2




beta; beta II; beta III; lung tryptase; mast cell




protease I; mast cell tryptase; pituitary tryptase;




skin tryptase; tryptase II; tryptase III; tryptaseB


907
tryptase delta 1
mast cell Tryptase, MCP7L1, MMCP-7L,
TPSD1




hmMCP-3-like tryptase III; hmMCP-7-like;




mMCP-7-like delta II tryptase; mMCP-7-like-1;




mMCP-7-like-2; mast cell protease 7-like; mast




cell tryptase


908
tryptase gamma 1
mast cell Tryptase, PRSS31, TMT, trpA, gamma
TPSG1




I; gamma II; lung tryptase; mast cell protease II;




mast cell tryptase; pituitary tryptase; skin




tryptase; transmembrane tryptase


909
thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading
thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading
TRHDE



enzyme
ectoenzyme - PAP-II, PGPEP2, TRH-DE,




pyroglutamyl-peptidase II; thyrotropin-releasing




hormone degrading ectoenzyme


910
transient receptor potential cation channel,
vanilloid receptor 1 - VR1, capsaicin receptor;
TRPV1



subfamily V, member 1
transient receptor potential vanilloid 1a; transient




receptor potential vanilloid 1b; vanilloid receptor




subtype 1, capsaicin receptor; transient receptor




potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1)


911
thymidylate synthetase
thymidylate synthase - HsT422, TMS, TS, Tsase,
TYMS




Thymidylate synthase


912
UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UDP-galactose
ceramide glucosyl transferase - CGT
UGT8



ceramide galactosyltransferase)


913
urotensin 2 receptor
G-protein coupled receptor 14 - GPR14, UTR,
UTS2R




UTR2, G protein-coupled receptor 14


914
vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
(soluble) vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,
VCAM1




CD106, INCAM-100, CD106 antigen, VCAM-1


915
vinculin
vinculin - MVCL
VCL


916
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3)
vitamin D receptor 1 - NR1I1 - vitamin D (1,25-
VDR



receptor
dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor


917
vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGF - VEGFA, VPF, vascular endothelial
VEGF




growth factor A; vascular permeability factor


918
vascular endothelial growth factor A
MGC70609, VEGF, VEGF-A, VPF; vascular
VEGFA




permeability factor, VEGF(A)21


919
vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1
vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 - HVR1,
VIPR1




II, PACAP-R-2, RCD1, RDC1, VIPR, VIRG,




VPAC1, PACAP type II receptor; VIP receptor,




type I; pituitary adenylate cyclase activating




polypeptide receptor, type II


920
vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2 -
VIPR2




VPAC2


921
vitronectin
fibrin monomer, complement S-protein;
VTN




epibolin; serum spreading factor; somatomedin




B; vitronectin (serum spreading factor,




somatomedin B, complement S-protein)


922
von Willebrand factor A domain containing 2
von Willebrand Factor propeptide (vWFAgII) -
VWA2




AMACO, CCSP-2, A-domain containing protein




similar to matrilin and collagen; colon cancer




diagnostic marker; colon cancer secreted protein-2


938
von Willebrand factor
von Willebrand factor, F8VWF, VWD,
VWF




coagulation factor VIII VWF


939
chemokine (C motif) receptor 1
G protein-coupled receptor 5 - CCXCR1, GPR5,
XCR1




G protein-coupled receptor 5; XC chemokine




receptor 1; chemokine (C motif) XC receptor 1;




lymphotactin receptor


940
X-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P)
x-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) 1 -
XPNPEP1



1, soluble
SAMP, XPNPEP, XPNPEPL, XPNPEPL1, X-




prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) 1,




soluble (SAMP, XPNPEP, XPNPEPL); X-prolyl




aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P)-like


941
X-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P)
X-prolyl aminopeptidase 2 - X-prolyl
XPNPEP2



2, membrane-bound
aminopeptidase 2 (aminopeptidase P); X-prolyl




aminopeptidase 2, membrane-bound;




aminoacylproline aminopeptidase;




aminopeptidase P


942
sterile alpha motif and leucine zipper
sterile-alpha motif and leucine zipper containing
ZAK



containing kinase AZK
kinase - AZK, MLK7, MLT, MLTK, MRK,




mlklak, MLK-like mitogen-activated protein




triple kinase; MLK-related kinase; cervical




cancer suppressor gene 4 protein; leucine zipper-




and sterile alpha motif-containing kinase;




mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase




MLT; mixed lineage kinase 7; mixed lineage




kinase with a leucine zipper and a sterile alpha




motif; mixed lineage kinase-related kinase;




mixed lineage kinase-related kinase MRK-beta


943
leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA) -
leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA) - measured
zCells



measured by whole blood flow cytometry
by whole blood flow cytometry


944
Mobilization of CD34/CXCR4+,
Mobilization of CD34/CXCR4+,
zCells



CD34/CD117+, c-met+ stem cells
CD34/CD117+, c-met+ stem cells


945
CD14+CD16+ monocytes
CD14+CD16+ monocytes
zCells


946
circulating endothelial cells
circulating endothelial cells
zCells


947
HLADR+ CD3+ and CD69+CD4+ cells
HLADR+ CD3+ and CD69+CD4+ cells
zCells


948
Circulating hHSP60-specific CD4 + CD28null
Circulating hHSP60-specific CD4 + CD28null
zCells



cells
cells


949
erythrocyte aggregability
erythrocyte aggregability
zCells


950
Cytomegalovirus infection
CMV infection
zCMV


951
D-Dimer
D-Dimer, Fragment D-dimer, Fibrin degradation
zD-Dimer




fragment, Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP)


952
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)
zHNE


953
malondialdehyde-modified low density
malondialdehyde-modified low density
zMDA-LDL



lipoprotein (MDA-LDL)
lipoprotein (MDA-LDL)


954
thromboxane A2
Thromboxane (TX) A(2), a cyclooxygenase-
zMetabolite




derived mediator


955
thromboxane B2
11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2, a stable
zMetabolite




thromboxane metabolite, is a full agonistof




chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule




expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2)in human




eosinophils andbasophils


956
uric acid
uric acid
zMetabolite


957
Unbound free fatty acids (FFA(u))
Unbound free fatty acids (FFA(u))
zMetabolite


958
neopterin
neopterin
zMetabolite


959
glucose
altered glycemia
zMetabolite


960
malondialdehyde (MDA)
malondialdehyde (MDA)
zMetabolite


961
calcium
coronary calcium - (coronary for CEP) &
zMetabolite




(ionized calcium for OFP)


962
lactic acid
lactic acid
zMetabolite


963
prostacyclin
PGI2-present in urine
zMetabolite


964
Total Sialic Acid (TSA)
Total Sialic Acid (TSA)
zMetabolite


965
citric acid
citric acid
zMetabolite


970
citrulline
citrulline
zMetabolite


971
uridine
uridine
zMetabolite


972
hyaluronan
hyaluronan
zMetabolite


973
alanine
alanine
zMetabolite


974
argininosuccinate
argininosuccinate
zMetabolite


975
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
zMetabolite


976
aconitic acid
aconitic acid
zMetabolite


977
hydroxyhippuric acid
hydroxyhippuric acid
zMetabolite


978
hypoxanthine
hypoxanthine
zMetabolite


979
inosine
inosine
zMetabolite


980
oxaloacetate
oxaloacetate
zMetabolite


981
phenylalanine
phenylalanine
zMetabolite


982
serine
serine
zMetabolite


983
tryptophan
tryptophan
zMetabolite


984
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid
zMetabolite


985
8-isoprostane-prostaglandin F 2 (Iso-P)
8-isoprostane-prostaglandin F 2 (Iso-P)
zMetabolite


986
Remnant-like lipoprotein particles
Remnant-like lipoprotein particles cholesterol;
zMetabolite



cholesterol; RLP-C
RLP-C


987
6-ketoprostaglandin F1a
6-ketoprostaglandin F1a, the stable metabolite of
zMetabolite




prostacyclin (PGI2)


988
chlorine soluble mucoprotein
chlorine soluble mucoprotein
zMetabolite


989
neutrophil protease-4 (NP4)
neutrophil protease-4 (NP4)
zMetabolite


990
protenin
protenin
zMetabolite


991
Intraplatelet Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH[4])
Intraplatelet BH(4)
zMetabolite


992
hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH)
hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH)
zMetabolite


993
Med2
Subunit of the RNA polymerase II mediator
zMetabolite




complex; associates with core polymerase




subunits to form the RNA polymerase II




holoenzyme; essential for transcriptional




regulation


994
2,3-dinor-6-keto Prostaglandin F1α
2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF1α
zMetabolite


995
8,12-iso-iPF2α
8,12-iso-iPF2α
zMetabolite


996
acylglycerol acyltransferase-like proteins
acylglycerol acyltransferase-like proteins DC4
zMetabolite



DC4


997
ATPase Ca++ binding protein
ATPase Ca++ binding protein
zMetabolite


998
calcium-dependent alpha-latrotoxin receptor
calcium-dependent alpha-latrotoxin receptor
zMetabolite


999
cardiovascular disorder plasma polypeptide
cardiovascular disorder plasma polypeptide
zMetabolite


1000
G-protein-coupled receptor H7TBA62
G-protein-coupled receptor
zMetabolite




H7TBA62, Polynucleotide encoding G-protein




coupled receptor (H7TBA62)


1001
hematopoietin receptor-like protein
hematopoietin receptor-like protein
zMetabolite


1002
HM74-like G protein coupled receptor
HM74-like G protein coupled receptor
zMetabolite


1003
IGS70
IGS70
zMetabolite


1004
neuropeptide Y G protein-coupled receptor
neuropeptide Y G protein-coupled receptor
zMetabolite


1005
organic anion transporter ust3 like 3
organic anion transporter ust3 like 3
zMetabolite


1006
phosphate channel interacting protein
phosphate channel interacting protein
zMetabolite


1007
phosphodiesterase 9a3
phosphodiesterase 9a3
zMetabolite


1008
phosphodiesterase 9a4
phosphodiesterase 9a4
zMetabolite


1009
plasma 13-HODE
plasma 13-HODE
zMetabolite


1010
secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor
secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor
zMetabolite


1011
iPF2α-III
iPF2α-III
zMetabolite


1012
LFA-2
LFA-2, human lymphocyte membrane protein
zMetabolite


1013
phosphoglyceric acid mutase-MB
phosphoglyceric acid mutase-MB
zMetabolite


1014
renin-angiotensin system
renin-angiotensin system
zMetabolite


1015
sphingosine
sphingosine
zMetabolite


1016
mitochondrial DNA
mitochondrial DNA
zmtDNA


1017
C terminal propeptide of Type I procollagen
C terminal propeptide of Type I procollagen
zPICP



(PICP)
(PICP) - CICP, collagen I synthesis byproduct




(PICP)


1018
collagen III synthesis byproduct (PIIINP)
collagen III synthesis byproduct (PIIINP)
zPIIINP


1019
amino-terminal propeptide of type I
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen
zPINP



procollagen (PINP)
(PINP), collagen I synthesis byproduct (PINP)


1020
collagen I synthesis byproduct (PIP)
collagen I synthesis byproduct (PIP)
zPIP


1021
Homocysteine (total)
Homocysteine (total)
ztHcy


1022
a vascular endothelial cell specific and LIM
a vascular endothelial cell specific and LIM
zVELP2



domain containing molecule
domain containing molecule


1023
white blood cell count
white blood cell count
zWBC





Count









In addition to the above listed analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS, all of the previously described Clinical Parameters and Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors are also considered ATERIORISKMARKERS.
Additional ARTERIORISKMARKERS are those described in co-pending applications, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/546,874 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/788,260, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated in their entirety.
One skilled in the art will note that the above listed ARTERIORISKMARKERS come from a diverse set of physiological and biological pathways, including many which are not commonly accepted to be related to arteriovascular disease. These groupings of different ARTERIORISKMARKERS, even within those high significance segments, may presage differing signals of the stage or rate of the progression of the disease. Such distinct groupings of ARTERIORISKMARKERS may allow a more biologically detailed and clinically useful signal from the ARTERIORISKMARKERS as well as opportunities for pattern recognition within the ARTERIORISKMARKER algorithms combining the multiple ARTERIORISKMARKER signals.
The present invention concerns, in one aspect, a subset of ARTERIORISKMARKERS; other ARTERIORISKMARKERS and even biomarkers which are not listed in the above Table 2, but related to these physiological and biological pathways, may prove to be useful given the signal and information provided from these studies. To the extent that other biomarker pathway participants (i.e., other biomarker participants in common pathways with those biomarkers contained within the list of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the above Table 2) are also relevant pathway participants in arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, they may be functional equivalents to the biomarkers thus far disclosed in Table 2. These other pathway participants are also considered ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the context of the present invention, provided they additionally share certain defined characteristics of a good biomarker, which would include both involvement in the herein disclosed biological processes and also analytically important characteristics such as the bioavailability of said biomarkers at a useful signal to noise ratio, and in a useful and accessible sample matrix such as blood serum, Such requirements typically limit the diagnostic usefulness of many members of a biological pathway, and frequently occurs only in pathway members that constitute secretory substances, those accessible on the plasma membranes of cells, as well as those that are released into the serum upon cell death, due to apoptosis or for other reasons such as endothelial remodeling or other cell turnover or cell necrotic processes, whether or not they are related to the disease progression of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event. However, the remaining and future biomarkers that meet this high standard for ARTERIORISKMARKERS are likely to be quite valuable.
Furthermore, other unlisted biomarkers will be very highly correlated with the biomarkers listed as ARTERIORISKMARKERS in Table 1 (for the purpose of this application, any two variables will be considered to be “very highly correlated” when they have a Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.5 or greater). The present invention encompasses such functional and statistical equivalents to the aforementioned ARTERIORISKMARKERS. Furthermore, the statistical utility of such additional ARTERIORISKMARKERS is substantially dependent on the cross-correlation between multiple biomarkers and any new biomarkers will often be required to operate within a panel in order to elaborate the meaning of the underlying biology.
One or more, preferably two or more of the listed ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be detected in the practice of the present invention. For example, two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), ten (10), fifteen (15), twenty (20), forty (40), fifty (50), seventy-five (75), one hundred (100), one hundred and twenty five (125), one hundred and fifty (150), one hundred and seventy-five (175), two hundred (200), two hundred and ten (210), two hundred and twenty (220), two hundred and thirty (230), two hundred and forty (240), two hundred and fifty (250), two hundred and sixty (260) or more, four hundred (400) or more, six hundred (600) or more, eight hundred (800) or more, and 1000 (1000) or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be detected.
In some aspects, all 1023 ARTERIORISKMARKERS listed herein can be detected. Preferred ranges from which the number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be detected include ranges bounded by any minimum selected from between one and 1,023, particularly two, five, ten, twenty, fifty, seventy-five, one hundred, one hundred and twenty five, one hundred and fifty, one hundred and seventy-five, two hundred, two hundred and ten, two hundred and twenty, two hundred and thirty, two hundred and forty, two hundred and fifty, five hundred, seven hundred, and 1000 paired with any maximum up to the total known ARTERIORISKMARKERS, particularly five, ten, twenty, fifty, and seventy-five. Particularly preferred ranges include two to five (2-5), two to ten (2-10), two to fifty (2-50), two to seventy-five (2-75), two to one hundred (2-100), five to ten (5-10), five to twenty (5-20), five to fifty (5-50), five to seventy-five (5-75), five to one hundred (5-100), ten to twenty (10-20), ten to fifty (10-50), ten to seventy-five (10-75), ten to one hundred (10-100), twenty to fifty (20-50), twenty to seventy-five (20-75), twenty to one hundred (20-100), fifty to seventy-five (50-75), fifty to one hundred (50-100), one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five (100-125), one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and fifty (125-150), one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy five (150-175), one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred (175-200), two hundred to two hundred and ten (200-210), two hundred and ten to two hundred and twenty (210-220), two hundred and twenty to two hundred and thirty (220-230), two hundred and thirty to two hundred and forty (230-240), two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty (240-250), two hundred and fifty to two hundred and sixty (250-260), two hundred and sixty to more than three hundred (260-300), three hundred and fifty to more than five hundred (350-500), five hundred and fifty to more than seven hundred (550-700), seven hundred and fifty to one thousand (750-1000), and one thousand and fifty to more than one thousand and twenty (1050-1020).
Construction of ARTERIORISKMARKER Panels
Groupings of ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be included in “panels.” A “panel” within the context of the present invention means a group of biomarkers (whether they are ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, or traditional laboratory risk factors) that includes more than one ARTERIORISKMARKER. A panel can also comprise additional biomarkers, e.g., clinical parameters, traditional laboratory risk factors, known to be present or associated with arteriovascular disease, in combination with a selected group of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS listed in Table 2.
As noted above, many of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, and traditional laboratory risk factors listed, when used alone and not as a member of a multi-biomarker panel of ARTERIORISKMARKERS, have little or no clinical use in reliably distinguishing individual normal subjects, subjects at risk for having an arteriovascular event, and subjects having arteriovascular disease from each other in a selected general population, and thus cannot reliably be used alone in classifying any subject between those three states. Even where there are statistically significant differences in their mean measurements in each of these populations, as commonly occurs in studies which are sufficiently powered, such biomarkers may remain limited in their applicability to an individual subject, and contribute little to diagnostic or prognostic predictions for that subject. A common measure of statistical significance is the p-value, which indicates the probability that an observation has arisen by chance alone; preferably, such p-values are 0.05 or less, representing a 5% or less chance that the observation of interest arose by chance. Such p-values depend significantly on the power of the study performed. As discussed above, in the study populations of the below Examples, none of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS demonstrated a very high degree of diagnostic accuracy when used by itself for the diagnosis of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event, even though many showed statistically significant differences between the study populations (as seen in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 in the Examples). However, when each ARTERIORISKMARKER is taken individually to assess the individual subjects of the population, such ARTERIORISKMARKERS are of limited use in the intended risk indications for the invention (as is shown in FIG. 14).
Combinations of multiple clinical parameters used singly alone or together in formulas is another approach, but also generally has difficulty in reliably achieving a high degree of diagnostic accuracy for individual subjects when tested across multiple study populations except when the blood-borne biomarkers are included (by way of example, FIG. 6 demonstrates this in the Examples). Even when individual traditional laboratory risk factors that are blood-borne biomarkers are added to clinical parameters, as with HDLC within the Framingham Risk Score of Wilson (1998), it is difficult to reliably achieve a high degree of diagnostic accuracy for individual subjects when tested across multiple study populations. Used herein, for a formula or biomarker (including ARTERIORISKMARKERS, clinical parameters, and traditional laboratory risk factors) to “reliably achieve” a given level of diagnostic accuracy meant to achieve this metric under cross-validation (such as LOO-CV or 10-Fold CV within the original population) or in more than one population (e.g., demonstrate it beyond the original population in which the formula or biomarker was originally measured and trained). It is recognized that biological variability is such that it is unlikely that any given formula or biomarker will achieve the same level of diagnostic accuracy in every individual population in which it can be measured, and that substantial similarity between such training and validation populations is assumed and, indeed, required.
Despite this individual ARTERIORISKMARKER performance, and the general performance of formulas combining only the traditional clinical parameters and few traditional laboratory risk factors, the present inventors have noted that certain specific combinations of two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS can also be used as multi-biomarker panels comprising combinations of ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are known to be involved in one or more physiological or biological pathways, and that such information can be combined and made clinically useful through the use of various formulae, including statistical classification algorithms and others, combining and in many cases extending the performance characteristics of the combination beyond that of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS. These specific combinations show an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy, and, when sufficient information from multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS is combined in a trained formula, often reliably achieve a high level of diagnostic accuracy transportable from one population to another.
The general concept of how two less specific or lower performing ARTERIORISKMARKERS are combined into novel and more useful combinations for the intended indications, is a key aspect of the invention. Multiple biomarkers can often yield better performance than the individual components when proper mathematical and clinical algorithms are used; this is often evident in both sensitivity and specificity, and results in a greater AUC. Secondly, there is often novel unperceived information in the existing biomarkers, as such was necessary in order to achieve through the new formula an improved level of sensitivity or specificity. This hidden information may hold true even for biomarkers which are generally regarded to have suboptimal clinical performance on their own. In fact, the suboptimal performance in terms of high false positive rates on a single biomarker measured alone may very well be an indicator that some important additional information is contained within the biomarker results—information which would not be elucidated absent the combination with a second biomarker and a mathematical formula.
Several statistical and modeling algorithms known in the art can be used to both assist in ARTERIORISKMARKER selection choices and optimize the algorithms combining these choices. Statistical tools such as factor and cross-biomarker correlation/covariance analyses allow more rationale approaches to panel construction. Mathematical clustering and classification tree showing the Euclidean standardized distance between the ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be advantageously used. While such grouping may or may not give direct insight into the biology and desired informational content targets for ideal arteriovascular event formula, it is the result of a method of factor analysis intended to group collections of ARTERIORISKMARKERS with similar information content (see Examples below for more statistical techniques commonly employed). Pathway informed seeding of such statistical classification techniques also may be employed, as may rational approaches based on the selection of individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS based on their participation across in particular pathways or physiological functions.
Ultimately, formula such as statistical classification algorithms can be directly used to both select ARTERIORISKMARKERS and to generate and train the optimal formula necessary to combine the results from multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS into a single index. Often, techniques such as forward (from zero potential explanatory parameters) and backwards selection (from all available potential explanatory parameters) are used, and information criteria, such as AIC or BIC, are used to quantify the tradeoff between the performance and diagnostic accuracy of the panel and the number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS used. The position of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKER on a forward or backwards selected panel can be closely related to its provision of incremental information content for the algorithm, so the order of contribution is highly dependent on the other constituent ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the panel.
The inventors have observed that certain ARTERIORISKMARKERS are frequently selected across many different formulas and model types for biomarker selection and model formula construction. One aspect of the present invention relates to selected key biomarkers that are categorized based on the frequency of the presence of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS and in the best fit models of given types taken across multiple population studies.
One such grouping of several classes of ARTERIORISKMARKERS is presented below in Table 3 and again in FIG. 1.







TABLE 3







ARTERIORISKMARKER Categories Preferred in Panel Constructions















Traditional
Core
Core






Clinical
Laboratory
Markers 
Markers 
Supplemental
Supplemental
Additional
Additional


Parameters
Risk Factors
I
II
Markers I
Markers II
Markers I
Markers II





Age
CHOL
ANG
CCL2
APOA1
APOB
ACE
ANGPT2


BMI
(Cholesterol)
CD40
IGF1
CDK6
APOE
ADIPOQ
CCL11


Diabetes
CRP
DPP4
LEP
EGF
BAX
AGER
CCL13


DBP
FGA
IL6ST
VEGF
FTH1
C3
AHSG
CCL7


(DiastolicBP)
Glucose
POMC

IGFBP1
CD14
ICAM1
CCL8


FamHX
HBA1C (A1c)
VCAM1

IL18
ENG
IGFBP3
CSF1


(Family History)
HDLC (HDL)


IL2RA
HGF
INHBA
CXCL10


Hip
INS (Insulin,


IL6R
HP
PLAT
IFNG


(Circumference)
SCp)


IL8

SELP
IL3


HT (Height)
LDL (LDL)


SELE

SHBG
IL5


RACE
LPA


TNFRSF1

VWF
IL7


(Ethnicity)
TRIG


B

APOA2
MMP9


SBP
(Triglycerides)




FAS
NGFB


(Systolic BP)
VLDL




FASLG
TNF


Sex





IL6



Smoking





MMP2



Waist





RETN



(Circumference)





TGFB1



WT (Weight)





TNFRSF1









A









For the purposes of Table 3, the Examples and Figures, Glucose includes fasting plasma glucose (Glucose), or glucose levels during and after oral glucose tolerance (Gluc120) or other challenge testing. INS includes fasting insulin (Insulin), or insulin levels during and after oral glucose tolerance (Ins120) or other challenge testing. Used generally, it includes its precursor pro-insulin, and cleavage product soluble C-peptide (SCp).
In the context of the present invention, and without limitation of the foregoing, Table 3 above may be used to construct an ARTERIORISKMARKER panel comprising a series of individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The table, derived using the above statistical and pathway informed classification techniques, is intended to assist in the construction of preferred embodiments of the invention by choosing individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS from selected categories of multiple ARTERIORISKMARKERS. Preferably, at least two biomarkers from one or more of the above lists of Clinical Parameters, Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, Core Markers I and II, Supplemental Markers I and II, and Additional Markers I and II are selected, however, the invention also concerns selection of at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, and at least twelve of these biomarkers, and larger panels up to the entire set of biomarkers listed herein. For example, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven, or at least twelve biomarkers can be selected from Core Biomarkers I and II, or from Supplemental Biomarkers I and II.
Using the categories presented above and without intending to limit the practice of the invention, several panel selection approaches can be used independently or, when larger panels are desired, in combination in order to achieve improvements in the diagnostic accuracy of a ARTERIORISKMARKER panel over the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS. A preferred approach involves first choosing one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS from the columns labeled Core Biomarkers I and II, which represents those ARTERIORISKMARKERS most frequently chosen using the various selection algorithms. While biomarker substitutions are possible with this approach, several biomarker selection formulas, across multiple studies and populations, have demonstrated and confirmed the importance of those ARTERIORISKMARKERS listed in the Core Biomarkers I and II columns shown above for the discrimination of subjects likely to convert to arteriovascular events from those who are not likely to do so. In general, for smaller panels, the higher performing ARTERIORISKMARKER panels generally contain ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen first from the list in the Core Biomarker I column, with the highest levels of performance when several ARTERIORISKMARKERS are chosen from this category. ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the Core Biomarker II column can also be chosen first, and, in sufficiently large panels may also achieve high degrees of accuracy, but generally are most useful in combination with the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the Core Biomarker I column shown above.
Panels of ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen in the above fashion may also be supplemented with one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS chosen from either or both of the columns labeled Supplemental Markers I and Additional Markers II or from the columns labeled “Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors” and “Clinical Parameters.” Of the Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, preference is given to HDLC and CRP, then FGA, finally Insulin and Glucose. Of the Clinical Parameters, preference is given to Age and measures of blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and of waist or hip circumference. Such Additional Biomarkers can be added to panels constructed from one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS from the Core Biomarker I and/or Core Biomarker II columns.
Finally, such Supplemental Biomarkers can also be used individually as initial seeds in construction of several panels together with other ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The ARTERIORISKMARKERS identified in the Supplemental Biomarkers I and Supplemental Biomarkers II column are identified as common substitution strategies for Core Biomarkers particularly in larger panels, and panels so constructive often still arrive at acceptable diagnostic accuracy and overall ARTERIORISKMARKER panel performance. In fact, as a group, some substitutions of Core Biomarkers for Supplemental Biomarkers are beneficial for panels over a certain size, and can result in different models and selected sets of ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the panels selected using forward versus stepwise (looking back and testing each previous ARTERIORISKMARKER's individual contribution with each new ARTERIORISKMARKER addition to a panel) selection formula. Multiple biomarker substitutes for individual Core Biomarkers may also be derived from substitution analysis (presenting only a constrained set of biomarkers, without the relevant Core Biomarker, to the selection formula used, and comparing the before and after panels constructed) and replacement analysis (replacing the relevant Core Biomarker with every other potential biomarker parameter, reoptimizing the formula coefficients or weights appropriately, and ranking the best replacements by a performance criteria).
As implied above, in all such panel construction techniques, initial and subsequent Core or Supplemental Biomarkers, or Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors or Clinical Parameters, may also be deliberately selected from a field of many potential ARTERIORISKMARKERS by ARTERIORISKMARKER selection formula, including the actual performance of each derived statistical classifier algorithm itself in a training subject population, in order to maximize the improvement in performance at each incremental addition of a ARTERIORISKMARKER. In this manner, many acceptably performing panels can be constructed using any number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS up to the total set measured in one's individual practice of the invention (as summarized in FIG. 7, and in detail in FIGS. 10, 11,20 and 21 for the relevant Example populations). This technique is also of great use when the number of potential ARTERIORISKMARKERS is constrained for other reasons of practicality or economics, as the order of ARTERIORISKMARKER selection is demonstrated in the Examples to vary upon the total ARTERIORISKMARKERS available to the formula used in selection. It is a feature of the invention that the order and identity of the specific ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected under any given formula may vary based on both the starting list of potential biomarker parameters presented to the formula (the total pool from which biomarkers may be selected to form panels) as well as due to the training population characteristics and level of diversity, as shown in the Examples below.
Examples of specific ARTERIORISKMARKER panel construction derived using the above general techniques are also disclosed herein in the Examples, without limitation of the foregoing, our techniques of biomarker panel construction, or the applicability of alternative ARTERIORISKMARKERS or biomarkers from functionally equivalent classes which are also involved in the same constituent physiological and biological pathways. Of particular note are the panels summarized in FIG. 13 through 15, which include ARTERIORISKMARKERS shown in the above Tables 2 and 3 together with Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors and Clinical Parameters, and describe their AUC performance in fitted formulas within the relevant identified population and biomarker sets.
Of further note is FIG. 2, which is a flow chart depicting ARTERIORISKMARKER pathophysiology and progression and biomarker functions, pathways and other categories over the spectrum of arteriovascular disease, including numerical references to the canonical molecular pathways as currently listed within the Kyoto University Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) web site. Such pathway diagrams listed at the KEGG web site include references to each of the various biomarker participants within the given pathway, relating biomarkers both directly and indirectly associated with arteriovascular disease. These KEGG pathways are furthermore depicted in the following FIGS. 2A through 2P, and referenced below in the marker grouping discussion.
Two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERs of the present invention can also be combined into marker panels comprising combinations of ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are known to be involved in one or more physiological pathways. Examples of ARTERIORISKMARKER Component Categories and a representative number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS implicated in the physiological pathways for such Component Categories are disclosed herein, without limitation of the forgoing techniques of marker panel construction, or of the applicability of alternative ARTERIORISKMARKERS or biomarkers from functionally equivalent classes which are also involved in the same Component Categories and their constituent physiological pathways.
Accordingly, ARTERIORISKMARKERS according to the invention can be classified into panels that comprise biomarkers specific to a particular disease pathway, disease site, disease stage, disease kinetics, and can also comprise markers that can be used to exclude and distinguish arteriovascular diseases from each other (“exclusion markers”). Such panels can comprise two or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS, but can also comprise one ARTERIORISKMARKER, where that one ARTERIORISKMARKER can provide information about several pathways, diseases, disease kinetics, or disease stages.
For example, pathway activity marker panels can comprise one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of general physiological pathways that are active in the subject and associated with an arteriovascular disease, such as, but not limited to inflammation, platelet aggregation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, and vascular calcification. Disease site marker panels can comprise one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of a particular site of disease, such as sites involved in CAD (coronary arteries), PAD (peripheral arteries), or CVD (cerebrovascular arteries). Such panels can comprise markers of necrosis at high sensitivity, such as, but not limited to ARTERIORISKMARKERS corresponding to creatine kinase MB isozyme (CKMB), troponin I, and troponin T. Another marker panel that is useful in the practice of the present invention is a disease stage marker, wherein one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS are indicative of the expression kinetics that vary with the absolute stage of progression for the thrombosis prior to the subject exhibiting symptoms of the arteriovascular disease. Such ARTERIORISKMARKERS include, without limitation, thrombus precursor protein (TpP) and d-dimer. The invention also concerns marker panels that comprise one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS that are indicative of the speed of progression of an arteriovascular disease, wherein the ARTERIORISKMARKERS provide information on the kinetics of expression and how they vary with the speed of disease progression. For example, such ARTERIORISKMARKERS include, without limitation, chemoattractants and cell activation markers having enzymatic effects on disease development progression. An additional marker panel provided by the present invention comprises “exclusion markers”, wherein one or more ARTERIORISKMARKERS are indicative of a common disease that do not correspond to or are not involved in arteriovascular disease, or which distinguish among different characteristics and sequelae associated with a particular type of arteriovascular disease.







TABLE 4







Category A - Adipose and Insulin Metabolism









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





Adipocytokine
KEGG 4920;
TNF, LEP, ADIPOQ, PPARA,


Signaling
FIG. 3
PPARD, PPARG


Pathway


Insulin
KEGG 4910;
INS, INSR, PDE3, GSK3B, PDK1,


Signaling
FIG. 4
PDK2


Pathway
















TABLE 5







Category B - Inflammation and Leukocyte Infiltration









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





Cytokine-
KEGG 4060;
BLR1, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5


Cytokine
FIG. 2-C
(RANTES), CCL9 (MIP-1g), CCL11


Receptor

(Eotaxin), CCL12 (MCP-5), CCL19


Interaction

(MIP-3b), CCL21 (TCA4/6CKine),


Pathway

CSF1, CSF2 (GM-CSF), CSF3




(GCSF), CXCL1 (KC), CXCL2 (MIP-




2) CXCR4, CXCR6, GDF15 (MIC1),




IFNA, IFNG, IL1B, IL2, IL3, IL4,




IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12B, IL17D




(IL27), IL18, PPBP, PF4, TNFA,




TNFSF11 (RANKL), CRP, SAA


Cell Adhesion
KEGG 4514;
ICAM1, ICAM2, ICAM3, JAM2,


Molecule
FIG. 2-D
JAM3, PECAM1, VCAM1, E-


Pathway

selectin, SELP (P-selectin), SELPLG,




vWF, CD40, CD40L, ITGAL, ITGB2,




IT


Leukocyte
KEGG 4670;
JAM1, MMP1, MMP2, MMP3,


Transendothelial
FIG. 2-E
MMP9, MMP11, MMP12, MMP14


Migration


Pathway


T Cell
KEGG 4660;
CDK4, IFNG, TNFA


Receptor
FIG. 2-F


Signaling


Pathway
















TABLE 6







Category C - Cell Proliferation and Death









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





VEGF
KEGG 4370;
VEGF, PIGF, HGF, FGF


Signaling
FIG. 2-G


Pathway


Cell
KEGG 4110;
TGFB1, CCNE1, CCNH, CDK4,


Cycle
FIG. 2-H
CDK6, PCNA, SKP2


Pathway


MAPK
KEGG 4010;
MAPK14 (p38), HSPA8, HSP72,


Signaling
FIG. 2-I
FGF, CD14, PDGFA,


Pathway

ACTN1(Actinin), VCL (Vinculin)


Apoptosis
KEGG 4210;
TNFA, CASP3, CASP9


Pathway
FIG. 2-J


Calcium
KEGG 4020;
CCNB1, F2R, PDGFRB, TnC, MLCK


Signaling
FIG. 2-K


Pathway
















TABLE 7







Category D - Oxidative Stress, Cell Matrix and Coagulation









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





Complement
KEGG 4610;
C3, C4, vWF, F2, F3, F5, F7, F9, F10,


and Coagulation
FIG. 2-L
F12, F13, CpB2, TFPI, PROC (Protein


Cascade Pathway

C), SERPIN G1, PLAT (TPA), PLG




(Plasminopen), CD55 (DAF)


Extracellular
KEGG 4512;
MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, PAPP-A,


Matrix (ECM) -
FIG. 2-M
FSD1 (Fibronectin), LAM3 (Laminin),


Receptor

ITGA, ITGB, VCL (Vinculin)


Interaction


Pathway


Oxidative
KEGG 0564,
MPO, sPLA2, Lp-PLA2, ENO2


Metabolism
0590; FIGS.
(Enolase), PGAM4, Ox-LDL, IMA



2-N and 2-O
(Ischemia Modified Albumin)


Regulation of
KEGG 4810;
ACTN1 (Actinin), CD14, F2RL1


Actin
FIG. 2-P


Cytoskeleton


Pathway
















TABLE 8







Category E - Acute and Post-Acute Event Markers









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





Cellular
—
CKMB, Troponin I, Troponin C,


Necrosis

Troponin T, Tropomyosin,




Myoglobin, Myosin Light Chain,




Total CK, Actin, Myosin, Fibronectin


Hemodynamic
—
BNP, proNT-BNP, ANP


Stress and


Remodelling
















TABLE 9







Category F - Arteriovasculate Physiological









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





Physiological
—
Blood Pressure, Weight,


ARTERIORISKMARKERS

Body-Mass Index, Resting




Heart Rate, Sex, Age,




Diabetes, Smoking, Hip




or Waist Circumference
















TABLE 10







Category G - Algorithms and Index Construction









Pathway
Figure
ARTERIORISKMARKERS





Statistical
—
Linear classifiers (Fisher's linear


and Syntactic

discriminant, Logistic regression,


(Structural)

Nave Bayes classifier, Perceptron), k-


Classification

nearest neighbor, Boosting, Decision


Algorithms and

Trees, Neural Networks, Bayesian


Index

Networks, Support Vector Machines,


Construction

Hidden Markov Models


Methods









ARTERIORISKMARKERS according to the present invention need not be limited or bound by the categories A G as disclosed above, but may also be analyzed in total or individually, or in clusters not reflected in categories A-G. Furthermore, the above component marker listings do not purport to be complete; further references to the KEGG pathways contained within FIG. 2 are made above so as to enable the more rapid addition of new biomarkers into the above groupings when they are shown to be functional or statistical equivalents of an existing ARTERORISKMARKER.
Table 11 provides a summary of specific example ARTERIORISKMARKER panels and their inclusion of one or more biomarkers from one or more categories A-G, as indicated below.







TABLE 11







ARTERIORISKMARKER Panels Using One Or More


ARTERIORISKMARKERS Each From One Or 


More Component Categories A-G









Categories Used;















1
2
3
4
5
6
7





Examples of
A
AB
ABC
ABCD
ABCDE
ABCDEF
ABCDEFG


ARTERIO- 
B
AC
ABD
ABCE
ABCDF
ABCDEG



RISK-
C
AD
ABE
ABCF
ABCDG
ABCDFG



MARKER
D
AE
ABF
ABCG
ABCEF
ABCEFG



Panels
E
AF
ABG
ABDE
ABCEG
ABDEFG




F
AG
ACD
ABDF
ABCFG
ACDEFG




G
BC
ACE
ABDG
ABDEF
BCDEFG





BD
ACF
ABEF
ABDEG






BE
ACG
ABEG
ABDFG






BF
ADE
ABFG
ABEFG






BG
ADF
ACDE
ACDEF






CD
ADG
ACDF
ACDEG






CE
AEF
ACDG
ACDFG






CF
AEG
ACEF
ACEFG






CG
AFG
ACEG
ADEFG






DE
BCD
ACFG
BCDEF






DF
BCE
ADEF
BCDEG






DG
BCF
ADEG
BCDFG






EF
BCG
ADFG
BCEFG






EG
BDE
AEFG
BDEFG






FG
BDF
BCDE
CDEFG







BDG
BCDF








BEF
BCDG








BEG
BCEF








BFG
BCEG








CDE
BCFG








CDF
BDEF








CDG
BDEG








CEF
BDFG








CEG
BEFG








CFG
CDEF








DEF
CDEG








DEG
CDFG








DFG
CEFG








EFG
DEFG









As seen in FIG. 2, the manifestations of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS and the categories proceeds with the progression of the disease, allowing several of such categories to serve as a measure of disease status or of the speed of disease progression. Furthermore, constituent ARTERIORISKMARKERS within categories such as the Cellular Necrosis group can also provide specificity as to the focal organ site of the arteriovascular disease, for example, whether CAD, PAD, or CVD, as certain ARTERIORISKMARKERS have particular tissue specificity, as is the case with the cardiac troponins (I and T), which are highly specific for CAD.
Furthermore, given that arteriovascular disease often affects the microvasculature for some time before having sufficient impact on the macrovasculature to cause patient symptoms, these markers may be usable in this “site of disease indicator” role (as part of an overall panel) earlier than in the acute symptomatic phase where they are currently used. A prerequisite to this is that sufficient assay analytical performance is achieved to allow lower limits of detection and quantification of necrotic markers coming from asymptomatic microvasculature ischemic events.
The ARTERIORISKMARKER panels of the present invention can also be used to generate reference values from a population of subjects who exhibit no symptoms (or who are asymptomatic) for an arteriovascular disease, or subjects who exhibit similar risk factors for an arteriovascular disease, such as similar body mass index, similar total cholesterol, similar LDL/HDL levels, similar blood glucose levels, similar systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, subjects of same or similar age, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, subjects exhibiting similar symptoms of an arteriovascular disease, or subjects having family histories of atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, CAD, PAD, or CVD.
Construction of Clinical Algorithms
Any formula may be used to combine ARTERIORISKMARKER results into indices useful in the practice of the invention. As indicated above, and without limitation, such indices may indicate, among the various other indications, the probability, likelihood, absolute or relative risk, time to or rate of conversion from one to another disease states, or make predictions of future biomarkers measurements of arteriovascular disease such as HDLC, LDL, CRP, coronary calcium scoring, used in the diagnosis of frank arteriovascular disease. This may be for a specific time period or horizon, or for remaining lifetime risk, or simply be provided as an index relative to another reference subject population.
Although various preferred formula are described here, several other model and formula types beyond those mentioned herein and in the definitions above are well known to one skilled in the art. The actual model type or formula used may itself be selected from the field of potential models based on the performance and diagnostic accuracy characteristics of its results in a training population. The specifics of the formula itself may commonly be derived from ARTERIORISKMARKER results in the relevant training population. Amongst other uses, such formula may be intended to map the feature space derived from one or more ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs to a set of subject classes (e.g. useful in predicting class membership of subjects as normal, at risk for having an arteriovascular event, having arteriovascular disease), to derive an estimation of a probability function of risk using a Bayesian approach (e.g. the risk of arteriovascular disease or an arteriovascular event), or to estimate the class-conditional probabilities, then use Bayes' rule to produce the class probability function as in the previous case.
Preferred formulas include the broad class of statistical classification algorithms, and in particular the use of discriminant analysis. The goal of discriminant analysis is to predict class membership from a previously identified set of features. In the case of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), the linear combination of features is identified that maximizes the separation among groups by some criteria. Features can be identified for LDA using an eigengene based approach with different thresholds (ELDA) or a stepping algorithm based on a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Forward, backward, and stepwise algorithms can be performed that minimize the probability of no separation based on the Hotelling-Lawley statistic.
Eigengene-based Linear Discriminant Analysis (ELDA) is a feature selection technique developed by Shen et al. (2006). The formula selects features (e.g. biomarkers) in a multivariate framework using a modified eigen analysis to identify features associated with the most important eigenvectors. “Important” is defined as those eigenvectors that explain the most variance in the differences among samples that are trying to be classified relative to some threshold.
A support vector machine (SVM) is a classification formula that attempts to find a hyperplane that separates two classes. This hyperplane contains support vectors, data points that are exactly the margin distance away from the hyperplane. In the likely event that no separating hyperplane exists in the current dimensions of the data, the dimensionality is expanded greatly by projecting the data into larger dimensions by taking non-linear functions of the original variables (Venables and Ripley, 2002). Although not required, filtering of features for SVM often improves prediction. Features (e.g., biomarkers) can be identified for a support vector machine using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test to select the best univariate features. A random forest (RF, Breiman, 2001) or recursive partitioning (RPART, Breiman et al., 1984) can also be used separately or in combination to identify biomarker combinations that are most important. Both KW and RF require that a number of features be selected from the total. RPART creates a single classification tree using a subset of available biomarkers.
Other formula may be used in order to pre-process the results of individual ARTERIORISKMARKER measurement into more valuable forms of information, prior to their presentation to the predictive formula. Most notably, normalization of biomarker results, using either common mathematical transformations such as logarithmic or logistic functions, as normal or other distribution positions, in reference to a population's mean values, etc. are all well known to those skilled in the art (as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, and described in the Examples, such transformation and normalization of individual biomarker concentrations may commonly be performed in the practice of the invention). Of particular interest are a set of normalizations based on Clinical Parameters such as age, gender, race, or sex, where specific formula are used solely on subjects within a class or continuously combining a Clinical Parameter as an input. In other cases, analyte-based biomarkers can be combined into calculated variables (much as BMI is a calculation using Height and Weight) which are subsequently presented to a formula.
In addition to the individual parameter values of one subject potentially being normalized, an overall predictive formula for all subjects, or any known class of subjects, may itself be recalibrated or otherwise adjusted based on adjustment for a population's expected prevalence and mean biomarker parameter values, according to the technique outlined in D'Agostino et al, (2001) JAMA 286:180-187, or other similar normalization and recalibration techniques. Such epidemiological adjustment statistics may be captured, confirmed, improved and updated continuously through a registry of past data presented to the model, which may be machine readable or otherwise, or occasionally through the retrospective query of stored samples or reference to historical studies of such parameters and statistics. Additional examples that may be the subject of formula recalibration or other adjustments include statistics used in studies by Pepe, M. S. et al, 2004 on the limitations of odds ratios; Cook, M R., 2007 relating to ROC curves; and Vasan, R. S., 2006 regarding biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.
Finally, the numeric result of a classifier formula itself may be transformed post-processing by its reference to an actual clinical population and study results and observed endpoints, in order to calibrate to absolute risk and provide confidence intervals for varying numeric results of the classifier or risk formula. An example of this is the presentation of absolute risk, and confidence intervals for that risk, derived using an actual clinical study, chosen with reference to the output of the recurrence score formula in the Oncotype Dx product of Genomic Health, Inc. (Redwood City, Calif.). A further modification is to adjust for smaller sub-populations of the study based on the output of the classifier or risk formula and defined and selected by their Clinical Parameters, such as age or sex.
Modifications for Therapeutic Intervention Panels
An ARTERIORISKMARKER panel can be constructed and formula derived specifically to enhance performance for use also in subjects undergoing therapeutic interventions, or a separate panel and formula may alternatively be used solely in such patient populations. An aspect of the invention is the use of specific known characteristics of ARTERIORISKMARKERS and their changes in such subjects for such panel construction and formula derivation. Such modifications may enhance the performance of various indications noted above in arteriovascular disease prevention, and diagnosis, therapy, monitoring, and prognosis of arteriovascular disease or arteriovascular events.
Several of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS disclosed herein are known to those skilled in the art to vary predictably under therapeutic intervention, whether lifestyle (e.g. diet and exercise), surgical (e.g. coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous intervention (PCI), bare metal, bioabsorbable or drug eluting (DES) stem placement, bariatric surgery) or pharmaceutical (e.g., one of the various classes of drugs mentioned herein or known to modify common risk factors or risk of arterio) intervention. For example, a PubMed search using the terms “POMC drug,” will return over 21,100 references, many with respect to the changes or non-changes in the levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in subjects treated with various individual disease-modulating agents, for both arteriovascular and other diseases. In particularly there is a documented history with the glucocorticoid drug class, but also such representative class drugs as candesartan, insulin, glyburid have all been studied with POMC.
Similar evidence of variance under therapeutic intervention is widely available for many of the biomarkers listed in Table 3, such as CRP, FGA, INS, LEP, DPP4, amongst others. Relationships have been noted in the literature between serum levels of ANG and heparin and sodium, and between CD40 and dexamethosone together with other corticosteroids, as well as with statins. VCAM1 and LEP have evidence of being affected by both statins and TZDs such as rosiglitazone.
Certain of the biomarkers listed, most particularly the Clinical Parameters and the Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors (including such biomarkers as SBP, DBP, CHOL, HDL, and HBA1c), are furthermore traditionally used as surrogate or primary endpoint markers of efficacy for entire classes of arteriovascular disease-modulating agents, thus most certainly changing in a statistically significant way.
Still others, including genetic biomarkers, such as those polymorphisms known in the PPARG and INSR (and generally all genetic biomarkers absent somatic mutation), are similarly known not to vary in their measurement under particular therapeutic interventions. Such variation may or may not impact the general validity of a given panel, but will often impact the index values reported, and may require different marker selection, the formula to be re-optimized or other changes to the practice of the invention. Alternative model calibrations may also be practiced in order to adjust the normally reported results under a therapeutic intervention, including the use of manual table lookups and adjustment factors.
Such properties of the individual ARTERIORISKMARKERS can thus be anticipated and exploited to select, guide, and monitor therapeutic interventions. For example, specific ARTERIORISKMARKERS may be added to, or subtracted from, the set under consideration in the construction of the ARTERIORISKMARKER PANELS, based on whether they are known to vary, or not to vary, under therapeutic intervention. Alternatively, such ARTERIORISKMARKERS may be individually normalized or formula recalibrated to adjust for such effects according to the above and other means well known to those skilled in the art.
Combination with Clinical Parameters and Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors
Any of the aforementioned Clinical Parameters may be used in the practice of the invention as an ARTERIORISKMARKER input to a formula or as a pre-selection criteria defining a relevant population to be measured using a particular ARTERIORISKMARKER panel and formula. As noted above, Clinical Parameters may also be useful in the biomarker normalization and pre-processing, or in ARTERIORISKMARKER selection, panel construction, formula type selection and derivation, and formula result post-processing. A similar approach can be taken with the Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, as either an input to a formula or as a pre-selection criteria.
Measurement of ARTERIORISKMARKERS
Biomarkers may be measured in using several techniques designed to achieve more predictable subject and analytical variability. On subject variability, many of the above ARTERIORISKMARKERS are commonly measured in a fasting state, and most commonly in the morning, providing a reduced level of subject variability due to both food consumption and metabolism and diurnal variation. The invention hereby claims all fasting and temporal-based sampling procedures using the ARTERIORISKMARKERS described herein. Pre-processing adjustments of ARTERIORISKMARKER results may also be intended to reduce this effect.
The actual measurement of levels or amounts of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be determined at the protein or nucleic acid level using any method known in the art. For example, at the nucleic acid level, Northern and Southern hybridization analysis, as well as ribonuclease protection assays using probes which specifically recognize one or more of these sequences can be used to determine gene expression. Alternatively, amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS can be measured using reverse-transcription-based PCR assays (RT-PCR), e.g., using primers specific for the differentially expressed sequence of genes. Amounts of ARTERIORISKMARKERS can also be determined at the protein level, e.g., by measuring the levels of peptides encoded by the gene products described herein, or activities thereof. Such methods are well known in the art and include, e.g., immunoassays based on antibodies to proteins encoded by the genes, aptamers or molecular imprints. Any biological material can be used for the detection/quantification of the protein or its activity. Alternatively, a suitable method can be selected to determine the activity of proteins encoded by the marker genes according to the activity of each protein analyzed.
The ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, polypeptides, mutations, and polymorphisms thereof can be detected in any suitable manner, but is typically detected by contacting a sample from the subject with an antibody which binds the ARTERIORISKMARKER protein, polypeptide, mutation, or polymorphism and then detecting the presence or absence of a reaction product. The antibody may be monoclonal, polyclonal, chimeric, or a fragment of the foregoing, as discussed in detail above, and the step of detecting the reaction product may be carried out with any suitable immunoassay. The sample from the subject is typically a biological fluid as described above, and may be the same sample of biological fluid used to conduct the method described above.
Immunoassays carried out in accordance with the present invention may be homogeneous assays or heterogeneous assays. In a homogeneous assay the immunological reaction usually involves the specific antibody (e.g., anti ARTERIORISKMARKER protein antibody), a labeled analyte, and the sample of interest. The signal arising from the label is modified, directly or indirectly, upon the binding of the antibody to the labeled analyte. Both the immunological reaction and detection of the extent thereof can be carried out in a homogeneous solution. Immunochemical labels which may be employed include free radicals, radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, enzymes, bacteriophages, or coenzymes.
In a heterogeneous assay approach, the reagents are usually the sample, the antibody, and means for producing a detectable signal. Samples as described above may be used. The antibody can be immobilized on a support, such as a bead (such as protein A and protein G agarose beads), plate or slide, and contacted with the specimen suspected of containing the antigen in a liquid phase. The support is then separated from the liquid phase and either the support phase or the liquid phase is examined for a detectable signal employing means for producing such signal. The signal is related to the presence of the analyte in the sample. Means for producing a detectable signal include the use of radioactive labels, fluorescent labels, or enzyme labels. For example, if the antigen to be detected contains a second binding site, an antibody which binds to that site can be conjugated to a detectable group and added to the liquid phase reaction solution before the separation step. The presence of the detectable group on the solid support indicates the presence of the antigen in the test sample. Examples of suitable immunoassays are oligonucleotides, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence methods, immunoprecipitation, chemiluminescence methods, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) or enzyme-linked immunoassays.
Those skilled in the art will be familiar with numerous specific immunoassay formats and variations thereof which may be useful for carrying out the method disclosed herein. See generally E. Maggio, Enzyme-Immunoassay, (1980) (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.); see also U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,022 to Skold et al. titled “Methods for Modulating Ligand-Receptor Interactions and their Application,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,678 to Forrest et al. titled “Immunoassay of Antigens,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110 to David et al., titled “Immunometric Assays Using Monoclonal Antibodies,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149 to Litman et al., titled “Macromolecular Environment Control in Specific Receptor Assays,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,402 to Maggio et al., titled “Reagents and Method Employing Channeling,” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,767 to Boguslaski et al., titled “Heterogenous Specific Binding Assay Employing a Coenzyme as Label.”
Antibodies can be conjugated to a solid support suitable for a diagnostic assay (e.g., beads such as protein A or protein G agarose, microspheres, plates, slides or wells formed from materials such as latex or polystyrene) in accordance with known techniques, such as passive binding. Antibodies as described herein may likewise be conjugated to detectable labels or groups such as radiolabels (e.g., 35S, 125I, 131I) enzyme labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase), and fluorescent labels (e.g., fluorescein, Alexa, green fluorescent protein, rhodamine) in accordance with known techniques.
Antibodies can also be useful for detecting post-translational modifications of ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, polypeptides, mutations, and polymorphisms, such as tyrosine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, serine phosphorylation, glycosylation (e.g., O-GlcNAc). Such antibodies specifically detect the phosphorylated amino acids in a protein or proteins of interest, and can be used in immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA assays described herein. These antibodies are well-known to those skilled in the art, and commercially available. Post-translational modifications can also be determined using metastable ions in reflector matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) (Wirth, U. et al. (2002) Proteomics 2(10): 1445-51).
For ARTERIORISKMARKER proteins, polypeptides, mutations, and polymorphisms known to have enzymatic activity, the activities can be determined in vitro using enzyme assays known in the art. Such assays include, without limitation, kinase assays, phosphatase assays, reductase assays, among many others. Modulation of the kinetics of enzyme activities can be determined by measuring the rate constant KM using known algorithms, such as the Hill plot, Michaelis-Menten equation, linear regression plots such as Lineweaver-Burk analysis, and Scatchard plot.
Using sequence information provided by the database entries for the ARTERIORISKMARKER sequences, expression of the ARTERIORISKMARKER sequences can be detected (if present) and measured using techniques well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, sequences within the sequence database entries corresponding to ARTERIORISKMARKER sequences, or within the sequences disclosed herein, can be used to construct probes for detecting ARTERIORISKMARKER RNA sequences in, e.g., Northern blot hybridization analyses or methods which specifically, and, preferably, quantitatively amplify specific nucleic acid sequences. As another example, the sequences can be used to construct primers for specifically amplifying the ARTERIORISKMARKER sequences in, e.g., amplification-based detection methods such as reverse-transcription based polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). When alterations in gene expression are associated with gene amplification, deletion, polymorphisms, and mutations, sequence comparisons in test and reference populations can be made by comparing relative amounts of the examined DNA sequences in the test and reference cell populations.
Expression of the genes disclosed herein can be measured at the RNA level using any method known in the art. For example, Northern hybridization analysis using probes which specifically recognize one or more of these sequences can be used to determine gene expression. Alternatively, expression can be measured using reverse-transcription-based PCR assays (RT-PCR), e.g., using primers specific for the differentially expressed sequences. RNA can also be quantified using, for example, other target amplification methods (e.g., TMA, SDA, NASBA), or signal amplification methods (e.g., bDNA), and the like.
Alternatively, ARTERIORISKMARKER protein and nucleic acid metabolites can be measured. The term “metabolite” includes any chemical or biochemical product of a metabolic process, such as any compound produced by the processing, cleavage or consumption of a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, or lipid). Metabolites can be detected in a variety of ways known to one of skill in the art, including the refractive index spectroscopy (RI), ultra-violet spectroscopy (UV), fluorescence analysis, radiochemical analysis, near-infrared spectroscopy (near-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), light scattering analysis (LS), mass spectrometry, pyrolysis mass spectrometry, nephelometry, dispersive Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) combined with mass spectrometry, ion spray spectroscopy combined with mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, NMR and IR detection. (See, WO 04/056456 and WO 04/088309, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties) In this regard, other ARTERIORISKMARKER analytes can be measured using the above-mentioned detection methods, or other methods known to the skilled artisan. For example, circulating calcium ions (Ca2+) can be detected in a sample using fluorescent dyes such as the Fluo series, Fura-2A, Rhod-2, among others. Other ARTERIORISKMARKER metabolites can be similarly detected using reagents that are specifically designed or tailored to detect such metabolites.
Kits
The invention also includes a ARTERIORISKMARKER-detection reagent, e.g., nucleic acids that specifically identify one or more ARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids by having homologous nucleic acid sequences, such as oligonucleotide sequences, complementary to a portion of the ARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids or antibodies to proteins encoded by the ARTERIORISKMARKER nucleic acids packaged together in the form of a kit. The oligonucleotides can be fragments of the ARTERIORISKMARKER genes. For example the oligonucleotides can be 200, 150, 100, 50, 25, 10 or less nucleotides in length. The kit may contain in separate containers a nucleic acid or antibody (either already bound to a solid matrix or packaged separately with reagents for binding them to the matrix), control formulations (positive and/or negative), and/or a detectable label such as fluorescein, green fluorescent protein, rhodamine, cyanine dyes, Alexa dyes, luciferase, radiolabels, among others. Instructions (e.g., written, tape, VCR, CD-ROM, etc.) for carrying out the assay may be included in the kit. The assay may for example be in the form of a Northern hybridization or a sandwich ELISA as known in the art.
For example, ARTERIORISKMARKER detection reagents can be immobilized on a solid matrix such as a porous strip to form at least one ARTERIORISKMARKER detection site. The measurement or detection region of the porous strip may include a plurality of sites containing a nucleic acid. A test strip may also contain sites for negative and/or positive controls. Alternatively, control sites can be located on a separate strip from the test strip. Optionally, the different detection sites may contain different amounts of immobilized nucleic acids, e.g., a higher amount in the first detection site and lesser amounts in subsequent sites. Upon the addition of test sample, the number of sites displaying a detectable signal provides a quantitative indication of the amount of ARTERIORISKMARKERS present in the sample. The detection sites may be configured in any suitably detectable shape and are typically in the shape of a bar or dot spanning the width of a test strip.
Alternatively, the kit contains a nucleic acid substrate array comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences. The nucleic acids on the array specifically identify one or more nucleic acid sequences represented by ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023. In various embodiments, the expression of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or more of the sequences represented by ARTERIORISKMARKERS 1-1023 can be identified by virtue of binding to the array. The substrate array can be on, e.g., a solid substrate, e.g., a “chip” as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,305. Alternatively, the substrate array can be a solution array, e.g., xMAP (Luminex, Austin, Tex.), Cyvera (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.), CellCard (Vitra Bioscience, Mountain View, Calif.) and Quantum Dots' Mosaic (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
Suitable sources for antibodies for the detection of ARTERIORISKMARKERS includecommercially available sources such as, for example, Abazyme, Abnova, Affinity Biologicals, AntibodyShop, Biogenesis, Biosense Laboratories, Calbiochem, Cell Sciences, Chemicon International, Chemokine, Clontech, Cytolab, DAKO, Diagnostic BioSystems, eBioscience, Endocrine Technologies, Enzo Biochem, Eurogentec, Fusion Antibodies, Genesis Biotech, GloboZymes, Haematologic Technologies, Immunodetect, Immunodiagnostik, Immunometrics, Immunostar, Immunovision, Biogenex, Invitrogen, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory, KMI Diagnostics, Koma Biotech, LabFrontier Life Science Institute, Lee Laboratories, Lifescreen, Maine Biotechnology Services, Mediclone, MicroPharm Ltd., ModiQuest, Molecular Innovations, Molecular Probes, Neoclone, Neuromics, New England Biolabs, Novocastra, Novus Biologicals, Oncogene Research Products, Orbigen, Oxford Biotechnology, Panvera, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Pharmingen, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Pierce Chemical Company, Polymun Scientific, Polysiences, Inc., Promega Corporation, Proteogenix, Protos Immunoresearch, QED Biosciences, Inc., R&D Systems, Repligen, Research Diagnostics, Roboscreen, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Seikagaku America, Serological Corporation, Serotec, SigmaAldrich, StemCell Technologies, Synaptic Systems GmbH, Technopharm, Terra Nova Biotechnology, TiterMax, Trillium Diagnostics, Upstate Biotechnology, US Biological, Vector Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, and Zeptometrix. However, the skilled artisan can routinely make antibodies, nucleic acid probes, e.g., oligonucleotides, aptamers, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, against any of the ARTERIORISKMARKERS in Table 2.
EXAMPLES
Materials and Methods
Source Reagents: A large and diverse array of vendors that were used to source immunoreagents as a starting point for assay development, such as, but not limited to, Abazyme, Abnova, Affinity Biologicals, AntibodyShop, Biogenesis, Biosense Laboratories, Calbiochem, Cell Sciences, Chemicon International, Chemokine, Clontech, Cytolab, DAKO, Diagnostic BioSystems, eBioscience, Endocrine Technologies, Enzo Biochem, Eurogentec, Fusion Antibodies, Genesis Biotech, GloboZymes, Haematologic Technologies, Immunodetect, Immunodiagnostik, Immunometrics, Immunostar, Immunovision, Biogenex, Invitrogen, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory, KMI Diagnostics, Koma Biotech, LabFrontier Life Science Institute, Lee Laboratories, Lifescreen, Maine Biotechnology Services, Mediclone, MicroPharm Ltd., ModiQuest, Molecular Innovations, Molecular Probes, Neoclone, Neuromics, New England Biolabs, Novocastra, Novus Biologicals, Oncogene Research Products, Orbigen, Oxford Biotechnology, Panvera, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Pharmingen, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Pierce Chemical Company, Polymun Scientific, Polysiences, Inc., Promega Corporation, Proteogenix, Protos Immunoresearch, QED Biosciences, Inc., R&D Systems, Repligen, Research Diagnostics, Roboscreen, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Seikagaku America, Serological Corporation, Serotec, SigmaAldrich, StemCell Technologies, Synaptic Systems GmbH, Technopharm, Terra Nova Biotechnology, TiterMax, Trillium Diagnostics, Upstate Biotechnology, US Biological, Vector Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, and Zeptometrix. A search for capture antibodies, detection antibodies, and analytes was performed to configure a working sandwich immunoassay. The reagents were ordered and received into inventory.
Immunoassays were developed in three steps: Prototyping, Validation, and Kit Release. Prototyping was conducted using standard ELISA formats when the two antibodies used in the assay were from different host species. Using standard conditions, anti-host secondary antibodies conjugated with horse radish peroxidase were evaluated in a standard curve. If a good standard curve was detected, the assay proceeded to the next step. Assays that had the same host antibodies went directly to the next step (e.g., mouse monoclonal sandwich assays).
Validation of working assays was performed using the Zeptosense detection platform from Singulex, Inc. (St. Louis, Mo.). The detection antibody was first conjugated to the fluorescent dye Alexa 647. The conjugations used standard NHS ester chemistry, for example, according to the manufacturer. Once the antibody was labeled, the assay was tested in a sandwich assay format using standard conditions. Each assay well was solubilized in a denaturing buffer, and the material was read on the Zeptosense platform.
Once a working Zeptosense standard curve was demonstrated, assays were typically applied to 24-96 serum samples to determine the normal distribution of the target analyte across clinical samples. The amount of serum required to measure the biomarker within the linear dynamic range of the assay was determined, and the assay proceeded to kit release. For the initial validated assays, 0.004 microliters were used per well on average.
Each component of the kit including manufacturer, catalog numbers, lot numbers, stock and working concentrations, standard curve, and serum requirements were compiled into a standard operating procedures for each biomarker assay. This kit was then released for use to test clinical samples.
Example 1
Example 1 presents the practice of the invention in a longitudinal case-control study design. The starting sample was a large population based longitudinal study following approximately 6,300 patients over a minimum of five years to date. In the initial smaller subset study and analysis presented here, patients were first selected based on no prior history of acute arteriovascular events at baseline study entry, and risk enriched to an estimated applicable clinical population most likely to be tested by an ATERIORISKMARKER combination panel by applying an “entry” baseline requirement of age greater than or equal to 39 years old and body mass index of greater than or equal to 25.
This population was then filtered to remove those who subsequently experienced an arteriovascular event during the study, such events including a broad definition of myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularization (such as thrombolysis, PCI or CABG), or ischemic stroke (hemorrhagic strokes were removed). A randomized sampling of 33 of these subjects who ultimately converted to arteriovascular events during the course of the study (Converters) were initially selected as a Case arm for marker discovery and initial algorithm training.
A general prevalence based randomized sample control arm of 724 of the total subjects was selected from the remaining age and BMI enriched population which did not experience a subsequent acute arteriovascular event during the study duration was also selected (Controls).
Example 1 herein focuses on a subset Case group of 26 subjects of the 33, excluding those 7 subjects who experienced strokes (and without any other arteriovascular events) during the duration of the study, resulting in a subset comprising solely those who experienced myocardial infarction (14 subjects), angina requiring hospitalization (11 patients), any revascularization procedure (17 patients), or any combination of these arteriovascular events. None of these 26 patients also experienced strokes during this period.
Example 2 focuses on the entire group of 33 Converters, including the 7 stroke patients. Summary descriptive subject statistics and risk factor distributions are presented in Table 11 below and in FIG. 3.







TABLE 11







Study Design for Example 1 (26 Cases) and Example 2 (33 Cases)








Excluding Stroke
Including Stroke
















Cases
Controls


Cases
Controls




(n = 26)
(n = 724)


(n = 33)
(n = 724)

















Age
Mean
54
49 
Age
Mean
53 
49 



(sd)
(4.7)
(6.4)

(sd)
 (5)
(6.4)


Sex
Male
21
441
Sex
Male
28
441



Female
5
283

Female
 5
283


Family Hist.
No
24
656
Family Hist.
No
30
656


(Cardiac)
Yes
2
68
(Cardiac)
Yes
 3
68


Hyperlipidemia
No
8
212
Hyperlipidemia
No
11
212



Yes
18
512

Yes
22
512


Diabetes
No
23
635
Diabetes
No
29
635



Yes
3
89

Yes
 4
89


Smoking
No
18
517
Smoking
No
22
517



Yes
8
207

Yes
11
207


Dyslipidemia
No
5
151
Dyslipidemia
No
 6
151



Yes
21
573

Yes
27
573


Hypertension
No
12
336
Hypertension
No
12
338



Yes
14
386

Yes
21
386


High HDL
No
23
546
High HDL
No
29
548



Yes
3
176

Yes
 4
176


Risk Factor
−1  
0
12
Risk Factor
−1  
 0
12


Score*
0
2
90
Score*
0
 2
90



1
3
134

1
 3
134



2
5
167

2
 7
167



3
5
178

3
 6
178



4
8
103

4
11
103



5
3
36

5
 4
36



6
0
4

6
 0
4





*Definition of Risk Factor Score


One point for each risk factor as below:


LDL > 160


HDL < 40 (IF HDL >= 60 then Score is −1)


CHOL > 200


BP: SBP >= 140 OR DP >= 90


AGE >= 45 (MEN) or AGE >= 55 (WOMEN)


Baseline Diabetes: Present






Baseline (at study entry) samples were tested according to the above methods and results recorded for a representative grouping of 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS, with biomarkers selected primarily on the basis of the strength of published literature supporting an association with ateriovascular and cardiometabolic disease.
Data Analysis
Prior to statistical methods being applied, each ARTERIORISKMARKER assay plate was reviewed for pass/fail criteria. Parameters taken into consideration included number of samples within range of the standard curve, serum control within the range of the standard curve, CVs of samples and dynamic range of assay.
A model based on the continuous input model of the Framingham Risk Score of Wilson (1998), comprising eight ATERIORISKMARKER inputs (Age, CHOL, HDLC, SBP, DBP, Smoking, Diabetes, and Sex), was calculated in order to have a baseline to measure improvement from the incorporation of differing ARTERIORISKMARKERS into the potential formulas. FIG. 6 is a chart depicting the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve of a global risk assessment index according to the Framingham model for risk of future cardiovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations (sensitivity and specificity of the Framingham model to cardiovascular events excluding stroke patients from the analysis) and with the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic of 0.61 calculated and shown in the legend. Additionally, various best fit models for the populations of Example 1 were also constructing using all of the Clinical Parameters and Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors of the invention (which include all of the aforementioned Framingham variables), this is presented, together with full models encompassing all of the blood-bourne ATERIORISKMARKERS and the total tested set of ATERIORISKMARKERS in FIG. 16.
Prior to formula analysis, ATERIORISKMARKER parameters were transformed, according to the methodologies shown for each ATERIORISKMARKER in FIG. 4, and missing results were imputed. If the amount of missing data was greater than 1%, various imputation techniques were employed to evaluate the effect on the results, otherwise the k-nearest neighbor method (library EMV, R Project) was used using correlation as the distance metric and 6 nearest neighbors to estimate the missing values.
Excessive covariation, multicolinearity, between variables were evaluated graphically and by computing pairwise correlation coefficients. When the correlation coefficients exceeded 0.75, a strong lack of independence between biomarkers was indicated, suggesting that they should be evaluated separately. Univariate summary statistics including means, standard deviations, and odds ratios were computed using logistic regression.
FIG. 4 is a is a table summarizing the measured values and variances of certain selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS studied within the Examples given, including their concentration or other measurement units, mathematical normalization transformations (used in model formula and multi-biomarker index construction), transformed mean and standard deviation values, and back-transformed (raw) mean biomarker concentration or other value as measured for both the Total Cases (Converter to Arteriovascular Events, n=33) and Controls (Non-Converter to Cardiovascular Events, n=724) of the Examples, as well as a comparison of the mean values with a statistical p-value given, using a two-tailed t-test for the null hypothesis (the random probability that group means are equal). The given concentrations represent population based means and standard deviations useful in the construction and optimization of assays in the practice of the invention.
FIG. 5 is is a table further dividing the Cases cohort into sub-groupings based on the event type, separating stroke into one cohort, and, for the non-stroke subjects, based on the time elapsed from the baseline entry date to the study (also the sample collection date for the samples tested for ARTERIORISKMARKERS) to the earliest arteriovascular event date. Subsequent examination of subject records also indicated a group of 3 subjects who likely had an arteriovascular event prior to the baseline, these were also separated into a cohort. This table also provides the measured means and variances for each sub-group as otherwise described in FIG. 4 applying the same summary statistics, additionally providing statistical p-values for a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (KW). Several markers show statistically significant differences across the sub-groups, indicating an ability to both distinguish stroke from other arteriovascular events and also to distinguish between early and late converters to arteriovascular events when combined with appropriate models.
Biomarker Selection and Model Building
Characteristics of the populations of Example 1 were considered in various predictive models, model types, and model parameters, and the AUC results of these formula are summarized in FIG. 19. Several stepwise marker addition algorithms were constructed from null and full sets, as well as groupings seeded by initial markers and alternative selection strategies as described herein; an example of a cumulative step analysis and ROC curve result is presented in FIG. 7 for the ARTERIORISKMARKER of POMC, which evidenced strong prognostic value in the populations of the example, particularly when combined with Core Markers, Clinical Parameters and the Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors disclosed in the invention. FIG. 7 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fitted linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations, starting with a single ARTERIORISKMARKER clinical parameter (Age) ROC curve, then adding an additional ARTERIORISKMARKER (POMC, HDLC, and BMI) and reoptimizing the model at each subsequent ROC curve, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend for each step. These increasing curve AUCs demonstrate the additional discrimination value imparted by the additional marker, increasing from 0.72 to 0.82.
Multiple model building techniques designed to trade off model size with performance were used. Models utilizing both blood-borne only ATERIORISKMARKERS, as might be most useful in a remote laboratory or site separated from the collection of the Clinical Parameters, and also using all ARTERIORISKMARKERS, were constructed. Two examples are provided in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. FIG. 8 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a seven biomarker fitted LDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from a group limited to blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS as its sole parameters, and included POMC, HDLC, VEGF, LEP, IL6ST, Ins120, and IGF1 as inputs, with a calculated AUC of 0.8.
FIG. 9 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of a nine biomarker fitted LDA model for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations, with the AUC calculated and shown in the legend. This LDA model was forward selected from the complete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS, and included Age, POMC, FIDLC, CCL2, BMI, VEGF, IL18, IL6ST, EGF, with a calculated AUC of 0.88.
Forward selection and complete enumeration techniques were used in order to confirm the ranking, ordering, and apparent categorization of the various ARTERIORISKMARKERS. FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 present two such analyses performed using the results from the Example 1 population. FIG. 10 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continues through 53 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selected blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). A superimposed line shows the parallel changes in Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), a measure of the goodness of fit of an estimated statistical model which trades off model complexity (size in total number of ARTERIORISKMARKER inputs) against how well the model fits the data (a lower AIC is relatively better than a higher one).
FIG. 11 is also a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continues through 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AIC is included as in the previous chart.
Complete enumeration of various model sizes, as measured in numbers of ARTERIORISKMARKERS incorporated, was performed in order to confirm the substitutability of various markers and of the various ARTERIORISKMARKER categories of the invention. FIG. 12 is a table summarizing the complete enumeration of fitted LDA models for all single, two, three, and four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible from a starting set of 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both blood-bourne analytes and clinical parameters. The table indicates first the total possible panel combinations, which expands from 61 for single ARTERIORISKMARKERS to 521,855 for four ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations. It then gives the number of combinations which produce fitted LDA models that achieve an equal or greater AUC than that shown as the hurdle in the leftmost column of the table (all as calculated in the populations of Example 1). For example, in the row indicated 0.75, from all possible two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (1,830 combinations), only 2 combinations (0.11% of the total two ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations possible) resulted in a fitted LDA model that equalled or exceeded an AUC of 0.75, while only 198 three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations (0.55% of 35,990 possible three ARTERIORISKMARKER combinations) resulted in fitted LDA models exceeding the same hurdle, and so on. No single markers reached this hurdle; in fact, in the data set used only Age and POMC equaled or exceeded an AUC of 0.65.
The highest performing subsets of the complete enumerated combinations, as measured in the populations of Example 1, are presented in FIGS. 13 through 15. FIG. 13 is a table listing all 200 individual two marker combinations (10.93% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible) achieving an AUC of 0.65 or better according to the analysis summarized previously. FIG. 14 is a table listing all 2,573 individual two marker combinations (7.15% out of a total 1,830 unique combinations possible) achieving an AUC of 0.70 or better according to the analysis summarized previously. FIG. 15 is a table listing all 8,153 individual two marker combinations (1.56% out of a total 521,855 unique combinations possible) achieving an AUC of 0.75 or better according to the analysis summarized previously.
This was continued with analysis of “full” models, consisting of various subsets and the total number of ARTERIORISKMARKERS available to the individual marker selection model. FIG. 16 is a chart depicting the ROC curves of multiple fitted full models, utilizing the best model of any type by achieved ROC curve (chosen from model types including LDA (multiple selection and model size criteria), SVM (Random Forest, Top Kruskal-Wallis), and ELDA (multiple thresholds)) for risk of future arteriovascular events, as measured and calculated for the Example 1 populations. This chart encompasses models selected from three different overlapping subsets of ARTERIORISKMARKERS from a total set of 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS. One subset encompassed all “Clinical Marker” ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including both the non-analyte clinical parameters as well as only the blood-bourne traditional laboratory risk factors most commonly used in current global risk assessment models: CHOL, HDLC, LDL, HBA1C, Glucose, and Insulin; it achieved a maximum AUC of 0.82, Another group included only the “Blood-Bourne Markers” analyte-based ARTERIORISKMARKERS without non-analyte clinical parameters; it achieved an ROC of 0.86. The final set included all 61 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS; it achieved an AUC of 0.92. This analysis demonstrates selected use of blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS imparts incremental information even to the full set of standard clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors.
FIG. 17 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from only the blood-borne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.86 as shown in the legend. FIG. 18 is a chart depicting the ROC curve of the best total ARTERIORISKMARKER model from FIG. 16, selected from all 61 possible ARTERIORISKMARKERS, including its AUC statistic of 0.90 as shown in the legend.
In general, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) models maintained the most predictable performance under cross-validation. As a representative example LDA model, the below coefficients represent the terms of the linear discriminant (LD) of the respective LDA models shown in, given in the form of:

LD=coefficient1*biomarker1+coefficient2*biomarker2coefficient3*biomarker3+

The terms “biomarker1,” “biomarker2,” “biomarker3” . . . , represent the transformed values of the respective parameter as presented above in FIG. 4, with concentrations generally being log transformed, LDL being transformed using the square root function, and Age, HBA1C, HT, SCp values being used raw. Transformations were performed to correct the biomarkers for violations of univariate normality.
Table 12 shows the results of an LDA calculation for the LDA model presented as an ROC curve in FIG. 8, using actual transformed values for two subjects, one Case and one Control. Table 13 shows similar results for the LDA model of FIG. 9.







TABLE 12







LDA Calculation Example from LDA Model of FIG. 8












Coef-
Transformed Values
LDA














ficients
108441
109001
108441
109001



LD
(NC)
(-C)
(NC)
(-C)
















POMC
1.818722
0.9469045
0.9862581
1.722156
1.793729


HDLC
2.756437
0.2380461
0.1398791
0.656159
0.385568


VEGF
−1.21085
−0.9776551
−0.2535115
1.183793
0.306964


LEP
1.268985
1.627581
1.416401
2.065376
1.797391


IL6ST
−2.24028
2.595694
2.238538
−5.81509
−5.01496


Ins120
−1.03408
1.968483
2.252853
−2.03556
−2.32962


IGF1
0.759008
0.8657718
0.8696624
0.657127
0.66008





LD1
−1.56604
−2.40085
















TABLE 13 







LDA Calculation Example from LDA Model of FIG. 9












Coef-
Transformed Values
LDA














ficients
108441
109001
108441
109001



LD
(NC)
(-C)
(NC)
(-C)
















Age
−0.08447
59.9
54.9
−5.05953
−4.6372


POMC
1.820517
0.9469045
0.9862581
1.723856
1.7955


HDLC
5.071465
0.2380461
0.1398791
1.207242
0.709392


CCL2
−1.00237
−0.9285024
−1.1653494
.930707
1.168116


BMI
5.502393
1.4133
1.372912
7.776532
7.554301


VEGF
−1.09844
−0.9776551
−0.2535115
1.073892
0.278466


IL18
1.430255
−0.5086353
−0.6702777
−0.72748
−0.95867


IL6ST
−1.50694
2.595694
2.238538
−3.91156
−3.37335


EGF
0.757834
−0.5828459
−0.3940661
−0.4417
−0.29864





LD1
2.571956
2.237922









As known by one skilled in the art, various other LDA operations and analysis techniques can be used to then categorize an individual subject as at risk for a future arteriovascular event, including deriving an optimized direct LDA value “cutoff” using the LDA function output directly as the result, as is commonly done in diagnostics using biomarker ROC curve analysis for new disease markers, or using a normal distance function from the overall Case and Control Mean LDA values and applying the results to the pre-test probability of experiencing an arteriovascular event by using Bayseian methods.
Example 2
Similar analysis was performed for the populations of Example 2, which included stroke in the Case arm, as was summarized in FIG. 3.
FIG. 19 is a table providing information on the inputs used under different ARTERIORISKMARKER model types and selection techniques, with resulting “best” models given model design and constraints, within both of the different case populations of Example 1 (excluding stroke from the Case arm) and Example 2 (including stroke in the Case arm). Of particular note is the consistency of selection of certain markers, which are the Core Markers of the invention, across three or more model types, multiple model constraints, and marker selection techniques.
Differences in marker selection using the same models and marker selection criteria across the different cohorts excluding versus including stroke converters, and amongst the markers when restricted to blood-bourne markers only versus allowed to select all variables, may demonstrate both the substitutability of certain biomarkers, where multiple solutions to the model optimization are likely, and the impact of population and diagnostic indication/intended use on the best fitted models. Several techniques of result normalization, model cross-validation, and model calibration are disclosed herein which may be employed in various scenarios as appropriate. Furthermore, the consistency of AUC results between Example 1 and Example 2 indicates the applicability of various implementations of the invention for both differing arteriovascular event endpoints, which typically are considered to represent the greater difference in pathophysiology than commonly seen in any one of CAD, PAD, or CVD.
Complete forward selection of solely blood-bourne and all 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS was performed for the populations of Example 2 and are presented in FIGS. 20 and 21. FIG. 20 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continues through 53 selected ARTERIORISKMARKERS selected from a total set of the selected blood-bourne ARTERIORISKMARKERS, Sex and Family History (FamHX). The AIC is included as in the previous charts.
FIG. 21 is a chart depicting the ROC curve calculated AUC statistics for multiple expanding “best forward selected” LDA models, starting from a single ARTERIORISKMARKER and then at each step adding one more incremental forward selected ARTERIORISKMARKER, re-optimizing the LDA model, and graphing the derived AUC statistic. This continues through 61 ARTERIORISKMARKERS representing the complete group of both the selected blood-bourne analyte and clinical parameter ARTERIORISKMARKERS. The AIC is included as in the previous charts.
A comparison of the selection ranking order of the markers shown in Example 2 versus those shown in the comparable analysis of Example 1, presented previously in FIGS. 10 and 11, provides further evidence of the ability to optimize models for individual types of arteriovascular disease.
Other Embodiments
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method for treating an asymptomatic cardiovascular subject or a previously undiagnosed cardiovascular subject determine to be at risk for a future arteriovascular event or disease comprising:
providing a blood sample isolated from an asymptomatic cardiovascular subject or a previously undiagnosed cardiovascular subject;
measuring at least four component ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the blood sample selected from one or more groups consisting of Core Markers I, Core Markers II, Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, Supplemental Markers I, Supplemental Markers II, Additional Markers I, and Additional Markers II, wherein at least one component ARTERIORISKMARKER is adiponectin;
calculating an index value from an output of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model, wherein inputs to the model comprise the measurements, and further wherein the model was developed by fitting data from a longitudinal study of a selected population of individuals and the fitted data comprises levels of the biomarkers and an end point in the selected population of individuals, wherein a calculated area under the curve (AUC) of the model is greater than or equal to 0.70, and wherein the end point is the risk of the cardiovascular event or the cardiovascular event; and
administering to the subject a therapeutic or prophylactic agent.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the index value is correlated with the risk of the cardiovascular event or the cardiovascular event.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the risk evaluation comprises normalizing the component ARTERIORISKMARKER measurements to reference values.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring at least two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Core Markers I.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring at least two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Core Markers II.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring at least two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring at least two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Clinical Parameters.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring at least two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Supplemental Markers I or Supplemental Markers II.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring at least two component ARTERIORISKMARKERS within Additional Markers I or Additional Markers II.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the measurement of at least one of the biomarkers of the panel is unaffected by treatment of the subject with one or more therapeutic interventions.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the measurement of at least one of the biomarkers of the panel is affected by treatment of the subject with one or more therapeutic interventions.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring or determining one or more clinical parameters chosen from age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), family history (FamHX), hip (circumference), height (HT), ethnicity (RACE), systolic blood pressure (SBP), gender (SEX), smoking, waist (circumference), and weight (WT).

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising one or more additional biomarker chosen from POMC, HDLC, and VEGF.

14. A method for treating an asymptomatic cardiovascular subject or a previously undiagnosed cardiovascular subject comprising:
administering to the subject a therapeutic or prophylactic agent, wherein the subject has been determined to be at risk of developing arteriovascular disease or a arteriovascular event by a method comprising:
measuring at least four component ARTERIORISKMARKERS in the blood sample selected from one or more groups consisting of Core Markers I, Core Markers II, Traditional Laboratory Risk Factors, Supplemental Markers I, Supplemental Markers II, Additional Markers I, and Additional Markers II, wherein at least one component ARTERIORISKMARKER is adiponectin; and
calculating an index value from an output of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model, wherein inputs to the model comprise the measurements, and further wherein the model was developed by fitting data from a longitudinal study of a selected population of individuals and the fitted data comprises levels of the biomarkers and an end point in the selected population of individuals, wherein a calculated area under the curve (AUC) of the model is greater than or equal to 0.70, and wherein the end point is the risk of the cardiovascular event or the cardiovascular event.