'. I ' 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Hubert Work. Secretary 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUBVEI' 

George Otis Smith. Director 

Professional Paper 143 

PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE 

AND 'TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

BY 

LEWIS BURNETT KELLU~tf 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1926 
ADDITIONAL COPIES 

OF THIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM 

THE SUPERINTENDENT OJ/' DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

AT 

30 CENTS PER COPY 
• 

Introduchlon ________ ~ _________________________ : __ _ 

Acknowledgments _________________________________ _ 

Historical review _________________________________ _ 

Stratigraphic relations _____________________________ _ 

Analysis of the Castle Hayne fauna __________________ _ Generaol considerations _________________________ _ 

Biologic analysis ______________________________ _ Correlation __________________________________ _ 

Field stations of the Castle Hayne marL ____________ _ Analysis of the Trent fauna ________________________ _ 

Field stations of the Trent marL ___ · ________ ~ _______ ~ 

Systematic paleontology of the Castle Hayne marL ___ _ Echinodermata _______________________________ _ Cidaridae ________________________________ _ 

Fibularidae ____ . __________________________ _ 

Scutellidae ___ ~---------------------------- Cassidulidae _____________________________ _ Spatangidae ______________________________ _ 

Pelecypoda __________________________________ _ 

Arcidae __________________________________ _ 

Ostreidae ________________________________ _ Pechlnidae _______________________________ _ 

Spondylidae ______________________________ _ Anomiidae _______________________________ _ 

Pholadomyidae ___________________________ _ Euciroidae _______________________________ _ 

Crassatellitidae ___________________________ _ 

Cardi tidae _______________________________ _ Chalnidae ________________________________ _ 

Lucinidae ________________________________ _ 

Isocardiidae ______________________________ _ 

Veneridae _______________________________ _ 

Gastrochaenidae __________________________ _ 

Gastropoda __________________________________ _ 

Ple~lrotomariidae ________________ ~ ________ _ 

Fissurellidae _____________________________ _ 1'rochidae ________________________________ _ 

Epitoniidae ______________________________ _ Calyptraeidae ____________________________ _ 

CONTENTS 

Page 

1 

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4 

6 

6 

6 

8 

9 

12 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

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16 

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21 

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22 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25 

26 

26 

27 

Page 

Systematic paleontology of the Castle Hayne marl-Contdo 

Gastropoda-Continuedo 

)(enophoroidae____________________________ 27 

Turritellidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 

Vermiculariidae _________ :.. _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 

Strombidae_______________________________ 27 

Cypraeidae________________________________ 28 

Cassididae _________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2~ 

Buccinidae________________________________ 29 

Fasciolariidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

Turbinellidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

Marginellidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

Voluhldae_________________________________ 30 

Conidae__________________________________ 31 

Cephalopoda__________________________________ 32 

Brachiopoda__________________________________ 33 

Rhynchonellidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 

Terebratulidae __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 

Systematic paleontology of the Trent marL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 

Pelecypoda _________________ :_________________ 34 

Arcidae___________________________________ 34 

Pectinidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 

Spondylidae_______________________________ 36 

Astartidae ____ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

Crassatellitidae_ - _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

Carditidae ____ - _________ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

Lucinidae ____ - - - - ______ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 

Cardiidae_________________________________ 37 

Veneridae_________________________________ 37 

Saxicavidae ____________ ~ _____________ ~____ 39 

Gastropoda___________________________________ 39 

Capulidae _____________________________ ~___ 39 

N a ticidae _____ - - --- - - - __ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 

Turritellidae ____ - - - - - ___ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 

Buccinidae________________________________ 40 

Volutidae_ - ___ - - - - - - - ___ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 

Olividae__________________________________ 41 

Conidae__________________________________ 41 

Index____________________________________________ 55 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

PLATES I~)(1. Fossils from the Castle Hayne and Trent marls ________ . ____________________________________________ 43 

FIGUR1<J 1. Index map showing field stations in the Castle Hayne and Trent marls_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

III 
PALEON1~OLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE 

AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

By LEWIS BURNETT KELLUM 

INTRODUCTION 

The present work was undertaken for the purpose 

of clearing up certain doubtful relations in the 

Tertiary section of North Carolina. The problem 

has been approached through a systematic study of 

the faunas, supplemented by a consideration of the 

lithology of the formations involved. Fossils have 

been collected at many localities, and through their 

study a material revision of the areal geology and 

stratigraphic succession has been possible. 

Two or three well-known fossil localities in the 

Castle Hayne marl have been repeatedly ,visited by 

collectors, who from time to time have described 

organic remains fronl this horizon. The numerous 

collections that have accumulated in the United 

States National Museum furnished the basis for the 

present paleontologic study. A number of new species 

are described in this report, and the descriptions of 

earlier workers are brought together. The old species 

of which a more critical delineation was necessary 

are redescribed. 

The fauna of the Trent marl has not been ~tudied 

heretofore, probably because of the very poor state 

of preservation in which the fossils are usua.lly found. 

The Trent was established primn,rily because of its 

lithologic character. It consists chiefly of lightcolored calcareous marl either loose or locally consolidated into hard compact limestone. Durincr the 

field investigation for the present report the ;riter 

was exceptionally fortunate in getting a collection of 

perfectly preserved shells from a marl deposit in 

the Trent formation. The study of this fauna has 

thrown new light on the age of the Trent and has 

revealed the northward extension of lower Miocene 

deposits previously recognized on the east coast only 

in Florida and Georgia. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

It is with the greatest pleasure that the writer takes 

this opportunity to express publicly his indebtedness 

to a few of the many who have made this work possible. 

The study was undertaken at the suggestion of 

C. Wythe Cooke, of the United States Geological 

Survey., and the results obtained are in large measure 

due to his continued interest and friendly criticism. 

He generously permitted the writer to use his desk and 

equipment at the United States National Museum 

and gave his personal attention to every detail which 

might facilitate the investigation. The field work 

I was done under the auspices of the Geological Sur~ 

vey's section of Coastal Plain investigations. 

The writer is indebted to Prof. E. W. Berry, of 

Johns Hopkins University, under whose superVision 

the work has been carried on. I-lis enthusiasm for 

research has been a ,constant source of inspiration and 

en~ouragement, and his sound judgment on paleonto10glC problems and principles of sedimentation have 

been .. of invaluable assistance in interpreting the 

stratIgraphy of North Carolina. 

To Miss Julia Gardner, of the United States Geological Survey, the writer desires to express his sincere 

appreciation for many suggestions contributed during the study of the faunas. The results of her extended researches on the Mollusca of the Coastal 

Plain have been generously placed at his disposal. 

Recognition is made with great appreciation of the 

help rendered by Messrs. L. W. Stephenson, W. P. 

Woodring, and W. C. Mansfield, of the United States 

Geological Survey, who during the comparative study 

of ~he .faunas in the National Museum gave freely of 

theIr tIme and experience in assisting the writer. 

Fossils from the Castle Hayne and Trent marls 

have been deposited in the United States National 

Museum by E. W. Berry, T. W. Stanton, L. W. 

Stephenson, T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, J. A. 

Cushman, B. L. Miller, and Frank Burns. It is' 

through the use of these collections that' the rather 

extensive paleontologic study has been possible. 

Mr. John Gillette, of Silverdale, Onslow County, 

N. C., on whose farm the well-preserved Trent 

fossils were found, very kindly sent the writer an 

additional collection from that horizon. 

HISTORICAL REVIEW 

The study of the early Tertiary deposits of North 

Carolina prior to 1912 was of a very general nature. 

Numerous writers during the last century have reI 
2 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

ferred briefly to these deposits, and in scattered papers 

have described fossils and fossil localities with varying 

opinions regarding their age and 'correlation. The 

earliest writers included all the deposits of the Coastal 

Plain in one unit, which they called the "Alluvial 

Formation," 1 "the Sandy Region," 2 or "the low country."3 

Elisha Mitchell in 1828 observed that the "low 

country" of North Carolina was made of bedded 

deposits, and suggested that more extended and careful examination might reduce them to order and regularity. He thought, however, that the deposits represented a single horizon and in this regard says: 

"The shells are everywhere of the same age. They 

belong to the same genera and species, with such variations only as are common in the living animals in the 

neighboring bays and harbors, and in many cases to 

t.he genera and species now inhabiting the Atlantic 

<~oast." 

In 1841 James T. Hodge, discussing the" Secondary" and Tertiary formations of the Southeastern 

Atlantic States, described an outcrop of limestone in 

the western part of Jones County, N. C., and mentioned the sandstone and conglomerate underlying the 

Miocene at Wilmington. He erroneou~ly referred 

these beds to the "Secondary Formation "-that is, 

the Cretaceous.-l 

Charles Lyell in 1845 w~s the first to recognize the 

presence of Eocene deposits in North Carolina. He 

visited the section at Wilmington, New Hanover 

County, and" collected fossils from Tertiar.y formations of two ages-the Miocene marls and an underlying Eocene limestone." 5 

Ebenezer Emmons's first report on the geology of 

North Carolina (1852) describes the lithologic character 'of the Eocene deposits and rather hazily sketches 

their areal extent. He suggests that the Eocene might 

be subdivided into two or more formations and says:6 

It is difficult to subdivide the formation ~learly, though it 

appears that it admits of the same division as in Alabama and 

Mississippi-the cherty portion beneath and the consolidated 

marl or marlstone above. But this part furnishes very few 

fossils. There is still a mass, quite sandy, similar in outward 

appearance to the greensand, which forms a feature which 

should not be overlooked in making the natural division of the 

strata. 

It is not clear what Emmons had in mind by his 

several lithologic terms, and it was not until 1912 

that such a division of the Eocene was attempted. 

In the second report of the North Carolina Geological Survey, Emmons, gave a more definite state1 Maclure, William, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., vol. 6, pp. 411-423, 1809; new ser., 

vol. 1, pp. 1-91, 1818. 

2 Dickson, John, Am. Jour. ScL, vol. 3, pp. 1-4, 1821. 

, Mitchell, Elisha, Geology of North Carolina, pt. 3, pp. 1-27, 1827; Am. Jour. 

ScL, vol. la, pp. 336-346, 1828. 

4 Hodge, 1. T., Assoc. Am. Geologists and Naturalists Trans., 1841, pp. 97, 100. 

e Lyell, Charles, Travels in North America, vol. 1, p. 156, 1845. 

6 Emmons, Ebenezer, Report of Professor Emmons on his geological survey of 

North Carolina, pp. 102-107, 1852. 

ment of the extent of the Eocene deposits. 7 The area 

outlined at that time is essentially the same in all 

subsequent reports. 

The Eocene marl occupies a narrow but' an ill-defined zone 

stretching across several of the eastern counties, from the lower 

waters of the Cape Fear, in Hanover County, through a part 

of Onslow, Jones, and Craven counties, crossing the Neuse 20 

miles above New Bern. * * * The Eocene is known to 

exist at Wilmington, at PolIoksville, in Jones County, and 

underlies the whole county in the vicinity of New Bern, upon 

the Neuse. In this formation I include the consolidated beds, 

which have been employed for millstones and which consist of 

a mass of the casts of shells, the most common of which is a 

small species of clam. 

These consolidated beds that crop out along Trent 

and lower N euse river~ are the typical Trent marl, 

which Miller in 1912 separated as the basal division 

of the Eocene. 

W. C. Kerr in 1875 again outlined the areal distribution of the Eocene beds, mentioned numerous localities on Neuse, Trent, New, and Northeast Cape 

Fear rivers, and' briefly described the lithologic 

character of the outcrops. He also recognized the 

presence of Eocene outliers in Wake and Moore 

counties capping the hills at an altitude of about 350 

feet.s Later, in 1885, because of these outliers at 

such a height above sea level, he erroneously concluded 

that most of the sand 'and gravel previously referred 

to the Quaternary are really Eocene. He then considered "the Quaternary, like the Miocene, to be 

represented' by a thin and broken covering of superficial deposits."9 

The' occurrence of Cretaceous and Eocene fossils 

apparently in the same bed at Wilmington has been 

the subject of much discussion by paleontologists. 

Tuomey 11) in 1848 stated that'" well-characterized 

Cretaceous forms" occur at Wilmington in the same 

beds with .fossils that are "considered characteristic 

6f the Eocene of the United States." In a later 

publication 11 he explained this mixture on the ground 

of contemporaneous existence. Conrad 12 in 1865 

observed, concerning this locality, that" Eocene and 

Oretaceous fossils are there mingled in a breccia," 

which indicates "that a disturbance occurred in the 

bed of the Eocene ocean." William Bullock Clark/3 in 

discussing the Tertiary deposits of the Cape Fear 

River region, gave lists of the Cretaceous and Eocene 

forms occurring at Wilmington and exp1ained their 

mixture as due to a "mechanical commingling of the 

various forms * * * during the deposition of 

Eocene sediments." The following year T. W. 

7 Emmons, Ebenezer, Report of the North Carolina Geological Survey, Agri· 

culture of the eastern counties, Raleigh, 1858, pp. 101-102. 

8 Kerr, W. C., Report of the geological survey of North Carolina, vol. 1, pp. 

149-150, 1875. 

9 Kerr, W. C., Am. Naturalist, vol. 19, p. 69, 1885. 

10 Tuomey, Michael, Am. Assoc. Adv. ScL Proc., vol. 1, p. 33,1848. 

11 Tuomey, Michael, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 6, p. 193, 1852 

\2 Conrad, T. 'A., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. vol. 17, p. 72. 1865. 

13 Clark, W. B., Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 1, pp. 537-540,1890. 
HISTORIOAL REVIEW 3 

Stanton H visited the Wilmington locality 'and noted 

U the existence of a highly fossiliferous Cretaceous 

stratum in contact with the Tertiary." He regarded 

this as tt the one fact needed to complete the explanation of mechanical mingling of the faunas." 

The nlost comprehensive study of the Coastal 

Plain of North Carolina is presented in volume 3 

{)f the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1912. The investigation was conducted under 

the direction of William Bullock Clark, of Johns 

I-Iopkins University, and presents the results of extended field work by L. W. Stephenson, of the United 

States Geological Survey, and B. L. Miller, of Lehigh 

University. Stephenson devoted his attention to the 

Cretaceous and Pleistocene formations; Miller to the 

Tertiary formations. The present study is concerned 

only with the Tertiary section of North Carolina. 

That part of the report alone is therefore summarized 

below. 

.Ls has been outlined in the foregoing pages, previous 

investigators had recognized Eocene, Miocene, and 

Pliocene beds in the Tertiary deposits of North 

Carolina. Further subdivision had never been atteI11pted, though the possibility of breaking these 

major divisions into smaller units had been suggested 

by EI11nlons as early as 1875. The more extensive 

anel detailed work cn.rried on by the United States 

Geological Survey in cooperation with the North 

Carolina Geological Survey between 1905 and 1912 

made it possible to distinguish a number of subdivisions within the Inajor Tertiary units. The strata 

that had been lUlnped as Eocene were, on the basis 

of fossils and lithologic character, divided into two 

formations. The ,name Trent was proposed for what 

was considered the older of these two, and Castle 

I-layne for the younger. The Miocene strata. were 

separated into three formations. The Miocene north 

of the I-Iatteras axis was divided into two formations) 

the older of which was recognized as the southward 

extension of the St. Marys formation of Maryland 

and Virginia and the younger as the southward 

extension of the Yorktown formation, which receives 

its name fr0111 the town of Yorktown, Va. For the 

Miocene deposits south of the Hatteras axis, which 

were considered to be in part contemporaneous with 

the Yorktown fornlation, the name Duplin was proposed, because of their excellent development in 

Duplin 'County, N. C. The Pliocene was considered 

a single formation and named the Wacpamaw. 

As the Trent and Castle Hayne formations constitute the basis of the present investigation, the 

previous work on these formations will be set forth 

s01uewhat at length. When the name Trent was 

proposed', in 1912, no specific station was given as 

the type locality. It was stated that tt the Trent 

14 Stanton, '1'. W., Cretaceous and Tertiary strata near Wilmington, N. C.: 

Am. Geologist, vol. 7, pp. 333-334, 1891. 

formation receives its name from the Trent River, 

along which it is exposed from the vicinity of Trenton, 

Jones County, to near the junction of the Trent and 

'Neuse rivers." The Trent formation was believed 

to underlie the Castle Hayne formation, though the 

. two had never been observed in the same vertical 

section. Little or no work had been done on the 

Trent fauna at that time, and the age determination 

. of the formation was based entirely on the identification, by M. W. Twitchell, of four echinoids which 

he believed" to indicate the Upper Claibornian" .age 

of the strata." They are ScutelZa alta Conrad, Echinocyamus parvus Emmons, Oidaris caroZinensis Emmons, 

and Oidaris mitcheZZi Emmons. The exact locality 

at which these forms were collected is not known. 

Emmons gave the very indefinite locality of " Craven 

County, N. C." Three of the species have not been 

recognized elsewhere and are therefore of little value 

for determining the age of the beds. The fourth, 

Echinocyamus parvus Emmons, has been found in 

Onslow County associated with typical Castle Hayne 

fossils. The evidence on which the Trent was referred to the Claiborne is therefore. without significance. 

In the report of the State Survey published in 

1912, 23 field stations referr!3d to the Trent marl 

are described in detail. Although fossils were 0'0-

served at most of these localities, they were not 

specifically identified. In the field investigation for 

the present report these localities were revisited and 

fossils were collected which subsequently have been 

determined. Of the 23 stations listed as Trent 

localities, seven failed to yield fossils and seven 

proved to belong to the Castle Hayne formation. 

The Castle Hayne marl was named from the town 

of Castle Hayne, in New Hanover County, near 

which it is typically exposed. When this formation 

was separated from the Trent there had been no 

systematic study of its fauna with a view to determining the age. It was defined as constituting 

"the youngest Eocene strata of North Carolina" 

and consisting of "calcareous marls, fossiliferous 

limestones, and conglomerates that are extensively 

developed in Onslow, Pender, and New Hanover 

counties." The 'present analysis of the rather large 

fauna correlates the Castle Hayne with the Ocala 

limestone of Florida, the marls of Santee River, 

South Carolina, and the Jackson formation of Mississippi. 

In 1919 G. D. Harris 15 described two Pectens from 

the Trent marl. One of these was new, and to this 

he gave the name Pecten trentensis. This was the 

first fossil from the Trent to .be described, and Harris 

remarks that it "is so different from anything we 

have heretofore found in the Eocene of this part of 

11 Harris, G. D., Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 8, pp. 15-16, 1919. 
4 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

the United States, owing to a lack of well-known 

species from the same locality, its horizon must at 

present be considered as doubtful." 

The other, Pecten Harris referred with a question 

mark to P. elixatus Conrad, which he considered 

synonymous with P. poulsoni Morton, a Vicksburgian 

species. Sensing the significance of this identification, Harris says, "It would seem that a considerably 

greater geologic range should be given to this species 

(P. poulsoni Morton) than has been admitted heretofore, else the horizon on the Trent whence these 

specimens came is far higher than has been suspected. " 

These observations assume the great~st interest in 

view of the discovery set forth in this paper that the 

Trent marl is of lower Miocene age. . , 

A report by Loughlin, Berry, and Cushman 16 on 

the limestones and marls of North Carolina,. 1921, 

describes in 'detail the deposits of the Trent ,and 

Castle Hayne marls. These authors observe that 

because of "the excellence and quantity of the marls, 

as well as their accessibility, the Trent formation is 

the most important of any of the geological formations 

of eastern North, Carolina." The stratigraphy of 

the Coastal Plain set forth in the report is essentially 

the'same as that of the report of 1912. 

STRATIGRA'PHIC RELATIONS 

In interpreting the stratigraphic succession of the 

Coastal Plain in N prth Carolina the field geologist is 

hampered by the scarcity and unsatisfactory character 

of the outcrops. This region of low relief that borders 

the Atlantic seacoast is covered with a blanket of 

unconsolidated Pleistocene sand that effectually conceals most of the older sediments. The exposures of 

these sediments are found chiefly along the larger 

streams where the surface sand has been cut through or 

in artificial excavations where the older formations are 

being exploited. The sediments of the Tertiary 

formations are in general soft or where consolidated 

show little or no evidence of stratification. The beds 

are essential~y horizontal, and the slight dip can never 

be observed in the outcrops. Another difficulty is the 

state of preservation in which the organic remains are 

usually found. The fossils of the Castle Hayne and 

Tren t formations are with few exceptions preserved as 

casts, and a casual examination of such material gives 

little information regarding the age. The fact that 

the Trent and Castle Hayne have never been recognized in' the same vertical section is probably due to 

this condition of the fossils. 

Prior to thIs investigation students of the stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina have considered the Trent marl to be of Eocene age: It has 

been believed to represent the Claiborne epoch of the 

Eocene and therefore to lie beneath the Castle Hayne 

10 Loughlin, G. F., Berry, E. W., and Cushman, J, 'A., North' Carolina Geol. 

and Econ. Survey Bull. 28, 1921. 

marl~ which was referred.ito~the:Jackson epoch. The 

geologic map of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina 

published in 1912 shows the general areal position of 

the formations, in order from southwest to northeast, 

the Peedee, Castle Hayne, Trent, and Miocene formations. The age succession was therefore Cretaceous, 

Jackson, Claiborne, and Miocene. It thus appeared 

that the beds do not lie from southwest to northeast 

in the regular order of their age, but that the Trent 

, and Castle Hayne formations are in reversed position. 

The accompanying map (fig. 1) indicates the stations at which Castle Hayne and Trent fossils have 

been collected. It will be observed that the Castle 

Hayne marl extends from the vicinity of Wilmington 

northward and northeastward to Neuse River and 

that the Trent has been recognized at a few localities 

just east of the Castle Hayne area. The contact 

between the two follows in general a north-south line 

and is therefore approximately parallel to the areal 

contacts of other Tertiary formations in North Carolina. The analysis of the Trent fauna given in this 

paper shows the Trent formation to be of lower 

Miocene age, instead of Eocene, as it has previously 

been considered. It is obvious, therefore, that the 

Trent overlies the Castle Hayne formation, which 

belongs to the Jackson epoch of the Eocene. With 

. this revision of the stratigraphic succession and areal 

distribution of the formations, it becomes clear that the 

formations lie in the regular order of their age, from 

older to younger, northeastward from the CretaceousCastle Hayne boundary. The' order of succession is 

then Cretaceous, Eocene, lower Miocene, and upper 

Miocene. 

In the vicinity of Wilmington" New Hanover 

County, the Cretaceous beds extend eastward to a 

point within 10 miles of the coast. From this point 

the shore line of the Eocene sea extended almost due 

north. The Castle Hayne deposits, now confined to 

a small triangular area between Neuse River and 

Wilmington, were probably laid down over a much 

larger area extending to the north and east. The 

succeeding Trent sea, invading from the east, overlapped the Castle Hayne sediments as far westward' 

as Jacksonville, Polloksville, and the vicinity of 

Batchelder Creek. At the present time the Trent 

deposits are exposed in a narrow north-south belt 

between New and Neuse rivers. They do not crop 

out north of Neuse River, but there is no reason to 

suppose that they were not laid down over an extensive area north and east of their present areal 

boundaries. In the next submergence, during which 

the St. Marys, formation was laid down, the sea 

extended farther west than any of the preceding seas 

and overlapped all the earlier formations as far as 

the Piedmont belt in Wilson, Nash, and Halifax 

counties. Toward the south it covered the Cretaceous 

, deposits to the vicinity of Jason, Fields, and Quinerly, 
W I L 

''--y-

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I , 

I 

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I 

I 

\ 

/ 

, 

/ 

, 

HISTORICAL REVIEW • I ~. : : .. 

I T T 

3S~--L-------+-------~------~~c-----~~----________ ~~~~+-__ ~y-~~~~ __ ~~~~~ __ ~~ 

I 

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j D , 

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I 

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I 

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t.....~ __ 

':I 

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P E 

c 

c 

o 

EXPLANATION 

o Castle Hayne marl 

• Trent marl 

Cape Lookout 

Numbers are U.s. Geological 

Survey station numbers 

34·~--____ ~n~~-+~+-____________________________________ ~ ___ 

10 5 0 10 20 MILES LIW"W'~'JI~I~I~I~I~I ________ ~I ______ ~I 

FIGURE I.-Index map showing field stations in the Castle Hayne and Trent marls 

51278--26t----2 

34 
6 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

and farther -east it overlapped the Castle Hayne and 

Trent formations north of Neuse River. The extent 

of the overlap of the St. Marys sea on these formations 

has not been observed, because subsequent Miocene 

deposits overlapped that boundary and rest directly 

on the Castle Hayne and Trent as far south as Neuse 

River. 

The Tertiary history of the Coastal Plain of North 

Carolina includes a' succession of oscillations of the 

Atlantic strand line. After each of the maj or transgressions of the sea, which are represented by successive geologic formations now found in the area, 

the sea withdrew and active erosion set in. The 

deposits that' had been laid down were carved and 

channeled by subsequent streams flowing to the sea 

across the lately exposed plain. This activity is 

recorded in the sediments of the Coastal Plain to-:-day 

by erosional contacts between successive formations. 

Such unconformities explain the occurrence of isolated 

patches of one formation in pockets or depressions of 

an older formation. They also explain the absence 

of a formation in a section that comprises older and 

younger sediments. This condition has made the 

mapping of the Coastal Plain formations extremely 

difficult, with the result that the most carefully 

executed map can only be a rough approximation of 

the truth. 

ANALYSIS OF THE CASTLE HAYNE FAUNA 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 

The fauna of the, Castle Hayne marl has received 

sporadic attention from paleontologists. Fossiliferous localities at Wilmington, Castle Hayne, and 

Rocky Point have frequently been visited by collectors, and fossils from the Eocene at these places 

ha ve been described and figured from time to time. 

Most of the organic remains preserved are in the 

form of casts, but these include both the exterior and 

the interior of many species of the shells. In certain 

groups, such as echinoids, oysters, pectens, brachiopods, and Bryozoa, the original shell material is 

perfectly preserved. In the present, investigation 

fossils have been collected at many new localities, 

but none of these haye yielded the great variety of 

forms obtained at Wilmington and Rocky Point. 

The groups represented at these 'new stations are 

principally the more resistant forms such as pectens, 

echinoids, and Bryozoa. The Bryozoa from Wilmington have been exhaustively treated by' Canu and 

Bassler,17 The evidence for correlation presented 

by this group of organisms is taken from their work. 

All the Bryozoa collected from new locali ties have 

been identified by Doctor Bassler. ' 

17 Canu, Ferdinand, and Bassler, R. S., North American early Tertiary Bryozoa: 

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 106, 1920. 

BIOLOGIC ANALYSIS 

The Castle Hayne fauna is both abundant and 

varied. During the present study 305 species and 

varieties have been recognized, of which 214 are 

Bryozoa. The collections ha ve been made over a 

100ig period of time and are believed to constitute ::a 

fair representation of the tofal fauna. They have 

been taken from several large quarry excavations and 

also from many widely scattered localities., In the 

305 species and varieties recognized there are 12 species 

and 1 variety of Echinoidea, 31 species of Pelecypoda, 

36 of Gastropoda, 2 of Cephalopoda, 5 of Brachiopoda, 

and 4 of Anthozoa. 

The Echinoidea form one of the most inlporta.nt 

groups of the fauna. They usually occur in a perfect 

state of preservation and are widely distributed 

geographically throughout the formation. The class 

is represented by five fanlilies and nine genera. The 

Cassidulidae, represented by two genera, are most 

abundant in individuals and of widespread occurence. 

The Scutellidae, represented by the single species 

Periarchus ZyeZZi Conrad, are second in abundance. 

This species is the commonest echinoid in the 'fauna 

and during the field investigation served as a signpost 

of the Castle Hayne formation. The family Spatangidae is represented by Jour genera, each except Linthia 

by only a single species and present only at Wilmington. The Cidaridae and Fibulariidae are very minor 

groups. 

All three orders of the Pelecypoda are well represented in the fauna. Among the Prionodesmacea the 

Pectinidae are by far the most abundant. Although 

they here include only the single genus Pecten, they 

contain a larger number of species than any other 

family of the Pelecypoda,. Of the six species referred 

to Pecten, three are new, one is known from a single 

locality outside of the Ca~tle Hayne formation, and 

the other two are the well-known Eocene species P. 

deshayesii Lea and P. scintilZatus Conrad. P. membranosus Morton is the most abundant, the most 

widespread, and the most characteristic fossil of the 

Castle Hayne marl. It has been found at 16 of the 29 

stations referred to this formation. P. cookei Kellum 

is also a very common form, occurring at 10 stations. 

The Ostreidae are second in abundance among the 

Prionodesmacea, being represented by four species of 

the genus Ostrea. O. aZabamiensis subsp. georgiana 

Conrad has been found only at Polloksville, Jones 

County, but at this place it forms a solid bed of rotten 

shell, as much as 12 feet in thickness, and crops out at 

numerous points within a radius of about a mile. 

Ostrea trigonaZis Conrad' and O. seZZaejormis Conrad 

are very common species in the Castle Hayne fornlation. 

They are usually small, but some individuals of O. 

trigonaZi.s attain a length of 3 inches. A single speci-
ANALYSIS OF THE CASTLE HAYNE FAUNA 7 

Inen is referred to O. faZco Dall. It is interesting to 

find this remarkably distinct species so far from its 

type locality, the "ZeugZodon bed" of Choc.taw 

County, Ala. 

The Spondylidae are represented by two gepera, 

SpondyZns and PZicatuZa. S. ZameZlacea Kellum is of 

special interest because it. is so unlike any species of 

SpondyZ'U,s heretofore found in the Tertiary. With its 

peculiar sculpture 01 coarse, raised lanlellae it resembles 

the Cretaceous species S. gregaZI? (Morton) . The 

Arcidae and Anomiidae are relatively insignificant. 

The order Anomalodesmacea includes two families, 

the Pholadomyidae and Euciroidea. They are represented by a single species each and are not abundant 

in individuals. PecchioZia daZliana. 11arris was found 

at three localities and is of interest becaus'e of the 

rare occurrence of this genus in the American Tertiary 

deposits. 

The Teleodesnlacea are represented by seven familie:;; 

and eight genera. Al though well developed in the 

fauna, all the species are preserved as casts, and none 

are found at nlore than two localities. Meiocardia 

caroZinae :Harris should receive special mention as the 

fU'st occurrence of this genus to be reported from the 

.. L\.merican Tertiary. It is possible thn,t the species 

should be referred to the genus VenieZla instead of 

Meioca.7'dia, but as it is known only from the internal 

cast lIarris's opinion has been followed in this paper. 

The Gastropoda of the Castle Hayne fauna belong 

to 17 I families and 22 genera. They are preserved 

almost entirely as casts and their specific identification 

has been,mad!3 with great caution. Of the 36 species 

recognized, 5 are 'new and 23 have received only 

generic deterlnination. The Gastropoda, with the 

exception of 2 species, are confined to the Wilmington 

and Rocky Point localities. 

The entire assemblage of univalves belongs to the 

subclass Streptoneura. The order Aspidobranchia is 

represented by three families, Pleurotomariidae, Fissp.rellidae, and Trochidae, of which the Pleurotomariidae are the most abundant. Two indeterminate 

species of PZeurotomaria attain greater size than any 

other forms of the fauna. 

The Ctenobranchiata are segregated into three 

superfamilies. Among the Ptenoglossa the Epitoniidae are perhaps the nlost interesting. They are 

represented by two new species of Epitonium. These 

highly sculptured individuals are the only gastropods 

which have the original shell preserved. The Cassidida,e, represented by the genera Oassis and PhaZium, 

are fairly common. The Cypraeidae, including five 

species of the genus Oypraea, are the most prolific . 

forl11s of the Ptenoglossa, with the possible exception 

of the Vermiculariidae, represented by the single 

species Siliquaria vitis Conrad. The five remaining 

families of the Ptenoglossa (Capulidae, N aticidae, 

Turritellidae, Cerithiidae, and Stronlbidae) are poorly 

,represented in the fauna. 

Of the four families belonging to the superfamily 

Rachiglossa, the Volutidae are by far the most numerous. They are represented by five genera. An indeterminate species of MargineZZa is the most common 

form. The genus PZejona includes two species of rare 

occurrence. Under the genus Mitra six species have 

been discussed. These are all preserved as internal 

casts and are doubtfully referred to this genus. 

f$capheZZa and OariceZZa are each represented by a 

single species and are rather uncommon. The Vasidae 

in the species Vasum wiZmingtonense Brown and Pilsbry 

and the Fasciolariidae in the species Fusinus abruptus 

(Tuomey) attain conspicuously iarge dimensions. 

The Buccinidae are unimportant. 

The family Conidae is the only representative of the 

Ta..xoglossa. It includes two species of 00 nus , which 

are fairly abundant in the fauna. 

Two species of Cephalopoda occur in the Castle 

Hayne assemblage. Although not widespread 

throughout the formation both of them are very 

abundant at the two or three stations where they 

occur. Aturia aZabamenis (Morton) was originally 

described from specimens found in the Eocene at 

Claiborne, Ala., and individuals from the type locality 

are indistinguishable from those of the Castle Hayne. 

NautiZus caroZinensis Kellum has, been identified by 

other students as N. dekayi Morton, from the Cretaceous of ·N ew Jersey. I t is here recognized as a 

separate species on account of the essentially straight 

course of the sutures across the venter. The sutures 

of the Cretaceous species have a broad saddle along 

the venter. 

The Brachiopoda of the Castle Hayne marl form 

one of the most interesting groups of the fauna. The 

group is represented by three genera and five species, 

a greater number than has been reported from any 

other Tertiary formation on the east coast. Tereb7'atuZa wiZmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby is second 

only to Pecten memb7'anosus Morton in abundance of 

individuals. The species is remarkably variable in 

form, and variations of it have been described by 

'several authors under different specific names. A 

large number of specimens, however, show perfect 

gradations between the most widely differing forms. 

The species was found at four localities. Tere~ratuZa 

crass a Kellum does not occur at Wilmington and has 

been reported from only one station in Lenoir County, 

where it is associated with Pecten membranosus Morton 

and other Castle Hayne fossils. TerebratuZina Zachryma (Morton) is more widely scattered throughout 

the fornlation than any other brachiopod but it is not 

abundan t. RhynchoneZZa saZpinx Dall and Rhy'f!,-

choneZZa hoZmesii Dall occur only at the Wilmingto~ 

locality and are very uncommon. 
8 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

The following corals from the Castle Hayne are 

listed in the State report of 1912 as identified by T., 

Wayland Vaughan: Flabellum sp., Madracis sp., 

Endopachys maclurei (Lea) , BaZanophyllia sp. No 

subsequent work has been done on this group of organisms. 

CORRELATION 

In 1912 Miller 18 referred the Castle Hayne marl 

to the "upper Eocene horizon" of North Carolina. 

As little study had been given to the fauna at that 

time, no attempt was made to correlate the formation 

with other Eocene formations of the Coastal Plain. 

The Castle Hayne was first referred to a definite 

horizon in the Eoeene by Cooke 19 in 1916. He briefly 

stated that two fossils listed by Dall from the Ocala 

limestone of Florida "apparently occur also in the 

Castle Hayne limestone at Wilmington, N. C., which 

is of Jackson age." 

In 1920 Canu and Bassler 20 made an exhaustive 

study of the Bryozoa from "the Castle Hayne at Wilmington. They recognized 214 species and varieties 

from this locality, of which 169 were new and 88 were 

limited to the Castle ~Iayne formation. Through this 

study the Castle Hayne was assigned to the middle 

Jackson horizon of the Eocenr., and was correlated with 

the Cooper marl of South Carolina, the Ostrea georgiana zone at the base of the Barnwell formation of 

South Carolina, and the Tivola tongue of the lower 

part of the Ocala limestone of Georgia. 

The evidence presented by the other groups of 

organisms in the Castle Hayne fauna confirms this 

correlation. The poor state of preservation of most 

of the fossils, however, together with the relatively 

large number of new forms and the long range of some 

of the species, greatly limits their value in correlation. 

In the following list of fossils from the Castle Hayne 

marl that have been specifically identified those that 

have been found also in other formations are so indicated; the others have been found only in the Castle 

Hayne. 

Cidaris pratti. 

Echinocyamus parvus. 

Periarchus lyelli. Claiborne, Jackson. 

Cassidulus raveneli. Jackson. 

Cassidulus carolinensis. 

Cassidulus caro1inensis var. craveni. 

,Passidulus be:rryi. , 

Echinolampas appendiculRtus. 

Hemipatagus subrostr&tus. 

Linthia wilmingtonensis. 

Linthia hanoverensis. 

Eupatagus carolinensis. Ocala limestone, Jackson. 

18 Miller, B. L., North Carolina Geol. and Econ. Survey, vol. 3, 1912, p. 185. 

19 Cooke, C. W., The age of the Ocala limestone: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

il5, p. 111, 1916. 

20 Canu, Ferdinand, and Bassler, R. S., North American early' Tertiary Bryozoa: 

{J. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 106, 1920. 

M~cropneustes carolinensis. 

Arca cancellata? Ocala limestone, Jackson. 

Ostreaalabamiensis subsp. georgiana. Claiborne, Jackson. 

Ostrea trigonalis. Ocala limestone, Jackson. 

.. Ostrea sellaeformis. Claiborne, Jackson? 

Ostrea falco? Jackson of Alabama. 

Ostrea subeversa. Cretaceous (?) to Jackson. 

Pecten membranosus. Jackson, Eutaw Springs, S. C. 

Pecten deshayesii. Claiborne, Jackson. 

Pecten scintillatus. Claiborne, Jackson. 

Pecten cushmani. 

Pecten cookei. 

Pecten biddleana. 

'Plicatula filamentosa. Claiborne, Jackson. 

Spondylus lamellacea. 

Pholadomya claibornensis. Claiborne. 

Pecchiolia dalliana. 

Crassatellites alta. Claiborne, Jackson. 

Venericardia nasuta? Type locality doubtful. 

Phacoides pandatus? Claiborne, Jackson. 

Meiocardia carolinae. 

Pitaria securiformis. Jackson. 

Pleurotomaria hanoverensis. 

Fissuridea penderensis. 

Epitol:1ium aequabile. 

Epitonium dignitatis. 

Turritella subtilis. 

Siliquaria vitis. Claiborne to Tampa. 

Fusinus abruptus? 

Vasum wilmingtonense. 

Plejona conoides? 

ScapheUa ocalana. Ocala limestone, Jackson. 

Conus mutilatus? 

Aturia alabamensis~ Claiborne, Jackson. 

Nautilus carolinensis. 

Rhynchonella salpinx. 

Rhynchonella holmesii. 

Terebratula wilmingtonensis. 

Terebratula crassa. 

Terebratulina lachryma. Ocala limestone, Jackson. 

Endopachys maclurei. Claiborne, Jackson. 

An examination of this list shows the fauna to have 

very strong Jackson affinities. Of the 53 species 

identified, 30 are limited to the Castle Hayne marl, 

8 are limited to the Jackson horizon in other regions, 

and all except 2 are known to range through the 

Jackson. Presenting the correlation data in tabular 

form, we have: 

Limited to Castle Hayne marL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

Limited to Jackson horizon in other regio,ns__ 9 

Limited to Claiborne horizon in other regions_ 1 

Known from Jackson and older horizons_ _ _ _ 11 

Claiborne to Tampa______________________ 1 

Horizon doubtfuL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ 1 

53 

The conclusion drawn from this ,analysis is that the 

evidence presented by the Echinodermata, Pelecypoda, 

Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and Brachiopoda shows 

that the Castle Hayne marl has its strongest affinity 

with the Jackson horizon of the Eocene. 
l!"'IELD STATIONS OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 9 

}"IELD STATIONS OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 

The conclusions of this paper regarding stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina are 

based on detailed observations itt scattered stations' 

over the area (see fig. 1); on a general reconnaissance 

of the region underlain by the Trent and Castle 

Ilayne Inarls, and on a careful study, in the laboratory, of the fossils collected from these horizons. 

In order that the evidence for the conclusions reached 

lnay be conlplete, detailed descriptions of the stations 

visited are given below. The fossils found at each 

station, except tho Bryozoa, are shown in the table 

on page 1l. 

10613 21 (=782, 3602, 3609, 4285, 4287, 5611, 7302, 7316, 

7797a, 7797c, 7802, 7808, 7818). East side of Wilmington, New 

Hanover County; City Rock quarry, near Smith Creek. The 

following section is copied from Miller: 22 

Ft. in. 

Pleistocene: Sandy soiL __________________________ 4-8 

Miocene: Thin isolated patches of Miocene shell 

marl in depressions in irregular eroded surface of 

the Eocene. The maximum thickness observed __ _ 

Eocene (Castle Hayne): 

Calcareous marl full of holes of solution which 

are filled with clay. In some places the J;narl is 

quite firmly cemented ______________________ 6-8 

Fragmented shell rock; few entire shells found. 

Upper part cemented to form hard rock; lower, loose ____________________________________ _ 3 

Pebble layer with waterworn black pebbles 

firmly cemented. Contains many shark teeth_ 3-4 

10 

6 

10614:. 3~ miles northwest of Wrightsboro, New Hanover 

County, on farm of Walter Carr. In a vertical bank, 5 to 10 

feet thick and extending horizontally for about 100 feet, the 

following section is exposed: 

Feet 

Pleistocene or Recent: Yellow unconsolidated earth _____ 3-6 

Miocene (Duplin marl): Rotten shell marl, composed 

chiefly of calcareous shells in a matrix of yellow sand; locally __________________________________________ _ 

Erosional unconformity. 

Eocene (Castle Hayne marl): Yellow earthy or sandy 

marl, streaked with iron stain, containing few fossils; 

1 

reported to have a high phosphate content ____________ 3-7 

The erosional contact at the top of the Eocene bed is very 

marked. The Miocene shell marl does not extend continuously over the Eocene but occupies depressions or pockets ,in 

its upper surface. 

10615 (=3611, 4286). Castle Hayne rock quarry, half a 

mile south of Castle Hayne railroad station, New Hanover 

County. A section of about 18 feet is exposed in the quarry, 

as follows: 

Feet 

Pleistocene: Gray and yellow loose sand of varying texture, about_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _____ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ____ _ 6 

Eocene (Castle Hayne marl) : 

White and grayish-white marl containing some fossils ______________________________________ 2-2~ 

Coarse conglomerate of green and black phosphate 

pebbles with sandstone and quartz pebbles ce- mented by lime ____ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

Cretaceous: Brownish-yellow impure limestone made 

up almost entirely of casts of marine mollusks_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4-6 

II TertiarY locality numbers above 10000 are recorded in the United States Geological Survey station books and on the specimens in fractional form-for example, 

liv (=10493). 

n Miller, B. L., North Carolina Geol. and Econ. Survey, vol. 3, p. 191, 1912. 

10616. Left bank of Northeast Cape Fear River about 3~ 

miles upstream from the Castle Hayne Bridge, Pender County, 

on the Bob Bourdeau tract. An outcrop of loosely consolidated yellow earthy marl, 5 to 7 feet thick, extends along the 

river's edge for about 106 feet. 

779 (=7794). French Brothers' quarries at old Rocky Point, 

now known as Lanes Ferry, on Northeast Cape Fear River, 3 

miles east of Rocky Point Station, Pender County. This is the 

locality visited by earlier investigators, including Charles Lyell, 

W. B. Clark, T. W. Stanton, and L. W. Stephenson. Stephenson 2& 

described the section as revealed by the old pits as follows: 

Section at old Rocky Point quarries 

Feet 

Surficial brown sandy clay ___ - - _ - - __ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

Eocene (Castle'Hayne marl): 

Dark yellow to greenish disintegrated limestone 

stained more or less with iron _____________ ~___ .5 

Soft white limestone or marl with many fossils____ 2 

Hard white limestone___________________________ 2.5 

Conglomerate composed of phosphatic pebbles or 

nodules up to 2 inches in diameter, shark teeth, 

and mollusks, cemented with calcium carbonate__ 2 

The different layers varied somewhat in thickness from pit 

to pit. Stanton in 1891 determined the presence of a gray 

calcareous sandstone of Cretaceous age underlying the Eocene 

conglomerate in some of the deeper pits at this locality. 

10618. 1 mile south of Maple Hill post office, Pender County, 

on farm of J. C. Wooten. Extensive 'marl pits of soft whitishyellow marl, containing an abundance of Bryozoa and a few 

other fossils. 

10619. Moors Creek, 2 miles west of Angola post office and 

3 miles northeast of Maple Hill post office, Pender County, on 

farm of J. L. Fisher. Old shallow pits in the low ground bordering the creek expose whitish-yellow sandy marl. The marl 

contains an abundance of Bryozoa, some pectens, echinoids, and 

oysters. 

7799. 1 mile northwest of Lanes Ferry over Northeast Cape 

Fear River, Pender County, on farm of R. G. Ross. This station was visited by L. W. Stephenson in 1906, and the following 

description of the exposure is taken from his field notes: II Along 

a small branch and near a strong spring the Eocene limestone 

and phosphate rock is seen to outcrop. It is here overlain by 

a foot or more of rotten limestone. On the opposite side of the 

stream from the spring a small outcrop of the latter, a few feet 

square, was discovered which was very full of fossils, princip~lly oval sea urchins, ,gastropods, corals." 

10621. 1~ miles northeast of Rose Hill station, Duplin 

County, on farm of A. R. Bland. Bluish-white marl, consisting 

chiefly of ground shell, is exposed in a large pit, 10 feet deep, 

30 feet long, and 15 feet wide. The marl has been exploited 

commercially, a small gasoline engine being used to raise the 

marl from the pit, but the project has not proved a financial 

success. 

10622. 2 miles south of Magnolia, Duplin County, on farm 

of B. D. Johnson. Bluish-white. soft fine-grained marl is 

exposed in numerous shallow pits, where it has been dug for 

fertilizer. The marl contains many echinoids, pectens, Bryozoa, 

ush teeth, etc. ' 

10623. 100 yards below Chinquapin Bridge, on left bank of 

Northeast Cape Fear River, Duplin County. At this station an 

outcrop of hard impure whitish-yellow speckled limestone, about 

4 feet thick, projects from the bank. It is made up almost entirely of casts of marine shells. The outcrop can be followed 

for about 50 feet upstream from this point and is seen to grade 

into soft m~rl. The marl, which has been dug for fertilizer, is 

made up for the most part of finely-ground shell. At the sur23 Unpublished Dotes. 

c 
10 CAST'LE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

face, where the marl has been exposed to the air, it is yellow; 

but below, where the marl is saturated with water, it is light 

blue. 

10624. Cedar Fork Swamp, 5 miles east of Beulaville, Duplin 

County. White and bluish-white mari, apparently almost pure 

lime, is exposed in pits 5 to 10 feet deep. The marl is solid and 

heavy when first dug but on exposure to the air dries out, becomes almost pure white, and has an extremely fine texture. 

The fossils listed in the table are abundant in individuals. The 

deposit is covered only by a mantle of swamp soil, underlies a 

large area, and is very accessible. It has been dug extensively 

and used locally for fertilizer. 

10625. Near the mouth of a small creek, 150 yards southwest 

of Broadhurst Bridge on Neuse River, Wayne County. The 

outcrop is exposed along the bed and side of ' the creek for a 

distance of 100 feet. The stream has cut into a soft whitishyellow ground-shell marl to a depth, locally, of 3 feet. 

7800. Sarpony Hills, right bank of Neuse River at milepost 

83, V\Tayne County. The following section was measured at 

this station by B. L. Miller: 

Feot 

Pleistocene: Talus-covered slope_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25-35 

Eocene (Castle Hayne marl) : 

White to greenish-white soft limestone containing 

some fossil casts. Pecten is comm'on. Limestone 

contains some glauconite______________________ 40 

Greenish-blue hard argillaceous limestone with echillOid spines, portions of echinoid tests, etc_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 

10626. Biddle Landing, right bank of Neuse River, due north 

of Fort Barnwell, Craven County. I 

10627. 3 miles east of Quinerly and 2 miles north of Neuse 

River, in Pitt County, on farm of T. J. Falkner. Bluish-white 

marl of extremely fine texture and high lime content, containing 

some well-preserved fossils. The marl has been excavated 

extensively for fertilizer. 

8169. Drainage canal just south of Quinerly Bridge, Clayroot 

Swamp, Pitt County. This station was visited by Joseph A. 

Cushman, who collected the fossils listed in the table from the 

marl exposed in the canal. 

10628. 6 miles west of Pink Hill, Lenoir County, on farm 

of H. J. Williams. Soft bluish-white marl, of fine texture, 

containing a few well-preserved shells, has been quarried extensively for fertilizer. The fossils listed in the table were collected 

from a pile of the marl that had been thrown out and exposed 

to the weather for several years. 

10629. 5 miles west of Pink Hill, Lenoir County, on farm of 

B. F. Smith. At this locality a whitish-yello"" marl vms dug 

several years ago and used for fertilizer. The marl is overlain 

by 10 feet or more of yellow earthy sand and is poorly exposed 

in the old pits. 

10630. Right bank of Trent River three quarters of a mile 

southwest of Comfort depot, Jones Coun.ty, on farm of Miss 

Sally Simmons. In a vertical bluff 25 feet high, extending for 

500 feet along the right side of the river, the following section 

.is exposed: 

Pleistocene: Soft, unconsolidated gray sand __________ _ 

Eocene (Castle Hayne marl): 

Bluish-gray sticky clay, unfossHiferous ___________ _ 

Yellow ground-shell marl, with sandy matrix, containing Bryozoa and Pecten deshayesii Lea in 

abundance and Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) rarely __ 

Hard yellow impure limestone, with numerous casts offossils ___________________________________ _ 

Light-blue soft marl that turns yellow on exposure 

Feet 

3 

3 

5 

5 

to the air; contains a few poorly preserved shells_ _ 9 

10631. Right bank of Little ,Chinquapin Creek half a mile 

northwest of Wimsatt, Jones County, on farm of D.'W. Dudley. 

Whitish-blue marl, containing many Bryozoa and a small variety 

of other fossils. The marl has been quarried and used locally 

for fertilizer. 

10632. 272' miles west of Dover Station, Jones County, on 

farm of J. L. Bryan. Grayish-white sandy marl was observed 

in several shallow pits, which had been dug a number of years 

ago. 

7803. Beaver Creek, 2 miles northwest of Wilcox Bridge over 

Trent River, Jones Coun'~y. This station was visited by B. L. 

Miller, who collected the fossils listed in the table. 

10633 (=7809). 'North end of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 

bridge over Trent River at Polloksville, Jones County. In a 

vertical bank 20 to 25 feet high, which extends along the river 

about 100 feet, the fbllowing section is exposed: 

Feet 

Pleist.ocene: Buff to pinkish-yellow unconsolidated sand __ 3-10 

Eocene (probably Castle Hayne marl: Solid bed of rotten 

oyster shells in a matrix of buff sand ___________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 

10634. 1 mile southeast of Richlands station, Onslow County, 

on farm of Lee Frank. Whitish-yellow sandy marl, containing 

many Bryozoa and Pectens. A single specimen of Terebratulina lachryma Morton was found. The fossils listed in the 

table were collected from large piles of freshly dug marl. 

10635. On Cow Horn Creek, 172' miles southeast of Richlands station, Onslow County, on the old Sandlin property. 

In a belt of woods bordering the creek about 150 yards west of 

the "old" road from Jacksonville to Richlands, a number of 

old marl pits were visited. A fresh exposure of the marl was 

not observed, as the pits had slumped in and partly filled with 

soil. Numerous fragments of Pecten membranosus Morton 

and Kleidionella grandis Canu and Bassler, picked up in the 

weathered marl about the pits, indicate the formation to be 

the Castle Hayne. 

10636. 10 miles northwest of Jacksonville, Onslow County, 

on the farm of J. M. Thomas. A large outcrop of consolidated 

yellow ground-shell marl, about 10 feet thick, extends horizontally around the l1)Se of a low hill for 150 feet. 

10637. 2 miles north of Jacks::mville, Onslow County, on the 

farm of E. W. Sabiston. Yellow ground-shell marl, locally 

consolidated into hard, impure limestone, is exposed in old 

pits that have been dug extensively along a small creek. 

The following table does not include the Bryozoa, 

which are listed by Canu and Bassler in the bulletin 

already cited . 

o 
FIELD STATIONS OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 11 

Echinoid', mollusks, and brachiopods from the Castle Hayne marl 

o 

~ : 

0 0 

~ 0 ~ ~ h ~ 0 0 ~ ~ ~ § 

0 0 

~ ~I~ 010 0 ~ 00 8 0 ~ 2 

~ 0 

~ 0 ~I~ 0 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 g 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ -1- ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

Cldorispl'llttiClol'k ..•••.••.• " •••.• -- __ •• __ ' X ====.~=~====\================= l~g~~~~,~g~~I~~~~lr(8'~~r~(W.I~~~~~::::~:::::==: 'x' :::: :::: 'x' :::: ::::' 'x' ::::1:::: 'X- ::::::::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: 'x' 'x' :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: ~ :::: 

C Irs sid u Ius (Hhynchopygus) rovonoli I . 'l'witchol.l .••••••••••••••• _ •••.• _ •.• ___ ._ .. X ............ X ---- ---- .--- ---- -.-- ---- ---- -- __ - _____________________________________ • ____ • __ ._ • __ ••••• X Cwsldulus (RhynCbopyguS) clll'olincnsis . I 'l'witcholl ••••••••••••••.•• ________ .•• _____ X ____________ X ________ . _______________ . ________________________ . _______________ . ___________ ._ •.. ____ ••• ___ _ 

C~~I~:'~It~!'~~on~~t~I~~~~C.h_l~~)_ •• :~~~.I~~~~l.S!~. __ • __ . ___ . ______ '" __ . ______ • _. _________ • ___ J ___________ X X X __ • ______ " __ •• _ ' •• __ •• _ •• __ "" ____ ••••• __ _ 
12 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

ANALYSIS OF THE TRENT FAUNA 

Although the Trent formation is centrally located 

on the eastern Coastal Plain of the United States, its 

fauna has, until the present study, received no attention whatever from the systematic paleontologist. 

The formation consists chiefly of light-colored calcareous marl, either loose or consolidated into a 

hard, impure limestone (commonly called buhrstone), 

and is made up almost entirely of casts of marine 

shells. The identification of such material is practically impossible unless better material of the same 

age and from the same region is available for comparison. The discovery of a bed of well-preserved 

Trent fossils near Silverdale, in Onslow County, has 

made possible a critical study of the fauna. As yet 

only a small collection has been made from this 

locality,but it is sufficient to show 'the presence of a 

fairly large and varied molluscan assemblage. The 

present study isconfin~d to the larger forms of the 

fauna, and the following analysis is based entirely on 

this element. . 

A total of 26 species of Mollusca from the Trent 

marl have been studied and described. These are 

segregated into 21 genera and 17 families. The 

Pelecypoda are represented by 13 genera and 10 

families; the Gastropoda by 8 genera and 7 families. 

Of this assemblage 15 species and 1 variety are new; 

3 species are undeterminable; and 7 are referred to 

species pre~iously described, including two that came 

originally from the Trent marl and have not been 

recognized elsewhere. It is therefore apparent that 

the Trent fauna is essentially new. 

Two orders of the class Pelecypoda are present in 

tl?-e forms studied-the Prionodesmacea, represented 

by 6 species, and the Teleodesmacea, represented by 

12 species. Among the' Prionodesmacea the Arcidae 

are the most numerous. They include two genera, 

Area and Glyeymeris, both of which are fairly abundant 

in individuals. The Pectinidae and the Spondylidae 

have relatively few representatives. The Teleodesmacea fall into 7 families, of which the Veneridae 

are by far the most significant. The genera Venus 

and Macracallista, because of their unusual form, 

widespread occurrence, and abundant individual development, are the most diagnostic elements of the 

fauna. '.Che species of these genera are rather small; 

those of Venus especially appear to be stunted. This 

fact suggests peculiar ecologic conditions or excessive 

salinity of the sea in which these forms flourished. 

The family Crassatellitidae is represented by one 

genus, Orassatellites, which occurs in large numbers 

of individuals. The other families of Teleodesmacea, 

including the Astartidae, Carditidae, Lucinidae, Cardiidae, and Saxicavidae, are very interesting groups, 

-but each is represented by only one genus and these 

forms are not abundant. 

The Gastropoda of the Trentlfauna that have been 

considered in this study belong, without exception, 

to the order Ctenobranchiata. The predominant 

family of this assemblage is the Turritellidae, which is • 

represented by the single species Turritella fuerta Kellum, one of the commonest species in the Trent fauna. 

Tins species is variable in form, and the variations 

follow certain definite lines, which find a parallel 

development in the Turri tell as of the "silex beds" 

of the Tampa formation of Florida. The Volutidae 

are next in numbers and are represented by two genera, 

Lyria and Scaphella, of which the latter is unusually 

abundant in individuals. The family Capulidae is 

of little diagnostic importance, though it is very 

common at every Trent locality. It includes the· 

well-known species Oalyptraea trochiformis Lamarck. 

The families Conidae and Buccinidae are of especial 

interest oecause of their large numbers of individ:uals. . 

The genus Busycon attains the largest size, with the· 

possible exception of an undescribed Ostrea, of 

all the forms in the fauna. The' N aticidae and 

the Olividae are minor elements of the Trent: 

assemblage. 

The part of the Trent fauna which has been covered 

in this paper is an interesting association of forms: 

related to known species from widely separated horizons. These' affinities range from· the Vicksburg 

Oligocene to the upper Miocene. The true position. 

of the Trent is somewhere between these extremities~ 

About 25 per cent of the fauna has its closest affinity 

with species of the upper Miocene, 45 per 'cent with 

forms in the lower Miocene, and 30 per cent with 

Oligocene species. Although the predominance of' 

relationship to lower Miocene forms is not overwhelming, the fact that the percentage of affinities. 

in the upper Miocene and in the Oligocene is nearly 

equal indicates rather conclusively that the Trent· 

fauna is of lower Miocene age. Another' fact that: 

'strongly confirms this determination is the presence· 

of true Venus in the fauna. This genus as limited by 

Lamarck originated and reached its maximum development during the Miocene epoch. Two species of 

Venus occur in the Trent and are among the most 

abundant forms. They find their closest affinity in 

V. halidona Dall, from the Tampa formation of 'the 

lower Miocene in Florida. 

The acconlpanying table shows the geologic range 

of the form closest to each Trent species. Such a 

system of comparison may lead to very wrong conclusions, because the degree of relationship between 

the species and its analog"':le is different in every case .. 

Some genera, because of their long range or simple 

form, are of less value for correlation than others. 

To the more diagnostic genera should therefore be 

given greatest weight in determining the age of the: 

fauna. 
ANALYSIS OF THE TRENT FAUNA 13 

Geologic range of forms comparable with Trent species 

Tront species Closest affinity Range of closest affinity 

Cnlyptmon trochiformis Lnmarck ...•••••.. .' ••••.••.•.••••............. Calyptraoa trochiformis Lamarck ..•••••••..••.•.•..••••..........••.. ShlU1l1 Imporforatum Dnll .•••••••.•••••.••••••.••••.•..••....••........ Sinum irnperforatum DaIL ..•...•••.•..........••••.•...••••..••••••• 'l'lIl'l'itolla fuorta Kollum...... ..•••...•...••.••....•..•..... •.•.•.•••.. 'rurritella medioconstricta DaIL ........••••..•••....•••.•..........•. Busycon spin igor var. onslowonsis Kellum .••.•..........••...••••..... Busycon spiniger var. spiniger (Conrad) ...•.••.•••••••••••••••••••••• Lyrln carollnonsls Kellum __ .•••••••..• _._ ...•...•....••••....• _.... .... Lyria heilprini DaIL ......•.•......••••.........•.•••.•.•••••.•...•.• Seapholla stromboidolla Kellum........................................ Undescribed species ..•....•......•.•••..•..•• _ ••.•••••••.•••.•••..•..• Claiborne to Duplin. Do .. Tampa. 

Vicksburg (Red Bluff) 

'rampa. 

Shonl River. 

Oliva postl Dall •••••...•••......•..••.......•................ _ •....•••• Oliva posti DaIL .•..........•...••..•.......•..••....•............... Conus postalvolltus Kollulll ••.•.•..•..•.•......••.•.•..•.•. __ .• •.••...• Conus alvoatus Conrad .....•...................•.....•...• _ ....•..••• Arca (Seapharca) siivordalensis Kellum. ..•...•..••.•......••.......... Area carolinensis Wagner .... '.' ....••..........•.....•...••.......... Olycymeris antoparilis Kollum......................................... Glycymeris parilis Conrad ...•......••....•.• _ ..••....•.... _ .•........ Pocten olixatus Conrad·? ........•... _ .......................•.......... Pecten poulsonis Morton; P. burnsii Dall ........•...........••.•• _ •.. Plicatula donsala Conrad ..• '.'.' .•.•••• _ •.••.• _ •.•...•...•.•.• : •. _.... Plicatula densata Conrad ............•...•...•.•..•.....•.........•... 

'rampa. 

Vicksburg .. Duplin. 

Calvert. 

Astarte onslowonsis Kollum... .••.•............••........••.....•...... Astarte undulata ..................................................... . 

Vicksburg; Chipoia. Vicksburg to Bowden. 

Duplin. Crussatollites mississippionsis val'. siiverdalensis Kellum .••.•.... _ ..... Crassatellites mis~issippiensis Conrad •...•.•...•..................... _ Vicksburg. Venel'icardia nodifern Kellum_ •..••.••••••.•.• _ .•••.• _ •••.••••.......•. Venericardia hadrn Dall ...... _ ...........•.•.•..........• _ ..••..•..... Chipola. Venel'icardia (Cyclocardia) granuillta Say .....•...........•........•... Venericardia (Cyciocardia) granulata Say ........•.....•...•..••..••.• Phacoldes (Pseudomlltha) noearicnsis Kellum ..................••...... Phacoides anodonta Say ......................•........................ Vonus gardnerao Kellum •••.•.••.• _________________________ ••... _ .. _._. Venus halidona DaH __ .. _ ...... _ .•.... _ .. _._ ..... _ ....• _._ .••. _ ... _._. 

Calvert to Pliocene. 

Do. 

Tampa. Antlgona (Artena) lamellneea Kellum._ .. _. __ ..... _._._._ ..... ____ ..•.. Ant.igona shepardi Dall ___ .. _._ .. ___ .. _._ .. _. __ ._ .... _. __ ' .. ____ ._ .. __ . Macrocnllista minuscula Kellum __ '. __ ' _____ • ____ •• ____ . ________ ••• __ •. MaerocaJlistn acuminata Dall .. ___ .... _._ .. _. ____ ._. __ . __ . _____ . __ .. __ Do. 

'l'ampa and Chipoia. Macrocallistn Vicksburg. tin Kellum. ___ ._ •. _. ______ . __ .. _ .. ____ . _ ••. _._ •. _ •••. ___ . IVlnerocaIlista sobrina (Conrad) __ . __________ . _. _ .. _. __ . _______ . _ .. ___ _ 

The standard lower Miocene section of the Coastal 

Plain cOlnprises four horizons, which, beginning with 

the lowest, are represented by the Tampa, Chipola, 

Oak Grove, and Shoal River fornlations of Florida. 

The fauna of the Tampa formation was monographed 

by William I-Iealey Dall in 1915.21 He correlated it 

with the Lower Aquitanian of Europe, which at that 

time he considered Oligocene. 

The Aquitanian, however, is now regarded as lower 

Miocene.· The faunas of the three higher fonnations 

al'e described by Julia Gardner in Professional Paper 

142, now in press. They are regarded as separated 

from the Tampa by a conspicuous interval but are 

relatively close to one another in point of time. North 

of Florida the only lower Miocene formation that 

has been recognized on the east coast is the Marks 

I-Iead marl of Georgia. When the fauna was first 

studied by T. Wayland Vaughan 25 this formation 

was correlated approximately with the Calvert of 

Maryland. It is now, however, considered to be of the 

SaIne age as the Chipola formation of Florida.26 

Three of the Trent species have been specifically 

identified with forms occurring in the "silex beds" 

of the Tanlpa formation of Florida, four others have 

their closest affinit.y in the Tampa, and one is closely 

allied to a species occurring both ~n the Tampa and 

the Chipola. There is only one Trent species, Venerica:rdia nodifera Kellum, which has its nearest relative 

confined to the Chip 01 a, and the Tampa form V. serricosta Heilprin is almost as close as the Chipola affinity, 

Pecten eZixatus Com'ad is related to P. pouZsoni, a 

Vicksburg species, and P. burnsii, a Chipola species. 

'One Trent species, 8capheZZa stromboideZZa Kellum, has 

its closest affinity in the Shoal River, and none is 

nearly related to Oak Grove species. It is ohvious, 

therefore, that of 'the 45 per cent' whose closest described species are in the low·er ~~fiocene, the large 

majority are related ,to Tampa forms. The conclusion 

is therefore reached that the Trent marl is' of approximately the same age as the" silex beds" of the Tampaof Floridl1. The collection of more material fr0111 this 

horizon and the study of the microscopic element of 

the fauna ma.y show the Trent to be sQ.nlewhat older 

or younger than the Tanlpa, but the evidence presented by t.he fraction of the faunA. studied indicat~s 

the Tampa as the closest known fornlation. 

FIELD STATIONS OF THE TRENT MARL 

The fossils collected from the Trent marl are listed 

in the table on page 14. Notes concerning the ,field 

stations are given below. (See fig. 1.) 

10654:. In Jacksonville, Onslow County, at east end of 

wagon bridge' over New River. The eastern abutment of 

the bridge is an outcrop of limestone. Large masses of the 

rock excavated from the road are piled by the roadside. The 

exposure is a hard gray impure limestone made up entirely 

of casts of bivalves from which most of the shelly ,material has 

been dissolved. 

10655. Half a mile southeast of Silverdale, Onslow County, 

on farm of John Gillette, on left side of Webbs Creek. Yellow 

rotten-shell marl is exposed over a small area in pits about () 

feet deep. The shells are white and lie in a matrix of yellow 

earthy sand. For the most part the shells are weathered and 

broken, but many individuals are in a state of perfect preservation. 

10656. Quarry of Atlantic Marl & Lime Fertilizer Co. at 

Scott Landing, on left side of Trent River about 4 miles downstream from Polloksville, Jones County. An exposure of hard 

limestone about 3 feet thick crops out along the bank for a 

distance of 100 feet. AlJout 100 yards back from the river' 

limestone and marl have been quarried to a depth of 25 feet 

over an area of several acres. The following section is exposed 

in the quarry: 

Pleistocene: Unconsolidated white or light-yellow sand ________________________________________ _ 

Miocene (1): Ground-shell marl with little sand ____ _ 

Lo\ver Miocene (Trent marl): Hard yellow impure 

limestone, made up entirely of casts of marine shells _______ ~ ______ ..: _________________________ _ 

Feet 

13>1-3 

12-15 

6-10 UDall, W. H., A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax zone 

or the Oligocene or 'l'ampa, Fla.: U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 00, 1915. 

~~ '. 16Vnlighan, '1': W., Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp .. 833'-834, 1910. 

~v' ,- :', .',,;:;':"" <:~O:O!ircllle·r, 'Julia, '1'h~ deteotion of the Ohipola fauna in the Marks Head marl: 

.~. t .. 'Washington Aead. ScI. Jour., vol. 15, pp. 264-268, 1925 . 

Right bank of Trent River about 6 miles below Polloksville .. 

This station was visited by G. D. Harris, who reports fossils 

. 4!_, ~"""' ... ?" ~ 

.;: 
14 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

Mollusks from the Trent marl 

_______________________________________ 1_10_654_ 10655 10656 ~rt 779611065717798 

Calyptraea trochiformis Lamarck ___________________________________________________________ X ___________________ _ Sinum imperforatum DalL _________ '- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ___________________ _ Turritella fuerta Kellum ___________________________________________________________________ X ___________________ _ 

Busycon spiniger var. onslowensis Kellum ___________________ · ________________________________ X ___________________ _ Lyria carolinensis Kellum _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ___________________ _ 

Scaphella stromboidella Kellum ________________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _____________ - - ____ _ Oliva posti' Dall __________________________________________________________________________ X ___________________ _ Conus~ostalveatus Kellum ________________________________________________________________ X ___________________ _ 

Area ( eapharea) silverdalensis Kellum _______ -- _ - - - - - - - ____ -- ____ -- _ --- _____ 0 ____________ 1_ - - - X - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----

I!~~~~~~!f.!ji{~~~~l~~~:~~~~LT~~:-:n~;:;;;~-;:~-:::~~~:~_~~::~~~~:i:~-~ m; :~: :~: _~: :~~ m~ ~:;; Crassatellites mississippiensis var. silverdalensis Kellum ______________________________________ X ___________________ _ Venericardia nodifera Kellum_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Venericardia (Cyclocardia) granulata Say __________________________________ ~ ____________ ---- X ==== ==== ====1==== ==== Phacoides (Pseudomiltha) nocariensis Kellum ___________________________ . _____________________ X _______ . _____ , ____ -- __ 

Cardium sp ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -:. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _._ - - - - - - X - - - - X - - - - - - -- Venus gardnerae Kellum _________________________________________________________ ~ ____ X X ---- ---- X ---- ---- Venus erecta Kellum _________________________________________________ --------- ________ X X ---- ---- X ---- -:..-- Antigona (Artena) lamellacea Kellum ___________________________________________________ ---- X ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Macrocallista minuscula Kellum ________________________________________________________ X X X ---- X X X 

Macrocallista tia Kellum _______________________________________________________ . _______ ---- X ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Panopesp ______________________________________________ ----------------------------- X ---- X ---- X ---- ---- . . 

collected from a "marly bed * * * in the 'so-called Trent 

formation." 

.7796. White Rock Landing, left bank of Trent River about 

12 or 13 miles above New Bern. This station wa s visited by 

B. L. Miller, who describes the exposure as follows: "The 

Eocene limestone appears here and rises about 15 feet above the 

water. Casts of fossils are numerous. The Eocene is overlain 

by about 15 feet of Pleistocene strata consisting principally of 

yellowish-brown loamy clay, containing some small pebbles 

The same stratum of Eocene rock is exposed at many other 

places along Trent River in the same vicinity." Casts collected 

from the limestone at this locality by Miller have been identified 

as Trent fossils. The exposure is therefore lower Miocene in 

age, instead of Eocene. 

10657. Rock Spring, on right bank of Trent River 3~ miles 

upstream from New Bern, on farm of James N. Smith. Small 

patches of lime3tone, about 2 feet thick, crop out along the bank 

for a distance of 100 feet. The limestcme is hard and gray and 

consists chiefly of casts of marine bivalves. 

7798. Spring Garden Landing, right bank of Neuse River 

3~ miles northeast of Jasper, Craven County. This station 

was visited by B. L. Miller, who describes the exposure as follows: "A hard white Eocene limestone rises in the low river 

bank about 3~ feet above the level of the water in the river. 

The limestone contains many fossil casts; the shell substance 

is entirely gone, and the cavities are usually filled with calcite 

crystals. In places the cavities have not been filled. This rock 

has been used for buhrstones. The fossils present, though 

numerous are not varied. Abov.e the rock occurs thinly laminated drab clay and gray sand of Pleistocene age, with an average 

thickness of about 10 feet. In the river bank the Eocene is 

well exposed." 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE 

MARL 

ECHINODERMATA 

N early all the Tertiary Echinodermata of North 

Carolina have been brought together and described 

in Monograph 54 of the United States Geological 

Survey. The descriptions and figures of this work are 

very complete and perfect. In view of the accessibility 

of the monograph it does not seem worth while to 

repeat the descriptions and figures here. The various 

described species of echinoderms occurring in the 

Eocene of North Carolina are therefore simply listed 

systematically, together with the localities from which 

they have been collected. In addition two new species 

and a new variety have been described. The species 

listed are from the Castle Hayne marl, which is of 

,Jackson age (upper Eocene). 

Class ECHINOIDEA 

Subclass REGULARIA ENDOBRANCHIATA 

Order CIDAROIDEA 

Family CIDARIDAE 

Genus CIDARIS Leske 

Cidaris pratti Clark 

Loc~lity: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Subclass IRREGULARIA 

Order GNATHOSTOMATA 

Suborder GLYPEASTRINA 

Family FIBULARIDAE 

Genus ECHINOCYAMUS Phelum 

Echinocyamus parvus Emmons 

Localities: Craven Ccmnty, N. C.; 10 miles north 

of Jacksonville, Onslow County, N. C. 

Clark and Twitchell give the horizon of this species 

as probably the Trent marl. The writer has found 

it in Onslow County associated with typical Castle 

Hayne forms and therefore considers it as belonging 

to that horizon. . 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL , 15 

Family SCUTELLIDAE 

Genus PERIARCHUS Conrad 

Periarchus lyelli (Conra~) 

Localities: Castle I-layne and Wilmington, New 

I-Ianover County; old Rocky Point, Moors Creek 3 miles 

northeast of Maple lIill, and Northeast Cape Fear 

River 3 ~ nliles above Castle I-Iayne Bridge, Pender 

County; 2 Iniles south of Magnolia, Duplin County; 

Little Chinquapin Creek, half a nlile north of Winsatt, 

Jones County, ~. 'C. 

Order ATELOSTOMATA 

Suborder ASTERNATA . 

Family CASSIDULIDAE 

Genus CASSIDULUS Lamarck 

Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) raveneli Twitchell 

Localities: Wilnlington, New Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis Twitchell 

Localities: v'Vilnlington (and Castle Hayne), New 

I-Ianover County; old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) carolinensis var. cravenensis Kel. 

lum, n. var. 

Plate I, Figures 1-3 

Test essentially the Salne as O. caroZinensis Twitchell 

but distinguished by a slightly nlore tumid upper surface, which is about equally elevated 'anteriorly and 

posteriorly. Ventral surface slightly concave, with 

posterior Inargin truncated by three nearly straight 

lines, giving it an angulated outline. Peristome 

sOlnewhat variable in shape, pentagonal, frequently 

cOlnpressed laterally. . 

This variety occurs at the Salne horizon as O. caroZinensis Twitchell but is nlost abundantly developed in 

Craven County, about 80 miles northeast of the type 

locality for that species. The type specimen was 

collected 3 Illiles east of Quinerly, Pitt County, N. C. 

" Cassidulus (Pygorhynchus) berryi Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate I, Figures 4-7 

'rest large, sub quadrate to' ovoid, depressed; upper 

surface convex, declining from apex nearly equally 

on all sides. A slight tumidity exists along the medial 

line above the periproct. Apical systenl at the apex, 

slightly eccentric anteriorly, large; ambulacral areas 

of nearly equal length, large, broad, petaloid, and 

extending almost to the margin of the upper surface; 

poriferous zones wide, slightly depressed; pores oval, 

outer row more elongate; pairs of pores conjugate; 

interporiferous areas slightly tumid. Under surface 

longitudinally concave; peristOlne rather large, pentagonal, transversely elongate, excent:r:ic anteriorly, 

nlore so than the apical system; peristOlne surrounded 

by a large, well-defined floscelle, with prominent bourrelets. The surface of the test is closely set with small 

scrobiculate tubercles, which increase in size on the 

under surface except along a rather narrow, longitudinal median area which is finely pitted. The periproct 

is submarginal on the upper surface, but its size and 

shape are unknown. Dimensions of figured type: 

Length, 60 millimeters; width, 57 millimeters, thickness, 28 millimeters. 

OassiduZus berryi is not likely to be confused with 

any other Eocene species from the east coast. It is 

strikingly similar to O. aZabamiensis Twitchell, from 0 

the Vicksburg group (Oligocene) of Alabama, from 

which it is distinguished by its less pronounced 

quadrate form, its wider and slightly more tumid 

interporiferous zone of the ambulacral areas, and its 

somewhat narrower poi'iferous zones. , 

Locality: 2 miles north of JaGksonville, Onslow 

County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle I-Iayne nl arl , of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS Gray 

Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons 

Localities: Newbern, Craven County (Emmons); 

Wilmington, New Hanover County; old Rocky Point; 

and Moors Creek, 2 nliles west of Angola, Pender 

County, N. C. 

Suborder STERNATA 

Family SPATANGIDAE 

Genus HEMIPATAGUS Desor 

Hemipatagus subrostratus Clark 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Genus LINTHIA Merian 

Linthia wiImingtonensis Clark 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Linthia hanoverensis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate I, Figures 8-~ 

Test of ~edium size, ovate, gibbous above, slightly 

convex below; apical system excentric, slightly anterior 

to the apex; ambulacral areas narrow, depressed, with 

large oval pores in almost parallel rows; anterolateral 

paired ambulacra long, reaching almost to the margin, 

posterolateral pair short; groove of th(:) single anterior 

ambulacrum slightly indents the margin; interambulacral areas inflated; peristome well forward; periproct 

not shown on type specimen. Surface of test closely 

set with small tubercles, which 'are larger on the under 

surface. Length, 28 millimeters; breadth, 26.5 millimeters; height, 19 mqlimeters. 

Lqcality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic' horizon: Castle Hayne m.arl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 
16 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

Linthia hanoverensis is distinguished from L. wiZmingtonensis Clark, which occurs at the same locality, 

by its more regularly inflated upper sUI1ace, the 

shallower depressions of the ambulacral areas, and the 

less pronounced notch in the anterior margin. 

Genus EUPATAGUS Agassiz 

Eupatagus earolinensis Clark 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Genus MACROPNEUSTES Agassiz 

Maeropneustes earolinensis Clark 

Locality: WiIinington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Phylum MOLLUSCA 

Class PELECYPODA 

Order PRIONODESMACEA 

Superfamily ARACEA 

Famil~ ARCIDAE 

Subfamily ARCINAE 

Genus ARCA (Linnaeus) Lamarck 

Area sp. a 

Plate I, Figures 13-14 

Cast profoundly inflated, inequilateral, ranging in 

,length from 20 to 100 millimeters. Beaks strongly 

anterior, low, close; anterior and posterior margins 

rounded and uncrenulated; hinge line of moderate 

length, slightly curved, with about 30 teeth in two 

series meeting below the beaks, posterior series small 

and vertical at the umbo, becoming larger and oblique 

distally, anterior series of about seven larger teeth. 

Surface of cast shows indistinct radial lines and concentric lines of growth rather strongly developed. 

Exterior sculpture unknown. Dimensions of large 

cast: Length, 60 'millimeters; height, 35 millimeters; 

depth of right valve, 16 millimeters; length of hinge 

line, 40 millimeters. 

This form is similar to Area millifiZa Dall, from the 

Pliocene of Shell Creek, Fla. The hinge line of A. 

millifiZa is more extended anterior to the b,eaks, with 

the teeth in one continuous series. 'It is also charac-' 

terized by a more definite posterIor ridge on the 

internal cast. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Area sp. b 

Plate I, Figure 15 

Cast very small, subrhomboidal, inequilateral, 

inflated. Beaks distant and situated well forward, in 

the anterior fifth of shell. Anterior and posterior 

~argins nearly straight and inclined to the hinge line; 

basal margin slightly curved; hinge line long, straight" 

with teeth vertical beneath the beaks, becoming 

inclined distally; anterior and posterior ridges (of 

internal cast) very prominent, extending fronl the 

beak to the extremities of the basal margin; adductor 

muscle scars very distinct and large, covering most of 

the space between the ridges and the hinge line and 

extending from the beaks almost to the anterior and 

posterior margins. Surface of cast between, the 

ridges shows coarse radial sculpture and concentric 

lines of growth. Length, 11 millimeters; height, 5.5 

millimeters; depth of both valves together, 4.5 millimeters. 

This species is not rare in the Eocene marls at 

Wilmington, but it has been found, there only as casts~ 

It resembles Area retieuZata Gmelin, from the" silex 

beds" of the Tampa formation of Florida, but has the 

beaks more dis tan t. 

Locality: Wilmington, New I-Ianover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Area sp. c 

Plate I, Figures 10-12 

Area eaneellata Tuomey, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 6, p. 194, 1852. 

Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 4, p. 658, 1898. 

Tuomey's description of this species is as follows: 

Shell thin, very inequilateral, cancellated by radiating lines 

and approximating transverse lines; umbones prominent; beaks 

close; hinge line slightly curved; posterior margin rounded, 

compressed; anterior margin much contracted. Dimensions: 

Length, 2.5 inches; breadth, 3.5 inches. ' 

Regarding the validity of this species, Dall says: 

"A. eaneeZZata Tuomey, briefly described and unfigured, from the E9cene of, North Carolina, in 1854, is 

not A. eaneeZZata Gmelin, 1792, or Phillips, 1829, and 

should be expunged from our lists." 

There is an Area occurring abundantly in the Eocene 

at Wilmington which seems to fulfill the brief description of what Tuomey called A. eaneeZZata. Usually 

it is much smaller than the dimensions given by 

Tuomey, but some individuals reach that size. It is 

preserved chiefly as internal casts, but external casts I 

are rarely found also. 

Cast elongate oval, inequihiteral, with beaks strongly 

anterior; anterior margin rounded and somewhat 

truncate; basal margin in young specimens straight, in 

adult forms modified by a subcentral sinus; posterior 

margin broadly rounded. Cast somewhat inflated 

anteriorly and flattening toward the posterior end, 

with a broad subcentral sinus, passing from the beak 

to the basal margin in adult specimens. Hinge line 

long', very slightly curved, with 25 to 30 teeth that are 

small and vertical beneath the umbone and become 

larger and inclined distally. Surface of internal cast 

reflects' ,radial and concentric sculpture. External 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 17 \ 

sculpture of the shell coarsely cancellate. Dimensions 

of large cast, anterior and posterior nlargins broken: 

Length, 75 millimeters; height, 44 nlillimeters; depth 

of right valve, 19 nlillinleters. Dimensions of small 

perfect cast: Length, 33 lnillimeters; height, 19 

millimeters; depth of both valves together, 13 millimeters. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

This species is indistinguishable fr0111 a large Area 

found in the Ocala linlestone at Normans Ferry, Flint 

River, Ga. This also is preserved only as a cast and 

has not been identified. The horizon from which it 

comes is Jackson Eocene. 

Young specimens are very similar in shape to A. 

rlwmboideZZa Le~, from the, Gosport sand of the Claiborne group of Alabal11a. Internal casts of A. 

rhomboideZZa, however, have a more definite posterior 

ridge, a less inflated umbonal region, and as a rule 

a 111arginal crenulation. 

epidermal radial sculpture, which, according to Miss 

Gardner,27 is the one constant feature of O. georgiana 

and one identical with that of O. alabamensis. 

Locality: Polloksville, Jones County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. ' 

Ostrea trigonaIis Conrad 

--- Lesueur, Walnut Hills fossils, pI. 4, fig. 17, pI. 5, fig. 1, 

1829 (not named or described). 

Ostrea trigonalis Conrad, in Wailes, Report on the agriculture 

and 'geology of Mississippi, p. 289, pI. 14, fig. 10 (bad), 

1854. 

Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. P,hiladelphia Proc., vol. 7, p. 259, 

1855. 

fOstrea subj eeta Ccnrad, 'Cnited States Facific R. R. Expl., vol 

7, pt. 1, p. 193, pI. 2, fig. 3, 1857 (young shell). 

10strea attwoodii Gabb, Paleontology of California, vol. 2, pp. 

33, 106, pI. 10, fig. 58b, 1869. 

Conrad's original description of this shell was very 

brief: 

Superfamily OSTRACEA 

Family OSTREIDAE 

Triangular, fiat, surface irregular, with some indistinct radi-

,- I ating lines; muscular impression obliquely suboval, situated 

nearer the summit than the base; margin somewhat ascending, 

submargin carinated. 

Genus OSTREA (Linne) Lamarck 

Ostrea alabamiensis subsp: georgiana Conrad 

Ostrea georgiana Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour .. 

1st ser., vol. 7, p. 156, 1834. 

Dana, Manual of geology, 1st ed., p. 519, fig. 811, 1863. 

DaH, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 683, 

1895. 

Ostrea titan Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 1st 

ser., vol. 6, p. 199, 1854; U. S. Pacific R. R. Expl., vol. 

6, pt. 2, p. 72, pI. 4, fig. 17a; pI. 5, fig. 17a, 1857. 

Ostrea eontraeta Conrad, U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey 

Rept., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pI. 18, figs. 1 a-d, 1857. 

Ostrea alabamensis Conrad var. eontraeta Harris, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology, vol. 6, p. 9, pIs. 3, 4, pI. 5, fig. 2, 1919. 

The original description of Ostrea georgiana by Conrad in 1834 is as follows: 

Shell thick, elongated, straight; hinge much produced; upper 

valve nearly fiat. Localities: Orangeburgh, S. C., Shell Bluff 

and near Milledgeville, Ga. This species is found 22 inches 

in length and is remarkable for the length and depth of the 

cardinal fosset. 

Dall .. in discussing this species, says: 

The typical O. georgiana are the enormous senile specimens 

with shells ranging to 2 feet long and 3 or 4 inches thick. The 

young and really more normal specimens have been overlooked, 

though much more abundant, or referred to other species, 

,chiefly O. virginiea, from which they differ by their more 

elongated, usually straight, d~eply excavated cardinal area and 

the llbsence of ribbing on the lower valve in most specimens. 

O. georgiana is very abundant at one locality in 

North Carolina. At Polloksville, on Trent River in 

Jones County, it forms a bed 15 feet thick. For the 

most part the shells al'e large and thick, but they are 

so weathered that it is difficult to procure a complete 

specimen. Young individuals retain perfectly the fine 

Dall gives the range of O. trigonalis from Jacksonian 

Eocene to Pliocene. His discussion of the species 

follows: 

The original figure of Conrad is' very poor. The species is 

widespread and recognized by its fiat upper valve, few-ribbed 

lower valve, straight hinge line, flat hinge area, with excavated 

central channel and the peculiar vermicular sculpture of the 

submargin on each side near the hinge line. It is not improbable that O. pererassa Conrad is a peculiar local race of this 

species and that O. mortoni Gabb and O. vieksburgensis Conrad 

are young pebble-grown shells of the same species as the large, 

well-grown specimens which I regard as normal trigonalis. 

The differences are, however, so marked that it is probably best 

to keep them separate for the present, until more is known. 

O. subtrigonalis of Evans and Shumard is a Cretaceous species. 

Varieties of O. eompressirostra approach very closely to this 

species. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

Old Rocky Point; Castle Hayne; 2 miles west of Angola; and Northeast Cape Fear River 3 Y2 miles above 

Castle I-Iayne Bridge, Pender County; 2 miles south of 

Mangolia and 6 miles west of Pink Hill, Duplin County; 

near Broadhurst Bridge, Neuse River, Wayne County; 

Polloksville and half a mile northwest of Winsatt, 

Jones County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Ostrea sellaeformis Conrad 

Ostrea sellaeformis Conrad, Fossil shells of the Tertiary forrnations,p. 27, pI. 13, fig. 2, 1832 (upper valve). 

Ostrea radians Conrad, op. cit., pI. 13, fig. 1 (lower valve). 

Ostrea divarieata Lea, Contributions to geology, p. 91, pI. 3, 

fig. 70, 1833. 

Ostrea semilunata Lea, op. cit., p. 90, pI. 3, fig. 69, fide Conrad. 

27 Gardner, Julia, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131, p. 110, 1923. 
18' CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH PAB.oUNA 

Ostrea faleiformis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1863, p. 291; Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 140, 

pI. 11, fig. 1, 1865. 

Ostrea stellaeformis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, 

p. 15, 1865 (typographic error). 

Ostrea lingua-felis Whitfield, Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata 

of the Raritan clays, p. 223, pI. 29, fig. 1, 1885. 

Ostrea glaueonoides Whitfield, op. cit., pl. 29, fig. 2. 

The original description of Ostrea seZZaejormis from 

Claiborne, Ala., is as follows: 

Oblong, convex, thick and ponderous, lobed; one side of the 

larger valve profoundly sinuous and the opposite side gibbous; 

smaller valve sinuous and little convex; dorsal margin long 

and slightly arched, with both extremities obtusely rounded. 

This singular shell does not vary greatly in its outline and is 

very unlike any other species of this country with which we 

are acquainted. It is often extrem~ly thick and ponderous. 

The specimens of Ostrea seZZaejormis occurring in 

the Eocene beds of North Carolina are all small forms 

and, for the most part, belong to the varieties divaricata Lea and rugijera Dall. O. 'divaricata, which Dall 

considers a variety of O. seZZaejormis, was briefly 

described by Lea as follows: 

Shell semilunate, somewhat convex, subangular rat dorsal 

margin and recurved, rounded at basal margin, furnished with 

divaricate ribs over the whole surface; margin crenulate, raised 

before the beak. * * * Length, 1: 5; breadth, 0.8 inch. 

Dall says of the variety rugijera: 

Shell rather thin, irregular, coarsely ribbed, more or less 

imbricated, margin plicate, form tending to ovate or rounded. 

Regarding the diverse forms of O. seZZaejormis, Dall 

says: 

The whole series seems to be a continuous development from 

the lower Eocene divarieata to the ptesent form. The typical 

sellaeformis appears to be a merely local development, probably 

from peculiarity of situs of the individuals concerned. It was 

some time before I could bring myself to unite some of the very 

dist!nct looking forms which have been called divarieata with 

the sellaeformis type, but careful study of a large series has 

convinced me that this is the proper course. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

Old Rocky Point, Pender County; Biddle Landing, 

Trent River, Craven County; 3 miles east of Quinerly, 

Pitt County; 2~ miles west of Dover, Jones County'; 

1 Yz miles northeast of Rose Hill, and 5 miles west of 

Pink Hill, Duplin County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Ostrea falco Dall? 

Ostrea faleo Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 18, p. 22, 1895; 

Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, pI. 30, 

figs. 4, 11, 1898. 

Dall describes Ostrea jaZco as follows: 

Shell thin, the fixed valve thin, irregular, cellular or deep, 

adherent over most of its surface, having a deep umbonal cavity 

under the cardinal border; the exterior rude, not perceptibly 

sculptured; free valve flat, thin, with a very acute, usually 

curved flat beak; the interior margins with a row of strong 

pustules extending over two-thirds the length of valve from 

the beak and fitting into corresponding pits in the fixed valve; 

adductor scar small, rather laterally situated; the valve as a 

whole more or less arcuate; exterior showing remains of a purplish tint, with low, numerous, even, concentric imbrications, 

each of which is finely radially threaded, with rather wider 

interspa(Jes between the threads; general outline flabelliform, 

wide, and rounded in front and acutely pointed behind. Height 

of a medium-sized specimen, 52; width, 35; diameter, about 

19 millimeters, but very irregular in different specimens. 

This species is represented in the North Carolina 

Eocene by a single upper valve. It is smaller than 

most of the forms from Alabama. The exterior is 

worn and shows only a faint trace of the fine radial 

threads. It is indistinguishable from some individuals 

of O. jaZco from the type locality but' differs from the 

figured type in having the pointed beak curve to the 

right instead of to the left; however, this seems to be 

a variable factor in the species. Height, 29 millimeters; width, 21 millimeters. 

_ Locality: Biddle Landing, Neuse River, Craven 

County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Ostrea (Grypbaeostrea) subeversa Conrad 

Gryphaeostrea subeversa Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, 

p. 15, 1865; Checklist of the invertebrate fossils of North 

America, Eocene, p. 33, 1866. 

Ostrea (Gryphaeostrea) subeversa Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free 

lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 681, 1898. 

'Of. Ostrea lateralis Nilsson, Petrificata suessana formationis 

cretacaea, p. 29, pI. 7, figs. 7, 10, 1827, and Gryphaea 

eanalieulata Sowerby, The mineral conchology of Great 

Britain, pl. 26, fig. 1, 1812 (as Chama). 

?Gryphaea vomer Morton, Synopsis of the organic remains of 

the Cretaceous group, p. 54, pI. 9, fig. 5, 1834 (not in 

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., vol. 6, pI. 5, figs. 

1-3, 1828). 

Gryphostrea eversa (Deshayes) Conrad, op. cit. (1866), p. 3. 

Ostrea eversa (Melleville) Heilprin, U. S. Geol. Survey Fourth 

Ann. Rept., p. 310, pI. 64, figs. 5-8, 1884. 

Gryphaea eversa Melleville, Memoire sur les sables tertiaires 

inferieurs du bassin de Paris, p. 41, No. 18, pI. 3, figs. 

3, 4, 1843. 

Shell small, with discrepant valves; attached valve 

deep, oval, thin, without definite sculpture; beak 

indistinct and curved laterally; margin entire; free 

valve . flat, oval, with sculpture of distant, elevated, 

concentric laminae. Longest diameter, 14 millimeters. 

The writer has compared this shell with Melleville's species from the Paris Basin and with specimens 

from the" ZeugZodon beds" of Alabama and can see no 

constant difference by which they can be distinguished. 

The specimen from North Carolina is a young shell. 

Locality: 6 miles west of Pink Hill, Duplin County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 19 

\ 

Superfamily PECTIN ACEA 

Family PECTINIDAE 

Genus PECTEN Muller 

Pecten (Chlamys) membranosus Morton 

Pecten membranosus Morton, Synopsis Of the organic remains of 

the Cretaceous group, p. 59, pI. 10, fig. 4, 1834. 

Dall, Wagner Free lnst., Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 736, 

1898. 

Pecten cm·olinensis Conrad. Kerr, Report of the geological 

survey of North Carolina, Appendix, p. 18, pI. 3, fig. 

2, 1875 (not Lyropecten carolinensis Conrad, 1875). 

Morton describes this species as "orbicular, convex, 

somewhat gibbous in the center, with about 80 distinct 

costae, the alternate ones being smaller." Dall has 

compared the types of Pecten carolinensis Conrad 

with that of P. membranfJSU8 Morton, and there is 

no doubt of their identity. Conra,d's brief description 

is therefore quoted here: 

Shell ovate, convex, ribs numerous, narrow, densely and 

minutely crenulated, rounded, alternating with two smaller 

interstitial radii which are also crenulated. 

P. membranosu-s is one of the most abundant and 

characteristic fossils of the Castle Hayne marl. It 

is very widespread and as a rule is perfectly preserved. 

A more critical description of it will therefore be of 

value. 

.Shell suborbicular, slightly oblique, moderately 

conyex, with nearly equal valves and from 22 to 35 

primary radial ribs alternating with two secondary 

ribs, more or less strongly developed; submargins 

finely ribbed. Primary H,nd secondary ribs bear 

coarse and closely spaced imbrications. Anterior 

enrs longer ana sculptured with four or five coarse 

inlbricated radiating ribs; posterior ears with finer 

radiating ribs; byssal notch of moderate depth; 

ctenolium present. Interior of valves snlooth, \vith 

margin slightly beveled; muscle scar high and slightly 

posterior. Dimensions of left valve: Height, 32.5 

millimeters; breadth, 34 millimeters; depth, 6 millimeters. 

Localities: Wilmington and 372 miles northwest of 

Wrightsboro, New Hanover County; Old Rocky Point 

quarry, Castle fIayne quarry, Northeast Cape Fear 

River 372 miles above Castle Hayne Bridge, 3 nliles 

northeast of Ma.ple I-lill, and 1 mile southwest of 

Maple 1-:1ill, Pender County; 5 miles east of Beulaville, 172 miles northeast of Rose Hill, 2 miles south 

of Magnolia, and 5 miles west of Pink Hill, Duplin 

'County;4 rriiles south of Richlands, 1 mile southeast 

of Richlands, and 172 miles southeast of. Richlands, 

Onslow County; 272 miles west of Dover, Jones 

County; 3 ·miles east of Quinerly, Craven County. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne nlarl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

. Pecten (Chlamys) deshayesii Lea 

Pecten deshayesii Lea, Contributions to geology, p. 87, pI. 3, 

fig. 66, 1833. 

Peete?} lyelli Lea, op. cit., jJ. 88, pI. 3, fig. 67 (young). 

f Pecten minutus Lea, op. cit., p. 88. 

Not Pecten deshayesii Nyst, Description des coquilles et polypiers fossiles des terrains tertiaires de Belgique, p. 288, 

1843. 

Pecten deshayesii var. tirmus Gregorio, Monographie de la faune 

eocenique de l' Alabama, p. 181, pI. 21, fig. 15, 1890. 

Pecten (Chlamys) deshayesii Dall, 'Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 737-738, 1898. 

The following description is the original diagnosis 

by' Lea: 

Shell orbicular, rather compressed; ears nearly equal substance of the shell rather thick; ribs about 21, large, alternating 

with as many small ones, all imbricate; beaks pointed. * * * 

Length, 1.3; breadth, 1.3 inch. 

Dall's description of Pecten deshayesii is more 

critical: 

The shell is rather. variable, losing the concentric sculpture 

when worn. It has 15 to 21 ribs; the byssal notch is inconspicuous; in the right valve the ribs are strong and rounded on 

top with the concentric sculpture chiefly evident at their sides, 

the interspaces sparsely imbricated with one or two interstitial 

divaricate threads near the base; ears flattish, slightly scaly, 

with radical grooves, notch very shallow; left valve with the 

sculpture like that of P. wahtubbeanus but much less dense. 

Altitude and latitude 48 millimeters. There is hardly any room 

for doubt that Lea's other species are merely the immature 

stages of this same shell. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

half a mile northwest of Winsatt station and threequarters of a mile southwest of Comfort station, Jones 

County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Pecten (Pseudamusiurn) scintillatus Conrad 

Pecten (Eburneopecten) scintillatus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 140, pI. 10, fig. 4, 1865 (young shell). 

Camptonectes scintillatus Conrad, Checklist of the invertebrate 

fossils of North America, Eocene, p. 23, 1866. 

Camptonectes claibornensis Conrad, op., cit. (1866), p. 23 

(name only) . 

Pecten claibornensis Harris, Arkansas Geol. Survey Rept. for 

1892, vol. 2, p. 145, 1894; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1896, p. 470 (name only), pI. 18, figs. 1, 2, 1896. 

Pseudamusi'l.tm claibornense Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 

9, p; 43, pI. 7, fig. I,' 1897. 

Conrad in 1865 described this species as follows: 

Ovate, very thin in substance; umbo ventricose, narrow, apex 

acute; anteriorly the larger valve is marked with minute fine 

lines, having a shagreen-like character. The smaller valve of 

this species is unknown. 

In 1892 Harris briefly described this form under the 

name P. claibornensis Conrad. Harris suspected and 

Dall has confirmed the opinion th~ Conrad's type of 

P. scintiZlatus is the young of P. claibornensis. P. 
20 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

cZaibornensis, as such, never received a formal diagnosis 

by Conrad. Harris refers to its characteristics as 

follows: 

This rather small, thin Pecten, appearing smooth to the naked 

eye, when examined under a microscope is found to contain 

minute ex curving radiate lines, especially near the anterior and 

posterior margins. 

Only one specimen of P. scintiZZatus is included in the 

collection from North Carolina. . 

Locality: Castle Hayne quarry, Pender County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Pecten cushmani Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate II, Figure 1 

Shell equivalve, equilateral, with 29 or 30 simple 

ribs and equal interspaces; concentric sculpture of 

fine growth lines, which on the ribs tend to form low 

lamellae; the ribs becoming smaller and crowded 

near the submargins; e~rs erect, extent of anterior 

ears unknown; ctenolium present; posterior ears small 

and decorated with five or SL-X: radiating ribs, crossed 

by numerous concentric rows of lamellae; margin of 

both valves crenulated within, and margin of left 

valve also beveled within. Height, 18 millimeters; 

breadth, about 17 millimeters; depth of left valve, 

2 .. ) millimeters. 

This species is closely related to P. coo7cei, which 

occurs at the same horizon. It differs from coo7cei in 

beIng equilateral and equivalved, in the less convexity 

of the valves, in the crowding of the ribs near the 

submargin, and in the erect. position of the ears. P. 

cushmani also resembles P. suwaneensis 'D all , from 

which it is distinguished by its greater number of 

ribs, by the crowding of the ribs near the submargins, 

by the less angular character of the inner marginal 

crenulations, and by the concentric sculpture of 

smoothly rolling growth lines instead of the wavy 

lines characteristic of suwaneensi8. 

Locality: Quinerly Bridge, Pitt County; 3 miles 

east of Quinerly, Craven County; 3 miles northeast 

of Maple Hill, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Pecten cookei Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate II, Figures 2-3 

Shell sub orbicular, slightly oblique, moderately 

convex, and nearly equivalved, the left valve being 

more convex; 28 to 31 rounded ribs with equal interspaces; ribs. crossed by concentric rows of imbrications, which toward the periphery and submargins 

tend to be produced into blunt spines; the inner 

spaces sculptured with extremely minute diagonal 

striations; anterior ears larger, right anterior ear 

sculptured with three strong ribs, which are crossed 

by numerous concentric rows, of coarse lamellae; 

. posterior ears oblique, with less pronounced radiating 

ribs and concentric im brications; byssalnotch approximately one-half the length of ear; ctenolium present; 

interior of valves grooved in accordance with external 

ribbing; the grooves becoming faint over nledial 

portion of disk. 

Dimensions of largest specimen: Height, 20.5 millimeters; breadth, 20 millimeters; depth of left valve, 

4.5 millimeters. 

Pecten coo7cei is very similar to P. suwaneensis Dall, 

from the Ocala limestone of Suwannee County, Fla. 

It differs from P. suwaneensis in having the disk oblique, 

the ribs more numerous, with shallower interspaces, 

the ears shaped differently, and the grooves on the 

inner margin less angulated. 

P. coo7cei is named in honor of C. Wythe Cooke, 

geologist, of the United States Geological Survey. 

Localities: Northeast Cape Fear River and 3 Y2 

miles above Castle Hayne Bridge, Pender County; 

. 2 miles south of Magnolia, 6 miles west of Pink Hill, 

and Northeast Cape Fear River near Chinquapin, 

Duplin County; near Broadhurst Bridge over Neuse' 

River and Sarpony Hills, Wayne County; 2Y2 miles 

west of Dover and 2 miles northwest of Wilcox Bridge 

over Trent River, Jones County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Pecten biddleana Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate II, Figure 4 

Shell of medium size, equilateral; the left valve 

sculptured by 15 rounded primary ribs, alternating· 

with wider interspaces in which are one or two low 

secondary ribs; submargins broad, steep, and smooth; 

ears oblique, sculptured with numerous fine radiating 

ribs and concentric imbrications; the umbonal point 

projects slightly above the· hinge line; ·internal character of valve unknown. 

The only specimen of this shell obtained from the 

type locality is a worn left valve. A single right valve 

collected at Polloksville, Jones County, N. C., appears to be the same species. The following paragraph 

is a description of this valve: 

Shell similar to the left valve from Biddle Landing; 

sculptured by seventeen rounded ribs and nearly 

equal interspaces. In the center of each interspace is 

a single, very fine ·secondary rib. Entire surface 

sculptured with concentric laminae; inner margin 

strongly crenulated with angular grooves which disappear.toward the center of the disk; umbonal point 

projects above the hinge line. Extent of ears unknown. 

Dimensions of left valve from Biddle Landing: 

Height, 26.5 millimeters; breadth, 24.5 millimeters; 

dep th, about 3.5 millimeters; length of hinge line, 12.5 

millimeters. . 

Localities: Biddle Landing, Neuse River, Craven 

County; Polloksville, Jones County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

'Eocene age . 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 21 

Family SPONDYLIDAE 

Genus PLICATULA Lamarck 

Plicatula filamentosa Conrad 

Plate II, Figures 5-6 

Plicat1tla filamentosa Conrad, Fossil shells of the Tertiary formations, p. 38, 1833. 

DaH, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 762, 

1898. ' 

Plicatula mantelli Lea, Contributions to geology, pp. 89, 90, 

pI. 3, fig. 68, 1833. 

Plicat1tla planata Aldrich, Cincinnati Nat. Rist. Soc. Jour., 

vol. 9. p. 45, pI. 2, fig. 20, 1866 (young shell). 

Sponclylus am1tssiopse Gregorio, Monographie de la faune 

eocenique de l' Alabama, p. 179, pI. 20, figs. 11-13, 1890 

(young shell). 

Plicatula jilamentosa was first described by Conrad 

in 1833 as follows: 

Shell suborbicular, narrowing toward the apex, much compressed; with seven costae; and densely imbricated with 'small, 

irregular, concentric wrinkles and with minute radiating lines. 

Bl'eadth and length about three-fourths of an inch. 

The characteristics of P. jilamentosa' are delineated 

by Dall in the following paragrapJ:1: 

When young it has fine radial striation on both valves, which 

niay sometimes be wholly or partly spiny (mut. planata), and 

the shell is flattish; this sculpture changes rather suddenly by 

appearance of the large plications, of which the lateral ones 

rarely bear a few coarse spines. The radial striation continued 

through life in well-d~veloped specimens and may be recognized 

in unworn shells. There are sometimes well-marked auricles 

developed near the beaks. The interior of the young, as noted 

by Gregorio, preseqts a few strong lirae resembling those of 

Pro1JCal11.1tsi1t?n,· these persist until middle agc, especially distally, but on thc disk arc gradually buried in shelly matter. 

The thickened ends of the lirae are visible longer but gradually 

disappear, their position in the adult being marked by small 

pits. 

This species has been found at two localities in the 

Eocene of North 9arolina. The shell itself is preserved in 1l10St specimens and though weathered still 

shows the delicate radial and concentric sculpture. 

Many specimens are attached over a large portion 'Of 

the val"e, so that the ,large plications are confined to 

the llulrgin. ' 

Localiti,es: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 10 

miles north,,rest of Jacksonville, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Genus SPONDYLUS Linne 

Spondylus lamellacea Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate II, Figures 7-9 

Shell extremely "ariable in size and shape; largest 

specimen about 80 millimeters' in height; subcircular 

or Jsubovate in marginal outline. Attached valve 

inflated, at 'the umbones and flattening toward the' 

margin; radially sculptured with low ridges, some of 

which bear)hin spines; concentrically sculptured with 

fine growth lines superimposed on low, irregular waves; 

locally the spines are replaced by high, thin, and sharp 

lamellae, which extend ,concentrically around the 

shell, from 3 to 8 millimeters apart. 'Some of these 

lamellae project as much as 12 millimeters above the 

surface of the test; the side toward the umbo is practically smooth; that facing the margin is ribbed, suggesting that the lamellae are formed by the coalescence of 

the spines. In some specimens the surface of the 

attached val"e seems to be covered with the lamellae 

and to bear few if any spines. The interior of the 

valve shows coarse radial ribbing, with wider interspaces and some irregular secondary ribs. . The free 

valve is nearly flat, being very slightly inflated at the 

umbo; exterior sculpture of moderately fine primary 

and secondary ribbing, with innumerable long, thin 

spines which lie at a low angle to the surface of the 

shell~ The interior of the free valve has broad, flat 

ridges with narrow, rounded interspaces. 

Dimensions of large, sub circular individual: Height, 

80 millimeters; ,breadth, 73 millimeters; depth of both 

valves together, about 35 nlillimeters. 

This species occurs rather abundantly at several 

locali ties in North Carolina. It is usually preserved as 

very perfect internal casts, to smne of which fragments 

of' the shell adhere. The cardinal area is unknown, 

and the character of the teeth, which appear to be 

thick and strong, is known only from their impression 

on the cast. The Inost typical and, distinguishing 

feature of the species is the sculpture of thin, high, 

concentric lamellae on the attached valve.· 

Spondylus Zamellacea appears to be closely related 

to S. gregalis, from the "Lower Green Marls" (Cretaceous) of New Jersey. S. gregalis is also characterized by elevated lanlellae. 'fhe writer has seen only 

figures of the New Jersey species. It seenlS to differ 

from S. lamellacea by the more regular and finer 

ribbing of the interior 'of the a~tached val"e and the 

total absence of secondary ribs. The lamellae do not 

appear so greatly elevated as in the North Carolina 

speCIes. 

Localities: Wilmington, New I-Ianover County; 

old Rocky Point, Northeast Cape Fear River, and 3~ 

miles above Castle I-Iayne Bridge, Pender County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne Inarl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily ANOMIACEA 

Family ANOMUDAE 

Genus ANOMIA (Linne) Mllller 

Anomia sp. 

Plate II, Figure 10 

Shell thin, translucent; rounded to oval in outline; 

superior valve strongly convex or inflated; 'umbone 

indistinct; exterior surface with very faint concentric 
22 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

growth striations. Lower valve and interior scars of 

upper valve unknown. 

This form resembles Anomia simplex D'Orbigny, a 

Miocene species. It is too poorly preserved for 

specific identification. 

Localities: 3 miles northeast of Maple Hill, Pender 

County; 5 miles west of Pink Hill, Duplin County; 3 

miles east of Quinerly, Craven County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl" of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Order ANOMALODESMACEA 

Superfamily ANATINACEA 

Family PHOLADOMYIDAE 

Genus PHOLADOMYA Sowerby 

Pholadomya c1aibornensis Aldrich 

Pholadomya claibornensis Aldrich, Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 1, 

p. 38, pI. 4, fig. 5', 188'6: 

The following is Aldrich's original description of 

this species: 

Shell exceedingly thin, pearly, concentrically ribbed, crossed 

by radial lines, which are strong on -the umbones; beak high, 

very prominent close to the anterior end of shell, anterior 

truncated abruptly; posterior produced, flattened on the upper 

part; lunule long and narrow, smooth; hinge raised, prominent. 

Locality: Lisbon and beds at base of Claiborne Bluff, Ala. 

This species is close to P. marylandica Conrad but appears 

to differ from that species in height of beaks and their more 

anterior position, besides being abruptly truncated and posteriorly flattened. 

This species is rare in the Eocene of North Carolina, 

only a few individuals having been found at Wilmington. They do not have the' extremely high beaks 

of Aldrich's figure, but this appears to be an individual 

characteristic. 

,Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

SuperfBtmily POROMYACEA 

Family EUCIROIDAE 

Genus PECCHIOLIA Meneghini 

Pecchiolia dalliana Harris 

Pecchiolia dalliana Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 8, 

No. 33, p. 16, 1919. 

Harris's description is quoted below: 

Size and general appearance as indicated by the figure; 

extremely inflated and 'generally exogyroid surface marked by 

numerous radiating small ribs, becoming stronger ~d' farther 

apart as the position of the umbonal ridge is approached; 

there occasional inter-riblets appear; passing the umbonal 

ridge the strength of the ribs decreases to the ligamental 

margin; a radiating channel divides the postumbonal into two 

nearly equal portions; concentric markings consist of numerous 

rather irregular and ill-defined undulations, strongest basally. 

The sh~ll is strikingly similar to P. wemmelensis Vincent, 

from ~he "Sables de Wemmel" (Bull. Soc. roy. mal. de Belgique, 

vol. 32, 1897, p. XXX) and, since these sands are the equivalent 

of the Barton beds of England, one instinctively thinks of the 

aid, small though it may be, that this form may render us in 

correlating the upper Eocene deposits on either side of the 

Atlantic. 

Our specimen is mainly in form of a cast from the city 

quarry, near Wilmington, N. C., found among many other 

beautiful molluscan remains, echinoderms, and brachipods. 

We take great pleasure in styling this the Dall Pecchiolia, 

not only on account of the great and valuable Tertiary work 

of this author, but especially on account of his early extensive 

and painstaking work on this branch of Pelecypoda. 

_Type: Deposited by Harris in museum at Cornell. , 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

old RockY,Point quarry and 1111ile northeast of Lane's 

Ferry, Pender County; N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Order TELEODESMACEA 

Superfamily ASTARTACEA 

Family CRASSATELLITIDAE 

Genus CRASSATELLITES Kruger 

Crassatellites alta (Conrad) 

Crassatella alta Conrad, Fossil shells o(the Tertiary formations, 

, vol. 1, No.2, p. 21, pI. 7, 1832. 

Conrad describes this species as follows: 

Suboval, thick and ponderous, compressed; anterior margin 

obtusely rounded; posterior margin broad and slightly angular; 

beaks with regular concentric grooves, somewhat angulated 

behind; inner margin crenulated. 

Locality: Claiborne, Ala. Middle Tertiary. 

This fine species is allied to C. tumida Lamarck, but is proportionally shorter, and the beaks more central. The cartilage 

still remains in the valve here represented, and the shell is in 

the finest state of preservation. 

This well-known species is rather common in the 

Eocene beds at Wilmington. Here it is preserved 

as large, perfect casts. It has also been reported 

from the Castle Hayne marl at the old Rocky Point 

qu.arry, in Pender County, N; C. 

Crassatellites sp. a 

Plate III, Figure 1 

Internal cast of medium size; equivalved, inequilateral, sub quadrate in marginal outline; beaks 

at anterior third of valve; postumbonal ridge strong; 

muscle scars and pallial line distinct; basal margin 

finely crenulated; exterior sculpture of regular, concentric, moderately coarse growth lines. Dimensions 

of large specimen: Length, 50 millimeters; height, 

34 millimeters; depth of single valve, 13 millimeters. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Ha.nover County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 
C' 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 23 

Crassatellites sp. b 

Plat~ III, Figure 2 

Internal cast sinlilar to Crassatellites sp. a but 

distinguished from it by having the valves more 

inflated and more abruptly' ternlinated posteriorly, 

the beaks higher and slightly n10re anterior, and the 

postunlbonal ridge more rounded. Dimensions of 

mediunl-sized specinlen: Length, 37 n1illimeters; 

height, 31 nlillin1eters; depth of single valve, 10 

nliIlin1 e tel's. 

Localities: Wilmington, New IIanover County; 

old Rocky Point quarry, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle I:Iayne nlarl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily CARDITACEA 

Family CARDITIDAE 

Genus VENERICARDIA Lamarck 

Venericardia nasuta Dall? 

Plate III, Figure 3 

l'ene1'icm'dia nawta DaIl, vVagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 6, p. 1425, 1903. 

DaIl's description is quoted below. 

Eocene of Conecuh County; L. C. Johnson. 

Shell very inequilateral, elongate; solid, with large prosogyrate, nearly anterior beaks; anterior eud short and rounded, 

posterior produced, decurved, subrostrate, terminally rounded; 

sculpture of about 25 low, carinate, obscur0<Y beaded radial 

ribs, of which the posterior 10 are nearly simple, the others 

accompanied, more or less distinctly, by smaller lateral threads, 

one on each sidei basal margin slightly incurved, lunule small, 

hinge of Venerica1'dia, inner margin crenulated rather deeply. 

Length, 41, height, 27, diameter, 26 millimeters, the anterior 

end 6 millimeters before the vertical of the beaks. 

. This form has much the outline of a Cardila but all the usual 

CIHtl'acters of Venericardia. Mr. Johnson labeled it as from 

the Midway horizon, but this may have been only a surmise, 

no outcrop of that horizon being mapped in the county, and 

no exact locality assigned to the type specimen. 

The writer has a single well-preserved internal 

cast, from the City Rock quarry at Wilmington, N. C., 

which is believed to he this species. Comparison 

with an internal cast of DaIl's type appears to show 

that it is identical. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne lnarl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Venericardia sp. 

Plate III, Figure 4 

Interna.l cast of medium $ize, inflated, subcircular in 

marginal outline; umbones narrow, prosogyrate; anterior adductor muscle scar large and prominent on 

cast; surface of cast with numerous well-defined radiating ridges extending from the umbonal area to the 

margin; a posterior lateral tooth indicated, dentit·ion 

otherwise unknown. Dimensions of left valve of 

small individual: Height, 17 millimeters; breadth, 

16.5 millimeters; dian1eter, about 8 millimeters. 

Locality: Wilmi!)gton, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily CHAMACEA 

Family CHAMIDAE 

Genus CHAMA (Linne) Brugui~re 

Chama sp. a 

Plate III, Figure 5 

Internal cast of right valve large, inflated, quadrilateral in marginal outline, and twisted anteriorly; 

beak blunt, not elevated above the margin of the 

shell; posterior adductor muscle scar suboval; pallial 

line distinct; dental area of cast indicates a single 

lateral tooth. Exterior characters of shell unknown. 

Dimensions of large cast: Longest diameter of margin, 35 millimeters; depth of right valve, 22 millimeters. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Oeologic horizon: Castle I-:Iayne marl, of Jnckson 

Eocene age. 

Chama sp. b 

Plate III, Figure 6 

Internal cast small, very irregular in shape, roughly 

quadrilateral in margirial outline; right valve strongly. 

twisted anteriorly, with beak greatly elevated; left 

valve depressed, with beak low, blunt, and slightly 

twisted; adductor muscle scars suboval; pallial line 

distinct. Exterior of shell unknown. 

This form is distinguished from Ohama sp. a, described above, by' its smaller size, more irregular 

shape, and greater twist and elevation of the beak on 

the right valve . 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic hori7.on: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily LUCINACEA 

Family LUCINIDAE 

Ge'nus L UCIN A (Brugui~re) Lamarck 

Lucina sp. 

Plate III, Figure 7 

InternalOcast small, profoundly inflated, subcircular 

in marginal outline; anterior and posterior adductor 

muscle scars greatly elongated; pallial line distinctly 

impressed on cast.' Dimensions of large individual: 

Length, 13 millimeters; height, 11 millimeters; depth 

of both valves together, 7 millimeters. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 
24 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

Genus PHACOIDES Bainville 

Phacoides (Miltha) pandatus (Conrad)? 

Lucin.a pandata Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 343, January, 

1833;' Fossil shells of the Tertiary formations, No.4, 

p. 40, October, 1833. 

D'Orbigny, Prodrome de pale ontologie, p. 387, 1850. 

Phacoides (Miltha) pandatus Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, pp. 1374-1375, 1903. 

Lucina compressa Lea, Contributions to geology, p. 55, pI. 1, 

fig. 27, December, 1833. 

Aldrich, Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 2, pp. 9, 37, 1886. 

Gregorio, Monographie de la faune eocenique de l' Alabama, p. 206, pI. 29, figs. 1, 2-5, 1890. 

Cyclas pandata Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 8, 

1865. 

Lucina (Miltha) compressa Cossmann, Notes complementaires 

sur la faune eocenique de l' Alabama, p. 11, 1894. 

Conrad's original description is as follows: 

Shell oval, compressed, obscurely cancellated; anterior side 

somewhat corrugated; beaks nearly central; teeth three in one 

valve; anterior muscular impression profoundly elongated; 

lunule excavated, minute. Length, 17,1 inches. This shell is 

allied to Lucina mutabilis Lamarck. 

Phacoides pandatus is common in, the Eocene beds 

at Wilmington. It has been found there only as 

internal casts, the shell itself having been entirely 

dissolved away. Some individuals· are more inflated 

than the Claiborne forms but otherwise appear to be 

identical. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily ISOCARDIACEA 

Family ISOCARDIIDAE 

Genus MEIOCARDIA Adams 

Meiocardia carolinae Harris 

M eiocardia carolinae Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 8, 

No. 33, p. 14, pI. 2, figs. q, 6, 1919. 

Harris gives the following' description: 

Size and general appearance as indicated by the figures; 

inflated, with a weH-defined postumbal slope, on which about 

two-fifths way from the ridge to the ligamental margin there 

is a well-defined radiating, ridge; traces of interior radiating 

lines sometimes present; marginal impressions' indicating a 

fairly thick shell; concentric undulations noticeable basally 

and posteriorly. 

Small casts of these species are common at Wilmington and 

Eutaw Springs. Sometimes at the former locali~ specimens 

the size of Figure 5 are found. An impression of the e.xterior 

of what appears to be the same species is in our collections, 

labeled "Neuse River 16-17 miles above New Bern, N. C." 

This shows, besides rather regular concentric undulations 

posteriorly, fine concentric lining. These lines are almost 

rectilinear medially but curve 'up rather abruptly anteriorly 

and posteriorly. This reminds one of Dall's M. agassizi, a 

recent West Indian species. 

Types: Paleontological Museum, Cornell University. 

Localities: Eutfl,w Springs, S. C.; Wilmington, N. C., and 

Neuse River above New Bern. 

Superfamily VENERACEA 

Family VENERIDAE 

Subfamily MERETRICINAE 

Genus PITARIA Roemer 

Pitaria securiforrnis (Conrad)? 

Dione securiformis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, 

p. 137, pI. 10, fig. 1, 1865. 

Conrad says: 

Sub cordate, ventricose, with concentric recurved ribs; 

anterior margin acutely rounded; posterior extremity subtruncated; lunule cordate, defined by a slightly impressed 

line; right valve-cardinal teeth approximate curved, direct. 

The type locality of this species is Garlands Creek, 

Clarke County, Miss. 

Pitaria securiformis occurs abundantly in the 

Eocene of North Carolina. I t is preserved in the 

form of internal and external casts of the shell. 

Comparison with casts from Mississippi leaves little 

doubt that t.hey are the same species. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily MYACEA 

Family GASTROCHAENIDAE 

Genus GASTROCHAENA (Spengler) Cuvier 

Gastrochaena sp. 

Plate III, Figure 8 

Internal cast large, equivalve, inequilateral, ovoid, 

gaping, with the umbones anterior; distinct c·oncentric coarse sculpture on cast, with a single median 

radial groove extending from the umbone to the 

distal margin. Dimensions of small individual: 

Length, 15 millimeters; height, 7 millimeters; depth 

of single valve, about 2.5 millimeters. 

To one individual of this species, from the City 

Rock quarry at Wilmington, adheres the cast of the 

flasklike burrow which is characteristic of the genus. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle I:layne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. ' 

Class GASTROPODA 

Order ASPIDOBRANCHIA 

Family PLEUROTOMARIIDAE 

Genus PLEUROTOMARIA Defrance 

Pleurotornaria hanoverensis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate IV, Figures 1-2 

This species is represented by a single cast of the 

exterior of the shell. The specimen shows six, 

whorls on which a minute spiral sculpture is almost 

perfectly preserved. Whorls subcircular in cross 

section; sutures slightly impressed; E?pire moderately 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 25 

elevated; sheH perforate; surface sculpture of fine 

spiral cords alternating with finer threadlike lines 

and crossed by axial threads, which are recurved at 

thr center of the whorl reflecting the slit in the outer 

lip of the aperture. A spiral band of three coarse 

cords, cancellated by fine threads, follows the center 

o{ the whorls. fIeight of type specimen, 33 milliIneters; diameter unknown. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon:' Castle Ifayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. . 

Pleurotomaria sp. a 

Plate IV, Figure 3 

In the collection of the United ~tates National 

Museum there are several casts of a large Pleurotomaria from the City Rock quarry at Wilmington. 

The best-preserved specinlen consists of parts of two 

whorls and retains a small p'ortion of the original shell. 

A..'\:ial growth lines on the basal whorl are curved backward about midway between the sutures, reflecting 

the slit in the outer lip of the apertlll'e. Whorls concave on top where the overlying whorl rests upon 

them; outer side of whorls slightly flattened giving the 

whole shell a more regular conical shape. Diameter 

of base of cast, 108 millimeters. 

This specimen may be the one referred to by Dan 28 

as follows: 

In the Eocene a large and fine species, recalling P. adamsoniana, has been described by Tuomey (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 

1852, p. 193, 1854) from the limestones of Wilmington, N. C., 

under the name of Trochus nixus. It has never been figured, 

but a fine specimen is in the national collection from the 

original locality. 

TUOlney's description is here quoted: 

Large; axis very oblique; whorls five or six, flat or slightly 

concave, marked by revolving lines obsoletely cancellated; 

suture of the cast deep, of the shell basely impressed; umbilicus 

open, deep. Dimensions: Spiral angle, 74°; height, 4; breadth, 

5 inches. 

Locality: Wilnlington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jac~son 

Eocene age. . 

Pleurotomaria sp. b 

Plate IV, Figure 4 

The most cpmplete specimen of this species in the 

National Museum is an internal cast of three complete 

whorls, to which a small fragment of the original sh~ll 

material is attached. Cast large, conical, with elevated spiral; surface obliquely flattened between the 

sutures in the 'direction of the spire; whorls concave 

on top and convex on the lower side; base subcircular, 

with a large perspective umbilicus in which all the 

volutions would be shown in a perfect specimen; 

periphery of base angular; shell thick, sculpture 

28 DaB. W. R .• Wagner Free Inst, Sci. Trans, voL? pt, 2, p. 423,1892. 

unknown. Diameter of base, 11.3 centimeters; apical 

angle, 74 0 ; height unknown. 

This species .strikingly resembles Leptomaria gigantea Whitfield, frOln the Eocene layers of the" Upper 

Bed Greensand Marls" of New Jersey. The writer 

has seen only the figure of Whitfield's speCies, but the 

fragInentary character of the North Carolina specinlens makes a specific determination impossible. 

Locality: Wihnington, New Hanover County, N. ·C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family FISSURELLIDAE 

Subfamily EMARGINULIN AE 

Genus FISSURIDEA Swainson 

Fissuridea penderensis Kellu~, n. sp. 

Plate III, Figule 9 

Shell large, of medium height, narrowed at the 

anterior end, regularly oval on the posterior end; foramen large, about 6 milliJ;Ueters long; shell radially 

sculptured with about 34 strong primary ribs, generally with three secondary· ribs between; concentric 

sculpture of evenly spaced threads, which are inconspicuous near the margin but toward the apex equal 

the secondary ribbing and give that part of the shell a 

regular, finely cancellated sculpture. Longest diameter, about· 38 millimeters; median breadth, about 24 

. millimeters ; altitude, about 12 millimeters. 

The type of this species is an excellent cast of the 

exterior of the shell, preserving the finest details of 

the sculpture. 

F. penderensis is similar to F. mauri Aldrich,29 from 

Matthews Landing, near Oak Hill, Ala. It differs 

from F. mauri, however, in the larger foramen, in the 

absence of marginal crenulations within, and in having 

three secondary ribs ·instead of two between the primary ribs. 

Locality: Old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of J ack~on 

Eocene age. 

Fissuridea sp. 

Plate III, Figure 10 

Cast small, oval, moderately. elevated, narrowIng 

anteriorly; apex slightly anterior; foramen oval, 2.5 

nlillimeters in longest dianieter; surface of cast smooth 

exc~pt for pallial line and sinuses. Surface of shell 

unknown. Longest diameter, 23 millimeters; bre~dth, 

16 millimeters; height, 7 millimeters. 

The general appearance of this form is similar to 

that of Fissuridea marlboroensis Clark, from the 

Eocene of Maryland. . 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County,'N'. C. 

. Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

29 Aldrich, T, R., New Eocene fossils from the Southern States: Nautilus, vol. 24, 

No. i, 1910. 
26 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NO'RTH CAROLINA 

Genus EMARGINULA Lamarck 

Emarginula sp. a 

Plate IV, Figure 5 

Intern~l cast oval, cap-shaped, with apex slightly 

posterior to the center; anterior slope convex, posterior 

slope shorter, concave; anterior marginal notch deep 

and narrow. Surface of cast smooth; external sculptureof shell unknown. Longest diameter, 19 millimeters; breadth, 15 millimeters; height, 9 millimeters. 

This species is similar in general contoUr to Emarginula pilsbryi Dall, from the Caloosahatchee marl of 

Florida. The margin of the internal cast does not, 

how.ever, reflect the external ribbing of the shell as in 

that species. , 

There is only one individual of this species in the 

collection of the National Museum from North 

Carolina. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Emarginula sp. b 

Plate IV, Figure 6 

Cast conical, moderately elevated, oval in outline, 

narrowing anteriorly; the apex in posterior third of 

shell; anterior slope convex, posterior slope concave; 

surface of cast shows radial lines near apex and coarse 

crenulations toward margin; anterior slit deep and 

narrow. Longest diameter, 26 millimeters; breadth, 

about 19 millimeters; height, 10 millimeters. 

This species differs from Emarginula sp. a, described 

above, in its larger size and less steeply inclined sides 

and in the presence of radial marking on the int'ernal 

cast. . 

Locality: Old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family TROCHIDAE 

Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson 

CalIiostoma sp. 

Plate IV, Figure 7 

Internal cast of medium size, coiled, conic, with 

elevated 'spire; the most complete specimen has six 

whorls, subrhomboidal in cross section, rounded on 

l~wer' side and flattened ~r slightly' concave on top; 

sutures of cast deep; sculptu:r:e of shell unknown. 

Diameter of base, 25 millimeters; height, 15 millimeters; apical angle, .83°. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

Old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. . 

Order CTENOBRANCHIATA 

Family EPITONIIDAE 

Genus EPITONIUM Bolten 

Epitonium aequabile Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate V, Figure 1 

Shell small, spiral, with five or more regularly 

rounded whorls; sutures distinct; spiral sculpture of 

numerous low, rounded cords with nearly equal inter~ 

spaces; varices of equal size, rounded, regularly 

spaced, and opposite on contiguous whorls. Base, 

aperture, and apex of shell unknown. Height of 

figured type, 7.5 millimeters; diameter at base, 3 

millimeters. 

This species appears to be similar to the Scala sp. 

figured by G. D. Harris.30 Harris's species, which 

was not named or described, shows only a suggestion 

of spiral sculpture, but on E. aeljuabile the sculpture 

is very distinct. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Epitonium dignitatis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate V, Figure 2 

Shell of seven or more whorls, tapering, moderately 

slender; spirally sculptured with about seven irregularly spaced rounded ridges between the sutures and 

with fine secondary lines uniformly covering these 

coarser ridges and interspaces; axial SCUlpture of two 

prominent, sharply keeled, and slig9-tly inclined major 

varices to every whorl; each varix being offset toward 

the aperture with respect to the corresponding varix 

of the preceding whorl. Between the major varices 

,are 10 to 20 thin, sharp-edged minor varices on each 

half whorl, the number being greatest on the bottom 

whorl and decreasing toward the apex. The basal 

area is separated from the last whorl by a strong, 

rounded keel overrun by the varices. Aperture and 

apex unknown. Height, 37 millimeters; maximum 

diameter, about 17 millimeters. , 

E. dignitatis is closely related to Scala raneZlina 

Dall, which occurs at the same horizon in Alabama. 

It differs from that specie'S in the greater number of 

whorls, in the more numerous minor v~rices between 

the major ones, and in having the major varices 

somewhat less prominent and regularly spaced. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age., 

30 Arkans]S Geol. Survey Rept. for 1892, vol. 2, p. 45, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1894. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 27 

Family CALYPTRAEID AE 

Genus CALYPTRAEA Lamarck 

Calyptraea sp. 

Plate V, Figure 3 

Internal cast large, depressed, coiled, with about 

two and one-half whorls; suture distinct; surface of 

cast smooth. I-Ieight, 14 millimeters; diameter, 33 

millimeters. ' 

This sp~cies is very nluch like Oalyptra~a trochiformis but is much more depressed than ihe larger 

specimens of that species. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family XENOPHORIDAE 

Genus XENOPHORA Fischer. 

Xenophora sp. 

Plate V, Figure 4 

This species is probably Xenophora conchyliophora 

(Born), which is reported 31 to range from the Cretaceous to the Recent. It occurs abundantly in the 

Eocene of North Carolina but is preserved only in 

the form of casts of the interior, which do not lend 

themselves to specific determination. 

Cast conical, depressed, imperforate; whorls flattened on lower side ,and flattened or slightly concave 

on top, subrhomboidal in cross section; sutures not 

deeply impressed; surface of cast roughened by 

irregular furrows or waves. Diameter of base, 29 

millimeters; height, about 18 millimeters. 

Localities: Old Rocky Point, Pender County; Wilmington, New Ifanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family TURRITELLIDAE 

Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck 

Turritella subtilis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate V, Figure 5 

Shell coiled, slender, tapering; suture simple, 

distinct, not deeply impressed; sculpture delicate; 

whorls divided into three subequal parts by two low, 

sharp spiral threads, between which is a third, 'less 

prominent thread; lower whorls have, at base bordering the suture, another spiral thread, which becomes 

obsolete in the higher whorls; indistinct axial growth 

lines. 'Total number of whorls and shape of aperture 

unknown. Length of fragment of 10 whorls, 24 

millimeters. 

The type specimen of this species is a cast of the 

exterior of the shell, preserving the most delicate 

sculpture. ' 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. ' 

U Doll W. II., Wagn~r Freo lnst. Sci. Trans. vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 360, 1892. 

Turritella Sp. 

Plate V, Figure 6 

Cast small, acute conic; whorls more than twice as 

wide as high, rhomboidal in cross section; surface 

smooth,' slightly concave, with a fine spiral groove 

along under side of whorl. Length of fragment of 

372 whorls, 24 millimeters; breadth of basal whorl, 

11 millimeters. . 

This form, which occurs at Rocky Point only in th~ 

form of casts of the interior, is suggestive of Turritella 

carinata Lea. It can not, however, be determined 

specifically. 

Locality: Old Rocky PoiI;lt, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family VERMICULARllDAE 

Genus SILIQUARIA Lamarck 

Siliquaria vitis Conrad 

Shell irregularly spiral toward the top, with slightly elevated 

longitudinal lines; fissure narrow; greatest diameter, one-fourth 

of an inch. LClcality, Claiborne, Ala.-Conrad, August, 1833. 

Contorted, with longitudinal ribs becoming obsolete inferiorly; wrinkled transversely; fissure in~rticulate. Synonym'~ 

S. claibornensis Lea. Locality, Claiborne, Ala.-Conradt 

March, 1835. 

Regarding the range of this species Dall 82 says: 

Eocene of the Claiborne sands, Conrad and Lea; older 

Miocene of the Orthaulax bed, Ballast Point, Tampa Bay ~ 

Florida, DaB. I can see no distinguishing characters between 

specimens from the upper Eocene and ,those of the lower 

Miocene. ' 

Cast spirally tapering, subcircular in cross section; 

surface smooth except for a longitudinal plication 

caused by the fissure. Some specimens show also a 

single longitudinal, broad, shallow groove; a few have 

horizontal waves or wrinkles. 

This species occurs abundantly in the Eocene beds 

at Rocky Point, N. C. It is preserved, however, only 

'as casts of the interior. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; old 

Rocky Point, P.ender Coun,ty, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family STROMBIDAE 

Genus STROMBUS Linne 

Strombus sp.? 

Plate V, Figure 7 

Cast of nledium size, conic, with about five whorls, 

spire comparatively low; shoulders rounded; body 

whorl with faint nodes or angles along the carina and 

upper part of whorl, suggesting radial s'culpture of the 

shell; body whorl toward the aperture partly climbs 

82 Dall, W. II., Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 307, 1892. 
". 

28 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT M~RLS I~ NORTH· CABO~INA 

the spire. Shell sculpture, geni.tal sulcus and canal' 

unknown. Height 53 millimeters; maXimum diameter, 28 millimeters. 

The single specimen of this species collected from 

Wilmington is a good cast but does not show the 

character of the aperture of the shell. It may possibly 

belong to the genus Plejona, though no dollumellar 

folds are visible. It is referred to the genus Strombus 

primarily because of the ascending 'character of the 

body whorl toward the aperture. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N.C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family CYPRAEIDAE 

Genus CYPRAEA Linne 

Cypraea sp. a 

Plate V, Figure 8 

Cast of medium size, rotund; aperture moderately 

wide, finelY.denticulate on right and left lips, canaliculated at anterior end; spire exposed and prominently 

elevated; surface of cast smooth. Height, 27 millimeters; maximum diameter, 20..5 millimeters. 

This form differs from Oypraea sp. b, described 

below, in the prominent elevation of the spire. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

. Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Cypraea sp. b 

Plate V, Figure 9 

Cast ovoid, v.entricose; aperture wide, extending 

the whole length of the shell, canaliculated at anterior 

extremity; right and left lips coarsely and regularly 

crenulated; spire exposed, very slightly elevated; top 

of right' lip extends higher than ~pex; surface of cast 

smooth. 

Maximum diameter of large, imperfect cast, 22 millimeters. Dimensions of smaller, perfect cast: Height, 

20. millimeters; maximum diameter, 16 millimeters. 

~~t ... [.:~,., .. :.. !his form differs ~rom species c and d in.having the 

~'I-1;~. ·'~~?Cpo~ed and shghtly elevated. 

'~'Qt, .. .., Loc"a'i%~~s':'"Wihnington, New ,Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, P,ender County, N. C. 

Geologic·~.horizori~~, ,Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Cypraea sp. c 

Plate V, Figure 10 

Cast of medium, size, solid, 'suboval in marginal 

outline; aperture moderately narrow, with right lip 

coarsely denticulate; ,ape~ forms a cup-:-shaped depression, exhibiting the volutions in the center; surface of cast shows faint horizontal and vertical striations, reflecting the e~ternal sculpture of the shell. 

Height, 27 millimet~rs; largest diameter, 20. mill~-

meters. . 

This species is very similar to Oypraea casts collected 

from the Mc Conp.ico place, Wilcox County, Ala. The 

horizon there is Midway. It differs from the Alabama specimens, however, in being slightly less bulbous and in having the outer·lip thinner, the aperture 

narrower., and striations present on the cast. 

The named species closest to this one from the 

North Carolina Eocene is O. probZematica Heilprin, 

from Florida. The cup-shaped depression at the 

apex, however, does not contain the nucle,ar tip as in 

the Florida species . 

. Localities: Wilmington, New Hanov-er County; 

old Rocky Point,Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. Cypraea sp. d· ' . . 

Plate V, Figures 11":'12' 

Cast small, globose, subcircular in marginal outline; 

aperture moderately narrow and regularly denticulated 

on right and left lips, canaliculate at anterior extremity; spire enveloped, apex·jorms a cup-shaped 

depression, exhibiting the volutions, in the center of 

which the nuclear tip appear~ a little elevated; surface 

smooth. Sculpture of sheB. unknown. 

Height, 14 millimeters ;', ,maximum:; ,'diamete1'" 12.5 

millimeters. .. ,. '.' ~. F ." '. . . .: ' . 

This f orm resembles, C. '; pr.oblemati·ca Heil prin in~ the 

cup-shaped depression' of '·itsl;;apex., ,: exhibiting the 

nuclear tip at the center. ' Ihis; howev:er; ... much less 

elongated than that species:' , 

Localities: Wilmington,' New' Hanover -County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon·: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene' age. 

, Cypraea sp. e 

Plate V" FIgu,re 13 

Cast of mode~ate, size, somewhat elongated, oval 

in marginal outline; aperture narrow, canaliculate 

at anterior extremity; spire closely enveloped, deeply 

sunken; surface of cast smooth. Sculpture of shell 

unknown. Height 25 millimeters; maximum diameter 

above the middle, 17 millimeters. 

Locality: old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. . 

Family CASSIDIDAE 

Genus CASSIS Lamarck . 

Cassis? sp. 

Plate V, Figures 14-15 

A single incomplete cast of a Oassis is in the United 

States National Museum collection from Wilmingtpn, N. C. ' ," '. :.' " ....... . 

Cast small, plump, volutiform; three and' on~:-hal.f 

whorls present; spire low;. body whorl three-fourths : \ 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 29 

Qf height of shell; early whorls smooth; basal whorl 

sculptured with slightly raised, widely spaced parallel 

spiral lines and indistinct growth lines; sutures of 

cast distinct, impressed. Aperture of shell unknown. 

Dimensions of figured broken specimen: Height, 18 

millimeters; lna..ximum diameter, 11.5 millimeters. 

In general appearance this form is much like 

Semicassis nuperus (Conrad). The internal cast of 

that species, however, is smooth and does not reflect 

the exterior sculpture. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horIzon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Subgenus PHALIU~ Linck 

Phali~~ sp. 

Plate V, Figure 16 

Internal cast snulll, globose, with short spire preserving three whorls; exhibiting three varices behind 

the lip, which is destroyed; siphonal notch narrow, 

slightly recurved; canal broken; surface of cast 

smooth. DinlCl1sions of cast with apex and anterior 

canal broken: 'I-Ieight, 23 millimeters; maximum 

diameter, 16 hlillimeters. 

This species is apparently related to PhaZi,um globo-, 

S11.m DaH, from the upper Eocene of Mississippi, 

the Ocala limestone of Florida, and the Chipola 

formation of Florida. The North Carolina cast, 

however, is narrower and has no carina along the 

whorls, which are more rounded. 

Locality: Old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily RACHIGLOSSA 

Family BUCCINIDAE 

Genus PTYCHOSALPINX Gill 

Ptychosalpinx sp. 

Plate V, Figure 17 

Cast of hledium size, sub fusiform , with rather short, 

pointed spire and about four whorls; whorls enlarged 

rapidly, basal whorl forming nearly two-thirds of 

total height; sutures distinct but not deeply impressed; 

aperture wide; surface of cast smooth except for faint 

axial growth lines. I-Ieight, 33 millimeters; maximum 

diameter, 20 millimeters. 

This species is similar to Buccinum porcinum Say, 

from the Miocene of Petersburg, Va. The whorls 

of the Miocene form are slightly constricted at the 

top, and the outer lip is characterized by distinct 

lirae on the inside. . 

51278-26t-3 

Locality: Old Rocky 'Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic hori~on: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family F ASCIOLARIIDAE 

Genus FUSINUS Rafinesque 

Fusinus abruptus (Tuomey) 1 

Plate VI, Figure 1 

F'j.lStfS abruptus Tuom~y, Acad., Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 6, p. 193, 1852. 

The origin HI description of this species is as follows: 

Ovoid; whorls rounded, ventricose, the last one terminating 

ab~uptly in the .canal. Dimensions: Spiral angle, 70°; height, 

6 inches; breadth, 4 inches. 

Tuomey described this species from a cast collected 

from the Eocene at Wilmington" N. C. It has not 

been figured. The writer's specimens from the type 

locality are not complete but appear to be longer and 

to have a much smaller apical angle than the one 

described by Tuomey. However, the casts occur 

abundantly at Wilmington and are the only large 

Fusus-like forms in the fairly large collection from 

this locality in the United States National Museum. 

With the meager description aI?-d no figure giv:en it 

is impos'sible to'be certain of the identification. It is \ 

believed, nevertheless, that this form is the Fusus 

abruptus of Tuomey. , 

Cast of two and one-half whorls, large, spirally 

coiled; whorls ventricose', flattened or slightly constricted above the middle; volutions distant indicating a very distinct suture in the shell'; basal whorl 

projected forward in a canal of unknown length. 

Dimensions of cast of two and one-half whorls with 

anterior canal broken: Height, '167 millimeters; maximum diameter, 107 millimeters. ' 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N.' C. 

Geologic hor~zon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Fusinus sp. 

Plate VI, Figure 2 

Cast of medium size, with high,spire, loosely coiled, 

and about four whorls; whorls mfla'ted; aperture oval; 

length of anterior canal unknown; surface of internal 

cast smooth. Dimensions of cast of three whorls 

with anterior canal broken: Height, 37 millimeters; 

maximum diameter, 21 millimeters. 

This form is similar in shape to Fusinus abruptus 

Tuomey, described above. It is very much smaller 

and more loosely, coiled, however" and· the whorls are 

not constricted toward the top, as in Tuomey's species. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County,,:tf. c.. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne' marl, 'of Jackson 

Eocene age. 
/ 

30 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

Family TURBINELLIDAE 

Genus TURBINELLA Lamarck 

Subgenus VASUM (Bolten) Link 

Vasurn wilrningtonense Brown and Pilsbry 

Vasum wilmingtonense Brown and Pilsbry, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc., vol. 64, p. 153, 1912. 

The original description of this species is as follows: 

This form is represented by an internal cast wanting the 

apical whorls, apparently derived from a species shaped like 

V. haitense. The conic spire diverges at an angle of about 80°, 

the crown of each whorl being narrowly rounded, The last 

whorl is much less convex above, being somewhat flattened 

and sloping to the rounded shoulder. The periphery, viewed 

from above, is polygonal; the last three angles on the last half 

whorl are prominent, but several on the first half are barely 

perceptible. Below the shoulder the sides taper to the narrow 

base, are a little swollen midway and contracted below the 

shoulder and near the base. Four deep furrows indicate as 

many stout columellar folds ,in the shell, the lowest one being 

somewhat smaller. The length of the cast is 113 millimeters, 

and the greatest diameter 66 millimeters. 

In the absence of information as to the stratigraphic position 

of the specimens, we can not say whether this species occurred 

with the preceding Eocene forms or, as seems more likely, in 

an overlying bed. 

Several broken casts of Vasum wilmingtonense from 

the type locality are in the United States National 

Museum. It is the writer's opinion that this species 

comes from the Eocene deposits, like the other forms 

listed with it by Brown and Pilsbry. 'The overlying 

formation at the City Rock quarry" east of Wilmington, is Miocene. These beds are highly fossiliferous 

and have yielded a large fauna of perfectly preserved 

mollusks. V. wilmingtonen.se has never been found in 

these overlying beds, and with the large collections at 

hand it is reasonable to infer that it does not occur in 

them. Practically all of the Eocene fauna at Wilmington is preserved only in casts, and the matrix of this 

form appears to be identical with that of the known 

Eocene forms. ' 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family. MARGINELLID.l}.E , 

Genus MARGINELLA Lamarck 

Marginella sp. 

Plate V, Figure 18 

lnteTll'al cast moderately large, involute, subconic 

to ovoid; aperture as long as shell, narrow, slightly 

arcuate, widening toward the base; outer lip of shell 

internally crenulate, in some Epecimens with about 

~O l~rae;. inner lip with seven plaits, which become 

:stronger and oblique anteriorly; apex of cast depressed 

with an apical, cup-shaped depression, exhibiting the 

volutions, in the center of which the nucular tip appears · a little elevated. Surface of cast smooth. 

I Height, 20 millimeters; maximum diameter, 11 millimeters. 

The cast here described can not 'be distinguished 

from Marginella larvata Conrad, from the Gosport 

sand of the Claiborne group of Alabama. No casts of 

that species are available, but in every point where 

the casts of the North Carolina form can be compared 

with the perfect shell of M. larvata they appear to be 

identical. 

Localities: Old Rocky Point, Pender County; Wilmington, New Hanover County; 10 miles northwest 

of Jacksonville, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl,' of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Family VOLUTIDAE 

Genus MITRA Lamarck 

Mitra sp. a-f 

Plate V, Figures 19-24 

Internal casts of Mitra-like forms occur abundantly 

in the Eocene' deposits at Wilmington and Rocky 

Point, N. C. By a careful comparison of these forms 

the writer has been able to distinguish six distinct 

species. All of them are similar in appearance and 

.may be described in general as elongated, slender, 

involute casts with high tapering spire above a relatively large body whorl. The aperture is in general 

lens-shaped, tapering to a point posteriorly and 

broadly canalicul'ated anteriorly. On the inner lip' 

inclined columellar plaits ·are more or less strongly 

developed. 

Species a is characterized by a high body whorl with 

straight sides and with the columella turned to the left 

anteriorly. 

Species b differs from species a in the greater height 

of the whorls above the body whorl and in having the 

columella practically straight. 

In species c the sides of the basal whorl are slightly 

arcuate, instead of straight, the whorls above the 

body whorl are noticeably shorter, and the aperture is 

wider than in specie's a and b. 

Species d is very similar to species c but is distinguished from it by a narrower aperture, by more distinct· c<;>lumellar plait~, which are less inclined, from 

the horizontal, and by,a thicker columella in the shell 

causing in. the cast a wide anterior opening in which 

the plJ1its are exposed. 

Species e is represented by a' single imperfect cast 

that is' broader in proportion to the . length than the 

forms describe<;l. above. The body whorl is bulbous 

near the top and tapers rapidly,toward the anterior 

canal. The aperture is moderately wide. 

In species f the columella of the shell is very small 

and twisted to the left so that in the cast the anterior 

opening is small and .only the ends of the lower plaits 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 31 

are visible. The body whorl is moderately inflated 

with arcuate sides curving gracefully' at the, anterior 

end to form:the canal. 

One or two other Mitra-like forms are included in 

the collection, but they are so fragmentary that their 

description would be of no value. 

Genus PLEJON A Bolten 

Plejona cr. P. petrosus (Conrad) 

Plate VI, Figure 3 

Cast conic, with low spiral; body whorl angulated 

ncar the top, with fr0111 eight to ten low nodes along 

the shoulder; earlier whorls also angulated and with 

faint nodes; aperture moderately narrow and of 

unifol'll1 width, canaliculated anteriorly; inner lip 

with two or three prominent plaits and numerous, 

faint lirac. Sculpture of shell unknown. Dimensions 

of cast of two and one-half whorls with part of spire 

lnissing: I-Ieight, 29 millinleters; maximum diameter, 

16.5 lnillimeters. 

Locality: Wilnlington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Plejona conoides (Tuomey)? 

Plate VI, Figure 4 

lTohtla conoides Tuomey, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 6, p. 193, 1852. 

Tuomey's speciInen was not figured, and the description is very brief, as follows: 

Conical; spire short; whorls four, colt'lmellar plaits numerous. 

Resembles Conus gyratus. Dimensions: Spiral angle, 87°; 

height, 2 inches; breadth, 1 inch. 

The single specimen in the writer's collection is, 

like the type, a cast and comes from the type locality. 

It agrees wit!). Tuomey's description. The sides of 

. the outer whorl are slightly convex longitudinally. 

Along the rounded shoulder of the whorls are faint, 

clos~ly spaced nodes. Anterior columellar plait prominent, posterior plaits numerous and less elevated; 

columella straight. Exterior sculpture unknown. 

DiInensions of cast of two and one-half whorls with 

spire and anterior canal incomplete: Height, 30 milli111eters; 111a..."\:imuln diameter, 21 millimeters. 

This species differs from Plejona cf. Po" petrosUs 

Conrad, described above, in the nonrounded shoulder 

and the closer spacing of the nodes along it. Plejona 

sayana (Conrad), from the Gosport sand of the Claiborne group, is similar to P. conoides but has more 

sloping shoulders and three prominent columellar 

plaits instead of one. 

Locality: Wilmington, New Hano~er .County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Genus SCAPHELLA Swainson 

Scapbella (Eucymba) ocalana DaIl? 

E1lcymba ocalana DaH, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, 

pt. 1, pp. 81-82, pI. 7, fig. 1, 1890. 

Dan gives the followi~g des'cription: 

Sh~ll shaped like Fulgur when young, with a sl~nder, long 

canal and fig-shaped body; the adult subglobular, large; 

nucleus lenticular, large, laterally bent, secondary; axis straight, 

with four sharp,. elevated plaits; shell thin, unsculptured, without superimposed glaze; spire short, the early whorls spirally 

striate; outer lip simple, thin, arched forward toward the 

middle, receding somewhat at the suture, which is distinct, but 

not channeled. 

The single specimen of this species from North 

Carolina is very much smaller than the young form 

figured by Dall. It is, like the type, a cast and 

appears to be identical with it in every way except 

in size. Dimensions of cast with anterior canal 

broken: Height, 8.8 millimeters; maximum diameter, 

5.8Inillimeters. . 

Locality: Old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eoc.ene age. 

Genus CARICELLA Conrad 

Caricella? sp. 

Plate VII, Figure 1 

Cast volute, inflated', with low spire; body whorl 

with rounded shoulder and shallow, longitudinal 

grooves indicative of coarse growth lines in the shell; 

aperture broadly lenticular and canaliculate anteriorly; 

inner lip with four prominently elevated, inclined 

plaits. Dimensions of cast of two whorls with spire 

missing: Height, 31 millimeters; nlaxinlUID diameter, 

23 millimeters. 

This species is similar to casts of Garicella from the 

Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla. It differs from the 

Florida species in having the sides more arcuate, the 

aperture broader, and four columellar plaits instead 

of five. It may be compared with G. doliata, from 

the Gosport sand of the Claiborne group, which seems 

to have a slightly lower spire and a smoother interior 

than the casts of t1?-e North Carolina species would 

indicate. 

Localities: Wilmington, New: Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. ·C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Superfamily TOXOGLOSSA 

Family CONIDAE 

Genus CONUS Linne 

Conus mutilatus Tuomey? 

Plate VII, Figures 2-3 

Conus mutilatus Tuomey, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,· 

vol. 6, p. 193, 1892. ' 

Gonus mutilatus has never been figured and Tuomey's 

,description of the cast, given be~ow, is not complete. 
32 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

Spire depressed; whorls flattened; side longitudinally convex. 

Spiral angle, 101°; height,' 2.5 inches; breadth, 1.5 inches. 

Casts of shell are abundant at Wilmington, N. C., ami in the 

white limestone of Alabama. It is also found in the Eocene 

beds on the Santee. They are easily distinguished from the 

other Eocene species. In C. gyratis Morton the spire is inore 

produced; whilst in C. sauridens Conrad it IS more depressed. 

Casts of the latter have the spiral whorls in nearly the same 

plane. 

Numerous specimens of various sizes fronl t.he type 

locality are in the pnited States ,National Museum. 

The casts have about five whorls; spire elevated with 

flattened apex; top of whorls depressed parallel to 

the sid~s of apical angle; sutures of cast deeply channeled; aperture narrow, curving slightly to the left 

at base. fIeight, 23 millimeters; maximum diameter, 

14 millimeters. . 

Oonus mutilatus has a higher spire than O. sauridens 

Conrad, and shows no signs of a fold or the columella. 

O. mutilatus is similar to casts of Oonus collected by 

Heilprin from the Eocene of South Carolina, which 

are in the United States National Museum labeled 

O. gyratus? Morton but are obviously not that species. 

O. mutilatus differs fronl the South Carolina form 

in its higher spire and less deeply channeled sutures. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County; 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Conus? sp. 

Plate VII, Figure 4 

Cast is similar to Oonus mutilatus Tuomey, described 

above, but has a more elevated spire, with tbe apex 

rising regularly to a point. Maximum diameter of 

cast with anterior portion missing, 12 millimeters. 

Locality: Old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of .Jaekson 

Eoeene age. 

Cla.ss CEPHALOPODA 

Genus ATURIA Bronn 

Aturia alabamensis (Morton) 

Nautilus alabamensis. Morton, Synopsis of the organic remains 

of the Cretaceous group, p. 33, pI. .18, fig. 3, 1834. 

Morton briefly describes this species as follows: 

Shell suboval, compressed; septae profoundly sinuous; 

siphuncle very large .. Length, 10 inches; h~ight, 9 ~nches; 

greatest diameter, 4~ inches. From the newer Cretaceous 'rock 

(Eocene) near Claibo!rie, Ala. 

Aturia alabamensis occurs abundantly in the Eocene 

sediments of North Carolina. It is preserved only in 

the form of casts of the interior of the shell, but these 

I:etain p.erfectly the form of the septa, sutures, sip huncle, etc. Individuals range in size from small ones up 

to some 8 inches, in' longest diameter. 

The cast is suboval, 'closely convolute, with closed 

umbilicus; sides depresRed, convex, and dorsum 

. . 

smoothly rounded. The inner volution projects into 

the aperture of the outer one, about one-third of the 

distance from the umbilicus to the outer margin. 

. The septa are somewhat closely arranged and number 

about 13 in the last coil of the shell; sutures rising 

from the umbilical depression make a broad' curve 

forward to a point about the middle of the volution, 

thence curving abruptly toward the posterior in a long 

pointed spur, the outer side of which is nearly straight 

and parallels the margin of the dorsum. From. the 

anterior limit of the spur the suture passes directly 

across the dorsum. The septa are strongly concave, 

bending posteriorly around the siphuncle to form a 

round funnel-shaped depression; siphuncle moderately 

large, round, and situated, in all the specimens the 

writer has seen, very close to the venter of the next, 

inner volution. The surface of the shell is unknown. 

Dimensions of large perfect cast in collection of 

Johns Hopkins University: Longest diameter, 6 

inches; shortest diameter, 4~ inches; thickness, 2~ 

inches. 

Aturia alabamensis is closely related to A. vanuxemi' 

Conrad, from the EoceQe layers of the upper bed of 

the greensand marls of New Jersey. The general 

contour of the shell and the striking shape of the 

sutures are almost identical. A. alabamensis, however, is not nearly so compressed laterally, and the 

funnel-shaped depression in the septa around the 

siphuncle is round and not so large as in A. vanuxemi. 

Localities: Wilmington, New Hanover County~ 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle, Hayne . marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Genus EUTREPHOCERAS Hya.tt 

Eutrephoceras carolinensis Kellum, n. sp. 

Pla~e VII, Fig\lres 5-7 

This species has been found in North Carolina only 

as casts. Sbell strongly globose in form, varying in 

size, largest specimens. 65 millimeters in diameter. 

Aperture large, transverse; venter curved; cross sec-· 

tion of the volution nearly semicircular; umbilicus. 

deep, with moderately abrupt margin; sutures cross. 

the venter in an almost straight line, making a slight 

curve anteriorly before entering the umbilicus; septa 

moderately distant and deeply concave;siphuncle 

small, round, subcentral in position. Surface of shell 

unknow,n: -' . 

Eutrephoceras carolinensis is very similar 'to E. per-· 

latus Morton; from the Cretaceous of Alabama, and. 

to E. dekayi Morton, from the· Cretaceous of New 

Jersey. In fact,' it has been called dekayi by some 

collectors. It is here separated from the Cretaceous. 

species on account of the essential'straightness of the 

sutures across the venter. The sutures of both perlatus and dekayi possess a very definite "backward 

sinus on the middle of the back." E. carolinensis is 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 33 

very abundant in the Cast~e Hayne marl 6f North 

Carolina. 

Localities: Wilmington and Castle Hayne, New 

I-Ianover County; old Rocky Point, Pender County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle I-Iayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Class BRACHIOPODA 

Family RHYNCHONELLIDAE 

Genus RHYNCHONELLA Fischer de Waldheim 

Rhynchonella salpinx Dall 

Rhynchonella salpinx Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1535, 1903. 

rrhe following is Dall's discussion of this specie~: 

Eocene limestone of the city quarry, Wilmington, N. C.; 

Vaughan. 

Shell small, rounded trigonal, smopth behind, plicate anteriorly; ventral valve with a prominent, acute, hardly recurved 

beak, with a small peduncular foramen, * * * the deltidial 

plates approach each other to form an arch, unite in the median 

line, and project with flaring edges distally, thus forming a tube 

in which the peduncle is inclosed and to which the beak of the 

ventral valve contributes a. rel.ative~y small portion. This 

arrangement is so different from that which obtains in H emihyris that I hesitate to include the species under that name but, 

since the internal characters are not accessible, prefer to list it 

under Rhynchonella until more information shall be obtainable. 

'" '" * . Hinge-line somewhat flexuous, anterior margin of the 

valve with a broad double fold pr.oduced haemally, with two 

or three less pronounced plication):! laterally; haemal valve 

convex, reciprocally plicate; interior filled with a hard matrix; 

shell structure fibrous. Length, 11; breadth, 9.5; dorsoventral 

maximum diameter, 6 niillimeters. 

This pretty little species appears to be rare, as only two 

specimens were obtained. 

Dall's description is very complete. The writer has 

foul' additional specimens of this species from the type 

locality. One is lnuch larger than Dall's type: 

Length, 14 nlillimeters; width, 15 millimeters; thickness, 8 lnillimeters. 

Geologic horizon: Castle I-Iayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Rhynchonella holmesii Dall 

Rhynchonella holmesii Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans.! 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1536, 1903. 

Dall's description of this species follows: 

• Eocene limestone of the city quarry, Wilmington, N. C.; 

Vaughan. . 

Shell small, rounded trigonal when young, much ml6re transverse when adult, smooth near the beaks, plicate in front and 

over most of the valves; the v~ntral valve with a small, erect 

beak with a moderate foramen, the deltidial plates united in 

front of it; anteriorly the·margin is slightiy convexly flexuous . 

the valve evenly, uniformly, radially sculptured with 12 to 14 

subequal rounded ribs with narrower interspaces; haemal valve 

more convex, reciprocally plicate; the ventral valve has no 

median septum, but the presence of a hard -matrix prevents 

inspection of the interior characters. Length of haemal valve 

of an adult, 9.5; breadth" 11; diameter, 5 millimeters; of a 

ventral valve, length, 10.5; breadth, 11.5; diameter, 3 millimeters. 

, The specimen figured is a young shell, the adults being more 

or less fragmentar.y. It is named in honor of Dr. F. S. Holmes, 

to whom ~re chiefly due the fine monographs on the postMiocene fauna of South Carolina. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl,. of Jackson, 

Eocene age. 

Family TEREBRATULIDAE 

Genus TEREBRATULA MUller 

Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby 

Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby, Geol. Soc. 

London Quart. Jour., vol. 1, pp. 431-432, 1845. 

Te?'ebratula canipes Ravenel, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 2, p. 97, 1844. 

Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 15, 1865. 

Rhynchonella wilmingtonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, 

vol. 1, p. 35, 1865. 

Terebratula demissirostra Conrad, in Kerr, Report of the geological survey of North Carolina, vol. 1, p. 18, pI. 3, 

fig. 1, 1875. 

Lyell's original, discussion and description, of this 

species is as follows: 

This shell resembles most nearly in general form T. 'uva 

Broderip (recent from the Gulf of Tehuantepec) and also approaches T. bisinuata Lamarck, a fossil of the Paris Basin. 

The following are its characters: Terebratula with an oblong, 

smooth shell, posteriorly acuminated, anterior margin nearly 

even, dorsal valve large, and posteriorly prominent. 

Conrad figured this same form and described it 

under the name T. demis sirostra in Kerr's report on 

North Carolina (1875) as follows: 

Shell ovate, inflated, with five short plications, lateral pliae 

widest; valves nearly equally ventricose, the smaller valve 

least so and regularly arched in outline; tip of the beak of larger 

valve acute and curved downward nearly to the summit of the 

opposite valve; foraminal area very oblique. 

Locality: Wilmington, N. C.; Prof. Kerr. 

Prof. Kerr informs me that this species was found embedded 

in a whitish Eocen'e limestone near Wilmington. The pendent 

angle of the rostrum is a striking character of the sh~ll. 

Terebratula wilmingtonensis is characterized by a 

thin shell with very reduced teeth and is remarkably 

variable in form. An examination of a hl,rge number 

of individuals from the type locality shows a complete gradation between the extremes of differentiation. The species ranges from very small forms up 

to some 45 millimeters in length. In very young individuals th~ valves are generally flattened or slightly 

convex and smooth; the anterior portion is subcircular 

in outline; lateral margins are nearly straight toward 

the posterior, forming an acute angle at the apex of 

the beak; ventral beak slightly incurved over the 

cardinal area, which is nearly perpendicular to the 

plane of the foramen; area very small, curved, plated, 

and sub triangular in outline, with apex of posterior 

angle truncated by the foramen; foramen large, circular, with plane of circumference inclined to the 

, 
34 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

plane between the valves. With increasing size the 

shell develops a great diversity of form; the smooth, 

flattened, pellet shape may be retained in the adult; 

more frequently, however, the valves become greatly 

inflated and develop waves or plications toward the 

anterior margin. These plications may be very few 

in number 'and shallow, or numerous, deeply folded, 

and angular, giving the anterior margin of the valves 

a sawtooth appearance. 

The development of such folds greatly strengthens 

the shell and prevents rotation of the valves. The 

surface of the shell remains unsculptured except for 

the development of the anterior plications and concentric growth lines of varying intensity. The most 

characteristic and persistent feature of T. wilmingtonensis is the long, straight right and left margins of 

the s.hell, which extend posteriorly from the anterior 

margin, forming an 'acute angle at the ·beak. This' 

feature is best developed in elongated individuals and 

least conspicuous in abbreviated and more rounded 

specimens. It is correlated with a flattened, area along 

the inclined sides of both valves. Dimensions of 

large, typically developed shell: Length, 38 millimeters; breadth, 27 millimeters; thickness, 25 millimeters. 

Localities: Wilmington and 3 Y2 miles northeast 

of Wrightsboro, New Hanover County; old Rocky 

Point and Northeast Cape Fear River 3Y2 miles 

above Castle Hayne Bridge, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Terebratula. crassa Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate VII, Figures 8-13 

Test of medium size, ovate, rostrate, smooth; 

ventral valve strongly inflated and very thick pos-' 

teriorly, causing the interior of the shell in that region 

to be very constricted; hinge teeth prominent and 

thick; beak full, short, curving' downward and 

abruptly truncated at the apex by a large foramen, 

which is strongly excavated at the opening through 

the thickness of the shell; cardinal area small, triangular, truncated by the foramen, slightly concave, 

and covered by numerous rectangular plates. The 

dorsal valve is much less inflated than the ventral. 

It is thick posteriorly and thins toward the anterior; 

cardinal process prominent; den tal sockets deep; hinge 

plates prominent; muscular impressions distinct. 

Dimensions of figured fragments: Ventral' valve, 

length, 25 millimeters; width, 24 millimeters; dorsal 

valve, length, 26 millimeters; width, 24 millimeters. 

Terebratula crass a is closely related to T. wilmingtonensis.· Its principal points of difference are the 

heavy, prominent hinge teeth and "the pronounced posterior thickening of the shell. The anterior portion of 

this species must be extremely fragile, as it is missing 

in everyone of the 25 specimens which the writer has 

at hand. 

Locality: 5 miles west of Pink Hill, Duplin County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

Genus TEREBRATULINA D'Orbigny 

Terebratulina lachryma (Morton) 

Terebratula lachryma Morton, Synopsis of the organic remains 

. of the Cretaceous group, p. 72, pI. 10, fig. 11; pI. 16, 

fig. 6; 1834. 

Terebratulina lachryma Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, 

p. 15, 1865. 

Morton's description of this species follows: 

Ovato-triangular; beak elongated, foramen large; valves 

convex, marked by delicate longitudinal striae. Length, half 

an inch; breadth, one-fourth of an inch. 

This beautiful species is abundant in the calcareous strata of 

South Carolina, whence I received it through Mr. Conrad. 

This gentleman has more recently' obtained it from the same 

strata below Claiborne, Ala. 

Morton's brief description may be supplemented by 

characterizing T. lachryma as a very small, delicate 

shell with depressed form and lens-shaped cross 

section perpendicular to the plane between the valves. 

The marginal outline of small specimens is distinctly '" 

oval, with an acute angle at the beak; larger and more 

inflated individuals are sub circular, with an obtuse 

angle at the beak. The ventral beak, wi·th large 

foramen, curves downward over an extremely small 

false cardinal area. Surface of both valves sculptured 

with concentrio growth lines and fine radial striae, 

faintly cancellated. Length, 11 ·millimeters; width, 

8.5 millimeters; thickness, 5.5 millimeters. 

~ocality: Wilmington, New Hanover County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Castle Hayne marl, of Jackson 

Eocene age. 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE TRENT MARL 

Phylum MOLLUSCA 

Class PELECYPODA 

Order· PRION:ODESMACEA 

Family ARCIDAE 

Genus ARCA (Linne) Lamarck 

Area (Scapharca) silverdalensis Kellum, n. sp . • i r , I ~t l ' 

~"1' Plate VIII, Figures 1-3 

Shell small, short, rostrate, with low, mesially 

sulcate, prosocoelous beaks; anterior margin straight 

at juncture with hinge, curving gently into the ventral 

margin, which is slightly convex; posterior margin 

slightly produced, straight, and forming an obtuse 

angle with the 'hinge line; ribs 22 to 25 in number, 

prominet;lt, rounded to squarish in cross section, 

ornamented with blunt tubercles, best developed on 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE TRENT MARL 35 

anterior 'ribs; interspaces channeled, equal in width to 

the ribs, normally ornamented with equally spaced, 

concentric lines. Posterior slope slightly concave 

and separated from the medial portion of the shell by 

a distinctly angulated posterior ridge, which extends 

fr0111 the umbo to the base of the posterior margin. 

The area is marked by three V -shaped furrows, which 

are usually faint toward the anterior. The hinge 

line is very slightly curved, with numerous teeth 

that are small and vertical beneath the beaks, but 

become Ittrger and somewhat inclined distally. Inner 

lllargin of shell is beveled and strongly fluted. Length, 

16 millinleters; height, 11 millimeters; depth of left 

valve, 5 millimeters. 

Ar~a silverdalensis is distantly related to the Vicksburg, species A. lesueuri Dall. That species has 

double, granulated ribs on the left valve, higher beaks 

that do not have a, nledial sulcation, and a less angulated posterior ridge. The Silverdale species is distinguished from young specimens of A. staminata 

Dall, a common form in the Chipola formation of 

Florida, by its lower beaks, smaller number of ribs, 

more produced posterior nlal'gin, and the sharper angle 

of the posterior ridge. It does not attain the size of 

the adult A. staminata. Young individuals of A. 

caroZinensis Wagner, from the Miocene of Duplin 

County, N. C., strongly resemble this form. They 

are distinguished by their shorter anterior-posterior 

dinlension, greater number of ribs, and a more rounded 

postumbonal ridge. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Genus GLYCYMERIS DaCosta 

Glycymeris anteparilis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate VIII, Figures 4-6 

Shell orbicular, convex, moderately large, equivalve, 

and nearly equilateral; beaks prominent, well inflated, 

and overturned above a broad triangular area with 

five or six deep, chevron-shaped ligament grooves; 

hinge line variable, usually with fine vertical teeth 

beneath the beaks, becoming larger, slightly curved, 

and horizontal distally; adductor muscle scars on 

slightly raised platforms; inner margin coarsely crenulate. The exterior of all specimens in the collection is 

worn snlooth but shows faint traces of radial sculpture 

crossed by irregular, concentric lines of growth. 

Dimensions of figured fragment with broken margin: 

IIeight, 53 millimeters; breadth,' 51 millimeters. 

This species is closely related to Glycymeris parilis 

Conrad, from the Miocene of Maryland. If differs 

from that species by the higher and more inflated 

beaks and the deep chevron-shaped ligament grooves. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Glycymeris sp.? 

Plate VIII, Figure 7 . 

Internal cast large, profoundly inflated, sub circular 

in marginal outline, equilateral; beaks of medium 

elevation; teeth long, thin, and parallel to the hinge 

line even in young individuals; platform of adductor 

muscles deeply impressed on cast; distal margin 

strongly fluted. The exterior sculpture is unknown. 

Dimensions of large individual: Length, about 56 

millimeters; height, 56 millimeters; depth of single 

valve, about 18 millimeters. 

This species is abundant locally in the hard impure 

limestone along Trent River. In every specimen 

the shell material is entirely dissolved, leaving the 

perfect mold in the porous matrL'X. 

Locality: Trent River about 3 miles downstream 

from Polloksville, Jones County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family PECTINIDAE 

Genus PECTEN Muller 

Pecten elixatus Conrad? 

Pecten elixat1ls Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 2, p. 174, 1846. 

Pecten elixatus Conrad? Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 8, 

No. 33, pp. 15, 16, pI. 2, figs. 10, 11, 1919. 

This species is not in the collections of the United 

States National Museum. The following is Harris's 

discussion: 

A few fragments of another species of Pecten were found 

among the representatives of the species just described (P. 

trentensis Harris) which seem at first sight to belong to P. 

poulsoni. But upon direct comparison of the two the left 

valve of poulsoni is never flat and in some instances decidedly 

gibbous, whereas in this species the fragment figured indicated 

a plane or even concave valve. Again, the ribs on the posterior 

ear are much more numerous in this North Carolina species, 

and the posterior cardinal angle less than 90°. The tops of the 

ribs in P01llsoni appear oroad and tripartite; in this species, 

bipartite. The concentric sculpturing is much the same in both <; 

species. However, a large series of these forms may cause them 

to be finally regarded as one species. If so, it would seem that 

a considerably greater geologic range should be given to this 

species than has been admitted heretofore, else the horizon on 

the Trent whence these specimens came is far higher than has 

been suspected. A rather near relative of poulsoni has been 

described by Dall as burnsii, from the Chipola marls of Florida 

(Trans. Wag. III, 1898, p. 720, pI. 34, fig. 8). Conrad's elixatus, 

from "near Santee Canal, South Carolina, in white, friable 

limestone," is generally referred to poulsoni Morton. 

Pecten trentensis Harris 

Pecten trentensis Harris, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 8, No. 33, 

p. 15, 1919, pI. 2, figs. 8, 9. \ 

This species is not in the collections of the United 

States National Museum. The following is Harris's 

description: 

Form and size as .indicated ,by the illustrations; ribs highly 

variable in number, size, and amount of ornamentation; gen-
36 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAR.oLIN A 

emIly bifid and generally ornamented by highly raised, scalelike or imbricating concentric lines; costation showing"a strong 

tendency toward a tri- or quinque-costate pattern, especially 

in the left valve; central rib largest of the three or five major 

ones. 

The general appearance of this shell is so different from anything we have heretofore found in the Eocene of this part of the 

United States that, owing to a lack of well..;known species from 

the same locality, ·its horizon must at present be considered as 

doubtful. 

. Type and specimens fig'ured deposited by G. D. Harris. in 

museum at Cornell University. 

Locality: Found in light marly bed, right bank of Trent 

River near the water's edge, about 6 miles below Pollocksville, 

N. C., in the so-called Trent formation. The latter has, been 

referred to the upper Claiborne or Jackson Eocene. 

Family SPONDYLIDAE 

Genus PLICATULA Lamarck 

Plicatula densata Conrad 

Plicatula densata Conrad, Acad. Nat.' Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 1, p. 311, 1843; Fossils of the medial Tertiary of 

the United States p. 75, pI. 43, fig. 6, No.3, 1845; 

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 14, p. 582, 1863. 

Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 763, 

1898. 

Spondylus inornatus Whitfield, Mollusca and Crustacea of the 

Miocene formations of New Jersey: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 24, p. 34, pI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 1894. 

In 1843 Conrad described this species as follows: 

, Ovate, thick, profoundly and irregularly plica ted; inferior 

valve ventricose; ribs acute, with arched spiniform scales; 

cardinal teeth large, curved. laterally striated, crenulated on 

the margins; larger cardinal tooth in each valve slightly bifid, 

broad; muscular impression prominent. * * * The valves 

have about ten folds, and the lower valve closely resembles a 

variety of Ostrea virginiana. 

This species is extremely variable and has been 

reported from widely separated horizons on the east 

coast. The following localities and horizons have 

been listed by Dall: 33 

'Oligocene of the Peninsular limestone of Archer, Fla., and the 

Nummulitic horizon at Ocala, Fla.; Dall and Willcox; of the 

Tampa silex~beds at Ballast Point; the Chipola marls of Calhoun; of the lower bed at Alum Bluff on the Chattahoochee 

River, and of the Oak Grove sands, Santa Rosa County, Fla.; 

also of the Bowden beds of Jamaica, West Indies, and the 

Guallava beds of Costa Rica. Also in the lower Miocene 

marls of Cumberland County, N. J., at Shiloh and Jericho. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geological horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene 

age. 

Order TELEODESMACEA 

Family ASTARTIDAE 

Genus ASTARTE Sowerby 

Astarte onslowensis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate VIII, Figures 8-10 

Shell small, sub trigonal, nearly equilateral, with 

pointed, flattened beaks; lunule lo~g and moderately 

83 DaH, W. H., U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 125, 1915. 

excavated; escutcheon long, narrow, flat, and clearly 

defined; sculpture of coarse, angular concentric undulations on upper third of shell, and normal concentric growth lines on lower two-thirds; hinge normal; 

inner margin finely crenulate; muscular impressions 

rather small, impressed. Length, 11.5 millimeters; 

height, 11 millimeters. 

Astarte onsZowensis is very siniilar to the variety of 

A. unduZata occurring in the Duplin Miocene of North 

Carolina. It is somewhat narrower in the anteriorlJosterior dimension than the Duplin form; the undulations do not extend doWn so far on the disk and 

, are more angulated; the lunule is more deeply excavated. A. onsZowensis is readily distinguished from 

A. wagneri Dall, occurring in the Oak Grove sand of 

Florida, by its longer and less excavated lunule. The 

Oak Grove 'species is sculptured with low, rounded, 

concentric waves over the entire disk; the beaks are 

higher 'and not flattened. There is no form in the 

Vicksburg group or the Chipola formation with which 

this species could be confused. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family CRASSATELLITIDAE 

Genus CRASSATELLITES KrUger 

Crassatellites mississippiensis var. silverdalensis Kellum, n. var. 

Plate VIII, Figures 11-12 

Conrad 34 originally described OrassateZZa mississippiensis from specimens found at Vicksburg, Miss., as 

follows: . 

Ovate-trigonal, inequilateral, thick and ponderous; surface 

coarsely striated; summits fiatte,ned, sulcated; umbo planoconvex, with numerous sulci, obsolete behind the umbonal 

slope, which is angulated and sub carinated above; posterior 

extremity truncated, direct; basal margin slightly contracted 

anterior to the umbonal slope; inner margin crenulated. Length 

3 .. Common. This species is variable in outline and allied to 

C. tumida, of the Paris Basin. 

. The variety silverdaZensis differs from the typical 

Vicksburg form principally in its thicker shell and 

larger size. The postumbonal slope is slightly more 

concave, but this seems to be a variable character in 

O. mississippiensis. Length, 79 millimeters; height, 

64 millimeters; depth of right valve, 23 nlillimeters. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower M~ocene age. 

Family CARDITIDAE 

Genus VENERICARDIA Lamarck 

Venericardia no~ifera Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 1-3 

Shell solid, robust, obliquely oblong, the beaks full, 

prominent proEogyrate, and nearly anterior; anterior 

side short,' bluntly rounded~ posterior side longer, 

34 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., '2d ser., vol. 1, p. 122, pI. 13, figs. 7, 10, 1850. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE TRENT MARL 37 

slightly compressed, roundly truncate behind ;~"sculpture of 19 to 22 radial ribs, of which the posterior five 

or SL",{ are smaller and less elevated than the others; 

anterior ribs stout, the summit artiCl,llated with small, 

squarish, transverse nodules; interspaces subequal to 

the ribs; lunule rather small and deeply incised; hinge 

normal; the anterior cardinal pustular, the interior 

margins with coarse flutings. Length, 32 millimeters; 

height, 29 millimeters; depth of right valve"12 milli..; 

meters. . 

Venericardia nodifera is nearest to V. hadra Dall, 

, from the Chipola formation of Florida. All the specimens from Silverdale are much smaller than the adult 

form of hadra, in which the lunule is much smaller and 

the beaks are more twisted and situated farther 

anterior. V. nodifera is distinguished from V. serricosta IIeilprin, which occurs in the" silex beds" of the 

Tampa formation of Florida, by its shorter posterior 

end, more inflated valves, and more numerous and 

usually coarser ribs. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Venericardia (Cyclocardia) granulata Say 

Venericardia granulata Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

vol. 4, p. 142, pI. 12, fig. I, 1824. 

Cardita granulata Conrad, Fossils o~ the Tertiary formations, p. 

12, pI! 7, fig. I, 1838; Nat. Inst. Proc. ~ull. 2, p. 187, 

1842; Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser. vol. I, p. 404, 1846. 

'Tuomey and Holmes, Pliocene fossils of South Carolina 

p. 66, pI. 19, figs. 6-7, 1857. 

\Vhitfield, Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene formations of New Jersey, p. 56, pI. 9, figs. 1-4, 1894. 

Cardita tridentata.Emmons, Report of the North 'Carolina geo-' 

logical survey, p. 302, fig. 236A, 1858 (not of Say). 

Actinobolus granulata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia' 

Proc., for 1862, p. 576, 1863. . : 

Venericardia (Cardiocardites) granulata Meek, Checkl~st of the 

invertebrate fossils of North America, Miocene, p. 7, 

1864. 

Say described this species from the. Miocene of 

Maryland in 1824, as follows:. 

Suborbicular, with about 25 convex ribs, and wrinkled across; 

inner margin crenate. Beaks nearly central, a little prominent, 

curved backward; ribs granulated on the umbones, and transversely wrinkled near the base' convex; apices somewhat 

prominent beyond the general curve of the shells; inner margin 

and edge crenate, cardinal teeth two. Length from the apex 

to the base four-fifths of an in9h, breadth neady the same. 

Rather proportionally longer than the ·decussl1ta and more 

oblique. ,j; . 

Venericardia granulata Say has a reported range 

from the middle Miocene (Calvert formation) to the 

Pliocene. The writer has . compared the Silverdale 

forms with those from the Maryland locality and. 

considers them identical. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N .. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family LUCINIDAE 

Genus PHACOIDES Bainville 

Phacoides (Pseudomiltha) nocariensis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 4-5 

Shell thick, of medium size, subcircular, rather compressed; beaks small, pointed, curved forward, and 

slightly impinging upon a much reduced, striated 

lunule; anterior dorsal area of medium size, distinct, 

very slightly depressed, and longitudinally divided by 

a narrow radial sulcus; posterior area long, wide, and 

slightly depressed; surface of shell sculptured with 

distinct, crowded growth lines, with faint radial 

striations barely visible toward the umbones; teeth 

obsolete; anterior adductor scar moderately elongate; 

posterior scar subovate; interior of disk traversed by 

two deep grooves, extending upward from the distal 

margin and uniting a short distance below and posterior to the umbo; inner margin lninutely crenulated. 

Heiglit, 30.5 lnillimeters; breadth, 31 millimeters. 

Locality: Silvel:dale, Onslow County, N. C. I 

Geologic horizon: Trent lllarl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family CARDIIDAE 

Genus CARDIUM (Linne) Bruguiere 

Cardium sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 6-7 

Shell of medium size, inflated, equilateral, with 

low, well-rounded median beaks, general outline ovoid, 

longer than high; radial sculpture of about 40 elevated ribs of triangular section, separated by nearly 

equal interspaces. The ribs are coarsely raised toward the margins of the disk, becoming nearly obsolete 

on the umbones. The internal cast is smooth on the 

umbo but toward the margin shows thin, rounded 

radial ribs, which in some individuals extend halfway 

up the disk; a single lateral tooth impression on either 

side of beak.' Dimensions of large cast: Length, 40 

millimeters; height, 34 millimeters; depth of single 

valve, about 14 millimeters. . 

Locality: Trent River 12 or 13 miles upstream from 

New Bern, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family VENERIDAE 

Genus VENUS (Linne) Lamarck 

Venus gardnerae Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 8-9 

Shell small for the genus, subovate, slightly truncate 

behind; beaks low, flattened, and anteriorly directed 

over a normal lanceolate lunule; posterior dorsal area 

long, narrow, flattened, with less elevated sculpt.ure 
38 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAR.OLINA 

than the disk and separated from it by a low keel; 

concentric sculpture of thick, elevated lamellae, which 

are densely crowded 'toward the margins, becoming 

regularly spaced toward the umbones; hinge with three 

cardinals in each valve, the posterior and middle right 

and the middle left are grooved or bifid; pallial line 

with rather long and smoothly curved sinus; anterior 

adductor scar distinctly impressed; interior of disk 

with one or two broad, radial low waves extending 

from the umbo to the distal margin; cavity within 

umbones smoothly rounded and barely extending 

beneath dental plate; inner margin usually smooth. 

Length, 53 millimeters; height, 41 millimeters; depth 

of right valve, 14 millimeters. . 

Venus gardnerae is closely related to V. halidona 

Dall, from the" silex beds" of the Tampa formation 

of Florida. The shape and sculpture of the umbo 

are almost identical. It differs from V. halidona, 

however, in its larger size, thicker shell, long curved 

sinus, and·sculpture of thick lamellae crowded toward 

the margin. V. gardnerae has a superficial res em- . 

blance to V. plena Conrad, which is of about the same 

size and shape. V. plena is more depressed, with 

beaks more inflated, slightly higher, and situated 

farther forward. The pallial sinus of V. plena is 

short and angular. V. gardnerae is separated from 

V. erecta, which occurs at the same horizon, by its 

flattened and less proininent beak. This character is 

usually associated with a more oval marginal outline 

of the shell, though that feature is rather variable. 

The outline of V. erecta tends to be more triangular. 

Localities: Silverdale, Onslow County; Trent River 

12 or 1.3 miles above New Bern, Craven County, N; C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Venus erecta Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 10-12 

Shell small for the genus, subtrigonal, moderately 

inflated, with prominent .beaks curved anteriorly, 

over a cordate lunule; posterior dorsal area narrow, 

elongate, flattened, with less elevated concentric 

sculpture than the disk and separated from it by a 

low keel; concentric sculpture. of thick, elevated lamellae, which are densely crowded toward the margins, 

becoming regularly spaced toward the um bones; 

. hinge and teeth normal; pallial line' distinct, with 

rather long sinus; anterior adductor' impressed; interior of disk wi th ~:me or two low, broad radial waves 

extending from the umbonal region to the distal margin; cavity within umbones smoothly rounded and 

barely extending beneath dental plate; inner margin 

smooth or finely crenulated. Length, 45 millimeters; 

height" 48 millimeters; depth of right valve, 14 millimeters. 

This species is closely r~lat~d to Venus gardnerae, 

from which it is distinguished by its higher and more 

inflated beaks, and by its usual trigonal outlines. 

From V. halidona Dall,of the "silex beds" of the 

Tampa formation of Florida, V. erect a is separated 

by its trigonal outline, higher and more inflated 

beaks, and sculpture of thick, concentric, lamellae 

crowded toward the margins. 

'Localities: Silverdale, Jacksonville, and 9 miles 

northeast of Jacksonville, Onslow County; Trent 

River 12 or 13 miles above New Bern, Craven County, 

N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Genus ANTIGONA Schumacher 

Antigona (Artena) lamellacea Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate IX, Figures 13-14 

Shell small, subtrigonal, with concentric feeble 

waves; beak rather prominent, subcentral, and curved 

anteriorly over a normallanceolate lunule, defined by 

a sharply incised line but feebly impressed; escutcheon 

narrow, flat, striated, defined by an indistinct rounded 

keel, beyond wl,lich the concentric waves do not pass; 

posterior portion of disk modified by a feeble radial 

depres$ion paralleling the keel; sculpture over the 

entire disk of closely set, concentric, elevated lamellae; 

hinge normal, anterior lateral well developed; inner 

margin finely crenulate. Height, 12 millimeters; 

length, 13.5 ,millimeters; depth of left valv~, 4 nlillimeters. 

Antigona l(Lmellacea is nearest to A. shepardi Dall, 

from the "silex beds" of the Tampa formation of 

Florida. It is readily distinguished from that species 

. by. its more central beaks, less pronounced concentric 

waves on the disk, and sculpture of elevated lamellae. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

, Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Genus MACROCALLISTA Meek 

Macrocallista minuscula Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate X, Figures 1-2 

Shell of mediunl. size, inequilateral, subovate, with 

rather prominent beaks at the anterior fourth or 

nearly so; the lunule narrowly lancolate, slightly 

impressed, and circumscribed by a, sharply incised 

line; anterior nlargin rounded, base evenly arcuate, 

posterior end acutely rounded; hinge normal; pallial 

sinus nearly horizontal, of medium length, bluntly 

rounded' or angularly truncate anteriorly. Shell 

polished and sculptured with concentric growth lines. 

Fully adult specimens, according to fragments obtained, reach a length of 50 millimeters. Shell rather 

thick, with waves over the interior of the disk. Inner 

cavity of valves shallow, scarcely extending beneath 

dental plate at the umbones. Dimensions of mediumsized individual: Length, 35 ;millimeters; height, 26 

. millimeters; depth of left valve, 7.5 millimeters. 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE TRENT MARL 39 

The typical adult form of, Ma'crocaZZista minuscuZa 

is readily distinguished from M. acuminata Dall, of 

the Alum Bluff group of Florida, by its larger size, 

thicker shell, 1110re prominent beak, and n10re truncated anterior and posterior margins,. A single young' 

right valve fron1 the Silvel:dale locality is very close to 

the Alum Bluff species. The individuals fron1 the 

"silex beds" of the Tampa formation of Florida that, 

have been listed under M. acuminata are smaller, 

1110re truncated anteriorly, and slightly less acuminated 

posteriorly than the Allin Bluff, forn1s. One left 

valve from Silverdale, N. C., is almost identical with 

the form fron1 the "silex beds." 

Localities: Silverdale find Jacksonville: Onslow 

County; 'frent River 12 111iles upstreanl from New 

Bern, }"rent River 4 n1iles upstream from New Bern, 

Neuse River 9 miles northwest of New Bern, and 

Neuse River 12 miles northwest of New Bern, Craven 

County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent Inarl, of lower Miocen~ age. 

Mncrocallistn tia Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate X, Figures 3-4 ' 

Shell of mediull1 size, inflated,' subtrigonal, with 

rather prominent beaks at anterior third, curved 

anteriorly over' a lanceolate lunule; lunule slightly 

iInpressed and circumscribed by an indistinct line; 

anterior and posterior lllargins roundly truncate, base 

evenly arcuate; posterior ridge prominent; shell 

polished and concentrically sculptured with irregular 

growth lines; hinge normal; adductor muscle scars 

distinctly impressed; interior of disk, 1110dified by 

faint, broad radial waves. Length, 23 nlillimeters; 

height, 19 nlillimeters; depth of left valve, 7 millilneters. 

MacrocaZZista tia is very close to M. sobrina (Conrad), 

from tho Vicksburg Oligocene of Mississippi. It is 

distinguished fr01n that species by a flattening of the 

Ulnbo, by a n10re angulated posterior ridge, and by 

the posterior cardinal tooth, which, in M. sobrina is 

1110re nearly horizontal. }'lacrocaZZista tia is sepnrated 

f1'0111 M. minuscuZa, which occurs at the sall1e horizon, 

by its greater inflation of the valves, by a slight flattening on the umbone, by the n10re angulated postul11bonal ridge, and by the truncation of the anterior 

and posterior margins. , 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, NJ·,C. '11' 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Mioc6me age. 

Family SAXICAVIDAE 

Genus PAN OPE Menard 

Panope sp. 

Plate X, Figures 5-7 

Shell oblong, subovate, ve~tricose; anterior and 

posterior ends gaping; beaks low, rounded, and slightly 

anterior; posterior side narrowed, somewhat produced; 

exterior of shell with irregular, concentric, prominent 

lines of growth; pallial sinus long, extending slightly 

anterior to the beaks.' 

The writer has only imperfect casts of the exterior 

and interior of this species. It appears to l?e very 

close to Panope whitjieZdi Dall, from the "silex beds" 

of the Tampa formation of Florida.' 

Localities: Jacksonville, Onslow County; Trent 

River 372 miles below Polloksville and Trent River 

13 miles northwest of New Bern, Jones County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Class GASTROPODA 

Order CTENOBRANCHIATA 

Family CALYPTRAEIDAE 

Genus CALYPTRAEA Lamarck 

Calyptraea trochiformis Lamarck 

Calyptraea trochiformis Lamarck, Annales du Museum, Paris, 

vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 385, pI. 15, fig. 3, 1804. 

Deshay~s, Descriptions des coquilles fossiles des environs 

de Paris, vol. 2, p. 30, pI. 4, figs. 1-4, 11-13, 1824. 

DaH, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 352, 

1892. 

Inf1mdibulum echinuldt1tm Sowerby (l. spinulosum, I. tuberculatum Sowerby), The mineral conchology of Great Britain, 

vol. 1, pI. 97, figs. 1, 2, 7, 1812. 

Infundibulum trochiformis Lea, Contributions to geology, p. 96, 

pI. 3, fig. 76, 1833. 

Infundibulum urticosum Conrad, Fossil shells of the Tertiary 

formations, No.3, p. 32, 1833. 

In/undibul1tm perarmatum Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., pI. 1, p. 31, 1841j Fossils of the medial 

. Tertiary of the United States, p. 80, pI. 45, fig. 6, No. 

3, '1845. 

Trochita alta Conrad, iIi Wailes, Report on the agriculture and 

geology of Mississippi,' p. 289, pI. 15, figs. 3a, 3b, 1854; 

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1855, p. 259. 

Trochita tetrica Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., ser. 

2d, "01. 1, pp. 113, 133, pI. 11, fig. 3, 1848j Checklist of 

the invertebrate fossils of North America, Eocene, p. 28, 

No. 817, 1866. 

Lamarck's original description is quoted below: 

C'est une coquille orbiculaire, tres fragile, plus ou moins 

herissee d'ecailles en epines. EHe a l'aspect d'un trochus; et 

cependant elle tient. par ses rapports aux autres calyptrees 

d'une'maniere remarquable. On en trouve plusieurs varietes 

qu'il seroit possible de distinguer, mais qui .se nuancellt entre 

elle dans les differens individus. 

I 

The writer has a single perfect specimen, of this 

species in the collection from Silverdale, Onslow 

County, N. ·C. Internal casts of OaZyptraea,. probably O. trochiformis, are very abundant in the impure 

limestone of the typical Trent marl. The specimen 

from Silverdale is of medium size, inflated, low, with 

prominent spines over most of the surface. O. trochiformis Lamarck is extremely variable in form and has 

a great geologic and geographic range. It is therefore of little value in determining the age of the Trent 

formation. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene 'age 
40 CASTLE HAYNE AND TRENT MARLS IN NORTH CAROLINA 

Family NATICIDAE 

Genus SINUM Bolten 

Sinum imperforatum Dall 

Sintlm imperjor"O,tum DaIl, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 109 

pl. 5, fig. 8,,1915. 

Dall describes this species as follows: 

Shell small, elevated, solid, of about five whorls, of which 

the nuclear two and one-half appear smooth; subsequent whorls 

sharply densely grooved, the grooves having a tendency to 

pair, and the interspaces flattened; both grooves and interspaces are minutely zigzagged by the intersection with them 

of the incremental lines; spire moderately elevated, suture distinct; aperture oblique, the outer lip joining the body above 

the periphery of the preceding whorls; inner or pillar lip thickened, with a slight depression behind it, but no umbilical chink. 

Height of shell, 13.2; of aperture, 11. 7; maximum diameter, 11 

millimeters. 

Tampa silex beds, from the vicinIty of Hillsboro River, Fla. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family TURRITELLIDAE 

Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck 

Turritella fuerta Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate X, Figures 8-9 

Shell large, robust, acute, with age showing a tendency to loose coiling of the whorls, which are then 

slightly constricted in the middle; number of whorls 

in the figured specimen ten, the nucleus and basal 

whorls lost; early whorls with three rounded, spiral 

keels, the highest one-third the axial width of the 

whorl below the upper suture, the middle two-thirds 

below the upper suture, and the lowest keel at the 

base of the whorl adjoining the lower suture. In the 

later whorls all the keels become very indistinct, or 

in some specimens the basal keel remains strong and 

the two higher ones become obsolete. The entire surface is covered with fine, sharp, spiral threads, crossed 

by irregular, wavy, axial growth lines. Dimensions of 

figured type: Height, 67 millimeters; diameter at base, 

22 millimeters. ' 

TurritelZa fuerta is closely related to T. indenta 

Conrad, from the Calvert formation at Plum Point, 

Md. That species, however, does not show the three 

distinct keels on the younger whorls, and the axial 

width of the whorls is less than in the Silverdale form. 

The typical form of T. fuerta is very similar to T. 

(tampae var.~) medioconstrica Dall, from the "silex 

beds" of the Tampa formation of Florida. It is a 

much larger and heavier shell than Dall's species, and 

the axial width ()f the whorls is greater. The early 

whorls of T. medioconstricta have only two spiral keels 

inst,ead of three, as in T. fuerta. 

Individuals of T. fuerta that retain the strong keel 

at the bottom of the later whorls strikingly resemble 

T. megalobasis Dall, from the "silex beds" of the 

Tampa of Florida, which, however, has a somewhat 

larger apical angle and is a thinner shell. The finer 

details of sculpture are not preserved. on the specimens of this variety from Silverdale. . 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family BUCCINIDAE 

Genus BUSYCON Bolton 

Busycon spiniger var. onslowensis Kellum, n. var. 

Plate XI, Figures 1-3 

Shell usually small, subcarinate, with elevated spire 

of about four and one-half whorls; nucleus small and 

smooth; the very small whorls immediately following 

the nucleus minutely undulate a~ong the shoulder, 

which is scarcely raised above the suture; later whorls 

with distinct, rather widely s?aced spines ,along the 

rounded shoulder, which becomes increasingly elevated 

above the suture toward the aperture; surface of shell 

covered with faint, parallel spiral lines; interior of 

shell smooth. The anterior canal is broken and the 

surface is much worn' on all the specimens in the collection. Large fragments obtained show the species 

to attain a height of 5 inches or more in the adult form. 

Dimensions of type: Height (anterior canal broken), 

41 millimeters; maximum diameter, 35 millimeters. 

The variety onslowensis is closest to Busycon spiniger 

var. spiniger (Conrad) from the Vicksburgian 'Red 

Bluff clay' of Mississippi. in the Vicksburg variety 

the spines along the shoulder are more produced in 

the later whorls and entirely absent in the earlier ones; 

the earlier whorls have an angulated keel, which is 

distinctly elevated above the suture; the later whorls 

are not appressed near the suture; and the fine spiral 

sculpture is usually more prominent. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family VOLUTIDAE 

Genus LYRIA Gray 

Lyria carolinensis Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate XI, Figures 4-5 

Shell fusiform, with an elevated spire of about five 

volutions; nucleus small, smooth; whorls axially 

sculptured with closely spaced, low costae numbering 

about 28 on the body whorl; base of body whorl spirally sculptured with.a few impressed striae; outer lip 

thickened on the border, slightly ascending; inner lip 

irregularly plicated over its e~tire extent, the two or 

three basal plicae much the strongest; aperture somewhat more than two-thirds the height of the shell, 

moderately wide, elliptical, and broadly cana~iculate 
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY OF THE TRENT MARL 41 

anteriorly. I-leight, 31 millimeters; maximum diameter, 15 millimeters. 

This species is closely related to Lyria heiZprini Dall, 

from the "silex beds ,,, of the Tampa formation of 

Florida. It is distinguished from that form by its 

thinner shell, much smaller nucleus, relatively higher 

and broader aperture, with the outer margin much 

less thickened, and fewer axial costae on the body 

whorl. The costae are more closely spaced and are 

less sharply defined. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Genus SCAPHELLA Swainson 

Scaphella stromboidella Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate XI, Figures 6-7 

Shell large, thick, stoutly fusiform, of four or five 

whorls; nucleus small for the genus, with a distinct 

spur or elevated point, and composed of about one 

and one-half whorls; suture .closely appressed, the 

whorl somewhat constricted in front of it; aperture 

somewhat more than two-thirds the height of the 

shell, moderately broad, with 'a straight anterior 

canal which is not constricted off; outer lip broken; 

inner lip with three coarse, inclined plaits and a 

fourth smaller one anterior. The exterior of all 

specimens in the collection is very much worn. A 

single young shell shows a spiral sculpture of fine 

threads near the top of the whorls. Axial growth lines 

distinct. I-Ieight, 71 millimeters; maximum diameter, 

34 millimeters. 

ScapheZZa stromboidelZa is very close to an undescribed species from the Shoal River formation on 

Whites Creek, Walton County, Fla. The superficial 

appearance of the two forms is almost identical. The 

Shoal River species, however, is smaller than the 

adult S. stromboidelZa and has strong axial ribbing 

on the early whorls of the shell. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Family OLIVIDAE' 

Genus OLIVA Martyn 

Oliva posti Dall 

Oliva posti Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 49, pI. 12, fig. 24, 

1915. 

Shell small, solid, smooth, with four or more whorls; 

nucleus defective; suture moderately channeled; shell 

rather slender; last whorl with a wash of callus near 

the suture; aperture long and narrow, acute behind; 

outer lip slightly thickened, internally smooth; inner 

lip plicate in front as figured; canal deeply excavated. 

Height, 21.5 millimeters; height of last whorl, 18 

millimeters; maximum diameter, 8.5 millimeters. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age. 

Found in the "Tampa silex beds at Ballast Point, 

Tampa Bay, Fla.," according to Dall. 

Family CONIDAE 

Genus CONUS Linne 

Conus postalveatus Kellum, n. sp. 

Plate XI, Figures 8-10 

Shell of moderate size, with obtuse or very slightly 

acute spires of about ten whorls; nucleus destroyed;. 

whorls somewhat excavat-ed on top, spirally sculptured 

with fine grooves, and bounded by an angular shoulder; 

early whorls faintly nodulated at the shoulder; sides 

of outer whorl longitudinally nearly straight, faintly 

sculptured with fine, spiral striae, which toward the 

base become distinct grooves; axial growth lines distinct; aperture narrow, elongate, the canal short and 

wide; outer lip broken; inner' lip with a single welldefined plait at the base. of the columella. Height, 

38 millimeters; diameter, 19.5 millimeters. 

The form closest to this species is Oonus aZveatu~ 

Conrad, from the Oligocene of Vicksburg, Miss., a 

shorter cone with a much coarser spiral sculpture 

near the base of the outer whorl. 

Locality: Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. 

Geologic horizon: Trent marl, of lower Miocene age_ 

,,: .. 

PLATES 

43 
PLATE I 

FIGURES 1-3. 'CassiduZus (Pygorhynehus) earolinensis var. eravenensis Kellum, n. var. (p. 15). U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No 

353256, type; 3 miles east of Quinerly, Pitt County, N. C. 

1. Upper surface of th,e test. 

2. Lower surface of the test. 

3. Left lateral surface of the te"t. 

FIGURES 4-7. CassiduZus (Pygorhyr."hus) berryi Kellum, n. sp. (p. 15). U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353233, type; 2 miles 

north of Jacksonville, 'Onslow County, N. C. 

4. Upper surface of the test. 

5. Lower surface of the test. 

6. Right lateral surface of the test. 

7. Anterior surface of the test. 

FIGURES 8-9. Linthia hanoverensis Kellum, 11. sp. (p. 15). U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 164664, type; Wilmingto.n, New Hanover 

County, N. C. 

8. Upper surface of the test. 

9. Left lateral surface of the test. 

FIGURES 10-12. Area sp. e (p. 16); Wilmington, N. C. 

10. Internal cast of right valve. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353315. 

11. Internal cast of right valve. U. R Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353298 . 

. 12. Sculpture on postero-dors9.1 surface of specimen illustrated in Figure 11, as shown by a gutta-percha squeeze. 

FIGURES 13-14. Area sp. a (p. 16). 

13. Internal cast of left valve from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353300. 

14. Internal cast of right valve from Wilmington, N. C. (?). U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353301. 

FIGURE 15. Area sp. b (p, 16). Internal cast of left valve, from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353304. 

44 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

4 

6 

10 

51278-26t--4 

2 

9 

15 X2 

3 

13 

/ 

! 

/ /"" 

-' 

FOSSILS FROM THE CASTLE HAY E MARL 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE I 

5 

7 

8 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEll H 3 PLATE II 

2 

4 

5 

3 

7 

6 

10 

8 9 

FOSSILS FROM THE CASTLE HAY TE MARL 
PLATE II 

FIOUR8 1. Pecten c~tshmani Kellum, n. sp. (p. 20). The type, a left valve from a locality 3 miles east of Quinerly, Pitt County, 

N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353314. 

FIG UIU~S 2-3. Pecten cookei Kellum, n. sp. (p. 20). 

2. A left valve from a locality 3 miles south of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. ·C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353234. 

3. The type, a right valve from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353235. . 

Flomm 4. Pecten biddleana Kellum, n. sp. (p .. 20). The type, a left valve from Biddle Landing, Nelise River, Craven County, 

N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353236. 

FIGUIU~S 5-6. Plicat'ltla filamentosa Conrad (p. 21). 

5. A specimen from a locality 10 miles' northwest of Jacksonville, Onslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 

353290. 

6. Interior of a specimen from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353237. 

FWUHES 7-9. S1JOndyhts lamellacea Kellum, n. sp. (p. 21). 

7. An imperfect specimen from Northeast Cape Fear River 331 miles above Castle Hayne Bridge. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 353297. 

S. The type, from thq same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353282. 

9. A fragment showing sculpture from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353281. 

FIOURE 10. Anomia sp. (p.21). A specimen from a locality 3 miles east of Quinerly, Pitt County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 353251. 

45 
PLATE III 

FIGURE 1. Crassatellites sp.a (p. 22). Internal cast of a right valve from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 353292. 

FIGURE 2. Cmssatellites.sp.- b (po 23). Internal cast of a left valve from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. catalogue No. 353293. ~ 

FIGURE 3. Venericardia nasuta Dall ? (p. 23). Internal cast of a left valve from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 353247. 

FIGURE 4. Venericardia sp. (p. 23). Internal cast of a left valve from Wilmington, N. C .. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353250. 

FIGURE 5. Chama sp. a (p. 23). Internal cast of a left valve from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat .. Mus. catalogue No. 353260. 

FIGURE 6. Chama sp. b (p. 23). Internal view of a left valve from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. cataloglie No. 353248. 

FIGURE 7. Lucina sp. (p. 23). Internal cast showing left side, from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353259. 

FIGURE 8. Gastrochaena sp. (p. 24). Internal cast showing right side, from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 

353258. 

FIGURE 9. Fiss'l.tridea penderensis Kellum, n. sp. (p. 25). Squeeze of the type, showing the sculpture of the outer surface, from 

old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 138112. 

FIGURE 10. Fiss'l.tridea sp. (p. 25). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353280. 

46 

/' 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1 

3 

6 

5 

10 

7 

9 

FOSSILS FROM THE CASTLE HAY TE MARL 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE III 

2 

I

. '· . r " -,' .-

'. i' "'",' .. 

if; 

4 

8 
U . S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE IV 

7 

2 

4 

FOSSI LS FROM T H E CASTLE HAYNE MA RL 
PLATE IV 

FIoumDS 1-2. Pleurotomm'ia hanoverensis Kellum, n. sp. (p. 24). The type from "Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 353226. 

1. Squeeze showing the sculpture and form. 

2. Portion of the surface. 

FIOunm 3. Pleurotomaria sp. a (p. 25). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353288. 

FIGUnE 4. Pleu1'otomm'ia sp. b (p. 25). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353289. 

FIOumD 5. E'I1wrgimtla sri. a (p. 26). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353241. 

li'IOuHln 6. E'I1W1'gi'l'mla sp. b (p. 26). Internal cast"of a specimen (rom old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

catalogue No. 138074. 

FIOUIfm 7. CalUostoma sp. (p. ·26). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point,\Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

catalogue No. 35~275. 

47 
PLATE V 

FIGURE 1. Epitonium aequabile Kellum, n. sp. (p.26). The type, from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353238. 

FIGURE 2. Epitonium dignitatis Kellum, n. sp. (p. 26) .. Gutta-percha squeeze of the type, a mold showing the sculpture and 

form from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353243. 

FIGURE 3. Calyptraea sp. (p~ 27). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353278. 

FIGURE 4. Xenophora sp. (p. 27). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353231. 

FIGURE 5. Turritezla subtilis Kellum n. sp. (p. 27). Squeeze showing sculpture and form of the type, from Wilmington, N. C· 

U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353240. . 

FIGURE 6. T'urritella sp. (p. 27). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. ·catalogue No. 353232. 

FIGURE 7. Sfrombus sp.? (p. 27). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353279. 

FIGURE 8. Cypraea sp. a (p. 28). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353268. 

FIGURE 9. Cypraea sp. b (p. 28). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353267. 

FIGURE 10. Cypraea sp. c (p. 28). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353266. 

FIGURES 11-12. Cypraea sp. d (p.28). Specimen from old Roc~y Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 353265. 

11. Internal cast. 

12. Top view. 

FIGURE 13. Cypraea sp. e (p. 28). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353264. 

FIGURES 14-15. Cassis? sp. (p; 28). 

14. Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. V. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 35?257. 

15. Internal cast of another specimen from the same locallty. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353228. 

FIGURE 16. Phalium sp. (p. 29). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353316. 

FIGURE 17. Ptychosalpinx sp. (p. 29). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat· 

Mus. catalogue No. 138090. 

FIGURE 18. Marginella sp. (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. catalogue No. 353274._ 

FIGURE 19. Mitra sp. a (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353287. 

FIGURE 20. Mitra sp. b (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. N~t. Mus. catalogue No. 353286. . 

FIGURE 21. Mitra sp. c (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353317. 

FIGURE 22. Mitra sp. d (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353284. 

FIGURE 23. Mitra sp. e (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353283. 

FIGURE 24. Mitra sp. f (p. 30). Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 138079. 

48 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE V 

4 

X 3 

6 

5 x 2 

3 

11 

13 

9 

8 10 

12 

14 15 18 

16 

17 

19 20 21 22 23 24 

FOSSILS FHOM THE CASTLE HAYNE MAHL 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE VI 

3 

2 4 

FOSSILS FROM THE CASTLE I-IA YNE MARL 
PLATE VI 

FIGURE 1. F'llSin'lls abmpt~ls (Tuomey)? (p. 29). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353312. 

FIGURE 2. F~lSin'lls sp. (p. 29). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353285. 

FIGUUE 3. Plejona cf. P. petrOStlS (Conrad) (p. 31)". Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353277. 

FIOUJU!: 4. Plejona conoides (Tuomey)? (p .. 31). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue. 

No. 353276. 

49 
PLATE VII. 

FIGURE 1. Caricella? sp. (p. 31). Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353245. 

FIGURES 2-3 .. Con'us mutilat1ts Tuomey? (p. 31). 

2. Internal cast of a specimen from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353271. 

3. Internal cast of another specimen from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353272. 

FIGURE14. Conus? sp. (p. 32) .. Internal cast of a specimen from old Rocky Point, Pender County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353269. 

FIGURES 5-7. Eutrephoceras carolinensis Kellum, n. sp. (p. 32). 

5. Side view of the type, a·cast, from Wilmington, N.C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353299. 

6. Front or apertttraJ view of the same specimen. 

7. Cast of one of the chambers showing the position of the siphunc1e, from Wilmington, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue 

No. 1:38051. 

FIGURES 8-13 .. Terebratula crassa Kellum, n. sp. (p. 34). 

8. Side view of the ventral vaJve of the type, from a locality 5 miles west of Pink Hill, Duplin County, N. C. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Gatalogue No. 353263. 

9. Exterior of the type. 

10. Interior of the type with a fragment of the dorsal valve attached. 

11. Exterior of a dorsal valve from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No . .;353262. 

12. Interior of the specimen shown in Figure 11. 

13. Interior of a ventral valve from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353261. 

50 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAl, PAPER 143 PLATE VII 

2 

1 

4 

• 

5 

6 

8 7 13 

•... ,,' , ., ~ '. . ". 

9 10 12 

FOSS ILS FROM THE CASTLE HAYNE MARL 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE VIII 

4 5 

2 

8 • 6 

X2 

9 

11 

10 

7 12 

FOSS ILS FHOM THE THE T MAHL 
PIJATE VIII 

FIOum~s 1-3. Area (Sca1)hm·ca) silverdalensis Keilum, ll. sp. (p. 34). 

1. The tYI)e, a left valve from Silverdale, Onslow COUllty, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353302. 

2. Interior of the type specimen. 

3. A right valve from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353303. 

FIGull.ms 4-6. Glycymeris anteparilis Kellum, ll. sp. (p. 35). 

4. The type, a right valve, from Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353309. 

5. Interior of the type specimen. 

6. Interior of a smaller specimen from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353311. 

FIGuHm 7. Glycymm·is sp. (p. 35). Internal cast of a specimen from Trent River, 3)1 miles below Polloksville, Jones County, 

N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353310. 

FIG URI~S 8-10. Astarte onslowensis Kellum, 11. sp. (p. 36). 

8: The type, a right valve from Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353244. 

9. Interiol· of the type specimen. 

10. A left vHIve from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353246 .. 

Fraurms 11-12. Cmss(ttellites mississi1)1)iensis var. silverclalensis Kellum, ll. var. (p. 36). The type, a right valve, from Silverdale, 

Onslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353291. 

11. Exterior. 

12. Interior. 

51 
PLATE IX 

FIGURES 1-3. Venericardia nodifera Kellum, n. sp. (p. 36). The type, a right valve, from Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. U. S. 

Nat. Mus. No. 353227. 

1. Exterior. 

2. Interior. 

3. Dorsal view. 

FIGURES 4-5. Phacoides (Pseudomiltha) nocariensis Kellum, n. sp. (p. 37). The type ,. a left valve, from Silverdale, Onslow COlli1ty, 

N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353249. 

4. Exterior. 

5. Interior. 

FIGURES 6:....7. Cardimn sp. (p. 37). 

6. An internal cast from Trent River, 12 miles northwest of New Bern, N. C. U. S .. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353252. 

7. Squeeze showing sClllpture of a portion of the surface of a specimen from. Trent River, 3Y2 miles below Polloksville, Jones 

County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353255. 

FIGURES 8-9. Venus gardnerae Kellum, n. sp. (p. 37). The type, a right valve, from Silverdale, Onslo\v County, N. C. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. catalogue No. 353294. \ 

8. Exterior. 

9. Interior. 

FIGURES 10-12. Ven'us erecta Kellum, n. sp. (p. 38). 

10. A left valve from Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353296. 

11. The type, a right valve, from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353295. 

12. Interior of the type.' 

FIGURES 13-14. Antigona (Artena) lamellacea Kellum, n. sp. (p.38). The type, a left valve, from Silverdale, Onslow County, 

N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353313. 

13. Exterior. 

14. Interior. 

52 
U. iO . GBOLOG ICA I. f;URVBY PROFESSIONAL PAPE R 1<13 PLATE IX 

1 2 4 5 

3 

6 

13 

9 

8 14 

10 11 12 

FOSS ILS [cHOM T H [O; TRENT MA IIL 

.-" ~7S ~G 'i' .J 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

2 

9 

3 

5 

7 

FOSSILS FROM T ilE TRENT MAH L 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 143 PLATE X 

6 

4 

8 
PLATE X 

FIGunms 1-2. Macrocallista min1tscula Kellum, n. sp. (p. 38). The type, a left valve from Silverdale, Onslow County', N. C. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353230. 

1. Extel·ior. 

2. Interior. 

FIGurms 3-4. Macroca.llisla t'i(t Kellum, n. sp. (p. 39). The type, a left valve, from Silverdale, Onslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. catalogue No. 353229. 

3. Exterior. 

4. Interior. 

]i'wunms 5-7. PanolJe sp. (p. 39). 

5. Intel'lml cast of a left vn.lve from Trent River, 3~ miles below Polloksville, Jones County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No., 353306. 

G. Plastcr cast showing the sculpture and form of a right valve from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 3,15330.5. 

7. Dorsal view of the cast shown in Figure 6, showing sculpture and form of right and left valves. 

,17'10 urms 8-9. '1''//:rn:tella Inerta :Kellum, n. sp: (p. 40). 

8. The type, frolll Silverdale, Onslow'County, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 353242. 

n. A speeimen from the same locality, showing ,individual variation of SCUlpture. U; ,S. Na:t.' Mus. catalogue No. 353239. 

53 
PLATE XI 

FIG Ulms 1-3. Busycon spmtgel' val'. onslowensis Kellum, n. val'. (p. 40). Views of the type, from Silverdale, Onslow Cou nty, 

N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 3.53254. 

FlOum~s 4-.5. Lyria carolinensis Kellum, n. sp. (p;.40). Views of the type, from Silverdale, Ollslow County, N. C. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. catalogue No. 3.53253. 

FIGUR~JS .6-7. Scaphella stl'omboidella Kellum, n. sp. (p. 41). 

6. The type, from Silverdale, Onslo,,; County, N. C. U. S .. Nat. Mus.batalogue No. 353307. 

7. Another specimen from the same locality. U. S. Nat. ·Mus. catalogue No. 353308. 

FlOURES 8-10. Con'us postalveal'lts Kellum, n. sp. (p. 41). 

8. The type from Silverdale, Onslow Cpunty, N. C. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue No. 3.53273. 

9. Another specimen from the same locality. U. S. Nat. Mus. catalogue ·No. 3.53270. 

10. Top view of the type specimen . 

. 54 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

• ~ ...•.... '~ ... ~ 

." i 

, ~ 

1 

6 

10 

3 

2 

4 

7 

9 8 

FOSS LLS F ROM T H E T L1 ENT MA R L 
INDEX 

A Page Pago 

Acknowlodgments for aid__________________________________ __________________ 1 

Aidl'ich, ~e. n.·, cited_ ________________ _ ___ ____ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ____ _ _ _ __ _ _ ____ _ _ 22 

Crassatellitos alta (Conrad) ______ ______ ________ ______ ___ _ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ _ ___ _ 22 

. Mississippiensis var. silverdalensis Kellum, n. vaL _______________ 36, PI. VIn 

A nomia simplex D'Orbigny _____________________________________________ ____ 22 

sp ________________________________________________________________ 21-22, PI. II 

A nOJlliidue ____________________________________________________________ ~ _____ 21-22 

tumida Lamarck ______________________________________________ - _______ -- 22,36 

sp. (l ______________________________________________________ __________ 22, PI. III 

sp. b _____________________________________________________ ___________ 23,1'1.111 

Ant;hozoa, I'opresentutioll of, in the Custle Hayne fuuna ____________ .________ 8 Crassatellitidae ___________________________________________________________ 22-23,36 

Ant.igona (Artellu) hllllelluceu Kelium, n. sp ____________________________ 38, PI. IX Cypraea problematica IIeilprin____ _ _ _____ _ _____ _ __ ____ _______ ___ ____________ 28 

shepul'{l1 DlliL _____________________________________ .____________________ 38 sp. (l ____________________ : ________________________________ ____________ 28, PI. V 

A I'CH cUlleelluta 'J'uollley ________________________ -- ----- -- -- -- -------- -------- ](j sp. b ______________________________________________________ ___________ 28, PI. V 

c!ll'olillellsis Wugllel·________ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 36 sp. c _____________________________________________________ ____________ 28, PI. V 

iesllolII'i DuiL ___________________ ' _________________ ~ __ __ ______ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ 35 sp. d. ____________________________________________________ ____________ 28, PI. V 

1I1i1i1t1ia Dull ___________________________________________________ ------:-- ](j sp. e _____________________________________________________ ____________ 28, PI. V 

rct.ielllut;1I (llllelill_ _ _ __ __ ____ __ __ _____ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ __ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ 16 Cypraeidae ________________ ~ __________________________________ :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 28 

rholllboidellll Lell _____________________ ._ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _____ 17 

st,lIlIrilllltlt DuiL ______ _______ __ ___ __ _____ _ _ ______ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ______ 35 

(Scnphnren) silverdnlensis Keliulll, n. sp ____________________ ' ___ 34-35, PI. YIn 

.0 

Dall, W. H., cited _______ . ____________________________ 17, J8, 19, 21, 23. 25,27,31,33,36 

sp. (l __________________________ • __________________________ ____________ 16, PI. I E 

sp. b __ • __________________________________________________ _____________ 16, PI. I Echinocyamus parvus Emmons _____________________________ ,________________ 14 

sp. c ______________________________________________________ _________ 16-17, PI. I Echinodermata ______________________________________________________________ 14-16 

Arcidlle ______________________________________________________________ . 16-17,34-35 Echinoidea, representation of, in the Castlo Hayne fauna____________________ 0 

Asttlltc ollsiowellsis Kelium, II. sp ____________________________________ 36, PI. vnr Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons_____________________________________ 15 

IIl1dllllltll __________________________________________________________ ._____ 36 Emarginula pilsbryi DaIL__________________________________________________ 26 

wllgllel'i DuIL _______________________________ . ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ 36 sp. a _________________________ : ____________________________ __________ 20, PI. IV 

Astlll'tidue _____________________________________ . _________ '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ::16 

A turin IIlabamensis (l\{Ol'tOIl) __ " ________________________________ ~____ ___ _____ 32 

sp. b ____ . ____________________________________ : ____________ __________ 26, PI. IV 

Emmons, Ebenezor, work of, on tho Tertiary coastal do posits of North 

vnlluxemi Conrad _______________________________________________________ , 32 Carolina ______ . __________________________ ~ _______ -_ - _ -- ____ -_ -_ ------------

D 

nol'l'Y, ]~. W., acknowledgment to __________________________________________ _ 

:Bl'Ilchiopodll _________________________________________________ : ___________ ~ __ 33-34 

Epitoniidae_______ __ _ ____________ __ __ ______ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ ___ ___ ___ _____ _________ 26 

Epitonium aequabile Kellum, n. sp ______________________________________ 20, PI. V 

dignitatis Kellum, n. sp ______________________________________________ 20, Pi. V 

Euciroidae_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 

re))reselltllt,ioll of, ill the Cnstlc UIIXlle falllla____________________________ 7 

Jjl'own, A. 1'., lind Pilsbry, H. A., cited. ______________________ '.'_.___________ 30 

]Juecillidllo ______________________________________________________________ .. ___ 211,40 

HuecillulII poreinum Suy __________ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ ____ _ __ ___ __ __ __ ______ __ _ ___ __ 29 

HlIsyeon spiniger vnr. onslowensis Keliulll, n, vaL _____________________ 40. PI. XI 

Eupataglls carolinensis Clark _____ ---c _____________________________ - _______ -_ 16 

Eutrephoceras carolinensis Kellum, n. sp ___________________________ :12-33, PI. vn 

dokay!.______ ____ ___ _________________ ___ _ _____ ___ _ __ ____ __ _ ____ __ ____ __ __ a2 

porlatns Morton ______________ .. __ • ___ ____ __ _ __ ___ __________ ____ ___ ____ ___ ::12 

spilliger var. spiniger (Conrad)__________________________________________ 40 F 

Fasciolariidae______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 29 

C Fibularidae_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 14 

CnlliostollHl sp_-- ____________________________________________________ ' __ 26, PI. IV Fissurellidae _________________________________________________________________ 25-26 

CuJyptmea trochiformis Lamarek ___________________________________________ 27,39 Fissuridea marlboroensis Clark _____________ .___ _ _ ______ ____ _ __ _ __ _ ____ _ ______ 25 

sp ____________ ' __________________________ -' ____________________________ 27, PI. V mauri Aldrich__ __ _____ __ ______ ___ _ ______ __ ____ __ __ ____ _____ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _ 25 

CuI yptl'lleidlle ______________________ ~ ________________________________________ 27,39 penderensis Kellum, n. sp ______________________________________ ~ ___ 25,PI.llI 

nUl'diiduc _____________________ . ___ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ :17 

CUl'dit,idlle _________________________________ ~ _____________________________ 23,36-37 

sp ______________________________________________________________ ~ ____ 25, PI. III 

Flisinus abrupt us (Tuollley)·{ ___________________________________________ 29, PI. VI 

OUl'Clillm sp ____________________________________________________________ ~17, Pl.IX sp __________________________________________________________________ 29, Pi. V.i 

Oal'icellil dolinttl________ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ __ ;~J 

Cul'icellu'{ sp _______________________________________ " ___________________ 31, PI. VII 

ClIssididue _________________________________________________________ . __ . _____ 28-2\1 

Onssidulidae_ _ _ __ ___ ____ __ _ __ __ ____ _____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ ______ __ __ __ __ 15 

Onssiduills alabnmiensis 'I'wit,cheil ____________________ ,______________________ 1.5 

(Pygorhyuchlls) bel'l'yi Kelilllll, n, sp. _______________________________ 1.\ PI. I 

cllrolinellsis 'I.'wit,cheli __ .__________ ____ ___ __ __ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ Hi 

earoiilll)lIsis var. cmvenensis KellulII, n. val'. _____________________ Iii, PI. I 

(Ilhyuchopygus) mveneli 'rwitcheli. _________________________ '___________ 15 

Cnssis'{ sp ____ • __________________________________________________________ 2S, PI. V 

Cllstlel:iIlYlle fnlllla, biologic analysis oL ____ ~_______ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (j-S· 

Cl 

Gardner, Julia, acknowic()gmenl. t.o _________________________________________ _ 

Oastrochaona sp ____________________ .. _____ ~ _______________ ~ _____________ 24, Pi. HI 

Oastrochacnidae______ __ _ __ __ _____ _____ _ __ _ ______ __ _ __ _ __ ____ __ _ __ __ _________ 24· 

Gastropoda _____________________________________________________________ 24-:32,39-41 

ropresentation of, in the Castle Hayne fallna _______________ ~_____________ 7 

roprescntation of, in the Trent fauna____________________________________ 12 

Giycymeris anteparilis Kellum, n. sp _________________________________ :3.'i, PI. VUI 

parilis Conrad____ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ _ _________ :.l5 

silo .{. ______________________________________________________________ a5, rl. VlI [ 

Cast.ie Hayne rnlll'l, field stations oL ________________________________________ \1-10 H 

occul'I'ence of species. in __________________________________________ . ____ . _ _ J J I-larris, O. D., cited ___________________________________________________ 20,2'1,24, :35 

origin of the nallle. ____________________________________ : _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 3 Pectons from tho '1'ront marl described by_______________________________ 2-4 

Cephalopodll ________________________________________________________________ 32",33 Hemipatagus subrostratus Clark ________________________ a. _ _______ _ _ __ _ ___ __ 15 

l'et)resentlltioll of, in thl) Cnstle Hayne fauna_____________________________ 7 History of earlier investigations____ __ __ ____ __ ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ ________________ __ J-1 

Chullltt sp. (l _____________________________________________________ _______ 23, PI. III Hodge, James T., work of, on tho 'l'crtiary coastal deposits of North Carolina __ sp. b ______ __________________ . _______________________________________ 23, PI. III 

Chamidne _____________________________________ '_ __ _ __ _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ __ __ __ _____ _ 23 

Cidnridne_______ _ _____ __ _ __ _____ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ ______ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ 14 Isocardiidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2t 

Cidnris pratti Ciark_. _____________________________________________________ . _ 14 K Conidae __________________________________________________________________ 31-32,41 

Conrlld, ~L'. A., citod ____________________________________ J7,I8, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27,33,36 Kerr, W. C.,' work of. on the Tertiary coastal deposits of North Carolina ___ _ 

Conus alvoatus Conrnd_________ __ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ ____ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ 41 L gyratus :Morton _____________________________________________________ -' ____ :U,32 Lamarck, J. B. dc, citcd_____________________________________________________ 39 

mutiIatns TllOrnoy·? ____________________________________________ 31-32, PI. vn IJea, 11. C., citod ____________________________________________________________ 18,19 

\lostalventus KellulII, n. sp _________________________________________ 41, PI. XI Leptomaria gigantea Whitfield ________________ ~_ ___ _ __ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ __ _ ______ 25 

sllliridons Conrad_____ _ _ _ ____ __ __ ___ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ ______ _ _____ __ ___ _ ___ _ 32 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum, n. sp ___________________________________ 15-16, Pi. [ 

Conus'{ sp ____ ~ ________________________________________________________ 32, P. VU wilmingtonensis Clark ___________________________________ ~ ___ ___ ________ ],'j 

Cooko, C. Wytho, acknowlcdgment to_______________________________________ 11 Lucina Jlllltabilis Lamarck_ __ __ _ _ __ _ _____ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ________ 24 

Corroiution of the CastloHayne marL______________________________________ 8 sp~ _________________________________________________ • _______________ 23, PI. III 

55 
56 INDEX 

Page 

~~~~:t~~l~I~I~~~ -c-it~d-_~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. 23, :~ 

Page Pleurotomaria adamsonialla ___________ .__ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ ___ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ 2.5 

hanovcrensis Kcllum, II. sp ______________________________________ 24-2.'i,I'I.IV 

work of, on the Tertiary coastal deposits of North Carolina______________ 2 

Lyria carolinensis Kellum, n. sp _____________________________________ 4(}-41, PI. XI sp. U. c-------------------------------------------- ________ ___________ 2.'i, PI. [V sp. b _____________________________________________________ ___________ 2.:;, PI. IV 

heilprinL _____________________________________________________ ~_ ___ __ _ ___ 41 . Pleurotomariidae ____________________________________________________________ 24-25 

M 

:r'dacrocallista acuminata Dall_ _ ____ _ _____ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ __ __ _ __ 39 

Plieatula densata Conrad ______________________________________________ " __ ___ 3(j 

Pty~~~~:~~;~~as~-~~~~~--~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~\I): ~~: ~~ minuscula Kellum, n. sp _________________________________________ 38-39, PI. X 

sobrina Conrad _________________________________ .. _________________ ~ __ _ __ _ 39 

tia Kellum, n. sp ______________ . ______ . _______________________________ 39, PI. X 

lVlacropneustes earolinensis Clark _________________ ._ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ ___ Hj 

:Marginella larvata Conrad _____________________________________________ ~ _ _ __ 30 

. R Hhynehonclla holmesii Dall ___________________________________ .. _____________ aa salpinx DalL _________________ ~ __________________ , _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _____ _ __ _ _ __ 33 

l~hynchoncllidae---- _______ . ____________________________________________ .. __ _ _ 33 

Mm~~~;l~ili~ll~~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~:~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ :~~ ~~~~~ _ ~~~ PI. ~ l\{eiocarclia agnssizi DaIL ___________________ . ___________________ .___________ 24 

carolinae llarris_________________________ . 24 

Miller, B. L., work of, on the 'rertiary coast~ll-CI~~)-;s-it~-~iN~~th-C~;·~li-~;~~-

. Mitchell, Elisha, w.ork of, on the Tertiary coastal deposits of North Carolina__ 2 

JVlitra, sp. a-f _________ ________________________________________ . _______ 30-:31, PI. V 

Morton, S. G., eitecl .. ________________________________________________________ 32,34 

. S Saxicavidae ______________________________ ._ _____ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ 39 

~~;;.a'~~:~ll~~~~:;~~ c:~~~~ ~ -_-~ ~ _-_-_-: _-_-: _-_- _-_-~ _-_-:::: _-_-_-_-_-: _-:: _-_-_-: _-_-_-: _-_-~ _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~ _-_-_-_-: :: sp_______________________________________________________________________ 26 

Seaphellastromboidella Kellum, n. sp ___________________________________ 41, PI. XI 

(Encymba) ocalana Dam __ _ _ ___________________________________________ 31 

Scope of the investigation _ _ _ __ ____ __ ______ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ __________ ____ I 

Seutcllidac ________________________________________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vi 

N Semicassis nuperus (Conrad) ________________________________________________ 29 

Natieidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ ____ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ ______ ____ __ __ _ _ 40 Siliquaria vitis ConracL_ ____________________________________________________ 27 

Sinum imrierforatum DaIL_________________________________________________ 40 

o S patangidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ] 5-1 6 

Oliva posti DaIL_· __________________________________________________________ ._ 41 

Olividae_____ __ ______ _____ ___ ___ __ __ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 41 

Ost.rea nlahallliellsis subsp. georgiana COllrad ________________________________ · li 

eOIll/lressirostra____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ·17 

divaricata Lea __________________________________________ . __________ .. _. _ __ _ 18 

faleo Dall 'f _________ . _________________________________________________ .____ 18 

Spondylidae ______________________________________ ~ __________________________ 21,36 

Spondylus gregalis_ _ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ____ ___ _ _ _ __ __ __ 21 

lamcllacea Kellum, ·n. SIL __________________________ .. _________________ 21, PI. H 

St.rnUgraphic relaUons of t.he marls_ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 4-.'i 

St.rombidac ______________ . _______________________________ : ___________________ 27-28 

Stromblls sp.? _________________________________________________ ~ _____ ._ 2i-2S, PI. V 

1Il0rtoni GabIL ___________ ._ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ ____ _ __ ___ _ __ ]7 T 

percrassa Conrad _____________ ._ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ ] 7 

rugifei'a Dall ______________________________________________ ~__ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ]8 

sellncformis Conracl _________________________________________ ~ ___________ 17-18 

Tcrebratula bisinuata Lamarck_ _ _ __________________________________________ :33 

erassa Kcllum, n. sp_____________________________________________ 34, PI. VII 

demis sirostm Conrad _________________________________________ .__________ 33 

subtrigonnlis Evans alld Shtllllard_______________________________________ .]7 

trigonalisCOlII'atL ______________________________________ .__ __ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ 17 

vicksburgcnsis Conrad _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 17 

virginianH ________________________________________________________ .. _ . ___ . 36 

(Gryphaeostrea) sub(!versa ConracL ________________________ .. __ _ __ __ ___ _ _ 18 

Ostreidae _____________________________________________________________ . _______ 17-18 

UV:L _ _ __ _ ______ _____ ___ ____ __ _ __ __ ___ __ _ ___ __ _ __ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ ____ ___ 33 

wilmingtollcnsis Lycll and Sowerhy _____________________________________ 33-34 

Terebratuliclae ___ . __________________ : ________________________________________ 3:3-34 

']'crcbratulina Inchryma (Morton) ____________________________ ~____ ___ __ _ ___ _ 34 

Trent fauna, biologic analysis oL ____________________________________________ 12-13 

geologic range of closest affinities to ____________________________ ~ __________ 12-13 

Trent marl, field stations oL ______________________________ ~ _________________ 13-14 

J) .Joccurrencc of species in ____________________________________________ ~ _ __ _ _ 14 

Panope whitfieldi DalL ____ _________________________________________________ 39 

sp ______ . ________________________ .. _____________ . _______________________ 39, PI. X 

Pecchiolia dalliann Harris_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ 22 . 

welllJnelensis VincenL ___________________________________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 

origin of thc name_______________________________________________________ 3 

Trochidae _______________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 

Trochus nixus________ __ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ _____ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ 25 

'I'uomey, Michael, cited ______________________ : _____________________ W, 25, 2\), :31, :~2 

l'ee~~::.O~:~~:l:~~l~~~~l~~I:~,_ ~1~_~1:~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~: ~ ~~~~: ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~;_ PI. ~~ 'l'urbincllidae _________________________________________________________ - _ _ _ __ 30 

'l'urritella carinut.a Lea __________________________________ ._ _ ___ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ 27 

c1aibornensis ConracL ___________________________________________________ 1\)-20 fuerta Kellum, n. sp _________________________________________________ 40,1'1. X 

cookei Kellum, n. sp ________________________________________________ 20, PI. 11 

cushmani Kellum, n. sIL ____________________________________________ 20, PI. II 

elixat us Conrad? ___ , _____________________________ .__ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 35 

poulsonL..__ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ ___ __ _ _ 35 

suwaneensis DaIL ________ : _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ __ __ 20 

indcnta ConracL _ _______________________________________________________ 4U 

(tampae val'. ?) medioconst:ricta DaIL___________________________________ 40 

mcgalobasis Dall ____________________________________________ ---- - - - ____ - 40 

subtilis Kellum, n. sp _______________________________________________ 27, ]'1. V 

SIL ____________________ c" __ ~ ______________________________________ - - _ 27, PI. V 

trent.ensis Hnrris _________________ .. ______________________________________ 35-36 Turritelliclae ________________________________________________________________ 27,40 

wahtllbbennus _________________________________________________________ ~ ]9 

(Chlamys) deshayesii LelL _______________________ .______________________ I\) V . Vaslllll haitellse_ _ _ ____ __ ___ ______ _____ _ _ ______ _____ ___ _____ _ ___ _ ________ __ __ :lU 

IllembralloSlls l\'[ortOlL_ ___ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ l\J 

.(.I'~eudllllIUSitll1l) scint.illattl~ (JolII'arL _ ~ ___________________ , _____________ lU-20 

1'ectlll\dae ____________________ ... _______________________ . ______ - - - - ______ 19-20,35-36 

wilmihgtonense Brown and Pilshry _____________________ .: ________ -__ _ _ _ _ 30 

Venericardia hadra Dall___ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ ______ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ __ _ 37 

nasuta Dall? ______________________ -' ____ : _____________ 0 _____________ : 23, PI. 11 [ 

Pelecypoda __________________________________________________________ .. _ 16-24,34-39 

representation of, in the (iastle Hayne fauna_____________________________ 6-7 

representation of, in the Trent fallna ________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 12 

l'erinrchliS Iyelli (Conrad)--- __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _____ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ \.5 

Phacoides (Miltha) pl}ndatus (Conrad) L___________________________________ 24 

lIodifera Kellum, II. sp _________ ~ ________________________________ :3fi-37, PI. IX 

serricosta Hcilprill ________________________________________________ - - ____ - ;17 

sp ____________________________________________________________ - -- - - - 23, PI. III 

(Cyclocarc!ia) granulata Say___ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ ____ _____ ___ __ :37 

Veneridae ______________________________________________________ --- -- - -- -- 24,37-3U 

(Psellclomiltha) nocariensis Kcllum, n. sp __________________________ 37, PI. IX 

Phalium globosum ])aIL__________ __________________________________________ 29 

sp ___________________________________________ .. ______________________ .. 29, PI. V 

Pholac!omy:t claibornensis A IdrieIL __________________________ ._ ___ __ _ _ __ __ ___ _ 22 

. Vermiculariidae--- __________________________________________________ -------- 27 

Venus erccta Kcllum, n. SIL--------------------------------------------- 38, PI. IX gardncrae Kellum, n. sp _________________________________________ 37-38, PI. IX 

halidona Dall ______________________________________________ -- ~.- --- ----- 38 marylandica Conrarl ____________________________________________________ . 22 

Pholadomyidac_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _____ _ ___ ____ __ _ __ _ _ ___ 22 

Pilsbry, H. A., with Brown, A. P., citecl____________________________________ 30 

Pitaria sccuriformis (Conrad) '? _____ . __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ __ _ __ __ 24 

Plejona conoides ('I'llomey) 't _________________________________________ . __ :31, PI. V[ 

sayana (Conrad) _______________ .-- ________________________________ . ___ ---- 31 

of. P. petroslIs (OonradL ___________________________________________ 31, P1. VI 

plena Conracl ____________________________________________________ .~______ 38 

Volutidae _________________________________________ -- ____ . - --- --- -- - - -- 30-31,40-41 

X 

Xellophora cOl1chyliophora (Born) ________________________________ ---- _____ . 27 

sp ________________________________ ._~ ______________________________ --- - 27, PI. V 

Xenoporidae _____________________________________ - - - _____ -- -- - - - -- - --- --- - --- 27 

o