UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

J. A. Krug, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

Professional Paper 199-B 

MOLLUSCA FROM THE MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE 

OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPOD.A 

BY 

JULIA GARDNER 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1948 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 

Price 70 cents 

CONTENTS 

Introduction ______________________________________ _ 

Systematic descriptions_. ____________________________ _ 

Phylum Mollusca ______________________________ _ 

Class Scaphopoda _______________ ~ __________ _ 

Family Dentaliidae ____________________ _ 

Class Gastropoda __________________________ _ 

OrderAspidobranchia __________________ _ 

Suborder Rhipidoglossa _____________ _ 

Superfamily Zeugobranchia _____ _ 

Family Fissurellidae ________ _ 

Superfamily Trochacea _________ _ 

Family Trochidae __________ _ 

Subfamily Calliostomatinae _______________ _ 

Subfamily Gibbulinae __ _ 

Subfamily Skeneinae ___ _ 

Family Cyclostrematidae ___ _ 

Family Liotiidae ___________ _ Order Ctenobranchia ___________________ _ 

Suborder Mesogastropoda ___________ _ 

Superfamily Littorinacea _______ _ 

Family Littorinidae ________ _ 

Superfamily Rissoacea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 

Family Rissoidae __________ _ 

Family Rissoinidae _________ _ 

Family Vitrinellidae ________ _ 

Family Vitrinellidae? _______ _ 

Superfamily Cerithiacea ________ _ 

Family Turritellidae _______ _ 

Family Architectonicidae ___ _ 

Family Vermetidae ________ _ 

Family Caecidae ___________ _ 

Family Cerithiopsidae ______ _ 

Family Triphoridae ________ _ 

Superfamily Ptenoglossa ________ _ 

Family Epitoniidae ________ _ 

Superfamily Gymnoglossa _______ _ 

Family Melanellidae _______ _ 

Superfamily N aticacea _________ _ 

Family Naticidae __________ _ 

Superfamily Cypraeacea ________ _ 

Family Cypraeidae _________ _ 

Page 

179 

179 

179 

179 

179 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

183 

183 

183 

186 

187 

189 

190 

191 

191 

191 

191 

192 

192 

193 

193 

194 

195 

195 

199 

200 

203 

204 

205 

205 

205 

209 

209 

212 

212 

213 

213 

Systematic descriptions-Continued 

Phylum Mollusca-Continued 

Class Gastropoda-Continued 

Order Ctenobranchia-Continued 

Suborder Mesogastropoda~Continued 

Page 

Superfamily Doliacea_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 215 

Family Cassididae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 215 

Family Colubraridae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 216 

Family Ficidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 217 

Suborder Stenoglossa___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 218 

Superfamily Muricacea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 218 

Family Muricidae__________ 218 

Superfamily Buccinacea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 225 

Family Pyrenidae____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 225 

Family Buccinidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 233 

Family Busyconidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 238 

Family N assariidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 243 

Family Fasciolariidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 253 

Family Fusinidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 255 

Superfamily Volutacea _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 258 

Family Olividae_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 258 

Family Volutidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 259 

Family Marginellidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 261 

Family Cancellariidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 264 

Superfamily Toxoglossa____ _ _ _ _ _ _ 265 

Family Turridae__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 265 

Family Terebridae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 275 

Order Opisthobranchia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 277 

Suborder Tectibranchiata_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 277 

Family Acteonidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 277 

Family Atydidae_______________ 278 

Family Scaphandridae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 278 

Index_____________________________________________ 299 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATES 24-38. Scaphopods and gastropods from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and 

Page 

North Carolina_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 281-297 

III 

MOLLUSCA FROM THE MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE 

OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 

By JULIA GARDNER 

INTRODUCTION 

Part 2 of the Syste~atic Report continues and concludes the study of the Mollusca from the Miocene and 

lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina. One 

hundred and nineteen species, only a fraction of the 

known fauna, are reviewed and 66 additional species 

are described and figured. (See faunal chart, pp. 

180--183.) 

The report upon the gastropods suffers from the same 

shortcomings obvious in the work on the pelecypods. 

Most of the material is from old collections made before 

the importance of the exact placing of the fossil locality 

both areally and vertically was recognized. Many of 

the citations of outcrops are vague and the sections generalized. Detailed field studies, particularly on the 

zoning of the Yorktown formation in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina, were begun later by 

Wendell P. Mansfield, but he died in the summer of 

1939 before the completion of the work. 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

Phylum MOLLUSCA 

Class SCAPHOPODA 

Family DENTALIIDAE 

Genus DENTALIUM Linnaeus 

1758. Dentalium Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 785. 

1897. Dentalium Linnaeus. Pilsbry and Sharp, Manual of conchology, vol. 17, p. xxix. 

1920. Dentalium Linnaeus. Henderson, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

111, p. 8. 

Type by subsequent designation (Schmidt, C. F., Versuch tiber 

die beste Einrichtung, etc., pp. 151, 178, 181, 1818) : Dentalhtm 

elepllantinum Linnaeus. Recent, off Amboyna and the PhilipIJine Islands. 

Subgenus ANTALIS H. and A. Adams 

1854. Antalis H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 

1, p. 457. 

1897. Antalis H. and A. Adams. Pilsbry and Sharp, Manual of 

conchology, vol. 17, p. 37. 

1920. Antalis H. and A. Adams. Henderson, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 111, p. 34. 

Type by subsequent designation (Pilsbry and Sharp, idem, 

1897) : Dentalium entalis Linnaeus. Recent, in the North Atlantic and south to Spain. 

Dentalium (Antalis?) waccamawense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 24, figure 1 

Shell rather small, thin, delicate, slender; an evenly 

rounded, gently arcuate tube, tapering gracefully to an 

acute apex. Extreme tip not preserved. Anterior extremity circular in cross section, slightly oblique. Apical region in adolescent shell closely fluted by 16 equisized and equispaced axial cords which begin to evanesce within the posterior third and become altogether 

obsolete on the anterior half of the ~elL Incrementals 

strong ; resting stages numerous and defined by the 

relatively feeble a4ial sculpture, thus lending to the 

tube an obscurely undulated aspect recalling that of 

Dentaliurn armillaturn Toula, 1911, from the Gatun 

formation at Mount Hope, Canal Zone. 

Dimensions of holotype: Length 32.5 mm. maximum 

diameter 3.6 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325479. 

Type locality: Robinsons Landing on the Cape Fear. 

River, 50 miles above Wilmington, Bladen County, N. 

C. Waccamaw formation. 

Dentaliwm (Antalis.~) waocamawense is perhaps related to D. carolinense Conrad (pl. 24, figs. 3, 4). It is, 

however, a more slender and delicate shell than the Miocene form and more evenly arcuate in outline. The 

axial sculpture, furthermore, differs from that of D. 

carolinense in. the closer spacing and the restriction of 

the elevated lirations to the anterior third of the adult 

shell. The apparent undulatimi of the shell by the 

growth stages is a character not shared by any other 

Tertiary shells of the middle Atlantic seaboard. Dentaliurm (Antalis1) pliocenum Tuomey and Holmes (pl. 

24, fig. 2) is a smaller, more delicate shell than D. waccmnawense, with a sculpture so fine that it might almost be referred to Graptacme. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Robinsons Landing, Cape Fear River, Bladen County. 

179 
180 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Geologic range of species of 

St. Marys 

Zone 1 Zone 2 

Virginia 

Miocene 

Undifferentiated Zone 1 

Dentalium carolinense Conrad _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Yorktown 

Zone 2 

X 

Undifferentiated 

Diodora redimicula virgilina Gardner, n. subsp_______________________________ ______ ______ ________ ______ X _______ _ Diodora catilliformis (Rogers and Rogers) Pilsbry_____________________________ ______ X ________ ______ X _______ _ Calliostoma cheopsi Gardner, n. sp _________________________________________________________________________________ _ Calliostoma basi cum Dall_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ _ Calliostoma carolinense Gardner, n. sp _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Calliostoma virginicum ,gizehi Gardner, n. subsp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _____ Y _ 

Calliostoma conradi Gardner, n. sp _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ _ 

Littorina irrorata (Say)______________________________________________________________________________ X _______ _ 

Turritella pilsbryi Gardner_________________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _____________ _ Turritella alticostata Conrad_______________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ _ Turritella etiwanensis (Tuomey and Holmes) _________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Turritella plebeia carinata Gardner, n. subsp_________________________________ X X ________ ______ ______ X 

Turritella (Torculoidella) duplineusis Gardner and Aldrich _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Turritella (Torcula) terstriata Rogers and Rogers__________________________________________________ X _____________ _ Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) nupera (Conrad) Conrad ________________________________________________ _ 

Lemintina granifera (Say)--------------------------------------------------______ X _____________ _ X 

X 

Lemintina virginica ( Cunrad) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ___________________________ _ Vermicularia spirata (Philippi) _____________________________________ :.. ______________________________________________ _ 

Caecum virginianum Meyer___________________________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Caecum regulare Carpenter ________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Caecum stevensoni Meyer ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Cerithiopsis (Laskey~emersonii persubulata Gardner, n. subsp _______________________________________ . ___ _ X 

X 

Triphora dupliniana (Olsson)___________________________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Epitonium (Cinctiscala) antillarum (DeBoury) _____ _: ________________________________________________________________ _ 

Epitonium (Pictoscala) pratti Gardner, n. sp_________________________________ ______ ______ ________ ______ X _______ _ Strombiformis dalli Gardner and Aldrich______________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Strombiformis (Polygireulima) eborea (Conrad)________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Niso dani Gardner, n. sp _________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Sinum fragile (Conrad)______________________________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Cypraea (Cypraeorbis) carolinensis Conrad _________________________________________________________________________ _ Trivia pediculus (Linnaeus) _______________________________________________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sconsia hodgii (Conrad) __________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 

,Ficus papyratia caloosahatchiensis (Smith) __________________ :_ _______________________________________________________ _ Murex (Phynonotus) pomum Gmelin _______________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Eupleura caudata (Say)___________________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Urosalpinx trossula (Conrad)_________________________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Urosalpinx phrikna Gardner and Aldrich ____________________________________________________________________ -------- Urosalpinx stimpsoni Gardner, n. sp ________________________________________________________________________________ _ Urosalpinx suffolkensis Gardner, n. sp_______________________________________ ______ ______ ________ ______ X _______ _ Mitrena lunata (Say)_____________________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ _ 

Anachis (Thiarinella) virgilina Gardner, n. sp________________________________ X _________________________________ _ Anachis (Costoanachis) avara caloosaensis Dan ___________________________________________ ---------------------------- Ptychosalpinx altilis (Conrad) GilL___________________________________________________________________ X -------- Ptychosalpinx laqueata (Co"nrad) Conrad____________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ _ Ptychosalpinx multirugata (Conrad) Conrad _____________________________________________ -------- ? X X 

Ptychosalpinx tuomeyi (H. C. Lea) _________________________________ -'~______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

Pisania (Celatoconus) nux Dan _________________________________________________________________ ------ X -------- llyanassa irrorata (Conrad) Conrad _____________________________________________________ -------- ______ --------------

~~~:~:::: ~~!~r:~~~t(d~~r~~~)- ~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = --x-- = = = = = = = = 

~E~t~~~Tf~~i~~~~ E: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~: ~ --r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = Uzita neogenensis (Gardner and Aldrich)_c. __________________________________ ------ ------1-------- ------ X --------

Uzita chowanensis Gardner, n. SP------------------------------------------- -----~ ------ -------- ------ X --------
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 181 

scaphopods and gastropods 

Zone 1 

X 

North Carolina 

Miocene 

Yorktown 

Zone2 Undifferentiated 

Pliocene 

Croatan 

Duplin and Wac- camaw 

Other occurrence:: 

------1-------l------------------------------------------------------------------------~--------------

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Duplin marl of South Carolina; Ecphora and Cancellaria zones of Choctawhatchee forma-

. tion of Florida. 

Choptank of Maryland; Waccamaw of South Carolina; "Nashua marl" of Florida; 

Pleistocene of South Carolina and Florida; Recent from Vineyard Sound to Jamaica. 

Duplin marl of South Carolina; Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida. 

Duplin marl of South Carolina and Georgia; Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of 

Florida. 

Tampa limestone of Florida; Calvert formation of New Jersey; Calvert, Choptank and 

St. Marys of Maryland; Oak Grove sand of Florida; Ecphora and possibly the Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida. , Calvert of Maryland; Choptank? and St. Marys? of Maryland. Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida; Caloosahatchee of Florida; Miocene and 

Pliocene of West Indies; Recent from New England to Bahia, Brazil. 

Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida; Caloosahatchee of Florida; Recent in the 

Antilles. 

X Caloosahatchee of Florida; Pleistocene of South Carolina; Recent from the Carolinas 

to the Antilles in shallow water? 

X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Waccamaw of South Carolina; Caloosahatchee of Florida; Recent from Cape Hatteras 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

to Anguilla Island. 

Duplin of South Carolina and Caloosahatchee of Florida. 

Calvert and St. Marys formations of Maryland. 

Calvert, Choptank, and St. Marys formations of Maryland. 

------ ------ -------- ------ X 

Duplin of South Carolina; Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida. 

Caloosahatchee of Florida; Miocene of Bowden, Jamaica, and Pliocene of Costa Rica; 

Recent from St. Augustine, Fla., to Brazil and east to Bermuda. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

! _______ _ 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

--------

-------- X 

X 

X 

-------- X 

X 

X 

--------

-------- X 

--------

Duplin of South Carolina; Ecphora? and Cancellaria zones of Choctawhatchee of Florida. 

Caloosaha.tchee of Florida. · Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida; Caloosah8'.tchee of Florida; Miocene of 

Bowden, Jamaica, and of Colombia (Pilsbry and Brown); Recent from Beaufort, N. C. 

to Venezuela. 

Waccamaw of South Carolina; Caloosahatchee of Florida; Pleistocene from Massachusetts to Florida; Recent from Cape Cod to the West Indies and east to Bermuda. 

Cancellaria zone of the Choctawhatchee of Florida?; Caloosahatchee of Florida. 

Duplin of South Carolina~ • 

Duplin of South Carolina; Pliocene of the Carolinas and Florida; Pleistocene from New 

England to Florida; Recent from Cape Ann to Brazil. 

Caloosahatchee marl of Florida. 

Duplin of Sumter County, S. C.; Ecphora zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida. 

Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C. 

Waccamaw formation of S. C. 

Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C.; "Nashua marl" of Putnam County, Fla. 

Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C. 

Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C.; "Nashua marl" of Putnam County, Fla. 

Duplin of Sumter County, S.C. 
182 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Geologic range of speciea of 

Virginia 

Miocene 

St. Marys Yorktown 

Zone 1 UndifferZone 2 entiated Zone 1 Undiffer· 

Zone 2 entiated 

U zita consensoides (Olsson) _____________________________________________ --- ______ ------ -------- ------ ------ --------

~:~!~:;z~:F.if&iE~n;~~~t;~~~~):_: ~::::::::::::::: =:::::::::::::::::::: :::::: :::::: :::::::: :::::: : =~:: :::::::: 

Fusinus rappahannockensis Gardner, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X __________ ---- _____ - __ ---- - _------

~~;i~i~b~~~~s~c(:E;:;;{~~;f~ Marginella ~ = = = = = == = = = = = = = ~ = == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = __ ~ __ --~-- = == = = = = = = == = = = --X-- ---X--- (Bullata) antiqua Redfield _______________________________________ ________________ - -- _____ -- X -- _ ----- Cypraeolina lachrimula (Gould) ____________________________________________ ________________ ---- _____ - X --------

9~~n1~!~ e~~~~~fois~~~~~~} ~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = i = = = = = = = = 

"Drillia" pyrenoides (Conrad) _______________________________________________________________________ - X ___ ---- -

~~~~~~:{{aP~~hf~~a~~ J;h~~ ~~-~ ~- _ ~~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = --X--= = = = = = = = 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) carolinensis (Conrad) ________ ------- ____ ---- _____ ---- ----- _ ------ -------- ------ X 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) neglecta (Emmons) _________________________________ -------------------------- X 

Class GASTROPODA 

Order ASPIDOBRAN·CHIA 

Suborder RHIPIDOGLOSSA 

Superfamily ZEUGOBRANCHIA 

Family FISSURELLIDAE 

Genus DIODORA Gray 

1821. Diodora Gray, London Medical Repository, Monthly Jour. 

and Rev., vol. 15, p. 233. 

1915. Diodora Gray. Iredale, Malacol. Soc. London Proc., vol. 

11, p. 331. 

Type by monotypy: Patella apertttra Montagu=Patella graeca 

Linnaeus, juvenis. (Fide Iredale.) Recent, off the coast of 

southern England and the Channel Islands and, according to 

some authors, south into the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 

Diodora redimicula virgilina Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 24, figures 23, 24 

Shell of moderate dimensions for the genus; moderately elevated. Ovate in basal outlin.e, the sides raised 

a little; shorter and more narrow in front of the foramen than behind it. Anterior and lateral slopes approximately uniform. Posterior slope slightly convex. 

Surface sculptured with radiating threads, 15 or 20 

to the centimeter, usually subequal, though every fourth 

or fifth thread is commonly a little stronger; new radials introduced by intercalation; interspaces linear. 

Incremental sculpture manifested in the minute imbrication of the radials ; 2 to 4 marked resting stages 

usually present. Foramen not very large, roundish, set 

in a plane gently inclined to the horizontal axis. Interior foramina! callus ellipsoidal, more or less truncated and indented behind. Pallial line distinct, rather 

distant from the margin. Inner margins minutely 

crenate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 13.7 mm., length 

32.6 mm., width 25.3 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325477. 

Type locality: Six miles below Greenville, Pitt County, N. C. Yorktown formation. 

Diodora redirnicula virgiliua partially bridges the 

gap between Diodora redimicula (Say) from the Yorktown formation and Diodora catilliformis (Rogers and 

Rogers) Pilsbry (pl. 24, figs. 10, 19) from zone ·2 of 

the St. Marys formation and zone 2 of the Yorktown 

formation. It is relatively lower and larger than Say's 

species, and while it exhibits a variation in sculpture 

comparable to that of D. redimicula and its subspecies 

alticosta, the disparity in the radials is never so great 

as that in the subspecies nor the concentric imbrications 

so pronounced. On the other hand, the sculpture in the 

new species never exhibits that peculiarly smooth and 

flattened aspect which characterizes the Rogers form. 

. Diodora redimicula virgilina is recorded in the Yorktown formation of southern Virginia and North 

Carolina. It is a guide fossil of zone 2. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; Petersburg, Dinwiddie County; 2 miles northwest of 

Smithfield and at Benns Church, Isle of Wight County; 1 mile 

northeast of Suffolk and half a mile below the Suffolk waterworks dam, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 3 miles south of Farmville, 6 miles below Greenville, 6% miles below Greenville at 

Taft's Landing, and 9 to 10 miles south of Greenville, Pitt 

County ; 1 mile north of Castoria, half a mile east of Lizzie on 

the property of Mr. T. N. Lassiter, 4 miles east of Lizzie in 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 183 

scaphopods and gastropods-Continued 

North Carolina 

Miocene Pliocene 

Other occurrences Yorktown 

Croatan 

Duplin and WacZone 1 Zone 2 Undifl'er- camaw entia ted 

------

------ X -------- X ? 

------ ------ -------- X X Waccamaw of Horry County, S. C.; Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida. 

------ ------ -------- X X Ecphora zone of Choctawhatchee of Florida. 

------ X -------- ------ -------- ------ ------ -------- ------ --------

------ ------ -------- ------ --------

------ X X X X Calvert and St. Marys formations of Maryland; Waccamaw of South Carolina. 

------ X -------- X -------- Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C. 

------ X -------- X -------- Caloosahatchee marl of Florida; Recent from Hatteras to Florida Straits. 

------ X -------- X X 

------ ------ -------- X X Miocene, the Duplin marl, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. Ecphora and Cancellaria zones of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida; Pliocene, 

Waccamaw formation, S. C. 

------ X -------- ------ --------

------ ------ -------- X -------- Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. ·c. ------ X -------- X X Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C.; Waccamaw formation of S. C.; Caloosahatchee 

I marl of Fla.; Recent from Hatteras to Yucatan and the West Indies in less than 50 

fathoms. i 

======[--~-- -------- X -------- Duplin marl of Sumter Countv, S. C. 

-------- X -------- Duplin marl of Sumter County, S. C. 

Dog Swamp on the property of Mr. 0. W. Frizelle, and 8 to 9 

miles southeast of Lizzie, Greene County. 

Diodora carolinensis (Conrad) 

Plate 24, figures 14, 18 

1875. Fissurella carolinensis Conrad in Kerr, North Carolina 

Geol. Survey Rept., app. A, p. 22 pl. 4, fig. 1. 

1892 (January). Fissuridea carolinensis Conrad. Pilsbry and 

Johnson, Nautilus, vol. 5, p. 106. 

1892 (December). Fissuridea carolinensis Conrad. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 425 (part, figure 

excluded). 

Shell suboval, sides compressed, 39 very prominent flat-sided 

ribs, rugose-crenulated. Fissure oblong narrow.-Conrad, 1875. 

Shell but little elevated. Basal outline elongateovate, raised slightly anteromedially. Posterior slope 

decidedly more produced and consequently more gentle 

than the anterior. Shell compressed and slightly contracted laterally. Sculpture of 38 equal, strongly elevated, angular radials; summits of radials uniformly 

flat; interradials squarely channelled, and approximately equal in width to the radials; both costals and 

intercostals regularly corrugated by the incremental 

sculpture. Foramen decidedly anterior; shaped like a 

keyhole. Inner callus with the outline of a miniature 

Gothic window; depression deep behind the truncated 

posterior margin. Muscle impressions obscure. Inner 

rim strongly denticulated in harmony with the radials. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height 7.3 mm.; 

length 20.0 mm., maximum width 12.5 mm. 

·Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325478. 

Type locality: Not given. Locality of figured specimen: Rock Landing on the Neuse River, 16th miles above 

. New Bern, Craven County, N.C. Yorktown formation. 

The specimen from the Caloosahatchee marl figured 

by Dall (see synonymy above) is distinct from the upper 

Miocene species and I propose for it the name Diodora 

floridana. The Pliocene form attains a length of more 

than 50 millimeters; primary radials number only about 

20 but secondaries are intercalated in formg so young 

that the embryonic whorls are still retained, and, on the 

larger individuals, tertiaries are introduced. So far as 

the Museum records go, the species figured by Dall is 

restricted to the Caloosahatchee marl of Florida, while 

D. carolinensis is confined to the Yorktown formation, 

the Duplin marl, and possibly the Waccamaw forn1a~ 

tion of North Carolina. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Rock 

Landing, Craven County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, Duplin 

County. Duplin marl or Waccamaw formation, Cape Fear 

River (Pilsbry and Johnson, 1892). 

Superfamily TROCHACEA 

Family TROCHIDAE 

Subfamily CALLIOSTOMATINAE 

Genus CALLIOSTOMA Sw:ainson 

18-!0. Calliostoma Swainson, Treatise on malacology, pp. 218, 

219, 351. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum, primordia, vol. 1, p. 154, 1846) ; Trochus 

conulus Linnaeus. Recent, in the Mediterranean Sea. 

Calliostoma cheopsi Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 26, figures 20, 21 

Outline regular, closely approximating that of an 

equilateral triangle. Volutions flat sided, six, including possibly the entire conch, separated by distinct 
184 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

but inconspicuous sutures. Nuclear whorls wanting. 

Each of remaining turns sculptured with 4 approximately equisized and equispaced spirals, very low, 

broad, and straplike, mounted with close-set, squarish 

tubercles, about 2 to each linear millimeter on the body 

whorl; the foundation bands on the earlier whorls 

almost or altogether obsolete, the tubercles sharper and 

more rounded, thus lending a beaded aspect to the 

sculpture of the posterior portion of the shell; a simple 

secondary introduced on the penultima at the medial 

line of the whorl, midway between the second and third 

primaries, later becoming wavy and inconspicuously 

beaded. Peripheral keel angular but not sharp, outlined by a broad, simple, spiral band. Base flattened, 

sculptured by strong, slightly rounded spirals varying 

somewhat in width and spacing, tending to become 

stronger and more distant in the umbilical region; interspaces sculptured with radiating incrementals. 

Aperture badly broken, probably angular, broader than 

it is high. Pillar smooth, concave, strengthened by 

the reflected callus. Umbilicus imperforate. 

The species, though described from a unique type, 

is sharply separated from all other forms of this 

area by the monotonous pyramidal outline, unbroken 

by any angula-rities or convexities of the whorls and 

by the 4 rather than 3 primary spirals upon the adolescents and the squarish tubercles which adorn the adult 

spirals. Among the Recent species, its nearest kin is 

perhaps Oalliostoma apicinwm Dall of the West Indian 

fauna, a slightly smaller, more elevated conch with a 

much finer, sharper sculpturing. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 11.1 mm., maximum 

diameter 10.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325470. 

Type locality: Eight to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County, N. C. Yorktown formation, zone 2. 

In the Oalliostoma philanthropum group, including 

the subspecies pontoni Mansfield (pl. 26, fig. 15) and 0. 

basicwm Dall (pl. 26, fig. 11), a guide fossil of zone 2 

of the Yorktown formation in Virginia and North 

Carolina, 0. mitchelli (Conrad) (pl. 26, figs. 19, 23), and 

0. ruffinii (H. C. Lea) (pl. 26, fig. 18), the posterior 

suture is overhung by the beaded peripheral keel of the 

preceding whorl. The group is further removed from 

0. cheopsi by the 3 primary spirals on the early whorls 

and by the sharp well-rounded beads of the adult ornamentation. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 miles southeast of 

Greenville, Pitt County, N. C. 

Calliostoma carolinense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 26, figures 3, 4 

Shell heavy, moderately low; the regularity of the 

pyramidal outline broken by the strong spiral cording. 

Whorls narrowly tabulated, 6 in number, including the 

protoconch, which is very small, probably of not more 

than one turn, and, in its decorticated condition, not 

readily differentiated from the conch. Initial sculpture on the conch of 3 spiral lirae, equal in size and 

spacing; a fourth spiral introduced on the next to the 

last whorl of the spire between the posterior and medial 

lirae, increasing somewhat in strength and persistent 

but not attaining the prominence of the original primaries; no other lirae intercalated: on adult whorls 

original posterior primary outlining the shoulder; the 

anterior, together with the stronger .outer basal spiral, 

forming the double peripheral keel; and the medial 

of the 3 original spirals, together with a fourth, symmetrically disposed between the peripheral and shoulder spirals. Base flattened, heavily sculptured with 4 

additional broad straplike cords extending far within 

the aperture, separated by interspaces of approximately 

their own width; umbilical keel outlined by a similar 

spiral. Incremental sculpture microscopically fine. 

Suture distinct but not conspicuous, following the anterior of the peripheral cords, which is commonly partially visible as a thin, sharp thread directly behind the 

suture. 

Aperture transversely ovate. ·Outer margin imperfect, crenulated by the strong spirals. Parietal wall 

thinly glazed. Columellar margin concave, simple, reflected. Umbilical region excavated but not perforate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 9.8 mm., maximum 

diameter 11.2 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325472. 

Type locality: Hamilton Bluff on the Roanoke River, 

Martin County, N.C. Yorktown formation, zone 2. 

0 alliostoma carolinense is characterized by the prominence of the primaries and the reduced number ·of the 

secondaries. It is, apparently, an end member of the 

0. virginicwm group. 

Oalliostoma harrisianrum Olsson, 1916, seems from the 

description and the rather poor illustration to be intermediate between 0. carolinense and 0. virginicum 

s. s. In 0. carolinense the regularity of the profile is 

broken by the heavy spirals, but the profile of 0. harrisianum more closely resembles that of 0. virginicum. 

The number of spirals is more reduced in 0. carolinense 

than it is in either of the two species from Virginia and, 

with the possible exception of the peripheral spirals, 

they seem to be stronger than those of 0. harrisia1'1ffJJm. 

The North Atlantic species Oalliostoma occidentale 

Mighels and Adams, 1842, is similar in general aspect, 

but the 3 primary spirals are beaded on the juvenile 

shells, and the sculpture on the base of the adult is irregular and tends to become obsolete except toward the 

periphery and the umbilical area. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Hamilton Bluff on the 

Roanoke River, Martin County, N. C. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPOI>A AND GASTROPODA 185 

Calliostoma virginicum (Conrad) 

Plate 26, figure 12 

1875. Zizyphinus virfJ.inicus Conrad, North Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., vol. 1, app. A, p. 22, pl. 4, .fig. 4. 

Type locality : Suffolk, V a. 

'calliostoma virginicum gizehi Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 26, figures 16, 17 

Shell moderately low, pyramidal. Whorls trapezoidal, regularly increasing in size, 5 to 6 in number. 

Protoconch decorticated, minute, probably of not much 

more than 1 volution. Initial sculpture of 3 equal and 

equidistant spirals, the anterior and posterior of which 

gradually become more prominent relatively and absolutely; intercalaries introduced on early whorls. Sculpture when fully developed, consisting of a single broad, 

simple, moderately elevated cord in front of the posterior suture, a similarly broad and elevated cord directly behind the anterior suture and, on the intermediate area, 4 to 8 fine, sharp lirae tending to alternate 

in size when numerous; 2 simple and moderately strong 

cords girdling the periphery and a fine, sharp threadlet 

intercalated between them. Suture line distinct but inconspicuous, following the anterior spiral of the double 

keel but rarely completely covering it, so that the carina 

is partially visible as a fine, sharp thread directly behind 

the suture. Base flattened, sculptured with 9 to 11 simple lirae, those nearer the axis the broader and the more 

irregular in size and spacing. Aperture somewhat 

broken, rudely rhomboidal; outer margin imperfect but 

obviously angulated at the periphery. Inner margili 

concave, reflected. Umbilical region slightly excavated 

but imperforate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 9.2 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 10.5 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325467. 

Type locality : Yorktown, V a. Yorktown formation, 

zone 2. 

0 alliostoma virginicum gizehi exhibits a tendency 

toward an increase in the number of lirations accompanied by a corresponding decrease in their prominence. 

The subspecies, though distinct from 0. virginicum 

in general aspect, is merely the result of a relative and 

an absolute increase in the strength of the sculpture 

between the anterior and posterior carinae and a relative and absolute decrease in the strength of. the spirals 

delimiting the carinae. In some individuals, indeed, the 

spiral outlining the posterior keel is reduced until it is 

scarcely more prominent than the lira in front of it. 

In 0. labrosum (Conrad) (pl. 26, fig. 10) , a low and 

broadly biconic member of the same group, the general 

sculpture plan is constant, but the sculpture is greatly 

subdued. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York County, 

Va. 

Calliostoma hertfordense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 26, figures 13, 14 

Shell depressed, pyramidal, terminating obtusely. 

Volutions 5. Protoconch not well differentiated, very 

small, of probably not more than 1 coil, smooth, immersed in the succeeding turn. Earliest whorls of 

conch ornamented with 3 strong spirals. Posterior 

spiral increasing in prominence with the establishment 

of the later sculpture, becoming wavy and finally 

beaded, and outlining the narrow shoulder. Anterior 

of the 3 spirals increasing similarly in strength, gradually assuming a beaded character, and delimiting the 

. anterior peripheral keel. Median spiral flattening; 2 

low intercalaries introduced on the spire, 3 on the body 

whorl. A single, rather prominent, rounded thread 

revolving midway between the anterior keel and the 

anterior suture line on all but the earliest whorls. 

Suture not very distinct, separated from the posterior 

carina of the succeeding whorl by a shallow but welldefined channel. Peripheral keel obtuse, outlined by 

a rather strong, simple spiral; a second spiral, similar 

in strength and character, placed midway between it 

and the anterior beaded spiral. Base flattened, sculp· 

tured with about 9 rather feeble and irregular spirals; 

the 2 or 3 spirals in the umbilical region the strongest 

and separated by the widest interspaces; remaining 

lirae tending to fuse near the inner lip but becoming 

more distinct toward the labrum. Incrementals well 

developed on the body whorl both behind the periphery and on the base. Aperture subquadrate. Pillar 

slightly excavated, heavily calloused. Umbilical pit 

small, possibly pathologic. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 7.3 mm., maximum 

diameter 8.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325469. . · 

Type locality: One and one-half miles above Murfreesboro, Hertford County, N. C. Yorktown formation. 

The diagnostic features of the species are the low, 

turbinate outline, the sutural channel separating the 

whorls, and the characteristic sculpture of 2 not very 

prominent, beaded spirals-the one posterior, the other 

anterior-and 3 or 4 low, subequal intermediate"lirae. 

The early whorls and the general sculpture plan of 

the adult are similar in 0. hertfordense and in 0. virginicum (Conrad). 0 alliostoma virginicwm is the 

larger shell and, relatively as well as absolutely, higher; 

the channelling between the sutures is deeper than in 

0. hertfordense, and all the spirals are simple. The 

small umbilical perforation in the North Carolina species may be the result of the injury recorded by the 

scar. 0. virginicum is imperforate. 0. virginicurm 

gizehi is more closely comparable, but in the subspecies, 

also, the spirals are simple and the apical angle smaller. 

The type is unique. 
186 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCEN'E AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Calliostoma nottowayense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 2.6, figures 1, 2 

Shell low, rudely pyramidal, tapering to an acute 

apex. Whorls probably 6, broadly rounded. Protoconch minute but so badly decorticated that an exact determination of its characters is impossible. Surface 

sculpture very flat on the early whorls, finer and 

sharper on the body. Lirations low, 11 to 12 on the 

final whorl of the spire, separated by linear interspaces; lira directly in front of the suture less feeble 

than those anterior to it. Incrementals for the most 

part microscopic, parallel to the outer lip, and obliquely 

intersecting the spirals. Suture line distinct, the whorls 

closely wound. Periphery of body obtusely angulated. 

Base flattened, feebly sculptured by some 18 to 20 lirations, least feeble in the umbilical region; microscopically fine and linearly spaced toward the periphery. 

Aperture transversely elliptical. Outer lip sharp, 

strongly arcuate. Parietal wall thinly veiled with 

enamel. Columella concave, simple, thickened, and 

reflected. Umbilicus depressed but not perforate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 9.3 mm., maximum 

diameter 11.1 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325466. 

Type locality: Sycamore, on the Nottoway River, 

Southampton County, Va. Yorktown formation. 

Oalliostoma nottowayense is closely related to the 

Yorktown species Oalliostoma harrisii Dall (pl. 26, 

fig. 22). However, because of the convexity of the 

whorls, the slope of the spire is less uniform, the spiral 

sculpture less crowded, and the liration directly in 

front of the suture is not emphasized. OaZlistoma. nottowayense. is known only from th~ type locality. 

Section LEIOTROCHUS Conrad 

1862. Leiotrochus Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 

1862, p. 288. 

Type by monotypy : LeiotTochus distans Conrad. Miocene, of 

Maryland (St. Marys formation). 

Shell perforate in normal adults. 

Calliostoma conradi Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 26, figures 5, 9 

1902. Oa"tliostoma (Eutrochus) dis tans Conrad. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sc~. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 402 (part). [Not 

Leiotrochus distans Conrad, 1862.] 

Shell perforate, low, trochiform ; contour of spire 

somewhat irregular. Volutions 6, feebly convex, flattened slightly in front of the suture; the final whorl 

rounded to obtusely angulated at the periphery. Surface sculptured with submicroscopically fine lirations, 

15 to 20 on the sides of the later whorls and 20 or more 

on the base, the lirae tending to be finest and most 

crowded on the periphery and least fine in front of the 

suture and particularly in the umbilical area. Suture 

distinct, slightly impressed, tending to drop a little below the periphery of the preceding whorl. Base flattened, spirally sculptured, the lirae becoming increasingly fine and crowded toward the periphery. Aperture 

transversely ovate. Outer lip thin, sharp, strongly arcuate. Colmnellar·lip simple, concave, reflexed. Umbilicus small, funicular, persistent almost to the apex. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 9.8 mm., diameter 

11.9 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325468. 

Type locality: Yorktown, V a. Yorktown formation. 

0 alliostoma conradi has been confused in the collections with the St. Marys species 0. distans Conrad, a 

somewhat larger, more elevated shell with less gently 

and more uniformly sloping sides. The sculpturing 

of the two forms is distinct; that of 0. distans is restricted to some half a dozen sharp striations with relatively distant spacing and fortuitous secondaries intercalated in the interspaces; that of 0. conradi consists of numerous crowded lirae subequal in size and 

spacing though tending to be least fine and most 

crowded toward the periphery of the whorl. 

Oalliostmna liurnile Conrad is a larger, relatively 

lower, more uniformly sloping cone, with impressed 

sutures. The sculpture is equally fine but tends to be 

least inconspicuous toward the· anterior suture line. 

Closely related to 0. conradi is 0. armillatwm (Tuomey and Holmes) (pl. 26, fig. 6), described :from the 

Waccamaw formation of South Carolina and recognized in the Waccamaw and also in the Duplin of 

North Carolina. The later and more southern species 

resembles 0. humile in outline and differs both from 

0. conradi and from 0. humile in the obscure beading 

of the posterior spiral, in the flatter, more evenly though 

faintly sculptured base, and in the beading of the umbilical margin. 0. armillatfum has been most commonly compared to 0. cycl11lm Dall (pl. 26, figs. 7, 8), 

from the Yorktown formation and Duplin marl of 

North Carolina, which it resembles in no detail except 

possibly the relatively large size of the umbilicus. The 

low regular biconic outline of 0. cyclum and the strong, 

bicarinate periphery will serve to isolate that small 

shell. 

Distribution: . Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, 

York County; Benns Church, Isle of Wight County; Sycamore 

on the Nottoway River, Southampton County; 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 1% miles above Murfreesboro, Hertford County ; 15% miles above Bells Bridge on 

the Tar River, Edgecombe County. 

Subfamily GIBBULINAE 

Genus GIBBULA Risso 

1826. Gibbula Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de !'Europe Meridionale, vol. 4, p. 134. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis 

generum malacozoorum, primordia, vol. 1, p. 473, April 1847) : 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 187 

Trochus magus Linnaeus. ;Recent, from the Shetland Islands to 

the Azores and the Mediterranean. 

Gibbula americana yorktownensis Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 24, figure 20; plate 28, figure 30 

Shell small, turbinate, the 4 component volutions regularly but rapidly increasing in size. Adolescent whorls 

broadly tabulated; later whorls of adult evenly rounded. 

Protoconch of 114 turns, the initial quarter turn immersed, the succeeding volution rather strongly inflated, 

flattening, however, toward the cicatrix which forms 

the dividing line between the conch and protoconch. 

Sculpture developed very slowly, exceedingly faint and 

meager on the first whorl of the conch; pen ultima with 

3 or 4 elevated spirallirations with finer secondaries intercalated midway between· the primaries; final whorl 

closely threaded, the peripheral spiral more prominent 

than those in front of it on the rostrate young but decreasing in relative prominence on the well-rounded 

body of the adult. Basal primaries sharply elevated, 7 

to 9 in number, with regularly intercalated secondaries. 

Incremental sculpture very strong, forming a very fine 

and regular oblique retractive grating upon the interspiral areas and, in the young, overriding the spirals as 

well. Sut:ure lines faintly channelled. Aperture rudely 

semielliptical in outline, the outer lip obscurely angulated at the periphery of the young, broadly and evenly 

rounded in the adults. Inner lip sharply rounded. Pillar and parietal wall washed with callus. Umbilicus 

small but deep, striated within by the incrementals 

only. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height 4.5 mm., maximum 

diameter 4.7 n1m. Dimensions of juvenile para type: 

Height 2.5 mm., maximum diameter 3.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325463. Paratype: U.S.N.M. 

325465. 

Holotype locality : One mile northeast of Suffolk, 

N ansemond County, V a. Para type locality : Colerain 

Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C. Both 

holotype and para type localities in the Yorktown formation. 

The representatives of the group are so few in number that it is impossible to determine with any assurance the relations between Gibbula aonericana Dall 

from the Duplin marl and G. yorktowrnensis from the 

Yorktown formation. The Yorktown species differs 

from the Duplin form by its relatively higher spire, 

finer and more crowded lirae, and coarser incrementals. 

In his description of Gibbula americana, Dall noted 

that (J.!Inericana was the first Gibbula, Recent or fossil, 

to be recorded from western Atlantic faunas. The 

genus is characteristic of the eastern Atlantic and 

Mediterranean, and there are several Pacific and IndoPacific species. The American individuals do not clearly show the nacreous inner layer which is a characteristic feature of the genus and the family. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Benns Church, 

Isle of Wight County 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond 

County, 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Colerain Landing on 

the Chowan River, Bertie County. 

Subfamily SKENEINAE 

Genus TEINOSTOMA A. Adams 

1853. Teinostorna A. Adams, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 21, 

p. 183. 

Type by monotypy : Teinostoma politum A. Adams. Recent, 

off the coast of Ecuador. 

Section IDIORAPHE Pilsbry 

1922. Idiomphe Pilsbry, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 

73, pt. 2, p. 398. 

Type by original designation: Oyclops angulatus Gabb. Miocene, of the Dominican republic. 

The section is characterized "by having the whorls 

enveloping, the suture at first closely coiled, but in the 

last whorl deviating abruptly." The periphery on the 

first half of the body whorl in the type is distinctly 

carinate, and the apical surface is domed. These last 

characters are apparently not essential, for Teinostoma 

depre-ssum, the only other species referred to I dior~phe 

in the original description, is depressed and the periphery is rounded. 

Teinostoma smikron Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 25, figures 18-20 

Shell imperforate, polished, compressed, ~inutely 

auriculate. Whorls approximately 4, rapidly Increasing in size, so that the earlier are largely concealed by 

the later. Earliest whorls feebly convex, the later volutions flattened posteriorly, the final whorl faintly depressed in front of the suture line. Surface smooth 

except for feeble incremental striations and exceedingly fine and fortuitous spiral shagreening. Sutures 

closely appressed, exaggerated and not very accurately 

shown in the illustration. Periphery of final whorl 

narrow but evenly rounded. Aperture holostomous, 

somewhat sinuous, rudely elliptical transversely, the 

posterior portion feebly expanded, the anterior feebly 

constricted. Umbilicus entirely closed by a heavy pad 

of enamel which forms a smooth semi-elliptical area 

slightly s;nken below the surrounding surface. Parietal wall thinly glazed. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 0.7 mm., maximum 

diameter 1.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 3254 73. 

Type locality: N eills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N.C. 

Waccamaw formation. 

T einos.toma smikron is separated from T. nanwm 

(Isaac Lea) (pl. 25, figs. 23-24) of the St. Mar~s formation of Maryland and the Yorktown formatiOn of 

Virginia and North Carolina by the more compressed 

outline, the exposed whorls of the spire, and the greater 
188 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

disparity between the maximum and minimum diameters. From T. milium Dall (pl. 25, fig. 21) of the Pliocene C'aloosahatchee formation, T. smikron is readily 

isolated by the flattening of the apical surface, and the 

greater tendency in T. smikron toward coiling in a 

single plane. 

T einostoma umbilicatum (H. C. Lea) (pl. 25, figs. 

29, 30) may be nothing more than aT. nanum in which 

the enamel has been broken through in the a pi cal region, 

producing a minute pit which was mistaken for a specific character. Mansfield, however, regarded T. umbilicatum~ as a subspecies of T. nanum, separable hy 

reason of its less open spire and less impressed line at 

the margin of the basal cal1us. He reported T. umbilicatum from the Ecphora zone of the Choctawhatchee 

formation [now the Duplin marl], in the upper bed at 

Alum Bluff in Liberty County, and from the locality 

half a mile northeast of Clarksville, Calhoun County, 

Fla. Two apparently young individuals of the T. 

nanum group from the Waccamaw formation of Neills 

Eddy Landing, N. C., are more compressed than any 

of the young observed from the Miocene and may prove 

to be specifically distinct. T. miocenicum Olsson,1 1916, 

is somewhat less compressed and faintly striate spirally. 

It has been recognized only at the type locality, Natural 

Well in Duplin County, N. C. 

Teinostoma earinatum (H. C. Lea) (pl. 25, figs. 35, 

36, 39) does not seem to fall within the exact limits of 

any prescribed section. It resembles ldioraphe in the 

domed apical surface and the carinate periphery, but 

it differs in the regular coiling of the exposed apical 

whorls. The shell is moderately heavy, the early whorls 

exposed and increasing regularly in diameter, the apical surface smoothly domed, the periphery conspicuously carinate, and the base convex from the periphery 

to the slightly sunken umbilical area. The type is from 

Petersburg, Va. '1'. lenticulare (H. C. Lea) (pl. 25, 

figs. 25, 26), also from Petersburg, is closely allied and 

possibly nothing more than a subspecific variant. Mansfield 2 has reported T. carinatum from the Ecphora zone 

of the Choctawhatchee formation in Calhoun County, 

Fla. 

Teinostoma subconicum (H. C. Lea) (pl. 25, figs. 27-

28) may be referable to the group commonly known as 

Pse·udorotella Fischer, 1857. The illustration indicates 

the deplorable state of the holotype. 

The droop in the suture line in T einostoma swikron 

is less pronounced than in typical I dioraphe, but the 

affinities of the species seem to be with that division. 

Distribution: 'Vaccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing. 

Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C. 

1 Olsson, Axel, New Miocene fossils: Bull. Am. Paleontology; vol. 5, 

no.27,p.21,pl. 3,figs.14, 15,1916. 2 Mansfield, W. C., Miocene gastropods and scaphopods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida : Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 134, 

pl. 20, figs. 10-12, 1930. 

Genus "PSEUDOROTELLA" Fischer 

Pseudorotella Fischer 3 has been commonly regarded 

as a subgenus or section of Teinostoma. The type by 

monotypy is Rotella semistriata D'Orbigny, Recent, off 

the Florida Keys and the West Indies. Woodring, in 

1928, considered the differences between Pseudorotella 

and Teinostoma of generic importance and mentioned 

as characteristic features of Pseudorotelta the exposed . 

spire, heavy parietal callus, relatively small umbilical 

pad, and sinuous aperture. 1 

The east coast Tertiary species commonly referred to 

Pseudorotella are not congeneric with the genotype, 

and the name is therefore quoted in this paper. Pseudorotella semistriata is a very compact and compressed 

little shell, with an obliquely flattened base and anumbilical pad that completely closes the umbilical opening and is laid smoothly upon the base o£ the body. In 

"Pseudorotella" alewanderi (Olsson) (pl. 25, figs. 12-

14) the flattening of the whorl in front of the suture 

breaks the rounded contour of the apical surface, the 

body is broadly rounded, and there is no umbilical pad, 

merely a thickening of the pillar which partially conceals the umbilicus. If there is a superspecific name 

available for these small forms, I have been unable to 

find it. 

"Vitrinella" regularis C. B. Adams, described from 

Panama and figured by Pilsbry and Olsson (A cad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 97, pl. 28, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 

1945) is rather similar to "Pseudorotella" alewanderi in 

the characters of the aperture and umbilicus but the 

spire is depressed turbinate rather than rounded. 

Olsson referred his species to Etltalia H. and A. Adams, 1854, but the type of Ethalia is Rotella gu(Jfl'nensis 

Quoy and Gaimard, and the species is restricted, according to Pilsbry, 1889, to the vicinity of Guam. It is a 

larger shell than PsmlJdorotetla, attaining 15 millimeters or more in greatest diameter, it is nacreous and 

turbinate, and the aspect of the apical surface is not 

unlike that of some of the species of Leiotroohus. 

Genus SOLARIORBIS Conrad 

1865. Solariorbis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 20. 

Type by subsequent designation (Dall, W. H., Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 414, 1892) : Delphinu:ta depressa 

Isaac Lea. Claiborne sand of Alabama. 

Very small, discoidal, moderately thick shelled. Nucleus small but fairly prominent, smooth, shining, 

paucispiral. Surface of conch finely punctate spirally. Aperture subcircular. Peristome angulated 

and feebly sulcate at the commissure. Parietal wash 

thin to rather heavy. Umbilical area sharply defined; 

perforation small but deep, partially concealed by the 

thickening of the umbilical carina toward the aperture. 

Dall granted Solariorbis only sectional value under 

3 Fischer, P., Etudes sur un groupe de coquilles de Ia famille des 

Trochidae: Jour. conchyliologie, t. 6 (28 s~r., t. 2), p. 52, 1857. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 189 

Teinostmna and described the species steirata (pl. 25, 

fig. 34) as a Teinostoma. The features are distinct from 

those of Teinostoma and deserve generic recognition. 

The soft parts are not known and probably never will 

be since both the American and the European species 

seem to be restricted to the Atlantic Tertiary faunas. 

Solariorbis includes a compact group of species exceptionally well characterized by the depressed apical 

surface, finely punctate spiral sculpture and rather 

large umbilical area surrounding the small umbilical 

pit. From the shell characters alone Solariorbis seems 

more closely related to Circulus and Oyclostremiscus 

than to Teinostoma. 

The height of the figured individual (U. S. N. M. 

112649) is 1.0 mm., the maximum diameter 2.6 mm. It 

was collected on the Cape Fear River from the "Newer 

Miocene," which includes both the Duplin marl and the 

Waccamaw formation. 

Family CYCLOSTREMATIDAE 

Genus CYCLOSTREMISCUS Pilsbry and Olsson 

1945. Cyclostt·emiscus Pilsbry and Olsson, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 97, p. 266. 

Type by original designation: Vitrinella panamen.sis C. B. 

Adams. Recent, off the West Coast of Panama and Mazatlan. 

The shell is small or minute (usually less than 3 mm. in 

diameter), solid _or moderately strong, depressed or discoidal, 

much wider than high, umbilicate, of few (about 3 more or 

less) whorls, of which the first 11h to 2 form a smooth nuclear 

shell. Last whorl typically having several spiral angles or 

carinae, their intervals typically with lower axial riblets or 

striae. Aperture subcircular or modified by the angles of the 

shell, the peristome continuous, not thickened externally. Type 

Vitrinella panamen.sis C. B. Adams. 

We introduce this genus for a series of small or minute 

species, abundantly represented in the west American tropics. 

Some of them have been described in the genera Vitrinella and 

Oyclostrema, but in our opinion the differences outweigh such 

similarity as may be traced * * *. 

The living animal, operculum and radula have not been observed.-Pilsbry and Olsson, 1945. 

Oir(}ul'IJJ8 Jeffreys is available for the small discoidal 

spirally keeled forms and Oyclostremiscus may be restricted to the cancellate shells at least until the ani-. 

mals have been studied. 

Cyclostremiscus oblique-striatus (H. C. Lea) 

Plate 25, figures 31, 32 

1843. Delphinula oblique-striata H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. 

Proc., vol. 3, p. 164 ( n. n.) . 

1846. Delph-inula oblique-striata H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. 

Trans., n. ser., vol. 9, p. 261, pl. 36, fig. 72. 

1892. Adeorbis? obliquistriata (H. C. Lea). Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 347 

Shell orbicular, depressed, thick, diaphanous, sub-cancellate; 

spire very short, ovate, longitudinally and deeply sulcate near 

the apex; sutures impressed, linear; whorls four, convex; sulculi longitudinal, nearly obsolete at the lower suture; straie 

obliquely transverse, small, numerous; last whorl sometimes 

carinate, sometimes angulate, smooth near the suture; base 

striate, deeply sulcate; umbilicus large, deep, margined with a 

carina, smooth within; mouth round. 

Length .04. Breadth .10 of an inch. 

Remarks.-The longitudinal sulci are quite large on the 

upper whorls, but become smaller and closer as they approach 

the last whorl, while on the base they again increase. The 

striae are very oblique, but are more nearly transverse than 

longitudinal. On the last whorl, they form cancellations with 

the su1ci, and are obsolete near the suture as they approach 

the mouth. The umbilicus is carinate and scalariform, decreasing from whorl to whorl in rectangular steps. The periphery 

of the last whorl is extremely variable, being in some specimens 

almost round, and in others angular and carinate. The mouth 

is almost a perfect circle.-H. C. Lea, 1846. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1541. 

Type and sole locality: Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, V a. Yorktown formation. 

Apparently the cancellate forms were already established along the Middle Atlantic coast in the middle 

part of Tertiary time. 

Genus CIRCULUS Jeffreys 

1865. Circulus Jeffreys, British Conchology, vol. 3, p. 315 

= .Adeorbis Searles Wood (part) . 

Type by monotypy: Delphinula duminyi Requien=Adeorois 

striatus Searles Wood, fide Bush, 1897. Recent, in European 

waters. 

Very small, circular, nearly flat-spired with an exceedingly 

wide and open umbilicus. 

Operculum circular with about a dozen volutions which wind 

spirally and gradually and converge to the centre.-Jeffreys, 1865. 

In the typical species the apical surface of the shell is 

decorated with a few sharp evenly spaced spiral lirae. 

"Circulus" (?supra-nitidus Wood subsp.) orbignyi (Fischer) 

Plate 25, figure 33 

1857. Adeorbis oroignyi Fischer, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 6 (2e 

ser., vol. 2), pp. 173, 286. 

1889. Adeorbis supranitidus var. orbignyi Fischer. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., vol. 18, p. 278 

(part). 

1892. Adeorbis supranitidus var. oroignyi Fischer. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 344 (part). 

Shell minute, subdiscoidal. Whorls inflated medially 

and anteriorly, flattened or slightly depressed poste-. 

riorly, about 5 in all. Protoconch smooth, of approximately llf2 turns, differentiated from the conch by its 

greater convexity and less regular coiling. First 2 

whorls of conch smooth except for microscopically fine · 

incremental striations. Spiral sculpture initiated, as a 

rule, on the second whorl of the conch by 3 equal and 

equispaced lirations; a fourth lira finer than those in 

front of it, but rapidly increasing in prominence, introduced within· the first quarter turn of the sculptured 

conch. Sculpture on posterior and rounded peripheral 

portions of body consisting in figured specimen of 8 

primary lirations, subequal in size and spacing; secondaries regularly developed in the umbilical region and 

fortuitously on the outer basal surface, particularly toward the aperture. Incrementals faint but regular, least 
190 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

:feeble in the interspiral areas. Suture line distinct, impressed. Aperture holostomous, subcircular, the axis 

not deviating greatly :from the plane of the shell; peristome adnate to the body wall. Umbilicus :funicular, 

persistent to the apex, :feebly lirate within. 

"Oiroulws" ( ?supra-nitidus Wood subsp.) orbignyi 

(Fischer) is closely related to "Circulus" costulatus 

(H. C. Lea) of theY orktown :formation of Virginia and 

the Duplin marl of North Carolina. It differs in the 

greater flattening and depression of the whorls in front 

of the suture and the corisequent'lower spire; the lower 

average in the number of primary lirations; and the 

presence, in the majority of individuals, of a smooth 

basal area between the umbilical :funnel and the 

periphery. 

The figured specimen is U.S.N.M. 112345, :from the 

Waccamaw :formation at Tilly Lake, Waccamaw River, 

Horry County, S.C. It is 1.2 mm. high and 2.9 mm. in 

diameter. 

The species was described from Cuba. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Magnolia and Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C., Waccamaw 

formation, Wilmington, New Hanover County, N.C. 

Family LIOTIIDAE 

Genus LIOTIA Gray 

1842. Liotia Gray, Synopsis of the contents of the Br~tish 

Museum, 44th ed., p. 57 (genus without species). Fide 

Iredale, 1913. 

1847. Liotia Gray, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 145. 

Type by original designation: Delphinula cancellata Gray. 

Recent, on the Pacific coast from Peru to Chile. 

Subgenus ARENE H. and A. Adams 

1854. Arene H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 

1, p. 404. 

Type by subsequent designation (Woodring, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 385, p. 422, 1928) : Tut·bo cruentatus Megerle 

von Muhlfeld. Recent, in the West Indies. 

Liotia (Arene) pergemma Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 31, 36, 37, 40, 41 

Shell feebly nacreous within, rather heavy, of moderate size for the genus, depressed turbinate, the apparent 

angularity of the shell increased by the prominence and 

. position of the spirals. ·Whorls 4lj2 in all. Initial turn 

of the protoconch partially immersed, the succeeding 

volution inflaterl and differentiated from those of the 

conch only by its lesser though constantly increasing 

angularity. Posterior tabulation of conchal turns 

broad and sharply defined, meeting the sides of the 

whorl at an angle of not :far from 90°, except on the 

final half turn, where the angles are rounded off. Initial spiral developed at the margin of the shoulder, a 

second spiral introduced within half a revolution, midway between the shoulder and the anterior suture, followed by a third developed along with the sutural 

channel, which it margins; a fourth, the peripheral 

spiral, exposed near the aperture directly behind the 

posterior suture ; all 4 of the primaries heavily corrugated or annulated by incrementals and becoming 

increasingly prominent toward the aperture; the 3 anterior primaries and intercalated secondaries evenly distributed upon the body and separated by a wide, more 

or less concave interspace from the posterior primary 

and by a wide, flattened interarea from the prominent 

beaded spiral outlining the umbilical keel; fortuitous 

secondaries, either simple or annulate, commonly developed upon the shoulder and upon the base of the 

body, particularly within the final half-turn; very fine 

and faint spiral striations sometimes· visible upon the 

pri1naries. Axial sculpture of two types-the retractive, ill-defined axial wrinkles, which override the 

spirals and annulate them and are most prominent on 

the shoulder of the whorl; and, in addition, an axial 

shagreening :from the microscopically fine but sharp 

incremental laminations, slightly oblique to the wavy 

axials, least fine in the interspiral areas, particularly 

in the sutural gutter. Sutures sunk in a deep but rather 

narrow channel, which is evanescent toward the apex. 

Gerontic character suggested by a tendency toward a 

looser coiling in the body of the adults so that the last 

quarter turn frequently droops in :front of the periphery 

of the final whorl of the spire, and the posterior commisure is in some individuals halfway between the anterior peripheral spiral and the umbilical carina. Aperture entire, subcircular, the outer lip more broadly and 

evenly rounded than the inner. Peristome continuous. 

Outer lip thickened within. Pillar feebly reinforced. 

Parietal wall heavily glazed. Umbilicus deep, wide, 

scalariform, the carina strongly defined and annulated, 

visible within the funnel; sides of umbilicus minutely 

striated incrementally. · 

Dimensions of holotype : Height 4.8 mm., maximum 

diameter 5.9 mm. Dimensions of parat.ype : Height 3.8 

mm., maximum diameter 5.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 497853. Paratype: U.S.N.M. 

325475. 

Holotype locality: Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. 

Waccamaw :formation. Para type locality : N eills Eddy 

Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, 

Columbus County, N. C. Waccamaw formation. 

Liotia (A rene) pergemma is intermediate in size and 

in sculpture characters between L. (Arene) major 

Gardner and Aldrich and Liotia gemma (Tuomey and 

Holmes). The North Carolina species is smaller and 

the sculpture more subdued than that from South Carolina. The differences, however, may be no more than 

subspecific. 

Liotia (Arene) pergemma is separated from the coexistent L. (Arene) gemma (Tuomey and Holmes) 

(pl. 28, figs. 38, 39) by its larger size, more depressed, 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 191 

right-angled, discoidal outline, the more heavily annulated spirals, and the deeper sutural channel. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Mount 

Gould Landing and half to three-fourths mile above Edenhouse 

Point on the Chowan River, Bertie County; 5 miles below New 

Bridge over the Tar River, Edgecombe County; and llh miles 

west of Greenville, Pitt County. Waccamaw formation, Lake 

Waccamaw, Cronly and Xeills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of 

Cronly on the Cape Fear River, Columbus County. 

Genus DIDIANEMA Woodring 

1928. Didianema, Woodring, Carnegie lnst. Washington Pub. 

385, p. 447. 

Type by original designation: Did'ianema tytha Woodring. 

Miocene, of Bowden, Jamaica. 

Didianema recalls M olleria Jeffreys in the development of the small opercular shelf and may well be the 

southern representative of that genus. The northern 

form commonly exhibits a crude axial sculpture of 

which there is no trace in Didianema, and it is not 

carinate at the margin of the umbilicus. The type of 

Llf olleria is Jf argarita oostulata Moller, widespread in 

the North Atlantic and reported off Fernandina, Fla., 

in 294 fathoms.· It is probable that a number of the 

Tertiary species from the South Atlantic now referred 

to M olleria are more properly referable to the southern 

genus, but the absence of the beading on the umbilical 

keel and of the spirals within the umbilical funnel1nay 

be of more than specific importance. 

Didianema? carolinae Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 25, figures 15-17 

Shell minute, naticoid, relatively heavy, lacking 

luster. Whorls 3lf2 in all, the line between the nuclear 

and postnuclear turns obscure, indicated only by a 

change in the texture of the shell but probably falling 

within the first half of the second complete turn, so 

that about 114 turns are nuclear, 21;4 turns postnuclear. Whorls of conch broadly rounded, separated 

by distinctly impressed sutures. Aperture subcircular, 

thin edged, obscurely sulcated at the posterior cmnmissure and at the umbilical keel. Peristome adnate to 

the body wall from the commissure to the keel, free 

but slightly reverted along the inner margin of the 

funnel, broadly and symmetrically arcuate from the keel 

backward to the posterior commissure. Umbilical funnel crescentic, widening anteriorly, margined by a 

sharply defined keel, incrementally striate but without 

spiral sculpture. Outer surface roughened but showing no sculpture pattern. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 1.6 mm., maximum 

diameter 1.6 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325476. 

Type locality: Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, 

Bladen County, N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

Didianema? carolinae lacks the polish and the beaded 

umbilical carina of the genotype from the Bowden 

754992-48--2 

formation of Jamaica, but it more closely resembles 

D. tytha than it does the axially ribbed D. costulata 

which has no umbilical keel. "M olleria" duplinen8is 

Dall (pl. 25, fig. 22) is strongly keeled and should 

probably be referred to Didianema rather than to the 

cold-water Molleria. It differs from D. oarolinae in the 

heavier shell and wider umbilical funnel, but, like it, 

lacks the beaded carina of the genotype. 

The type is unique. 

Order CTENOBRANCHIA 

Suborder MESOGASTROPODA 

Superfamily LITTORINACEA 

Family LITTORINIDAE 

Genus LITTORINA Ferussac 

182'2. Littorina Ferussac, Tableaux s~'stematiques des anirnaux 

mollusques, pp. xi, xxxiv. 

Type by tautonymy: Turbo littoreus Linnaeus. 

Shell ilnperforate, solid, turbinate. Spire relatively 

low and of few volutions. Spiral sculpture usually 

dominant. Aperture entire, oval or subcircular. Columella simple, only slightly excavated. Outer lip 

simple, acute. 

This large genus of fresh-water or brackish-water 

shells was initiated in the Mesozoic. The Recent representatives, the so-called "periwinkles," are among the 

most prolific denizens of the littoral zone. 

Littorina irrorata (Say) 

Plate 24, figure 16 

1822. Tu1·bo it·roratus Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st 

se1· ., vol. 2, p. 239. 

1856. Litiorina in·orata L. R. Gibbes. Tuomey and Holmes, 

Pleiocene fossils, South Carolina, p. 119, pl. 26, fig. 5. 

1858. Litorina lineata Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey 

Rept, pp. 256, 271, fig. 170. 

1860. Littorina irrorata Gray. Holmes, Post-Plei.;>cene fossils 

of South Carolina, p. 91, pl. 14, fig. 5. 

1863. Littorina carolinens,is Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 567: 

1875. Littorina cm·olinensis Conrad, in Kerr, Geol. Survey 

North Carolina Rept., app . .A, p. 23, pl. 4, figs. 10, 11. 

1892. Litorina irrorata Say. Dall Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 320. 

1904. Littorina irrorata (Say). Martin, Maryland Geol. Surve.y, Miocene, p. 240, pl. 58, fig. 1. 

1906. Littorina irrorata Say. Rogers, Shell book, p. 175, pl. 

opp. p. 180, fig. 2. 

1937. Littorina irr·orata Say. Maxwell Smith, East coast marine shells, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 20. 

Shell thick, greenish or pale cinereous, with numerous revolving, elevated, obtuse, equal lines, which are spotted with 

abbreviated brownish lines; suture not indented; spire acute; 

labium incrass~ted, yellowish-brown; labrum within white and 

thkk, at the edge thin, and linea ted with dark brownish; 

throat white; columella with an indentation; operculum 

coriaceous. 

Length four-fifths of an inch. 
192 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Inhabits the coast of the United States. 

Cabinent of the Academy and Philadelphia Museum. 

This has the general appearance of T. littoreus, but is sufficiently distinct by the above characters ; the calcareous deposit 

on the labium is copious. 

An inhabitant of our estuaries of the middle and southern 

states.-Say, 1822. 

Shell heavy, turbinate. Whorls approximately 6, 

closely appressed., decreasing rapidly in size. Conch 

and protoconch not sharply differentiated. Spirals low, 

for the most part fillets of equal size, approximat.ely 8 

on the later whorls of the spire and twice as many on the 

body. Interspaces linear. Incrementals microscopically fine. Suture distinct but inconspicuous. Aperture holostomous, obliquely ovate. Inner lip gently excavated. Outer lip more strongly arcuate, somewhat 

flaring anteriorly, the edge sharply bevelled. Parietal 

wall heavily calloused. 

The character of the sculpture of Littorina irrorata 

(Say) is very similar to that of Ilyanassa isogranvma 

Dall. 

The species had rather a meagre representation during 

the Tertiary, although it is exceedingly prolific in the 

Recent waters. The common periwinkle, as it is called, 

was formerly limited largely to the Gulf of Mexico, but, 

of late years, has been creeping rapidly up the east coast 

until it has now reached the New England shores. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 22.5 rom. ; 

diameter, 16.0 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 59695. 

Locality of figured specimen : Hog Island, V a. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 9 to 10 miles southeast 

of Greenville, Pitt County. Duplin marl, 4 to 5 miles below 

Lumberton, Robeson County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers 

Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly; Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, 

City Rock Quarry near Wilmington, New Hanover County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Choptank formation, Choptank 

River, Md. Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly Lake, Horry 

County, S. C. Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, Putnam County, 

Fla. Pleistocene, Simmons, Waccamaw, and Cainhoy, S. C.; 

Orange City, Volusia County, Fla. Recent, Vineyard Sound to 

Jamaica along muddy beaches. 

Superfamily RISSOACEA 

Family RISSOIDAE 

Genus RISSOA Freminville 

1813. Rissoa Freminville, Soc. philomatique Paris Nouv. Bull. 

Sci., vol. 3, No. 72, pp. 340, 341. 

1814. Rissoa Freminville. Desmarest, idem, vol. 4, p. 7. 

Type by subsequent designation (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and 

Dollfus, Mollusques marins du Roussillon, vol. 1, p. 262, 1884): 

Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest. Reported from the Pliocene and 

Pleistocene of northern ·Italy. Recent, in the Mediterranean and 

Adriatic Seas. 

Section ONOBA H. and A. Adams 

1854. Onoba H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, vol. 1, 

p. 331. 

Type by subsequent designation (Nevill, Hand List Mollusca 

Indian Museum, pt. 2, p. 119, 1885): Turbo striata John Adams. 

Recent, along the European shores from Norway to the Mediterranean ; fossil in the Crag of England. 

Rissoa geraea. Dall 

Plate 29, figure 21 

1892. Rissoa ( Onoba) geraea Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans. 

vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 340, pl. 21, fig. 13a. 

Shell thin, subovate, with a subacute apex and five or six 

gently rounded. whorls; suture distinct, but not deep; apical 

whorl very minute, smooth; subsequent whorls evenly spirally 

striated, with the interspaces slightly wider than the striae, 

the latter a little more distant and slightly coarser on the base, 

especially near the umbilical region; the striae increase by intercalation, and hence appear alternate here and there; base produced ; aperture ovate, angular behind, the inner lip a little 

concavely :flexuous, re:tlected against the body, producing a more 

or less conspicuous chink, but with no perforation behind it; 

margin in the fully adult obtuse and internally thickened, continuous over the body ; in the young the anterior end of the 

reflected pillar-lip projects slightly ; in the adult this projection 

is hidden by the lip-deposit. Alt. 4.5; max. diam. 2.5 mm.-

Dall, 1892. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 113572. 

Type locality : Mrs. Purdy's marl bed on the Ua pe 

Fear River, N. C. 

The protoconch is of 2~ smooth, highly polished 

volutions, the initial half-turn largely immersed, the 

succeeding volutions gibbm1s, the convexity growing 

increasingly less, however; toward the aperture. It is 

differentiated from the conch by the . feeble cicatrix 

and by the initiation of the spiral sculpture of the latter. Spiral striations are very fine and regular over 

the entire conch, about 15 to the millimeter, inclined, 

to be more crowded toward the suture lines, and coarser 

and more distinct in the umbilical region. 

The figured specimen from N eills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of C:ronly, Columbus 

County, N. C., differs from the type of Rissoa geraea 

Dall in the less elevated spire consequent upon the more 

rapid increase in the size of the whorls, the relatively 

finer spiral striations in proportion to the interareas, 

the narrower aperture, and the more deeply impressed 

suture lines. 

It also shows a tendency for the suture lines to drop 

in front of the periphery of the preceding whorl, thus 

producing a slight overhang. However, these characters are probably not of taxonomic significance. 

Height of figured speci1nen (U.S.N.M. 325464), 3.0 

mm. ; diameter, 1.5 rom. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Mrs. Purdy's marl bed, 

Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C., according to Emmons; 

Neills Eddy Landing, Columbus County. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 193 

Family RISSOINIDAE 

Genus RISSOINA D'Orbigny 

1840. Rissoina D'Orbigny, Voyage dans !'Amerique Meridionale, 

vol. 5, pt. 3 (Mollusques), p. 395. 

1928. Rissoina D'Orbigny. Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 362. An exhaustive treatment of the 

Bowden Rissoina fauna with particular emphasis upon 

the superspecific groups. 

Type by monotopy: Rissoina inca D'Orbigny. Recent, off the 

west coast of South America from Peru to the Island of Chiloe. 

Outline rissoi'form, turriculate. Whorls nume;rous, 

tapering gradually to the mammillar apex. Surface 

axially or spirally ribbed, or cancellated, rarely smooth. 

Aperture semielliptical. Outer lip retrocurrent, thickened, slightly reflected, effuse, or faintly channelled 

anteriorly. Columella nonplicate. Operculum thick, 

horny, semilunar in outline, paucispiral, bearing a claviform process upon the internal face. 

The form of the operculum, the sinous outer lip, and 

the depression of the anterior portion of the aperture 

are distinguishing features of this genus. Like the 

closely related Rissoa, which is usually more squat in 

outline with a vertical instead of a retrocurrent outer 

lip, Rissoina frequents the shallower waters where there 

is abundant vegetation. 

Subgenus SCHWARTZIELLA Nevill 

1885. Schwm·tziella, Hand List Mollusca Indian Museum, pt. 

2, pp. 73, 82. 

Type by origmal designation: Turbo bryereus Montagu. Recent, off the Florida Keys and in the West Indies. 

The characteristic features of the subgenus are the 

strong, protractive axials, the absence of a spiral sculpture and the obscurely defined basal cord. Eurissolina 

Woodring is similarly sculptured, but the basal cord is 

much stronger, nicking the margin of the aperture, and 

a second, much shorter cord is included between it and 

the anterior extremity. The type of Ewrissolina is E. 

ditomus Woodring, from the Bowden beds of Jamaica. 

Rissoina (Schwartziella) harpa Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 29, figure 20 

Shell minute, lustrous, white, elongate-conic in outline. 'Vhorls 7%, including the 21j2 smooth, nuclear 

turns. Whorls of the spire feebly convex but rendered 

somewhat pseudoscalariform by the character of the 

external sculpture; body gently rounded, feebly constricted at the base. Axial sculpture only developed; 

axials in the form of sharp, elevated, protractive ridges, 

opposite in arrangement, extending from the anterior 

suture almost, but not quite to the posterior, except on 

the first sculptured volution; on the body whorl gracefully recurved anteriorly and persistent to the margin 

of the aperture; interradial areas broadly and evenly 

concave, microscopically shagreened by the incrementals. Whorls very closely appressed; the suture line 

strongly undulated by the axials of the preceding whorl. 

Basal cord distinct but not sharply defined. Aperture 

holostomous, obliquely ovate, obtusely angulated posteriorly, evenly rounded anteriorly. Outer lip flaring, 

slightly patulous in front. Inner lip non plicate; aperture lined uniformly throughout with a heavy glaze 

which is reverted upon the pillar and along the anterior 

margin. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 3.7 mm., maxinmm 

diameter 1.6 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325446. 

Type locality: Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C. W accama.w formation. 

Rissoina harpa is the possible antecedent of the later 

Pliocene and Recent Rissoina chesnelii (Michaud) and 

of the more slender, more closely ribbed subgenotype R. 

bryerea (Montagu). It is most readily separated by 

the character of the axial sculpture. The costae in the 

'Vaccamaw form are more sharp and more prominent 

than in either of the later species and instead of persisting with undiminished vigor to the posterior suture 

and impacting against the corresponding costae of the 

preceding volution, they are abruptly constricted directly in front of the suture line, thus lending to the 

shell a pseudoscalar outline. The basal cord is possibly better defined in the Waccamaw species than it 

is in the Caloosahatchee and Recent forms, but this 

character offers a rather wide range in individual 

variation. 

The species has been recognized at the type locality 

only. 

Family VITRINELLIDAE 

Confusion is prevaient throughout the skeneid and 

vitrinellid taxonomy. A knowledge of the animals is 

essential for a correct classification, and without that 

it seems hardly worth while to attempt an interpretation of the tangled relationships of the genera included 

under the Vitrinellidae and other families of small discoidal forms. Two important series of papers are coming out at the present time.4 They are concerned exclusively with the Recent species but are sure to throw 

light on the relationships of their Tertiary ancestors. 

Genus COCHLIOLEPIS Stimpson 

1858. Oochliolepis Stimpson, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., 

vol. 6, p. 307. 

Type by monotypy : Oochliolepis parasitica Stimpson. Recent, in Charleston Harbor (type) and off the shores of the 

Carolinas. 

0 ochliolepis includes a small group of minute shells, 

much compressed and paucispiral. The whorls increase 

rapidly in diameter and are coiled like a ram's horn. 

4 Pilsbry, H. A., and McGinty, Thomas L., Cyclostrematidae and Vitrinellidae of Florida: Nautilus, vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 1-13, pis. 1, 2, July 

1945; No.2, pp. 52-59, pl. 6, October 1945; No: 3, pp. 77-83, pl. 8, January 1946 ; vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 12-18, pl. 2, July 1946; to be continued. 

Pilsbry, Henry A.; and Olsson, Axel A., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., vol. 97, pp. 249-278, pls. 22-30, December 27, 1945. 
194 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

The spire is ;very low and in the type species is pattially 

enveloped by the final whorl as in the section I dioraphe 

of Teinostmna. The umbilicus is open to the apex 

revealing the rounded basal surface of the component 

whorls. A growth striation is the only sculpture. The 

suture line is distinct and, on the later whorls, the flattened band in front of the suture is well defined. The 

aperture is entire, asymmetric, feebly guttered posteriorly and rather sharply rounded and faintly constricted at the periphery. The outer lip is thin and 

sharp; the inner lip adnate only along the body wall and 

broadly and rather strongly constricted. The type 

species is very thin, smooth, and shining. 

Cochliolepis concava (H. C. Lea) 

Plate 25, figures 2, 4, 38, 40, 44 

1843. Delphinula concava. H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 

3, p. 164 (n. n.). 

1846. (December). Delphinuln concava H. C. L'2a, Am. Philos. 

Soc. Trans., n. ser., vol. 9, p. 261, pl. 36, fig. 70. 

1892. Adeorbis concavus H. C. Lea. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 346 (part). 

Shell concave, orbicular, depressed, flattened above, thin, 

shining, substriate; spire very short, obtuse; sutures linear; 

whorls four, rapidly increasing, flattened; striae longitudinal, 

very few, small; last whorl somewhat angular; base striate; 

umbilicus large, deep, striate 'vi thin; mouth large, ovate. 

Length .08. Breadth .20 of an inch. 

The umbilicus is wide and open, exposing the spire, nearly 

to the apex. The lines of growth are very infrequent and 

irregular, both as to size and direction.-H. C. Lea, December 

1846. 

Holotype: A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1538. 

Type locality: Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va. 

Yorktown formation. 

Shell a minute, much depressed, tightly coiled cornucopia. Whorls 4 to 4lf2, flattened posteriorly, rapidly 

increasing in size, the later whorls closely embracing 

and largely concealing the earlier. Nuclear characters 

obscure, the nucleus apparently including about 11;2 

minute turns largely immersed in the succeeding volution. ~facroscopic sculpture wanting; entire external 

surface, however, rasped by the fine, crowded growth 

lamellae and shagreened near the sutures and periphery 

with traces of microscopically fine spiral lirae. A 

rather wide, depressed, and sharply delimited band in 

front of the suture. ·Periphery of final whorls somewhat flattened. Aperture obliquely lenticular, the 

outer lip expanded behind the periphery, th~ inner lip 

constricted. Posterior commissure angulated, obscurely sulcate. Peristome adnate to body wall only in 

peripheral region. Umbilicus broadly funicular, persistent to the apex. 

Dimensions of figured topotype : Height, 2.0 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 5.0 mm. 

Topotype: U.S.N.M. 156078. 

The specimens of Duplin, '" accama w, and Caloosahatchee age identified with C. concava in the U. S. 

National Museum collections do not seem· to be conspecific. The form from Virginia is not so smooth and 

shining, the umbilicus is a little wider and the surface 

more rasped by the incremental sculpture than in the 

specimens from the Carolinas and Florida.· 

Delphinula lipara H. C. Lea (pl. 25, figs. 6-8) was 

considered by Meyer to be a juvenile 0. concdva. The 

shell is very small, and the diameter of the holotype is 

only half the diameter of the holotype of D. concava. 

It is true that the juvenile whorls of Oochliolepis are 

rounded and increase but slowly in dia1neter, and the 

aspect is distinctly different from that of the adults. 

In the description of D. lipara, Lea 1nentions "a very 

high polish," which might be a juvenile character. On 

the other hand, the whorls in the holotype of D. lipara 

are more numerous than in D. concava, and the general 

aspect of the shell is similar to that of some of the species 

assigned to Vitrinella. Oochliolepis holmesii (Dall) 

(pl. 25, fig. 5), reported from the Waccamaw of North 

Carolina, is depressed in front of the posterior suture 

of the later whorl.s and resembles a n1inute disc with a 

sunken medial area. 

The type of Oochliolepis leai (Dall) (pl. 25, fig. 37) 

remains unique. It is well characterized, however, in 

spite of its fragmentary condition by the large size, 

almost double that of any of its associates, the convexity 

of the whorls, and the numerous, fine, though macroscopic, linear spirals that cover the external surface. 

The ram's-horn coiling and the width of the umbilical 

funnel are probably superspecific characters. The genotype, Oochliolepis parasitica (pl. 25, fig. 1), exhibits 

the same rapid increase in the size of the whorls, but 

it is much compressed, the early whorls are largely concealed by the overlap of the later, and the umbilical 

funnel is less open than it is in 0. concava. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; Petersburg, Dinwiddie County. 

Family VITRINELLIDAE f 

Genus MACROMPHALINA Cossmann 

1888. M acromphalina Cossmann, Soc. royale mala col. Belgique 

Annales, vol. 23, p. 184. 

1896. Gyrodisca Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 18, p. 44. Type 

by original designation: Fossarus depressus Seguenza. 

Recent, in the Mediterranean. Pliocene of Messina. 

1945. Ohoneba..sis Pilsbry and Olsson, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 97, p. 258. 

Type by original designation : Sigaretus problematicus Deshayes. Middle Eocene (Lutetien), of the Paris Basin. 

Shell very small, thin, calcareous, auriform. Whorls 

few, the final volution disproportionately large, tending toward a lax coiling. Nucl~us small but prominently elevated, commonly set oblique to the axis of 

the conch. Surface very finely threaded spirally. Incremental and axial sculpture may be strong. Base 

cymbiform. Aperture relatively large, obliquely patulous. Umbili~us wide, funicular, open to the apex. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 195 

Deshayes' 5 description and somewhat diagrammatic 

figure of the genotype of M acrornphalina, Sigaretus 

problf3maticu8, indicat~s a minute shell of 3 smooth, 

narrow, erect nuclear turns and 2 rapidly widening and 

decorated postnuclear turns. The measurements given 

are 2~ millimeters in length and a little less than 2 

millimeters in diameter. No specimens are available 

for comparison, but from the illustrations alone it is not 

possible to separate M acrmnphalina Cossmann from 

Ohonebasis Pilsbry and Olsson, 1945. Cossmann's 

genotype seems to fall within the limits of variation of 

0 hone basis in outline, characters of the protoconch, 

and sculpture pattern of the conch. 

M egalomphalus Brusina considered by Thiele to be 

synonymous with M acromphalina, which it antedates, 

is according to the illustration in Thiele, an erect shell 

of naticoid outline. The protoconch is said to be spirally striate, and the umbilicus is relatively small. The 

characters of the radula ally M egalornphalus to the 

Fossaridae. 

The genotype of Gyrodisca Dall was taken during 

the Lightniug and Porcupine Expeditions, 1868-70, 

and was described by J e:ffreys in the Proceedings of 

the Zoological Society of London for January 20, 1885. 

He noted that : 

This pretty little shell, examined under the microscope, is 

exquisitely sculptured by close-set longitudinal folds and intermediate spiral striae, or thread-like lines. ·Some specimens have 

the whorls more or less disunited in cornucopia fashion. 

M acromphalina has been recognized in the Eocene of 

the Paris Basin, the Miocene of North Carolina, . the 

Miocene and Pliocene of southern Europe ( Cossmann), 

and it is now living in the Mediterranean. 

Macromphalina pierrot Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 25, figures 41-43 

Shell n1inute, thin, fragile, auriculate. Protoconch 

of llf2 minute, highly polished, naticoid whorls, the first 

half turn bulbous, largely immersed, coiled in a plane at 

approximately 45° to the plane of the conch. Whorls of 

conch 3, evenly rounded, rapidly increasing in diameter. 

Surface badly decorticated but shagreened by faint 

traces of crowded, linear spirals, separated by equally 

.aarrow interareas and n1inutely wrinkled by the heavy 

growth lines. Sutures deeply i1npressed, channelled 

slightly near the aperture owing to the lax coiling. Periphery of body whorl obtusely angulated, forming with 

the labrmn a fairly regular ellipse, the inner lip dividing 

this. ellipse into two unequal portions, of which the semilunar aperture is the greater. Outer lip dilated both 

horizontally and vertically, thin, sharp, and simple, 

rounding evenly into the straight pillar. Peristome adnate to the body wall between the peripheral and umbilical keels; Pillar not reinforced. U mb:Uicus ob5 Deshayes, Animaux sans vertebres, vol. 3, p. 90, Atlas, vol. 2, pl. 64, 

figs. 7, 8, 1866. 

liquely funicular, persisting to the apex, vertically 

striated within by the vigorous incrementals. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 2.0 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 3.2 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325462. 

Type locality: Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 

3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

lJ£ acromphalina pierrot is well characterized in the 

perfect adult by the jaunty tilt of the protoconch, a detail which may well be of superspecific value. It is further separated fron1 M acromphalina? sp. by the more 

auriculate outline, the more sharply rounded periphery, 

and the obliquely funicular umbilicus. 

lJJ acrornphalina p·ierrot is known from the type locality only. 

Macromphalina? sp. 

Plate 25, figures 9-11 

Shell very ,thin and small, depressed-turbinate. 

Whorls rounded, 3 to 3% including the nucleus, rapidly 

increasing in d.ia!lleter. Protoconch minute, coiled in 

the same plane .. as the conch, smooth, hyaline, slightly 

inflated, not very clearly differentiated but consisting of 

more than a single turn. Surface of conch wrinkled incrementally and shagreened by faint, crowded, spiral 

lirations, separated by linear interspaces. Suture distinct, feebly impressed toward the aperture. Body 

whorl gibbous, rounded at the periphery, the base a 

minute cornucopia. Inner lip dividing the basal ellipse into two approximately equal parts. Outer lip dilated both along the vertical and the horizontal axis, 

evenly rounding both anteriorly and posteriorly into the 

feebly concave columella. Peristome adnate to the body 

wall for a short distance in front of the periphery. Umbilical funnel wide, persistent almost to the apex. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 1.8 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 1.9 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325461. 

Sole locality·: Natural Well, 2 miles south west of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin 1narl. 

.In the outline and exceedingly faint spiral sculpture, 

the shell resembles M acromphalina, but no axial sculpture is developed, and even the incrementals are rather 

feeble. lJ/acromphalina duplinensis (Dall) (pl. 25, 

fig. 3) exhibits the type of axial sculpture commonly developed in the group. 

Superfamily CERITHIACEA 

Family TURRITELLIDAE 

Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck 

1799. TurrUella Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles, Soc. histoire nat. Paris Mem., p. 74. 

Type by monotypy: Turbo terebra Linnaeus. . Recent, in the 

China Sea and the Gulf of Siam. 

A slender, imperforate, poly gyrate form,. spirally 

sculptured. Aperture holostomous, oval, subcircular 
196 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

or subquadrate. Outer lip thin, simple, sinuous, retractive posteriorly, slightly produced anteriorly in most 

species. Columella si1nple, concave. Posterior portion 

of shell vacant and partitioned at each half turn. 

Before the end of the Cretaceous, Turritella had become one of the more conspicuous elements in the gastropod faunas of North America. The genus culminated during the Tertiary, and was represented at that 

time by a' large nmnber of prolific species. In the 

Recent seas, it is relatively meager and restricted, 

largely to the warm waters of the Old World. 

Turritella terebra (Linnaeus), the type of the genus, 

is a slender form of 30 to 35 rounded whorls. The 

maximum height may exceed 150 millimeters, and a 

beight of 120 millimeters is common. 

No Tertiary species from the east coast is sufficiently 

like the genotype to be placed with it in a restricted 

subgenus. 

Turritella pilsbryi Gardner 

Pia te 27, figures 11, 25 

1928. Turritella pilsbryi Gardner, Washington Acad. Sci: Jour., 

vol. 18, No. 20, p. 561, fig. 1. 

Shell very large, heavy, acutely conical in outline. 

Spire elevated. Whorls probably about 25, laterally 

compressed, the lower whorls slightly overhanging at 

the anterior suture. Protoconch not strongly differentiated from the conch; first half turn tilted almost at 

right angles to the normal plane of coiling. Incipient 

medial carina initiated on the second whorl, becoming 

sharper and more elevated anteriorly and migrating 

from the median horizontal toward the anterior suture. 

Two equal and equispaced spiral lirations initiated on 

the fourth whorl between the keel and the posterior 

suture; spirals overridden by microscopically fine incremental striae, retractive on the posterior portion of 

the whorl, protractive on the anterior portion. Usual 

sculpture in adolescent stages of 3 narrow, obtuse but 

prominently elevated lirae, equisized and symmetrically 

spaced with respect to the sutures; tendency toward an 

anterior migration of the prominent spiral sculpture 

fulfilled on the adult whorls. Characteristic adult 

sculpture of 2 to 4 primary spirals, the anterior directly 

behind the suture line, and commonly (as in the type) 

much lower and less sharply defined than the one or two 

in back of it; the posterior a little behind the median 

horizontal and often ill-defined or evanescent in maturity; the two intermediate spirals vigorous, rounded, 

st,rongly elevated cords, the continuations of the me<lial 

and posterior spirals. of the earlier whorls; secondary 

striations frequently developed, particularly on the anterior portion of the whorl; base of body whorl sculp-

. tured w~th crowded, linear lirae. Growth lines strongly 

retractive posteriorly; feebly protractive anteriorly. 

Sutures impressed on the earlier whorls, slightly undercut on the later. Aperture holostomous, transversely 

ovate; outer lip simple, obtusely angulated at the base; 

the inner strongly arcuate. Parietal wall glazed. Umbili<;us iniperforate. · 

Dimensions of holotype (incomplete) : Height, 110.5 

mm.; diameter, 22.9 mm. 

Holotype and embryonic paratype: U.S.N.M. 325457. 

Type locality: Schmidts Bluff, 4% miles in an air 

line below Claremont Wharf, James River, Surry County, V a. Zone 1 of Yorktown formation, 26 to 34 feet 

above the base of the bluff. 

Turritella pilsbryi is remarkable for its large, heavy 

shell, orna1nented with coarse spirallirae, of which two 

are characteristically more prominent than the rest, 

the posterior of the pair located near the median horizontal and the anterior approximately midway between 

the median horizontal and the anterior suture. 

Turritella alticostata Conrad (pl. 27, fig. 17), a diagnostic species of zone 2 of the Yorktown formation, resembles T. pilsbryi in the nepionic characters and in 

the trace of the growth lines. 

T. pilsbryi is comparable in size and outline to T. 

alu.1nensis Mansfield, from the upper bed of Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla., but the early whorls of the Florida species are bilirate, whereas those of T. pilsbryi are 

trilirate. 

T. etiwanensis (Tuomey and Holmes) (pl. 27, fig. 20) 

closely resembles the more slender and delicate varieties ofT. alumensis. It has been recovered from beds 

of Duplin age in both North and South Carolina and 

from the Cancellaria zone of the Uhoctawhatchee 

formation of northern Florida. 

An interesting suggestion of the viviparous habit of 

the genus is offered in the material on which this species 

is based. In cleaning one of the larger individuals, a 

sandy core was shaken out in which 47 embryos were 

embedded. As they are obviously the larvae of the 

same species, and as no other shells were present in 

the core, there seems to be no reasonable doubt that 

they are the young of the individual which contained 

them. 

This fine form was named in honor of Dr. Henry A. 

Pilsbry, for many years the Curator of Mollusca in the 

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

Distribution : Mansfield has reported Turritella pilsbryi at a 

number of localities in the Yorktown formation of Virginia. 

It is, apparently, a dependable guide fossil for zone L 

Turritella plebeia carinata Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 27, figures 15, 22 

Shell moderately small and slender, probably of about 

a dozen volutions. Whorls convex, obliquely shouldered posteriorly. Character of protoconch obscured . 

Adolescent whorls bicarinate. Spiral striae simple, 8 

to 10; the equatorial spiral usually more prominent than 

those in front of or behind it; spirals behind the periphery low, subequal, 3 to . 5 ; spirals in front of the 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 197 

periphery 3 to 5, unequal in size; a liration second only 

in elevation to the medial cord placed a little more 

than midway between the carina and the anterior 

suture. Incrementals chasing the spirals, sinuous, 

retractive on the shoulder, broadly arcuate medially, 

but anteriorly bent slightly backward a way from the 

aperture. Suture line distinct, impressed. Aperture 

holostomous. Columella simple. Parietal wall glazed. 

Dimension of holotype: Height (apical whorls only), 

20 mm.; maximum diameter, 6 mm. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height of incomplete specimen, 26.9 mm.; maximum diameter, 10.5 

mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325453; figured specimen, 

U.S.N.M. 325454. 

Holotype locality : One fourth of a mile below Jones 

Point, Essex County. St. Marys formation. Figured 

specimen, half a mile below waterworks dam at Suffolk, N ansemond County, V a. Yorktown formation. 

The subspecies is characterized by the development 

of a pronounced peripheral keel. With the emphasis 

of the equatorial spiral there is a marked tendency 

toward a greater convexity. Individuals in which the 

spiral is relatively feeble seem closely allied to the true 

Turritella plebeia of Say. Mansfield has considered 

this variant a guide fossil of the St. Marys formation. 

The specimen figured :from Suffolk is unlike any other 

Turritella in our collections from the Yorktown formation, but there is nothing but the unique character of 

the shell and the fact that it was collected 30 years 

ago to indicate an error in the locality label. ' 

The end members of the northern group of T. ptebeia 

indicate a relationship to a characteristic species of the 

Gatun formation, T'lf;rritella gatwnensis Conrad from 

the Canal Zone, and to its subspecies blountensis Mansfield from the lower part of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida. · 

Distribution: Virginia: St. Marys formation, half a mile below Bowlers Wharf and a quarter of a mile below Jones Point, 

Essex County. Yorktown formation, half a mile below Suffolk 

waterworks dam, Nansemond County. 

Subgenus TORCULOIDELLA Sacco 

1895. Torculoidella Sacco, I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del 

Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 19, p. 28. 

Type by original designation: Turbo varicosus Brocchi. 

Miocene and Pliocene, of Italy. 

Smallish to medium size, slender, acutely tapering, 

rather thin-shelled. Protoconch minute, including a 

few smooth, narrow, lustrous whorls. Early whorls of 

conch medially keeled; finer spirals introduced both before and behind the keel. About the sixth whorl or later 

the keel flattens, and the spiral outlining it becomes no 

more prominent than the other primary thread; carinal 

spiral continued in two species at least in the primary 

next behind the anterior primary. An obscure axial 

rippling of the primary spirals perceptible on the medial and anterior portion of the shell. Growth lines 

exceedingly faint, feebly arcuate. Aperture subquadrate. Outer lip nearly vertical, angulated anteriorly; 

inner lip strongly concave. 

Torculoidella, elegantly sculptured by the crowded 

spirals and the faint axial rippling, is well represented 

in the upper Tertiary of northern Italy and in the Carolinas and Florida. Cossmann has recorded it from the 

middle Miocene (Helveti~n) of Aquitaine, France. 

Turritella nodulm~a King, a Recent species recorded on 

the west coast from San Diego, Calif., to Panama is 

similarly adorned though more strongly sculptured 

axially. 

The differences characterizing Torculoidella may be 

overvalued by considering it as a subgenus, but there is 

no established genus to which it can be referred as a 

section. 

Turritella (Torculoidella) duplinensis Gardner and Aldrich 

Pia te 27, figures 24, 28 

1919. Turritella duplinensis Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 41, pl. 2, fig. 4. 

1930. Turdtella duplinensis Gardner and Aldrich. Mansfield, 

Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 3 p. 108, pl. 15, fig. 7. 

Shell a uniformly tapering pyramid, relatively more 

slender in the immature stages than in the adult. Volutions approximately 15; the e.arliest coils unicarinate, 

prominently keeled at the periphery; the later, trapezoidal, or slightly overhanging. Protoconch small, 

smooth, twice-coiled, with slightly tilted tip. Axial 

sculpture absent or restricted to faint, irregular, incremental wrinkles on the later whorls of the adult. Spiral 

sculpture fairly constant for the genus; the beginning 

whorls of the conch girded with a single strong medial 

spiral; in a typical, half-grown individual a single, wellrounded primary, posterior to the suture line, and 

strong enough to subcarinate the later whorls; secondaries 2, as a rule, the one outlining the equatorial 

region, the other a little behind it; the latter increasing 

in prominence away from the apex, the former crowning the periphery of the earlier whorls, decreasing in 

relative elevation anteriorly; a tertiary intercalated 

about midway between the suture and the posterior 

secondary, and another, the circum basal lira, directly 

in front of the primary; quaternaries 12 to 15, subequal, and separated by equal interspaces; 3 between the 

posterior tertiary and the suture; 1 to 3 between the 

posterior tertiary and the posterior secondary ; 3 or 4 

between the 2 secondaries ; 5 between the anterior secondary and the primary; 1 to 3 between the primary 

and anterior tertiary and occasionally 1 or 2 between 

the anterior tertiary and th~ suture. Basal lirae 15 to 

20, the majority of them fine, but with coarser threads 

irregularly inter~paced. Suture lines distinct, the later 

whorls of the adult feebly constricted; peripheral angle 
198 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

approaching 90°. Base flattened to slightly convex in 

adult. Aperture holostomous, subquadrate. Outer lip 

straight. Inner lip strongly arcuate. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 24.0 mm.; diameter, 

6.5 mm. Specimen figured by Mansfield: Height, 27.5 

mm.; diameter, 7.9 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 499110. Specimen figured by 

Mansfield: U.S.N.M. 370359. 

Type locality: Strickland farm, 11;2 miles northwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; given in Gardner 

and Aldrich, 1919, as the Nat ural Well, which is nearby 

and of the same formation. 

Specimen figured by Mansfield: U.S.G.S. Sta. 3421. 

Harveys Creek, half a mile above abandoned mill, Leon 

County, Fla. Choctawhatchee fonnation. Cancellaria zone. 

Turritella ( T orculoidella) drupZinensis bears a strong 

resemblance, particularly in the young and adolescent 

stages, to the laterally compressed races ofT. subannulata Heilprin from the Choctawatchee and Caloosahatchee of Florida. It is doubtless closely related to it 

and may prove to be a precursor of that species. 

In the single adult T. duplinensis in the U. S. National Museum from the Cape Fear River, the systems 

of spiral lirations have broken down, and the lirae are 

numerous, equisized, irregularly alternating, and tending to concentrate on the. anterior portion of the whorl. 

This suggests a possible identity with T. carolinensis, 

vaguely described and badly figured by Conrad in 

1875. It is probable, however, that the latter is characterized by a relatively broader base, and a consistently more uniform spiral sculpture. Unfortunately, 

Conrad's type is not available. 

Turritella holmesii Dall (pl. 27, fig. 23) [ = TerebellumL striatum Tuomey and Holmes, 1856, not Isaac Lea, 

1833] may be a badly figured specimen of some member 

of the T. suban.nulata group. Although the illustration 

does not indicate such an outline, Tuomey and Holmes 

refer in their description to "the large whorls flattened, 

those near the apex more convex." They refer also to 

"transverse wrinkles distinct only on the lower whorls." 

Their type is from Darlington, S. C., and presumably 

from the Duplin marl. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, llh miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, Neills 

Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene: Duplin marl at the Muldrow 

Place, Sumter County, S. C. and Porters Landing, Savannah 

River, Effingham County, Ga. Choctawhatchee formation, Cancellaria zone, Leon County, Fla. 

Subgenu.s TORCULA Gray 

1847. Torcula Gray, Zool. Soc. London· Proc., pt. 15, p. 155. 

Type by original designation: Turbo emoletus Linnaeus. Recent, in the Gulf of Mexico and the West "Indies in 45 to 170 

fathoms (C. W. Johnson); Dry Tortugas in 3o to 35 fathoms 

(C. W. Merriam). 

Shell rather small, slender, polygyrate. Apical angle 

very small, not far from 15°. Only about two narrow, 

polished nuclear whorls, the initial whorl tilted slightly, 

the second turn inflated but tending to flatten toward 

its close. Line between conch and protoconch obscure, 

indicated by duller texture of shell of conch. The four 

or five earliest whorls of conch inflated and keeled anteriorly, the whorls rapidly flattening and the anterior 

keel becoming a low anterior spiral; posterior spiral 

introduced on about the fourth or fifth whorl of the 

genotype. Original spirals increasingly strong, becoming the prominent anterior and posterior cords in 

the adult; cords rarely simple, usually beaded by the 

growth lines which override them. Growth lines 

strongly arcuate and symmetrically disposed between 

the sutures. 

Torcula includes a number of Tertiary and a few 

later species. The Tertiary forms are prolific in the 

warm temperate and tropical waters of the Province 

of the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies. The Recent species are not so common and live in deeper 

water. Torcula probably reached the peak of development during the middle Miocene. It includes T. aZtilira 

and allied forms, prolific in the Canal Zone and Costa 

Rica, allied species in Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, in northern South America, and in Ecuador and 

Peru on the Pacific coast, and the "T. inezana stock" of 

Merriam in central and southern California and in 

Lower California. 

Turritella (Torcula) terstriata Rogers and Rogers 

Plate 27, figures 18, 19 

1837. Tut-ritella. ter-st1·ia_ta W. B. and H. D. Rogers, Am. Philos. 

Soc. Trans., vol. 5, n. ser., p. 331. 

1839. Turritella ter-striata W. B. and :k D. Jtogers, idem, vol. 

6, n. ser. p. 377, pl. 26, fig. 1. 

1884. Tu•JTitella ter-striata W. B. and H. D. Rogers, in Reprint, 

Ann. Rept. Geol. The Virginias, p. 661. 

1937. Tun·Uella terstriata Hogers. Mansfield, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 11, p. 608, pl. 85, :fig. 9. 

Whorls strongly angulated by three principal revolving eleva ted spiral ridges ; the lowest, being about one-third from the 

base, is the most prominent; the second, which closely adjoins 

and almost coalesces with the first, is much feebler ; the third, 

which is nearly one-third the height of the whorl from the summit, is more distinct and is separated from the second by a deep 

and wide channel ; next the base of each whorl are three fine 

spiral striae; others to the number of four or five, occupy the 

space between the principal ridge and the summit ; crossing these 

are very fine indistinct tranverse arcuated wrinkles. 

This shell is obviously distinct from the va,riabilis in the great 

inequality of the three principal ridges, the depth of the central 

channel, and the greater delicacy of the transverse wrinkles. 

Locality, vicinity of Williamsburg; in the Miocene shell marl. 

Length about two inches.-W. B. and H. D. Rogers, 1837. 

The type material is in the collection of the Boston 

Society of Natural History. Mansfield in 1937 figured 

a specimen from U. S. Geological Survey sta. 11783 

(Watkins Mill, King and Queen County, Va.; zone 1 of 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 199 

the Yorktown formation) that closely follows Rogers' 

detailed description of their poorly figured shell. He 

figured a second shell intimately or specifically identical with T. terstriata from the Ecphora zone of the 

Choctawhatchee formation, 1 mile northwest of Clarksville, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Shell heavy, of moderate size, elevated, multispiral, 

very gradually tapering. Total whorls probably 15 or 

20. Spiral sculpture very prominent. Whorls profoundly sulcate a little ·behind the median horizontal; 

the sulcus margined posteriorly by an obtuse, strongly 

elevated cord, anteriorly by a broader elevation, bisected by a rather shallow linear groove. Fortuitous 

striations occasionally present between the primary sulcus and the anterior suture. Sutures impressed but not 

so deep as the median grooves. Base flattened, devoid 

of sculpture except for the low, rounded liration outlining the periphery. Aperture holostomous, subcircular. Outer lip strongly arcuate, simple. Parietal wall 

glazed. Umbilicus imperforate. 

Figured speei1nens: U.S.N.M. 325456. 

Dimensions of larger figured specimen : Height, 33.5 

mm. (probably between two-thirds and one-half of total 

height); diameter, 9.6 mm. Smaller figured specimen: 

Height, 21.0 mm.; diameter, 7.3 mm. 

Locality : Three miles northeast of Walkerton, King 

and Queen Coun.ty, Va. Yorktown formation. 

In general aspect Turritella ( T orcula) terstriata 

Rogers and Rogers resembles T. (Torcula) terebriformis (Dall) (pl. 27, figs. 26, 27), but it differs in the 

detail of the sculptural pattern. The whorls of T. 

terstriata, instead of being merely convex medially as 

they are in T. terebrifor·mis, are deeply _sulcate; and in 

T. terebriformis, in plaee of a pair of spirals between 

the medial area and the posterior suture, there is only 

the single lira; furthermore, the base of T. terstriata 

is simple; in T. terebriformis, it is trilirate. 

In its known distribution Turritella ( Torcula) ferstriata is restricted to zone 1 of the Yorktown formation. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, 3 miles northeast of and at Watkins Mill, King and Queen County; "vicinity 

of ·williamsburg" (Rogers and Rogers), James City County. 

Section EURYTORUS Gardner 

1947. Eurytorus Gardner, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 142-H, 

p. 596. 

Type by original_ designation : Turritella mixta Dall. Chipola 

formation (lower Miocene), of Florida. 

Eurytonts resembles Torcula in the juvenile characters and in the direction of the growth lines. It differs 

from T orcula in the broader a pi cal angle and base and 

the flat-sided, trapezoidal whorls forming an evenly 

tapering cone. 

The Duplin species, Turritella (Torcula) burd:eni 

· (Tuomey and Holmes), is referable to the section 

Eurytorus. 

Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE 

Genus ARCHITECTONICA "Bolten" Roeding 

1798. A.rchitectonica "Bolten" Roeding, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, 

p. 78=Solarittm Lamarck, 1799, Prodrome d'une nouvelle 

classification des coquilles, Soc. histoire nat. Paris Mem., 

p. 74. 

1909. A.rchitectonica Bolten. Dall, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 59, p. 80. 

Type by subsequent designation (Gray, Zool. Soc. London 

Proc., pt. 15, p. 151, 1847) : Troclws perspectivus Linnaeus. 

Recent, in the Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus ARCHITECTONICA s. s. 

1798. A.rchitectonioa. "Bolten" Roeding, Museum Boltenianum, 

pt. 2, p. 78. Type by subsequent designation (Gray, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 151, 1847) : Trochus 

perspectivus Linnaeus. Recent, in the Indo-Pacific. 

The outline is that of a low beehive. The nucleus 

dips vertically downward at the apex so that only the 

final small, well-rounded nuclear whorl is visible. The 

spiral bands on the earlier part of the shell are trenched 

by very strong and strongly retractive incrementals but 

on the later volutions become lower, less regular and 

almost obsolete. The periphery is subacute, the aperture subquadrate, and the umbilicus wide and encircled 

by the dentate umbilical keel, which can be traced to 

the apex. 

The West Indian .A... nobilis is remarkably close to 

the genotype. It is a much smaller shell, and the umbilicus is rather wider and more conspicuously funicular. The general outline and sculpture plan are, however, the same. 

Architectonica nobilis "Bolten" Roeding 

Plate 24, figures 9, 13 

1781. Trochus perspectivus Linnaeus. Chemnitz, ConchylienCabinet, vol. 5, pp. 121-127 (part), pl. 172, figs. 1695, 

1696. 

1798. A.rchitectonica nobilis "Bolten" Roeding, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 78. 

1799. Trochus perspectivus Linnaeus as type of Solarium Lamarck, Soc. histoire nat. Paris Mem., p. 74. 

1822. Solariurn granulatum Lamarck, Animaux sans vertebres, 

vol. 7, p. 3. 

Neither Roecling nor Lamarck figured their species, 

but they both referred to figures of Lister published in 

1685. Thus Roeding's .A..Tchitectonica, 1798, supplants 

the 8 olari'wm, 1799, of Lamarck, and his nobilis, the 

granuZatuTn~ and 8olariu1n granulatum Lan1arck becomes .A..rchitectonica nobilis "Bolten" Roeding. Woodring, 1928, used .A..rchitectonica nobilis quadriseriata 

(Sower by) for the shell from the West Indies and discussed at length the closely related variants in the midAmericas. Dall, 1892, noted that the fossil individuals 

were more granulose than the Recent forms, but he included the Duplin and W aceama w specimens under the 

Recent granulata; and Mansfield, 1930, referred to it 

the specimens from the Ecphora and the Cancellaria 

zones of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida. 
200 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

The group is scantly represented in the Duplin marl 

of both North and South Carolina. The proper evaluation of the differences which separate the Duplin forn1s 

from the 'Recent shells can hardly be made on so short 

a series. The figured specimen is a living form (U. S. 

N. M. 83685), taken from 49 fathoms, 17 miles eastsoutheast of Cape Hatteras, N. C. The height is 19 

mm., the diameter 35 mm. 

Subgenus PSEUDOTORINIA Sacco 

1892 Pseudotorini.a Sacco, I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del 

Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 12, p. 66. 

Type by original designation: Solariurn obtusum Bronn. Miocene and Pliocene, of northern Italy. · 

Gray in 1840 established Torinia (type, Trochus variegatus Gmelin from the Indo-Pacific) to include a 

group of A rchitectonica characterized by a small topshaped operculum. The name was published in the 

Check List of the shells of the British Museum, 1840. 

Sherborn considered it a nomen nudum. Sacco indicated ·the difficulty of recognizing, in the fossil state, 

a group identifiable by peculiarities of the operculum 

and proposed the name Pseudotorinia for the fossil 

shells which share with Torinia a rounded periphery 

and an ornate sculpture. 

Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) nupera (Conrad) Conrad 

Plate 24, :figures 8, 11, 15 

1834. Solwrium nuperurn Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., 1st ser., vol. 7, p. 141. 

1863 . ... 4.rchitectonica (Phillipia) nupera Conrad, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 566. 

1867. Architectonica nupera Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 

3, p. 260, pl. 19, :fig. 8. 

1892. Solari·um n<Uperum Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 329. 

Shell discoidal, with spi'ral crenulated lines; that which 

crowns the whorls largest; suture deeply channelled; umbilicus moderate; base convex, with crenulated lines; aperture 

suborbicular. Length one-third of an inch. 

Locality: Same as the preceding [Suffolk, Va.].-Conrad, 

1834. 

The whorls number approximately 5, and regularly 

increase in size. Finely gr~nulated spirals separated 

only by linear interspaces sculpture the entire external 

surface. On the later whorls of the spire the lirae 

number from 4 to 6, and that nearest the posterior suture usually exceeds in prominence those in front of 

it. Secondaries are commonly intercalated on the body. 

The periphery is usually well rounded and ill defined, 

though in some individuals it is emphasized by the 

conspicuous strength of the spirals that outline it. 

The aperture is roughly semielliptical; the parietal 

wall thinly glazed; the outer margin broadly convex, 

thin and sharp. The umbilicus is rather large, and 

the heavily beaded cord that defines it mounts to the 

apex like a miniature spiral staircase. 

Dimension of figured specimen: Height, 8.0 mm.; 

diameter, 13.8 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N .M. 3254 71. 

Locality of figured specimen: Nottoway River, 2:Y2 

to 3 miles below the Seaboard Air Line Railroad bridge, 

Southampton County, Va. Yorktown forn1ation. 

Mansfield, 1930, described from the E cphora zone 

of the Choctawatchee formation a subspecies watsonensis, characterized by a relatively coarse ornamenta· 

tion. 

The group is represented in the Recent seas of the 

West Indies by A rchitectonica bisulcata ( D 'Orbigny) . 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, Y(1Tl< 

County; Dillard's Wharf, Surry County; Sycamore and the 

Nottoway River, 21h to 3 miles below the ·Seaboard Air LinP 

Railroad bridge, Southampton County. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, 2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson County. 

Family VERM:ETIDAE 

The family includes aberrant, ver1niform mollusks 

which exhibit external irregularity in growth and sculpture. In outward appearance, they are very near to 

some of the annelid worms.· The V ermetidae are characterized, however, by a spiral nuclear shell, internal 

septae, and a tube composed of three calcareous layers 

instead of only two as in the genus Serpula of the annelids. The septae are considered by Carpenter and 

Morch to be analagous to the internal cup of Or'tteibulum and to the diaphragm of Orepidula. Morch's 

"Review" 6 is still the most exhaustive published study 

of the family, but he over-valued individual and specific variations. .In the fossil forms, however, specific 

and even generic separations are difficult, for the best 

diagnostic features, the nucleus and the operculum, are 

usually lacking, and even the septae are frequently 

concealed or absorbed. . 

Genus LEM:INTIN A Risso 

1826. Lemintina Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de !'Europe Meridionale, vol. 4, p. 114. 

1845. A.nguinella Conrad, Fos.sils of the medial Tertiary or 

Miocene formation of the United States, p. 77. No 

generic description but monotype, Anguinella virginiana 

Conrad=Set·pula virginica Conrad, described and :figured. Chesapeake group (Miocene) of Virginia and 

North Carolina. 

Type by monotypy: Lemintina cuvieri Risso=Serpula arenaria 

Linnaeus. Recent, in the Mediterranean. 

The shell is tubular, and irregularly coiled or twisted 

and attached or free. The external surface is usually 

lirate and often more or less granulose. No longitudinal 

laminae are developed, but the tube is commonly 

chambered by perpendicular partitions or pouches concave forward. The operculum is absent. 

The genus is widely distributed in the warmer waters 

of the Recent seas. 

8 Morch, Otto A. L., Review of the Vermetidae, Zool. Soc. London 

Proc., pp. 145-181; 326-365, 1861; 54-83, 1862. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 201 

Lemintina granifera (Say) 

1824. Serpula grani{era Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

1st ser., vol. 4, p. 154, pl. 8, fig. 4. 

1892. Serpulorbis granifera Say. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 303. 

1894. Anguinella virginiana Conrad. Whitfield, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon., vol. 24, p. 132, pl. 24, figs. 1-5. 

Not Anguinella 'Virginiana Conrad, Fossils medial Tertiary 

of the United States, p. 77, pl. 44, fig. 4, 1845. 

1896. Serpula granifera Say. Harris, Reprint of Say, 1824: Bull. 

Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 60, pl. 8, fig. 4. 

1904. Vermetus grani{erus (Say). Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 232, pl. 55, figs. 14, 15. 

1909. Vermetus graniferus (Say). Grabau and Shimer, North 

American index fossils, vol. 1, p. 737, figs. 1072a-b. 

(After Martin.) 

1915. Serpulorbis granifera Say. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, 

p. 95. 

1930. Serpulorbis granitera (Say) Dall. Mansfield, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 102, pl. 14, fig. 4. 

1937. Serpulorbis granifera. (Say)? Mansfield, Florida Dept. 

Conservation, Geol. Bull. 15, p. 160. 

Covered with longitudinal, contiguous, slightly elevated, granulated striae. 

Shell subcylindric, contorted, inferior side flat; the whole surface is composed of very numerQus, small, contiguous striae, each 

consisting of a single row of granules; these series are alternately 

smaller. 

Diameter of the larger end three-tenths, of the largest specimen two-fifths of an inch. 

The continuity of the tube within, is interrupted by oblique 

diaphragms. It sometimes approaches the spiral form, and one 

specimen has three complete volutions of much regularity.-Say, 

1824. 

Lemintina granifera was described from one of the 

. shells in the . Finch collection, made presumably in 

Maryland. All that is known of these shells, is Say's 

statement concerning them, namely : 

The following descriptions were made out from specimens in 

a very large and fine collection of fossil shells which Mr. John 

Finch obtained with much labour and some expense in Maryland, and which that gentleman with great liberality submitted 

to my examination. 

Mansfield believed from internal evidence that they 

came not from Maryland but from Virginia. Among 

them is Pecten clintonius Say, which has not since been 

recorded from Maryland and which is otherwise restricted to zone 1 of the Yorktown formation in Virginia and North Carolina. Mansfield also expressed 

some doubt that the tubes from the Choctawhatchee 

formation of Florida which are referred to L. granifera are specifically identical with those from the Chesapeake group. 

The species is characterized by loose but intricate 

coiling, granular axial lirations, and numerous little 

pouches, concave anteriorly, set into the tube at right 

angles to the axis. In abundance and wide distribution in the Miocene deposits of North Carolina and 

Virginia, it is outstripped only by Petaloconchus sculpturatus H. C. Lea, a larger, more angular, more closely 

and regularly coiled form, with fewer and more 

coarsely granular, axiallirations. The character which 

separates the two species generically, the development 

of internal, axial laminae in the latter is so commonly 

absent that it is necessary to supplement it with criteria 

of no generic significance. 

Distribution: Virginia: St. Marys formation, Urbanna Cliffs 

on the Rappahannock River, Middlesex County; Union Mills, 

2lh miles .south of Farnham, Richmond County. Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York County; llh miles northeast of Smithfield; 12 to 14 miles south of Zuni on the Blackwater River, 

Isle of Wight County; Sycamore on the Nottoway River; and 

a half to three-fourths of a mile above the lower Seaboard Air 

Line Railroad •bridge, Meherrin River, Southampton County; 

a quarter of a mile north of Chuckatuck, 1% miles north of 

Suffolk, and 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 1 mile above Branchs 

Bridge, Northampton County; 15% miles above Bells Bridge 

and half a mile above Bells Bridge over the Tar River, Edgecombe County; Tar Ferry, on Wiccacon Creek opposite Harrellsville and 1% miles below Tar Ferry, and at Mount Pleasant 

Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County;~ Colerain 

Landing on the Chowan" River, Bertie County. Duplin marl, 

Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Waccamaw formation, Wilmington, at the City Rock Quarry, 

New Hanover County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Tampa limestone, Ballast 

Point, Hillsboro County (Dall and Mansfield?); White Beach 

near Osprey, Manatee County (Dall), Fla. Calvert formation, 

Jericho, N. J. Plum Point on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County; 

3 miles west of Centerville, Queen Annes County, Md. Choptank formation, Jones Wharf, Governors Run (lower bed), 

Calvert County; Greensboro, Caroline County, Md. St. Marys 

formation, St. Marys River, St. Marys County, Md. Oak Grove 

sand, Oak Grove?, Okaloosa County, Fla. Choctawhatchee formation, Ecphora zone and possibly the Cancellaria zone in Leon 

County, Fla. 

Lemintina granifera tenera (Dall) 

Plate 24, figure 7 

1892. Serpulorbis granifera var. tenera Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 303. 

1917. Serpulorbis gra,nifera Say? Maury, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, No. 29, p. 127, pl. 2, fig. 9. 

This differs from the creeping and decumbent form of the 

type in being aggregated in masses, with the tubes nearly vertical, 

in having the surface more distinctly granular and the substance of the tubes much thinner, which, as they mutually support each other, is not detrimental to the individuals composing the mass. These tubes measure about 6.0 mm. in diameter 

at the aperture and reach a length of over 83 mm.-Dall, 1892. 

Ootype: U.S.N.M.112274. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

Miss Maury remarked that· "our Dominican specimens are very like 8. granifera tenera Dall from the 

Upper Miocene of North Carolina." 

Lemintina granifera tenera exhibits a growth habit 

similar to that of "V ermiculariaf" nigrieans Dall (pl. 

24, fig. 6), a reef-making species that includes a large 

part of the "worm-rock" along the west Florida coast. 

The generic relationships of V. nigricans are dubious. 
202 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

It is an operculate :form and was first described as a 

subspecies o:f lumbricalis, the type o:f Vermicularia. 

Da.ll, 1889, in his report upon the "Blake" dredgings 

speaks of a :faint n1edian ridge which he thought he 

detected on a :few o:f the tubes near the apex; As 

V ermieularia is characterized by the absence o:f both 

longitudinal laminae and transverse septae V. nigricans 

must be transferred, if the internal laminae prove to 

be a characteristic feature o:f the species. I could find 

none o:f them in the Recent specimens which I examined. 

In a :few o:f the :fossil :forms that semn otherwise similar 

to the Recent V. nigricans distinct, well-developed 

transverse septae similar to those in L. granifera are 

present but are less common than in L. granifera. It 

seems reasonable to suppose in the absence o:f tips and 

operculi, that the masses o:f tubes :from the Duplin marl 

at theN atural Well, Duplin County, and 1% miles east 

of Fairmont in Robeson County, in spite of their surficial resemblance may be distinct from the Recent 

nigricans and referable to non-operculate Lemintina, 

whereas the Recent species should be retained in one 

o:f the operculate groups, eitlier V ermicularia or V er-

'lnetus. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 

2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; 1¥2 miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson County. 

Lemintina virginica (Conrad) 

Plate 24, figure 12 

1839. Se'rpula virginica Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary 

of the United States, cover of No. 1, p. 3. 

1845. Anguinella virginiana Conrad. Fossils of the medial Tertiary United States, p. 77, pl. 44, fig. 4. 

1892. ve·rmetusf (Anguinella) virginica Conrad (part). Dall, 

Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2,,p. 306. 

1904. V errnetus virginicus (Conrad) ?. Martin, ~faryland Geol. 

Survey, Miocene, p. 232, pl. 55, fig. 16. 

1909. Vermetzts 'virginicus (Conrad)?. Grabau. and Shimer, 

North American index fossils, p. 738, fig. 1072c. (After 

Martin.) 

Shell terete, slender, adhering in large groups, occasionally 

angulated, with sessile spiral convolutions; surface with acute 

prominent transverse wrinkles. 

Type locality: Near Urbanna, Virg[inia] .-Conrad, 1839. 

Terete, slender, adhering, with strong annular wrinkles ; towards the apex are contiguous convolutions, somewhat angular or 

subcarinated ; the whorls with obsolete revolving lines and subcarinated near the base; internally furnished with vaulted 

septa. 

Loc. Near Urbanna, Middlesex Co. Virg[inia].-Conrad, 1845. 

I:f the illustrations are indicative of constant characters in the sculpture, L'rYtnintina virginica differs :from 

L. granifera in the absence of longitudinal striations. 

There is no satisfactorily determined material in our 

collections. 

Distribution : Virginia: St. Marys formation, 2¥2 miles south 

of Farnham, Richmond County; Urbanna, Middlesex County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Calvert formation, Plum Point 

and Chesapeake Beach, Md. ?Choptank formation, ?Jones 

Point, ?Greensboro, and ?CordoYa, Md. ?St. Marys formation, 

?St. Marys River, Md. 

Genus VERMICULARIA Lamarck 

1799. Verrnicularia Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles: Soc. hist. nat. Paris Mem., p. 78. 

Type by monotypy: Serpula lumbricalis Linnaeus. Recent, 

in the Indo-Pacific. 

Vermimtlaria is considered the least aberrant o:f the 

genera o:f Vermetidae. The initial portion o:f the shell 

is coiled as regularly as a Turritella and the sculpture 

is equally regular. The Turritella-like stage is succeeded by a lax spiral or merely a somewhat warped 

tube on which the sculpture is as irregular as the growth. 

There are no laminae and no internal septae. The operculum is as large as the mouth. 

V errnicularia is recorded :from the Mesozoic to the 

Recent. The living species are largely confined to the 

warm waters. 

Vermicularia spirata (Philippi) 

Plate 24, figure 5 

1836. l'ennetus spiratus Philippi, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 

Band 1, p. 224; Band 2, pl. 7, figs. la-b-c. 

1841. VennettM lu:mbricalis ( Linnaeus). Gould, Invertebrata 

Massachusetts, p. 246. Not Vermiculada lumbricalis 

Lamarck, 1799=Serpula lu.tn bricalis Linnaeus, 1758. 

189'2. Senmlot·bis (Vennicnlaria) spimta Philippi. Dall, Wagner Ji.,ree Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 304. 

1912. r ermicularia spirata Philippi. Cossmann, Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 9', p. 143, pl. 10, fig. 3. 

1925. Vermicularia spimta Philippi. Maury, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 10, No. 42, p. 227, pl. 41, fig. 13. 

1928. Vennicul£wia spirata (Philippi). Woodring, Carnegie 

Inst. Washington· Pub. 385, p. 344, pl. 26, fig. 5. 

1930. Vermicularia spirata (Philippi) Dall. Mansfield, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bun:• 3, p. 103, pl. 14, fig. 11. 

Tubes solitary, or intertwined, attaining 10 millinleters in diameter. Tip turritelloid, the whorls contiguous, and regularly increasing in size, in some individuals, through the thirteenth volution, the tube later 

becoming loosely and irregularly coiled, although commonly preserving through the greater portion of life 

the angularity inherited from its turritelloid youth. 

Axial sculpture of rather prominently elevated lirations minutely corrugated by the incrementals. A corneus operculum present in the Recent individuals. 

This species is the best characterized o:f any o:f the 

east coast Tertiary V ermetidae. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 53487. 

Locality o:f figured specimen : Living off Key Largo, 

Fla., in grass below low water. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; 1¥2 miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson County. Croatan sand, 13 miles below New Be:cn, Neuse River, Craven County; Waccamaw formation, N~ills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Choctawhatchee formation 

(Cancellaria zone), Leon County, Fla. Cercado and Gurabo 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 203 

formations, Dominican Republic. Pliocene, Caloosahatchee 

mar·l, Caloosahatchee River, Shell Creek, Alligator Creek, and 

Myakka River, Fla. Pliocene undifferentiated, Costa Rica and 

Trinidad. Recent, New England to Bahia, Brazfl, and east to 

Bermuda in 3 to 175 fathoms ; dredged by the Woods Hole Survey in the eastern half of Vineyard Round and Buzzards Bay 

in 3 to 13 fathoms chiefly on gravel and sand bottoms. 

Family CAECIDAE 

Genus CAECUM Fleming 

1813. Caeoum Fleming, Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 

vol. 7 ( 1), p. 67 (fide Sherborn). 

Type by subsequent designation (Gray, Zool. Soc. London 

Proc., pt. 15, p. 203, 1847) : Dentalium trachea Montagu. Re-

-cent, from the British Isles to the Mediterranean. 

Shell a small, gently arcuate tube. Protoconch cadu-

-cous, planorboid, coiled two or three times. Nuclear 

and adolescent shells successively outgrown and dis-

·Carded; a septum or "plug" serving to close the posterior extremity of the shell. Form and position of 

"'plug" constant and characteristic of the species. 

Outer surface of arcuate adult tube dorsal, the inner 

-surface ventral. Adult shell smooth, axially sulcate, 

.annulate or reticulate. Aperture circular, entire. 

The genus is rather abundant in the Tertiary and 

more than a hundred species have been listed from 

the warm waters of the Recent seas. 

Caecum flemingi Gardner and Aldrich 

Plate 28, figure 26 

1919. Caecttm flemingi Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 71, pt. 1, pp. 17-53, 4 pls. 

Shell a gently arcuate tube, slightly larger at the 

.anterior end than at the posterior. Surface smooth 

-except for microscopically fine, irregular, incremental 

striae. Plug ungulate, a minute, truncated cone set 

dorsal to the median vertical. Anterior aperture oblique to the horizontal axis, the margin faintly, but perceptibly, contracted at the obscure apertural ring. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 3.7 mm.; diameter 

of anterior aperture, 1.0 mm.; diameter of posterior 

aperture, 0.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325448. 

Type locality: Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

No a pert ural ring has been detected in C. ·virgi-

·niamurm Meyer (pl. 28, fig. 17), of the Yorktown formation. Though not true of the figured examples, the 

Yorktown forms average a little larger, and are perhaps 

a little less arcuate than Caecum flemingi. Caecum virginianum has been recovered from the Yorktown formation at Yorktown and at Benns Church in Isle of 

Wight County, Va., and from the Yorktown at Rock 

Landing in Craven County, N. C. 

Another unsculptured species, the minute Caecum 

glabrwm Montagu (pl. 28, fig. 19) was reported from 

the Yorktown by Meyer, but t!1e report has not been 

verified. Caecum putnanwnse Mansfield, 1924, is also 

minute (2.5 millimeters in height), and the plug is 

mammillate instead of ungulate. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Neills 

Eddy Landing on the Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, 

Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl at the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

Caecum regulare Carpenter 

Plate 28, figure 18 

1858. Caecum regulare Carpenter, Zool. Soc.· London Proc., p. 

428. 

1892. Caecum regulare Carpenter. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt.' 2, p. 299. 

1930. Caecum regulare Carpenter. Mansfield, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 3, p. 102, pl. 14, fig. 5. 

Caecum regulare is a short squat species with a low 

curvature, expanding slightly toward the anterior extremity. The shell is closely annulated, usually with 

20 to 25 rings, regularly spaced except near the aperture where they become wider and less crowded. The 

apertural ring is heavier than those behind it, wider 

and set apart by a wider interspace. Within the ring 

is a thin and narrow flange. The plug is low and 

mucronate near the dorsal margin. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 3.0 mm.; 

diameter at anterior extremity, 0.7 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325449. 

Locality of figured specimen : N eills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N.C. Waccamaw 

formation. 

Mansfield (U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 66, no. 2259, 

p. 50, pl. 8, fig. 6, 1925) described a much· smaller but 

similarly sculptured species, 0. properegulare, from the 

Brasso beds of Trinidad; Caecum floridanrt_tm Stimpson (pl. 28, fig. 27) and the subspecies compactum Dall 

are more closely annulated than 0. regulare and exhibit 

a faint and more or less fortuitous longitudinal striation. 

0 aecum patuxentium Martin, from the Chop tank formation of Maryland, is likewise more closely annulated 

but lacks the longitudinal striation of C. floridanum. 

Caecum regulare was apparently established along the 

Atlantic seaboard not later than the upper Miocene. 

Mansfield reports it from the Cancellaria zone of the 

Choctawhatchee formation in Florida. In the Recent 

seas the American records are ·restricted to the West 

' Indies. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, ?Rock 

Landing on the Neuse River, Craven County. Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Choctawhatchee formation, 

Cancellm·ia zone in Leon and Washington Counties, Fla. Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Shell Creek, 

and Alligator Creek, Fla. Recent, West Indies ; reported also 

from Singapore and Australia, but such records should be carefully checked. 
204 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Caecum stevensoni Meyer 

Pia te 28, figure 28 

1888. Caeoum stevensoni Meyer, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 25, 

p. 139, pl. 127, fig. 4. 

1892. Caecurn stevensoni Meyer. Dan, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 297. 

Relatively large; regularly and well curved. Shell thick. 

Surface closely covered by strong longitudinal costae, which 

are usually alternating. Septum mucronate. 

If the shell is kept horizontal, its convexity towards the 

observer, the mucronation of the septum appears on the left 

side. Its size and position is variable, sometimes it is nearly 

marginal, sometimes subcentral. The costae are usually broader 

than the interstices between them and alternating, but in some 

. specimens they are nearly equal. The younger part of two 

specimens shows indications of rings, producing a very slight 

cancellation. There is a contraction at the aperture, but it is 

confined to the margin of the aperture and nearly imperceptible. 

Besides the regular form there occur smaller specimens of 

equal ornamentation, but different shape. They have a less 

cylindrical tube, the increase in width towards the aperture 

being much larger. * * * Specimens of the recent Caecum 

cooperi Smith [pl. 28, figs. 20, 291

] wer~ compared and proved 

to be somewhat similar, but specifically different. They have 

fewer and thinner ribs, are· distinctly cancellate and have a 

diffetent shape. C. stevensoni is quite common in Yorktown.-

Otto Meyer, 1888. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height 4.4 mm. ; 

diameter at anterior extremity, 1.0 mm .. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325450. 

Locality of figured specimen: Drainage ditch, 1 mile 

northeast of Suffolk, N ansemond County; V a. 

Oaecum stevensoni Meyer differs from 0. coronellum 

Dall in the more slender, tapering outline, the lower 

number of ribs, usually 15 to 20 instead of 21 to 25, 

their coarser and less uniform character, and the 

absence of a strongly developed annulation around the 

aperture of the adult. 

Examples of Oaecum cooperi S. Smith from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N.C., 

are illustrated on plate 28, figures 20 and 29. 

Oaec·urn ibe;JJ Dall (holotype, U.S.N.l\1:. 113421, pl. 

28, fig. 16) described from the Waccamaw formation at 

Mrs. Guion's marl pit, Cape Fear River, N. C., is more 

produced and attenuated posteriorly that 0. stevensoni. 

It exhibits a similar axial sculpture; but apparently it 

does not develop the annular rings that are commonly 

present near the anterior aperture of 0. stevensonij and, 

furthermore, the mucro is more produced, much more 

sharply conical, and more nearly central in position than 

that of the more northern form. 0 ae(}UJfJ1 ibew is restricted in its known distribution to the Waccamaw of 

the Carolinas. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County (Otto Meyer) ; 1 mile west of Suffolk and 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Mount Pleasant Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County; Colerain Landing, 

Bertie County; Rock Landing, Craven County. Duplin marl, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia at the Natural Well, Duplin County. 

Family CERITHIOPSIDAE 

Genus CERITHIOPSIS Forbes and Hanley 

1853. Cerithiopsis Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, vol. 3, 

p. 364. 

Type by monotypy: Murem tubercularis Montagu. Recent, 

along the European coasts from the British Isles to the Mediterranean. 

Subgenus LASKEYA I:a:edale 

1868. Eumeta Morch, Faunula molluscorum Islandiae, Naturhist. 

Foren. Kjobenhavn Medd., p. 208. Type by monotypy: 

Cerithium (Ettmeta) arctica Morch=Turritella? oostulata Moll~r=Cerithiopsis costulata ~effreys. Recent, in 

the North Atlantic. 

Not Eumeta Walker, 1855. Lepidoptera. 

1918. Laskeya Iredale, Malacol. Soc. London Proc., vol. 13, p. 30. 

The type is that of Eumeta which Laskeya replaces. 

Laskey a differs from 0 erithiopsis in the shorter, more 

obtuse nucleus, the more tesselate sculpture and, usually, 

in the more elevated and slender outline. 

A large part of the species referred to Laskeya are 

from the cooler waters. Dall has erected a Section Onclwdia, characterized by a swollen nucleus, that includes 

a group of deep-water species from off the Georgia and 

north Florida coasts. 

Cerithiopsis (Laskeya) emersonii (C. B. Adams) 

1839. Cerithium Ernet·sonii C. B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. 

History, vol. 2, p. 284, pl. 4, fig. 10. 

Type locality: Recent, New Bedford harbor on the 

Fairhaven side, Mass. 

Oerithiopsis subUlata Montagu is, perhaps, the name 

more commonly used for this species. Montagu's shell 

was collected on the east eoast of Scotland. 

Cerithiopsis (Laskeya) emersonii persubulata Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 27, figure 4 

Shell a slender obelisk of possibly 17 whorls, including the slender, polyspiral nucleus which is imperfectly 

preserved in all available material. Typical sculpture 

on early portion of conch of 2 prominent rounded, spiral 

lirae, nodulated by the axials which they override, the 

one overhanging the anterior suture, the other a little 

in :front of the posterior. Axial riblets simple, flattened 

threads, 16 to 20, persistent from suture to suture, thus 

cutting the interspiral areas into a series of squarish or 

rectangular pits and forming a series of minute pockets 

between the spirals and the sutures ; typical sculpture 

on the later whorls of 3 spiral lirae, symmetrically 

placed, the medial spiral less prominent than those before and behind ; axials ·more feeble than on the earlier 

whorls, particularly on the interspiral areas so that the 

spirals are sharply undulated rather than nodose at 

the intersections. Suture lines indistinct, margined on 

either side by a microscopically fine threadlet. Base of 

body whorl flattened or slightly convex, sculptured only 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 205 

by exaggerated incrementals. Aperture subquadrate. 

Outer lip straight, thin, sharp, simple within, crenulated in harmony with the external ribbing, abruptly 

constricted at the mouth of the anterior canal. Inner 

lip strongly concave, nonplicate. Canal open, very 

short, sharply recurved, truncate anteriorly. 

Dimensions of incomplete holotype: Height, 12.4 

mm.; diameter 3.2 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325445. 

Type locality: Bolten Phosphate Company's pits, 

Stono River, Charleston County, S. C. Pleistocene. 

0 erithiopsis (Laskey a) emersonii persubulata differs 

from L. emersonii s.s. in the more slender, attenuated 

outline. Among the Recent forms commonly referred 

to the species s.l., the New England representatives 

seem consistently less slender than those in the South 

Atlantic waters. The fossil representatives, even those 

from the Yorktown formation, are all referable to the 

more slender race. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; half a mile below Suffolk waterworks dam, Nansemond 

County. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, and Magnolia, 

Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, Cronly, half a mile east 

of the factories, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene: Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Pleistocene, Simmons Bluff and Bolten 

Phosphate Company's pits, Stono River, S. C. Recent, The 

Carolinas to the Antilles in shallow water? 

Family TRIPHORIDAE 

Genus TRIPHORA Blainville 

1828. Triphora Blainville, Dictionnaire sci. nat., vol. 55; p. 344. 

Type by monotypy: Triphora gemma tum Blainville=Cerithium 

tristoma Blainville. Recent, off Mauritius. 

The sinistral coiling characterizes the genus and the 

family. 

Triphora dupliniana (Olsson) 

Plate 27, figure 3 

1916. Triphoris dupliniana Olsson, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 

5, No. 27, p. 18 pl. 3, fig. 8. 

Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, with nearly straight sides; 

nuclear whorls 1 +, the last turn with transverse ribbing and 

2 peripheral carinae; post-nuclear whorls 11, suture indistinct; 

the 1st 5 whorls, with 2 subequal spirals, on the 6th whorl, an 

intermediate spiral makes its appearance and increases gradually 

in strength; on the body-whorl, the uppermost spiral is the 

strongest; spirals tuberculated by 22 riblets which moreover 

extend somewhat diminished across the interspiral spaces; base 

sloping with 3 smooth spirals; columella smooth; anterior canal 

moderately long, closed or nearly so and bent both to the right 

and backwards ; mouth small, rounded ; outer lip oblique, with 

a deep anal notch bordering the suture. 

Length 5.75 breadth 1.75 mm. 

This species belongs to the group of Triphoris, such as T. 

melanum, which have only 2 spirals on the earlier post-nuclear 

whorls, later 3, with the last spiral coming in between the other 

2. The open, anal sinus and bent, tubular anterior canal are 

the main diagnostic characters of this species. 

Duplin formation; Natural Well, N. C. 

Yorktown formation; James river, north of Smithfield, Va.-

Olsson. 

Dimensions of topotype : Height, 5.8 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 1.7 mm. 

Topotype: U.S.N.M. 114256. 

Triphora apania Woodring (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 329, pl. 25, fig. 2, 1928) from Jamaica, and Triforis calypsonis Maury (Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 29, p. 122, pl. 21, fig. 13, 1917) from 

the Dominican Republic, are closely related forms. 

In Triphoris bartschi Olsson (pl. 27, fig. 5), the 

posterior of the 3 spirals is the least elevated and the 

last to appear. The type, like that of T. dupliniana, 

comes from the Duplin marl at the Natural Well, and 

like T. dupliniana, the species occurs also in the Yorktown formation on the James River above Smithfield. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, "James River 

north of Smithfield" (Olsson). · 

North Carolina: Duplin marl. Natural Well and llh miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Superfamily PTENOGLOSSA 

Family EPITONIIDAE 

Genus EPITONIUM "Bolton" Roeding 

1798. Epitonium "Bolten" Roeding, Museum Boltenianum, pt. 

2, p. 9'1. 

Type by subsequent designation (Suter, Manual New Zealand 

Mollusca, p. 319, 1913) : Turbo scalaris Linnaeus=Scalaria pretiosa Lamarck. Recent, in the western Pacific. 

The genus has been gradually increasing in prominence since the Triassic and is represented in the Recent 

seas by some 150 to 200 species of "wentle traps" distributed from the polar regions to the tropics and from 

between tides to abysmal depths. 

Subgenus HYALOSCALA De Boury 

1890. Hyaloscala De Boury, Soc. malacol. italiana Boll., vol. 

14, p. 90 of separate. 

Type by original designation : Seal-aria clathratula Adams. 

Recent, in the western Atlantic from Marthas Vineyard to 

Key West. 

Hyaloscala includes small, thin shells, usually of 

slender outline, made up of convex whorls separated 

by moderately impressed sutures, sculptured by laminar 

axials not fused at the sutures into a continuous series. 

The aperture is oval, broadening anteriorly, and the 

reflected inner lip completely closes the umbilical 

chink. 

A number of species from the European Tertiary 

have been referred to this subgenus, and the Recent 

forms, though not very numerous, have a wide distribution both in longitude and latitude. 

Epitonium (Hyaloscala) carolinae Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, :figure 50 

Shell small, delicate, slender. Imperforate. Whorls 

probably 8, contiguous, convex, tapering to an acute 
206 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

apex; maximum diameter of all except the body lying 

in front of the median line, thus giving to the posterior 

portion of the whorl a more gentle slope than to the 

anterior. Nuclear whorls lost. Sculpture restricted to 

the axial varices; varices very thin, low, for the most 

part equispaced, sinuous, 30 to 35 on the body; retractive 

posteriorly and continuous with the next varix to the 

left on the preceding whorl, the series thus describing a 

little 1nore than half a complete revolution. Sutures 

impressed, partially filled with tl_1e flexed extremities 

of the varices. Aperture broken in all available mate-

. rial, rounded, with an evenly arcuate inner and probably 

a thin semicircular outer lip. Umbilicus concealed by 

heavy coating of enamel. 

Dimensions of incomplete holotype: Height, 7.0 mm.; 

maxi1num diameter. 2.7 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114155. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

The species is described from imperfect material, but 

the crowded, sinuous, equisized, and equispaced varices 

are so diagnostic that there should be no difficulty in. 

recognizing the form. In some of the Recent species, 

such as Epitonium sericifilum (Dall), described frmn 

Honduras, the varices are more or less sigmoidal but in 

addition a faint, though well-defined, spiral sculpture is 

usually present. Epitonium junceu-1n Gardner is very 

much more slender, with even thinner varices which 

increase very rapidly in number so that on the final 

volution they number between 50 and 60. 

Epitonium (Hyaloscala) junceum Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figure 34 

Shell minute, exceedingly slender and graceful, imperforate. Nuclear whorls 4, polished, smooth, acutely 

tapering, followed by 5 gently convex, closely contiguous volutions. Sculpture axial only; varices sigmoidal, 

of tissue paper thinness, and becoming increasingly 

crowded toward the aperture so that on the body, fully 

15 are contained within the space of half a millimeter; 

posterior ends of varices slightly elevated, retractive. 

Suture impressed, partially filled by the flexed extremities of the varices. Aperture imperfect. Inner 

margin less strongly arcuate than outer. Parietal wall 

heavily enameled. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 4.2 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 1.4 mm. 

Holotype: u. s. N. M. 114157. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

Epitoniwn junceum far exceeds in delicacy and slenderness of outline any other known Tertiary species. 

It is known from the type locality only. 

Epitonium (Hyaloscala?) fasciatum Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 28, figure 35 

Shell very small, slender, imperforate. Nuclear coils 

3, the first 2 very small, flattened, and acutely tapering, the third much larger and evenly convex. Whorls 

of conch 4, gently convex, the maximum diameter falling a little in front of the median horizontal. Axial 

varices 15 on the final volution, broad, retractive posteriorly and closely appi·essed against varices of preceding whorl; the series describing about a :fourth o:f a complete revolution; intervarical areas subequal to varices 

in width and filled with crowded, spiral, linear striations separated by linear interspaces. Aperture broken 

away, probably subelliptical; inner margin evenly arcuate. Parietal well glazed with an enamel which conceals the umbilical chink. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 3.6 mm.; diameter, 

1.5 mm. 

Holotype: U. S. N. M. 114156. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County; N. C. Duplin marl. 

This minute, but apparently adult univalve is unusually well characterized by the broad, flatly appressed 

varices which swathe it :from the protoconch to the 

base. No other known Tertiary or Recent species of the 

east coast exhibits a similar sculpture. The proto· 

conch, however, is similar to that of E. jurweu.m. 

Epitonittm (Hyaloscala?) fasciatwn has been recognized at the type locality only. 

Subgenus SPINIS·CALA De Boury 

1909. Spiniscala De Boury, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 57, p. 257. 

Type by original designation: Scalaria frond·icula Wood, 

subsp.? Pliocene, of Italy. De Boury specified the form· from 

the Pliocene of Italy rather than that from the Crag of England, 

the area from which the type was described. 

Spiniscala includes forms of rather low, somewhat 

turbinate outline made up of convex contiguous whorls, 

pseudo-tabulated by the axials, increasing rapidly in 

diameter, and separated by deep sutures. The axials 

are heavy, laminar, not crowded, prominently elevated, 

and produced at the shoulder angle into a coronal of 

sll.ort, trigonal spines. Behind the spines the axials 

are relatively low and retractive, abutting against the 

axials of the preceding whorl but not fused with them. 

The spiral sculpture is altogether absent or reduced to 

microscopically fine, :fortuitous striae. The base o:f 

the body is smoothly rounded. and not reinforced. The 

aperture is ovate or subelliptical, the peristome continuous. The inner margin of the aperture is reverted, 

completely closing the umbilical chink. 

This group like many of the others has not been very 

well segregated and may have a wider distribution than 

is apparent :from the check lists. It_ is certainly well 

represented in the middle and late Tertiary of central 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 207 

and southern Europe and is recorded both in the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. 

Epitonium (Spiniscala) edgecombense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figure 21 

Shell small, moderately heavy, slender,' imperforate. 

Whorls contiguous, regularly and rather strongly convex, probably about 8. Apex broken away. Sculpture 

axial only ; varices 14 on the body of the type, rather 

heavy, elevated, equisized and equispaced, tabulated and 

subspinose posteriorly; varices flexed on the shoulder, 

abutting on the varix to the left on the preceding whorl, 

the series thus making a complete revolution around the 

axis. Suture in1pressed. Aperture subrotund, the outer 

margin a little more arcuate than the inner, the anterior 

margin slightly patulous. 

Dimensions of incomplete holotype: Height, 6.3 Inm.; 

maximum diameter, 3.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325431. 

Type locality: Half a mile above Bells Bridge, Tar 

River, Edgecombe County, N.C. Yorktown formation. 

Epitonium edgecombense suggests.E. bolteni Gardner 

in general outline. It differs in the fewer, thinner, 

sharper, and more elevated laminae and the obscure tabulation of the varices in front of the suture. Epitonium 

robesonense Gardner is relatively less slender, and its 

fewer and more elevated varices are concave posteriorly 

instead of flattened, thus forming in front of the suture 

a corona of sharp and prmninent spines in place of the 

circlet of minute, subspinose processes which outline the 

margin of the whorl in E. edgecombense. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, half a 

mile above Bells Bridge on the Tl:l-r River, and 5 miles below 

New Bridge on the Tar ;River, Edgecombe County. 

Epitonium (Spiniscala) robesonense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, ·figure 32 

Shell small, slender, delicate, imperforate. Whorls 

contiguous, convex, probably 6. Sculpture axial only; 

varices 9 or 10 on the final volution, equisized and equispaced, thin, strongly elevated, la1ninar, the outer edges 

reflected away from the aperture; posterior margins of 

the varices concave on the shoulder and drawn out to 

form a spinose crown around the suture ; varices retractive posteriorly and impacted against the varix to the 

left on the preceding whorl, the series thus performing 

a little less than a complete revolution around the axis 

of the shell. Suture impressed.· Aperture subrotund, 

the inner margin a little less strongly arcuate than the 

outer. Parietal wall heavily ena1neled. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 5.2 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 2.6 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325437. 

Type locality : One and a half miles northeast of 

Fairmont, Robeson County, N.C. Duplin marl. 

Epitonium robesonense is conspicuous for the coro754992-48-3 

nated aspect of the whorls. The varices increase in 

elevation toward the aperture, thus increasing the apparent stoutness of the outline of the shell. 

~he species is known only from the type locality. 

Subgenus CINCTISCALA De Boury 

1909. Oinctiscala De Boury, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 57, p. 258. 

Type by original designation : Scalm·ia antUlarum De Boury= 

Scalaria turrita Nyst, 1871, not Blainville, 1827=Soalaria 

tur·r·icula Sowerby, 1844, not Cantraine, 1842. Recent, in the 

West Indies and north to Hatteras. 

Oinctisaala is characterized by the elevated, acutely 

tapering spire, the convex whorls separated by deeply 

impressed sutures, the rather numerous, moderately 

elevated, commonly unequal axials, and th~ very fine 

spiral threading which crowds the interaxial areas. 

The base of the body is smoothly rounded. There is a 

slight change in the character of the spiral sculpture 

on the base but no other indication of a disk. The 

periston1e is continuous, and, in the subgenotype, the 

reverted inner margin does not entirely conceal the 

narrow umbilical chink. 

Epitonium (Cinctiscala) antillarum (De Boury) 

Pia te 28, figures 42, 49 

1844. Scalaria turriettla Sowerby, Thesaurus conchyliorum, I : 9 

Scalar·ia, p. 92, pl. 33, fig. 61, pl. 34, fig. 88. 

Not Scal(wia turricula Cantraine, Acad. Royale, Belgique 

Mem., vol. 9, p. 345, 1842. 

1873. Scalaria turrita Nyst, Tableau synoptique et synonymique 

gen. Scalaria, Annales Soc. Malacologique Belgique for 

1871, V.(Jl. 6, pp. 142, 143. 

Not Scalaria tun·ita Blainville, Dictionnaire des Sciences 

Naturelles, vol. 48, p. 17, 1827. 

·1876. Scala (Arnam) turricula Sowerby. Morch, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Jour., vol. 8, p. 200. 

1890. Scala tutTicula Sowerby. Dall, Wagner Free lust. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1 p. 157. 

1909. Scala.ria (Oinctiscala) antillarum De Boury, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 57, p. 258. 

1913. Scalaria (Oinctiscala) antillarum De Boury, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 61, p. 75. 

Not Epitoniwm turriculum (Sower by). Mansfield, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 88 pl. 12, fig. 6, 1930. 

N yst in 1873 attempted to replace Sowerby's preoccupied turricula, but he selected a name in good standing since 1827. 

The type is a Recent shell from an undesignated 

locality in the West Indies. 

Shell of medium size, moderately slender. Imperforate. Whorls of conch 8, strongly convex, tapering 

to the acute, 3-,vhorled protoconch. Axial costae usually 

blunt, commonly inequisized and inequispaced, 10 to 13 

to the whorl, retractive posteriorly and usually impacted 

at the suture against the varix to the left on the preceding whorl, the series thus describing less than half a 

revolution around the axis. · Spiral sculpture of flat, 

sublinear lirae, separated by linear interspaces varying 

rather widely in degree of prominence. Aperture rudely 
208 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

semielliptical. Anterior margin slightly patulous. 

Parietal wall heavily washed with an enamel that 

completely conceals th~ umbilicus. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 12.0 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 4.8 1nm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325432. 

Locality of figured specimen : One and a half miles 

below Tar Ferry, Wiccacon Creek, Hertford County, 

N. C. Yorktown formation. 

The species is rather widely distributed in the Ter~ 

tiary as well as in the Recent faunas and recognizable 

among its Miocene and Pliocene associates by the very 

low, obtuse costals. Epitonium santodomingonwrn Pils~ 

bry, 1921, is closely related but the outline seems more 

slender and the aperture less oblique and more rotund. 

Distribution: North Car9lina: Yorktown formation, Halifax, 

Palmyra Bluff, and 3~ miles below Palmyra Bluff on the Roanoke River, Halifax County ; Hamilton Landing and 4 miles 

northwest of Williamston, Martin County; 11;2 miles below Tar 

Ferry on Wiccacon Creek antl Mount Pleasant Landing, on the 

Chowan River, Hertford County; Colerain Landing on the 

Chowan River, Bertie County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly 

Lake, Horry County, S. C. (Dall). Caloosahatchee marl, 

Caloosahatchee River, Shell Creek, Fla. Recent, Cape Hatteras 

to Anguilla Island, West Indies, in 16 to 22 fathoms. 

Subgenus CLATHRUS Oken 

18:1,5. Olathrus Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, Theil 3, 

.Abtheil. 1, Fleischlose Thiere, pp. ix, 256. 

Type by tautonymy: Turbo clathrus Linnaeus (ed. 10) renamed 

Olathrus spurhts Oken=.Scalina communis Lamarck (Hanley). 

Recent, along the European shores from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean. 

OlathJAus s. s. is unrepresented in the Miocene fauna 

ofthB Atlantic coast. 

Section NITIDISCALA :De Boury 

1909. Nitidiscala De Boury, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 57, p. 257. 

Type by original designation: .Scalaria unifasC'iata Sowerby. 

Recent, in the West Indies. 

The shells included under N itidiscala are smaller and 

more delicate than those of Olathrus s. s. 

Epitonium (Clathrus) muldrowi Gardner and Aldrich 

Pia te 28, figure 4 7 

1919. Epitonium muld·rowi Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 36, pl. 2, fig. 10. 

The type locality is the Muldrow Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. The marl 

is of Duplin age. 

Scala sheldoni Olsson, 1916, from the Yorktown at 

Kings Mill, V a., exhibits, according to the illustrations and description, similar but more numerous varices. The horizons represented by the 2 species are not 

far from synchronous. A very fine specimen recovered 

from the marls 1 1nile northeast of Suffolk, in N ansemond County, Va., is probably referable to E. sheldoni. 

Epitonium (Clathrus) bolteni Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 28, figure 43 

Shell heavy, slender, elevated, imperforate. Whorls 

contiguous, regularly convex, approximately 8. Apex 

broken away. Sculpture axial only; varices 12 on the 

body of the type, stout, abruptly elevated, the free 

edges showing the constituent growth lamellae ; retractive posteriorly and impacted at the impressed suture against the varix to the left on the preceding whorl. 

Aperture holostomous, obliquely ellipsoidal; the outer 

edge varicose and more strongly arcuate than the inner. 

Parietal wall heavily glazed. Umbillicus closed. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 8.5 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 3.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325438. 

Type locality : Nine to ten miles south of Greenville 

on the Tar River, Pitt County, N. C., Yorktown 

formation. 

Epitoniwn bolteni recalls E. sayana (Dall) of the 

late Tertiary to Recent faunas of the southeastern 

United States. It differs in the smaller size, more 

slender outline and more tightly coiled whorls; the 

varices are more numerous and much less tightly fused 

at the sutures than those of E. sayana. 

Epitonium bolteni has been recognized only at the 

type locality. 

Section GYROSCALA De Boury 

1887. Gyroscala De Boury, Etude sur les sousgenres de Scalidae, 

p.15. 

Type by original designation: Scalaria commutata Monterosato. Recent, in the Mediterranean. 

Gyroscala. is similar to Olathrus s. s. in the general 

contour of the whorls, and the character of the varices, 

but the ribs are not fused across the suture as they are 

in Olathrus s. s. The cordon encircling the. base is characteristic of the section. 

Epitonium (Clathrus) microstoma (H. C. Lea) 

Pia te 28, figure 48 

1846 . .Scalaria microstoma H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., 

n. ser., vol. 9, p. 260, pl. 36, fig. 68. 

Shell subulate-conical, thin, imperforate, costate; spire conical, very attenuate, obtuse; sutures impressed, interrupted; 

whorls seven, very convex; costae few, elevated, reflexed; last 

whorl rounded; base sub-carinate; mouth small, oblique subrotund ; outer lip very much thickened. 

Length .28. Breadth .12 of an inch. 

Remarks.-The carina of the base is very small; it does not 

cross the costae, which c<'ntinue to the columella. The mouth 

is unusually small and nearly round. The costae are ten in 

number on the last whorl, quite prominent, and reflexed. In 

full grown specimens the one which forms the outer lip is much 

thicker than the rest. The ribs of one whorl do not join those 

of the next, but lap over very closely. This causes the sutures 

to be continually interrupted.-H. C. Lea, 1846. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1537. 

Type locality : Petersburg, V a. Yorktown formation. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 209 

Epitonium alaquaense Mansfield from the lower part 

of the Choctawhatchee formation in northern Florida 

is similar in outline and in the character of the varices 

but it lacks the basal cord which in E. microstoma connects the varices but does not override them. 

Epitonium microstorna has been recognized only. at 

the type locality. 

Subgenus PICTOSCALA Dall 

1917. Pictoscala Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 53, p. 477. 

Type by subsequent designation (De Boury, Jour. conchyliologie, vol 64, p. 37, 1919) : Scalaria lineata Say. Recent, from 

Vineyard· Sound to the Gulf of Mexico. 

In spite of the numerous sections proposed by 1\l de Boury, he 

does not seem to have designated one to receive shells of the 

type of Sca.la1·ia lineata Say, 1822 (not of Kiener, 1838). These 

forms have a more or less dark colored body with a feebly developed basal disk, fine spiral striation, rather numerous small 

varices, and a few irregularly distributed very much heavier 

varices, including the terminal one. A single species of this 

group occurs at Panama. In allusion to the coloration I propose 

Pictoscala for these forms.-Dall, 1917. 

Heilprin, 1880, figured very badly a species that he 

called Scalaria unilineata and cited as the locality, Jackson, Miss. Aldrich, 1897, refigured the species, which 

is an excellent example of Pictoscala. If Heilprin was 

correct in giving his type locality as Jackson, Miss., and 

there is no reason to doubt him, the subgenus runs back 

at least to the upper Eocene. We have a scattered representation of characteristic species through the Tertiary 

of the eastern seaboard, and in tlle Recent faunas Pictoscala occurs both in the Atlantic and the Pacific seas. 

It ranges farther south on the west coast than on the east 

coast. 

Epitonium (Pictoscala) pratti Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 44-46 

Shell moderately heavy, relatively stout, imperforate. Whorls contiguous, convex, probably about 10. 

Apex broken away in all available material. Axial 

varices very low, blunt, continuous, feebly retractive, 

separated by regularly convex intervarical areas; ends 

of varices bent at right angles at the suture and appressed against the preceding whorl. Traces of a very 

faint microscopic spiral striation sometimes present. 

Suture impressed, partially filled on the later whorls 

by the recurved ends of the varices. Base of body whorl 

delimited by a faint but distinct cingulum. Aperture 

holostomous, obliquely elliptical; inner margin less 

strongly arcuate than the outer. Parietal wall heavily 

calloused. Labrum subvaricose. Umbilicus concealed. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 14.8 mm.; maximum diameter, 6.4 mm. Dimensions of imperfect paratype: Height, 20.6 mm.; maximum diameter, 8.5 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325434; para type, U.S.N.M. 

325435. 

Type localities : Holotype, 1 mile southeast of Chocowinity, Beaufort County, N.C.; paratype, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. Both halotype and para type localities in the Yorktown formation. 

The varices present a rather wide range in number, 

as low as 16 or 17 and as high as 25. The other characters are so constant, however, that there seems to be 

no advantage in isolating subspecies on the number of 

varices alone. 

Epitoniurm pratti strikingly suggests the subgenotype E. lineatum (Say) in the general character of 

the ornamentation and is probably the ancestor of that 

species. It is distinct in that it is constantly stouter and 

exhibits more convex whorls, usually more numerous 

varices, and a less rotund peristome. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, 

York County; llh miles west of Smithfield, and Benns Church, 

Isle of Wight County; 114 miles north of Suffolk, 1 mile west 

of Suffolk, 1¥2 miles northeast of Suffolk. 1 mile northeast of. 

Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Branchs Bridge on 

the Meherrin River, Northampton County; 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, and 1 mile northwest of Galloway crossroads, Pitt County; Hominy Swamp, 1 mile west of Wilson, 

Wilson County; 1 mile southeast of Chocowinity, Beaufort 

County. Duplin marl, 4 miles north of Lumberton on the 

Lumber River, and 1lh miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson 

County; Waccamaw formation, City Rock Quarry near Wilmington, New Hanover County. 

Superfamily GYMNOGLOSSA 

Family MELANELLIDAE 

Genus STROMBIFORMIS DaCosta 

1778. Strombiformis DaCosta, Britisa conchology, p. 107. 

Type by subsequent designation (Iredale, Malacol. Soc. London 

Proc., vol. 11, p. 293, 1915) : ·Strombiformis ylaber DaCosta= 

Turbo subulatus Donovan, fide Jeffreys. Recent, from the British Isles to the Mediterranean. 

These shells have nothing to do with Strombus, the 

giant conch, but are the "needle shells" from the Greek 

word meaning spindle. They are exceedingly slender 

little forms with long drawn out spires and bodies, a 

narrow lobate aperture and a reflected and closely appressed inner lip. The Recent shells are banded in color. 

Strombiformis dalli and S. juncea, described below, 

are typical. In Strombiformis biconica, S. bartschi, and 

S. lina the outline is less slender, and the body less 

attenuated than in the typical form. Perhaps they 

should be excluded from the restricted section of the 

genus. 

Strombiformis dalli Gardner and Aldrich 

Pia te 27, figure 8 

1890. Eulima (Leiostraca) reeUuscula Dall (part), Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 160. -

1919. Strombiformis dalli Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc., vol. 71, p. 39, pl. 2, fig. 5. 

Shell imperforate, moderately tall and exceedingly 

slender. Spire subulate, faintly undulated by the barely 

perceptible medial convexity of the whorls; height of 
210 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

body approximately half that of the entire shell. 

Whorls closely appressed, slightly flattened dorsoventrally, feebly constricted at the suture lines, and 10 to 11 

in number, including the small, nuclear turns which are 

differentiated only by their relative inflation. Surface 

smooth, lustrous. Sutures very indistinct. Body whorl 

evenly and gently curved. Base and aperture drawn out. 

Aperture holostomous, lobate, acutely angulated posteriorly. Outer lip approximately vertical, patulous and 

feebly reflexed anteriorly. Inner lip oblique, reflexed, 

fused with the parietal callus. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 9.8 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 1.95 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 112196. 

Type locality : Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, 

Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Rtrombiformis dalli is separated from S. jwncea Gardner by the slightly less slender outline, the more numerous whorls, the somewhat more convex body, and the 

n1ore strongly reflected outer and inner lips. 

In 1889 Dall 7 referred to Euli1na ( Liostraca) steno-

.stmna Sars a for1n collected off Fernandina, Fla.; in 

1890 he separated it under the name of Eulinw ( Leiostraca) rectilu._<?cula and united with it some forms eollected from the Caloosahatchee 1narl of Pliocene age. 

The Tertiary shells, however, are distinct from the Recent individual in question; the whorls of the latter are 

n1ore numerous, probably 15 in a perfeet specimen instead of 11 or 10 as in the fossil, and the spire includes 

fully two-thirds of the total height of the shell instead 

of approximately half of it. 

M elanella ( Eulima) cercadica Maury ( = EuUma acicularis Gabb, 1873, not A. Adams, 1861) is almost equally 

slender, but the body is less attenuated in the Dominican species than it is in that from the Carolinas. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, zone 2, half a 

mile below Suffolk waterworks dam, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl. Natural Well, Duplin County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl, the ·Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Strombiformis juncea Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figure 10 

Shell imperforate, straight, very small and exceedingly slender. Spire subulate, height of body probably 

a little ·more than half of the entire shell. Whorls closely 

appressed, faintly coi1stricted at the sutures with a 

barely perceptible dorsoventral flattening; 4 in the ilnperfect type, probably 7 or 8 originally. Surface 

smooth, lustrous. Sutures very indistinct. Body whorl 

evenly arcuate. Base and aperture much attenuated. 

Aperture holostomous, lobate, acutely angulated at the 

7 Dall, W. H., Preliminary Catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States, 

with illustrations of many of the species: U.S.N.M. Bull. 37, p. 126, 

1889. 

commissure. Outer lip feebly constricted posteriorly, 

approximately vertical, patulous anteriorly. Columella 

very slightly concave. Inner lip reflexed, fused with the 

parietal callus. 

Dimensions of incomplete holotype: H.eight, 4.5 mm.; 

n1aximum diameter, 1.2 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325444. 

Type loeality: Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 

3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. Waccamaw formation. 

Strombiformis jwncea exceeds all other representatives of the genus within the area under discussion in 

the degree of slenderness and in the attenuation of the 

body whorl. Its volutions are less numerous than those 

of 8. dalli and the reflection of the outer and inner lips 

less pronounced. 

The species is reported from the type locality only. 

Strombiformis biconica Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figures 9, 21 

Shell imperforate, straight, rudely biconic; the maximum diameter in the fully adult forms falling just 

within the anterior third; spire subulate. V olutions 

closely appressed; a scarcely perceptible medial convexity, least feeble in the apical region. Whorls 10 

or 11, including the llh to 2 small, smooth, inflated 

coilE of the protoconch. Surface smooth, polished. 

Suture lines distinct, especially toward the apex. Body 

whorl almost half as high as the entire shell, broadly 

depressed in front of the posterior suture, conspicuously produced and attenuated in front of the obtuse 

periphery. Aperture obliquely lobate, sharply angulated posteriorly. Outer lip approximately vertical 

behind, abruptly rounded and slightly patulous in front. 

Columella broadly concave, the inner lip reflected and 

fused with the parietal callus. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 5.6 1nm. ; maxilnum 

diameter 1.7 mm. Dimension of paratype: Height, 

2.3 mm.; maximum diameter, 0.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114167. Paratype: U.S.N.M. 

325439. 

Localities: Holotype, Natural Well, Duplin County, 

N. C. Duplin marl. Paratype, Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Colun1bus 

County~ N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

Strombiformis biconica is rather variable in relative 

dimensions and the individual selected for figuring 

rather more slender than the average. The species is 

well characterized, however, by the broad constriction 

of the body whorl in front of the posterior suture, and 

the produced and obliquely truncated outline in front 

of the periphery. The minute individual illustrated 

(pl. 27, fig. 9) is probably a juvenile. 

The species does not exhibit the regularity in the 

profile of the spire which characterizes the typical 

St1'01nbi f m.,.,-nis. 
• PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 211 

Distribution: North· Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 

Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Strombiformis bartschi (Gardner and Aldrich) 

Plate 27, figures 12, 13, 16 

1919. Melanella bartschi Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc., p. 37, pl. 2·, fig. 1. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height 16.0 1nm.; maximum 

diameter, 4.2 mm. 

Adult but incomplete para type : Height, 10.2 n1m. ; 

diameter, 3.0 mm. 

Possibly immature paratype: Height, 5.9 mm.; diameter, 2.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114163. Paratypes: Adult 

individual, U.S.N.M. 325443; possibly immature individual, U.S.N.M. 325441. 

Type localities : Holotype, Strickland :farm, llj2 

miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; 

adult paratype, Rock Landing, Craven County, N. C.; 

paratype, possibly immature, 2 miles below Yorktown, York County, V a. 

Distribution : Virginia : Yorldown formation, 2 miles below 

Yorktown on the York River, York County; 1 mile northeast of 

Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Rock Landing on the 

Neuse River, Craven County, Duplin marl. Magnolia and the 

Natural Well, Duplin County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Duplin marl, the Muldrow 

Place, 5 :r;:Q~les southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

Strombiformis lina Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figure 14 

Shell imperforate, straight, of moderate size, rather 

stout for the genus, elongate-conic. Spire subulate; the 

body rather short for the genus, well rounded, not attenuated anteriorly. Whorls closely appressed, flattened, regularly increasing in size, 6 in the imperfect 

type, possibly 10 originally. Surface smooth, polished. 

Sutures distinct, but inconspicuous. Aperture holos-. 

tomous, obliquely lobate, acutely angulated posteriorly. 

Peristome not continuous; outer lip arcuate, the edge 

broken away but probably slightly contracted directly 

in front of the posterior suture. Inner margin of aperture broadly concave, the inner lip reflexed and :fused 

with the parietal callus. 

Dimensions of inc.omplete holotype: Height, 9.0 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 3.5 mm. 

Holotype: U. S. N. M. 325442. 

Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C. 

Duplin marl. 

Strombijor1nislina differs :from its associate Strornbiformis bartschi in the fewer whorls and the relatively 

stouter outline. The well-rounded periphery and the 

parietal callus bear witness to the maturity of the unique 

type. 

Subgenus POLYGIREULIMA Sacco 

1892. Polygireulima Sacco, I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del 

Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 11, p. 10. 

Type by original designation: Melania spina Grateloup. 

Lower and middle Miocene, of southern France. 

There may well be some earlier name for the less 

slender, nonarcuate and polygyrate melanelids. Several 

of the better known names seem, however, to be unavailable. 

The type by monotypy of M elanella Bowdich,8 according to the illustration, is a strongly· flexed shell, 

M elanella dufresnii Bowdich. 

Risso 9 proposed Eulima and cited four species, E. 

elegantissi1na Montagu and Donovan, E. glaberrima 

Risso, E. striata Brocchi, and E. subulata Brocchi. The 

first type designation that I have noted is that of 

Herrmannsen,10 who cited Turbo subUlatus Donovan, 

1803, which Sacco considers synonymous with H eliw 

subulata Brocchi, 1814. Donovan's T. subulatus is the 

type of Strombiformis DaCosta, 1778, and also of 

Subu.laris Monterosato, 1884. Acicularia Monterosato, 

1884, is preoccupied by Acicularia Archiac, 1843. 

Strombiformis (Polygireulima) spatulata Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figure 2 

Shell, imperforate, straight, moderately large for the 

genus, elongate-:conic; whorls of the spire showing a 

barely perceptible medial convexity. Only 8 volutions 

preserved in the unique type, probably 12 or 14 originally. Surface smooth, highly polished. Suture lines 

distinct, even a little impressed. Body whorl relatively 

low, well rorinded. Aperture holostomous, obliquely 

lobate, acutely angulated posteriorly. Peristome not 

continuous. Outer lip imperfect, probably feebly contracted directly in front of the posterior suture and 

expanded away from it. Columella contracted at base 

of body whorl. Inner lip widely reflected, fused with 

the parietal callus. Anterior portion of aperture reflected and strongly patulous. 

Dimensions of incomplete holotype: Height, 7.9 mm.; 

maximum dian1eter, 2.7 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114166. 

Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C. 

Duplin marl. 

Strombiform.is spatulata is separated :from Strombifor1nis magnoliana, which it most closely resembles in 

general outline and proportions, by the somewhat more 

slender outline, the more numerous less flattened whorls, 

the much more conspicuous suture lines, the relatively 

shorter, more rounded body and the more patulous 

outer lip. 

The species is reported from the type locality only. 

8 Bowdich, T. E., Elements of conchology, p. 27, pl. 6, fig. 17, 1822. 9 Risso, Antoine, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de 

l'Europe meridionale, vol. 4, p. 123, 1826. 10 Herrmannsen, A. N., Indicis generum malacozoorum, primordia, vol. 

1, p. 431, 1847. 
• 212 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Strombiformis (Polygireulima) eborea (Conrad) 

Plate 27, figure 6 

1846. ?Pasithea laevigata H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., 

n. ser., vol. 9, p. 252, pl. 35, fig. 47. 

1846. Eulitna eborea. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

vol. 3, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 21. 

1863 Eulima eborea Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

for 1862, p. 566. 

Subulate, whorls 9; suture slightly defined; aperture somewhat oblique, ovate-acute. 

Locality: Suffolk, Virginia.-Conrad, 1846. 

Pasithea laevigata H. C. Lea, 1846, is nothing more 

than a broken spire, too fragmentary to be determined 

but it may well be referable to this species. 

Shell imperforate, straight, of moderate size, rather 

stout for the genus, elongate-conic. Spire subulate, the 

body whorl relatively short and smoothly rounded. 

Whorls closely appressed, regularly increasing in size, 

flattened, except near the apex, where there is a suggestion of a ·feeble convexity, 11 or 12 in number; first turn 

or two broken away so that nuclear characters are not 

determinable. Surface smooth, highly polished. Sutures distinct. Aperture holostomous, lobate, slightly 

oblique, acutely angulated posteriorly. Peristome not 

continuous. Outer lip feebly contracted directly in 

front of the posterior suture, slightly expanded away 

from the suture, patulous anteriorly. Columella broadly concave at base of body. Inner lip reflected, fused 

with the parietal callus. 

Dimensions of figured individual: Height, 8.4 111m.; 

maximum diameter, 2.8 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325440. 

Locality of figured specimen: A half to three-fourths 

of a mile above Edenhouse Point, Chow an River, Bertie 

County, N. C. 

The stouter body and more rapidly dwindling spire 

will serve to separate this species from the larger Strombiformis bartschi. From the even more closely related 

S trombi f ormis (Poly gireulima) 1nagnoliana (Gardner 

and Aldrich) (pl. 27, fig. 7) it is distinguished by the 

lesser number of whorls in proportion to the height, 

and by the less widely reflected and less patulous 

peristome. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, zone 2, Suffolk, 

Nansemond County: 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 2 miles east of Grifton, 

Pitt County; Wilson, Wilson County; half to three-fourths of a 

mile above Edenhouse Point, Bertie County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Calve~·t formation, Plum Point 

and Church Hill, Md. St. Marys formation, St. Marys River, Md. 

Genus NISO Risso 

1826. Niso Risso, Histoire nnt. des principales productions de 

l'Europe Meridionale, vol. 4, p. 2~8. 

Type by monotypy : N iso eburnea Risso. Pliocene, of northern 

Italy. 

Shell turriculate, subulate, polygyrate. Volutions 

usually flattened. Surface highly polished and devoid 

of any pronounced sculpture. Aperture holostomous, 

oval or lenticular, more or less angulated both anteriorly 

and posteriorly. Outer lip thin, sharp, simple; columella nonplicate. Umbilical pit profound,, commonly persistent almost to the apex of the spire. 

The genus is separated from Strombijor1nis primarily 

by the development of an umbilicus. The species referable to Niso are not numerous, nor are they very abundant, although they have a wide dis~ribution in the tropical and warm temperate waters. 

Niso dalli Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 27, figure 1 

1892. Niso lineata, Conrad. Dall1 Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 245 (synonymy and locality list excluded), 

pl. 20, fig. 4. 

Not Bonellia lineata Conrad, 1841. 

Shell differing from * * * the young N. Willcomii and 

splen didula in exhibiting beside the usual peripheral and umbilical keels several raised lines (one to three) behind the 

periphery and (one or two) on the base of the last whorl, 

beside having the entire surface obscurely spirally striate with 

semi-obsolete microscopic striae; the basal keel is more rounded 

than in any other American species, recent or fossil,· and the 

apertp.re shows hardly any angle corresponding to the peripheral keel. The largest specimen has (without the lost nucleus) 

eleven whorls, with a total length of 12 and diameter of 5 

[5.2] mm. 

The characters by which this shell is distinguished from others 

of the genus are not so feeble as would seem at first sight, when 

the remarkable uniformity of the species is taken into· consideration. There are no well-marked remains of color-pattern, 

but narrow flammules alternately opaque and more translucent, 

which are visible on very close examination, may correspond 

to a vanished color-pattern.-Dall, 1892. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 113282. 

Dall's description was drawn up from the figured 

specimen collected by Johnson at Mrs. Guion's marl 

pit on the Cape Fear River, Columbus County ~' N. C. 

This form differs from the type of Conrad's N. lineata, 

collected at Calvert Bluffs, Md., by the lower spire and 

consequently higher apical angle, the more uniform 

slope of the whorls, the absence of the sutural channel, 

so distinct and so characteristic of Conrad's species, and 

the slightly larger umbilical funnel. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Mrs. 

Guion's marl pit nea·r Neills Eddy Landing on the Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County. 

Superfamily N ATICACEA 

Family NATICIDAE 

Genus SINUM "Bolten'' Roe ding 

1798. Sim.un "Bolten". Roeding, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 

14=Sigarettts Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles: Soc. histoire nat. Paris 1\Iem., p. 

77, 1799. 

1909. Sinwm Bolten. Dall, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 59, 

p. 91. 

Type by subsequent designation (Dall, idem, 1909): Heli«J 

haHotoidea Linnaeus. Recent. in the west Pacific. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 213 

Sinum fragile (Conrad) 

Plate 24, figures 17, 21-22 

1830. Natica. fragilis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

1st ser., vol. 6, p. 222, pl. 9, fig. 3. 

1842. Sigaretus fragilis Conrad, Nat. Institution for the Promotion of Science Proc., Bull. 2, p. 181. 

1846. N atica aperta H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., vol. 

9, p. 254, pl. 36, fig. 51. 

1858. Natica fragiUs Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey 

Rept., p. 267, fig. 153. 

1863. Sigaretus (Naticina) fragilis Conrad, Acad. Nat. ,Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, vol. 14, p. 565. 

1904. Siga'retus fragilis Conrad. Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 255, pl. 60, figs. 5a-5b. 

Shell ovate, thin, fragile, smooth, with fine revolving impressed striae; spire very small; apex acute; aperture extending about four-fifths of the length of the shell; columella 

much narrowed and arcuated, exhibiting the internal volutions.-Conrad, 1830. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 16.8 mm.; greatest 

diameter, 16.5 mm. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1551. 

Type locality: St. Marys River, Md. 

Shell thin, fragile, ovate. Whorls 3 to 4, those of 

the spire very small. Body auriform and, for thegenus, 

rather strongly elevated and broadly rounded at the 

periphery. Surface sculptured with flattened lirae, 

minutely crenulated by the incrementals, linear, sep·arated by linear interspaces upon the spire and near the 

suture and umbilicus, somewhat irregular in size and 

spacing behind the periphery of the body whorl. Suture line distinct. Aperture dilated, obliquely ovate: 

Outer lip thin, sharp, patulous anteriorly. Columellar 

n1argin sigmoidal. Umbilicus reduced to a linear chink 

or entirely concealed by the parietal callus. 

In Sinttm fragile the height slightly exceeds the diameter; while in the only other representative of the genus 

within the area under discussion, S. perspectivun~ Say, 

the diameter is greater than the height. 

The species is rare in the Miocene of Virginia and 

Maryland. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; 5 miles northeast of Smithfield, Isle of Wight County. 

Outside distribution: Maryland: Calvert formation, Plum 

Point, Calvert County. Choptank formation, Governor Run 

(lower bed), Calvert County. St. Marys formation, St. Marys 

River and Cove Point, St. Marys County. 

Superfamily CYPRAEACEA 

Family CYPRAEIDAE 

An enormous amount of monographic work was done 

on the family by F. A. Schilder during the 1920's and 

the 1930's. Most of his papers were published in the 

Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte (Berlin) and the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. 

Genus CYPRAEA Lin:naeus 

1758. Oypraea Linnaeus, Systema naturae, lOth ed., p. 718. 

Type by subsequent designation (Montfort, Conchyliologie 

s;rstema tique, vol. 2, p. 631, 1810) : Oypraea tigris Linnaeus. 

Recent, in the Indo-Pacific. 

Shell solid, ovoid, ventricose. Spire slightly elevated 

in the young, involved in the adult forms. Surface 

highly polished, smooth, lirate or tuberculate. Aperture long, narrow, canaliculate at each extremity; both 

outer and colun1ellar lips crenulated. 

Subgenus CYPRAEORBIS Conrad 

1865. Oypraeorbis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 31. 

Type by monotypy : Gypraeorbis sphaeroides Oonrad. Vickflburg Oligocene, of Mississippi. 

Shell of medium size, flattened on the apertural face, 

asymmetrically arched dorsally, the posterior inflation 

greater than the anterior. Surface smooth, enameled. 

Aperture narrow, the margins subparallel and following the curvature of the body dorsally. Fossula shallow, distinct. Dentition rather fine (between 20 and 25 

in both the labral and the labial series in the subgenotype)·, restricted to the apertural margins. Posterior 

notch U-shaped with flattened parallel sides. Anterior 

notch narrow, sinistrally inclined, the inner margin 

pinched and a sulcus behind it; the base of the outer lip 

also pinched and flattened. 

Section AXLElSTOSTOM:A Gardner, n. sect. 

Type by original designation: Gypraea carolinensis Conrad. 

Upper Miocene, of the Carolinas and Florida. 

Shell fairly large for the genus, inflated medially, 

commonly depressed laterally; the posterior slope 

shorter and steeper than the anterior. Spire entirely 

concealed in the adult; indicated by an apical dimple 

in the immature shells. Apertural face flattened. 

Aperture fairly wide posteriorly and medially, expanding anteriorly with the slight contraction of both the 

outer and the inner lips. Outer lip coarsely ridged. 

Ridges on inner apertural face feeble or obsolete posteriorly and n1edially; ·about 6 or 8 slight1y oblique, 

irregular rugae on the anterior half of the shell; not 

extending within the aperture. Fossula obscure, shallow, smooth. Margin of inner lip pinched into a sharp 

fold; both outer and inner lips sharp and compressed 

anteriorly. Terminal anterior notch deep, inclined 

toward the left. Posterior terminal notch, oblique; the 

sides flattened. 

The section differs from Oypraeorbis by the widening of the aperture anteriorly and by the feeble· or 

obsolete wrinkling on the anterior and medial portion 

of the inner lip. A similar tendency is evident in 

Oypraea mus, a tropical species living on the V enezuelan coast and reported from the tropical waters of 
214 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLI;NA 

the Eastern Hemisphere. The species has been referred 

by Schilder to Siplwcypraea Heilprin, 1887, but Heilprin's genus was described from a cylindrical shell 

strongly rugose the length of the straight inner lip 

and with a curious hook shaped opening at the posterior 

extremity. 

Cypraea (Cypraeorbis) carolinensis Conrad 

Plate 29, figures 2, 7 

18~1.. Gypraea caroUnensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., 

vol. 41, p. 346, pl. 2, fig. 6. 

1856. Gypraea carolinensis Conrad. Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 126, pl. 27, figs. 1, 2. 

1858. Gypraea. carolinensis Conrad. Emmons, North Carolina 

Geol. Survey Rept., p. 260, fig. 131. 

1890. Gypmea carolinensis Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 165, 167. 

1903. Gypraea ( Umbilia) carolinensis (Conrad). Cossmann, 

Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 5, p. 160, pl. 7, figs. 

5, 9. 

1930. Gypraea. carolinensis Conrad. Mansfield, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 3, p. 94. 

Ovate, ventricose, superior margin of the labrum prominent 

at the apex; base plano-convex.-Conrad, 1841. 

Type locality: 'Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

Shell thick, solid, semiovoid in outline; involute. 

Maximum dorsal inflation a little behind the median 

·line; ventral surface flattened, somewhat thickened at 

the lateral margins; exterior smooth, polished. Aperture narrow, slightly expanded anteriorly. Outer lip 

broadly arcuate, very heavy, its inner margin armed 

with some 20 denticles. Inner lip also heavy, rugosely 

plicate, somewhat sinuous in outline. Posterior extrenlities of both labrum and labium thickened, forming the straight, solid walls of the pronounced posterior 

emargination. Anterior canal short, with thickened, 

parallel margins. Anterior notch less profound than 

the posterior, relatively broader, and inclined toward 

the columella. 

Oypraea carolinensis Conrad strongly suggests both 

by its outline and surface finish a longitudinal section 

of an egg shell. The ·species is very rare in the 

Yorktown forn1ation and, though rather widely distributed in the Duplin, is relatively common only at 

the Natural Well in Duplin County, N.C. 

Mansfield, 1930, has reported "a nearly perfect specimen" from the Cancellaria zone at Jackson Bluff, Leon 

County, Fla. The horizon is at the top of the upper 

Miocene. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Rock 

. Landing on the Neuse River, Craven County. Duplin marl, 2% 

miles south of Clinton on Gum Chimney Branch on the property 

of Mr. Hugh Moore, Sampson County ; 2 miles northeast of 

Warsaw, and at the Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; 4 miles north of Lumberton on the Berry 

Godwin plantation, and 1% miles northeast of Fairmont, on the 

property of Mr. Andrew Jones, Robeson County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Duplin marl, the Muldrow 

Place, Sumter County and the Pee Dee River, Florence? County, 

S. C. Choctawhatchee formation, Jackson Bluff, Leon County, 

Fla. 

Genus TRIVIA "Gray" Broderip 

1837. Trivia "Gray" Broderip, Penny Cyclopaedia, vol. 8, p. 256. 

1916. ·Trivia. (Gray MS) Broderip. Iredale, .Malac. Soc. London Proc., vol. 12, p. 35. 

Type by subsequent designation (Gray, Zool. Soc. London 

Proc., pt. 15, n. 142, 1847); Cypmea e1trop[a]ea Montagu= 

Voluta jonens·is Pennant. Reported off th~ coast of Europe from 

Trondhjem Fjord to the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas; reported also from the Pleistocene of western Europe and from 

the Pliocene Crag of England and the Vienna Ba~in. 

Trivia has been commonly attributed to J. E. Gray, 

Descriptive Catalogue of Shells, 1832. Mr. C. D. Sherborn of the British Museum unearthed the information 

that only proof sheets of the "Descriptive Catalogue" 

were printed in 1832 and that the paper had no status. 

Shaw, 1909 (Malac. Soc. London Proc., vol. 8, p. 289) 

and Iredale idem, 1916, have discussed the fact. 

Shell small, ovoid or subspherical. Spire involute. 

Sculpture vigorous, a medial antero-posterior dorsal 

depression commonly marking the line of union of the · 

recurved mantle lobes. Transverse sulcations deep, simple or ramose, continuous with the apertural teeth. 

Aperture narrow, conforming in outline to the shape of 

the body whorl. Fossula shallow, the dentition continued across it. Columellar lip crenulated. Labrum 

thickened, inflected, transversely sulcated within, the 

thickenina continued around the extremities of the b 

aperture. Anterior extremity truncate or obscurely 

emarginate. 

The genus is first recognized at the beginning of the 

Tertiary. The Recent species are for the most part 

confined to the warmer waters. 

Trivia pediculus (Linnaeus) 

Pia te 29, figures 8, 9 

1758. Gypmea pediculu,s Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, lOth ed. 

p. 724. 

1827. Oypmea pediculus Linnaeus. Gray, Zool. Jour. London, 

VOL 3, p. 370. 

1856. Gypraea pediculus Linnaeus. Tuomey and Holmes, Pleio~ 

cene fossils of South Carolina, p. 127, pl. 27, figs. 3, 4. 

1885. T1·ivia pedicttl·us Linnaeus. Tryon, Manual Conchology, 

vol. 7, p. 201, pl. 21, figs. 94-97. 

1890. Trivia pediculus Linuaeus. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 168. 

1892. Tdvia pediculw~ Linnaeus. Dall, idem, pt. 2, p. 263. 

1908. Triria pedicultts Linnaeus. Rogers, Shell book, p. 133, 

pl. opp. p. 134, fig. 2. 

1928. Trivia (Triv,ia) pediculus (Linnaeus). Woodring, Car-

·negie Inst. Washington Pub. 385 p. 320, pl. 22, figs. 6-11. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 215 

1937. Trivia pediculus Linnaeus. Maxwell Smith, East coast 

marine shells, p. 110, pl. 40, figs. 7a-c. 

Type locality : Jamaica. 

Hanley, in "Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia," p. 196, 1855, has 

discussed the source of the Linnaean shells assembled 

under T. pediculus. Two species are involved, the 

European and the West Indian, and the choice -of the 

West Indian shell that was made by Reeve and followed 

by Hanley is frankly one of expediency. 

Shell ovoid, inflated dorsally, flattened on the ventral 

surface; the maximum diameter a little behind the median line, and the posterior slope a little steeper than 

the anterior. Spire entirely concealed, its presence indicated in some individuals by a very slight posterior 

bulge. Axial furrow clearly defined but not persistent. 

to either the aRterior or the posterior extremity of the 

shell. Ridges transverse to the axis, 15 to 20, with occasional intercalaries, in character more or less irregular 

and minutely undulatory, tending to be slightly bulbous 

at the dorsal termination. Aperture narrow, the margins subparallel. Outer lip somewhat expanded, thickened and incurved, both the outer and inner lips corrugated by the primary costals, which persist for a short 

distance within the aperture. Aperture emarginate 

both anteriorly and posteriorly, the anterior notch the 

broader and deeper. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 6.6 mm. ; 

length, 11.5 mm; lateral diameter, 8.0 mm. 

Figured specimen: U. S. N. M. 325430, from Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of 

Cronly, Columbus County, N.C. 

Trivia pedicultts (Linnaeus) is most nearly related 

to T. sutfusa Gray, a somewhat smaller, more evenly inflated shell. Furthermore, the transverse ridges of T. 

suffusa, though irregular in spacing, are uniform in 

width throughout their extent, whereas in T. pediculus 

they tend alternately to expand and contract in width 

except near the periphery of the shell, thus giving to 

the sculpture an irregularly undulatory aspect which is 

readily diagnostic. The expansion of the outer lip also 

is rather broader but much less sharply defined than in 

T. sutfusa. 

The species is rare in the Waccamaw formation. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, 

Cronly, and Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County ; Mrs. Guion's marl pit, Cape Fear River, Columbus County? 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Bowden, Jamaica. Pliocene, 

\Vaccamaw( ?). formation, Smith's, Goose Creek, Berkeley 

County, S. C. Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Pliocene undifferentiated, Costa Rica. Recent, St. Augustine, 

Fla., to Fernando de Naranha, Brazil, and east to Bermuda, in 

less than 50 fathoms. 

Superfamily DOLIACEA 

Family CASSIDIDAE 

Genus SCONSIA Gray 

1847. Sconsia Gray, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 137. 

Type by original designation: Oassidm·ia striata Lamarck. 

Recent, in the West Indies. 

The genus has been discussed by Dall,11 Pilsbry / 2 

w oodring,13 wrigley r and a number of other authors. 

Section GALEODOSCONSIA Sacco 

1890. Galeodosconsia Sacco, Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. · 

. Torino Boll. 82, vol. 5, p. 17. 

Type by subsequent designation ( Cossmann, Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 5, p. 133, 1903). Oassidaria striatula Bonelli. 

Helvetian of northern Italy. 

The group is characterized by the swelling of the anterior fasciole. Woodring, 1928, was the first to refer 

the Duplin species Sconsia hodgii to Galeodosconsia. 

Sconsia hodgii (Conr;~d) 

Plate 29, figure 3 

1841. Cassis Hodgii Conrad Am. jour. Sci., lst ser., vol. 41, p. 

346, pl. 2, fig. 10. 

1854. Galeodia HodgU Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., vol. 7, p. 30. 

1856. Galeodia H odgii Conrad. Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 138, pl. 28, fig. 10. · 

1858. Gnleodia hodgii Conrad. Emmons, North Carolina Geol. 

Survey Rept., p. 257, fig. 128. 

1863. Sconsia Hodgii Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, vol. 14, p. 564. 

1903. Sconsia H odgei Conrad. Cossmann, Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 5, p. 133, pl. 6, fig. 3. 

1928. Sconsia hodgei (Conrad). Woodring, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 385, p. 310. 

1930. Sconsia hodgei (Conrad). Mansfield, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 93. 

Elliptical, with numerous spiral lines most prominent towards the base. Spire conical, volutions convex.-Conrad, 

1841. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

Shell stout, heavy, rudely elliptical, the maximum 

diameter not far from the median line. Aperture more 

than two-thirds the total height. Whorls 5 to 6; those 

of the spire broadly convex, decreasing rapidly in size 

towards the apex; protoconch not well differentiated. 

Sculpture dominantly spiral; revolving lirae subequal, . 

for the most part, and subequispaced, low, little prominent, separated by slightly wider interspirals; sculpturing of the external surface produced far within the 

11 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of the Pacific 

coast; I. The Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 59, p. 66, 1909. 

12 Pilsbry, H. A., Revision of W. M. Gabb's Tertiary Mollusca of Santo 

Domingo: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 73, pp. 361-362, 1922. 

1a Woodring, W. P., Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica, pt. 2: 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, pp. 308-309, 1928. 

1;1, Wrigley, Arthur, English Eocene and Oligocene Cassididae, with 

notes on the nomenclature and morphology of the family : Malacol. Soc. 

London Proc., vol. 21, pp. 114-116, 1934. 
216 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

interior; lirae about 8 on the later whorls of the spire, 

3 or 4 times as many on the body ; the 4 to 6 spirals at the 

base of the body broader and more elevated than those 

behind them. Axial sculpture restricted to incrementals and more or less exaggerated resting stages. Suture distinct, impressed. Aperture slightly expanded 

anteriorly. Outer lip thickened, dentate within. Columella excavated at the base of the body, rugose. Parietal wall washed with enamel but so thinly that the 

spiral sculpture n1ay be imperfectly concealed. An-

. terior fasciole swollen, closely lirate. Anterior canal 

short, recurved, deeply en1arginate. 

Scomia Jwdgii Conrad is the sole representative of 

the genus within the Virginia and North Carolina 

Tertiary. It is readily isolated by its heavy shell, 

stocky outline, uniform spiral sculpture, and denticulate outer and rugose inner lip. 

Mansfield reports the species in Florida, from both 

the Ecphora zone in the middle of the Choctawhatchee 

formation and from the (} ancell aria zone at the top 

of it. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural 'Veil, 

Duplin County; 1% miles northeast of Fairmont (Ashpole), 

Robeson County; Cape Fear Riyer, (Emmons). 

. Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl of Sumter County 

and the Pee Dee River, Florence? County, S. C.; Jackson Bluff, 

Leon County; Alum Bluff (upper bed), Liberty County, Fla. 

Family COL UBRARIDAE 

Genus COLUBRARI-4 Schumacher 

1817. Oolubraria Schumacher, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des 

vers testaces, p. 251. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum, primordia, vol. 1, p. 270, 1847) : Mttre:c 

maculos?ts Gmelin=Buccinum 11wculosum Chemnitz. Recent, 

in the Indo-Pacific region. 

Shell of moderate dimensions, rather thick and solid. 

Spire elevated, the axis commonly arcuate. Whorls 

broadly convex, increasing slowly in diameter. Sculpture retieulate or granular, with occasional axial varices. 

Aperture shorter than the spire, narrow, obliquely lenticular. Outer lip varicose, dentate within. Inner lip 

concave. Parietal and pillar wash heavy. Anterior 

canal short, recurved with parallel, proximate margins. 

No name has been found for the small group of warm 

water Tertiary and Recent species from the southeastern 

Gulf Province and the West Indies. They have in 

common and distinct from 0 olubraria s. s. a small, 

slender, delicate shell tapering anteriorly into a canal 

decidedly longer than that of the type of the genus; 

a narrow lobate aperture, the outer margin varicose 

·but not denticulate, the inner parietal wall and pillar 

washed with a smooth but heavy callus. Oolubraria 

lanceolata (Menke) , the Recent species, is even more 

slender and elegant than the Tertiary forms and the 

anterior canal more sharply defined. 

Colubraria aclinica Tucker and Wilson 

Plate 29, figures 5, 6 

1933. Oolubraria aclinica Tucker and Wilson, Bull. Am. Paleon· 

tology, vol. 18, No. 66, p. 70 (8), pl. ll (2), fig. 14. 

Shell small, whorls somewhat inflated, sutures impressed. 

Early whorls? Spiral sculpture of about· eight or nine primary 

threads, interspaces on body whorl have a less strong .secondary 

between weak tertiary threads. On the whorls of the spire only 

the single secondary is present. Axial threads about the same 

size as the primary spirals: At their intersection they form low 

beads. Axials become obsolete toward the base. Aperture slender; margin of the inner lip elevated to form a thin lamella. 

Outer lip varical, internally carries faint lirations arranged 

in pairs. Anterior canal sharply recurved; columella smooth .. 

Dimensions of holotype.-Height 14, diameter 5 mm. 

This species differs from 0. {lo1·idana Tucker and Wilson (Bull. 

Am. Pal., vol. 18, No. 65, p. 11, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4) in not having 

strong axial ribs as well as in the character of the spira.l 

sculpture. 

Age.-Miocene? 

Locality.-Acline, Fla.-Tucker and Wilson, 1933. 

The following description was drawn up from a less 

. imperfect specimen (U.S.N.M.114089) fron1 the Duplin 

marl, Duplin County, N.C.: 

Shell small for the genus, thin, delicate, very 

slender and fusiform. Body whorl a little less than 

two-thirds, and aperture almost one-half the total 

height. Spire elevated, tapering gracefully to a flattened apex. Whorls probably about 7 in number; those 

of the spire feebly inflated at the periphery. Body whorl 

broadly rounded, attenuated anteriorly. Protoconch 

smooth except for incrementals, thrice-coiled; initial 

volution wound in a single plane, thus producing the 

flattened apex; second whorl rounded posteriorly, but 

increasingly compressed anteriorly; final turn only 

feebly convex. Both axial and spiral sculpture 

abruptly initiated at the beginning of the conch. Axial 

sculpture of 2 or 3 obtuse varices, and 20 to 30 narrow, 

rounded, moderately elevated riblets, n1ore or less irregular in size and spacing, approximately uniform 

in strength from suture to suture, evanescent at the 

base of the body whorl. Spiral sculpture of low, flattened fillets, much more regular in size and spacing than 

the axials and overriding though not nodulating them; 

priniaries 6 to 8 on the whorls of the spire; occasional 

linear or sublinear secondaries intercalated miqway 

between the primaries; spirals on body whorl broader 

and relatively lower than on the spire; secondaries more 

prominent relatively and absolutely, often scarcely less 

wide than the primaries; an occasional tertiary introduced in the interspaces. Incrementals on the otherwise unsculptured areas regular and crowded, visible 

under high magnification as a finely filamented grating. 

Suture line distinct, impressed, finely crenulated by the 

axials of the succeeding whorl. Aperture narrow, 

lenticular. Outer lip subvaricose, the edge sharp and 

often feebly crenulated in harmony with the spirals, 

nonlirate within. Inner lip broadly excavated, re-
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 217 

versed, standing apart from the pillar wall. The margin of the glaze a smooth curve. . Anterior canal moderately long, gracefully recurved. Anterior fasciole 

slightly swollen, broadly and deeply emarginate at the 

extremity. 

Dimensions of i1nmature figured specimen from the 

Duplin marl, 11;2 miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. : Height, 9 mm. ; maximum diameter, 

3.3 mm. The body whorl of the imperfect adult is 13 

mm. high and 6.7 mm. in maximum width .. 

The stratigraphic position of the pit outcrop from 

which Oolubraria aclirl/ica was collected has never been 

satisfactorily established. When l\{ansfield later visited 

the area the pits were filled with water. The fauna 

was earlier referred to the Buckingham marl which 

was assigned to the Miocene, but it is now regarded as 

nothing more than a facies of the fauna of the Caloosahatchee marl. In view of the character of the fauna at 

Adine and the doubt surrounding the exact position of 

the bed from which it was collected, no fixed age determination has been made. Certainly the s1nall species 

in question is affiliated with the Duplin examples rather 

than with Oolubraria lanceolata of the Caloosahatchee 

and Recent faunas. 

The upper Miocene species may well be the antecedent 

of 0. lanceolata (Menke). The growth of the Miocene 

form is more regular and apparently less prone to distortion .. The spirals are broader in the former, too, and 

relatively lower, particularly on the body whorl, so that 

the delicately tessellated aspect, which is so characteristic of the Recent species, is largely lost on the later 

whorls of the fossil. The canal of the recent £or1n is 

more sharply recurved, and the fasciole more swollen. 

Both the fossil and. the Recent representative~ seem to 

have rather a wide range in relative dimensions. 

A closely related species in the Chipola formation of 

Florida is indicated by a few fragments. The sculpture 

pattern of the Chipola individuals, more closely resembles that of the Recent species than that of the later 

Miocene form. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, 11h miles northwest of Magnolia and the Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Outside distribution: Upper part of the Tertiary, Acline, 

Charlotte County, Fla. 

Family FICIDAE 

Genus FICUS "Bolton" Roeding 

1798. Ficus "Bolten" Roeding, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 148. 

1799. Py1·ula Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification 

des coquilles: Soc. hist. nat. Paris Mem., p. 73. Type 

by monotypy: Bu.lla ficus Linnaeus. 

1810. Pirula Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 2, p. 

486. Type by monotypy : M urex ficus Linnaeus. 

Type of monotypy: Ficus communis (Bolten) Roeding=Ficu.s 

varicgata (Bolton) Roeding=Bttlla ficus Gmelin=Murex ficus 

Linnaeus. Recent, in the East Indies. The only other species 

citedby Roeding is Ficus picta, a nomen nudum. 

The thin, delicately cancellated "fig shells" adorn 

most of the cabinets of Mollusca from the southeastern 

iSeaboard. The genus has been reported from the 

Cretaceous but Smith lf! challenges all records of Ficus 

earlier than the late Eocene. He considers it a monophylletic group. The grosser morphological featu~es 

of the conchs vary little but the degree of development 

of the genus may be traced through the protoconchs. 

The number of nuclear whorls .decreases as the group 

advances through the Tertiary and into the Recent but 

the size of the initial whorl increases. Clench 16 reported 18 Recent species and subspecies, 3 of them from 

the western Atlantic. Only Ficus papyratia is found 

in coastal waters; the other two have been taken 1n 

water of 175 fathoms or over. 

Ficus papyratia caloosahatchiensis (Smith) 

Plate 29, figures 1, 4 

1907. Pyrula ]Japymtia caloosa.hatchiensis Smith, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 212. 

Pyrula papyratia and Ficus papyratia of authors in part. 

The differences separating the Pliocene species of the 

Carolinas and Florida from Ficus papyratia which has 

inherited the same habitat are of questionable subspecific value. They are interesting, however, in that 

they conform to the general trend of development of 

the Ficus papyratia group. The early whorls of the 

Pliocene forms seem less sunken than those of the Recent individuals, the nucleus is not so much off center, 

and there is a scarcely perceptible increase, possibly an 

eighth of a turn, in the number of nuclear whorls. The 

identity of the Waccamaw and Caloosahatchee species 

has not been questioned. 

Smith's original description is comparative: 

A critical study of the Florida Pliocene form demonstrates 

that it is extremely close to the recent species. In fact its cancellated stage is similar in every respect. The apex is likewise almost the same but differs in having the cancellated stage begin a 

little later in the ontogeny. The first whorl is also perhaps a 

trifle smaller in the fossil form. Altogether this Florida Pliocene type is specifically identical with the recent P. papyraUa. 

Nevertheless the author believes that it may with propriety be 

designated as. the subspecies Pyrula papyratia caloosahatchiensis. The Waccamaw Pliocene forms have an apex similar to 

that of P. papyratia caloosahatchiensis. The individuals examined are, however, all immature, and it is therefore impossible to note the sculpture of the later cancellated stage. It is 

probable that a better series of specimens will establish the 

identity of this race with the one from the Florida Pliocene. 

Ficus pilsbryi (Smith) (idem) from the Cercado formation of the Dominican Republic and the Bowden 

forination of Jamaica is smaller than Ficus papyratia 

and its subspecies; the early whorls of the conch seem 

1s Smith, Burnett, A Contribution to the Morphology of Pyrula; Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 1907, pp. 208-219, tables 1-3, text figs. 1, 

2. pl. 17, June 20, 1907. 

1a Clench, W. J., The Genus Ficus, in the western Atlantic; Johnsonia, No.2, pp. 1, 2, 3 text figs., Feb. 15, 1942. 
218 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

to be more evenly rounded and to increase more regularly, and the protoconch is decidedly lower and more 

symmetrically placed. In the same paper Smith described the subspecies, Pyrula rpilsbryi duplinensis, 

named from Duplin County where the form was colle~ted. It may be recognized by the very long and 

slender anterior canal and the relatively sharp spiral 

lirae. ·The subspecies is not represented in our collections. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 3 

miles north of Cronly on the Cape Fear River, Columbus County, 

N.C. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Suborder STENOGLOSSA 

Superfamily MURICACEA 

Family MURICIDAE 

Genus MUREX Linnaeus 

1758. MureJ' Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 746: 

Type by monotypy: Ficus communis (Bolten) Roeding=Ficus 

systematique, \rol. 2, p. 619, 1810) : Murex pecten Montfort= 

Murem tribulus I...innaeus. Recent, in the South Pacific and 

Indian Oceans. 

Shell oblong, oval, pyriform or fusifor~ in outline. 

Spire usually elevated, acutely tapering. Protoconch 

rather small, smooth, paucispiral. Ornamentation of 

conch elaborate; axial varices 3 in the restricted M urew, 

usually continuous, commonly spinose at the intersection with the spirals, less commonly foliaceous; simple 

costals may be reduced on the later whorls to peripheral 

tubercles; spiral sculpture developed, as a rule, over 

the entire conch, overriding the axials ; primary spirals 

modified into spinose processes. Aperture subcircular, 

elliptical or ovate. Labrum -varicated, lirate, or denticulate within. Labium nonplicate, heavily glazed, 

often rugose or denticulate in front of the commissure 

and along the pillar. Anterior canal long and straight 

or short and recurved, generally roofed over in the adult. 

M urew has a limited representation in the Cretaceous. 

In the succeeding Tertiary and later faunas the genus 

becon1es increasingly abundant, and the Recent species 

number well over 200, most of them tropical and subtropical from between tides to a depth of 50 fathoms. 

Subgenus CHidOREUS Montfort 

1810. Chicoreus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 2, 

p. 610. 

Type by monotypy: Mm·ex wamosus Linnaeus. Recent, in the 

Indo-Pacific. 

The subgenus is characterized by the foliaceous or 

digitated varices, 3 in number, and the recurved canal, 

usually shorter and broader than in lJ/urem s. s. and 

almost or completely closed. 

Murex (Chicoreus) rufus Lamarck 

Plate 29, figure 23 

1822. M,nrex rufus Lamarck, Animaux sans vertebres, 1st ed., 

vol. 7, p. 162. 

1858. Mu1·em semcostata Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey 

Rept., p. 248, fig. 106. 

1890. Murem (Chicoreus). rufus Lamarck. Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 140. 

Type locality not known. 

Shell heavy, fusiform, the greatest diameter not far 

from the median line. Whorls convex, 6 or 7 exclusive 

of the 2 smooth protoconchal turns. Spire moderately 

elevated, tapering rather gradually to an acute apex. 

Early whorls sculptured with 9 strong, rounded, subequal axials; every third rib on adolescent shell becomes 

stronger than the intermediate ribs and develops into 

the foliaceous varices of the adult; intern1ediate rib to 

right of varix becomes obsolete, the rib to the left of 

the varix develops into a peripheral node. Varices persistent from the middle whorls to the anterior extremity, the primary spirals forming the midribs of the leaflike or linguiform processes which characterize the 

species and the subgenus. Primary spirals rather narrow, rounded cords, 3 on the whorls of the spire and 10 or 

11 on the body and canal, separated by wider interspaces 

in ~hich are crowded 6 to 8 lirate secondaries. Whorls 

appressed, the suture not very distinct. Aperture 

slightly oblique, lobate, with a raised rim, slit at the 

commissure and at the anterior canal. Canal usually 

closed, at least posteriorly, often gaping slightly anteriorly. · 

DimenJ3ions of figured specimen : Height, 57 mm. ; 

diameter including varices, 30 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 168848. Recent, off 

Sanibel Island, west Florida. 

lt/urem rufus Lamarck is the only Tertiary representative of the trivaricate subgenus recorded from the 

North Carolina-Virginia area. It has not been reported 

by later collectors. 

Distribution: North Carolina (Emmons). 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosa~ 

hatchee River and Alligator Creek; Delray, 118-foot well, Palm 

Beach County, Fla. Pleistocene, Antilles (Dall). Recent, Cape 

· Fear to the West Indies in 1 to 30 fathoms. 

Subgenus PHYLLONOTUS Swainson 

1833. Phyllonotus Swainson, Zoological illustrations, ser. 2, 

vol. 3, pl. 109. 

Type by monotypy: Murex (Phyllonotus) irnperial,is Swainson var. a.=M. pomum Gmelin. Recent, off the southeast coast 

of the United States and the West Indies. 

Phyllonotus is separated from Ohicoreus by the more 

numerous varices, 3 to 8 in number, by the shorter, more 

open and recurved canal ; and by the occasional presence of an umbilical chink. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 219 

Murex (Phyllonotus) pomum Gmelin 

Plate 29, figures 22, 24 

1792. Murem pomum Gmelin, in Systema naturae, 13th ed., p. 

3527. 

1845. Murem pomum Gmelin. Reeve, Conchologia iconica, 

Mu1·em species 35, fig. 35. 

1852. Murem memicanus Petit de la Saussaye, Jour. conchyliologie, vol. 3, p. 51, pl. 2, fig. 9. 

1858. Murem globosa Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey 

Rept., p. 247, fig. 105a. 

1863. Murem globosus Emmons. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia .Proc. for 1862, p. 560. 

1890. Murem (Phyllonotus) pomum Gmelin. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 142. 

1908. jJ;J urem rpomum Gmelin. Rogers, Shell book, p. 31, pl. 6, 

opposite p. 26, figs. 1, 2. 

1928. M urem ( Phyllonotus) ponwm Gmelin. Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 290, pl. 17, fig. 9. 

1930. Murem pomum 'Gmelin. Mansfield, Florida Geol. Survey, 

Bull. 3, p. 83, pl. fl, fig. 9. 

Shell moderately large and heavy for the genus, 

·globose. Aperture and canal two-thirds or more of the 

total height. Whorls of conch 6 or 7, rapidly increasing in size, the body whorl strongly inflated. Ornamentation elaborate; first 3 or 4 eonehal turns seulptured with 10 to 12 subequal, undulatory axial riblets 

overridden by 3 or 4 sharply elevated primary spirals 

with interealated secondaries and tertiaries. Varices 

developed on the fourth or fifth volution and becmning 

increasingly prominent toward the aperture; axial 

body sculpture of 4 major variees, formed of 2 or 3 

overlapping laminae, the edges free and fluted along the 

axes of the primary spirals; 1 or 2 varicose eostals intercalated between them. Spiral sculpture on the body 

whorl, exclusive of the canal, of 6 primary spirals, the 

intermediate areas crowded with secondaries, tertiaries 

and even higher orders, the total number of lirae 

20 to 25 to each interprimary. Inerementals strong 

enough to shagreen the spirals. Suture line impressed. 

Aperture, exelusive of the canal, broadly lenticular. 

Outer lip arcuate, varicose, fluted in harmony with the 

spiral sculpture, projected backward at the varices 

upon the preceding volution. Columella broadly eoncave; entire aperture lined with a eontinuous coating of 

enamel which is guttered at the commissure and widely 

reflected upon the body whorl. Anterior eanal short, 

reeurved, sharply differentiated; variees continued 

across it, the varieal edges at the interseetion of the 2 

or 3 primary spirals produced into linguifonn proeesses 

longer than those upon the body. Margins of canal 

parallel and proximate but not united. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 91.5 n1m.; 

diameter ineluding variees, 64.0 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325426. 

Loeality of figured specimen: N eills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus 

County, N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

In the Recent faunas, Murew pomwm is restricted by 

temperature to the region south of Hatteras and by 

depth to waters of less than 50 fathoms. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Neills 

Eddy Landing, Columbus County. 

Mansfield, 1930, reported M. pomum from the Cancellaria zone 

of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida. Pilsbry and 

Brown, 1917, listed the species from the Miocene of Cartagena, 

Colombia, and Woodring, 1928, figured an adult from the Bowden beds of Jamaica. Reports of the species from the Miocene 

of North Carolina have not been verified. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Cancellaria zone of Choctawhatchee formation at Harveys Creek, Leon County, Fla. Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, Putnam County, Fla. ; 

Caloosahatchee River and Alligator Creek, Fla. Pleistocene, 

Antilles (Dall). Recent, Beaufort, N. C., to Venezuela. Living 

shells dredged by Blake in Flannegan Passage in 27 fathoms 

on sandy bottom, temperature 78° F. 

Genus TRITON ALI.A Fleming 

1828. T1·itonalia Fleming substituted for Triton, History British 

animals, Corrigenda, p. 346, line 17 ; genus described and 

the single species T. erinaceus discussed, p. 356. 

1847. Ocenebra, Leach manuscript, Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, vol. 20, p. 269. Type, Murem erinaceus Linnaeus. 

Type by subsequent designation (Jousseaume, Revue et Magasin de zoologie, ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 331~ 1881) ; Murem er-inaceus 

Linnaeus. Recent, on the shores of northern Europe. 

Ovate oblong; canal produced, subascending or bent to the 

left; ribs alternate or remote, not continuous on the whorls.-

Fleming, 1828. 

Tritonalia is smaller than 111 urew but resembles the 

shorter, twisted members of that genus in outline~ The 

sculpture also is muricoid. The variees are more numerous than in J-1 urew s. s. and are usually foliated but 

not spinose. The anterior canal is recurved, rather broad 

as a rule, and closed in the typieal species. The eharacters of the radula are, however, quite distinct, and 

the operculum has a lateral nueleus instead of the apical 

nueleus that characterizes Murew. 

Tritonalia has a rather meager representation in the 

Tertiary, and the Recent speeies are few in number 

and confined for the most part to the Mediterranean 

and the eastern shores of the lower latitudes of A1neriea. 

Tritonalia cellulosa (Conrad) 

Plate 29, figure 16 

1846. Jfur·em cellu,loi5a Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., vol. 3, p. 25. 

1889. Ooinebra (Farat·tia) oellulosa . (Conrad). Dall, Harvard 

Coli. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., vol. 18, p. 210, pl. 16, 

fig.1. 

1890. Ocinebra oeUulosa (Conrad). Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 150. 

Short-fusiform, with large, prominent revolving lines or 

costae, the interstices with transverse wrinkled lines, largest on 

the varices, and giving the shell a cellular aspect; beak much 

curved; _color cinereous; aperture small, obovate, purplish 

within. 

Locality. Tampa Bay. Inhabits oyster beds.-conrad, 1846. 
220 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Shell small, muricoid, the maximum diameter at approximately the median horizontal. Spire scalariform, 

the whorls broadly tabulated, and of 1noderate elevation. Body whorl strongly contracted at the base. 

Nucleus small, acute, probably of about 2 volutions, 

the first erect, immersed only at the very tip, the second 

a little larger, and more flattened laterally. Conch including as many as 5 volutions. Surface highly ornamented. Axial sculpture of 8 strongly laminated varices, opposite in arrangement, and persistent to the 

terminus of the anterior canal; incrementals raised into 

free lamellae, scabrous when overriding the spirals; intervarical areas concave. Spiral sculpture of broad, 

elevated bands, semicylindrical in section; 2 on each of 

the whorls of the spire, 5 on the body, continuous across 

the· intervarical areas, cross-sectioned at the varices, 

the edges free and oblique to the surface, those of the 

posterior spiral of the body produced into sublinguliform processes; secondaries not developed. Suture line 

distinct, feebly impressed. Aperture broadly ovate 

posteriorly, strongly and abruptly contracted anteriorly. Outer lip broadly arcuate, varicose; the interspiral areas indicated by rather feeble interior denticles 

elongated normal to the margin. Posterior commissure 

well rounded. Columellar lip broadly concave, nonplicate. Parietal wall heavily glazed; lining of peristome continuous posteriorly and well rounded. Anterior canal short, recurved, the margins parallel and 

proximate. Umbilical chink feebly indicated. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 13.5 mm. ; 

diameter, 7.8 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 61013. 

Locality of figured specimen: Tampa Bay, Fla. Recent. 

The species is well characterized by the miniature 

murico~d outline, the 8 varices, and the restriction of 

the spiral sculpture to the few, broad, and prominent, 

semitubular elevations, which present, at the intersection with the varices a series of closely overlapping 

crinkled laminae. 

Distribution: Duplin marl. Natural Well, 2 miles southwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

Outside distribution : Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Recent. Cape Lookout to St. Thomas and 

Sombrero, West Indies, and east to Bermuda, in 0 to 54 fathoms. 

Tritonalia? barbitoides Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 29, figures 14, 15 

Shell small but rather heavy; lute-shaped. Aperture 

more than half as high as the entire shell. Spire acutely 

tapering, slender in proportion to the body. Apex 

broken away. Remaining volutions 5; whorls of spire 

closely appressed, angular, with a broad shoulder, sloping gently from the posterior suture to the periphery of 

the whorl. Axial sculpture of laminar varices, 9 on 

all except the earliest turns; on the spire, varices usually 

placed one in front of the other and persistent without 

change of direction from suture to suture; all of earlier 

whorls of type much decorticated so that many of the 

characters of the sculpture have been lost; varices on 

body exceptionally well preserved, the edges expanded 

and so strongly recurved that the outer lamina is set 

almost at right angles to the surface; though placed on 

a line with the corresponding varices of the spire, the 

axial laminae on the body are strongly bent sinistrally 

just in front of the suture at approximately a right 

angle, so that the posterior end of one varix is brought 

into contact with the extremity of the next varix to the 

left (the shell oriented with the apex upward) ; edges of 

varices on the pillar and fasciole overlapping by reason 

of the constriction of the body whorl. Spirals on whorls 

of spire 2, the posterior a well-rounded, moderately elevateclliration outlining the periphery of the whorl, the 

anterior similar to it and placed about midway between 

the periphery and the anterior suture; apparent convexity of the intervarical areas increased by the tendency 

toward the strengthening of the spirals as they mount 

the varices; outer laminae of body varices sculptured 

with 6low, rounded, primary spirals and 2 feeble secondaries, the one just behind the posterior primary, the 

other in the interspace between the posterior primary 

and that next in front of it; spirals tending to spread 

fanlike toward the edges of the laminae, though they 

persist with undiminished strength to the margins, 

which they crenulate. Sutures distinct but' not prominent. Aperturepyriform. Outer lip arcuate, expanded, 

the medial portion with 6 feeble tubercles on the inner 

varical surface. Enameled lining forming inner lamina 

of terminal varix continuous at the posterior commissure 

with the glaze of the labium. Columella excavated near 

the base of the body whorl. Parietal wall heavily enameled. Pillar rounded and feebly flexed. Anterior canal 

short, with subparallel margins. Anterior fasciole narnow,. arched, emarginate. Umbilical chink not entirely 

concealed by the body callus. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 18.7 mm.; diameter, 

including varices, 9.5 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325429. 

Type and only locality : Yorktown, York County, 

V a. Yorktown formation. 

The single individual on which the species is founded 

is badly decorticated, but the characters of the sculpture are so unusual and so well marked that it can 

be confused with no other described species. It does 

not conform to any recognized group. From Tritonalia, which it seems most closely to resemble, it differs 

in several important characters: the aperture is less 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 221 

circular than in typical Tritonalia; the pilbr is angulated at the entrance to the anterior canal in T .. '~ barbitoides j in Tritonalia, as a rule, it is merely warped ; 

the canal is short and open; in typical Tritonalia, it is 

almost or entirely closed. The axial sculpture consisting of thin sharp laminae, recalls that of Trophon. 

However, Trophon is a largershell with little or no 

spiral sculpture and a relatively larger body, which is 

more sharply constricted at the base into a rather long 

canal. 

Genus TRAJANA 17 Gardner, n. gen. 

Type by original designation: Trajana pytc. Gardner, new 

species. Miocene, Duplin marl of North Carolina. 

Shell more or less scalariform in outline. Spire elevated. Protoconch small, unsculptured. Axial costae 

prominent and somewhat varicose but not foliated or 

spinose. Spiral sculpture dense. Anal fasciole 

strongly arched. Aperture regularly elliptical in outline; inner lining continuous. Outer lip varicose, nonlirate within. Inner lip evenly concave, nonplicate. 

Anterior canal closed, short, and rather feebly recurved. 

Umbilical chink closed. 

Trajana is separated from Jfwrex, Tritonalia, and 

Jrf uricopsis by the nonmuricated varices, from U rosalpinx by the closed canal, and from H adriana, its nearest relative, by the greater relative elevation of the 

spire, the elliptical rather than pyriform outline of the 

aperture, the nonlirate outer lip, the nonplicate inner 

lip, and the absence of an umbilical chink. 

Trajana pyta Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 29, figures 10, 11 

Shell scalariform, spire elevated, apex acute, body 

broad and relatively low, abruptly constricted at the 

base. Whorls strongly convex, tabulated posteriorly, 

rapidly increasing in size, approximately 7. Protoconch of 11-h to 2 small, unsculptured coils, the earlier 

largely immersed. Axial sculpture initiated at the 

beginning of first turn of conch with obtuse vertical 

riblets that rapidly develop into broad, rounded, 

strongly elevated, undulatory costals; 7 or 8 on the 

whorls of the spire, equal in size and spacing except on 

the final half turn, most prominent on the periphery of 

the whorl and tending to alternate in arrangement. 

Spiral sculpture of sharply elevated lirations that override the costals and are equally prominent on the costal 

and intercostal areas; spirals initiated simultaneously 

with the axial sculpture by the appearance of the 2 

lirae that crown the periphery of the whorl; first one, 

and then a second finer threadlet introduced behind the 

periphery and later either 1 or 2 lirae in front of the 

periphery, those nearest the sutures the least conspicu17 Etymology : Trajana from Trajan, the Roman emperor immediately 

preceding Hadrian. 

ous; primaries on the body whorl 8 or 9 including the 

2 on the shoulder; finer secondaries commonly introduced midway between the primaries, that at the base 

of the body approximating in strength the primary 

behind it. Anterior siphonal canal closely sculptured 

with 9 or 10 sharply elevated lirae, the 1 or 2 posterior 

spirals set a little a part from those in front of them. 

Siphonal canal cut off from the base of the body whorl 

by a convex area that is strongly rippled by the axial 

costae but not spirally threaded ; delicate filamentary 

incrementals visible under magnification in the interspiral areas. Suture line distinct, impressed, crenulated by the axials of the preceding whorl. A narrow 

shoulder in front of the suture strongly defined, persist~nt almost to the apex; Goncave near the aperture, 

sloping and feebly undulated by the axials on the earlier 

volutions and occasionally threaded with a single fortuitous spiral near the anterior margin. Aperture elliptical, smoothly and evenly glazed within, with no trace 

of any angularity either anteriorly or posteriorly nor 

of any denticulation or rugosity on either the outer or 

the inner lip. Labrum strongly varicose, the varix 

obtuse and prmninent, encroaching posteriorly on the 

preceding whorl. Anterior canal closed, short, and 

rather feebly recurved. Umbilical chink not visible. 

Dimensions of imperfect holotype: Height, 17.3 

mm.; diameter, including varices, 10.8 mm.; diameter 

at right angles to maximum diameter, 8.8 mm. 

Holotype and juvenile paratype: U.S.N.M. 497151. 

Type and sole locality: Natural 1Vell, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

Genus EUPLEURA H . .and A. Adams 

1853. Eupleura H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, vol. 

1, p. 107. 

Type by subsequent designation (Baker, F. C., Chicago Acad. 

Sci. Bull., vol. 2, p. 176, 1895): Ranella (Eupleura) caudata Say. 

Recent, along the Atlantic seaboard from Massachusetts to 

Florida. 

Shell solid, ranelliform, carrying 2 continuous primary and several intermediate secondary varices. Aperture oval. Labrum dentate within. Labium smooth. 

Anterior cariallong, narrow, partially closed. 

Eupleura was considered by Tryon 18 to be intermediate between Murex and Ranella. It may be separated 

frmn the former by the presence of the two ranelliform 

varices; from the latter, by the smooth columella, and 

the muricoid ornamentation. 

The genus was not initiated, apparently, until the 

Tertiary. The Recent representatives are confined to 

the East Coast of the United States, ranging from New 

England south to Panama and to the West Indies. 

1s Tryon, G. w., Jr., Structural and systematic conchology, vol. 2, p. 

157, Philadelphia, 1880. 
222 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Eupleura caudata (Say) 

Plate 29, figures 12, 13, 18, 19 

1822. Ranclla caudata Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

1st ser., vol. 2, p. 236. 

1832. Ranella caudata Say, Am. Conchology, pl. 48, 2 views; 

expl. text. 

1856. Apollon cattdata (Say). Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 142, pl. 28, fig. 15. 

1858. Eupleum caudata Say. Holmes, Post-Pleiocene fossils of 

South Carolina, p. 62, pl. 10, fig. 3. 

1865. Eupleura caudata Say. Stimpson, Am. Jour. Conchology, 

vol. 1, p. 58, pl. 8, fig. 5 (radula). 

1889. Eupleum caudata Say. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., vol. 18, p. 202. 

1889. Eupleum caudata Say. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 37, 

p. 120, pl. 50, fig. 11. 

1890. · Eupleura cattdata Say. Dall, Wagner Free lust. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p! 144. 

1908. Eupleura caudata Say. Rogers, Shell book, p. 39, pl. 10, 

· opp. p. 42, fig. 6. 

Shell pale reddish-brown, cancellate with eleven robust costa 

to the body whirl, and several revolving filiform lines passing 

over them, which are more prominent upon the varice of the 

aperture, terminate at its inner edge, and there alternate with 

the raised lines of the fauces; volutions flattened at their summits, abruptly declining to the suture; canal coarctate, rather 

longer than the spire; beak rectilinear, reflected at the tip. 

Length one inch. 

Inhabits the coast of the United States.-Say, 1822. 

Shell rather small; outline fusiform, the maximum 

diameter at or a little behind the median line. Spire conspicuously scalariform. Varices 11, persistent to the 

base of the anterior canal, continuous; the series performing half of a complete revolution around the axis 

of the shell, the edges usually free and produced into 

short, linguiform processes at the shoulder of the whorl. 

Spiral sculpture varying rather widely in the degree of 

pron1inence; lirae well rounded, moderately elevated, 

2 or 3 upon the whorls of the spire, the posterior outlining the shoulder, a second midway between the shoulder 

and the anterior suture and sometilnes a th:lrd directly 

behind the suture; 5 or 6 prin1aries present on the body 

whorl with an occasional fortuitous secondary on the 

shoulder. Pillar sculptured with 3 to 5 lirations that 

tend to weaken and evanesce anteriorly. Whorls. closely 

appressed, the suture inconspicuous. Aperture obliquely 

ovate. Columellar 1nargin very feebly concave. Parietal wall heavily ena1neled, the callus continous with 

the inner lining of the labrum. Labrum varicose, denticulate within, the· denticles corresponding to the interspirals; feebly channelled at the commissure and at the· 

shoulder. Anterior canal long, the margins parallel 

and proximate, but not coalescent, very slightly recurved at the base. 

Dimensions of figured adult: Height, 25 mm.; maximum diameter, 12 mm. Dimensions of figured juvenile: Height, 14.3 mm.; maximum dian1eter, 6.5 mm. 

Figured adult: U. S. N. M. 325421, from N eills Eddy 

Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, 

N.C. Waccamaw formation. Figured juvenile: U.S. 

N. M. 325420, from 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, N ansemond County, V a. Yorktown formation. 

Eupleu.ra caudata Say is the only representative of 

the genus within the Tertiary of Virginia and North 

Carolina and is readily recognizable by its angular outline, numerous varices, and coarse but not very vigorous spirai seulpture. The species when adult shows the 

eharacteristic Ranella-like tendency in the exaggeration of the varix opposite the labrum. 

Mansfield, 1930, figured two subspecific forms of 

E1.tple·ura caudata from the 0 ancellaria zone of the 

Choctawhatchee formation. His subspecies leonensis is 

larger and coarser than any of the Duplin and Waccamaw individuals, and his brevispira is well-named, 

for the spire is lower even than in Dall's subspecies sulcidentata. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Maddelys Bluff 

on the Meherrin River, Southampton County; 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, and half a mile below the Suffolk waterworks 

dam, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Croatan sand, Slocum's Creek, 15 miles below New Bern, Neuse River, Craven County. 'Vaccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; 

Neills Eddy Landing on the Cape Fear River, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly 

Lake, Horry County, S. C. Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Pleistocene, Sankaty Head, Mass.; Heislerville, N.J.; Wailes Bluff and Federalsburg, Md.; Dismal Swamp 

Canal between posts 15 and 16, Va.; Simmons Bluff, S. C.; Labelle, Hendry County, Fla. Recent, Cape Cod to the West Indies and east to Bermuda; dredged by Woods Hole Survey in 

3 to 13 fathoms, chiefly on muddy bottoms. 

Eupleura caudata sulcidentata Dall 

Plate 29, figure 17 

1890. Eupleura caudata var. sulcidentata Dall, Wagner Free 

lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 144. 

This variety is characterized by its thinner, more expanded. 

and recurved varices, its generally whiter color, larger size, 

and has, in the adult, on the back, three intervarical, fiattish, 

transverse ribs and two or three in front. The spire is rather 

more eleva ted than in the typical caudata, and except on the 

varices, the spiral threads are often absent or obsolete. Young 

shells have mO're intervarical ribs than adults.-Dall, 1890. 

Type locality: Florida l(eys. 

Di1nensions of figured specimen: Height, 23.9 mm. ; 

maximum dian1eter, 13.5 1nm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 54393. 

. Locality of figured specimen : Recent, from Egmont 

Key, Fla. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Rock 

Landing on the Neuse River, Craven County. A single young 

individual is tentatively referred to this subspecies because of 

the widely flaring varices and the obsolete spiral sculpture. It 

does not, however, exhibit the intervarical ribs which presumably characterize the subspecies. 

Outside distribution: Pleistocene, Florida (Dall). Recent, 

west coast of Florida to Cuba. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 223 

Genus UROSALPINX Stimpson 

1865. Urosalpinm .Stimpson, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 58. 

Type by original designation: FtMus cinereus Say. Prince Edward Island, Canada, to San Augustine, Florida. 

Shell elongated oval, or short fusiform, longitudinally ribbed 

or undulated and spirally striated; aperture with a short canal. 

Operculum somewhat like that of Purpura, semicordate, with 

the nucleus at the outer edge a little below the middle. Lingual 

dentition nearly like that of Trophon * * *. 

It differs from Trophon in its operculum, and from Ocinebra 

in its smoother shell, want of varices, and open canal."-Stimpson, 1865. 

Dall,19 1890, has compared Urosalpinm to a Eupleura 

"in which the varices have become obscure or absent." 

Urosalpinm is essentially a muricid in which the varices 

have been subdued into costals of varying degrees of 

prominence. Evidence of the family relationship, however, is still retained even in the ornamentation, for 

the surface is rasped, as a rule, by fine, sharp incremental laminae. 

The genus was . probably initiated as early as the 

Eocene. Both the fossil and the Recent species are 

best represented along the east coast of North America 

and the Gulf. The most prolific of the Recent species 

is the type, Uro8alpinm cinerea (Say), the common 

oyster drill which has caused such havoc among the 

oyster beds of the Middle Atlantic slope. 

Urosalpinx trossula (Conrad) 

Plate 31, figures 19, 20 

1832. Fusus trossulus Conrad, Fossils of the Tertiary formation of North America, p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 5. 

1861. Fusus trosst-tlus Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary 

of the United States, 1st ed., p. 84, pl. 48, fig. 6; 2d ed., 

p. 89. 

1863. N eptunea trossula Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 560. 

1869. Siphonalia trossula Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 4, p. 

249. 

1890. Urosalpinm trossulus Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, -p. 148, pl. 7, fig. 12. 

1903. Frosalpinm trossula (Conrad). Cossmann, Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 5, p. 49, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12. 

Fusiform; cancellated, with longitudinal ribs and revolving 

striae, alternated in size; whorls rounded and regular; beak 

short, slightly recurved; right lip thick, striated within. 

Locality. James River, near Smithfield, Va.-Conrad, 1832. 

This species is very variable; the typical form is rather more 

elongated than the specimen figured, which is an especially 

blunt and short variety. In the type-specimens of Conrad, which 

are still preserved, the sculpture is of rather broad primary 

spirals with a single, much narrower, secondary thread between 

each pair and two extremely fine tertiary spiral lines, one on 

each side of the secondary. The faint transverse riblets are 

subequal, regular and separated by about equally wide interspaces ; the suture, though distinct, is not deep and the whorls 

are rather compact. The primary spirals are undulated, but 

not granular, and. the granulations on the others are incon19 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: 

Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 147, 1890. 

754992-48-4 

spicuous. In one of the Pliocene forms (which may be called 

variety subsiaus) the spirals have become subequal, narrow 

and granulous, with more distinct interspaces, the whorls are 

less compact, and the transverse ribs on the last whorl or two 

are sparse, :i¥egular, and obsolete or nearly so. The sculpture 

of this variety is very elegant; it appears to be confined to the 

Pliocene, and has been found both on the Caloosahatchee and 

Shell Creek. It is connected by intermediate varieties with 

the typical form.-Dall, 1890. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 28.7 mm.; 

1naximum diameter, 14.0 mm. 

Figured specimen: U. S. N. M. 325422, from 8 to 9 

miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County, N. C. Y arktown formation. 

U rosalpinw trossula (Conrad) ranges widely in relative proportions and in the degree of development of 

the axial sculpture. In the type the costals are in conspicuous, undulatory, irregular in spacing, and 19 on 

the final volution. In many individuals, they become 

obsolete toward the aperture and even on the entire 

body whorl. This species is the most abundant representative of the genus in the Tertiary. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, 

York County i 5 miles northeast of Smithfield and 1% miles 

northeast of Smithfield, James River, Isle of Wight County; a 

half to three-fourths of a mile above the lower Seaboard Air 

Line Railroad bridge, Southampton County; Exit, 1 mile west 

of Suffolk, 1% miles north of Suffolk, 1% miles northeast of 

Suffolk, and half a mile below Suffolk waterworks dam, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formationt 1% to 2 miles above 

Branchs Bridge over the Meherrin River, Northampton County; 

1% miles above Murfreesboro, and 1 mile above Murfreesboro, 

Meherrin River; 3 to 4 miles below Tar Ferry, Hertford County; 

Colerain Landing on the Chowan River, Bertie County ; Swift 

Creek and 1 mile below Old Sparta Bridge, Edgecombe County ; 

2 miles below Toddy Station, 2 miles southeast of Tugwell, 2% 

miles north of Standard, S miles southwest of Frog Level on 

Mr. J. A. Noble's Branch, 6 miles below Greenville, 6%, miles 

below Greenville, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, and 1 

mile northwest of Galloway Crossroads, Pitt County; 1 mile 

northeast of Chocowinity, Beaufort County; 1 mile north of 

Castoria, Greene County. Duplin marl, 4 miles north of Lumberton, 2 miles below Lumberton, 4 to 5 miles below Lumberton, 

1% miles northeast of Fairmont on the farm of Mr. Andrew 

Jones, and at Fairmont, Robeson County. Waccamaw formation, Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County; Wilmington, New 

Hanover County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Cancellaria zone of the Chocta wha tchee formation ( ? ) , Fla., Pliocene, Caloosachatchee marl, 

Caloosahatchee River and Shell Creek, Fla. 

U rosalpinx phrikna Gardner and Aldrich 

Plate 28, figures 4, 5, 11 

1919. Urosalpinm phrilcnos Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia, Proc., p. 35, pl. 4, figs. 2, 4, 6, 7. 

Shell of medium size, moderately stout, the greatest 

diameter falling close to the median line. Aperture 

approximately half the total height. Whorls of spire 

convex, obscurely shouldered, decreasing rapidly in 

size toward the subacute apex. Protoconch of 11j2 
224 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

small, smooth, somewhat flattened whorls, the first half 

turn partially submerged in the succeeding volution. 

Differentiation between conch and protoconch sharp. 

Both axial and spiral sculpture initiated al the beginning of the first whorl of the conch. Adult axial sculpture of 9 or 10 broad, rounded, prominent ribs which 

tend to evanesce upon the anal fasciole and canal. 

Intercostal areas broadly convex and approximately 

equal in width to the costals. Incremental sculpture 

of minute, overlapping lamellae most conspicuous on 

the anal fasciole, and at the intersection with the spirals. 

Primary spirals rather low, uniform, broadly arched 

lirations, 3 or 4 on the spire and 14 to 16 on the body 

and canal; secondaries regularly intercalated; tertiaries rarely. Shoulder closely appressed against the 

preceding volution. Suture line slightly impres13ed, 

undulated. Aperture rather narrow, pyriform. 

Labrum subvaricose; outer edge minutely crenulated; 

inner transverse lirations analogous in position to the 

secondaries. Labium gently excavated at the base of 

the body whorl, somewhat thickened but not plicate 

at the entrance to the canal. Anterior canal rather 

long, slightly twisted, with proximate margins and a 

shallow terminal notch. Umbilical chink almost or 

entirely concealed by the parietal callus. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 20.0 mm. ; maximum 

. diameter, 10.4 mm.; diameter at right angles to maximum diameter, 9.5 mm. Para type: Height, 23.4 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 13.0 mm.; diameter at right angles 

to maximum diameter, 12.1 mm. 

Holotype and paratype: U.S.N.M. 325423. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

Urosalpinm phrikna is remarkable for the relatively 

few but uniform and vigorous costals. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 3 miles 

southwest of Frog Level, Pitt County; Wilson, Wilson County. 

Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin 

County; 4 to 5 miles below Lumberton and 11h miles northeast 

of Fairmont, Robeson County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Duplin marl, at the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, ,Sumter County, S. C. 

Urosalpinx stimpsoni Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 31, figures 13, 23 

Shell large for the genus, stout-fusifonn; aperture 

more than half the total height. Whorls convex, obtusely carinated posteriorly, probably 6 or 7. Spire 

moderately elevated, tapering rather rapidly. Apex 

decorticated in all available material. Sculpture heavy. 

Axial costals about a dozen upon the later volutions, 

evenly rounded and rather prominent on the spire, 

evanescent on the shoulder of the whorls and toward the 

aperture ; intercostal areas narrower, as a rule, and more 

angular than the costals. Spiral sculpture of rather 

broad, flattened fillets, most conspicuous on the periphery of the whorl and overridding the costals without 

increase or diminution of strength; primary spirals 

usually 4 on the later whorls of the spire and about 15 

on the body; secondaries intercalated with a fair degree of regularity ; both primaries and secondaries disappearing abruptly a short distance in front of the 

suture. Incrementals strong enough to crenulate the 

spirals minutely and corrugate the siphonal fasciole. 

Suture line appressed, undulated by the costals of the 

preceding whorl. Aperture pyriform. Inner lip sinuous, somewhat thickened at the entrance to the canal, 

but not plicate. Parietal wall heavily washed with a 

callus which is produced backward at the posterior 

angle of the aperture and which usually completely conceals the umbilical chink. Outer lip gently arcuate, 

lirate a short distance from the edge in harmony with 

the secondary spirals. Canal short, narrow, slightly 

flexed, and emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 42.0 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 23.5 mm. Dimensions of paratype: Height, 

33.6 mm.; maximum diameter, 18.5 mm. 

Holotype and paratype: U.S.N.M. 325424. 

Type locality: Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N.C. 

Waccamaw formation. 

Traces of a brownish epidermis are preserved, apparently, in most of the individuals. This darker background is sharply contrasted with the slightly worn 

whitish spirals and the chalky white of the aperture. 

Vrosalpinw stimpsoni is larger than the other Tertiary representatives of the genus. The young are separated from V. perr-uqata (Conrad) and V. phrikna by 

the more numerous and usually less regular axial costals .. 

The species is named in honor of the author of the 

genus. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Tar Ferry 

on Wiccacon Creek opposite I:Iarrelsville, and Mount Pleasant 

Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County. Duplin marl, 

2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Urosalpinx perrugata (Conrad) 

Pia te 31, figure 24 

1846. Fusus perrugatus Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, 

p. 397. 

1889. Urosalpinm perrugatus Conrad. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Bull., vol. 18, pp. 212, 214. 

1890. Urosalpinm perrugattts Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 148. 

1937. Urosalpinm perrugatus Conrad. Maxwell Smith, East 

coast marine shells, p. 116, pl. 45, fig. 15. 

Fusiform, with remote longitudinal ribs, and large prominent 

revolving lines alternated with a fine line; whorls longitudinally 

rugose, upper half flat and oblique; aperture rather more than 

lmlf the length of the shell, purple within; labrum striate; color 

of the exterior cinerous. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 225 

Proportionally wider than F. cinereus with fewer and larger 

ribs and lines.-conrad, 1846. Manatee River. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 20.7 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 12.0 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 94298, living in Tampa 

Bay, Fla. 

Immature forms similar to the young of the Recent 

U. perrugata from Sarasota Bay, Fla., have been tentatively referred to Conrad's species, although the presence of the West Florida Recent species in the Duplin 

and Waccamaw of North Carolina is by no means established. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl ( ?) Fairmont, 

Robeson County. Waccamaw formation, ( ?) Walkers Bluff on 

the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; ( ?) Neills Eddy Landing, 

3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, 

Putnam County, Fla.; Caloosahatchee and Myakka Rivers, Fla. 

Pleistocene, Orient, Hillsboro Bay, Hillsboro County; North 

Creek, Manatee County, Fla. Recent, Cedar Keys to Key West 

in less than 50 fathoms. 

Urosalpinx suffolkensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figure 9 

Shell rather heavy, fusiform, ranging rather widely 

in relative proportions. Aperture approximately hal£ 

the total height, in some shells a little more, in others 

a little less. Whorls convex, obscurely tabulated, probably about 6. Spire moderately elevated, tapering rather 

abruptly to an acute apex. Surface heavily sculptured. 

Axial costals approximately 10 on the later volutions, 

evenly rounded, elevated, separated by narrower intercostals; costals usually evanescent on the anal fasciole 

and often toward the aperture. Spiral sculpture of 

broadly rounded lirations minutely crenulated by the 

incrementals, prominent alike upon the costal and intercostal areas. Primaries about 16 on the body and canal 

and 4 or 5 on the 1atel,' whorls of the spire. Secondaries 

intercalated with a fair degree of regularity. Aperture 

pyriform. Labrum evenly arcuate, its edge minutely 

crenulate and transversely striated within in harmony 

with the external secondaries. Labium gently excavated at the base of the body whorl, thickened but not 

plicate at the entrance to the anterior canal. Parietal 

wall heavily washed with a callus that may almost completely conceal the umbilical chink. Anterior canal 

with proximate margins, short, recurved, and slightly 

emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height of imperfect specimen, 31.0 mm.; maximum diameter 15.8 mm. 

Holotype: U. S. N. M. 325425. 

Type locality : One mile northeast of Suffolk, N ansemond County, V a. Yorktown ;formation. 

All of the individuals in the material at hand exhibit 

a grayish or brownish background that contrasts rather 

strongly, especially in slightly weathered forms, with 

the whiter spirals and the lining of the aperture. 

Urosalpinw sutfolkens 's is separated from Muricopsis 

floridana (Conrad) by the absence of a conspicuous 

shoulder; the persisten e of the costals, almost, if not 

quite, to the posterior su ure; and the lesser prominence 

of both the axial and spiral sculpture. Urosalpinm 

stimpsoni is larger an relatively lower, and is ornamented with somewhat ore numerous but usually less 

elevated axial ribs. 

Distribution : Virginia : Y rktown formation, Three-fourths of 

a mile above Yorktown a d at Yorktown, York County; llA, 

miles north of Suffolk, 1m· e west of Suffolk and 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemon County. 

North Carolina: Yorkto formation 2% miles northwest of 

Murfreesboro and llh miles above Murfreesboro on the Meherrin 

River, Hertford County; 1 mile northwest of Galloway crossroads, on the Tar River, itt County. Duplin marl, Natural 

Well, 2 miles southwest of agnolia, Duplin County. 

Superfa ily BUCCINACEA 

Famil PYRENIDAE 

Genus !TRELLA Risso 

1826. MUrella Risso, Histo e naturelle des principales productions de !'Europe eridionale, vol. 4, p. 247. 

Type by subsequent desig ation (Cox, Rept. Paleontology Zanzibar, Moll., p. 28, 1927) : itrella flaminea Risso=Murem scriptus Linnaeus. Recent, in t e Mediterranean. 

Shell dense, rather s all, fusiform. Spire elevated, 

the whorls evenly taper ng. Protoconch small, smooth, 

blunt, paucispiral. Sc lpture restricted to the feeble 

striae which gird the illar and the anterior fasciole. 

Aperture rather narro . Outer lip thickened a little, 

feebly emarginate po teriorly; denticulate within. 

Parietal wash moderat ly heavy. Pillar feebly rugose. 

Anterior canal not defi ed, the fasciole little or not at 

all expanded. Termina notch U-shaped, oblique. 

The type of A.styris, group with which Mitrella has 

been commonly confuse is Astyris rosacea Gould, a thin 

shelled Arctic species; it differs from the dense shells 

of Mitrella in the feebl convex whorls, the thin outer 

lip, nonplicate within, he absence or obscure development of the siphonal no ch directly in front of the suture 

on the outer lip, and i the compressed margin of the 

pillar. 

The Recent represen atives in the warm and shallow 

waters are of world-wi e distribution. 

Mitre Ia lunata (Say) • 

Plate 0, figures 17, 18 

1826. Nassa lunata Say, A ad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st 

ser., vol. 5, p. 213. 

1870. Astyris lunata (Say). Dall, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., vol. 13, p. 2 2. 

1890. Astyris lunata Say. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 137. 

Shell reddish-brown, wi h about six volutions ; whorls with 

two revolving lines of di ated, sublunate, whitish spots, and 

sometimes a third one at base; suture not deeply impressed; 
226 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

labrum dentate on the inner submargin, the superior teeth more 

prominent; labium with the plate not thickened * * *. 

Length %o inch. 

Inhabits the Coast of the Southern States.-Say, 1826. 

Shell small, compact, irregularly biconic. \V horls 

approximately 6, the body well rounded, the w hor Is of 

the spire trapezoidal, very closely appressed. Surface 

smooth excepting for 5 to 12 sulci on the pillar. Suture 

distinct, slightly impressed. Aperture obliquely lenticular, angulated posteriorly. Outer lip straight or 

slightly patulous in front, the margin sharp, somewhat thickened and dentate within. Parietal wall 

glazed. Columella simple, broadly and rather strongly 

concave. Anterior extremity rather deeply emarginate. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 3.6 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 1.8 mm~ 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325419, from N eills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N.C. This individual from the 

Waccamaw formation is figured to show the remarkable retention of the color pattern. 

Mitrella lunata (Say) varies considerably in relative 

proportions within its narrow confines. In general 

aspect, it strongly resembles a miniature M. commwnis 

(Conrad) , although it never attains more than half 

the normal height of the latter. The young of Conrad's 

species may be separated from M. lunata by the juvenile 

characters, such as the obtusely angulated body whorl, 

the thin nondentate outer lip, and the unglazed parietal 

wall. 

Mitrella debooyi (Maury), from the Cercado beds 

of the Dominican Republic, is more slender but similar 

to M. lwnata in general aspect. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Suffolk, NansemoodCoocl~ • 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, one-half to threefourths of a mile above Edenhouse Point on Chowan River, 

Bertie County; Rock Landing on the Neuse River, Craven 

County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magno1ia, Duplin County; 1% miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson Coun-ty. Croatan sand, 13 to 15 miles below New Bern, 

Neuse River, Craven County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers 

Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Lake Waccamaw 

and Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus 

County. Pleistocene, Quarantine Station well. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl of Sumter County, 

R C. Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly Lake, Horry 

County; Smiths and Goose Creek (Tuomey and Holmes), Berkeley County, S.C. Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, Putnam County, 

Fla., Caloosahatchee and Myakka Rivers, Fla. Pleistocene, 

Sankaty Head, Mass.; Gardiners Island, N. Y.; Heislerville, N. 

J.; Wailes Bluff and Federalsburg, Md.; Dismal Swamp Canal, 

posts 15 to 16, Va.; Simmons Bluff, S.C.; North Creek, Manatee, 

Ijabelle, and Eau Gallie, Fla. Recent, Cape Ann to Brazil, in 0 

to 1 fathom. "Abundant and generally distributed throughout 

Vineyard Sound; in Buzzards Bay, chiefly restricted to inshore 

stations; dredged in 0 to 19 fathoms on every sort of bottom; 

abundant among algae growing upon piles or rocks near shore." 

-Woods Hole Survey. 

Mitrella waccamawensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 30, figure 16 

Shell very small, slender, volutions 6 to 7, body 

whorl evenly rounded, aperture less than one-half the 

total height; whorls of spire feebly convex, closely 

appressed, tapering gradually to a rather obtuse apex. 

Protoconchal characters obliterated by the decortication of the tip. Surface of conch smooth, except for a 

few coarse threads on the anterior canal. Suture distinct, feebly impressed. Aperture rudely lenticular. 

Outer lip imperfect but probably thin and nondentate 

within. Columella simple, broadly concave. Parietal 

wall thinly glazed. Anterior extremity broadly emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 3.8 mm. ; maximum diameter, 1.55 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N. Mus. 325417. 

Type locality: Neills Eddy Landing on the Cape 

Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, 

N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

The Waccamaw form is smaller and more slender 

than either M. lunata or M. multilin.eata Dall from the 

Recent faunas on the east coast. 

The constriction at the base of the body is too marked 

for typical Mitrella; the inner lip is apparently thin 

and nondentate on the inner surface so that, if the type 

is an adult, the species can scarcely be included in the 

section 0 olumbellopsis. 

Genus ANACHIS H. and A. Adams 

1853. Anachis H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, vol. 

1, p. 184. 

Type by subsequent designation (Tate, in ·woodward's Manual 

of the Mollusca, ed. 3, app., p. 13, 1875) : Oolumbella 8calarina 

Sowerby. Recent, off Panama. 

The type of the genus is rather squat for the group, 

the whorls are shouldered and axially costate. Anachis s. s. has not been recognized in the Tertiary of 

Virginia and the Carolinas. 

Subgenus THIARINELLA. Sacco 

1890. Thiarinella Sacco, in Bellardi, I Molluschi dei .Terreni 

Terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 6, p. 56. 

Type by monotyp~: Fusus comptus Bronn. Miocene and 

Pliocene, of northern Italy. 

Woodring (Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica, 

pt. 2, p. 278, 1928) has considered Thiarinella a subgenus of M etulella and Oostoan.achis a subgenus of Anachis. The Tertiary species from the eastern seaboard 

faunas which seem to be referable to T hiarinella are 

so like those included under Oostoanachis that the differences should not be pf more than subgeneric value. 

The differences which separate Thiarinella from M etulella s. s. which is characterized by rounded whorls, 

an almost imperceptible notch directly in front of the 

suture, and a relatively long unemarginate canal seem 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 227 

differences more important than those which separate 

it from Anachis s. s., a group of relatively short and 

moderately stout species strongly ribbed axially. 

Thiarinella is of moderate dimensions and moderately 

slender ~ axial costae are well developed and although 

spiral lirae are apparently absent in the type, they 

are present on closely related forms. The anterior 

canal, judging from an illustration of the type species, 

is of only moderate length and emarginate at its extremity. The outer lip curves directly into the anterior fasciole and is not constricted to form the outer 

wall of the canal as in T hiarella. 'The labral notch directly in front of the suture is more pronounced than 

in M etulella. 

Anachis (Thiarinella) camax Dall 

Plate 30, figure 15 

1890. Anachis camarc Dan, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 1, p. 136, pl. 12, fig. 3. 

Shell slender, elevated, with two small, smooth (usually caducous) nuclear whorls and eight subsequent reticulated whorls; 

spire acute, with flattish sides; transverse sculpture of (on the 

last whorl 15) narrow, rounded ribs extending from suture to 

suture and (on the last whorl) over the periphery, becoming 

obsolete on the base, and, especially on the later whorls, with 

much wider interspaces; spiral sculpture of (between the 

sutures about 5) strong, flattish threads, most marked on the 

base and interspaces, feeble on the ribs and with subequal interspaces, except the first one in front of the suture, which is 

wider; whorls flattish, suture distinct; aperture rather narrow and long; canal short, pillar twisted ; inner lip with a thin 

callus; outer lip not much thickened and with a few feeble 

lirae; lines of growth distinct. Max. Ion. of shell 14.5 [14.9]; 

of aperture 5.0; max. diam. of shell 4.5 [ 4.7] mm. 

Pliocene marls of the Caloosahatchie and Shell Creek. 

[Fla.]-Dall, 1890. 

Hol9type = U.S.N.M. 112146. 

Anachis (Thiarinella) camaw Dall has been recorded· 

in a number of the checklists from the Duplin marl 

and Waccamaw formation of North Carolina, but none 

of the forms examined attain so elevated an outline, nor 

do they present the same character of spiral sculpture 

as the Caloosahatchee species; they seem to be referable 

rather to Anachis (Oostoanachis) avara Ravenel, the 

species most elevated and most strongly sculptured 

spirally of the A. avara group. 

Outside distribution: Caloosahatchee marl, Shell Creek and 

Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Anachis (Thiarinella) styliola (Dall) 

Plate 30, figure 28 

1892. Oolumbella. (Anachis) styliola Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 242, pl. 13, fig. 11. 

Shell slender, acute, of eight or ten whorls; nucleus large, 

bulbous, smooth, of two whorls; subsequent whorls flattened, 

sloping, with a strong peripheral keel with a wide groove below 

it, on the anterior edge of which the suture runs, and a narrower groove above it; transverse sculpture of straight, strong, 

equal riblets with equal interspaces which extend from the 

suture to the keel, which is made wavy by their ends; these 

become more and more numerous as the whorls advance, but 

near the aperture become obsolete on the middle of the whorl; 

spiral sculpture of sharp grooves, more evident on the later 

whorls, one or two near the suture stronger than the others; on 

the middle of the whorl the spirals are more or less obsolete~ 

but on the base and pillar of the last whorl they are broad and 

clear-cut, separating narrower, rounded threads; aperture narrow, with an obscure varix behind the outer lip at maturity; 

canal short, narrow, recurved ; inner lip callous, reflected, its 

edge prominent, with a row of short lirae running across its 

inner surface; body with a thin wash of callous; outer lip sharpedged, with a few (5-6) short lirae within, a smooth interval 

next the suture. Max. Ion. of shell 16.5 ; max. diam. 5.0 [ 4,9] 

millimeters. 

This shell most nearly resembles A. camarc Dall, which has 

coarser and stronger spiral sculpture, flatter whorls with a less 

conspicuous, more closely appressed suture and a much smaller 

nucleus. In A. camam the earlier whorls are slightly turriculate, 

being somewhat smaller than the sutural margin in front of 

them. In A. styliola the peripheral keel is expanded in a rooflife manner over the whorl in front of it in the earlier whorls; 

the pillar also is stouter and more swollen than in A. camam, 

which also has less conspicuous liration in the aperture.-Dall, 

1892. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 113259. 

Type locality: Mrs. Guion's marl pit on the Cape Fear 

River, probably in Columbus County, N. C. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 · 

miles southwest of Magnolia, and at Mr. Frank Wilson's marl pit 

1 mile east of Magnolia, Duplin County; 4 to 5 miles below Lum ... 

berton, Robeson County. ·waccamaw ( ?) formation, Mrs. Guion's 

marl pit on the Cape Fear River, Columbus ( ?) County (U. S. 

National Museum). 

Anachis (Thiarinella) styliola obsoleta Gardner and Aldrich 

Plate 30, figures 27, 29 

1919. Anachis. styliola obsoleta Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., p. 30, pl. 2, figs. 7, 9, 12. 

Shell moderately tall, varying widely in degrees of 

slenderness. Spire acute, attenuated. Aperture in some 

specimens less than one third the total height. Whorls 

8 to 10, regularly increasing in size, narrowly tabulated 

posteriorly, the preceding volution correspondingly undercut anteriorly. Protoconch of 1% to 2 whorls, the 

first half turn largely immersed, the second globose 

posteriorly, becoming decreasingly convex anteriorly. 

Early whorls of conch strongly carinated, the keel moving forward from its initial position at approximately 

the median horizontal to directly overhang the suture 

and conspicuously coronate the succeeding turn; grad--

ually, however, becoming lower and less prominent and 

usually reduced to the normal plane of the spire by the 

end of the third whorl. Axial sculpture appearing, as 

a rule, on the first coil of the conch as faint incremental 

striae which rapidly strengthen and recur at more and 

more regular intervals until, at the beginning of the 

second conchal whorl, there is, in the majority of individuals, a well established axial sculpture of 16 to 1S 

narrow, obtuse, slightly arcuate riblets uniform iru 

strength from the posterior shoulder to the anterior 
228 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

keel, which they delicately crenulate; axial sculpture 

ranging in degree of development and persistence :from 

that of A. styliola s. s. to an almost smooth type in 

which the costals are reduced to :feeble undulations 

:faintly visible just posterior to the suture line and even 

:feebler wavelets anterior to the suture. Spiral sculpture confined, as a rule, to the base o£ the body whorl, 

and the pillar; periphery of final whorl usually outlined by a shallow linear sulcus; base sculptured with 

6 to 8 low, half-obsolete threads separated by linear 

interspaces, and in front of them, 2 less feeble, more 

widely separated spirals; normally 9 or 10, well 

rounded, rather prominent and close-set lirations on 

the pillar and anterior fasciole ; faint traces of spiral 

lirae visible under magnification on other parts of 

the surface but nowhere sufficiently strong to affect the 

general aspect of the shell. Suture distinct but inconspicuous; anterior sulcus of preceding whorl commonly 

visible behind it. Aperture narrow, lenticular, angulated posteriorly. Outer lip feebly arcuate, obscurely 

varicose in the adult forms an,d transversely lirate 

within. Inner lip contracted at the base of the body 

whorl. Parietal wall glazed, roughened in harmony 

with the spiral sculpture; margin of reflected callus 

sharp, standing apart from the pillar wall. Anterior 

canal moderately long for the subgenus, recurved, obliquely emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 16.6 mm.; maximum diameter, 4.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114216. 

Type Locality: Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of" 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

The diagnostic characters of the subspecies are the 

relatively shallow sutural channel and the more or less 

obsolete sculpture, both axial and spiral. 

The range of variation in relative dimensions as well 

as in sculpture is wide. A stout, strongly costate individual (U.S.N.M. 325414) is illustrated in figure 29. 

The decollated specimen is 11.4 mm. high and 4.2 mm. 

in diameter. It was collected at the F. M. Wilson marl 

pit, 1 mile east of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

The subspecies is rather abundant in the marls of 

Duplin County and also is present in the Duplin of 

Sumter County, S.C. 

Anachis (Thiarinella) virgilina Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 30, figures 33, 40 

Shell heavy, relatively high. Spire elevated. Body 

whorl slender, rather abruptly constricted at the base. 

Volutions 8 to 9 in all, those of the conch narrowly 

tabulated posteriorly, flattened laterally, undercut anteriorly. Protoconch of 11/2 to 2 smooth coils, the 

initial half turn somewhat oblique, immersed at the 

tip; final turn of protoconch erect, moderately convex. 

Axial sculpture well developed, consisting of 18 to 20 

narrow, rounded, often feebly arcuate, rather prominent costals which tend to become obsolete on the last 

half turn of the body; approximately uniform in 

strength from the posterior tabulation of the whorl to 

the anterior undercut, and on the body whorl abruptly 

evanescent at the shallow sulcus which outlines the periphery. Spiral striations faintly visible over the entire 

surface in the young forms but confined in the adults, 

to the peripheral sulcus, the feeble, half-obsolete striations upon the base, and the 9 to 12 vigorous and 

crowded lirations upon the pillar and anterior canal. 

Suture line distinct but not conspicuous; channel behind 

the suture persistent from the protoconch to the aper- ' 

ture, well-defined, feebly undulated by the remnants 

of the axial costae, its depth corresponding to the width 

of the posterior shoulder of the succeeding whorl, so 

that the outline of the spire is uniform except for the 

recurrent notches at the suture. Aperture narrow, 

rudely lenticular, angulated posteriorly. Labrum 

gently arcuate, lirate within. Labium obliquely constricted at the base of the body whorl. Parietal wall 

heavily glazed, the outer edge of the enamel sharp and 

standing apart :from the pillar. Columella more or 

less corrugated in harmony with t4e spiral sculpture. 

Anterior canal moderately long, approximately 

straight, obliquely emarginate anteriorly. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 18.5 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 6. 3 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325412. 

Type locality: Eight to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County, N. C. 

Anachis virgilina is separated from the closely allied and possibly descendant form, A. styliola Dall, by 

the heavier, stouter shell ; the more conspicuous axial 

sculpture; the spiral sculpture, almost or altogether 

. obsolete except on the area in. front of the periphery 

of the body whorl; and by the deeper channel behind 

the suture and the slightly wider tabulation in front o£ 

it. The former is limited in its distribution to the Miocene Chesapeake group of Virginia and North Carolina, the latter to the Miocene Duplin marl and the 

Pliocene Waccamaw formation of the Carolinas. 

Distribution: Virginia: St. Marys formation, 1 to 2 miles below Bowlers Wharf, Essex County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 miles southeast 

of Greenville, Pitt County, 2lh miles northwest of Chocowinity 

and 1 mile northeast of Chocowinity, Beaufort County. 

Subgenus COSTOANACHIS Sacco 

1890. Oostoanaohis Sacco, I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del 

Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 6, p. 57. 

Type by subsequent designation (Pace, Malacol. Soc. London 

Proc., vol. 5, p. 43, 1902) : OoZumbella (Anachis) turrita Sacco. 

Miocene, of northern Italy. · 

0 ostoanachis includes the less slender, axially costate 

and spirally striate forms. The anterior canal is very 

short or rudimentary and the anterior extremity emarginate. In some species, the outer lip is definitely vari-
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 229 

cose and the posterior siphonal .notch fairly deep and 

sharply defined. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) obesa (C. B. Adams) 

Plate 30, figure 26 

1845. Bucainum obesum C. B. Adams, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., vol. 2, p. 2. 

1850. Oolumbella obesa C. B. Adams, Contributions to conchology, p. 55. 

1889. Oolumbella (Anachis) obesa C. B. Adams. Dall, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Bull. 37, p, 118. 

1895. Oolumbella (Anachis) obesa C. B. Adams. Harris, Bull. 

Am. Paleontology, vol. 1, No.3, p. 20. 

Shell small, squat, inversely ovate; aperture a little 

less than half the total height. Whorls approximately 

7, closely appressed, trapezoidal. Protoconch apparently twice-coiled, the initial turn largely immersed. 

Sculpture dominantly axial; costae develop gradually, 

the first half turn of the conch faintly undulated, the 

wavelets becoming less feeble and 1nore sharply defined anteriorly. Axials, when typically developed, 15 

to 30 on the whorls of the spire, very narrow, obtuse, 

approximately vertical, uniform in strength from suture to suture, relatively fewer in number on the body 

whorl and consequently more distant, stronger on the 

earlier half and persistent to the base but tending to 

evanesce toward the aperture, and in the adult reduced to 

a few distant, irregular undulations near the suture. 

Spiral sculpture inconstant in the degree of development 

and consists of 6 to 10 crowded lirations upon the pillar 

and siphonal canal in many of the adults. In the 

young and occasionally in the adults the entire intercostal surface is sulcated with linear or sublinear 

grooves, uniform in depth and spacing, except for the 

sulcus directly in front of the suture which is usually 

strong enough to dissect the costae ; suture line distinct, 

impressed. Aperture rather narrow. Outer lip feebly 

arcuate, constricted in the adults at the posterior siphonal fasciole, and at the anterior canal; subvaricose 

at the resting stages, the inner surface with about 6 

denticles elongated normal to the margin, the posterior 

strongest. Inner lip contracted at the base of the body. 

Parietal and pillar glaze heavy, filling the posterior 

angle oi the aperture of the adults, and rounding it 

evenly. Pillar wash denticulated in harmony with the 

external spirals; anterior canal short, obliquely 

emarginate. 

Dimensions of figured specimen; height, 5.55 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 2.7 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 54283, from Samana 

Bay, Dominica. 

The fossil representatives of the species are similar to 

individuals collected in Jamaica, Adams' type locality. 

The Recent forms from Carolina and Florida are, as 

a rule, characterized by a relatively stronger spiral 

sculpture than the fossils. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, llh miles northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County. Croatan sand, 13 and 15 miles 

below New Bern, Neuse Ri'lrer, Craven County. Waccamaw 

formation, Walkers Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen 

County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly 

Lake, Horry County, S.C. Recent, Hatteras to St. Thomas and 

Brazil, in less than 50 fathoms. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara (Say) Dall 

1822. Ooluanbella avara Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

1st ser., vol. 2, p. 230. 

1839. Oolumbella avara Say. C. B. Adams, Boston Jour., Nat. 

History, vol. 2, p. 263. 

1841. Ool11-mbella avara Say. Gould, Rept. Invertebrata Massachusetts, p. 313, fig. 197. 

1856. Colnmbella avam Say. Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 139, pl. 28, fig. 12. 

1859. Oolumbella avara Say. Holmes, Post-Pleiocene fossils of 

South Carolina, p. 73, pl. 12, fig. 4. 

1889. Oolumbella (Anachis) avara Say. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 37, p. 116, pl. 50, fig. 12. 

1890. Oolumbella (Anachis) avara Say. Dall, Wagner F1:ee 

lust. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 135. 

Sbell small, covered with a dirty-brownish pigment beneath 

which it is whitish reticulated or maculated with rufous; spire 

elevated, acute; volutions eight, with spiral impressed lines, and 

transverse elevated obtuse costa; the costa upon the body whirl 

are terminated at the middle, and are about eleven in number; 

labium with a distinct plate crenated on the submargin; labrum 

denticulated within, but not very perceptibly thickened on the 

inner middle. 

Length less than half an inch. 

Inhabits the coast of the southern states.-Say, 1822. 

Although well represented by subspecific variations, 

Anachis avara s.s. is unknown in theN eocene of Virginia 

and North Carolina. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara translirata (Ravenel) 

Plate 30, figures 36, 37 

1861. Oolumbella tmnslirata Ravenel, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 13, p. 42. 

Shell elevated, conical, sharp at the apex; whorls nine, nearly 

flat, rather closely ribbed, ribs and interspaces about equal, 

with five equidistant revolving striae, from the anterior canal 

to the apex. Upon the upper whorls, one line is lost at the 

suture, where the whorls seem to overlap as they ascend; the 

body whorl is much the largest, and is angulated from opposite the posterior end of the aperture, revolving to near the 

center of the outer lip; to this augle the ribs are half the number 

that are upon the whorl immediately above, and at the suture 

are nodulous; the nodules being generally white, give a decided 

character to the shell. Below this angle the ribs are much less 

decided, and again resume their original number, and by holding the canal toward the eye, the intermediate rib can be 

traced, running up between the larger ones, gradually becoming 

obsolete ; and below this angle the revolving striae become more 

numerous and more decided, crossing the ribs so as to produce 

a reticulated appearance, except as they approach the end of 

the anterior canal, where the ribs cease and the revolving striae 

alone are to be seen. 

Aperture moderate, oblong, rather narrow, very little hollowed on the pillar lip; pillar callus with obsolete denticula-
230 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

tions; outer lip not decidedly thickened, denticulate slightly 

within. 

Color varying from a light straw to a dark brown, with the 

ends of the ribs at the suture of the body whorl and at the 

angle on this whorl, white. Some of the specimens have 

blotches of white, which give the whole shell a mottled appearance. It is larger than a. avara Say, being nearly an inch in 

length. This shell and "0. similis" are allied to "0. avara," 

but are very distinct. They belong to the group of which a. avara is the type. 

From the stomachs of fish off Charleston bar, and is more 

abundant than any species obtained from this source as yet. Dr. 

Stimpson found it at Beaufort, N. C.-Ravenel, 1861. 

Dimensions o:f figured specimen : Height, 12.5 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 5.0 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325415, from Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north o:f 

Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. Waccamaw :formation. 

The subspecies is characterized by the elevated spire 

and the relatively strong development of the spiral 

sculpture; to it have been referred the majority of those 

:forms from the Miocene and Pliocene o:f North Carolina which have been noted in the checklists under 

Anachis camaw Dall, o:f the Caloosahatchee marl. The 

Florida species is closely related to the protean .A. 

avara, which it resembles in the increase in the prominence and spacing o:f the axials on the first hal:f turn 

o:f the body and their subsequent tendency to become 

obsolete near the aperture. However, it is more slender 

and the spiral sculpture more uniform than in any of 

the individuals fron1 the Miocene or Pliocene (Waccamaw). 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Mount 

Pleasant Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Lake Waccamaw and Neills Eddy Landing, 3 

miles north of Cronly, Columbus County; Wilmington, New Han· 

over County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Nixon's 

and Tilly Lake, Horry County, S. C. (Dall). Hecent, New 

York to Yucatan in less than 50 fathoms. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara similis (Ravenel) 

Plate 30, figures 35, 38 

1861. aolumbella similis Ravenel, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., vol. 13, p. 41. 

This has generally been considered the young or immature 

shell of "a. avara." The ava1·a is a larger shell, and has fewer 

and much larger ribs at the upper portion of the body whorl. 

It has about 11 ribs; whereas this shell has often as many as 

20 ribs, but the number varies. The avara never has all of the 

whorls decidedly ribbed; the larger ribs are usually confined 

to the body whorl, sometimes extending to the second; but 

above this, there is a space embracing one or two whorls, 

which is smooth or slightly wrinkled, and the two or three 

upper whorls are regularly ribbed to the apex. With the 

"similis", the ribs on the body whorl are more numerous, smaller 

and more regular generally, and occupy more of the whorl, 

and generally all of the whorls are regularly ribbed to the apex. 

The general appearance of the two shells differs, one being 

always smaller than the other. The revolving striae are very 

similar in the two shells; the same may be said of the coloring, 

the "similis" being the most prettily mottled. It must, however, be acknowledged, that the two run into each other so 

nearly, that occasionally, it is not easy to determine a specimen. 

The uncertainty is increased by the difficulty in following up a 

series from the very young to the mature state of either. I 

have not been able to compare the animals; common on the 

coasts of North and South Carolina.-Ravenel, 1861. 

Dimensions o:f figured specimen : Height, 13.3 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 5.5 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325416, from 1 mile 

northeast o:f Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. Yorktown :formation. 

Anachis (O.ostoanachis) avara sirruilis (Ravenel) is 

represented in the east coast Neocene by rather heavy, 

moderately elevated shells, sculptured with narrow, obtuse axial costae numbering 18 or 20 on the final whorl 

of the spire, fewer and more distant on the first half 

turn of the body, and tending to become obsolete toward the aperture; the spiral sculpture as in the species 

sensu stricto varies widely in the degree o:f development. A. avara similis is separated :from A. avara 

translirata (Ravenel) by the less elevated spire, the less 

regular axials and the less constant and uniformly 

developed spirals. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Rock Landing, Craven 

County. Waccamaw formation, Lake Waccamaw and Neills 

Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution : Recent, Vineyard Sound, MassachusPtts, to Florida Keys and Yucatan, in less than 50 fathoms. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara amydra (Dall) 

Plate 30, figure 34 

1890. aozumbella (Anachis) avara var. atnydra Dall, Wagner 

Free lust. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 136. 

In this variety, which is less common, the ribs are obsolete or 

absent and represented only by a band of little knobs which 

coronate the whorl at the suture, which is not appressed; the 

spiral sculpture, always present, is in this variety more prominent owing to the absence of the ribs; the aperture is strongly 

lirate. This form is found with the preceding [aolumbella 

(Anachis) arara caloosaensis Dall] and is nearest some of the 

mutations of A. avara var. semiplicata Stearns of the recent 

fauna.-Dall, 1890. 

Dimensions o:f holotype: Height, 14.6 mm.; maximum diameter, 6.4mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 112145. 

Type locality: Pliocene of the Caloosahatchee River, 

Fla. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Miocene, Duplin marl, Natural \Vell, and Mr. Frank Wilson's marl pit, 1 mile east of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Shell 

Creek and Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 231 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara caloosaensis Dall 

Pia te 30, figure 39 

1890. Oolumbella (Anachis) avara caloosaensis Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 135. 

This form differs from the recent var. avara s. s. in having 

the suture appressed above the ends of the ribs so as to give 

it a somewhat marginated appearance and to angulate the 

aperture a little in front of the suture on the outer lip; the 

varix of the adult is more pronounced than in any specimen 

of the recent form I have seen, the lirae on the pillar and 

outer lip are stronger, the aperture narrower, the periphery of 

the last whorl distinctly flattened, and owing to the margination 

of the suture the spire bas a slightly turrited appearance. 

This varies in size and in the strength of the (usually 13-14) 

ribs, as the recent shells do, but I have not been able to find 

a single specimen which exactly reproduces the recent type 

in any of its numerous variations.-Dall, 1890. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 15.6 mm. ; maximum 

diameter 6.4 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 112144. 

Type locality: Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Caloosahatchee marl. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy 

Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, 

Putnam County, Fla.; Caloosahatchee River and Shell Creek, 

Fla. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) milleri Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figure 2 

Shell of moderate size and weight, and moderately 

slender. Spire elevated. Whorls 81f2 or 9, flattened laterally, the body whorl angulated at the periphery in 

the juveniles, well rounded in the adults. Protoconch 

small, smooth, thrice-coiled apparently; the initial turn 

slightly globose, depressed and largely immersed; succeeding turns feebly convex. Both axial and spiral 

sclftpture developed, the former dominant. Axials appearing abruptly at the initiation of the conch, between 

20 and 30 ( 28 in the type) on the final whorl of the 

spire, very narrow, rounded or obtusely pinched, fairly 

equal and regular in size and spacing upon the spire, 

uniform in strength frmn suture to suture, becoming 

irregular and more or less obsolete upon the periphery 

of the body and on the final half turn. Spiral sculpture 

of very low, rather broad, flat fillets, least feeble on 

the intercostal areas, separated by sublinear, squarely 

channeled sulci, usually 6 to 8 on the penultima (7 in 

the type) and 14 to 16 (15 in the type) on the body, 

becoming a little more distant upon the base of 

the body ; on the pillar and fasciole about 9, rounded, 

moderately prominent, closely crowded lirations; fillet 

in front of the suture relatively elevated and the sulcus 

relatively wide and deep, dissecting the costals and 

nodulating the posterior margin of the whorl. Suture 

line distinct, impressed, often minutely crenulated by 

the costals of the preceding whorl. 

Aperture moderately narrow, lenticular, angulated 

posteriorly. Outer lip broadly emarginate at the anal 

fasciole, slightly flaring anteriorly, abruptly contracted 

at the anterior canal, rarely varicose, transversely lirate 

within.· Inner lip contracted at the base of the body 

whorl, non plicate. Parietal wall heavily glazed, in some 

individuals, feebly corrugated by the spir.al sculpture. 

Anterior canal moderately long for the genus, slightly 

recurved, obliquely emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 13.5 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 5.6 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325413. 

Type locality: Wilson, Wilson County, N. ·C. Yorktown formation. 

Anachis milleri suggests on the one hand A. avara 

Say, on the other A. harrisii Dall. From the former it 

differs in the finer and more numerous costals, which 

show no tendency to evanesce on any of the whorls of 

the spire, nor to become more prominent and more distant on the first half of the body turn. From the latter 

it is separated by the more numerous costals (20 to 30 

in A. 1nilleri, 16 in A. harrisii), and by the more numerous and more elevated spirals ( 6 to 8 on the whorls of 

the spire in A. milleri, 4 in A. harrisii). 

The confines of the species are moderately narrow. 

The range in relative dimensions is slight; the range in 

the number of axial riblets is fairly wide. The representatives from the vicinity of the mouth of the Chowan 

River, Bertie County, N. C., develop only 6 spirals on 

the final whorl of the spire. The juveniles from. the 

Waccamaw formation of Neills Eddy Landing, N. C., 

present no characters by which they can be separated 

from the Yorktown forms. The type is rather worn, 

unfortunately, so that the spiral sculpture is enfeebled 

by erosion. 

I have the pleasure of naming this interesting species, 

which is well represented both in Virginia and North 

Carolina, in honor of the late Dr. Benjamin L. Miller, 

formerly of Lehigh University, who made extensive 

and siginficant collections in the east coast Tertiary 

during his association with the U. S. Geological 

Survey. 

Distribution: Virginia: St. Marys formation, 1 tq 2 miles below Bowlers Wharf, Essex County. Yorktown formation, 1¥2 

miles north of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Wilson, Wilson County; 

Tar Ferry on Wiccacon Creek opposite Harrelsville and at Mount 

Pleasant Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County; 

Colerain Landing, Mount Gould Landing, and a half to three~ 

fourths of a mile above Edenhouse Point on the Chowan River, 

Bertie County. Waccamaw formation, ( ?) Neills Eddy Landing, 

3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 
232 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Genus STROMBINA M·orch 

1852. Strombina Morch, Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit 

D. Alphonso d'Aguirra et Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, p. 85. 

1901. Strombocolumbus Cossmann, Essais de Paleoconchologie 

Comparee, vol. 4, p. 241. 

Type by subsequent designation (Cossmann, Essais Paleoconchologie Comparee, vol. 4, p. 241) : Oolumbella lanceolata 

Sowerby=Oolumbella recurva Sowerby. Recent, on the Pacific 

side of Panama. 

Strombina anomala (Gardner and Aldrich) 

Plate 30, figure 32 

1919. Anachis anomala Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc., p. 33, pl. 2, fig. 3. 

Shell small, heavy, rather stout, :fusiform. Volutions approximately 6, flattenend laterally, narrowly 

tabulated, rapidly increasing in size. Aperture about 

one-half the total height. Apex somewhat decorticated, so that it is impossible to determine all of the 

characters on the earlier whorls; protoconch probably 

small, smooth, papillate and paucispiral. First whorl 

o:f conch eroded; second whorl sculptured with about 

16 narrow, rounded, axial riblets which disappear 

abruptly on the final whorl o:f the spire. Spiral sculpture :for the most part wanting, though :faintly impressed lines occasionally may be caught on the second 

whorl under high magnification, and a :faint but distinct linear sulcus :follows directly behind the suture 

:from the second turn to the last; 2 strongly impressed 

spirals directly in :front o:f the periphery o:f the body. 

Pillar and canal sculptured with 9 straight-sided, proximate grooves sufficiently deep to be visible with the 

unaided eye. Suture line impressed. Aperture irregularly elongate. Outer lip broadly and :feebly 

emarginate posteriorly, somewhat flaring medially, 

varicose, thickened and denticulate within, the 5 dentides decreasing in prominence anteriorly; posterior 

commissure filled with callus. Labium broadly constricted at base o:f body. Pillar straight, simple, 

heavily calloused, slightly rugose near the outer margin of the wash, the rugae corresponding in position 

to the spirals; canal short, open, slightly recurved, 

truncate and broadly emarginate anteriorly. 

Dimensions o:f holotype.: Height, 5.2 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 2.5 mm. 

Holotype : U.S.N.J\I. 499112. 

Type locality: One and a hal:f miles northwest o:f 

1\{agnolia, Duplin County, N.C. Duplin marl. 

Strombina anomala is similar in general aspect to 

Strombina pseudohaitensis guraboensis Maury, :from 

the Gurabo :formation o£ the Dominican Republic, but 

it is larger and the spire is more elevated. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, 11h miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl, the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

Genus AESOPUS Gould 

1860. Aesopus Gould, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., vol. 7, 

p. 383. 

Type by monotypy: Aesopus japonicus Gould. Recent, in 

Kagosima Bay, Japan, at 5 fathoms, sandy bottom. 

Shell small, slender, cylindrical, pupoid. Protoconch 

paucispiral, bulbous, the initial turn immersed at the 

tip. Whorls o£ conch relatively :few, high, compressed, 

and wound like a bandage, the suture drooping slightly 

at the aperture. Surface o£ type shining and smooth 

except :for microscopically fine spiral striae; other species less finely striate and grated by the incrementals. 

Aperture narrow, the outer lip broadly emarginate; 

little or no labral and labial thickening. Anterior extremity broad, truncate, obliquely emarginate. 

This group o:f minute :forms has a :few scattered representatives in the warm waters o:f both the Pacific and 

the Atlantic. 

Aesopus stearnsii (Tryon) 

Plate 30, figure 19 

1873. Nitidella {ilosa Stearns, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

p. 345, text figu~e. 

Not A.esopus filosus Angas, 1867. 

1883. Oolumbella (Seminella) stea1·nsii Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 5, p. 179, pl. 58, fig. 48. 

1889. Aesopus stearnsii (Tryon). Dall, Harvard Coil. Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Bull., vol. 18, p. 194, pl. 29, fig. 5. 

1890. Oolumbella (Aesopus) stearnsii Tryon. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 138. 

Shell small, acutely conic, spire elevated, apex rounded; whorls 

five, convex; suture distinct; surface white, traversed by numerous equidistant fine revolving grooves; body-whorl one-half 

to three-fifths, and the aperture about one-fourth the length of 

the shell; mouth ovate, outer lip simple, internally ribbed, thickened at its upper part, turned and reflected upon the body whorl, 

forming a callus on the upper portion of the columella which 

latter is rather abruptly shortened and slightly twisted anteriorly. 

Length 0.16. Length of aperture 0.06. Breadth 0.06. 

Habitat.-West Coast of Florida, on the shores of Tampa Bay, 

collected by Col. E. Jewett-Stearns; 1873. 

Whorls five, convex; surface white, with fine revolving grooves 

and no ribs ; lip simple, ribbed within. Length, 0.16 inch. 

Described by Mr. Stearns under the specific name of filosa, 

preoccupied by Angas for an Australian species.-Tryon, 1883. 

This minute univalve is well characterized by the low 

convexity o:f the slender whorls and the incipient depression in :front o:f the suture, the absence o:f axial sculpture, 

the uniform spiral sculpture o:f angular linear sulci, 

usually 11 to 13 on the final whorl o£ the spire and 20 

to 25 on the body and pillar, the delicate filament tracery 

o:f the incrementals, and the peculiar diagnostic :forward 

droop of the suture line at the aperture. 

A Recent species, U.S.N.M. 93309, is figured. It was 

taken at 15 :fathoms on a sandy bottom, 25 miles southeast o:f Cape Fear, N. C. Dimensions o:f figured specimen: Height, 4.9 mm.; diameter, 1.7 mm. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 233 

Aesopus stearnsii (Tryon) is one of the relatively few 

species that has persisted from the Tertiary times to the 

Recent in approximately the same habitat. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia. Waccamaw formation Cronly, 

and at Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus 

County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly 

Lake, Horry County, S. C. Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee 

River, Fla. Recent, Cape Fear to Tampa Bay in less than 50 

fathoms; dredged off the North Carolina coast in 12 fathoms; 

dredged off west Florida in 15 to 17 fathoms, sandy bottom. 

A esopus? smithfieldensis (Mansfield) 

Pia te 28, figures 23-25 

1929. Colurnbella (Seminella) smith{ieldensis Mansfield, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 74, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. 

Shell small, stout, rather fragile, spirally sculptured, having 

body whorl longer tha,n spire, consisting of 1% nuclear and 

three postnuclear whorls. Nuclear whorls large, smooth, moderately inflated, constricted at the suture, apical one bluntly 

rounded. Postnuclear whorls rather rapidly enlarging and 

broadly rounded in outline. Suture grooved, not appressed. 

Sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl, five) slightly raised, 

paired, spiral lines, the individual lines composing each pair 

being separated from each other by a narrow groove and the 

pairs from each other by an interspace about equal to their 

width. The spirals extend forward to the end of the canal. 

Very fine axial growth lines connect the paired spirals. Aperture elongate-subovate, 'outer lip thin, margin crenulate. Pillar 

at its lower margin provided with a fold, forming the inner and 

upper edge of the short and curved siphonal canal. The new 

species may not be mature. 

Dirnensions.-Type (Cat. No. 352438, U.S.N.M.), altitude, 

3.8 mm.; diameter, 1.6 mm.; length of aperture, 1.5 mm.; width, 

0.7mm. 

Type locality.-U. S. G. S. Sta. 1/205, uppermost bed in section along a small stream flowing into Tormentor Creek, about 

2 miles north of Smithfield, Va. (W. C. Mansfield, collector.) 

Occurrence.-Yorktown formation, zone 2, middle part; only 

known from type locality.-Mansfield, 1929. 

Mansfield's type suggests a young Aesopus rather 

than 0 olwmbella ( S ern in ella) . 

The same species is probably represented by another 

juvenile (U.S.N.M. 325409) , from the Yorktown formation of Colerain Landing, Bertie County, N. C. 

Slight differences in outline and sculptural detail 

characterize 2 closely related species represented by 

. juveniles from the Yorktown formation at Colerain 

Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C. (U. S. 

N. M. 325411, pl. 28, fig. 33); and from the Waccamaw 

formation at Neills Eddy Landing on the Cape Fear 

River (U.S.N.M. 325408, pl. 28, figs. 8, 13). 

Family BUCCINIDAE 

Genus PTYCHOSALPINX Gill 

1867. PtychosalpinoJ Gill, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3,· p. 153. 

Type by original designation: Buccinurn aztile Conrad. Miocene, of Virginia and North Carolina. 

Shell ovate, buccinoid, with the whorls regularly rounded 

and ventricose; the spire moderate (about as long as aperture;) 

furnished with equal revolving linear ridges, siphonal canal 

very short, very obliquely twisted, and concurrent with the siphonal fasciole; aperture rhombo-ovate, oblong; labrum entire, 

not sinuous, smooth within; columella inversely sigmoidal, 

concave near the middle, with a very thin callous deposit, and 

with a revolving marginal linear plait in front. 

This genus is related to Buccinum, with which its species have 

been confounded, but differs in too many respects to be properly 

associated with B. undaturn and its allies in a natural genus; 

it is distinguished from Buccinurn as represented by the type 

named,.by the more oblique canal and its concurrence with the 

siphonal fasciole, the linear fold in front of the columella, the 

esinuate labrum as well as by the sculpture. The American 

species have recently been referred to Tritia, a subdivision of 

Nassa, but probably through inadvertence. The known representatives of the genus are extinct and characteristic of the 

later Tertiary formation, one being found in the Miocene beds 

of Yorktown, Virginia, and a second in the Upper Tertiary beds 

at Monthelan in Touraine, (France).-Gill, 1867. 

Ptychosalpinw is readily differentiated from Ilyanassa, which it somewhat resembles in general outline, 

by the uniform absence of transverse striations on the 

inner surface of the labrum and the more pronounced 

basal constriction of the body whorl. 

The genus seems particularly characteristic of the 

middle Miocene of the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain 

and the waters in which it flourished were doubtless very 

shallow. It has been suggested by Dall that his Sipho? 

globulus, collected by the Blake expedition, may be referable to this genus, hitherto supposed 'to be confined 

to the Tertiary. Cossmann ( 1901) refers "Buccinum escheri Mayer-Eymar" from the Helvetian of the 

Touraine, France to Ptychosalpinw, but this single record of the genus in extra-East American seas has not 

been verified. 

Ptychosalpinx altilis (Conrad) Gill 

Plate 31, figures 14, 17 

1832. Buccinurn altile Conrad, Fossil shells of the Tertiary 

formation of North America, p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 6. 

1867. Ptychosalpin:c altilis (Conrad). Gill, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 154. 

1868. Ptydhosalpin:c altilis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 

3, p. 262. 

1892. Ptychosalpin:c altilis Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 237. 

1901. C orninella ( Ptychosalpin:c) altilis (Conrad) , Cossmann, 

Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 4, p. 150, pl. 6, 

fig. 19 . 

Subovate, with numerous longitudinal undulations and obtuse 

spiral striae; body whorl rather ventricose; spire conical; 

apex obtuse. 

Locality: James River near Smithfield, Virginia.-Conrad, 

1832. 

It is exceedingly unfortunate that the character of 

the type species of the genus should not be susceptible of 

clear definition. There are apparently two races involved; a representative of one has been figured by 

Conrad, the other by Gill. I have been unable, however, to find either Conrad's type in the collections of 

the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, or Gill's 

in the U. S. National Museum. Conrad's description 
234 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

and figure imply a species characterized by a rather 

stout, scalariform spire, an irregular axial sculpture, 

and a rather low, uniform spiral ornamentation; Gill's 

species is a regularly ovate shell, destitute of axial 

sculpture, but it has a coarse, uniform spiral ornamentation. Conrad's type locality is Smithfield, V a., but, 

unhappily, the available material from that locality 

contains only young or imperfect individuals. The 

dominant form throughout the Yorktown is the smaller, 

rudely scalariform, axially sculptured race, although 

those occurring along the Tar River in Pitt and Edgecombe Counties, N. C., are larger, ovate in outline, 

not axially sculptured, and threaded with broader 

spirals than those which adorn the forms occurring in 

Virginia. To increase the confusion, this race grades 

.without a well defined hiatus into the ovate Ptychosalpinw multirugata (Conrad), which is also characterized by the absence of axial sculpture, but is spirally 

sculptured by low, broad, more or less irregular bands, 

which may be linearly sulcate. As a matter of fact 

the available evidence favors the assignment of these 

forms to subspecific rank under P. muiltirugata. However, because of the obscure delineation of Conrad's 

type and the importance of the species, owing to its 

selection as the type of the genus, by Gill, it seems better to wait un~til the type of the species can be found 

before specifically separating the forms figured by Conrad and Gill under the one name. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 30.0 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 1~.5 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325399, from 1 mile 

northeast of Suffolk, V a. Yorktown formation. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, at Yorktown 

and three-fourths of a mile east of Yorktown, York County; 

5 miles northeast of Smithfield, Isle of Wight County; a quarter 

of a mile no·rth of Chuckatuck, 11,4 miles north of Suffolk, and 

1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Mount Pleasant Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County. 

Ptychosalpinx laqueata (Conrad) Conrad 

Plate 31, figure 16 

1832. Buccinum laqueatum Conrad, Fossil shells of the Tertiary 

formations of North America, p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 5. 

1863. Tritia laqueata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ptychosa~pinx laqueata Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, 

vol. 3, p. 262. 

1892. Ptychosalpinm laqueata Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 237. 

1901. Cominello, ( Ptychosalpinm) laqueata Conrad. Cossmann, 

Essais paieoconchologie comp., vol. 4, p. 151, pl. 6, :fig. 8. 

1930. Ptyohosalpinm Zaqueata (Conrad) . Mansfield, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 72, pl. 17, fig. 1. 

Ovate conical. with spiral striae, and minute spiral lines between; ribs or folds elevated, subacute, obsolete on the inferior 

half of the body whorl. 

Locality: James River, near Smithfield, Va.-Conrad, 1832. 

Shell rather heavy, obliquely ovate; spire elevated 

for the genus. Height of aperture more than half the 

total height. Protoconch so badly eroded in all available material that characters are not determinable. 

Whorls of conch 5 to 6, rapidly increasing in size, very 

gently convex, obscurely carinate, the greatest diameter 

slightly behind t~e median line. Axial sculpture 

rather irregular in character; costals 12 to 14, subacute· 

on the earlier whorls and continuous from suture to 

suture, broadening and becoming more undulatory on 

the later whorls, and evanescing altogether on the anterior half of the body. Spiral lira€! somewhat irregular in size and spacing; spirals approximately 7 on 

each of the whorls of the spire, those on the anterior 

half or two-thirds of the whorl low, usually broad, and 

separated by linear or sublinear grooves; the 2 to 4 

spirals on th~ shoulder sharper, narrower, more elevated, and more distant than those in front; analogous 

spirals developed on shoulder of body whorl; medial 

portion and base of body closely corded. Suture line 

impressed, undulated by the costals of the preceding 

whorl. Aperture broadly and obliquely lenticular. 

Labrum gently arcuate, not thickened without nor 

striate within. Columellar lip excavated at the base 

of the ultima,. and bearing a rather sharp marginal 

fold. Parietal wall washed with enamel but so thinly 

that the spirals are not entirely concealed. Anterior 

fasciole very short, oblique, delimited posteriorly by a. 

sharp, exaggerated spiral, subangulated medially so 

that the incrementals that corrugate it have the outline 

of a reversed 5. Terminal notch deep. 

Ptychosalpinm laqueata (Conrad) is unique among its 

associates in the degree of elevation of the spire and in 

the prominence of its costal sculpture. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 37 mm. ; 

diameter, 20.5 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 124937, from Petersburg, Va. 

Mansfield observed that the Florida shells were "more 

delicately ornamented with finer and more numerous 

threads intercalating the coarser lines.'' In Florida, 

Ptychosalpinm laqueata has been found only in the 

E cphora zone. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown and 

on the York River 2 miles below Yorktown, York County; 

Petersburg, Dinwiddie County; on the James River at Fergusons Wharf, Isle of Wight County, and at Willis Lees Wharf, 

18 miles below Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, ( ?) 1% miles west of 

Murfreesboro, Hertford County. The individual referred tentatively to this species is young and its determination by no 

means beyond question. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, of Sumter County, S. C. and 

at Alum Bluff (upper bed), Fla. The specimen figured by 

Mansfield was collected from the Ecphora zone of the Choctawhatchee formation. There is no record of it from any other 

horizon. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 235 

Ptychosalpinx multirugata (Conrad) Conrad 

Plate 32, figures 2, 3 

:1841. Buccinum multirugatum Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., 

vol. 41, p. 345. 

:1863. Tritia multirugata Conrad. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

:1867. Ptylchosalpin{J] multirugata (Conrad). Gill, Am. Jour. 

Conchology, vol. 3, p. 154. 

:1868. Ptychosalpin{J] multirugata Conrad, idem, p. 262. 

1892. Ptychosalpin{J] multirugata Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free 

Iilst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 237. 

:1901. Oominella (Ptychosalpin{J]) m'ltltirugata Conrad. Cossmann, Essais paleoconchologie comp., vol. 4, p. 151. 

:1904. Ptychosalpinm multirugata Conrad. Martin, Maryland 

Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 189 (part; figure excluded). 

Ovate-conical, ~ith numerous wrinkled spiral lines, coarser 

and more distant near the suture and at base of the body whorl; 

base bicarinated and subumbi[li]cated; columella with a thick 

fold at base. Length, 2 inches; width, 1% inches: from the 

eollection of D. B. Smith. Locality, Na.tural Well, Duplin Co., 

N. C.-Conrad, 1841. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 24.9 mm. ; diameter, 

14.2 mm. 

Holotype: A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1615. 

Type locality: Natural 'Veil, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

The Maryland Geological Survey has figured a form 

which is apparently an end member of the P. lienosa 

group. 

Shell roughly obovate, moderately heavy. Length of 

aperture more than half the total height. Whorls 6 in 

the holotype, increasing regularly in size, slightly ventricose, obscurely tabulated posteriorly. Axial sculpture absent except for fortuitous and irregular incrementals and occasional exaggerated growth lines. 

Spiral sculpture developed over the entire shell but not 

very prominently; spirals on earlier volutions 6 to 8, 

flattened on the summits; equisized and separated by 

linear interspaces. Body sculpture more or less irregular, the spirals directly in front of the suture more 

distant, those on the medial portion very low, irregular, 

subdivided by 1 to 3 linear sulci; spirals directly behind the anterior fasciole simple, relatively coarse, 

and distant; increnientals frequently manifested in the 

minute crenulations of the spirals. Aperture broadly 

lenticular. Outer lip sharp, ·simple, not crenulated 

within. Columellar margin inversely sigmoidal, 

strongly excavated at the base of the body whorl, simple 

except for the rather prominent marginal fold. Parietal 

wall broadly and heavily glazed. Anterior fasciole 

broad, corrugated by sigmoidal growth lines, margined 

posteriorly by an elevated ridge. Anterior canal short, 

deeply emarginate. 

Ptychosalpinm multirugata Conrad is characterized 

by the relatively large size, the regularly ovate outline, 

the absence of axial sculpture and the irregularity and 

linear sulcation of the spirals on the body whorl. There 

is considerable variation in the degree of irregularity 

in the spiral sculpture, and those individuals in which 

this character is not pronounced, closely approach the 

variants of Conrad's P. altilis. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, 1lh miles 

northeast of Smithfield, Isle of Wight County ; Maddelys Bluff, 

and half to three-fourths of a mile above the lower Seaboard 

Air Line Railroad bridge, Meherrin River, Southampton County; 

1 mile west of Suffolk, ( ?) 1lh miles north of Suffolk, 1lh miles 

northeast of Suffolk, and 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond 

County. 

Nc·rth Caro~ina: Yorktown formation, Branchs Bridge, 

Northampton County ; Palmyra Bluff, Halifax County; 21h 

miles north of Standard, 1:JA, miles northeast of Farmville, 1lh 

miles west of Greenville, and 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville on the Tar River, Pitt County. Duplin marl, Natural Well. 

2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Ptychosalpinx fossulata (Conrad) Conrad 

Plate 32, figures 1, 4, 8, 9 

1843. Buccinum tossulatum Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1843, vol. 1, p. 308. 

1863. Tritia fossulata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ptyo.hosalpinm fossulata Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 

3, p. 262. 

1892. Ptychosalpinm· tossulata Conrad. Dall, ·wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 237. 

Subovate with numerous impressed alternated revolving lines; 

body whorl ventricose; whorls 4 or 5; sides convex; spire somewhat conical, with a channel at summit of the volutions, which 

has a rectilinear slope to the suture; columella short; fold 

at base of the shell acutely carinated. Length one inch and a 

third.-Gonrad, 1843. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 30.9 mm.; diameter, 21.6 mm. 

Holotype and para type: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1616. 

Type loca)ity: Not given. 

Shell rather thin for the genus., roughly obovate. 

Apical whorls broken away; spire relatively low. 

Whorls with gently sloping sides, little or not at all 

convex; body large, inflated; both spire and body 

whorls tabulated posteriorly. Transverse sculpture 

limited to a few feeble undulations near the posterior 

suture. Spiral sculpture of very low, flat cinguli, equisized, and equispaced on the spire, 12 on the final whorl 

of the spire, but becoming irregular in size and spacing 

and commonly medially incised on the body; interspaces 

linear or sublinear. Incremental sculpture faint but 

distinct, particularly on the body whorl and fasciole. 

Suture impressed. Sutural channel continuous almost 

from the apex, broad on the later whorls, unsculptured 

except for the incrementals. Body whorl contracted 

rather abruptly at anterior canal. Canal short, wide, 

recurved, emarginate. Siphonal fasciole short, heavy, · 

corrugated by the growth lamellae, keeled posteriorly. 

Labrum broadly and evenly arched, smooth within. 

Columella callused, abruptly contracted at the base of 

the body, bearing a single marginal fold. 
236 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NOR.TH CAROLINA 

Conrad's type was used in making the description 

just given. It seems to differ :frmn Ptyohosalpinw wu.ltirugata (Conrad) chiefly in the :feeble axial sculpture 

and more numerous spiral lirations, both o:f them dubious specific diagnostics in this genus. Ptyohosalpinm 

fossulata (Conrad) is not represented in the later 

collections. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York County, 

Va. (Harris). 

Ptychosalpinx tuomeyi (H. C. Lea) 

Plate 31, figure 18 

1846. Buccinum tuomeyi H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., 

1st ser., vol. 9, p. 271, pl. 37, fig. 97. 

1863. Tritia tuomeyi H. C. Lea. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

1892. PtychosalpinflJ tuomeyi H. C. Lea. Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 237. 

Shell ovately fusiform, thick, imporforate, striate; spire elevated, scalariform; sutures impressed, deep; whorls somewhat 

convex, angulate at the upper suture; striae transverse, double, 

numerous, small; last whorl rounded, with large and small 

alternating striae below; base longitudinally sulcate; mouth 

quadrangular; canal long, retorted; columella fiexuose, with 

one large fold below.· 

Length.-Breadth, 1.40 inches. 

Remarks.-On the upper part of the last whorl the striae are 

in pairs with a minute impressed line between them having the 

appearance of double striae. These, as they approach the base, 

pass gradually into alternating ones. The base, immediately 

behind the lower part of the columella, is marked with deep, 

somewhat semicircular, sulcations pointing the successive 

growth of the canal. The upper part of the columella is marked 

by faint continuations of the striae, not entirely obliterated by 

a thin deposit of callus. The canal is longer than is usuai with 

the Buccina, and is bent somewhat backwards. The columella 

is much twisted. Close to the upper suture the whorls are bent, 

first at a right angle, and then downwards, descending gradually· 

to the suture. Near the middle of the whorl, the striae are 

faintest. As my only specimen is quite imperfect, I am unable 

to give the length or number of whorls; of these latter, portions of 

three remain, and there have probably been three or four more. 

This fine shell is the largest of our fossil Buccina. Judging 

from description, it may bear a distant resemblance to the B. 

multirugatum, Conrad, but it differs in its straight striae, size, 

want of an umbilicus, etc. It is quite rare. Mr. Tuomey whose 

name I have great pleasure in afilx:ing to it, tells me that he has 

met with but two specimens of it, both imperfect-H. C. Lea, 

1846. 

Type locality: Petersburg, V a. 

The shell is not heavy, but on the contrary, is very 

thin :for the genus. Lea has applied the term "transverse" to the spiral sculpture. Axial sculpture is entirely wanting excepting :for the incrementals, which 

are usually strong enough to minutely corrugate the 

spirals. The shell seems to have been peculiarly susceptible to injury and scars are visible at :frequent intervals on the later whorls. The spiral sculpture covers 

the entire surface :from the protoconch to the canal; on 

the final whorl o:f the spire of a large adult there are 

12 very low, rather broad, medially sulcated, flattened 

fillets separated by linear interspaces, with an occasional intercalated secondary; a similar sculpture prevails on the posterior half o:f the body whorl, but on the 

anterior half the spirals become more elevated and the 

primaries alternate with either one or two secondaries. 

Ptyolwsalpinw tuo1neyi (H. C. Lea) attains a Jarger 

size than any other member o:f the genus. The tabulation o:f the whorls is more strongly defined than in any 

other species, and the spirals are more numerous, less 

elevated, and more irregular. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County ; 5 miles northeast of· Smithfield, Isle of Wight County; 

Petersburg, Dinwiddie County ; Sycamore on the Nottoway 

River one-half to three-fourths of a mile above the lower Seaboard Air Line Railroad bridge over the Meherrin River, 

Southampton County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formatron, Branchs Bridge and 1 

mile above Branchs Bridge, Northampton County; 1¥.a miles 

above Murfreesboro, IJertford County; half a mile above Bells 

Bridge over the Tar River, Edgecombe County; ( ?) 1* miles 

northeast of Chocowinity, Beaufort County, half a mile east 

of Lizzie, Greene County. Duplin marl, (?) 4 to 5 miles below 

Lumberton, and at ( ?) Fairmont. Robeson CountY. 

"Ptychosalpinx" bilix (Conrad) Conrad 

Plate 31, figures 21, 25 

1843. Buccinum bilia: Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. P\hiladelphia 

Proc. for 1843, vol. 1, p. 308. 

1863. Tritia bili:r Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ptychosalpina: bilia: Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, 

p. 262. 

1892. Ptychosalpin(J} bili:r Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 237. 

1892. Rapana tampaensis Dall var. ?, idem, p. 244 (part, figure 

excluded). 

1904. Ptychosalpin(J} lienosa "Conrad" (part). Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 189. 

Elliptical, thick, with alternated revolving lines crossed· by 

rugose lines of growth ; spiral conical, volutions convex ; one or 

two towards the apex longitudinally ribbed ; suture profound ; 

aperture about two-thirds the length of tbe shell; labrum ribbed 

within. Length one inch. 

Locality: James River, Virginia.-Conrad, 1843. 

Dimensions o:f holotype: Height, 28. mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 19 mm. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1614. 

Shell stout, :fusoid; earlier whorls broken away. 

Spire apparently rather elevated. V olutions rather 

strongly convex, decreasing rapidly in size toward the 

apex. Axial sculpture absent except :for the remnants 

o:f axial ripples on the posterior portion of the spire. 

Spiral sculpture prominent; two series strongly differentiated on the body and the final whorl o:f the spire; 

primaries 6 on the final whorl, 25 on the body; secondaries regularly intercalated except on the anterior 

canal; both primaries and secondaries rather low, 

broadly rounded, separated :from one another by linear 

interspaces. Anterior canal moderately long, broad, 

open, :feebly recurved, obliquely emarginate anteriorly. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 237 

Anterior fasciole incrementally sculptured not keeled 

posteriorly. Umbilicus a mere chink. 

The generic affinites of this species are rather puzzling. It has much in common with forms which have 

been referred to Rapana Schumacher, 1817, but the 

genotype of Rapana is the large Indo-Pacific shell, R. 

bezoar Linnaeus, with a widely flaring outer lip and 

wide umbilicus. Conrad's species seems rather to be 

allied with Bucoinum. 

Distribution: James River, Virginia (Conrad). 

Genus PISANIA Bivona 

1832. Pisania Bivona, Effemeridi Scienti:fiche e Letteraire per 

Ia Sicilia, vol. 2, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 6a-d. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum, primordia, vol. 2, p. 274, 1847) ·: Voluta 

syracusa.na Gmelin Murex pusio Linnaeus. Recent, off the 

Florida Keys and the West Indies. 

Shell spindle-shaped to elongate ovoid. Whorls 

smoothly rounded, tightly wound. A rather feeble 

spiral sculpture usually developed, the spiral pattern 

in some species manifested in the color-pattern only. 

Anterior canal rather wide. Outer lip expanded, 

thickened in the fully adult and lirate within. Columellar lip concave at the base of the body, bearing opposite the posterior labral denticle a strong parietal 

fold which is normal to the axis of the shell. Columellar bent slightly at the entrance to the canal and 

plicate along the margin. Basal notch oblique, moderately deep. 

The genus is an inconsipcuous element in the Tertiary faunas. The Recent species like the fossil are 

relatively few in number and are confined for the most 

part to the warmer waters. 

Subgenus CELATOCONUS Conrad 

1863. Celatoconus Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 566. 

1892. Celatoconus Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 235. 

Type by monotypy : Buccinum protractum Conrad. Calvert 

formation of Maryland. 

The genus Celatoconus was never described by Conrad, who 

listed it as a genus in the family Conidae. * * * Gelatoconus, like M etula, differs from all the Pisanias in wanting the 

subsutural callus and contracted notch of the posterior commissure of the aperture; in its thinner shell, larger nucleus, 

and thin and smooth callus on the body and pillar. All the 

other characters of the shell may be observed in Pisania or 

Tritonidea. The type belongs to the Chesapeake Miocene of 

Maryland.-Dall, 1892. 

Pisania (Celatoconus) nux Dall 

Plate 31, figure 22 

1892. Pisania (Cela.toconus) nux Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p; 235, pl. 13, fig. 6. 

Shell small, not heavy, subfusiform, with a rather short, 

pointed spire and about seven whorls ; nucleus of two and a 

quatter smooth whorls, apex moderately pointed, whorls rapidly 

enlarging beyond it; spiral sculpture of about five revolving, 

strap-like elevated bands on the earlier whorls, with wider 

interspaces, especially that next the suture; later whorls show 

an intercalary fine thread in each interspace; the spirals pass 

over more obscure transverse riblets, of about their own width, 

which ripple them, and on the last whorl and a half give rise 

to squarish little-elevated nodules at the intersections; the incremental lines are distinct, and the sculpture is practically 

uniform over the whole shell ; most of the shell is comprised in 

the last whorl, and the aperture is longer than half the shell; 

outer lip gently arched, and in the adult somewhat varicose. behind the margin ; suture very distinct, not channelled ; aperture 

rather narrow, canal short and wide; outer lip simple, with a 

t•ow of denticles within behind the edge, but no lirae in the 

throat; body with a thin smooth callus; pillar short, obliquely 

truncate, with an obscure anterior plait and siphonal fasciole. 

Lon. of shell18; of aperture 11; max. lat. of shell 9 mm.-Dall, 

1892. 

The proportions given by Dall, both in the plate description and the text, hold good for a smaller, less perfect shell than the one figured. The smaller shell is 

from the Waccamaw formation of the Cape Fear River, 

N.C. 

Dimensions of lectotype : Height, 26.2 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 12.5 mm. 

Lectotype: U.S.N.M. 114188. 

Lectotype locality: Miocene, Duplin marl, Natural 

Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, 

N.C. 

Two individua~s from the Yorktown formation of 

Pitt County, N. C., differ slightly from the more southern and later representatives in that the body whorl is 

somewhat more globose than in the latter, the axial 

rippling less perceptible, the spiralliration a little wider 

and separated by much narrower interspaces, for the 

most part unadorned with secondaries. The differences 

are, however, so essentially of degree rather than kind 

that it has seemed unwise to recognize them even subspecifically. 

The Mary land subgenotype, Pisania ( 0 elatoeonus) 

protracta, is a less smoothly rounded shell than the 

younger and more southern P. ( 0.) nux, and the aperture is shorter and wider. Mansfield, 1928, described 

from the St. Marys formation at Urbanna, Va., a heavier 

and more coarsely sculptured member of this small 

group which he called Pisania ( Oelatoconus) burnsi. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; drainage ditch, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond 

County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 miles southeast 

of Greenville, Pitt County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles 

southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, 

Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, 

Columbus County. 

· Outside distribution : Miocene, Duplin marl of the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 
238 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Family BUSYCONIDAE 

Genus BUSYCON "Bolten" Roeding 

1798. Busycon "Bolten'' Roeding, Museum Boltenianum, pt. 2, 

p.149. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum, primordia, vol. 1, p. 149, 1846): Busycon 

muricatum Roeding=Murea: aruanus Linnaeus=Murea: carica 

Gmelin. I .. iving in the west Atlantic from Cape Cod to Saint 

Thomas. 

Shell large, heavy, pyriform; the low spire terminated by a paucispiral, papillate nucleus. Body whorl 

very large, inflated. Pillar long, slender. Spiral sculpture generally developed. Axial sculpture usually in 

the form of more or less exaggerated growth lines and 

resting stages, in some species tuberculate or spinose 

on the periphery of the whorl. Aperture pyriform. 

Anterior canal long, open, recurved. 

The genus was initiated in the Cretaeeous and represented in the Eocene by small and rather thin -shelled 

species. These rapidly evolved into the large and ponderous conchs which constitute one of the most conspicuous elements in the Tertiary faunas in the east 

coast, particularly of the Middle Atlantic States. The 

Recent "whelks" are restricted to five or six very prolific 

species and are among the most pr01ninent and best 

characterized denizens of the Atlantic shores. Both 

the Tertiary and Quaternary forms are confined to the 

eastern Atlantic coats. Their limited distribution is 

to be correlated with the loss of the velum before the 

animal emerges from the egg capsule~ 

Busycon amoenum Conrad 

Pia te 34, figures 2, 4-6 ; pia te 35, figure 5 

1875. Busycon (Sycotyp~ts) amoenum in Conrad, Kerr, Geol. 

Survey North Carolina Rept., vol. 1, app. A, p. 23. 

Shell pyriform, spire scalariform; sides of volutions straight, 

direct, angle acute, with longitudinal tubercles, top of large 

volution flat, canal slightly impressed, obsolete on the spire 

which is acutely pointed, the two first volutions smooth; spiral 

lines rather fine,· unequal, columellar fold prominent and the 

furrow above it rather deeply impressed. 

Locality. Walker's Bluff, Cape Fear river [N. C.]. Allied 

to canaliculatum, but distinguished by its slight canal and absence of a carina ted line bordering the suture and angle of 

last volution.-Conrad, 1875. 

Conrad's description is somewhat general, no figure 

has ever been published, and the type is unavailable so 

that it is impossible to discuss the form with complete 

assurance. However, the common Busy eon from the 

Waccamaw formation of the Pliocene series has been 

referred to this species. 

Shell moderately large, broadly pyriform to fusiform; the 7 or 8 whorls rapidly decreasing in diameter 

toward the acute apex. Protoconch small, smooth, 

twice-coiled; initial turn inflated, tilted sharply to the 

normal axis of coiling; second turn convex initially 

but showing an increasing tendency toward angularity. 

Sculpture introduced on the first whorl of the conch 

in the form of minute peripheral crenulations; spirals 

initiated within the first half turn; sculpture, when 

once established, rather coarse and vigorous. Axial 

ornamentation consisting chiefly of 22 or 23 nodules 

crowning the periphery of the whorl, crowded on the 

earlier volutions, more distant on the later, and persisting, though with diminished strength to the outer 

margin of the aperture; incTementals and resting stages 

usually visible, but taking no part in the sculptural 

pattern of the shell. Spirals coarse, unequal in size and 

spacing; on all but the earliest whorls of the spire, 7 

to 9 primaries usually present behind the peripheral 

angle and 4 to 7 in front of it; secondaries rather regularly intercalated on the later whorls; interspaces 

linear. Spiral sculpture on body not uniform; upper 

half to two-thirds of that portion of the body in front 

of the periphery sculptured with 7 to 11 prin1aries, 

rather less coarse than those on the shoulder and more 

irregular in size and sphcing; secondaries usually 

occurring between each pair of primaries. Spirals on 

antero-medial portion of body taking the form of very · 

fine, crowded, minutely crenulated lirae; differentiation between the two phases of sculpture obscure or 

obsolete in older individuals; anterior portion of body 

whorl and pillar striated with some 16 primaries with 

intercalated secondaries; both primaries and secondaries minutely waved by the incrementals. Canal of 

younger forms ornamented with 8 to 10, crowded primaries which, in the adults, become more or less obscured by the concentric resting stages .. Posterior 

sutural channel nothing more than a narrow unsculptured presutural band depressed on the later whorls, 

increasingly narrower posteriorly and entirely undeveloped near the apex and in the young forms. Aperture pyriform; shell rather abruptly contracted at the 

base of the body. Outer lip broadly arcuate, obtusely 

angulated at the shoulder. Inner lip loosely sigmoidal, 

thickened in the adults just in front of the posterior 

commissure; a single columellar fold developed, but 

rarely visible at the outer margin. Parietal wall so 

thinly glazed that the spiral sculpture is only partially 

obscured. Anterior canal long, open, more sinuous in 

the adult forms than in the young. 

Dimensions of largest figured specimen : Height, 143 

mm.; maximum diameter, 82 mm. Dimensions of adolescent: Height, 79.0 mm.; diameter, 39.5 mm. Dimensions of intermediate individual: Height, 113.0 mm.; 

diameter (aperture broken), 52.5 mm. Largest figured 

individual, adolescent and juvenile: U.S.N.M. 325392. 

Intermediate individual, U.S.N.M. 325395. 

Locality of figured specimens: N eills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus 

County, N. C. Waccamaw formation. 

Busyoon amoenwm Conrad is the most abundant 

Busyeon in the Waccamaw formation of Columbus 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 239 

County; it is associated with the ornately sculptured In the subspecies the anterior canal is shorter than 

variant of B. maximum, B. tritone Conrad, which is in B. perversum s. s., the spiral sculpture is stronger, 

larger tha:n B. amoenum and h&s a greater relative and the axials more numerous and nodose rather than · 

diameter. The spire is rudely conical, rather than spiney. A number of other names have been used for the 

scalariform, the peripheral angle very near the an- sinistral Busycons. The adult whorls of Busycon contraterior suture, and the shoulder more oblique than in rium Conrad are rounded at the periphery and devoid 

B. mawimwm.. The peripheral sculpture of B. tritonP._ of axial sculpture. The shoulder of BU8ycon obrapwm 

is spinose rather than nodose, the resting stages very (Grabau) is also rounded. Busycon ad.versariwm Conmuch n1ore conspicuous, and the spirals finer, more rad, 1862, was not described, but reference was made to 

numerous, and more affec~ed by the growth lines and the illustration of B. perversum by Tuomey and Holmes, 

incrementals than in B. amoenum. Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina, plate 29, figure 2, 

Distribution: N~rth Carolina: Duplin marl, ( ?) 4 to 5 _1856; the individual figured is decorated with a series 

miles below Lumberton, Robeson County. These Duplin forms of short, distantly spaced spines. Busycon obfiloswm 

are young and cannot be determined with assurance. Wacca- (Grabau), 1903, is not figured but is described as the 

maw formation, Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County; reverse of B. filosum, another species spinose at the 

Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. - periphery. None of the variants cited present the 

strong spiral sculpture and the noded but not spinose Busycon perversum (Linnaeus) axial sculpture of the Robeson County individuals. 

1758. Murex perversus Linne, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 753. The individual figured by Mansfield, 1930, as B. per1856. Busycon perversum Conrad. Tuomey and Holmes, Pleio- cene fossils of South Carolina, p. 145, pl. 29, fig. 3. versum, from the Cancellaria zone of the ChoctawhatBusycon perversum robesonense Gardner, n. subsp. chee formation, is similar, but the. shoulder nodes are 

Pia te 35, figures 1, 3 

Shell sinistral. Type immature but probably small 

for the genus. Whorls of adult may be 6 or 7. Shoulder 

·broad, gently sloping, the angle of the whorl only a 

little behind the anterior suture. Axial sculpture conflned to a row of obtuse, peripheral tubercles, ranging 

frorn 20 to 25 on the final whorl of the spire, evanescent 

on the body. Spiral sculpture well developed; behind 

the shoulder 6 or 7 elevated obtuse lirations, the two 

posterior of little prominence, and separated by a wide 

interspace from those in front of them; between the 

periphery and the anterior suture, only 1 or 2 spirals 

developed, but these are broad and somewhat flattened 

on their summits. Sculpture on the body typically fulgurian, an . area directly in front of. the periphery 

threaded with 10 to 12 prominent, rather distant lirations alternating in size; in front of this, and a little 

more than halfway between the shoulder and the base 

of the body, an area sharply differentiated by some 8 

or 10 fine, crowded lirae; basal portion of whorl and . 

pillar threaded with 20 to 25 rather sharp, narrow, lirae 

which become increasingly finer and more proximate 

anteriorly. Aperture lenticular posteriorly, contracted 

at the base of the whorl. Outer lip obtus~ly angulated 

at the shoulder, internally lirate, the lirae extending 

:far within the aperture. Columella bearing a single 

:fold evanescent at the aperture, and delimited posteriorly by a shallow sulcus. Anterior canal long, slightly 

bent, open, with rather proximate, parallel margins. 

Dimensions o:f holotype : Height, 61 mm. ; diameter, 

29mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325394. 

Type locality: Four miles north of Lumberton, Robeson County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

754992-48-5 

less persistent. In Virginia and the Carolinas the 

species has been reported only from the neighborhood 

of Lumberton and Fairmont in Robeson County. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin .marl, 4 miles north of 

Lumberton, 2 miles below Lumberton, at Fairmont (Ashpole), 

and llh miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson County. 

Busycon bladenense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 35, figures 2, 4 

Shell pyriform, apparently rather small for the 

genus. Spire short; volutions 5 or 6, scalar, broadly 

tabulated, the peripheral angle a right angle. Body 

whorl inflated, strongly contracted at the base. Aperture about :four-fifths the total length of the shell. Nucleus small, tilted, consisting o:f 1lj2 turns. Axial sculpture confined to a row o:f close-set tubercles placed upon 

the peripheral angle of the whorl, and numbering 22 to 

28 on the later volutions of the spire; body tubercles 

may be altogether obsolete or replaced by irregular 

wrinkles; incrementals :faintly perceptible without the 

aid o:f a hand lens. Spirallirations widely variable in 

numb~r and strength; 4 to 6 inconspicuous primaries 

usually present on the shoulder of the whorls of the 

adult; secondaries irregularly intercalated; lirations 

in front of the keel about 7, more prominent than those 

on the shoulder; primaries · 40 to 50 on the body and . 

pillar; secondaries intercalated, especially near the 

carina and toward the base of the body. Anal fasciole 

not defined but suggested by a smooth revolving band 

directly in :front of the suture. Suture line distinct 

but not conspicuous. Aperture wide, angulated posteriorly by the carina, contracted anteriorly into a narrow, slightly twisted canal. Outer lip thin, sharp. 

Columella concave, bearing at the angle o:f the body 

whorl an oblique fold which is rather prominent -:for 
240 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

the genus. Anterior fasciole obscurely lirate, incrementally wrinkled. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height (specimen imperfect), 83.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 45.0 mm. Dimensions of pl;\ratype : Height, 73.0 mm. ; maximum diameter, 37.5 mm. 

Holotype and paratype: U.S.N.M. 325390. 

Type locality: Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, 

Bladen County, N. C. Waccamaw formation. 

Busycon bladenense strongly suggests Busycon kerrii 

Conrad. ~t does not, however, attain the size attributed 

to the latter, nor does it develop the concave depression 

in front of the suture that apparently characterizes 

Conrad's species. The type of B. kerrii is not available, 

and there is too great a dissimilarity between B. bladenense and the species indicated by Conrad's figure to 

permit of their union. B. bladenense is closely related 

to B. arnoenum~ Conrad, but may be separated from it, 

as from all other coexistent members of the genus, by 

the broad, horizontal· shoulder on which the spiral 

sculpture is limited.to a few feeble lirations. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, 2 miles below 

Lumberton on the Lumber River, Robeson County. Waccamaw 

formation, Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County; 

Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Busycon carinatum Conrad 

Plate 35, :figure 6 

1862. BUS1JCOn carinatum Conrad, A.cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862; p. 286. 

1863. Busycon carinatum Conrad, idem, p. 560. 

1890. Fulgur carinatum Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 117. 

Fusiform ; whorls 6; spire elevated; whorls angular, angle 

situated below the middle of the whorls, carinated, carina tuberculated, sides of volutions above the angle straight and very 

oblique, surfa(·e transversely striated; lines rugose, unequal, 

obsolete on the middle of last whorl; columella and canal sinuous. 

Locality. Virginia.-Conrad 1862. 

The species has not been recognized in the later collections. · 

The holotype from the Academy of Nat ural Sciences, 

Philadelphia, 1680, has been figured. 

Busy con willcomi, from the Cape Fear River in North 

Carolina, is .closely related, and the differences may be 

less than specific. The most obvious difference is in the 

wider, more sloping shoulder of B. earinaturn. and the 

more feeble and less crowded nodulation on the early 

·whorls. 

Busy con willcoxi Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 34, figures 1, 3 

Shell heavy, thick, rudely fusiform. Spire moderately elevated, terraced; whorls approximately 7, their 

maximum diameter in front of the median horizontal 

except on the later volutions. Body whorl medially 

flattened, broadly concave at the base. Periphery 

prominent on .the earlier whorls, overhanging the an:.. 

terior suture; area between the periphery and posterior 

suture slightly concave; peripheral cornice evanescent 

with advancing age, reduced first to an elevated ridge 

that becomes almost obsolete near the aperture; with 

the decrease in the prominence of the peripheral carina 

is a gradual change in the outline of the shoulder, from 

.concave to horizontal, and later, on the body whorl, 

from horizontal to gently sloping. Axial sculpture 

appearing only in the crenulated margin of the periphery of the earlier whorls and in the incrementals and 

resting stages. Spiral sculpture least feeble on the 

later volutions, absent on all but the kst whorls of the 

spire, except for microscopic striations on the shoulder' 

and 3 or 4 faint lirae in front of the periphery; last 

whorl of spire marked by 12 or more flattened linear 

lirations, subequal in size and spacing, feeble but 

macroscopic; lirae in front of the periphery and on the 

body whorl crowded and minutely crenulated by the 

incrementals, less feeble at the base of the body than 

on any other par.t of the shell ; peculiar shagreen aspect 

of surface suggestive of former presence of a bristlebearing epidermis. Suture line distinct, falling in 

front of the normal plane of coiling on the last halfturn of the body. Aperture pyriform. Outer lip obtusely angulated at the shoulder, feebly dilated in front 

of it. Columella loosely sigmoidal, bearing a single 

oblique plait that. evanesces near the margin of ·the 

aperture. Parietal wall glazed, the callus heavy directly in· front of the posterior commissure. Anterior 

canal broken; probably rather long, moderately broad 

and recurved. 

Dimensions of incomplete holotype: Height, 97.5 

mm.; maximum diameter, 56.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325391. 

Type locality: "Cape Fear" River, N.C. (nWaccamaw formation. 

The only form with which Busycon willcowi is com-

. parable is the Miocene B. carinatwm Conrad, possibly 

an ancestral type. The spire of B. willcom is. lower 

relatively, the whorls more compressed vertically, the 

periphery more· conspicuous, the shoulder concave or 

horizontal except near the aperture where it slopes at 

a gentle angle similar to that exhibited by the third or 

fourth volution of B. carinatum. The shoulder angle is 

less uniform than in the Virginia species, more conspicuously defined on the earlier whorls, and is less 

prominent on the later. turns than that of B. carinatwm. 

The spiral sculpture is more feeble, the constriction at 

the base of the body whorl is less pronounced, and the 

anterior canal is broader in B. willcowi. The general 

outline of the spire and the character ofthe axial ornanlentation suggest Busycon canaliC11latwm (Linnaeus) 

and its allied species, but there is no indication in B. 

willcowi of any tendency toward a channelling in front 

of the suture. The irregularity of the coiling toward 

the aperture suggests a gerontic individual. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 241 

The type was collected by Mr. Joseph Willcox from 

the Cape Fear River, N.C. I have the pleasure of naming the species in honor of Mr. Willcox, not only because he is the collector of this unusually interesting 

Busyeon, but more especially because of his inspiring 

interest in the Waccamaw fauna and his notable contributions to the knowledge of the southern Tertiary. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County. (?)Waccamaw formation, "Cape Fear" River. 

Busy con chowanense Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 36, figure 4 

Whorls of incomplete specimen 4; apex of spire and 

half of body lost; remaining volutions indic~ting a 

conch with a short spire of convex, regularly rounded 

whorls tapering to an acp.te apex. Axial sculpture 

limited to a few incrementals. Spirals 5 on whorls of 

spire, 14 on the body; low rounded fillets almost 1 millimeter wide, separated by angular interspaces wider 

than the spirals; pillar threaded with 9 primary lirations and 2 or 3 vaguely defined, probably fortuitous 

secondaries. Whorl narrowly flattened; suture line 

impressed but no sutural channel developed. Aperture. 

probably wide. Curvature of both outer and inner lips 

strong. Parietal wash thin. Columella concave, 

twisted. Anterior canal long, bent slightly to the left. 

Height of incomplete holotype, 79 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325393. 

Type locality: One:. half to three-fo11rths of a mile 

above Edenhouse Point, Chowan River, Bertie County, 

N.C. Yorktown formation. 

Busycon chowanense, though described from a very 

imperfect specimen, is so well characterized by its regularly convex whorls, the absence of axial sculpture, and 

the broad, approximately equisized and equispaced 

spiral fillets that make up the uniform ornamentation 

of the species, that there should be no difficulty in recognizing the species in future collections. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, (?)Yorktown, 

' York Oounty. The single form which has been doubtfully referred to this species is young and can not be determined with 

assurance. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, on~-ha1f to threefourths-of a mile above Edenhouse Point, on the Chowan River, 

Bertie County. 

Subgenus SYCOTYPUS Gill 

1867. Sycotypus Gill, A.m. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 147. 

Type by original designation: Murem canaliculatus Linnaeus. 

Recent, east coast from Cape Cod to Florida. 

This name has been commonly credited to Browne, 

who applied it to "the smaller, hairy fig-shell'·' (Civil 

and natural his~ory of Jamaica, p. 406, 1756). It is 

uncertain from Browne's description whether he was 

referring, as Gill maintained, to S. canaliaulatus, which 

has not been elsewhere. recorded from Jamaica, or, as 

Gray maintained (Zool. S'oc. London, Proc., p. 135, 

1847), to Pyrula, which is not hairy. However, that 

question is purely academic since Browne's name was 

not binomial, and it is of ilo interest from a nomenclatorial standpoint whether he had before him Sycoty'.{J'U8 

or PyruZa or some other whelk. Gray merely cited 

Browne's name as a synonym of Lamarck's Pyrula, so 

that it was still available in 1867, when Gill designated 

the type and described the genus. 

Like Busycon, Sycotypus is restricted in its distribution to the Cenozoic faunas of the_ east coast of North 

and Central America. 

The Recent canaliculate whelks may be grouped 

about the common Florida species Sycotypus pyrum 

Dillwyn, which does not range north of Hatteras, and. 

the genotype, the common whelk of the cooler waters. 

The lower and middle Miocene representatives are apparently members of the S. pyrum group, but in the 

relatively cool water of the upper Miocene, Choctawhatchee ti:rp.e, there is a precursor, S. aepynotus Dall, 

of the genotype. · 

Busycon (Sycotypus) incile (Conrad) 

1833. Fulgur incile Conrad, A.m. Jour. Sci. and Arts. 1st ser., 

vol. 23, p. 343. 

1867. Sycotypus incilis (Conrad). Gill, A.m. Jour Conchology, 

vol. 3, p. 149. 

1890. Fulgur pyrum var. incile-Conrad (part). Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 112. 

1903. Sycotypus incilis (Conrad). Grabau, A.m. Naturalist, vol. 

37, No. 440, pp. 523, 524, text fig. 7-. 

1914. Fu.lgur ·irwile Conrad. Burnett Smith, A.cad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia, pp. 570, 574-578, pl. 24, figs. 4, 4a. 

Shell fusiform, with coarse alternated with finer spiral 

striae; spire elevated; whorls five, rounded, flattened a little 

above, but crownt~d with a carinated line; suture broadly and 

profoundly channeled; ,body whorl ventricose. Local~ty. York-. 

town, Va. Upper marine.-Conrad, 1833. 

Shell large, stout, fusiform. Aperture between twothirds and three-fourths the total height. Whorls approximately 6, tapering rather rapidly to a subacu~e 

apex, those of the spire scalariform, the body broadly 

roundeu. Protoconch small, coiled 1:1;2 times, the first 

half turn tilted and somewhat inflated, the succeeding 

volution showing an increasing tendency toward angulation. First whorl of conch broadly tabulated posteriorly but not canaliculate, the periphery outlined by a 

strong spiral ; presutural channel and marginal spiral 

initiated about the beginning of the third whorl, the 

former deepening and the latter becoming more elevated 

toward the aperture and, in the adult, producing a 

sharp flexure in the outer margin. Shoulder strongly 

angulated on the early whorls, more rounded and much 

less prominent on the later whorls. Axial sculpture· 

absent except for the incrementals and a crude peri-

. pheral noding on the early whorls. Spirals low and 

irregular in size and spacing, absent on the posterior 

canal and increasingly feeble on -the shoulder. A per-
242 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

ture pyriform. Labrum flexed a.t the posterior canal, 

expanded medially, commonly striate within, inner 

margin of aperture loosely sigmoidal. Anterior canal 

a long slender, sinuous stalk, roughened by the growth 

lines. 

Busy con conradii Tuomey and Holmes (pl. 33, fig. 2) 

of the Duplin marl of Sumter County, S.C., was considered synonymous with B. incile by many of the earlier 

writers, but Grabau and Burnett Smith were probably 

correct in considering it a parallel development. Authentic records of B. incile are restricted to Virginia. 

Bu.sycon incile Conrad diverges from the closely related B. pyrum in the greater size and weight of the 

shell; the elevation of the spire; the much stronger 

.contraction at the base of the body whorl ; the tendency 

toward a feeble or even obsolete sculpture .except for 

resting stages; the broader and relatively shallow posterior canal, delimited by a ridge so elevated that the -

outer lip is in many individuals conspicuously notched; 

an aperture relatively and absolutely wider posteriorly; 

and a shorter, more narrow,and more strongly recurved 

anterior canal. 

An allied species, Busycon pyrum propeincile Mansfield, 1930, was described from the Ecphora zone of the 

Choctawhatchee formation. The Florida species does 

not exhibit the scalar spire characteristic of B. incile 

and is n1ore finely and elaborately sculptured spirally. 

Busycon incile is conspicuously large among the 

species of gastropods, so well characterized that even 

i~perfect material can be confidently determined, and 

as sure a witness for the Miocene age as is Ostrea sellaeforrnis for the Eocene below or Area rustica for the 

Pliocene above. It is most commonly found in the 

upper part of the Yorktown formation. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; Fergusons ·wharf, Isle of ·wight County; a quarter 

to half a mile below Sycamore, Southampton County ; 1% miles 

north of Suffolk, and half a mile below Suffolk waterworks 

dam, Nansemond County. 

No·rth Carolina: Yorktown formation, 6 miles below Greenville at Cherry Landing on the Tar Riv~r, Pitt County. 

Busycon (Sycotypus) canaliculatum canaliferum Conrad 

Plate 33, figure 5 

1856. Busycon canalimtlatum, Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 146, pl. 29, fig. 2. 

Not Jlurea: canaliculatum Linne, 1758, s. s. 

1858. Pyrula carolinensis Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., p. 249. 

1863. Busycon canaliferum Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 560. 

1867. Sycotypus canaliferus (Conrad). Gill; Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 149. 

1890. F·ulgur canaliferum Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 113. 

1903. Sycotypus canalitents (Conrad). Grabau, Am. Naturalist, 

vol. 37, pp. 525, 539. 

Conrad did not describe his species but merely isolated under a new name the forms previously referred 

to Busycon c(lnalicuZatwm (Linnaeus) s. s. Only young 

individuals are available and descriptions from immature shells are unsatisfactory. The diagnostic character 

of the subspecies is, apparently, the persistence of the 

tubercles and the more acute shoulder angle on the final 

whorl. 

Grabau considered B. (Sycotypus) canaliculatum 

(Linnaeus) (pl. 33, figs. 4, 6) merely a more accelerated 

type and the direct descendent of the subspecies canaliferum. 

Type locality : Waccamaw, S. C. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, 1% miles north 

of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Waccamaw, S.C. 

Busycon (Sycotypus) concinnum Conrad 

Pia te 33, figures 1, 3 

1875. Bttsycon (Sycotypus) concinnum Conrad in Kerr, North 

Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., vol. 1, app. A., p. 23. 

Shell pyriform, with unequal very distinct prominent spiral 

lines; volutions prominently carinated, those of the spire tuberculated; tubercles obsolete on the angle of last volution; beneath this angle and on the slight c0ntraction of the 3 inferior 

volutions are very fine equal. spiral lines; summit of volutions 

oblique and concave; canal wide, moderately impressed. 

Locality. Mr. King's marl. [Sampson ,county, N.C.] 

This species is the most nearly allied to B. canaliculatum of 

any Miocene species. Compared with a specimen of tbe latter 

nearly of the same size it has smaller and more numerous 

tuberCles, a wider and less deeply impressed canal, narrower 

body volution, a shorter siphonal canal and .larger revolving 

lines. The fine lines beneath the carina are wanting in B. 

cana.Ziculatum.-conrad, 1875. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height (tip decorticated), 76.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 37.5 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325396, from .walkers 

Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C. 

The forms identified as B. concinnum are character- • 

ized by the sca]ariform outline, the evanescence of the 

peripheral tubercles toward the aperture, the relatively 

prominent spiral sculpture, the coronat~d periphery of 

the earlier whorls, and the elevated outer margin. of the 

sutural canal. 

Busycon aoncinnu.m Conrad recalls Busycon aanali-

·culatum cana.liferum in the scalariform outline and the 

persistence of the tubercles to the final whorl. It differs 

in the heavier shell, less inflated and less angular :t>ody 

whorl, the coarser and more prominent spiral sculpture, 

and the heavier and less elegantly defined coronal 

tubercles. 

Busycon aff. B. canaliculatum (Linnaeus) Mansfield 

from the Cancellaria zone of the Choctawhatchee for-
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 243 

mation is very close to the Waccamaw form. In the 

specimen shown on· plate· 7, figure 1, of Bulletin 3 of 

the Florida Geological Survey, 1930, the whorls of the 

Florida shell are more angular, and the peripheral keel 

more persistent than in B. (S.) concinnum. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation(?), "Mr. 

King's marl," Sampson County. Waccamaw formation, \Valkers 

Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C. 

Family NASSARIIDAE 

Genus ILYANASSA Stimpson 

1865. Ilyanassa Stimpson, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 61. 

Type by original designation: Buccinum obsoleturn Gould. 

Living from the south shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to 

Florida. 

Shell reticulated or decussated, rather thick and strong; spire 

elevated; inner lip smooth; callus moderate. Foot broad without caudal bifurcation or cirri. Operculum resembling somewhat that of Buccinum, obovate, broadest below; nucleus a little 

within the mat·gin at the outer side near the base; margin entire, not serrated; lingual teeth like those of Nassa. * * * 

The typical species is littoral in station, living on mud-flats in 

bays and harbors, and is found more abundantly than any other 

gastroped on the eastern coasts of the United States of North 

America.-Stimpsoil, 1865. · 

The lirate or nonlirate character of the inner surface 

of the outer lip is a character of individual or of age 

variation. In the majority of the adult/. obsoleta, the 

inner surface of the outer lip is to a greater or less degree lirate. The differences which presumably separate 

the section Paranassa Conrad, 1868, from llyanassa 

s. s., the character of the outer lip and of the anterior 

extremity of the shell, seem too slight and too inconstant 

to be recognized systematically. 

. llyanassa is used in .. this report to include nassoid 

shells of medium size, rather crudely fashioned, many 

of them squat and stout, most of them with a sculpture 

that is more or less worn. The body is constricted directly into the fasciole with no intermediate sulcus. 

The aperture is obliquely lenticular; the outer lip is 

commonly more or less thickened and lirate within, 

and the variation in these characters is related to the 

age and stage of growth. The inner wall of the a pertnre 

is abruptly constricted at the base of the body, the 

parietal callus commonly heavy and widely displayed 

over the body wall and the margin of the pillar pinched 

into a sharp and rather prominent fold. The anterior 

fascioie is corrugated by the growth laminae, and the 

terminal notch is shallow to fairly deep and oblique. 

The genotype is intertidal and the name /lyanassa, 

the queen of the mud, indicates its habitat and its successful possession of the Coastal Plain mud flats. 

Some of the species included within llyanassa are 

doubtless marine and in no degree brackish water 

forms. They seem, however, to be more closely allied to 

[. obsoleta and /. porcina than to the nassoid genera 

such as Nassa, Nassarius, Uzita, and Alectrion, to 

which they have have been commonly referred. 

Ilyanassa has inhabited the mud flats of the eastern 

Atlantic coast since the middle Tertiary. The peculiar susceptibility of the spire to corrosion is indicative 

of the more or less brackish water conditions under 

which it lives. 

Ilyanassa arata (Say) 

Pia te 31, figure 1 

1824. Buccimtm aratum Say, .Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

1st ser., vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 7, fig. 4. 

1863. TriUa arata Say. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ptychos.alpinm (Paranassa) a rata, (Say). Conrad, Am. 

Jour. Con~hology, vol. 3, p. 262. 

1892. Jlyanassa (Paranassa) arata Say. Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. T.rans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 238, pl. 20, fig. 15. 

1892. Tritia idonea Conrad, Mss. label in collection Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia, fide Dall, idem. 

1901. Paranassa arata Say. Cossmann, Essais paieoconchologie 

comp., vol. 4, p. 225, text fig. 52. 

Oblong suboYate, spirally· striated; labrum thickened and 

toothed within. 

Shell with .nore than twenty revolving, slightly elevated 

lines; Whorls but little convex: suture very narrow, consisting 

of a mere indented line: aperture moderate: labium covering 

the columella, which is concave : labrum thicket~ed on the exterior, and with striaeform teeth on the interior submargin. 

Breadth half an inch, length of the aperture rather less. 

Smaller and of a much more slender form than tb.e preceding 

[Buccinum porcinum Say] and ~!together destitute of undulations. The summit of the spire being deficient in the specimen, 

its length cannot be ascertained.-Say, 1824. 

Habitat: Maryland? 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height 21.0 mm., 

maximum diameter 13.8 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 112377. 

Locality of figured specimen: Waccamaw River, S.C. 

Waccamaw formation. 

Possibly with sufficient material, a series may be 

establlshed connecting ilyanassa arata (Say) and /. 

porcina (Say). The·latter is, apparently, the larger, 

more irregular type, with usually mor.e convex :whorls; 

the former, the immature, more freshly sculptured representative of the race. The brackish-water Mollusca 

are notoriously variable in outline and peculiarly susceptible to corrosion, and the separating characters of 

these two· allied and coexistent forms suggest. an age 

variation as strongly as a specific difference. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, "Maryland" (Say). The 

species is not recorded from later collections from Maryland. 

Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Waccamaw River, S. C. 
244 MOLLUS<;A FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

. Ilyanassa irrorata (Conrad) Conrad 

Plate 31, figure 2 

1856. Buccinum obsoletum Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 135, pl. 28, fig. 5. 

Not Buccirzum obsoletum Say, 1822. 

1863. 'Pritia. irromta. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ilya.nassa irromta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 

3, p. 263, pl. 19, fig. 10. 

1892. Ilyanassa irromta Conrad. Dall, Wagner F'ree Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 239. 

Distinguished by the sculpture being more prominently granulose than in that of the recent species; it is also a thicker 

shell with a much thicker labrum. The minute granulations 

on the polished inner lip of the I. ·obsoleta, are obscurely traced 

on the weathered lip of the fossiL-Conrad, 1868. 

No locality given. 

Outline elevated-conic. Aperture in adult forms less 

than half the total height. Whorls tapering gradually 

to an acute apex, 7 or 8, including the nucleus. Proto--

conch small, of 1 lj2 to 2 smooth coils, the first half turn 

or three-quarter turn largely submerged, the succeeding 

volution broadly convex. Sculpture approximately uniform over the entire external surface from the protoconch to the canal. Axial sculpture of 20 to 35 narrow, rounded, nearly vertical rib lets, persistent with 

undiminished vigor from suture to suture and separated by interspaces of equal or slightly lesser width. 

Primary spirals 4 to 6 on the later whorls of the spire, 

10 to 12 on the body, prominent only at the intersection 

with the axials, which they nodulate; area~ included 

·between costals and spirals small squarish pits; secondaries irregularly intercalated between the primaries on the body. Suture line distinct, impressed. Aperture rudely lenticular. Outer lip not thickened, slightly 

flaring anteriorly, irregularly striated within by some 

4 to 10 subequal lirae that evanesce a short distance 

within the aperture. Columellar lip rather strongly 

excavated at the base of the final whorl, bearing an 

oblique, inconspicuous, marginal fold. Parietal wall 

washed with a callus commonly too thin to entirely 

conceal the sculpture. Anterior canal very short, 

broadly oblique, corrug~ted by the incrementals, 

rather deeply emarginate. 

llyanassa irrorata (Conrad) is undoubtedly the ancestor of/. obsoleta Say, a smaller, thinner, very much 

more feebly and irregularly sculptured species. 

Ilyanassa semdentata and its subspecies granifera 

· (Conrad) are decidedly smaller than /. irrorata, are 

both relatively and absolutely lower, and exhibit a 

spiral sculpture that, unlike that of the li:ttter, is prominent alike on the costal and intercostal areas. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, 2 miles north 

of ~umberton, and 4 to 5 miles below .Lumberton, Robeson 

County. Waccamaw fQrmation, County Dine Bluff and at 

Walkers Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Lake 

'Yaccamaw and Neills Eddy Landing, Columbus County; Wilmington at the City Rock Quarry, New Hanover County. 

Outside distribution: Waccamaw formation (?), Smith's 

Goose Creek,- Berkeley cOunty; and Waccamaw formation, 

. 'Vaccamaw River, Horry County, S.C. (Tuomey and Holmes). 

· Ilyanassa wilmingtonensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 30, figures 30, 31 

Shell ovate, the greatest diameter near the median 

line. Spire moderately h~gh; whorls trapezoidal, very 

slightly convex. Body flattened, with a feeble peripheral bulge; not constricted posteriorly. Nucleus rather 

small, obtuse, papillate, but apex so badly decorticated 

that it is impossible to differentiate conch and protoconch. Volutions 6% in all. Axial sculpture limited 

to incrementals, which are, however, strong enough to 

granulate the spirals; a number of irregular longitudinal·breaks indicating unstable conditions of growth 

and doubtless due to injuries suffered by the animal in 

the course of its existence. Spiral sculpture on the next 

to the last whorl of the spire of 4 very low, close-set, 

minutely nodose fillets; on the. final whorl of the spire 

5 nodose primaries with 1 or 2 simple secondaries intercalated in the grooved interspaces; on the body 14 low, 

nodular, or subnodular spirals; secondaries introduced 

with a fair degree of regularity on the posterior half, 

midway between the nodular primaries; anterior to the 

greatest diameter, both primaries and secondaries become subnodular and irregular in size and spacing. 

Suture impressed but not conspicuous. Outer lip badly 

broken. Columella strongly concave and bearing a 

sharp, prominent fold on the anterior margin. Parietal 

callus very heavy, extending well over the body whorl. 

Siphonal fasciole keeled, strongly corrugated, the anterior notch very shallow. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 25.5 mm.; maxi- . 

mum diameter, 12.4 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325400. 

- Type locality: City Rock Quarry, Wilmington, N.C. 

Waccamaw formation. 

This species is described from a unique type. The 

diagnostic features are the relatively slender, regularly 

ovate outline, and the low, crowded, nodular, or subnodular spirals which cover the surface from apex to 

anterior fasciole. 

llyanassa wilmingtonensis is, judging from the figure; 

close to I. (Paranassa) aratum deleonensis Tuckerr 

1931, from the Caloosahatchee marl of De Leon Springs, 

Fla. .The latter is less slender than the former, and 

the cancellation of the spirals by the incrementals is 

not indicated by the drawing. If the anterior extrem;. 

ity of this shell had been missing, it would have been 

placed close to Pisania ( 0 elatoconm) b·urnsi Mansfield, from the St. Marys formation of Urbanna, V a. 

20 Tucker, H. I., A new Ilyanassa: Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 40. P 

375, text fig. 1, 1931. 

.. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 245 

Ilyanassa isogramma Dall 

Plate 31, figure 9 

1892. llyanassa (Paranassa) · isogramrna Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 239, pl. 20, fig. 16. 

Shell elevated, moderately heavy, with about seven moderately rounded whorls, a distinct suture and even, uniform spiral 

threading, crossed only by fine lines of growth; the interspaces 

are usually narrower than the threads and are sometimes mere 

grooves, the threads are occasionally feeble; body whorl not 

greatly inflated, the base not constricted, the fasciole obscure 

and the canal extremely short ; the outer lip slightly thickened, 

internally ·urate, with about eight short lirae; Ion. of shell 

24; max. diam. 14. mm. 

This form apears to be distinguished from I. arata by its 

closer and finer spiral sculpture, more elevated spire, less inflated last whorl, and generally by a somewhat pupiform outline.-Dall, 1892. 

H<>lotype: U.S.N.M. 124948. 

Type locality: Bellefield, on the York River, ·v a. 

Yorktown formation. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Bellefield, just below 

Yorktown on the York River, York County; Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va. · 

North Carolina : Duplin Marl, 4 to 5 ruiles below Lumberton, 

Robeson County; Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Bladen 

County; Neills Eddy Landing, Columbus County; Wilmington at 

the City Rock Quarry, New Hanover County. 

llyanassa obsoleta (Say) 

Plate 31, figure 5 

1822. Nassa obsoleta Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 

vol. 2, p. 232. 

1838. Buccinum obsoletu.m Say. C. B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. 

History, vol. 2, p. 267. 

1841. Buccinum obsoletum Say. Gould, Invertebrata Massachusetts, p. 308, fig. 210. 

1859. Buccinum obsoletum Adams. Holmes, Post-Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 71, pl. 12, fig. 1. 

1870. Nassa obsoleta Say. Gould, Invertebrata Massachusetts 

(Binney ed.), p. 362, fig. 631. 

1889. Nassa obsoleta Say. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 37, p. 116, 

pl. 50,. fig. 9. 

1892. llyanassa obsozeta (Say). Dall, Wagner Free lnst Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 239. 

1906. Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). Clark, Maryland Geol. Survey, 

Pliocene and Pleistocene, p. 181, pl. 49, figs. 3, 4. 

1008. Nassa obsoleta Say. Rogers, Shell book, p. 72, pl. opp. p. 

74, fig. 6. 

Shell ovate-<:onic, subacute, cancellate, exhibiting a granulated appearance, dark reddish-brown, or blackish, sometimes 

tinged with oli~aceous; spire shorter than the body; suture not 

deeply impressed; beak not distinguished from the whirl by any 

profound depres~ion, and not prominent; labrum within lineated 

with elevated, abbreviated, or interrupted lines, not incrassated, 

. purple-black; columella at base with a prominence or fold. 

Length three-fifths of an inch. 

Inhabits the coast of the United States * * *. 

Inhabits the shores of our estuaries in great numbers. When 

left by the recess of the tide, they collect together ip. small pools, 

or crawl in pursuit of the retiring water; but when left quite 

dry, they burrow in the sand so as to conceal themselves from 

the action of the sun, and patiently await the returning tide. 

Th~y assemble about dead crabs and other animals, and appear 

to feed upon them.-:-Say, 1822: -

Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) is smaller and less robust 

than its Tertiary ancestor I. irrorata (Conrad) Conrad. 

The axial sculpture is feeble and irregular: and consequently the granular aspect, so characteristic of the latter is wanting. · 

The spiral sculpture presents the ill-defined, obsolete 

appearance that has inspired the name. 

There is some doubt about the authenticity of the 

forms occurring in the environs of Suffolk, Va. 

Distribution : Virginia : Yorktown formation, 1% miles north 

of Suffolk, 114 ·miles north of Suffolk, half a mile below Suffolk 

waterworks dam, Nansemond County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Nixons, 

Tilly Lake, and Todds Ferry? Horry County, S. C. Pleistocene, 

Point Shirley, and Sankaty Head, Mass.; Gardiners Island, N.Y.; 

Heislerville, N. J.; Wailes Bluff, Langleys Bluff, and Federalsburg, Md. ; Dismal Swamp Canal between posts 15 and 16, Va. ; 

Simmons Bluff, S.C. Recent, Muddy beaches from Nova Scotia 

to Florida. 

Ilyanassa sexdentata (Conrad) 

Plate 31, figure 3 

1843. Buccinum semdentatum Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 1, p. 308. 

1863. Tritia semdentata Conrad, Acad. Nat. ScL .Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ptychosalpinm (Paranassa) semdentata (Conrad), Am. 

Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 262. 

1892. Ilyanassa granifera var. semdentata (Conrad). Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 209. 

Acutely oblong-ovate, with regular prominent compressed longitudinal ribs, anq 'fine revolving lines, one or two of which, near 

the suture are larger and more distinct ; towards the base the 

lines are more profound; spire elevated; volutions 9, with 

straight sides; suture impressed ; aperture about .one-third the · 

length of the shell;.. labrum with 6 dentiform tubercles within. 

Length half an inch.-Conrad, 1843. 

Locality not given. 

Shell small, stout, obliquely ovate. Whprls 7lj2, including the small, smooth, protoconchal volutions; 

trapezoidal, tapering gradually to an acute apex; the 

first protoconchal volution largely submerged, the succeeding turn convex initially, gradually flattening toward the conch. Line between protoconch and conch 

lost by the abrasion of the spire. Axial sculpture of 20 

to 25 narrow, rounded, slightly retractive riblets, separated by intercostals of approximately equal or slightly 

lesser width. Spiral sculpture dominant; fillets 5 to 6 

on whorls of spire, 10 to 12 on ·body, overriding the 

costals but not nodulating them, conspicuous alike on 

the costal and intercostal areas; fortuitous secondari-es 

occasionally· intercalated. Suture line feebly imP.ressed., not prominent. Aperture broadly lenticular. 

Outer lip arcuate. Inner striations 5 to 8, evanescing 

a short distance within the aperture. Parietal wall 

heavily callused. Columellar lip loosely sigmoidal, 

bearing at the anterior margin a single oblique fold. 

Base of body whorl constricted into the short, oblique, 

broadly emarginate anterior fasciole, corrug-ated by the 

incrementals. · 
• 246 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

No individual has been noted that presents the number of whorls mentioned in Conrad's description, nor 

is the number of the striations on the inner surface of 

the labrum a constant character. 

Ilyanassa sexdentata (Conrad) s. l. is most readily 

separated from the closely allied and coexistent I. 

irrorata (Conrad) by the uniform strength of the spirals 

on the costal and intercostal areas. In I. irrorata, the 

costals are nodulated and the intercostals, obscurely 

lirate. -

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 20.8 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 10.7 mm. 

F'igured specimen: U.S.N. M. 124953. 

Locality of figured specimen : One and a half miles 

northwest of Magnolia, in an air line about 2 miles 

north of Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin· 

marl. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 

miles southeast of Greenvil~e on· the Tar River, Pitt County; 1 

mile east of Lizzie, Greene County. Duplin marl, Natural Well 

and 11h miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County ; 2 miles 

below Lumberton and 4 to 5 miles below Lumberton, Robeson 

County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff on the Cape 

Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north 

of Cronly, Columbus County; 'Vilmington at the City Rock 

Quarry, New Hanover County. 

Ilyanassa granifera (Conrad) 

Plate 31, figure 10 

1868. Ptychosalpinm (Paranassa) gra.nifera Conrad, Am. Jour. 

Conchology, vol. 3, p. 263, pl. 19, fig. 6. 

1892. llyanassa granifera Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 239. 

Ovate, thick, with numerous oblique granulated ribs and 

distinct impressed lines, about 9 on the body whorl ; one or two 

filiform lines between the larger lines near the suture; spire 

short, whorls slightly turrited; aperture with 6 prominent lines 

within; beak carinated on the back. 

Locality. Vhginia.-Conrad, 1868. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 23.5 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 13.5 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 124951, from Yorktown formation, half to three-fourths of a mile below 

Yorktown, Va. 

Ilyanassa sexdentata is characterized by the coarser, 

and usually less numerous, spiralliratio:ris that seem to 

_average about 4·to the final whorl of the spire and 10 to 

the body. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown and 

half to three-fourths of a mile below Yorktown, York County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 3% miles northwest 

, of Rocky Mount, Edgecombe County; half to three-fourths of a 

mile above Edenhouse Point, on the Chowan River, Bertie 

County; Rock Landing on the Neuse River, Craven County. 

Duplin marl, 4 miles south of Clinton, Sampson County; Natural 

Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County ; 2 miles 

below Lumberton, Robeson County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Duplin marl, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. Pliocene, Caloosahat-

<'hee marl, Nashua, Putnam County, Fla. 

Ilyanassa schizopyga Dall 

Plate 31, figure 4 1 

1892. Ilyanas.'~a (pot·cina var. ?) schizopygJ Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 238. 

Shell differing from typical porcina by its more elevated and 

conical spire, its less inflated last whorl, square_ or rounded 

but not appressed suture, constricted base, strong, flaring, subumbilicate siphonal fasciole, and more uniform and sharply 

reticulate sculpture. The aperture is thickened on both sides, 

there is no subsutural lamina and the lirae of the outer lip 

run deeply into the aperture instead of being confined to the 

vicinity of the margin. Alt. of shell, 32; max. diam., 18 mm. 

This apparently. distinct form was found in Mrs. Purdy's 

marl-bed on the Cape Fear River by Mr. C. W. Johnson. It is 

probably later Miocene. I hesitate to assign it an absolute 

specific rank, notwithstanding the characters mentioned, in the 

absence of more profuse material; that available being only 

two rather worn specimens.-Dall, 1892. 

Holotype: U. S. N. 1\ti. 124945. 

Shell rude, heavy, roughly ovate, the aperture approximately half the total height; the spire rather elevated 

for the genus, tapering to" an acute apex. Whorls feebly 

convex, commonly obscurely tabulated, 8 or 9, including 

the very small, smooth nucleus. Spire badly decorticated and differentiation of conch and protoconch impossible. Axial sculpture confined, for the most part, 

to the earlier whorls; consisting of 20 to 30 slightly 

oblique; narrow, rounded, retr·active riblets, separated 

by interspaces of approximately the same width; extending from suture to suture though becoming irregular or altogether obsolete on the final whorl. Spiral 

sculpture, like the axial, more prominent on the earlier 

volutions than on the later; about 6 low, flattened fillets 

on the later whorls of the spire, commonly subnodose 

at the intersection with the axials; body spirals 15 to 20, 

unequal in size and spacing, less feeble on the base of 

the whorl, commonly obscure on the periphery. Suture 

line distinct, impressed. Aperture broadly lenticular. 

Labrum heavy but not conspicuously thickened; striate 

.within, the striae corresponding to the interspirals. 

Labrum strongly concave, bearing at its anterior margin a single, sinuous fold. Parietal wall heavily calloused. Fasciole corrugated by the growth lamellae, 

broadly emarginate. Umbilical chink commonly concealed by the parietal callus. · 

Ilyanassa schizopyga Dall is the analogue in the 

Duplin and Waccamaw faunas of I. porcina (Say) in 

the Chesapeake and Yorktown faunas. It is a heavier, 

more angular shell than the latter, with a more elevated 

spire, obscurely shouldered whorls, and; as a rule, a 

distinctly reticulated spire. · . 

Distribution: North Carolina : Duplin marl, 4 miles north of 

Lumberton, 2 miles ·below Lumberton, 4 to 5 miles below Lumb2rton, 1% miles northeast of Fairmont, and at Fairmont (Ashpole), 

Robeson County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Bladen 

County; Mrs. Purdy's marl bed on the Cape Fear River, 

Bladen ( ?) County; Neills Edd~ I .. anding, 3 miles north of Cronly, 

Columbus County. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 247 

Ilyanassa johnsoni (Dall) 

Plate 31, figure 6 

1892. Nassa johnsoni Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 2, p. 241, pl. 13, fig. 12. 

Shell short, inflated, with a pointed but little-elevated spire 

and about seven whorls; nucleus lost in the types; early whorls 

with six or seven narrow, strap-like, revolving elevated lines, of 

which two are more prominent; later the prominent lines take on 

a more carinated appearance, and are reinforced by numerous 

smaller ones ; on the last whorl this pre-eminence is obsolete and 

the spiral sculpture recalls that of N. consensa, consisting of very 

numerous continuous, even, narrow threads alternating in the 

proportion of one slightly more prominent folfowed by three to 

five finer and then another slightly larger one, the interspaces 

being equal to or slightly wider than the threads; transverse 

sculpture of numerous (on the last whorl18 to 20) rounded ribs 

extending from the suture to the siphonal carina, with the interspaces equal or wider on the last and narrower on the early 

whorls ; suture distinct, not channelled, toward the. last laid over 

an edge of body callus; whorls rounded, aperture longer than the 

rest of the shell, wide, semi-lunar, narrow and pointed behind, 

with an obtuse subsutural callus; whorls rounded, aperture 

longer than the rest of the shell, wide, semi-lunar, narrow and 

pointed behind, with an obtuse subsutural callus.;· body with a 

broad, thick, smooth callus; pillar concave, with a prominent 

anterior keel, shorter than the outer lip; siphonal notch deep, 

with the usual nassoid keel ; outer lip fittle reflected, moderately 

thickened, simple, with about fifteen short denticular lirae just 

within; throat without lirae. Lon. of shell22 [19.5]; of aperture 

13.5; max. lat. of shell 15.5 [13.5] mm. 

This fine species is related to "Ptychosalpin(JJ'' scalaspira and 

;'Paranassa'' harpuloides Conrad. 

N. scalaspira was described from a broken specimen, but is 

destitute of the fine sharp spiral sculpture and has fewer ribs 

and a higher, more scalar spire than N. Johnsoni. The proportions of N. harpuloides are quite different, especially about 

the aperture, while the pillar is quite unlike that of N. Johnsoni. 

The species is named in honor of Mr. Chas. W. Johnson, to 

whose successful researches we owe much valuable information 

as to the Tertiaries of the Carolinas.-Dall, 1892. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 124961. 

Type locality: Mrs. Purdy's marl bed on the Cape 

Fear River, Bladen(~) County, N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

The apparen~ strength of the marginal fold is increased by a slight breakage of the shell directly behind 

it. 

Ilyanassa johnsoni (Dall) together with/. scala8pira 

(Conrad) and /. harpuloides (Conrad) develop the socalled "nassoid keel" and behind it the body is constricted. A similar keel and· body constriction are exhibited, however, by /. granifera Conrad and closely 

allied species. The representatives of this group are 

larger than U qUa, and more squat. The anal fasciole 

is not guttered by opposing ljrae, as it is commonly in 

U zita, and no denticles are developed on the callus of 

the pillar. No restricted superspecific name has been 

found to cover the group and the differences are so 

largely of degree rather than kind that. none is introduced. The alliance of the group to llyanassa seems 

definitely closer than to U zita, N a8Sarius, or any of the 

divisions of "Pho8." 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 11;2 miles northeast of 

Suffolk on the Nansemond River, Nansemond County, Va. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Tafts Landing, 6%, 

miles below Greenville and 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, 

on the Tar River, Pitt County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest ·of Magnolia, Duplin County ; 2 miles below 

Lumberton, 4 to 5 miles below Lumberton, 11;2 miles northeast 

of Fairmont and at Fairmont, Robeson County. Waccamaw 

formation, Walkers Bluff, Bladen County, and Mrs. Purdy's 

marl bed on the Cape Fear River, Bladen(?) County; Neills Eddy 

Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution.: Miocene, Duplin marl, Sumter County, 

s. c. 

Dyanassa scalaspira (Conrad) 

Plate 31, figures 7, 8 

1868. Ptychosalpinx scalaspira Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, 

vol. 3, p. 263, pl. 19, fig. 4. 

1892. Nassa scalaspira Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 240. 

Ovate; body whorl profoundly ventricose, spire scalariform, 

acute ; ribs small, numerous, oblique, not very prominent, revolving lines obsolete on the penultimate and upper part of the 

body whorl; columellar fold very prominent. · 

Locality. Virginia.-Conrad, 1868. 

Shell of medipm size, heavy, depressed, scalariform. 

·Whorls 6 or 7, rapidly increasing in diameter; strongly 

tabulated posteriorly. Aperture fully half the tot3:l 

height. Apex acute but so badly eroded that the nuclear characters are obscured. Axial sculpture prominent, affecting the outline of the whorl; costals usually 

12 on the later turns, feebly arcuate, narrow with evenly 

rounded and conspicuously elevated summits; opposite, 

as a rule, and ceasing abruptly just in front of the suture 

line, thus forming a very decided shoulder ; intercostal 

areas wider than costals ; a fine and very regular incremental sculpture discernible under magnification. 

Spiral sculpture uniform and continuous from the apex 

to the anterior fasciole; spirals linear, separated by sublinear interspirals oblique to the posterior suture; 

secondaries cmnmonly intercalated especially on the 

anterior half of the body whorl. Aperture broadly and 

obliquely lenticular. Labrum subvaricose, dilated 

anteriorly, abruptly contracted basally; inner lirations 

about 7, equispaced and subequisized. Inner lip strongly excavated at the base of the body, bearing a sharp 

ma1~ginal keel. Parietal wall washed with a ·heavy 

ena1nel reflected backward nearly to the suture line and 

almost or entirely closing the umbilical chink. Anterior fasciole short and wide ; strongly C?rrugated by 

the incrementals. Terminal notch deep. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 21.4 min.; 

maximum diameter, 12.6 mm. 

Figured specimen : U. S. N. ~. 325407, from 1 1j2 

miles ·northeast of Fairmont, N. C. Duplin marl. 

In general outline and type of sculpture, IlyarlLlSsa 

scalaspira (Conrad) most closely resembles /. harpuloides (Conrad). The former is relatively more de-
248 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

pressed, however, with a lower, more scalariform spire, 

and a more conspicuous axial sculpture. It shares with 

I. harpuloides the fine spiral sculpture oblique to the 

suture line, but lacks the strong primary spiral banding. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Yorktown on the York 

River, York County, Va. . 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well,- 2 miles southwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County; 2 miles below Lumfierton, 4 to 5 

miles below Lumberton, 1lh miles northeast of Fairmont and at 

Fairmont, R'Obeson County, Waccamaw formation, Walkers 

Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy 

Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County; Wilmington, New Hanover County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, at the Muldrow Place, 5 miles 

southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C.; Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, Putnam County, Fla. 

Ilyanassa harpuloides (Conrad) 

Plate 31, :figures 11, 12 

1844. Buccinum harpuloides Conrad, Acad. Nat. S~i. Philadelphia Proc. for 1843, vol. 1, p. 326. 

1863. Tritia harpuloides Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

1868. Ptychosalpin:c (Paranassa) harpuloides Conrad, Am. 

Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 264, pl. 19, :fig. 7. 

1892. Nassa harpuloides Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 13, pt. 2, p. 240. 

Ovate, ventricose, with alternated revolving raised lines, and_ 

longitudinal slightly oblique rather distant narrow elevated ribs: 

spire scalariform, volutions five ; base of the shell with an 

acute oblique carina ; aperture half the length of the shell; 

columella profoundly concave, with a prominent fold or carina 

on the angle formed by the obliquely truncated base; a slight 

protuberance near the superior extremity of the aperture; 

margin of labrum nearly straight, suddenly rounded inferiority. 

Length, one inch ; width, :five-eighths of an inch.-Conrad, 1844. 

Type locality. Petersburg, Va. ~ 

This :fine species is readily recognized, even when in poor 

condition, by its square-sided whorls, elevated spire, and the 

fact that the fine spiral striation above the shoulder of the 

whorls is laid obliquely to the suture and not parallel to it, 

without reference to the undulations caused by passing over 

the ribs. W·hen mature it has a heavy labial callus, subsutural 

ridge, thickened lirate and somewhat reflected outer lip.-Dall, 

1892. 

This is an unusually well characterized species and 

readily recognizable, even from a fragment, if it includes a suture. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 23 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 13 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325401, from 2 miles 

southeast of Tugwell, Pitt County, N. C. Yorktown 

formation. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Yorktown on the York 

River, York County; Petersburg?, Dinwiddie County, Va. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 2 miles southeast of 

Tugwell, on Jacobs Branch, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, 

9 to 10 miles south of Greenville, and 1 mile northwest of Galloway crossroads, Pitt County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Genus NASSARIUS Dumeril 

1806. Nassarius Dumeril, Zoologie analytique, p. 166. 

1928. Nassarius Dumeril. Woodring, Carnegie lnst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 264. 

1931. Nassarius Dumeril. Grant and Gale, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Mem., vol. 1, p. 670. 

Whether the name be considered as a sub$titute name 

for N as sa Lamarck not Bolten, and the type by monotypy, Buccinum mutabile Linnaeus, or whether it be 

considered a pew name and the type by monotypy, 

B uccinum arcularia Linnaeus, N assarius s. s. is not 

recorded in the Tertiary of the Atlantic Seaboard. 

The moderately large rather exotic looking species 

such as johnsoni and scalaspira seem more closely allied 

to Ilyanassa than to B. arcularia with its 0 assis-like 

callus pad, channelled posterior commissure, and lii:ae 

which extend far within the throat. Possibly Ilyana..'fsa 

is undufy expanded by the inclusion of true marine 

forms, such as johnsoni and scalaspira, but until a comprehensive revision has been made, it seems better to 

treat them as a part of an East American assemblage. 

Genus UZITA H. and A. Adams1853. Uzita H. and A. Adams, General Recent Mollusca, vol. 1, 

p.120. 

Type by subsequent designation (Cossmann, Essais de pateoconchologie com:r= .• vol. 4, pp. 205, 1901) : Buccinum migum Bruguiere. Recent, off the coast of Senegal. -

This is "Le Miga" of Adanson, 1757 (Histoire naturelle du 8enegal, p. 116, pl. 8, fig. 10). Adanson's rather 

poor figures do not greatly resemble that of Reeve (Conchologia iconica, vol. 8, Nas8a, pl. 13, fig. 86), and indicate a stouter shell. However, for the want of a better 

name,· Uzita is used in this report for the large group of 

small cancellate nassoids which occur in abundance in 

the Tertiary and Recent faunas of the Atlantic Coastaf 

Plain and in the mid.:Americas. 

Uzita smithiana (Olsson) 

Plate 30, figures 1, 4, 11 

1916. Nassa smithiana Olsson, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, 

No. 27, p. 12-, pl. 1, :fig. 2. 

Shell small, solid, elongate, \Vith heavy straight ribs and spiral 

bands; nuclear whorls 2-3, small, smooth; post-nuclear whorls 

flattened; ribs heavy and straight, occasionally one is developed 

which is more prominent than the others and may represent a 

resting stage; ribs on the body-whorl about 10; spiral sculpture 

consisting of bands, produced by incised lines cutting both the 

ribs and the interspaces, these spiral bands, on the body-whorl, 

number about 11 and are regular and large, except the two uppermost, which are smaller; whorls of the spire with 6 or 7 spiral 

bands; a deep smooth sulcus cuts into the base of the bodywhorl; suture distinct, bordered either by a smooth area or by 

small spirals; mouth small, rounded or ovate, angulated above; 

outer lip heavy, denticulate within, columella witl] a callus, 

denticulate; siphonal fasciole strong. 

Length 14, breadth 6, body whorl 7 mm. 

A very distinctive species, characterized by its elongate shape, 

heavy ribs and even spiral bands. The species is fairly abundant 

at Natural Well. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 249 

Named for Ernest R. Smith, a member of the 1st and 2nd 

Ecphora trips. 

Duplin formation; Natural Well, N. C.-Olsson, 1916. 

Dimensions of figured topotype: Height, 12.2 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 6.1 mm. 

Figured topotype: U. S. N. M. 114200. . 

Locality of figured topotype : Natural Well; 2 miles 

southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

. The young are relatively lower than the adults and 

are commonly squat little forms. No other Tertiary 

species on the east coast rombines the slender turrited 

outline of U. smithiana with its full, vigorous and elevated costals. The former resting stages are usually 

traceable well up toward the apex by the succession of 

subvaricose costals. The spirals vary in relative width; 

in the young and on the earlier whorls, they may be no 

wider than the interspirals, .whereas on the later whorls 

of the adult, the interspirals may be no more than 

linear. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, ( ?) Yorktown, 

York County; ( ?) 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, southwest of Magnolia at the 

Natural Well, Duplin County. 

Uzita neogenensis (Gardner and A-ldrich) 

Plate 30, figures 6, 7 

1919. Alectrion neogenensis Gardner and Aldrich, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc., p. 29, pl. 1, fig. 5, 6. 

Shell rather large for the group, slender, multiwhorled. Protoconch very small and smooth, slightly 

imperfect, inclp.ding, apparently, a little more than 2 

volutions. Beginning of conch indicated by the faint 

but abrupt appear_ance of both the spiral and the axial 

sculpture. Whorls of conch 6, closely appressed, increasing but slowly in diameter, narrowly and obscurely 

tabulated, their . apparent ~onvexity increased by the 

slightly decreased elevation of the axials at the. suture. 

Body more than half as high as the entire shell, abruptly 

constricted at the base. Scnlpture pattern strong. 

Axials narrow, rountled, elevated, persisting from 

suture to suture and well down to the base of the body, 

12 on the second whorl of the conch, 14 on the body, 

overridden and subnodulated by the spirals; the final 

rib subvaricose. Primary spirals 5 to the whorl on the 

spire~ 10 on the body, low and flattened in the intercostal 

areas, more prominent on the crests of the costals; 1 or 

2 finer lirae introduced behind the posterior primary 

a:ri.~, on the holotype, one behind the basal sulcus. 

Suture impressed, undulated by the costals of the preceding volution. Aperture broadly lenticular, obtusely 

angulated posteriorly. Outer lip subvaricose a little 

behind the thin, sharp margin, feebly lirate within; 

slightly flaring medially; bent in sharply toward the 

canal, anteriorly. Inner lip strongly and smoothly 

concave. Parietal callus thickly spread in a rather 

narrow sharply defined arc from the commissure to the 

anterior extremity; a few obscure denticles developed 

along the pillar near the margin of the . wash and a 

single stronger denticle directly in front of ~he commissure. Pillar very short, the edge acute. Basal 

sulcus deep, devoid of sculpture other than incremental. 

Anterior fasciole. short, moderately elevated; cuneate, 

lirate and incrementally striate. Terminal notch 

oblique and very deep, the sharply ele~ated margi1~ of. 

the basal sulcus forming the longer arm of the asymmetric U, the e.xtremity of the fasciole, the shorter inner · 

arm. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 12.4 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 6.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325403. 

Type locality: Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. 

Waccamaw formation. · 

V zita neogenensis belongs to the group represented 

by V. chowanensis in the Yorktown formation and by 

V. smithiana in the Duplin. In general form and sculpture pattern, it most closely resembles the Yorktown 

species, but both the axial· and the spiral sculpture ·are 

more vigorous, and the shell itself is larger and heavier. 

Vzita lapenotier.ei (Dall) is similar in outline but is 

smaller, and has fewer, much narrower, and more distant spirals. V zita suff olkensis is a little higher relatively than V. neogenmisis. The costals are usually 

more pinched in the former, whereas the interspirals 

are sublinear instea<J of approximatefy equal in width to 

the spirals, as is the rule in U. neogenensis. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County ; 1% miles north of Suffolk, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, 

and Suffolk, half a mile below the Suffolk waterworks dam, 

Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Colerain Landing on 

the Chowan River, Bertie County; .4 miles northwest of Williamston, Martin County; 1 mile west of Wilson in Hominy Swamp, 

Wilson County. Duplin marl, 2 miles below Lumberton, and 4 

to 5 miles below Lumberton, Robeson County. Waccalll:aw 

formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, 

Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl at the- Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

U zita chowanensis Gat:dner, n. sp. 

Plate 30, figures 9, 10, 12, 13 

Shell rather small, the spire elevated, turrited, sonlewhat scalar. Whorls of conch between 5. and 6, in: 

creasing rather rapidly in diameter and gently convex. 

Protoconch small, the early whorls smooth, evenly 

rounded, too much eroded for further determination of 

detail. Adult costals approximately 12 to the whorl, 

rather low, narrow, and separated by wider intercostal 

areas. Spirals4 to 6 on the later whorls of the spire, 
250 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

H on the body; low, rather narrow, angular fillets overriding the costae but not nodulating them; interspirals 

equal to or exceeding the spirals in width. Aperture 

a little more than one-third the total height, broadly 

lenticular. Labrum subvaricose, broadly arcuate, with 

some half dozen dentate ridges disposed along the inner 

surface at right angles to the margin. Inner lip sigInoidal, heavily calloused; a denticle just in front of the 

posterior commi.ssure and two or three smaller denticles 

on the wall of the canal. Sulcus at base of body moder~ 

ately deep; incrementally sculptured. Canal showing 

faint traces of spirals, very sh.ort, recurved, strongly 

emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 9.4 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 5.0 mm~; diameter at right angles to maximum 

diameter, 4.4 mm. Dimensions of para type: Height, 

9.0_mm.; maximumdiameter, 4.8 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325405. Paratype, U.S.N.M. 

325404. 

Holotype locality: Colerain Landing on the Chowan 

River, Bertie County, N. C. Yorktown formation. 

Paratype locality, 1lh miles below Tar Ferry, Hertford 

County, N.C. Yorktown formation. 

Uzita chowanensis offers rio striking characters, but 

no other species, unless it is "N ass a" impressa H. C. 

Lea (pl. 30, fig. 22), described from a juvenile from 

the Yorktown formation at :Petersburg, V a. offers the 

ensemble of elevated, multi-whorled spire, and strong 

rounded axials overridden by sharp and evenly spaced 

spirallirae. 

The group which includes Uzita chowanensis, U. suffolkensis, U. neogenen8is, and U. smithiana seems particularly characteristic of the late-Miocene of the Middle 

Atlantic coast. They have in common a slender outline, 

an elevated multi-whorled spire, and a strong axial ribbing overridden by spiral grooves or lirae. The small 

conic nassoids, on the other hand, which are so abundant 

in the Alum Bluff and well d~veloped in the later Tertiary of Flo~ida and mid-America are an inconspicuous 

group in the late Miocene and Pliocene of Virginia and 

North Carolina. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 1% miles north of Suffolk, 

( ?) 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, and at Suffolk, half a mile 

below the waterworks dam, Nansemond County, Va. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Swift Creek near the 

confluence with the Tar River, Edgecombe County; 4 miles _ 

northwest of Williamston, and 3 miles west of Williamston, 

Martin County ; 1 mile west of Wilson in Hominy Swamp, Wilson 

County; Tar Ferry, 1% miles below Tar Ferry, and 3 to 4 miles 

below Tar Ferry, on Wiccacon Creek, and Mount Pleasant Landing on the Chowan River, Hertford County; Colerain Landing, 

Mount Gould Landing, and a half to three-fourths of a mile 

above Edenhouse Point on the Chowan River, Bertie County. 

Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; Fairmont, Robeson County. 

Uzita bidentata (Emmons) 

Plate 30, figure 20 

1858. Buccinum bidentatum Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., .P· 257, :Oi 126. 

1890. Nassa bidentata Emmons. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 133, pl. 9, fig. 9. 

1909. Nassa bidentata Emmons. Grabau and Shimer, North 

American index fossils, vol. 1, p. 764, fig. 1113. · 

Shell quite small, thick, robust; whorls about five, two upper 

smooth, the others are ornamented with ribs and spiral bands; 

aperture oval, acute behind, outer lip furnished with two rather 

prominent teeth, or short ridges; canal wide and very shortEmmons, 1858. 

. Habitat: North Carolina. 

Shell stout, acute, with two smooth nuclear and five subsequent 

whorls; transverse· sculpture (on the· last whorl) of eleven or 

twelve stout, even, rounded, straight ribs, crossing the whorl, 

and faint incremental lines ; spiral sculpture of (on the upper 

whorls two) six or seven sto-q.t, rounded, continuous threads, 

very slightly swollen as they cross the ribs ; the anterior pair 

are closer together, the rest equi-distant from each other; beside these there are five or six close-set threads on the canal; 

on the upper whorls two of these threads are visible, and one is 

in.cluded in the suture ; suture distinct, not channelled ; terminal 

varix stout, thick, broader and posteriorly expanded at the 

suture, overrun by the spirals; aperture subovate; pillar-lip 

calfous, with a raised border, smooth, with a sulcus at the 

posterior commissure of the mouth; outer lip with two strong 

teeth near the middle, and faint indications of one or two more 

anterior to the first pair; canal nearly closed, short, recurved 

and twisted ; siphonal fasciole strong, the base of the whorl 

constricted behind it. Max. Ion. of shell 6.5 [7.0]; max. lat. 3.75 

[3.7] mm. * * *. 

Emmons' specimen was not adult, but his figure agrees well 

with small specimens of the present species. It is not known 

in the recent state. The specimens vary somewhat in size, and 

iu the closeness of their reticulation, as usual in this genus.-

Dall, 1890. 

Figm;ed specimen: U.S.N.M. 112140, from the Pliocene of the Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

Outside distribution : Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Shell 

Creek and Caloosahatchee River, Fla. (Dall) 

U zita lapenotierei (Dall) 

Plate 32, figure 12 

1890. Nassa lapenotierei Dall, Wagner Free Int~t. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 133, pl. 9, :fig. 8. 

Shell small, elevated, slender, with three smooth nuclear and 

five subsequent whorls; transverse sculpture of (on the last 

whorl ten) elevated, rounded, even ribs with wider interspaces; 

more prominent near the suture, but crossing the whorl ; there 

are also faint incremental striae; spiral sculpture of (on t~e 

last whorl seven to nine) little-elevated bands with some·what 

wider interspaces, subnodulous at their intersection with the 

ribs; between each pair of spiral bands on the last whorl are 

one to three finer, faint, secondary spirals; some of the specimens indicate th~t when alive the reticulation appeared white 

or pale-colored on a much darker ground ; on the upper whorls 

three or four primary spirals are visible; whorls full and 

rounded, a little turrited; ribs apt to alternate at the suture, 

which is distinct, but not channelled ; aperture small, shorter 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 251 

than one~third of the shell; outer lip with three teeth, the 

posterior about the middle of the lip and strongest, the other 

two anterior to it and successively weaker; pillar-lip with a 

raised margin on which in the fully adult are two or three 

transverse, short elevations like teeth ; canal very short, the 

whorl constricted behind it. Max. Ion. of shell 7.5 [8.7] of aperture 2.0; max. lat. of shell 3.2 [ 4.4] mm. 

Rare in the Caloosahatchee beds. 

Respectfully dedicated to Mr. F. J. Lapenotiere, of Tampa, 

to whom we were much indebted for kind assistance in our work. 

This species recalls N. a.cuta Say, but has a different sculpture, 

is smaller and more cylindrical. It is much more slender than 

N. bidentata Emmons. It is· not known in the recent state, or 

from other localities than the one above cited.-Dall, 1890. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 112141 from the Caloosahatchee 

River, Fla. 

The species can be separated frmn the coexistent 

Uzitas by the slender outline and the sharp, relatively 

few and rather distant spirals, tending to become subnodulo-us at the intersection with the costals. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Walkers 

Bluff on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy 

Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution : Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Uzita sutfolkensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 30, figures 2, 3 

Shell small, slender, somewhat scalariform, the spire 

elevated. Concha~ whorls 51;2 in the holotype, closely 

appressed, only very slightly convex, the latei· turns 

narrowly tabulated. Nuclear coils about 2l;2, the initial 

half turn for the most part submerged ; the succeeding 

whorls also small, smooth, rapidly increasing in· size. 

Axial and spiral sculpture initiated simultaneously. 

Axials, when typically developed, 11 to 13 to the whorl, 

very narrow, rather low, rounded, separated by wider 

interspaces, equisized except at the subvaricose resting 

stages, and persisting with uniform stren<Yth almost 0 ' 

but itot quite, to the posterior suture. Spiral sculpture 

uniform in character from the protoconch to the basal 

sulcus; primary spirals low, broad fillets, separated by 

squarely channelled sublinear interspirals, 6 on the later 

whorls of the spire, 10 on the -body; a single secondary 

introduced directly in front of the suture. Suture 

line distinct, undulated by the costals of the preceding 

whorl. Aperture broadly and obliquely lenticular. 

Labrum subvaricose, broadly arcuated, contracted at 

the mouth of the anterior canal, denticulate within. 

Inner margin excavated .. _Parietal wall heavily cal-

• loused. Anterior canal short, the margins proximate. 

Anterior fasciole cut off from the body by the .rather 

broad, incrementally striated sulcus; arcuate, spirally 

]irate, and deeply emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 10.4 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 5.2 mm.; diameter at right angles to maximum diameter, 4.0 mm. 

\ 

H?lotype: U.S.N.M. 325406. 

Type locality : One mile northeast of Suffolk, N ansemond County, V a. Yorktown formation. 

The species is remarkable for the low and very flat 

spirals. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 1% miles north of Suffolk, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, and 1 mile west of Suffolk, 

Nansemond. County, Va. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Swift Creek near the 

confluence with the Tar River, Edgecombe County. 

Uzita consensoides (Olsson) 

Plate 30, figures 5, 8, 14 

1916. Nassa conse·nsoi.des Olsson, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 

5, No. 27,_p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 10. . 

Shell small, with a large rounded body-whorl and a pointed 

spire; rather numerou~ low, straight ribs, which are crossed 

by unequal spiral bands; nucleus of 3 pointed whorls, smooth 

at first but with a few ribs on the later portion; post-nuclear 

whorls 5; the body-whorl with 15 straight, low ribs; spiral 

sculpture of irregular bands; 1st post-nuclear whorl with 6 

equal spirals; the other spire-whorls have generally 5 heavy 

and 6 fine spirals; the body-whorl with about 21 spirals, strongest on the middle of the whorl; bordering the suture, there are 

6 small, closely crowded spirals ; a small sulcus encircles the 

base, covered with spirals; mouth ovate, angulated above; 

outer lip thickened and denticulate within; inner lip callused 

and with a few denticles below; spihonal fasciole strong. 

Length 11, breadth 6, body-whorl 6 mm. 

This species is readily recognized by its large body-whorl, 

pointed spire, and unequal, spiral bands. In general characters, 

the species approaches N. consensa Ravenel [pl. 30, fig. 21], 

but is sufficiently distinct for recognition and is the Miocene 

precursor of that species. 

Duplin formation; Natural Well, N. C.-Dlsson, 1916. 

Dimensions of figured specimen U.S.N.M. 114204, 

fron1 Dup~in formation, 11;2 miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C.: Height, 9.8 mm.; greatest 

diameter, 5.5 mm. Specimen U.S.N.M. 325402 from 

near the mouth of Swift Creek, Edgecombe County, 

N. C.: Height, 9.0 mm.; greatest diameter, 5.5 mm. 

The Yorktown forms (pl. 30, figs. 8, 14) do not exhibit 

the full and elevated ribs of the North Carolina topotype (pl. 30, fig. 5) and the pattern of the spirals is not 

identical. Ho~ever, the difference~ probably may be 

included within the range of individual variation. The 

young of some of the more elevated species such as U. 

s,mithiana and U. neogenensis are similar in outline, but 

the spirals are not so broa.d and more regular than they 

are in U. consensoides. 

The species is especiall'y common at the type locality 

and the nearby marl pits. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Swift 

Creek near the confluence with the Tar· River, Edgecombe 

County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, ( ?) Neills 

Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 
252 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Uzita caloosaensis (Dall) 

Plate 30, figure 25 

1890. Nassa caloosaens·is Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 134, pl. 9, fig. 7. 

Shell small, with three and a half normal and three smooth, 

turbiniform nuclear whorls ; transverse sculpture of (on the last 

whorl ten) narrow, moderately elevated ribS, with wider interspaces, which completely cross the whorl and have a pointed 

nodule or angle at the shoulder; varix large and thick; other 

transverse sculpture, only of faint incremental lines; spiral 

sculpture of (on the last whorl seven or eight) sharply inQised 

lines, of which two (the posterior fainter and sometimes absent) 

are in front of the suture and behind the shoulder, which last is 

formed by an ill-defined ridge connecting the angles of the ribs; 

on the base or anterior face of the shell are four of these lines 

rather close together and with their interspaces. convex; between 

the posterior line and the shoulder are two widely separated 

similar lines; a deep sulcus divides the base from the short, 

twisted canal, which is externally covered with spiral threading; 

the suture is distinct, but not channelled, and somewhat wavy 

from the ribbing; the sides of the whorls are slightly flattened, 

the ·spire a little turrited; the aperture is short and broad, 

pointed behind ; in the middle of the outer lip is one stout tooth 

with smaller lirae in front and, less often, behind it; the inner 

lip is moreor less granulolirate, with a raised outer margin and 

a tooth on the body near the junction of the outer lip; canal 

short, narrow. Max. Ion. of shell4.2 [ 4.6]; max. lat. 2.4 [2.5] mm. 

Caloosahatchie marls, rare.-Dall, 189[). 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 112142. 

Possibly this is N ass a moniliforrnis Emmons, but his 

figure is so indefinite and his description so generalized 

that their identity can by no means be established. 

Nassa cornelliana Olsson, 1914, from Currie, N.C., exhibits a similar sculptural pattern, but the whorls are 

more slender and not shouldered. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; 

Neills Eddy Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

_Outside distribution: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Nixons 

and Tilly Lake, Horry County, S. C. Caloosahatchee marl, 

Caloosahatchee River, Fla. 

Uzita caloosaensis cornelliana (Olsson) 

Plate 30, figure 24 

1914. Nassa cornelliana Olsson, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, 

No. 24, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 11. 

1930. Alectrion cornelliana (Olsson). Mansfield, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 3, p. 76, pl. 8, fig. 4. 

Shell small, heavy, elongate; with three and a half smooth 

nuclear and four subsequent whorls; suture appressed; the first 

sculpture to be introduced is a transverse ribbing ; this is soon 

followed by four impressed revolving lines; on the body whorl 

the transversa sculpture consists of seven or eight large, thick 

ribs, and these are continued in the same line across the earlier 

whorls, interrupted at the suture; on the body whorl the transverse ribbing is crossed by about nine imJ!ressed revolving lines 

which on the middle of the whorl are separated by wide bands 

but become more crowded at the base and next to the suture; 

on the earlie_r whorls only four revolving lines are present; the 

ribbing is made only slightly nodose by the revolving lines 

and there is no pronounced shoulder to the whol'ls ; canal short, 

straight, with numerous revolving lines and separated. from 

the rest of the shell by a moderate sinus; mouth subovate in 

shape, with a small sulcus at the posterior commissure; outer 

lip thickened and with about seven lirae, which alternate in 

strength ; pillar lip callous, smooth and with a raised border ; 

siphonal fasciole strong. 

Height 5, greater diameter 2.5 mm. 

This species is characterized by its elongate shape, impressed 

revolving lines and the strong, transverse ribbing. Its nearest 

related form appears to beN. caloosaensis Dall, but differs from 

that species in its· more elongate form, lack of the shoulder o~ 

its whorls and its larger size. 

Duplin Miocene ( ?) ; Currie, N. C.-Olsson, 1914. -

Mansfield, 1930, reported the form· from the· 0 ancellaria zone of the Choctawhatchee formation in Florida 

and reallocated to U. cornelliana the individuals from 

the Natural Well, the Cape Fear River, and Mayesville 

which had been incorrectly referred to U. caloosaensis 

s.s. He also suggested a subspecific relationship between the Caloosahatchee form and that described by 

Olsson. The later whorls of U. caloosaensis s.s are obtusely angular, the shoulder is well defined, and the 

sides are nearly vertical. The periphery on the body 

is crested by_' the axial nodes, and the constriction at 

the base of the body is more abrupt than it is in the 

subspecies cornelliana. 

Mansfield's figured specimen, here reproduced, is 

U.S.N.M. 370147, from Hosford, Liberty County, Fla. 

The height is 4.6 mm., the diameter 2.5 mm. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; "Duplin Miocene 

( ?), Currie, N. C." (Olsson); Waccamaw formation, Walkers 

Bluff, on the Cape Fear River, Bladen County; Neills Eddy 

Landing, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus Comity. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Choctawhatchee formation, 

Cancellaria zone, Hosford, Liberty County, Fla. Pliocene, 

Waccamaw formation, Nixons and Tilly Lake, Horry County, 

s. c. 

Uzita zeta Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 1, 7 

Shell of moderate dimensions, distinctly scalarifo~m. 

Whorls 5 exclusive of the 2¥2 small, smooth, gently 

rounded, nuclear turns. Spire pagoda-like, elevated; 

early whorls merely convex, the later, strongly carinated. Body rather slender, the shoulder conspicuously developed. Sculpture initiated by faint arcuate 

axials; spirals introduced on initial half turn of conch. 

Adult costae broad, evenly arched, and separated by 

equally broad, ·concave intercostals, numbering 11 or 12 

to the turn; evanescent on the shoulder. Spirals continuous from nucleus to basal sulcus; very low, proximate fillets, somewhat irregular in width and spacing, • 

though unaffected by the axial sG,ulpture, numbering 11 

or 12 on the later whorls of the spire and 18 to 20 on 

the body. Peripheral spiral more prominent than the 

rest, the shoulder spirals increasingly feeble toward the 

suture! Suture distinct; undulated by the costals of 

the preceding whorl. Aperture more than one third the 

total height, broadly lenticular. Labrum subvaricose, 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 253 

evenly arcuate, irregularly lirate within. Labium e~­

cavated at the base of the body whorl, heavily calloused; 

a denticle usually developed near the posterior sulcus 

and smaller wrinklings behind the feeble marginal fold; 

intermediate lirae smnetimes present. Anterior canal 

very short. Anterior fasciole cut off from the body 

by a gutter; arched, spirally sculptured in the young;' 

the spirals supplanted later by heavy incrementals 

which follow the outline of the deep. basal notch. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 11.5 mm.; diameter, 

6.2mm. · 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 497250. 

Type locality: Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. 

Waccamaw formation. 

Uzlta zeta differs from U. consensa (Ravenel), its 

probable descendant, by the more slender, scalariform 

outline, the very much more strongly angulated whorls, 

the partial obliteration of the axial sculpture on the 

posterior third of the later whorls, and the much coarser 

spir.al sculpture, which is due to elevated lirations 

rather than to impressed lines. 

• Mansfield, 1930, described from the Cancellaria zone 

of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida two subspecies of U zita cons ens a, but neither exhibits the angular periphery developed on the final whorls of U. zeta. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing and 

Cronly, Columbus County, N. 0. 

Uzita vibex (Say) 

Plate 30, figure 23 

1822. Nassa vibem Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st 

ser., vol. 2, p. 231. 

1890. Nassa vibem Say. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. · 

3, pt. 1, p. 132. 

Shell cancellate, ventricose, cenereous or pale reddish-brown, 

with two or three irregular, sometimes obsolete darker fa$cia; 

body whorl with twelve thick, prominent costa, and about as 

many revolving filiform lines, which are not much elevated, and 

but simply crenate the costa and lip; labrum incrassated, with 

about two more prominent teeth within; labium callous; spire 

short, rapidly attenuated to an acute tip. 

Length three-fifths of an inch. 

Inhabits the southern and middlecoast. 

Cabinet of the Academy and Philadelphia Museum. 

Rather rare. I found but four specimens. For the locality of 

the coast of the middle states, I am indebted to my brother, 

Mr. B. Say, who brought me a specimen from the shores of New 

Jersey.-Say, 1822. 

Shell of medium size, rather squat, rudely pyramidal. 

Whorls closely appressed, 5 to 7, exclusive of the 1% 

to 2 small, smooth, convex, nuclear turns. Whorls of 

spire flat-sided,_ trapezoidal, tapering rapidly; body 

whorl broadly inflated, abruptly contracted at the base. 

Surface reticulated ; the axial's the first to appear. 

Costae narrow, rounded, -slightly irregular, and undulatory, 12 to 14 to the whorl, interrupted at the suture but 

seldom alternate, retractive, performing about half a 

turn, separated by concave intercostals of approxi-

. mately equal width. Spirals low, flat bands, overrunning the costal and intercostal areas ; primarjes 3 or 

4 on the whorls of the spire; the 2 anterior proximate, 

the posterior near the suture and somewhat isolated 

from thpse in front; body primaries about 10; secondaries commonly introduced between the first and second 

primaries both of the spire and of the body; interspaces 

may be slightl'y wider than the primaries. Suture incised, slightly undulated by the costae of the preceding 

whorl. Aperture broadly lenticular. Labium deeply 

excavated. Parietal callus heavy, reflected widely 

over the face of the body and produced- backward almost to the suture; the outline included within the 

labrum and the outer margin of the callus rudely rectangular. Columella fringed with short dentate 

wrinkles. Labrum posteriorly produced and subvaricose in the adult, flaring toward the anterior canal, lirate 

within; the anterior and posterior lirae heavier than 

the intermediate lirae and proximate to and directly 

opposite correspondingly heavy lirae on the labium, 

thus partially enclosing the orifices both for the anterior and the posterior siphons. Canal incipient. Anterior fasciole cut off by a gutter from. the base of the 

body; scul'ptured with incrementals and a few, feeble, 

irregular spirals; deeply and obliquely emarginate. 

The young are relatively higher with a longer anterior canal and lack the characteristic features of the 

aperture. 

The Miocene representatives differ from the Recent 

in the broader and more prominent costae and in the 

more inconstant number and spacing of the spirals. 

The coexiste-nt Tertiary species of similar outline exhibit 

a closer and, usually, a more regular spiral sculpture. 

Dimensions of· figured specimen : Height, 16.3 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 10.0 mm. 

A Recent shell is figured, U.S.N.M. 54738, dredged 

off the Carolina coast, 25 miles southeast of Cape Fear, 

in 15 fathoms on a sandy bottom. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; 2 miles below 

Lumberton and 4 to 5 miles below Lumberton on the Lumber 

River, Robeson County. Croatan sand, Slocums Creek, 15 miles 

below New Bern, Neuse Hiver, Craven County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplirr marl, Pee Dee River, 

Florence(?) County (Tuomey and Holmes) ; 5 miles southeast 

of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. Pliocene, Caloosahatchee 

marl, Sanford, Orange County. Caloosahatchee River, Shell 

Creek and 1\L[yakka River, Fla. Pleistocene, Orient, Hillsboro Bay, Hillsboro County; North Creek and Manatee, Manatee County; Eau Gallie, Br-evard County; Labelle, Hendry 

County, Fla. Recent, Boston Harbor to Bahia, in 0 to 3 fathoms 

on muddy beaches. 

Family F ASCIOLARIIDAE 

Genus F ASCIOLARIA Lamarck 

1799. Fasci{)laria Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles: Soc. histoire nat. Paris Mem., p. 73. 

Type by monotypy: Murem tulipa Linnaeus. Recent, on the 

East Coast from Hatteras to Cartagena. 
254 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Fasciolaria sparrowi Emmons 

Plate 32, figure 11 

1858. FasciolaTia sparrow·i Emmons, North Carolina Geol. 

Survey Rept., p. 253, fig. 115. 

1890. Fasciolaria sparrowi Emmons. Dall, Wagner .Pree Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 104. 

1892. Fasciolar/a (Spat·rmci var. ?) ac-uta Emmons. Dall. idem, 

pt. 2, pp. 229, 230. 

1930. Fasciolar·ia sparrowi Emmons. Mansfield, Florida Geot. 

Survey Bull. 3, p. 62, pl. 8, fig. 2. 

1940. ( ?) FasC'iolaria papillosa duplinensis Burnett Smith, 

Palaeontographica Americana, vol. 2, No. 11, p. 5, pl. 1 

figs. 1. 2. 

Shell rather thick, turbinate; whirls six or seven rounded, 

ornamented with spiral, and rather rounded ribs ; ribs of the 

body-whirl, about ten, striated longitudinally, but obliquely 

striated on the upper part of the whirl; plaits, three upon the 

pillar lip; the ribs alternate, being coarser and finer for the ribs 

which belong strictly to the aperture; aperture larger than the 

spire. 

This species is quite distinct from the former [Fa.sciularia 

elegans Emmons], the ribs are less numerous, flatter, and the 

striae are partly oblique and partly longitudinal, or in the 

direction of the axis of the shell. The five upper whirls have 

varices in both species. Rare in the miocene marl bed of Mrs. 

Purdys, Bladen county. One-half the size. 

This fine fossil is dedicated to Thos. Sparrow, Esq., of Beaufort county.-Emmons, 1858. 

F. Sparrowi has been poorly described by Emmons, and it is 

necesfofirY to devote some study to his description in order to 

understand exactly what his phrases mean. The typical Sparrowi differs from the broad specimens of F. acuta in the character of the spiral sculpture, which is sparser, not carinate, with 

rounded or flat-topped, rather widely separated, elevated threads, 

with the small intercalary thread often wanting. The aperture 

is flexuous, the outer lip recedes toward the periphery, and then 

proceeds forward nearly parnllel with tlle axis, so that the incremental lines cross the axis obliquely behind the periphery and 

axially in front of it, the periphery being marked by one or more 

stronger spirals, behind which the whorl is flattened toward the 

suture. The whorls are crossed by ten or twelve rounded, 

rather prominent, slightly flexuous ribs, which become ob-;olete 

toward the suture, and on the last whorl are well marked only 

toward the periphery. The interspaces of the spirals are more 

or less channelled, while in acutn the spirals are keeled or 

sharp-edged, and slope evenly toward the middle of the interspaces from the keel. In acttfa there are no well-defined ribs 

on the body-whorl, the shell is less flattened in front of the 

suture, and has a longer and more twisted canal, being, on the 

whole, a long~r and more slender shell, with more c;rowded 

sculpture and less regular ribbing. * * *.-Dall, 1892. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural "\Yell, 

Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, Mrs. Purdy's marl bed, 

Bladen (?) County (Emmons). 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Alum Bluff (upper bed), Fla. 

Mansfield records the species from the Ecphora zone of the 

Choctawhatchee formation of Florida. 

Fasciolaria cronlyensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 36, figures 1, 2, 3, 6 

Shell large, known only :from :fragmentary material. 

Protoconch and earliest whorls of conch lost. Spire 

high and slender, the shoulder inclined at an angle 

o:f about 45° and wider than the height o:f the whorl 

in :front o:f the shoulder. Sides o:f whorls nearly vertical; on the later volutions sloping inward slightly toward the axis o:f the shell. Body slender, drawn out 

in :front into a long neck. Axials blunt, well-rounded, 

approximately equal in width to the interaxials, noding 

the periphery and undulating the sides of the whorl 

but evanescent on the shoulder. Spirals broad and flat, 

not very regular in width and spacing, 3 or 4 in :front 

of the periphery; shoulder spirals similar in general 

character but lower and more irregular; base o:f body 

girdled with 2 wider spirals; the canal heavily cor<;led. 

Sutures undulated by the axials, channelled on the later 

whorls. Outline of aperture lost because o:f the brea~­

ing of the outer lip. Inner margin o:f aperture feebly 

sigmoidal. Columellar folds oblique, parallel; the 

medial :fold the most elevated, the posterior scarcely 

reaching the mouth o:f the aperture, the anterior :formed 

by the pinched pillar margin. , Parietal wall very 

heavily calloused, the margin o:f the callus distinct 

:from the body wall. Lip reverted in the umbilical 

area and :free. Anterior :fasciole compressed anq 

twisted. U1nbilicus a narrow open trough between the 

anterior fasciole and the reverted inner lip. 

Dimensions estimated from 2 cotypes: Height, 175 

mm.; diameter, 60 mm. 

Cotypes: U.S.N.M. 325389. 

Type locality: N eills Eddy Landing, Columbus 

County, N. C. Waccamaw :formation. 

The unusual character o:f the shell, the large size, 

angular outline and coarse, flattened spiral sculpture 

seem to justify the description of the species :from 

material so imperfect and so meager. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape F2ar River,. 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, 

N.C. . 

Genus PERISTERNIA Morch 

1852. Per.isternia Morch, Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit 

· D. Alphonso d'Aguirra et Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, pt. 1, 

p. 99. 

Type by subsequent designation ( Cossmann, Essais paU~oconchologie comp., vol. 4, p. 47, 1901) : Tttrbinella nassatula Lamarck. 

Recent, in the Indian Ocean. 

Shell of medium size, stout, fusiform in outline. 

Sculpture vigorous and regular and both axial and 

spiral.. Aperture spatulate. Labrum somewhat thickened, !irate within. Labium excavated at the base o:f 

the whorl, bearing at the entrance to the canal 1 or 2 

prominent plaits. Canal short and slightly recurved. 

Umbilicus imperforate. 

The genus is first recognized in the Eocene and has 

a meager representation throughout the remainder o:f 

the Tertiary. The Recent species are :for the most part 

confined to the warmer waters, particularly to the 

Indian Ocean and the Polynesian and China seas. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 255 

Peristernia filicata Conrad, suhsp.? 

Pia te 28, :figure 14 

Shell rather heavy, buccinoid. Aperture approximately half the total height. Whorls of conch 4 to. 6, 

convex, rapidly increasing in diameter. Protoconchal 

whorls decorticated in all the available materi~l. Axial 

sculpture of broad, rounded, gently and commonly irregularly undulatory costals, usually 10 on the later volutions, separated by narrower intercostals. Spiral sculpture of sharply elevated primaries which tend to 

strengthen and expand when overriding the secondaries; 1, rarely 2, secondaries intercalated in the .interspiral areas. Five or 6 equal and oblique spirals on 

canal. Suture line impressed, undulated by the costals. 

of the preceding whorl. Characters of aperture and 

canal similar to those of P. filicata (Conrad) , 1843.21 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 17.0 1nm.; 

. maximum diameter, 10.3 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325398. 

Type locality : Two 1niles southeast of Tug,well, Pitt 

County, N. C. Yorktown formation. 

Peristernia filicata differs from the usual examples 

of the species in the less vigorous and usually less regular and more numerous costals and the less prominent 

and usually closer and less regular spirals. 

The known range of the variant is limited to the 

Yorktown formation of North Carolina. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 2 miles southeast of Tugwell, 2lf.l miles north of Standard, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, 1% miles west of Greenville. 9 to 10 miles south of Greenville, and 1 mile northwest of Galloway crossroads, Pitt County, 

N.C. 

Family FUSINIDA.E 

Genus FUSINUS Ra:flnesque 

1815. Fusinus Ra:finesqne, Analyse de la nature, p. 145. Substitute name for Fusus "Lamarck" Brugiere, 1789. 

Type by monotypy : Mut·em colus Linnaeus. Recent, in the 

Indo-Pacific. • 

Dall 22 and Woodring 23 have discussed the involved 

synonymy of the group, which has been prized for its 

beauty by collectors since the days of the prebinomial 

writers. The phylogeny of the genus was studied by 

Grabau,24 formerly of Columbia University. 

Shell fairly large, many whorled, slender, spindleshaped. Protoconch of about Vh volutions; the first 

farge, smooth, and tilted slightly; the last half turn 

21 Conrad, T. A., Descriptions of a new genus and of twenty-nine new 

Miocene, and one Eocene, fossil shells of the United States : Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 1st ser., vol. 1, p. 308. Described as Buccinum 

(Pollia) filicatum Conrad. 

m Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of the 

Pacific Coast. I, Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oreg.: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 59, p. 36, 1909. 23 Woodring, W. P., 'Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2, 

Gastropods and discussion of results: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

385, p. 256, 1928. 24 Grabau, A. W., Phylogeny of Fusus and its allies: Smithsonian Misc. 

Coli. No. 1417, pp. 1-192, 23 text figs., pis. 1-18, 1904. · 

75499:?:-48--6 

axially costate and cut off from the conch by a varical 

riblet. Conch strongly threaded with spiral cords and 

axially rippled with obtuse ribs most proroinent perip;herally. Aperture obliquely lenticular; abruptly 

constricted into an exceedingly slender canal. Canal 

sfightly warped toward the anterior extremity, open 

only along a narrow slit and in the type half as long 

as the entire shell. Outer lip arcuate, finely crenate 

,along the margin, lirate within. Inner lip adnate to 

the body wall, sharp edged. · 

Fusinus exilis (Conrad) 

Plate 32, figure 10 

1832. Fusus emilis Conrad, Fossil shells of the •.rertiary formations of North America, vol. 1, No. 1, p. 17, pl. 3, :fig. 2 

(both rear and apertural views). 

1856. (1) Cohts emilis (Conrad). •.ruomey and Holmes, Pleiocene fossils of South .Carolina, p. 150, pl. 30, fig. 5. • 

Not Fusus emUis Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey 

Rept., p. 251, :fig. 111A, 1858. 

1861. Fusus em:Zis Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary of the 

United States, p. 85, pl. 49, :fig. 1 (fig. 4 excluded). 

1890. Fusus exilis Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 'Prans., 

vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 126, 127. 

1910. Fusu8 emilis? Conrad. Engerrand and Urbina, Soc. Geol. 

Meximna Bol., vol. 6, p. 127. 

Fusiform, elongated, with longitudinal undulated ribs, and 

revolving striae, acute, elevated and alternately smaller; beak 

produced, nearly straight; aperture half the length of the shell. 

I..~omlity. James River, Va.-Conrad, 1832. 

Engerrand and Urbina referred questionably to Conrad's species imperfect material from Zuluzum, Chiapas, 

Mexico. The specific identity of the forms from 

Chiapas and from Virginia is extremely doubtful. 

Mansfield, 1930, described, under the name of F1tBinus 

dalli, a species occurring in the Ecphora and Cancellaria 

zones of the Choctawhatchee formation that Dall had 

included under F. exilis in his 1903 checklists. The 

Florida species is a stouter, more inflated shell, with a 

much lower spire and a sparser sculptural pattern. 

Distribution : Miocene, James River, Virginia. The species 

is not represented in the later collections. 

Outside distribution: Duplin marl?, Pee Dee River, Florence? 

County, S. C. (Tuomey and Holmes). 

Fusinus hurnsii (Dall) 

Plate 32, figure 5 

1861. Fusus emilis Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary of the 

United States, pl. 49, fig. 4 (synonymy and fig. 1 E'Xcluded). 

1890. Fusus but·nsii Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci.· Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 1, p. 126. 

F'. Burnsii is named in honor of Mr. Frank Burns, of the 

U. S. Geological Survey, to whose ability and energy as a collector of fossils in the Southern Tertiary I am greatly indebted. 

F. Rurnsii resembles F. emilis, but wants the ribs on the last 

whorl,· which is· fuller and rounder, while the earlier whorls 

are more acute. The spiral threads are minutely notched or 

serrated by impressed incremental lines 'on the upper wh{)rls. 

It also resembles F. equali.~. which is a more robust shell, with 

coarser sculpture, and built on a larger scale. There is some 
256 MOLLUS9A FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

reason to believe that Mr. Conrad considered F. Burnsii as avariety of his F. emilis, from a MS. note in one of the books 

belonging to the late F. B. Meek, but if this was his opinion 

I cannot joi'n in it. . Prof. Meek has also recorded his opinion 

that the two were distinct.-Dall, 1890. 

Type locality: James River, near Smithfield, Va. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 63 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 22 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 97 492, from Petersburg, V a. Yorktown formation. 

Shell rather large, 7 or 8 whorl's, regularly fusiform. 

Aperture a little more than half the total height. Maximum diameter at or a little in front of the median line. 

Spire slender, the volutions convex, tapering gradua.lly 

to an acute apex. Protoconch of 1lf2 to 2 whorls; initial 

turn smooth, convex, tilted, of approximately the same 

size A-s the succeeding volution~ final hal'f turn of protoconch sculptured with about 12 axial riblets, separated 

by narrower interspaces. First whorl of conch marked 

by the initiation of the spiral sculpture. Spirals vigorous, covering the shell from protoconch to base of 

anterior canal; sharply elevated, in cross section like 

an inverted V, the primaries 4 to 6 on the whorls of 

the spire and 20 on the body whorl and pillar; small'er 

sharply ridged secondaries intercalated between the 

primaries and separated from them by linear interspaces; tertiaries occasionally introduced on the periphery of the final whorl. Typical axial sculpture of 

some 10 broadly arched, undulating costals, separated 

by concave intercostals of approximately the same 

width, strongest on the periphery, weakening anteriorly and co~monly evanescing completely before 

reaching the posterior suture; in the adults, obsolete on 

the body and in some individuals on the final whorl of 

the spire; fine crinkled incrementals faintly visible 

over the entire external surface, least feeble in front 

of the suture. Anal fasciol'e obscurely differentiated by 

the tendency toward the evanescence of the axial sculpture and the much finer spiral sculpture. Pillar rather 

broad, more sharply sculptured than the ·rest of the 

shell; anterior fasciole threaded with 6 crowded inconspicuous lirae. Aperture spatulate. Columellar lip 

slightly sinuous, contracted at the base of the body 

whorl'. Parietal wall so thinly glazed posteriorly that 

the spiral sculpture is not obliterated; the callus 

abruptly thickening at the turn in the columella. Anterior canal long, slender, with para1lel margins; 

obliquely truncate at the base. 

The characteristic sculpture of Fusinus burnsii (Dall) 

is distinct from that of its nearest kin. The spirals are 

prominent, close-set, in cross section like an inverted V; 

the intercalated secondaries of similar outline, thus giving in cross section the contour of a saw with alternating, larger and smaller teeth. In F. heilprini Gardner the spirals are flattened on the top and separated 

by much wider interspaces without intercalated secondaries. In F .. ewilis (Conrad) both the primaries and 

secondaries are relatively narrower at the base than in 

F. burnsii (Dall) and separated by wider interspaces 

in which the incrementals are plainly visible. 

Mansfield, 1935, described from the Area zone of the 

Chocta whatchee formation, in Walton County, Fla., 

Fusinus alaquaensis, closely allied to F. burnsii but more 

slender, and apparently with a less persistent axial 

sculpture. 

Distribution: Virg.inia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County ; Petersburg, Dinwiddie County ; 5 miles northeast of 

Smithfield, and at Fergusson's Wharf, Isle of Wight County; 

7 to 7lh miles below Zuni on the Blackwater, Sycamore on the 

Nottoway, and M:lddelys Bluff on the Meherrin River, South-

·ampton County; a quarter of a mile north of Chuckatuck, 1lh 

miles north of Suffolk, 1% miles northeast of Suffolk, 1 mile 

northeast of Suffolk, and half a mile below the Suffolk waterwoTks dam, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, (?)Colerain Landing, 

on the Chowan River, Bertie County; Shiloh Mills on the Tar 

River, Edgecombe County ; 2 miles southeast of Tugwell on 

Jacob's Branch, 2% miles north of Standard, 1% miles west of 

Greenville on Schoolhouse Branch, G~eenville, just east of 

County bridge, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville and 1 mile 

northwest of Galloway crossroads, Pitt County. 

Fusinus heilprini Gardner, n. sp. 

1863. Neptunea equalis Conrad (part), Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel· 

phia Proc. for 1862, p. 560. 

Not Pustts equal,ls Emmons, 1858. 

1890. Fusus equalis Emmons (part). Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 126. 

1892. Fusus equalis Emmons. Dall, idem, pt. 2, p. 234, .ul. 14, 

fig. 3b. 

1909. Heilprinia equalis (Emmons). Grabau and Shimer, North 

American index fossils, vol. 1, p. 775, fig. 1131b. 

Shell moderately farge, heavy, rather stol;l.t for the 

genus; maximum diameter a little behind the median 

horizontal. Whorls approximately 7, broadly convex, 

tapering rapidly to an acute apex. Protoconch small, 

including a little more than 2 whorls; tilted and immersed at the extreme tip; high and full medially, 

obliquely flattening on the final half turn; axial costae 

introduced within the first whorl, n1ore closely spaced 

toward the close of the final whorl. Opening of conch 

marked by appearance of initial spiral outlining the 

· shoulder margin and later forming the prominent anterior spiral of the adolescent shell; a second primary, 

posterior to the first, introduced within the first quarter 

turn of the conch; 2 secondaries and a sutural cord manifest on the shoulder before the close of the first whorl 

of the conch. Earlier whorls of conch axially undulated by 9 to 11 broadly arched costals, separated by 

narrower, more convex intercostals; ribs most strongly 

defined on earliest volutions, gradually becoming 

broader and less elevated and evanescing altogether on 

the later whorls of the adult spire. Spiral sculpture 

developed over the ,entire shell ; first 2 or 3 turns of the 

conch sculptured with only 2 narrow, moderately ~le-
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND. GASTROPODA 257 

vated primary lirae which overrun the costals and a 

few secondaries; later whorls of the spire usually exhibiting 4 to 6 equisized and equispaced lirae on the 

medial and anterior portions, separated by interspirals 

of approximately double the width of the spirals, and 

4 to 6 finer, more closely spaced lirae on the posterior 

portion of the whorl. Body sculpture similar in character to that of the spire; 4 or 5 relatively fine, crowded 

lirae in front of the suture and between them and the 

opening of the anterior canal, 12 or 14 more elevated 

and distant lirations ; spirals on the canal acute and 

more prominent than any of those behind them, a pproximately 10, exclusive of occasional secondaries and 

6 or more very fine, crowded, and minutely· crenulated 

lirae on the siphonal fasciole. · Incrementals strong, 

most obvious on the interf'pirals of the canal. Suture 

line distinct, impressed. Aperture between two-thirds 

and three-fourths of the totalaltitude. Outer lip thin., · 

simple, broadly arcuate, sculptured internally by linear 

lirations corresponding in position to· the· interspiral 

areas of the exterior. Inner lip gently excavated, the 

curyature less than that of the outer lip. Parietal wall 

heavily glazed, lirate in harmony with .the spirals; the 

lirae persistent apparently to the apex~ Anterior canal 

long, straight, the margins parallel and proximate, the 

extremity obliquely truncate. 

The specimen figured by Dall in 1892 is considered 

. the holotype. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 90 mm. ; diameter, 

38mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 112381. 

Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C. 

Duplin marl. 

Emmons, in the report of the North Carolina Survey 

for 1858, described and poorly figured under the name 

F-wsu8 eq'ualis, a form from Walkers Bluff that is 

probably identical with F. caloosaensis carolinensis 

Dall. Two of the most striking diagnostics of . Heilprin's F. caloosaensis, the length of the pillar and 

the sharp contraction at the base of the body whorl, 

show up well in Emmons' figure, crude as it is. 

The sculpture is similar to that of F. caloosaensis, 

except for the apparent restriction of the axials 

to the earlier whorls, and differs fro~ the species 

just_ described in the less numerous and more equispaced spiral lirations. However, the figure is so 

generalized that ~t is unsafe, in any case, to count 

on the verity of the details. The forrns commonly 

assigned to Fusinus equalis (Emmons) and now segregated under F. heilprini are larger, heavier, more 

regularly fusiform, with a somewhat shorter, broader 

pillar, less sharply differentiated from the body whorl; 

stronger, n1ore numerous spirals, more uniform in size 

and spacing and a less persistent axial sculpture than 

that of F. carolinensis. Emmons' type locality is 

Walkers Bluff on.the Cape Fear River, N. C., and F. 

carolinensis has not been reported except from·the Waccamaw formation of the Carolinas; F. heilprini, on the 

contrary, is confined apparently, to the Duplin marl. 

Fusitnus heilprini is a stouter shell also than either 

F. burnsii (Dall) or F. exilis (Conrad) ; it differs, furthermore, in the less persistent axial sculpture and a 

spiral sculpture of obtuse lirations _,without intercalcaries in place of sharp lirations with intercalcaries as 

in both F. bW!'n8ii and F. exilis. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest 

· of Magnolia, and at Mr. W. H. Kornegay's marl pit, 4 miles northeast of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. c:-

Fusinus rappahannockensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 32, figures 6, "1 

Shell slender, fusiform, acutely tapering above and 

belo.w, whorls 5 or 6. Prontoconch small and smooth; 

apex of spire so badly decorticated that, it is impossible 

to determine th(l exact number of turns, though it probably does not exceed 1¥2. Volutions of conch convex, 

well·rounded at the periphery; early whorls undulated 

by 13 to 16 axial riblets, gradually weakening o~ the 

later whorls and becoming obsolete on the body. Incrementals visible on the fasciole and pillar without 

the aid of a lens. Almost the entire surface of the shell 

covered with low, flat, spiral bands; lirae well rounded 

on the early whorls of the spire, subnodular at the intersection with the costae, broadening and flattening on 

the final whorl of the spire; the spirals in on13 of the two 

cotypes increasing to 4, the second and third the broadest and the most prominent, that nearest the posterior 

suture relatively weak, the fourth, the last of the primaries to appear, introduced directly behind the anterior suture, partially concealed near its origin by the 

succeeding whorl but gradually broadening.and increasing in prominence. Secondaries about one-half the 

,width of the primaries, and separated from them by 

linear grooves; 17 primaries on the body whorl and 

pillar, those on the periphery broad, flat, and low, gradually becoming more rounded toward the base of the 

pillar; equisized secondaries, a little more than half as 

, wide as the primaries regularly inserted on the posterior 

part of the whorl, becoming more narrow toward the 

pillar and finally disappearing. Whorls app~ssed; suture somewhat wrinkled by the incrementals. Anal 

fasciole wide, slightly concave, persisting well up toward the apex. Aperture obliquely pyriform, the curve 

unbroken at the posterior commissure. Margin of outer 

lip crenulated by the spiral lirations, in one individual 

produced backward so that it conceals the anterior primary of the preceding volutions. Labrum lined with 

a smooth callus. Columella excavated, covered .with a 

thin wash. Canal rather long, originating abruptly, 

gently re~urved, the margins parallel and proximate. 

Terminal notch very shallow. 

-. 
258 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Dimensions : Height of first cotype, 15 mm. ; maximum diameter, 7 mm. Height of second cotype, 15.2 

mm.; maximum diameter, 6.1 mm. 

Cotypes: U.S.N.M. 325397. 

Type locality: One to 2 mil'es below Bowlers Wharf, 

op. the Rappahanno~k River, Essex County, Va. S~. 

Marys formation. · 

The species is represented only by th,e two cotypes. 

Fusinus rusticu.s (Conrad) is perhaps the nearest to 

this species. The latter is readily separated from it by 

the more slender outline, the more tapering spire consequent upon the lower ratio between the diameter and 

height, and the regular undulations confined to the 

early whorls. 

Superfamily VOL UTACEA 

Family OLIVIDAE 

Genus OLIVA Martyn 

1786. Oliva Martyn, Uniwrsal conchologist, ~ol. 3, Explanatory 

table, pl. 111. 

Type by subsequent designation (Dan, U.S.N.l\1. Proc., vol. 29, 

p. 428, 1905) : (Jliva corticata Martyn. Recent, off the coasts 

of Guinea. 

Oliva idonea Conrad 

Plate 38, figures 1, 8 

1889. (April) Oliva idonea Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary of the United States, No. 1, inside of back cover. 

Shell subcylindrical, thick: suture profound; s-ummit of penultimate whorl slightly carinated in consequence of a slight 

submarginal groove. Length 1% inches, width 11fs inches. 

Locality, with preceding [Set·pula virginica from "near Urbanna, Virg."].-Conrad, 1839. 

The figured specimen is presumably the holotype but 

it exceeds the crude measurements given by Conrad. 

This middle Miocene representative of the Oli-va retiC'l-tlaris and 0. sayana group is broader, relatively, and 

the maximum diameter· fall's farther forward than in 

either the other Tertiary allied species or the Recent 

forms. The group is abundantly represented in the 

middle and upper Miocene of the Caribbean region, but 

the temperature conditions in Miocene times along the 

middle Atlantic slope were less favorable to war1n water 

forms. Oliva eborea, also from the Miocene of Virginia, is similar to ·0. idonea in outline and relative 

dimensio:88 but se.ems to be a smaller shell, with an 

outer l'ip more flaring anteriorly though not at all expanded directly in front of the commissure. 

Oliva idonea is comparatively rare in the St. Marys 

formation of Urbanna, V a. 

Oliva eborea (Conrad) 

Plate 38, figure 15 

1862. Dactylus (Strephona) eboreus Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 287. 

Slightly tumid on the upper part of body whorl; whorls 6 in 

number, the penultimate contracted below the suture; columella 

slightly tumid, with numerous acute· pl~its, and five oblique 

plaits at base, four of them elongated. Locality. Virginia.-

Conrad, 1862. 

Holotype? : Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1612. 

0 liva eborea suggests 0. idonea in outline and relative dimensions, but it is. little more than half as large 

as the holotype of 0. idonea, although the development 

of the callus in 0. eborea indicates a fully adult shell. 

In addition, the outer lip flares more widely in front, 

and the angle at the posterior commissure is more acute 

than in 0. idonea. The relatively broad outline and 

forward placement of the maximum diameter, characters common to- both of the species from Virginia, separate them from 0. reticularis and its subspecies and 

from the majority of the southern Olivas. Oliva liodes 

w.altoniana, from the Shoal River formation of Florida, 

is about the sam~ size and only slightly more slender. 

The aperture of the Florida form is not so wide as in 

the 1nore northern· and probably younger species, and 

the margins of the aperture are more nearly parallel. 

Mansfield reports 0 liva eborea from both the upper 

and lower parts of the St. Marys formation of the 

Rappahannock River, Va. 

Oliva robesonensis Gardner, n. sp. 

·Plate 38, figures 16, 17 

Shell smah for the genus, heavy, porcelaneous, subcylindrical. Surface smooth except for a few incrementals that are scarcely perceptible in the fresh shells 

though brought out in weathering. Volutions 6 or 7. · 

Spire short, one-third to one-fourth of the entire shell, 

tapering gradually to a subacute apex. Nucleus not well 

differentiated. First 2 or 3 coils convex, with well 

rounded shoulders; remaining whorls of spire trapezoidal. Body whorl slightly globose just anterior to 

the suture line and somewhat contracted at the base. 

Suture deeply channelled on the later volutions, shallowing as it approaches the apex; channel formed by 

undercutting of the base of the whorl posterior to it, 

lhnited anteriorly by the sharp edge of the succeeding 

turn. Aperture about two-thirds the total altitude; 

narrow .with subparallel margins. Outer lip comparatively thin, sharp edged, flaring slightly at the base. 

Labium a little shorter than the labrum, obliquely truncate near the base. Heavy depo~it of callus extending 

from the posterior margin of the body whorl to the 

anterior, abruptly thickening near the base; callus 

sharply demarked by a line which originates hack of 

the posterior commissure, contracts toward the aperture 

just anterior to the middle of the whorl and abruptly 

expands at the basal thickening of the deposit; posterior 

and central portions of callus folded into 10 to 12 wrinkles set at right angles to the axis of the shell; heavier 

anterior portion sculptured with 3 to 6 sharp ridges that 

are slightly undercut posteriorly and extend almost but 

not quite to the basal notch; 2 much thinner additional 

coats of enamel spread out over the anterior area; the 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 259 

later of the 2 bounded by a line that originates at the 

columellar callus just back of the maximum deposition 

and that after passing the basal notch runs parallel to 

the margin of the shell at a distance of about 1 millimeter from it and, in some individuals, turns the angle at 

the base of the labrum and continues up along its outer 

margin almost to the sut11_ral channel; line marking 

posterior limit .of earlier deposit rising in central portion of labium and extending around the shell, reaching 

the margin of the labrum at about three-fourths of the 

distance from the posterior canal. Basal notch oblique 

and very deep. 

Dimensions: Holotype height, 17.2 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 7.2 mm. Paratype height, 18.4 mm.; maximum diameter, 7.8 mm. 

Types : Holotype, U.S.N.M. 325377, from 1 Inile 

west of Lumberton, Robeson County, N.C. Paratype, 

U. S. N. M. 325379, from 2 miles below Lumberton, 

Robeson County, N. C. Both holotype and paratype 

from the Duplin marl. 

Oli,va robesone-n.'3is is a. well characterized species. 

It is separated from 0. reticUlaris by the smaller size 

and the more gradually tapering spiral whorls that 

exhibit no tendency toward the slight concavity apparent in most of the reticularis group. Young 0. 

reticularis of the same size as 0. robesonensis are readily 

separable by the shorter spire terminating in a more 

obtuse apex, the more cylindrical outline, the closer 

contraction of the body whorl anterioriy, the shallower 

sutural channel, and the absence of the heavy pillar 

callus. Some specimens of Olivella mutica attain the 

height of this small Oliva, but they can be recognized 

by the less oblique and more shallow basal notch. In 

addition, the outline of 0. muti<!tt is more elliptical, 

the. body whorl shorter and the sutural channel less 

profound. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, 4 miles north of Lumberton, 1 

mile west of Lumberton, and 2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson 

County, N. C. 

Genus OLIVELLA Swainson 

1831. Olivella Swainson, Zoological illustrations, 2d ser., vol. 2, 

pl. 58, and text. 

Type by subsequent designation (Dall. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 59, p. 31, 1909) : Olivella purpurata Swainson=Olivella 

dama Mawe. Recent, off the west coast from southern California to the Gulf of California. 

Small, polished; cylindrical shells, produced into 

tapering spires. Suture channelled. Aperture narrow 

posteriorly, dilated anteriorly. Outer lip simple, sharp. 

Inner lip calloused near the suture, obliquely plicate in 

front. Anterior extremity emarginate. 

Olivella is smaller than Oliva, the spire is higher, and 

the basal notch more shallow. In the living shells, 

Olivella is further distinguished by having an operculum but no eyes, wherea~ Oliva has eyes but no 

operculum. 

OliveUa has not been recorded from strata older than 

the Eocene. 

The distribution of the Recent Olivella is similar to 

that of Oliva. 

Olivella carolinae Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 38, figures 22, 23 

Shell of n1oderate dimensions, ovate conic. Whorls 

about 6lf2 in all, the first turn and a half comprising the 

small smooth blunt protoconch. Early whorls of conch 

very narrow, increasing rapidly in width, trapezoi~al 

in profile so that the spire as a whole is evenly tapering. 

Body broadly rounded, the greatest diameter falling 

near the median line of the shell. Whorls separated 

by channelled sutures; the margin undercut behind the 

suture; the margin in front of the suture, thin and 

sharp. Surface smooth and in the holotype retaining 

its high polish. Aperture cuneate, acutely angled posteriorly. Parietal callus heavy; tlie outer limit clearly 

defined, descending obliquely from the posterior suture 

of the body whorl to the callus encircling the terminal 

notch. A he_avy inner pad superimposed, scored with 

grooves normal to the axis of the shell posteriorly, 

oblique anteriorly; pillar slightly excavated near its 

extremity; callus abruptly thickened along the outer 

margin of this depression. Terminal IJ.Otch deep, broadly and obliquely U-shaped, the base of the body reinforced by a thin relatively wide band of callus heavier 

on the labial arn1 of the notch than on the labral, not 

eontinued backward along- the margin of the thin outer 

lip. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 16.2 mm.; diameter, I 

7.2mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N;M. 325378. 

Type and only locality: One mile west of Lumberton, 

Robeson County, N.C. Duplin marl. 

Olivella carolinae eovers relatively large, rather highspired forms included by some of the earlier authors 

under 0. mutica Say and by Dall, 1890, under 0. nitidu.Za (Dillwyn). It does not seem to be matched by any 

of the variants in the Choctawhatchee formation of 

Florida. The large size, about 3 times that of the common 0. mutica, and the rather high and very regular 

spire may serve to isolate the species. It has been recognizeu only at the type loeality. 

Family VOL UTIDAE 

The volutes as a family are separated from the Marginellidae, on the one hand, by the larger size, the unpolished surface, the greater prominence of the anterior 

eanal and the eolum~lla bent slightly toward the axis 

of the shell; :from the Mitridae, on the other hand; by 

the decreasing prominence of the columellar :folds anteriorly instead of posteriorly. 
260 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND N.ORTH CAROLINA 

Dall,25 divided the family of the Volutidae into two 

subfamilies on the basis of the protoconchal characters. 

The Volutinae he characterized as follows: "Shell with 

the protoconch shelly and persistent, the adult usually 

elegantly coloured. * * * operculum usually absent; teeth of the radula usually in one tricuspid series." 

The name of the second subfamily, the Caricellinae, was 

incorrectly used by Dall to replace the older Scaphellinae, characterized as follows : "Shell with the protoconch membranous and caducous within the ovicapsule; operculum absent; other characters, much as in 

Voluta; the radula variable, sometimes absent." The 

name Caricellinae was chosen because the Eocene genus 

Oaricella is the ancestral type of the North American 

volutes possessing a membranous protoconch. All of 

the forms represented in the North Carolina Tertiary 

are assignable to the second subfamily. 

Genus S'CAPHELLA Swainson 

1832. Scaphella Swainson, Zoological illustrations, 2d ser., vol. 

2, pl. 87 ( expl. text) . 

1889. Scaphella Swainson em. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., vol. 18, p. 147. 

1890. Scaphella Swainson. Dall. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 79. 

1906. Maculopeplum Dall, Nautilus, vol. 19, p. 143. Type Voluta 

junonia Lamarck (sic) . , 

1907. Maculopeplum Dall, Smithonian Misc. Coli., vol. 48, pt. 3, 

p .. 370. 

Type by subsequent designation ( Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum, primordia, veil. 2, p. 423, 1848); Voluta 

junonia Chemnitz. Recent, from Cape Lookout to the Florida 

Keys and the Gulf of Mexico in 10 to 30 fathoms. 

The group differs from Aurinia in its preservation of normal 

characters, such as the solid and substantial shell, and well 

'developed columellar plaits, the anterior stronger. It agrees 

with that genus in starting W'ith a membranous protoconch, 

which is afterward lost; in having no radula or operculum; 

and in its style of coloration.-Dall, 1907. 

Scaphella trenholmii (Tuomey and Holmes) 

Plate 36, figure 5 

1856. Voluta Trenholmii Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene fossils 

· of South Carolina, p. 128, pl. 27, figs. 7, 8 .. 

1890. Scaphella 1.1renholmii Tuomey and Holmes. Dall, Wagner 

Free fnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 88, pl. 6, fig. 10. 

1930. Macrulopeplum trenholmii (Tnomey and Holmes). Mansfield, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 59, pl. 5, fig. 12. 

Shell fusiform, ventricose, whorls compressed above, spirally 

and transversely striated; striae at the base coarser and wrinkled; spire short, subcancellated, papillated; aperture semilunar; outer lip acute, smooth within; columellar lip very thin, 

decumbent, almost obsolete, semi-callous not distinguishable 

from body whorl. but by outline and color ; columellar varicose or 

tumid, tortqous, obliquely_plaited with three folds. 

The tumid ridge which begins at the middle plication on the 

columellar, is formed by the successive termination of the 

siphonic notch or beak, and produced by the transverse lines of 

growth. The semi-callous decumbent lip, described above is 

obsolete in the adult shell.-Tuomey and Holmes, 1856. 

25 Dall, W. H., Review of the American Volutidae, Smithsonian Misc. 

Coil., vol. 48, pt. 3, pp. 341-373, 1907. 

Type localities: Waccamaw, Georgetown County, 'and 

Sumter, Sumter County, S.C. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 68 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 29_ mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 114314, from llf2 miles: 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

An individual apparently referable to this. species, 

although unusually inflat~d, bearing 4 plaits instead of 

3 and attaining a maximum height of 105 millimeters, 

was collected in the vicinity of the Natural Well in 

Duplin County, N.C., by Mr. J.oseph Willcox and presented by him. to the Wagner Free Institute of Science 

in Philadelphia. 

Scaphella trenholmii is apparently a dependable, 

though rather rare, cachet of the upper Miocene of the 

southern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Duplin County, N. C. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl, Waccamaw and. 

Sumter, S. C. (Tuomey and Holmes). Choctawhatchee formation, Ecphora zone, Alum Bluff (upper bed), Liberty County, 

Fla. 

Scaphella precursor Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 36, figures 7-9 

.Scaphella precursor shares the general characteristics 

of .S. fioridana (Heilprin) from the Caloosahatchee formation, and the young S. floridana passes through a 

stage similar to that of the adult .S. precursor. The Waccama w species is a slender shell of probably 4 or 5 whor Is. 

The 19 or 20 ribs on the final whorl of the spire are 

sharp and V -shaped in cross section; the young S. 

fiqridana develops 20 similar ribs. The spirals are inconspicuous flat-topped, wavy lirae, fairly regular in 

spacing, not far from 60, separated in S. precursor by 

interspaces of about twice their breadth, in S. florida;na 

by interspaces of a fittle more than once their breadth. 

In both species there is a constriction with a pronounced 

change of sculpture anterior to the sutures. On the 

body whorl of the young S. floridana and the earlier 

whorls of S. prec-u,rsor, this takes the form of a row 

of detached nodules not unlike those of Terebra dislocata 

Say. ·On the· later whorls of S. precursor these postsutural nodules become obsolete and are replaced by a 

slightly convex area ornamented with about 8 rather 

pronounced, wavy spirals. Like the axial markings, 

the spirals persist within the aperture. The aperture 

is, unfortunately, badly broken in the two specimens of . 

.S. precursor that were collected. However, it was probably rather narrow, angulated posteriorly and flaring 

slightly anteriorly. The columella is straight and 

quadriplicate. The folds seem to be more conspicuous 

than those of S. floridana. . 

Dimensions of incomplete cotypes : First cotype 

height, 78 mm.; diameter, 28 mm. Second ootype 

height, 88 mm. 

Cotypes: U.S.N.M. 325387. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 261 

Type locality: Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

Two badly broken adult forms were collected from 

the marls. It is hoped that further material may fur- -. 

nish the young of this interestin·g volute. 

Genus AURINIA H. and A .. Adams 

1853. Aurinia H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 

1, p. 100. 

Type by monotypy : ilu'rinia d·ubia Broderip. Recent, from 

North Carolina to the Florida Keys and the Gulf of Mexico, in 

34 to 168 fathoms. Fossil in the late Tertiary of the southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain. 

' The genus is ~t apart from Soaphella by the development of no more than 2 columellar plaits and the 

obsolesence of these with age. The shell is thin· and the 

nucleus caricelloid. Dall regarded it as the degenerate 

descendant of the Eocene Oaricella. The group has 

been restricted to east American· wat~rs since its beginnings. 

Aurinia obtusa (Emmons) 

Plate 36, figure 10 

1858. Voluta obtusa Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., 

p. 263, fig. 141. 

1863. Volula obtusa Emmons. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 563 (name only). 

1890. Scaphella (Aurinia) obtusa Emmons. Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 80, pl. 7, fig. 7. 

1904. Scaphella (Aurinia) obtusa (Emmons). Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 175, pl. 44, fig. 11. 

Shell fusiform, contracted above the body-whirl, and forming . 

thereby a subcylindrical spire; spire obtu~e, apex papillated and 

hooked; body-whorl plaited longitudinally at its top ; columellar 

lip furnished with only two plaits.-Emmons, 1858. 

Type locality: Mr. Flower's marl pit, Bladen County, 

N.C. 

This species is known almost entirely from immature 

shells characterized by the bulbous nucleus, terminating 

posteriorly in an upturned tip, the subangular subtuberculated volutions of the spire, and the more or less 

shouldered body whorl, sculptured with well-developed 

:lncrementals and fine crowded spiral lirations. A.s in 

A urinia mntabilis, the 2 plaits terminate abruptly on 

reaching the aperture. It differs from the former species, however, in the broader, more bulbous protoconch. 

A. young form collected at Sycamore, V a., is similar 

in nuclear characters, form, and sculpture to the typical 

Aurinia obtusa but differs in the development of a 

third, less prominent, plait intercalated midway between the two stronger folds. 

The .figured specimen in the possession of the Wagner 

Free Institute of Science was collected by Mr. Joseph 

Willcox and is 127 millimeters high. It bears the ·name 

I.'Aurinia obtusa,'' but is doubtfully referable to that 

species. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, 

York County; Sycamore, Southampton County; Hitchcock, 

Greensville County; a quarter of a mile north of Chuckatuck, 

H~ miles north of Suffolk, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk _and at 

Suftolk, Nansemond County. 

~orth Carolina: Yorktown formation, 1 mile above Branchs 

Bridge, Northampton County; Murfreesboro. and Mt. Pleasant 

Landing, Hertford County; Colerain Landing, Bertie County; 

Palmyra Bluff, Halifax County ; 1 mile below old ·sparta Bridge, 

Edgecombe County ; 8 to 9 miles west of Greenville, 1lh miles 

west of Greenville, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, and 1 

mile northwest of Galloway crossroads near Winterville, Pitt 

County. Duplin marl, Natural Well near Magnolia, Duplin 

County. Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing on the 

Cape Fear River near Cronly, Columbus County; City Rock. 

Quarry at Wilmington, New Hanover County. Waccamaw 

formation(?), Mr. Flower's marl pit, Blad~n County. 

Outside distribution : Miocene, Calvert formation, Plum 

Point, Md. St. Marys formation, St. Marys River, Md. Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Nixons, Tilly Lake, and Todds 

Ferry, Horry County, S. C. 

Family M:ARGINELLIDAE 

Among the more comprehensive papers concerning 

the Marginellidae may be mentioned Jousseaume's 

"Coquilles de la famille des marginelles" published in 

the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1875, and two papers 

·by J. R. LeBrockton Tomlin, "A. systematic list of the 

Marginellidae,'' including Recent species only, and "A 

systematic list of the fossil Marginellidae." The first 

paper appeared in.the Proceedings of the Malacological 

Society of London, vol. 12, parts 5 and· 6, pp. 242 to 

306, in August and November, 1917; the second in the 

same journal, vol. 13, in August 1918, and April 1919. 

_The papers served as presidential addresses delivered 

in successive years, and are an important source of 

factual information. 

Genus M:ARGINELLA Lamarck 

1799. Ma1'ginella Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles: Soc. histoire nat. Paris Mem., p. 70. 

Type by monotypy: "Voluta glabella Linnaeus. Recent, off the· 

West Coast of Africa. 

Subgenus VOLVARINA Hinds 

1844. Volvarina Hinds. Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 12, p. 75. 

Type by original designation, fide Woodring, 1928: Marginella 

avena Valenciennes. Recent, in the West Indies. 

Marginella (Volvarina) avena avenacea Deshayes 

Plate 38, figure 11 

1844. Marginella avenacea Deshayes, Lamarck's Histoire Naturelle animaux sans vertebres, 2d ed., vol. 10, p. 454. 

181::0. Marginella avena var. avenacea. Deshayes. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 54. 

Shell moderately small, smooth, polished, subcylindrical, the, maximum diameter within the posterior 

half. Volutions 3 to 4, erosely wound, the earlier whorls 

almost but not completely enveloped by the body. Apex 

obtuse; protoconch not distinguish~ble from the conch. 

Surface sculpture absent excepting for submicroscopic 

incremental striations. Suture line obscure, particularly near the apex. Aperture extending almost, but 

not quite to the apex of the shell, very narrow, the 
262 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINAmargins parallel except for a slight divergence near 

the anterior extremity. Outer lip simpl'e, projected 

backward across the body and final whorl of the spire 

almost to the posterior suture; departure of outer lip. 

from the parietal wall abrupt; 1nargin thickened, inflexed medially, slightly flaring anteriorly. Columellar 

margin gradually contracting anteriorly. Columellar 

plaits 4,_the 2 medial folds equal and obliquely parallel, 

the posterior fold more feeble, and more sharply oblique 

than those in front of it, the anterior fold marginal 

and more feeble than those behind it. Parietal wall 

not enameled. Anterior extremity truncate, not emarginate. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 9.6 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 3.8 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 54'998. Living in the 

West Indies. 

1l/ arginella avena avenacea Desha yes is remarkable 

for its slender subcylindricar outline. M arginella 

collina Olsson, from the Gatun stage, Banana River, 

Costa- Rica, is extremely close to the Recent West 

Indies species. The only difference observed from a 

comparison of the figured Recent shell and topotypes of 

lJ/. collina is in the outer lip_; that of M. avena avenacea 

is thickened slightly, but the callus is not defined externall'y; in the fossil species, the thickened outer margin 

is delimited by a clearly incised linear groove. 

Dall characterized the subspecies as a "dw~rf M_. 

avena." 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Natural Wen, Duplin County, N.C. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Recent, Florida and the Antillean region 

in both shallow and deep water. 

Subgenus SERRATA Jousseaume 

1875. Sen·ata Jousseaume, Revue mag. zoologie, ser. 3, voL 3, p. 

167. 

1928. Serrata .Tousseaume. Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 385, p. 239. 

Type by tautonymy: Marginella serrata Gaskoin. Recent, off 

Mauritius. 

The apparent spire gives to all the members of this 

group a-spindle outline. The narrow aperture is dentate 

along the thickened outer margin and commonly quadriplicate along the inner edge. The parietal wash is 

usually heavy. The group is well represented, both in 

number of species and individuals, in the later Tertiary 

of the south Atlantic and in mid-American faunas. 

Margin ella (Serrata) denticulata Conrad? 

Pia te 28, figure 15 

The figured individual suggests lJ/ arginella (Serrata) 

denticulata Conrad 26 but is larger and tends to develop 

a shoulder. This slight tabulation gives to the shell a 

26 Conrad, T. A., On tlte geology and organic remains of a part 

of the Peninsula of Maryland: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st 

ser., vol. 6, p. 225, pl. 9, fig. 21, 1830. 

subscalariform outline that seems distinctive. ln. all 

other essentials it agrees with the type of the species. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 9.3 mm. ; 

diameter, 5.2 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325380. 

Locality: Natural 'Veil, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C.· 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Natural Well and environs, Duplin 

County, N. C. The form is fairly common within this limited 

area. 

Marginella (Serrata) macronuclea Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te .28, figure 12 

Shell porcellaneous, of medium siz~, composed of 5¥2 

volutions. Nucleus papilliform, large for the genus, 

not weil differentiated. Later whorls convex, rapidly 

increasing in size with a tendency toward a tabulation 

at the suture lipe. _Incrementals plainly visible on the 

spire, obsolete on the body. Sutures distinct, impressed. Aperture about two-thirds the length of the 

entire shell. Labrum thickened at the margin, produced backward; an impressed line along the outer 

margin of the callus from the suture to the anterior 

extremity; inner denticulation similar to that of Marginella . denticulata Conrad.· Columellar lip slightly 

convex, furnished with 4 plaits, of which the posterior 

2 are stronger, less oblique and more widely separated; 

the anterior plait, formed hy the twisted edge of the 

pillar, is decidedly the weakest of the 4. Posterior 

commissure not guttered . 

. Dimensions of holotype: Height, 8.0 mm.; diameter, 

4.4 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114497. 

The apertural portion is similar to that of M arginella 

denticulata Conrad, but it differs in the relative size and 

shape of the whorls. The nucleus of M. macronuclea 

is larger, the spire proportion'ally shorter and more 

rapidly diminishing, and the body whorl broader at the 

base. The type is unique. 

Type locality : Ruplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles 

southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

Subgenus BULLATA Jo"!lsseaume 

1830 (fide Sherborn). Volutella Swainson, Zoological illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 44, expl. text. Type by subsequent designation (Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 

15, p. 142, 1847) : Mat·gineUa bullata Lamarck. 

Not Volutella Perry, Arcana, sign. B 1, 1810; Conchology, 

App. pl. 26, 1811=Vasum Roeding. 

1875. Bullata Jousseaume, Rev. mag. zoologie, ser. 3, vol. 3, 

}1. 167. 

Type by tautonymy: Voluta bullata Born. Recent, off the 

Brazilian c9ast. lJf arginella bullata Lamarck, quoting Tomlin, 

1917, included M. bullata Born and M. angustata Sowerby. 

The subgenus Bullata embraces shells of relatively 

large size, and cylindrical or ovate cylindrical. outline. 

The spire is involute; the outer lip, reinforced along the 

margin and, in the subgenotype, feebly dentate within. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA • 263 

There are 4 strong columellar folds but the parietal wall 

is unwrinkled. The an_terior :fold is marginal, that 

behind it of equal strength and parallel to it, the 2 posterior :folds less oblique, slightly less produced, and not 

quite paralleL The anteriDr extremity is obliquely 

truncate. 

Marginella (Bullata) antiqua Redfield 

Plate 38, figure 12 

1852. Mm·ginella antiqua Redfield, Lyceum Nat. History New 

York Annals, vol. 5, p. 226. 

1858. M arginella olivaeformis ( Tuomey and Holmes) ( ? ) . Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., p. 261, fig. 133. 

1890. M arginella anti-qua Redfield. Dall, Wagner Free In st. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt .. 1, p. 56 (name only). 

Shell oblong-ovate with polished enamel; lip much thickened 

without, closely and deeply denticulate within, and extending 

quite to the summit of the spire which is entirely concealed by 

a vitreous deposite, aperture ri.arrow, columella with four 

oblique well developed plaits. Length 1.10 inch (28 millim.) 

Breadth 0.57 inch (14 millim). 

Habitat.-Found in the miocene tertiary deposites of Petersburgh, Va. 

Remarks.-It is a pity that this large and striking Marginella 

(for which I am indebted to Chas. M. Wheatley, Esq.) should 

have lived at a period when no conchologist existed to appreciate 

its elegance, such as it must have exhibited in its freshnessand it is equally fortunate that it has so well survived the 

vicissitudes of ages, as to show most of its original beauties, 

deprived only of color. I am acquainted with no recent species 

which illustrates its character.-Redfield, 1852. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 35.2 _mm.; 

maximum diameter, 15.7 mm. 

Figure_d specimen: U.S.N.M. 325386, :from Duplin 

marl at Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, 

Duplin County, N.C. 

M arginella taylmi Olsson (Bull. Am. Paleontology, 

vol. 5, No. 27, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 1) :from the Yorktown :formation at Chocowinity, N. C., seems to differ :from 

lf;f •. antiqua Redfield chiefly in its larger size, a doubtful 

specific character. M. taylori measures 47 tnm. by 22 

mm.; the figured M. antiqua, 35.2 mm. by 15.7 mm. 

There is not sufficient material to evaluate the difference 

in these figures. 

Marginella (Bullata) ·oviformis (Conrad) (pl. 31, 

fig. 15) described from "Virginia" as V olutella ( M iarospira) seems to be a related but much broader species. 

The figured :form is presumably the holotype, but it 

does not show the lo.w spire indicated in Conrad's description and original illustrations. 

Marginella (Volutella) maiae Maury, :from the upper 

Miocene at Springvale, Trinidad, and M. poperwei 

Mansfield, from the 0 ancellaria zone of the Choctawhatchee :formation, are larger, more inflated species, 

similar to one another and to the genotype, M. (B.) 

bullata Born, from· the Brazilian coast. 

The species described and figured by Emmons under 

the name of lJfarginella oUvaeformis is p:.;obably the 

true iJ!. antiqua Redfield. Both :forms occur within the 

Inarls, but the latter much more abundantly. 

Distribution: Yorktown. formation, Petersburg, Dinwiddi.e 

County (Redfield), Va.; Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County. Duplin marl, Natural ~ell 

and environs, Duplin County, N. C. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin niarl, the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

Marginella (Bullata) · antiqua subsp.? oliviformis (Toomey and 

Holmes) 

Plate 38, figures 13, 14 

1856. Porcellana olivitor·mis .Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 131, pl. 27, figs. 12, 13. 

Shell elongated oval, spire profoundly obtuse; aperture linear, 

labrum tumid, reflexed, profoundly crenulated within, columellar 

with three equal raised plaits. 

This species is unlike any of itS .fossil congeners. It may be 

readily distinguished by its profoundly crenulated outer lip, 

three robust plaits on the columellar, and the aperture ·which· 

extends from the apex of the spire to the beak. Locality, Sumter 

District.-Tuomey and Holmes, 1856. 

The description and figure of Porcellana oliviforrnis 

are inconclusive, but the form is probably not M arginella antiqua Redfield, with which it has been commonly 

united. Out of the eleven specimens at hand from Sumter County, S.C.~ the type area forM. olivifo'JVnis, only 

one of them could be united with Jf. antiqua as represented in the marls of Duplin County. The remaining 

forms have all of them developed a stouter shell and a 

decidedly n1ore globose body whorl. As a result of the 

greater globosity, particularly in the posterior half 

of the shell, the outline is more ovate and less cylindrical, and the outer lip, instead of being subparallel to the 

axis of the shell, tends toward a posterior flare. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest 

ef Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. The form is associated at 

this locality with the much more common Marginella antiqua 

Redfield. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl, Sumter County, 

s. c. . Genus CYPRAEOLINA Cer-o:lli-Irelli 

1911. Oypraeolina Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeontographica italica, vol. 

17, p. 231. 

1928. Oypmeolina Ceruili-ll·elli. Woodring, Carnegie Inst. \Vashington Pub. 385, p. 241. 

. Type by monotypy: Marginella clandestina Brocchi. Pliocene 

and Recent, of the Mediterranean. 

Cypraeolina lachrimula (Gould) 

. Plate 38, figures 20, 21 

1862. Marginclla ( Gibberula) lachrimu1a Gould, Boston ·Soc. 

Nat. History Proc., vol. 8, p. 281. 

1889. Volutella lacrimula Gould. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. 

Comp. Zoology Bull., vol. 18, p. 142. 

Shell minute, cypraei:form, polished. Spire involute. 

Aperture narrow, crescentic, longer than the body 

whorl. Outer lip obtuse, broadly arcuate, varicose, the 

reinforcing .c.allus a flattened band continuous around 

• 
264 MOLLUSCA "" FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

the apex of the shell, and fusing with the parietal wash; 

lip crenulated within. Columella quadrip~icate, the 

~nterior fold marginal, that behind it equally sharp and 

of equal length, the two posterior folds less elevated and 

scarcely reaching the mouth of the aperture. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 2.0 mm_. ; 

maximum diameter, 1.4 mm. 

Figured specimen : U .S.N .M. 325381, from Wilson,_ 

Wilson Co~nty, N. C. 

M arginella ( Closia) intrina Mansfield, from · the 

"middle or lower Miocene", .1 mile south of Brasso, 

Trinidad, differs only in its slightly more globose outline. · 

Distribution: Rare in the Yorktown formatiqn, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Hamilton Bluff on the 

Roanoke River, Martin County; Wiison, Wilson County; Colerain Landing, Bertie County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, DuDlin 

Cqunty. 

_Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Recent, Hatteras to Florida Straits, up to 

400 fa thorns in depth. 

·Family CANCELLARIIDAE 

Genus CANCELLARIA Lamarck 

1799. Oancellari.a Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles: Soc. hist. nat. Paris Mem., p. 71. 

Type by monotypy : Voluta reticulata Linnaeus. Recent, off 

the coast of Florida and the West Indies. 

Cancellaria rotunda Dall 

Plate 38, figure 2 

1892. Cancellaria conradiana Dall var. rotunda Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 224. 

Mr. Willcox has collected at Magnolia, Duplin Co., North 

Carolina, from the newer Miocene, some fine specimens which 

appear to be referable to a variety of this species which may 

take the name rotunda. They agree in all essentials with the 

Pliocene 0. Oonrad.iana and the recent reticulata Linne, except 

in relative height. In this respect they are intermediate between the two, being taller than the tallest recent specimens 

and shorter than the 0. Oonradiana. The largest specimen is 

larger than any specimen either of reticulata or Oonradiana I 

have seen. It measures 66.25 mm. long, 35.0 mm. in maximum 

diameter, and exhibits nine whorls, without the nucleus.-Dall, 

1892. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 52.5 mm.; width 28.0 

mm. 

Holotype: U:S.N.M. 497152. 

Type and sole locality: Duplin marl, 1 mile east of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

The group is well established in the upper Miocene 

and widely distributed through the later Tertiary and 

Quaternary faunas of the south Atlantic Coastal Plain 

and Caribbean provinces. It seems to have been a sensitive group, for in the fossil faunas the species and 

subspecies are, for tP,e most part, short ranging. Cancellaria reticulata leonensis Mansfield, from the Cancellaria zone of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida, is a stouter form than C .. rotunda, with a more inflated body. Cancellaria barretti Guppy, ot the Bowden fauna of J:amaica, displays a more elevated spire, 

a shorter body whorl, greater inflation, greater constriction basally, and, apparently, a stronger labial fold. 

Cancellaria barrett'i has been reported by Olsson from 

Costa Rica and by several authors from the Dominican 

Republic. Woodring, 1928, referred the species from 

Costa Rica to C. dariena Toula, 1909, from the Gatun 

formation of the Canal Zone, and the species from the 

Dominican Republic to C. mrmJII'Yae Olsson, 1922, of the 

Dominican Republic and Costa Rica. All the specie~ 

of the Caribbean provinces exhibit a more highly inflated body whorl than that of the Duplin form. The 

Caloosahatchee species, C. conradiana, however, is at 

the opposite end of the series, with a higher spire and 

more slender, less inflated body than C. rotunda. -Johnson, 1934, reports C. conradiana from the Recent faunas 

of the Gulf of Mexico, but it is not present in the collection of recent shells in the U. S. National Museum. 

Cancellaria reticulata, which may be in the line of 

descent from 0. barretti or some other of the relatively 

stout mid-American species, has been recorded from 

North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico in 5 to 30 fathoms. 

Cancellaria plagiostoma Conr.ad 

Plate 38, figures 3, 4 

1834. _ Oancellm·ia plagiostoma Conrad, A.cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st ser., vol. 7, pt.l, p. 136. 

Shell short subfusiform, with numerous longitudinal ribs and 

distant obtuse spiral lines; summits of the who~ls flattened; 

shoulder angulated; spire short, the two terminal volutions 

smooth; apex somewhat papilliform; labrum with dentiform 

striae within; columella with three plaits; the superior one 

very prominent, aperture about two-thirds the' length of the 

shell; base subrostrated, twisted, with a small umbilicus.-Conrad, 1834. 

Type : A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1609. 

Locality: James River, V a. 

Cancellaria plagiostoma has not b~en recognized in 

the later coHections but it is very close to C. tabulata 

Gardner and Aldrich (pl. 38, fig. 7) of the Yorktown 

and Duplin faunas. The type of ·conrad's species is 

only about half the size of C. tabulata but shows evidence 

of immaturity in the undeveloped parietal wash. The 

·whorls are, however, broader and lo.wer than those of 

the young C. tabulata and the axial sculpture more decided. C ancellarria reticulata Emmons, 1858, is probably closer to C. plagiost01na and C. tabulata than to 

0. rotwnda; to which it was questionably referred by 

Dall. Topotypes of C. cossrrianni Olsson, from the 

Gatun stage of the Banana River section in Costa ·Rica, 

are similar in general characters, but the whorls of the 

species from Costa Rica are more rounded than those. of 

the species from Virginia and the Carolinas. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPOPA 265 

Superfamily TOXOGLOSSA 

Fami.ly TURRIDAE 

Genus CRASSISPIRA Swainson 

1840. Orrassi8pira Swainson, Treatise on malacology, p. 313. 

1928. Orassispira Swainson. \Voodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 147. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum primordia, vol. 1, p. 318, 1847); Pleurotoma bottae Valenciennes '(Pleurotoma bottae auct., Swainson). 

Recent, on the west coast of Mexico. 

· Crassispira perrugata (Dall) 

Plate 37, figures 16, 22 

1890. DrilUa abundans perrugata Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 31. 

This form differs from the type by attaining a greater size, 

by its more inflated whorls, by having n~arly twice as many 

ribs, which are consequently weaker, by its coarser and closer 

spiral threading, its less excavated and more wrinkled anal 

fasciole, and the absence of lirae in the throat. 1 have received 

some receQ.t specimens from the :Mexican coast which approach 

it very closely. It reaches a length of 29.5 [29] and a width of 8.0 

[9._5] mm.-Dall, 1890. 

Type locality: Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchee 

.. _ River, Fla. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 97317. Figured specimen (U.S. 

N.M. 113149) from Shell Creek, Charlotte County, formerly a part of De So to County, Fla. · · 

The differences that separate the late Tertiary 0. 

per11Ugata from the 0 ligocene 0. abu.ndans (Conrad) , 

figured for comparism:i (pl. 37, fig. 18), seem sufficiently 

important to be considered specific. The group is widespread in the warm-water faunas of the 'mid-Americas. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of C:ronly, Columbus County, 

N.C. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River and Shell Creek. 

. - Genus CLA VATULA Lamarck 

1801. Olavatula Lamarck, Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, 

p. 84. 

Type by monotypy: M1trex turt·is cm·onata Chemnitz. Recent, 

·on the Guinea coast. 

Clavatula cornellian~ (Olsson) 

Plate 37, figures 23, 24 

1858. Pleurotoma elegans Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., p. 265, fig. 146. 

Not Pleurotoma elegans De France, 1826. 

1863. Drillia elegans Emmons. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 562. 

Not Drillia elegans Whitfield, 1894, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 24, p. 115, pl. 21, figs. 2-4. 

1916. Drillia cornelliana Olsson, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, 

No. 27, p. 27. Name proposed for preoccupied PZe1trotoma 

elegans Emmons. 

Shell small, sub-turrited; whorls, about nine, constriCted-above, 

ornamented by numerous longitudinal ribs, and traversed by 

many_ fine raised spiral lines, which become very_ distinct upon 

the pillar lip. The spiral lines are very regular and equidistant. 'l'he body whorl has about sixt~en ribs.-Emmons, 1858. 

Habitat: Tertiary ·of North Carolina. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 17.6 Jp.m.; 

maximum diameter 6.5 mm. · 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 325372, from Walkers 

Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N.C. 

The form from New Jersey described by Whitfield in 

his monograph on the "Mollusca and· Crustacea of the 

Miocene of New Jersey" was found by Martin to -represent a distinct species, later described under the name 

of Drillia whitfieldi in the Miocene volume of the Maryland Geological Survey (p.157, pL43, fig. 10). 

Olavatula cornelliana (Olsson) is characterized by 

the flattened whorls; the rather short conical spire, less 

than half the total length of the shell, the smooth, narrow, protractive ribs, numbering about 16 or 17 on 

the later whorls and the linear spirals that crowd the 

intercostal areas. The well-defined, posterior fasciole 

though devoid of axial sculpture, is feebly lirate, the 

posterior spiral commonly the strongest. 

Drillia chiriquiensis Olsson, from the· Gatun stage 

of Costa Rica, is twidently related. The species from 

Costa Rica is 1nore slender and the anterior canal apparently longer but the two species present similar 

sculpture patterns. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 1% miles north of Suffolk,. 

Nansemond County, Va. Although the species is represented 

by a single individual and that an imperfect one, there is no 

doubt about its determination. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 2% miles northwest 

of Chocowinity, Beaufort County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 

Duplin County. Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Bladen 

County; Neills Eddy Landing, Columbus County. 

Genus "DRILLIA," Group 1 

"Drilla" is used in the old generalized sense for those 

shells which do not seem to conform to the characters of 

a1iy of the restricted groups, or for those in which the 

characters are obscured so that the finer d~finitions are 

uncertain. 

"Drillia" emmonsi Olsson 

Plate 37, figure 25 

1858. Pleurotoma tuberculata Emmons, North Carolina Geol. 

Survey Rept., p. 265, fig. 147. 

Not Pleurotoma tube1·cu.Zata Pusch, 1836. 

1892. Drillia tuberculata Emmons. Dan, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 220 .. 

1916. Drillia emmons.i Olsson, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, 

No. 27, p. 147 [27]. New name proposed for preoccupied 

Pleurotoma tuberculata Emmons. 

1930. Glatllrodrillia? emmonsi (Olsson). Mansfield, Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 10. 

Shell small, thick, sub:..acute; whorls,- seven or eight; apex 

sub-tuberculated, constricted above, and traversed 'spirally by 

rather coarse raised lines; apex papillated, and the first whorl 

is spirally lined, and without tubercles or short ribs. It is more 

widely constricted than the preceding [Pleurotoma elegaM].-

Emmons, 1858. . 
266 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Habitat : Tertiary beds of North Carolina. 

This species recalls D. leucocyma Dall, but it is proportion· 

ately stouter. It is readily recognized by three or four stout 

spiral threads,. without transverse sculpture, which characterize 

the first whorl of the shell, following the smooth nucleus of a 

single turn. There are seven or eight shouldered ribs on the 

body-whorl in front of the anal faselole, which is finely spirally 

threaded, with one strong spiral between it and the suture, which 

is usually closely appressed.-Dall, 1892. 

Dimensions ·of figured specimen : H~ight, 8.8 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 3.3 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 114017, :from llh miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

The species was doubtless named tuberculata by 

Emmons from the characteristic tuberculated appearance o:f the axial ribs. These are blunt protuberances 

extending from the fasciole almost or quite to the 

sutural line. The fasciole is concave, and occupies 

about one-third of the whorl. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of 

Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. Only a single individual has 

been collected from these marls. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, 1lh miles ftorthwest of Mag-

.nolia and Natural Well, Duplin County01 Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing near Cronly, Columbus County; 

Walkers Bluff, Bladen County, Pliocene, Croatan sand on the 

Neuse River below New Bern, Craven County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl, 5 miles southeast 

of Mayesville on the Muldrow Place, Sumter County, S. C.; 

. Ecphora and Cancellaria zones of the Qhoctawhatchee formation 

of Florida; Waccamaw formation at Tilly Lake, Waccamaw 

River, Horry County, S. C. 

"Drillia" pyrenoides (Conrad) 

Plate 37, figure 33 

1834. Pleurotorna pyrenoides Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st ser., vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 139. 

1863. Drillia pyrerwides Conrad, Acad. Nat .. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 562. (Name only). 

Shell subulate, turrited, with short oblique, very prominent 

longitudinal ribs, separated above from the suture by a contraction of the whorls; suture margined .by a slightly prominent 

obtuse line; spiral lines fine on the contraction, but coarser .over 

the ribs and intervening spaces, very prominent and rather di'stant on the body whorl, with indistinct intermediate lines; sinus 

of the labrum profound ; beak very short and straight ; ap~rture 

about one [third] of the length of the shell. Length, one inrh. 

Locality. Same as the preceding [James River near Smith-. 

field, Virginiaj.-Conrad, 1834. 

and somewhat rippled by the ribbing; the spiral threading is commonly obsolete on it, although the incrementals are well developed and even minutely laminar. 

"Drillia" pyrenoides Conrad is a relatively shorter, 

somewhat stouter shell than the related "D." tricatenaria Conrad; the spire tapers more rapidly and the 

canal is slightly shorter. The axial costae of "D." 

pyrenoides ,are more nodose than those of "D." tricatenaria, though the. spirals, both primary and secondary, 

are fewer, n1ore irregular, and less prominent. On the. 

anal :fasciole o:f many individuals the spir~l sculpture 

is obsolete except for the pre-sutural cord, which is consistently less prominent than in "D." trieatenaria. 

"Drillia" pyrenoides recalls "D." eburnea Conrad, described from "Virginia." 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Petersburg, Dinwiddie County; Smithfield, Isle of Wight County (Conrad). 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Tar Ferry, near the 

mouth of Wiccacon Creek and Mount Pleasant Landing on the 

Chowan River, Hertford County. ' 

"Drillia" eburnea Conrad 

Plate 37, figure 21 

1862. Drillia eburnea Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 285. 

1863. Drillia eburnea Conrad, idem, p. 562. 

Not D1'illia eburnea Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 30, 1890 . 

Turrited ; upper part of whorl without ribs and with an impressed revolving line; lower part ribbed, ribs oblique, rounded ; 

surface striated with. close impressed revolving lines, finer and 

obsolete on the upper part of the whorls.-Conrad, 1862. 

Shell slender. Whorls about 9 including the small, 

smooth, blunt nucleus of 1% to 2 volutions. Axial sculpture o:f 10 to 12 pinched, protractive ribs extending from 

the fasciole to the suture, evanescent on the pillar. Spirals impressed, irregularly spaced, undeveloped on the 

earlier whorls. Fasciole deeply notched at the outer 

~ip. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1608. 

Habitat : Virginia. 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; 1% miles north of Suffolk, 114 miles north of Suffolk, 

1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County. Ra:ther rare. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, Wilson, Wilson County. 

Holotype: Aead. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1602. Rare. 

The axial costae on the later .whorls number 10 or 

11, as a rule, and are most prominent on the periphery. 

They are separated by convex, intercostal areas of approximately the same width. The primary spirals are 

rather coarse, and somewhat irregular on the body, and 

fin~r secondaries are intercalated; the spirals are uniform in strength on the costals and intercostals but 

most prominent, as a rule, on the periphery of the 

whorl, thus strengthening the nodular aspect of the 

axial sculpture. The anal :fasciole is rather narrow 

"Drillia" distans Conrad 

Plate 37, figure 29 

1830. Pleurotorna gracilis var. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia .Jour., 1st ser., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 225. 

1862. Drillia distans Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 285. 

1904. Drillia incilifera var. dis tans (Conrad) (?). Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 156, pl. 42, fig. 9. 

Turriculate, whorls 6, scalariform, with distant obtuse ribs 

on the lower half; suture waved, with an impressed line above it; 

body whorl with an impressed revolving line above and four 
PART 2, SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 267 

raised r:evolving lines inferiorly ; upper sinus of labrum deep 

and r~unded, lower obsolete. Locality. Virginia.-Conrad, 1862. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1603. 

Type locality: The type locality is not known more 

specifically than Virginia, nor has the species been reported from the later Virginia collections. Conrad's 

type seems a little more heavy and crude than the forms 

from Maryland, the shell less slender, and the body more 

abruptly constricted, and it may represent either an 

individual variation or possibly something of greater 

importance. -

"Drillia" impressa Conrad 

Plate 37, figures 30, 31 

1862. Drillia impTessa Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

for 1862, p. 285. · 

Elevated, scalariform or turriculate, with short, obtuse ribs; 

contractions of whorls striated, and having a carinated line 

near the suture, revolving lines impressed, double, alternated, 

rugose, volutions 8; base subumbilicated. Locality. James 

River, Vi'rginia.-Conrad, 1862. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci Philadelphia 1606. 

"Drillia" impressa seems to be a taller, n1ore strongly 

8culptur~d form of "D", emrnwnsi Olsson. 

Distribution: Virginia. The species has not been recognized 

in any of the later collections. 

"Drillia" arata Conrad 

Pia te 37, figures 27, 28 

1862. DrilUa amta Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 285. 

1863. Drillia arata Conrad, ibid, p. 561. 

Turriculate, whorls 9; spire elevated, acute; subscalariform, 

the contracted portion of the whorls flattened and with per· 

pendicular sides, below this space costate, ribs somewhat oblique 

and crossed by minute, close lines, which on the body whorl 

reach the base, obsolete above, distinct inferiorly. Locality. 

Virginia.-Conrad, 1862. 

Holotype and para type: Aead. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

1605. 

"Drillia" arata may be referable to Agladrillia, a 

group well represented in the n1iddle and upper Miocene ofFlorida and mid-America. The shell of Agladrillia, however, is characterized by a polish which "D." 

arata does not seem to exhibit. 

Distribution: Virginia. The species has not been recognized 

in any of the later collections. 

"Drillia" arctata Conrad? 

Plate 37, figure 15 

The shell which bears the label "Drillia arctata Conrad" ( Acaden1y of Nat ural Sciences Philadelphia 1611) 

is slightly more than 8 mm. high and less than 3 Inm. 

in diameter. The relationship to "Drillia" arata Conrad seems very close. I have been unable to find a published record of the species or any record of it in the 

faunas under observation. 

"Drillia" drewi Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 28, figures 3, 10, 22 

Shell sn1all, slender; spire high, acutely tapering, the 

whorls clgsely appressed·. Apex somewhat decorticated 

so that it is difficult to differentiate conch and protoconch. Possibly an axially sculptured nuclear whorl in 

addition to the 3:t;i s1nooth turns. Each volution of 

adul't conch sculptured with 8 broadly rounded, undulating, protractive ribs, for the most pa•t continuous, 

persisting on the earlier whorls from suture to suture 

but on the later whorls becoming obsolete at the anal 

fasciole and on the body expiring before reaching the 

pillar. Intercostal areas hollowed out and depressed 

below the average level of the shell. Spirals broad, 

somewhat rounded on top, fairly prominent at the 

intersection with the costae but al'most or altogether 

obsolete in the intercostal spaces; 2 or 3 on the earlier 

whorls 3 or 4 on the later whorls of the aault. Base of ' the body whorl and the pillar sculptured with lower, 

more angular, more closely set lirations. Anal fasciole 

depressed, marked by the absence of any sculpture except incrementals. Sinus narrow, rather deep, pl'aced 

closer to the periphery than to ·the posterior suture. 

Aperture ovate-elongate. Outer lip flaring slightly, 

simple. Columella concave, calloused, though the callus 

does not extend beyond the pillar. Canal moderately 

long for the genus, slightl'y recurved and emarginate 

anteriorly. · 

Dimensions : Holotype height, 13.8 mm. ; maximum 

dimeter, 4.3 mm. Paratype height, 8.7 mm.; m~imum 

diameter, 3.0 mm. . 

Type and only locality': 1% miles northwe~t of Magnolia, Duplin County,~-. C. Duplin marl. · 

Holotype and paratype: U.S.N;M. 114020. 

The characteristic features of this rare species are 

the slender tapering outline, the undulatory axial sculpture, and the broad spiral lirations, confined for ~he 

most part to the summits of the costae and the anteriOr 

portion of the shell. · 

I have the pleasure of naming this interesting ~orm 

in honor of Dr. Gilman Arthur Drew, formerly of the 

University of Maine, who furnished much valuable and 

trust.worthy data on t.he Mollusca of the North Atlantic 

coast. 

Genus CARINODRILLIA Dall 

1919. CarinodrUUa Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 56, No. 2288, 

p.17. 

1928. Carinodrillia Dall. Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 385, p. 153. 

Type by original designation: ClathrodTill:ia ( Carinodrillia) 

hal·is Dall. Recent, in the Gulf of California. 
268 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

Carinodrillia? bella (Conrad) 

Plate 37, figure 19 

1862. Drillia bella Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 186'2, p. 285. 

1863. DrilUa bella Conrad, idem, p. 561. 

Turriculate; whorls 7, scalariform, costate nearly to the 

suture ; ribs distant, obtuse; whole surface with minute revolving 

raised lines, very minute and close on the contracted space below 

the suture, reflected labrum callous at the upper end. Locality. 

Virginia.-Conrad~ 1862. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1607. 

The shell has the appearance of youth and its reference to OarinfJdrillia is dubious. The absence of a posterior cord separates it from other species of similar 

aspect. 

Distribution : Virginia. The species has not been recognized 

in any of the later collections. · 

Genus COMPSODltiLLIA Woodring 

1928. OompsodrilUa Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

385, p. 155. 

Type by original designation: Oompsodrillia urceola Woodring. 

Bowden beds of Jamaica. 

Compsodrillia chowanensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 37, figure 32 

A slender shell of medium size; total number of volutions about 9. Apex decorticated, but apparently the 

smooth papillate initial whorl is succeeded by a little 

more than half a turn, on which the sculpture is limited 

to a medial and a stronger anterior spiral. Remaining 

volutions both axially and spirally adorned. Axial 

costae 13 on the later turns, narrow, rounded, undulating the whorls from the anal fasciole to the anterior 

suture. but evanescent on. the pillar. Spiral sculpture 

elabor¥e; primaries low, flat bands about 0.2 millimeter in breadth, somewhat irregularly spaced; 4 or 5 on 

the whorls of the spire, twice as many on the body; the 

10 lirations on the pillar, narrower and more prominent; between the primaries 1 or 2 secondaries similar 

to the former in general character and separated from 

them and from each other by linear interspaces ; lacking 

on the pillar and near the apex. Anal fasciole concave, 

sculptured with 5 to 7 crowded lirae, that directly in 

front of the suture the most prominent. Sinus deep, 

rather narrow, set a little nearer to the periphery than to 

the posterior suture. Aperture narrow, ovate, terminating in a short emarginate canal. . 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 16.5 mm. ; diameter, 

5.5 mm. • 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325373. 

Type locality: Yorkto.wn formation, Colerain Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C. 

The type is unique. 

Omnpsodrillia chowanensis suggests "Drillia" tricatenaria Conrad, common in the Yorktown formation of 

Virgjnia. In "D." tricatenaria, however, the primary 

spirals are less numerous, more rounded, and-decidedly 

more prominent. Furthermore, the secondaries .commonly number 4 on the body, whereas in 0. chowanen8is 

they are not known to exceed 2. The low, flat spirals 

serve to separate the form from those Caloosahatchee 

species to which i~ may bear a superficial resemblance. 

Genus CYMATOSYRINX Dall 

1889. Oymatosyrin:c Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. Zoology 

Bull., vol. 18, p. 95. 

Type by original desigUation : Pleurotoina lunata Lea. Miocene, of Virginia. 

Cymatosyrinx ziczac Gardner, n. sp. 

Pia te 37, figures 9, 10 

Shell of medium size, moderately slender. Protoconch of 1¥2 turns, the first half-coil partially submerged, the succeeding coil erect and bulbous initially, 

though flattening rapidly away frmn the apex. Whorls 

of conch approximately 8, slightly convex, increasing 

very gradually in size. Axial costals some 15 to the 

whorl; narrow, sharp, moderately elevated, rather 

strongly protractive in front of the fasciole, and persisting with uniform strength from the fasciole to the an~erior suture and on the body whorl to the pillar; tending 

to become irregular and even obsolete toward the aperture; retractive and very much more feeble upon the 

posterior fasciole, on some specimens merging into exaggerated incrementals. Axial sculpture when well 

developed thus consisting of a more or less continuous series of sharp riblets which zigzag dpwn the. shell 

from the protoconch to the pillar. Spiral sculpture 

present on some specimens in the form of faintly incised 

lines, 5 or 6 to .the whorl, and, on the pill~r, about 6 

irregular, wavy threadlets. Anal fasciole rather narrow, gently constricted, closely appressed against the 

·preceding whorl, exhibiting an axial sculpture, at least, 

upon the later whorls. Siphonal notch wide and deep, 

the axis slightly nearer to the periphery than to the 

a1iterior suture. Aperture lenticular. Outer lip widely 

flaring. Inner lip rather sharply constricted. Parietal 

wall washed with a heavy callus, a rude globule of which 

is usually deposited at the posterior commissure. Anterior canal very short, rather broad, subtr.uncate, 

emarginate. 

Dimensions- of holotype: Height, 17.2 mm.; maximunl diameter, 6.0 mm. Dimensions of paratype: 

Height, 15.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 5.8 mm. 

Holotype and paratype: U.S.N.M. 114036. 

Type locality: Natural Well, 2. miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. Duplin marl. 

Oymatosyrinw ziczac differ-s from the group of 

"Drillia" lunata H. C. Lea in the possession of an apparently fortuitous spiral sculpture, the absence of any 

trace of a cingulum at th~ base of the body whorl, and 

the very short subtruncate anterior canal. "Drillia'~ 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 269 

perpolita Dall is a much smaller and more slender shell, 

with little or no. suggestion of a zigzag axial sculpture. 

Oymatosyrinw ziczac may be a synonym of "Drillia" 

magnoliana Olsson, 1916. Olsson's species seems 

smaller and more slender, with a less strongly marked 

constriction at the base of the body. The figure is 

poor, however, and the type has not been examined. 

Cymatosyrinx tiara Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 37, figure 12 

Shell of medium size, slender. Protoconch of 11,6 

to 2 turns, the first half -coil partially submerged, the 

succeeding volution. tending to become angulated near 

the posterior third. Whorls of conch approximately 

11;2, tapering gradually to an acute apex, obscurely 

carip.ated near the median line. External sculpture 

axial only. Costals 17 to 21; more or less.oblique little 

nodes that crown the periphery of the whorl, ceasing 

abruptly at the posterior margin of the fasciole and 

evanescing on all but the earliest whorls some distance 

behind the anterior suture; costals of body whorl similar in character to those on the spire but commonly 

obsolete toward the aperture. Fasciole gently. concave, unusually broad, occupying on the spire at least 

one-half the entire whorl; slightly thickened _and obscurely ridged in front of the suture, thus simulating a 

feeble, prosutural spiral. Incremental sculpture 

faintly discernible on the fasciole only. Contraction at 

base of body whorl delimited by a faint cingulum. 

Aperture rather narrow; outer lip widely flaring; 

columellar margin gently concave. Parietal wall 

thickly glazed, and a rude globule of the callus deposited at the posterior commissure. Posterior siphonal notch deep, closer to the periphery than to the 

posterior suture. Anterior canal moderately long, 

rather broad, obliquely emarginate at the extremity. 

Dimensions of holotype: ·Height, 21.2 mm.; maximum diameter, 7.8 mm.; diameter at right angles to 

maximum diameter' 6.4 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N. M. 114034. 

Type locality: Duplin marl, Nat ural Well, 2 miles 

southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

Oyrnatosyrinw tiara Gardner is closely affiliated with 

"Drillia" lunata H. C. Lea and "D." li1natula Conrad, 

and strongly suggests a "D." lwnata in which the axial 

sculpture has been reduced to~ circlet of oblique ripples. 

Except for a single immature 0 individual from the 

Duplin marl on the Muldrow Place, 5 miles southeast of 

Mayesville, Sumter County, S.C., 0. tiara: is restricted 

in its known distribution to the type locality and its 

environs. · 

Genus SYNTOM:ODRILLIA Woodring 

1928. Syntomodrillia Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

385, p. 160. 

Type by original designation : DrilZia lissotropis Dall. Recent, 

in the West Indies. 

Syntomodrillia Iissotropis subsp.1 seissurata (Dall) 

Plate 37, figure 11 

1890. Drillia (lissotropis var.) scissurata Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 36. 

This form is rather stout, like D. perpolita, but with more 

oblique and on the last whorl especially, more crowded and narrower ribs; the fasciole hardly constricts the whorl, which slopes 

from the suture forward so that its widest part is just behind 

the next suture, which it seems to overhang. It has not the fine 

interstitial spiral striation of D. lissotropis, but-hl\S sparse (on 

the upper whorls two or three) incised lines, more numerous on 

the base, where the "interstices are slightly elevated and rounded. 

On the first three or four whorls, after the nucleus, the ribs are 

largest and subnodulous at the anterior border of the whorl, 

giving the tip a coronated look. It is almost exactly the size of 

D. lissotropis. Two immature specimens were obtained in the 

Caloosahatchie beds.-Dall, 1890. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 973~3. 

Dimensions of imperfect holotype: Height, 8.6 mm.; 

diameter, 3.0 mm. 

Type locality : Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, CalO<\-

sahatchee River, Fla. 

The single battered specimen throws no light on the 

affiliations of this group. 

Distribution: ·waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County,N. C. 

-·Genus "DRILLIA," ·Group 2 

The three species following share with Oymatosyrinw 

and Syntomodrillia the absence of a well developed 

spiral sculpture but they have little else in common. 

"Drillia" polygonalis Dall ms., n. sp. -

Plate 37, figures 2, 3 

Shell of medium size, rather broad. Body whorl 

relatively iarge, obliquely constricted at the base. Spire 

conic. Whorls between 8 and 9, including the small 

smooth protoconch of 1 ~ to 2 turns. Whorls of conch 

cmnpressed, fluted with narrow, sharply pinched axial 

costals, 7 to the whorl, forming an almost continuous 

series from the apex to the base of the body ; evanescent 

on the fasciole of the later whorls and on the canal. 

Intercostal areas broadly concave. Spiral sculpture of 

faintly impressed lines which, unlike the axials, are 

strongest toward the base of the b_ody and the anterior 

canal. Posterior fasciole indicated by the closely appressed posterior area and the evanescent axial sculpture. -Siphonal notch obsolete. Aperture lenticular. 

Outer lip arcuate. Inner lip concave,~ heavily calloused, particularly in front of the feebly guttered posterior commissure. Anterior canal short, broad, illdefined, obliquely notched at the extremity. 

The species is separated from Drillia pagodula Dall 

by the shorter, stouter form, less numerous ribs, more 

widely flaring outer lip, and more deeply notched anterior canal. 

Dimensions of holotype : Heig~t, 15.3 mm. ; diameter, 

5.9mm. 
270 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LO"\VEH PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND. NORTH CAROLINA 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 114044. 

Type locality: Duplin marl, one and a half miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. 

Dr. William H. Dall, while working over the Duplin 

County material, separated and named the. form, but 

it has never before been described nor figured. 

Distribution: Duplin marl, Strickland farm, 1 Y2 miles northwest of Magnolia and Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl of the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

"Drillia" simpsoni Dall 

1887. Pleurotoma (Mangilia?) simpsoniDall, in Simpson, Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc., vol. 5, p. 54. 

1889. Drillia? simpsoni Dall, Harvard Coil. Mus. Comp. Zoology 

Bull., vol. 18, p. 91. 

1890. Drillia simpsoni Dall, ·wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, 

pt. 1, p. 37. 

Shell polished, shining, with (including the nucleus) six and 

a half whorls ; nucleus madder-brown, smooth, rather large, 

blunt, with one and a half turns; remainder transversely :r:ibbed 

with 8-10 smooth, rounded, nearly straight, stout ribs, extending 

from suture to suture, which begin with the end of the nuclear 

part, and fail at the last third of the last whorl, which is marked 

only by silky fine incremental stria~; the spaces between the ribs 

are equal to or somewhat less than the ribs in width, longitudinal 

sculpture none, or only occasional extremely faint microscopic 

lines; whorls not inflated; color, rosy pellucid white, banded in 

front of the suture with rosy brown, fainter· on the ribs, and 

in the specimen described, extending forward nearly to the periphery of the earlier whorls; the base of the last whorl similar Is 

tinged; the last somewhat varicose rib and the outer thickened 

lip whitish; aperture and canal very short and wide, and notch 

deep and large, rounded, leaving no fasciole, the outer lip lightly 

thickened, arched forward, a slight callus on the columella ; 

interior not lirate in the specimen described. 

Lon. 5.75 mm.; last whorl equal to half the total length; maxi. 

mum diameter of shell, 2.1 mm.-Dall, 1887. 

Type: U.S.N.M. 61040. 

Type locality: Tampa 'Bay, Fla. 

The apparent presence of an operculum in the living 

forms excludes this species from the genus ltf angelia, 

which it resembles in general aspect. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Walkers 

Bluff, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing, Columbus County. 

Rare at both localities. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Recent, Hatteras to Tampa, in 5 to 18 

fathoms. 

"Drillia" simpsoni cingulata Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 37, figures 4, 6 

The subspecies is separated from typical Drillia 

simpsoni Dall by the T e'l'ebra-like constriction and 

sculpture of the posterior part of the whorl. The posterior fasciole is emphasized by the change in direction 

of the axial ribs from protractive on the anterior portion of the whorl to retractive on the fasciole. 

"Drillia" simpsoni cingulata is separated from Drillia 

ebur Reeve by the 1nore numerous axial ribs and the 

lower angle between the body and the anterior canal. 

Dimensions : Height, 6.4 mm. ; diameter, 2.5 mm. 

Holotype: ·u.S.N.M. 114040. 

Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C. 

The name has been used in manuscript by Dr. William 

H. Dall, but I have been unable to find any record of a 

description or figure. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 9 to 10 

miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County. Duplin marl, 1% 

miles northwest of Magnolia and Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County. 

Genus KURTZIELLA Dall 

1918. J(urtzlella Dall, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc., vol. 31, p. 137. 

Type by original designation: Pleurotoma cerina Kurtz and 

Stimpson. Recent, on the east coast of the United States. 

Kurtziella eritima (Bush) 

Plate 37, figure 13 

1885. Mangilia eritima Bush, Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci. 

Trans., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 456. 

1890. Ma;ngilia quadrata var. er·iUma Bush. Dall, Wagne'" 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 40_. 

Shell large for the genus, composed of eight very angular 

whorls, which form a sharp pointed regularly tapered, turreted. 

spire. Nucleus very small, regularly c.oiled, consisting of two 

and a half shining, light yellow whorls in striking contrast to 

the dull, rough surface peculiar to the rest of the shell. The 

first one and a half turns are perfectly smooth, while the last 

one is crossed by minute, transverse riblets. Suture markecl 

by a conspicuous, rounded undulating cingulus or thread on the 

preceding whorl. The sculpture consists of prominent straightangular, alternating ribs (nine on the body-whorl), forming a 

conspicuous node at the angle, extending from suture to suture. 

These, with their deeply concave interspaces, are crossed by 

unequal conspicuous, well-rounded, granulated cinguli and 

microscopic threads. The first cingulus, defining the shoulder 

of the whorls, is double with the upper half slightly the larger, 

the sutural one is the next in size, while between these there 

are two still finer ones; these are unequally distant from each 

other, the first and second being much closer together than the 

others, and the intervening surfaces are covered by unequal, 

microscopic threads. Above the angle of the whorls the threads 

alone occur 'and number about nine. This inequality in the 

spiral sculpture makes the edges .of the transverse ribs very 

rough and jagged. On the body whorl there are about thirteen 

cinguli below the shoulder; unequal in size and unequally separated, those on the canal larger and closer together than those 

just above it, while the fourth one below the angle is so prominent as to make a slight angle in the outline .of the whorl. 

Below this angle the transverse ribs curve in toward the 

columella fullowing the outlir;e of the outer lip, and extend to 

the end of the canal, the curvature being most noticeable in a 

dorsal view. Very fine striae intersect the cinguli and the 

threads in the direction of the lines of growth, rendering them 

gr~nular and give. the appearance to the shell, when dry, of 

being covered with a fine gray dust. Aperture long narrowovate with a moderately long; rather narrow canal. Outer lip 

not thickened, with a comparatively thin edge and a broad, 

moderately deep sinus extending from the suture to the angle. 

Columella slightly curved; inner lip marked by a narrow stripe 

of conspicuous red enamel. Color light yellow-brown ; interior 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 271 

of aperture of the same conspicuous red color as the inner lip. 

In young specimens, this coloring is wanting. 

Length, nearly 8 mm; breadth, 3 mm; length of aperture, 3.5 

mm; its breadth, 1 mm.-Bush, 1885. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 5.5 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 2.5 mn1. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 86913. 

Locality of figured specimen: Off Cape Hatteras 1n 

14 to 19 fathoms. 

Some specimens of this species approach very closely 

to M angelia cerina (Kurtz and Stimpson). The spiral 

lirations of the former, however, are irregular and more 

or less rugose, while those of the latter are finer and 

more uniform. The anterior canal is usually longer 

in Kurtziella eritima, although this js a somewhat variable character in both forms. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, 11;2 miles northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. 

· North Carl?lina: Yorktown formation, 9 to 10 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County; Tar Ferry near the mouth of 

Wiccacon Creek, Hertford County. Duplin marl, Natural Well 

and environs, Duplin County. Pliocene, Croatan sand, Slocum's Creek, at the confluence with the Neuse River, 15 miles 

below New Bern, Craven County; Waccamaw formation, Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. Rather common. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl on the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. ; 

Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Tilly Lake, Waccamaw River, 

Horry County, S. C.; Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee 

River, Fla. Recent, from Hatteras to Yucatan and the West 

Indies in less than 50 fathoms. 

Genus BELLASPIRA Conrad 

1868. Bellaspira Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 261. 

Type by monotypy: Mangelia virginiana Conrad. Miocene, of 

Yorktown, Va. 

Bellaspira virginiana (Conrad) 

Pia te 37, figure 14 

1862. Mangelia Virginiana Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 286. 

1863. Mangelia Virginiana Conrad, idem, p. 562. 

1868. Bellaspira virginiana Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 

3, pt. 3, p. 261, pl. 21, fig. 12. 

Short-fusiform; whorls 5, subscalariform, or medially angular; 

ribs prominent, two whorls from the apex smooth; minute revolving lines on the lower half of the penultimate whorl; one or 

two obsolete revolving lines on the body whorl. Locality. Yorktown, Virginia.-Conrad, 1862. 

Holotype: A.cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1610. 

Distribution : The species has not been recognized in any of 

the later collections. 

Genus ITHYCYTHARA Woodring 

1928. lthycythara Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

385, p. 168. 

Type by original designation: Mangilia psila Bus·h. Recent, 

off the southeast coast of the United States. 

754992-48-7 

Ithycythara psila (Bush) 

Plate 37, figure 7 

1885. Mangilia psila Bush, Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci. 

Trans., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 455, pl. 45, fig. 2. 

1890. Oythara psila Bush, Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 38. 

Shell of moderate size, slender, rather thick, very plain, yellowish white, with a dull lusterless surface. Whorls about six and 

a half elongated, decidedly angulated, forming an elongated, 

blunt spire. Suture defined by an indistinct, undulating line. A 

very few prominent, narrow, straight ribs (six on the bodywhorl) cross the whorls from suture to suture, separated by very 

wide, concave interspaces; a single rounded thread revolves on 

the periphery at the shoulder of the whorls, scarcely visible on 

the interspaces, but forming conspicuous, oblong nodules on the 

ribs. On the body-whorl the ribs continue to the end of the canal 

curving in from its base, towards the aperture. On the ventral 

surface of the canal there are five or six very indistinct, oblique 

striae. The surface is everywhere crossed ·by conspicuous, 

flexuous lines of growth. Nucleus rather large, composed of two 

and a half regularly coiled, nearly smooth, somewhat shining 

whorls, the second having a row of minute nodules or beads on 

the periphery. Aperture long, narrow, of nearly uniform width; 

outer lip thin, nearly straight, broadly rounded anteriorly, with 

a decided sinus just below the suture; within the aperture, underneath the first external rib, there is a line of small, oblong 

nodules. Inner lip continuous with the outer, with a thin, free 

edge. Columella very slightly curved, with a small horizontal 

fold or tooth about the posterior third. 

· Length, 6 mm ; breadth, 2.5 mm ; length of aperture, 3 mm; 

its breadth, about .8 mm.-Bush, 1885. 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 6.1 mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 2.3 mm. 

Figured specimen: U. S. Nat. Mus. 92995. 

Type locality: Off Cape Hatteras, in 48 fathoms. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. Very rare. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl; Caloosahatch,ee River, Fla. Recent, Hatteras to Martinique, West 

Indies. Dredged off the Carolinas in 16 to 50 fathoms. 

Genus CRYOTURRIS Woodring 

1928. Cryoturris Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, 

p.178. ' 

Type by original designation : Cryoturris engonia Woodring. 

Miocene, of Bowden, Jamaica. 

Cryoturris magnoliana chariessa Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 37; figure 5 

Shell fusiform ; aperture a little less than half the 

entire length of the shell. Nucleus initiated by 1~ to 

llh smooth, well-rounded whorls, the succeeding turn 

ornamented by 20 to 25 fine, protractive, axial costae 

and, on the anterior half of the whorl, by a few microscopic spirals. Whorls of conch 5 to 5%, angular, keeled 

at or just in front of the median line. Axial sculpture 

on the figured specimen of narrow, pinched costae, about 

8 to the whorl, separated by wide, concave, intercostal 

areas ; costae persistent, as a rule, from suture to suture, 

though strongest at the periphery and tending to be-
272 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NOR.TH CAROLINA 

come obsolete on the fasciole; on the body whorl, continuing to the pillar. Surface from nuclear whorls to 

base of canal crowded with faint, but clear-cut, spiral 

filaments alternating in size, frosted by the incrementals, separated by linear interspaces. Anal fasciole 

outlined only by the weakening of the costae and the 

closer crowding of the spirals. Suture distinct, undulated by the costae of the preceding whorl. Aperture 

narrowly ovate. Outer lip arcuate, or, in the younger 

forms, obscurely angulated, at the periphery of the 

whorl; thin and smooth within. Columella smooth. 

Parietal wall callused. Anterior canal rather long and 

slightly recurved, spirally lirate. 

Dimensions: Height, 8.5 mm. ; maximum diameter, 

3.2mm. 

Holotype: U. S. N. M. 325374. 

Type and only locality: Neills Eddy Landing, Cape 

Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, 

N.C. Waccamaw formation. 

Oryoturris magnoliana chariessa is well characterized by the fusiform outline, the angular whorls, the 

relatively few, narrow, elevated axial costae and the 

crowded spirals. It is distinct from any of the East 

Coast Tertiary representatives of the genus but closely 

related to 0. rubella Kurtz and Stimpson, in the Recent 

fauna of the Carolina coast. However, 0. rubella tends 

to have a more globose body, more numerous volutions, 

slightly less numerous ribs, and a more thickened outer 

lip that is in many specimens denticulate within. The 

lower number of axial riblets, 8 instead of 12 to 14, 

separates the Waccamaw subspecies from0.1nagnoliana 

Olsson 27 from the Duplin marl. 

Cryoturris cerinella (Dall) 

Plate 37, figure 8 

1889. M angilia cerinella Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. Zoology 

Bull., vol. .18, p. 113. 

M. cerinella recalls cerina by its color, is much larger than the . 

genuine cedna, more drawn out and slender; it has only six or 

at most seven ribs, a short aperture, no canal to speak of, and 

h~rdly any indentation for a notch; the suture is less appressed 

and undulate; while the ribs are almost obsolete in the fasciolar 

region; the angulation is nearly at the periphery and the slopes 

either way from it are nearly equal. Lon. 11.75 [11.8] ; last 

whorl, 5.87; lat. 3.7[5] mm. North Carolina to Florida and 

Texas.-Dall, 1889. · 

Dimensions of figured specimen : Height, 11.8 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 3.7 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 86909. Punta Rosa, 

Fla., in 2 fathoms. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 

near Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. Very rare. 

Outside distribution : Recent, Hatteras to Texas and Bermuda, in 14 to 22 fathoms. 

2'1 Olsson, Axel, New Miocene fossils: Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 5, 

No. 27, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 11, 1916. 

Genus "MANGELIA" (Leach ms.) Risso 

The following species does not seem to he included in 

any of the restricted groups. 

"Mangelia" stellata Stearns 

Plate 37, figure 1 . 

1872. Mangilia stellata Stearns, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., 

vol. 15, p. 22. 

1884. Mangelia stellata Stearns. Tryon, Manual of conchology, 

VOL 6, p. 246, pl. 34,. fig. 84. 

1890. Mangilia stellata Stearns. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 41. 

Shell small, fusiform, turrited, yellowish tinged more or less 

with reddish brown; number of whorls seven, angulated above; 

suture distinct; sculptured with twelve to thirteen strong, 

smooth, longitudinal ribs, which extend to the extremity of the 

basal volution, which alSo shows near its termination a few 

revolving lines; intercostal spaces marked by fine incremental 

striae; aperture narrow, rather oblique, less than half the length 

of the shell ; labrum effuse, externally much thickened, and 

deeply notched near the suture; canal short ; columella somewhat calloused and bent forward. 

Measurement: length of largest specimen, .35 inch, lat., .14 

inch. * * * 

Viewed from above this simple shell has the form of a many 

short-pointed star.-Stearns, 1872. 

Habitat: Tampa Bay, Point Penallis, Pine Key and 

Long Key, Fla. 

The two forms from N eills Eddy Landing are a little 

shorter and stouter than the type, the whorls more convex, and the spirallirations stronger. These variations 

are duplicated, however, in the Recent fauna and in 

that of the Pliocene Caloosahatchee marl of Florida. 

Dimensions of :fifgured cotype : Height, 8.5 mm. ; 

diameter, 3. 7 mm. 

Figured cotype: U.S.N.M. 86896, from Tampa Bay, 

Fla. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing near Cronly, 

Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla. Recent, Tampa to. Key West, in less than 

50 fathoms. 

Genus GLYPHOSTOMA Gabb 

1873. Glyphostoma. Gabb, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1872, p. 270. 

Type by monotypy : Glyphostoma dentiferum Gabb. Miocene, 

of the Dominican Republic. 

Glyphostoma zoster Gardner, n. sp. 

Plat~ 28, figure 6 

Shell small, slender, spindle-shaped. Whorls 7:JA, to 

7Ih in all; high, angular; the steeply sloping shoulder 

half as wide as the entire whorl. Body drawn out 

anteriorly; no abrupt constriction at the base. Nucleus 

of 2 small, smooth whorls, the initial turn inflated and 

immersed at the tip, the succeeding whorl high; its full, 

rounded outline becoming increasingly angular toward 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 273 

the close of the turn. Beginning of conch indicated 

by a faint change in the shell texture and by the sharpening of the angle which develops into the spiral that 

outlines the peripheral keel; a second spiral introduced directly behind the suture within the first whorl, 

and an axial sculpture indicated by a faint rippling of 

the periphery; a third spiral interc.alated between the 

peripheral and anterior spirals within the second turn. 

Adult axial sculpture of 9 to 12 rounded, feebly protractive ribs, most elevated at the periphery, dying out 

on the shoulder, irregular and evanescent on the bo~y. 

Spirals narrow, elevated threads ; the 3 originallirations 

the true primaries; secondaries intercalated; on the 

shoulder, 7 to 9 fine, sharp lirae, the anterior slightly 

more elevated than those behind it and setting off the 

threaded area as a girdle wound about the shell. Approximately 9 equisized and equispaced lirations of 

secondary strength on the base of the body and on the 

obscurely differentiated anterior canal, an equal number 

of slightly finer threadlets. Aperture rather narrow ; 

set at a low angle to the axis of the shell. Outer 

lip produced backward slightly on the preceding whorl. 

Anal notch narrow, deep, symmetrically disposed upon 

the fasCiole; rim heavily calloused. Labral varix heavy, 

denticulate within. Labium constricted at the base of 

the body. Parietal wash very thin, but the pillar 

heavily reinforced and wrinkled normal to the axis. 

Basal notch broad but not very deep. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 9.6 mm.; greatest 

diameter, 4.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 497852. 

Type Locality: Nat ural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. Duplin marl. 

Glyphostoma zoster may be an antecedent of G. johnsoni Dall from the Waccamaw formation of the Cape 

Fear River. The Duplin shell is more slender, the shoulder more steeply sloping, and both the axial and spiral 

sculpture less vigorous. The abrupt termination of the 

ribs at the periphery in G. jolunsoni sharply defines the 

posterior fasciole ; in G. zoster and its subspecies the 

fasciole is more or less rippled by the conth1uation of 

the costals behind the periphery. Glyphostoma zoster 

mansfieldi represents the less slender forms of the G. 

zoster group with more elevated and persistent axials 

and a more subdued and monotonous spiral sculpture. 

Glyphm;;toma zoster phroudon .is also less slender than 

G. zoster s. s., and the body is relatively larger than 

either the restricted species or the subspecies mansfieldi. 

It differs further from both of them in the n1ore elevated 

axials that rather strmJgly ripple the posterior fasciole. 

Dil!ltribution: Duplin marl, 11-h miles northwest of Magnolia 

and Natural Wen. 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, 

N.C. 

Glyphostoma zoster mansfieldi Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 37, figure 17 

A rather slender fusiform shell of 2 nuclear and 5~ 

to 5lf2 closely appressed post-nuclear volutions. Aperture almost half the length of the entire shell. Initial 

whorl smooth, rounded, immersed at the tip; succeeding 

turn also s1nooth but less inflated and becoming increasingly angular at the periphery; sculpture first appearing 

in the form of a spiral cord which later marks the anterior margin of the anal fasciole. Postnuclear whorls 

slightly keeled at the periphery, flattened in front of the 

periphery, feebly concave behind it. Costae broad, undulating elevations, 11 on the body, 9 on the final whorl 

of the spire, persistent from the shoulder to the anterior suture but becoming obsolete posteriorly on the 

fasciole; costae less prominent on the body than on the 

spire and tending to evanesce as they approach the 

labrum; faint incrementals visible, most conspicuous 

on the fasciole, where they trace the former margin of 

the sinus. Spirallirations strong, flattened cords, the 

primaries 3 or 4 on the later whorls of the spire and the 

medial portion of the body; secondaries regularly intercalated on the later whorls of the spire, the body, and 

the pillar. Anal fasciole concave, about half the width 

of the entire whorl; more or less undulated by the 

costae; sculptured with 8 to 10 crowded lirae and arcuate incrementals, most obvious posteriorly. Suture 

closely a ppressed, slightly waved by the costals of the 

preceding whorl. Aperture rather wide. Labrum 

deeply notched posteriorly, widely flaring medially, 

contracted at the base of the canal; decidedly thickened 

within, obscurely denticulate. Columella calloused, 

concave, feebly wrinkled near the extremity of the 

canal. Anterior fasciole indicated only by the finer 

threading. Base broadly and obliquely emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 9.5 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 4.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 499116. 

Type locality: Nat ural Well, 2 miles southwest of 

Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C. Duplin marl. 

Glyphostoma zoster mansfieldi lacks the characteristic armature of the genus and is probably not fully 

mature. The form, nuclear characters, and sculpture 

pattern are all typical of Glyphostoma. It differs from 

G. zoster s. s. and the subspecies phroudon in the outline 

of the whorls and in the low, flat, regular spirals. The 

subspecies has been recovered only from the Natural 

Well and nearby outcrops. 

Glyphostoma zoster phroudon Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate 37, figure 26 

Shell small. Outline roughly biconic, the apparent 

size of the body increased by the widely flaring labrum. 

Whorls of spire convex, tapering rather rapidly to an 

acute apex. Nucleus of about 2 small, smooth whorls; 
274 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

the initial whorl inflated and immersed at the tip; the 

succeeding whorl high, the full, rounded outline becoming increasingly angular toward the close of the 

nuclear stage. Post nuclear whorls closely appressed, 

5~ to 5%, rippled by 10 broad, elevated axials, most 

prominent on the periphery but persistent to the anterior suture; weakening, however, and becoming obsolete 

as they cross the anal fasciole ; irregular on the body, 

tending to bifurcate anteriorly and to evanesce before 

reaching the base of the pillar; terminal rib varicose. 

Bpiral sculpture subdued; primaries low, broad, somewhat flattened, 3 or 4 in front of the periphery on the 

later volutions of the spire and 2 or 3 on the earlier 

turns; secondaries regularly intercalated. Anal fasci-

.ole broad, about half as high as the entire whorl, 

feebly undulated, threaded with 8 to 10 crowded lirae; 

the tracings of the sinus obscure except near the aperture. Aperture narrow, oblique to the axis of the shell. 

Outer lip produced backward slightly, flaring medially, 

thin-edged, varicose directly behind the margin. Anal 

notch deep, symmetrically disposed upon the fasciole, 

the rim reinforced by the varical callus. Inner varical 

surface of labrum dentate, the denticle directly in front 

of the labral notch, the most prominent, that at the 

margin of the canal oblique, the intermediate denticles 

elongated at right angles to the edge of the lip. Labium 

constricted at the base of the body, heavily callused; 

a single denticle near the opening of the posterior canal 

and 4 or 5 plications farther forward on the pillar. 

Anterior fasciole differentiated only by the finer spiral 

threading; short, broad, and obliquely emarginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 9.3 mrn.; maximum 

diameter, 4.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325375. 

Type locality: One and one-half miles northeast of 

Fairmont (Ashpole), Robeson County, N.' C. Duplin 

marl. 

Glyphostoma zoster phroudon differs both from G. 

zoster s. s. and the subspecies rnansfieldi in the relatively 

larger body whorl and consequent apical angle, and in 

the more elevated axials that are made the more prominent by the overriding primary spirals. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 

2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; 1lh miles north 

of Fairmont, Robeson County. 

Glyphostoma scoptes Dall 

Plate 37, figure 20 

1903. Glyphostoma scoptes Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, pl. 60, fig. 15. (No description.) 

Shell slender, spire attenuated. Volutions about 10 

in all ; closely appressed; tip of spire decollated. N uclear whorls small and smooth, probably 2 to 2lf2. Beginning of conch marked by a slight change in the texture of the shell and by the abrupt appearance of a 

spiral thread which on the later whorls outlines the 

• 

keel; a second less elevated thread intercalated between 

it and the anterior suture; axial sculpture indicated at 

the close of the first half turn by the rippling of the 

periphery. Adult whorls heavily sculptured. Axial 

costae undulatory, particularly on the earlier whorls; 

ranging from 10 on the first 4 whorls of the conch to 15 

on the final turn; costae slightly protractive, most prominent on the periphery, almost or altogether absent on 

the fasciole, weakening toward the anterior suture and, 

on the body, reduced to feeble riblets crowned by peripheral tubercles; intercostal areas concave and slightly 

narrower than the rounded costae. Spirals low, flattopped, straight-sided bands overriding the costae; 

primaries 2 to each whorl of the spire, that defining the 

periphery slightly stronger than the one in front of it; 

an additional, less prominent band back of the periphery, outlining the anterior margin of the fasciole; 

body lirations 21, similar in character to those on the 

spire but increasingly narrower and more proximate 

anteriorly. Anal fasciole occupying nearly half of each 

of the whorls of the spire, concave in profile, sculptured 

with numerous, retractive, strongly arcuate, irregular 

wrinkles and 3 or 4 broad spirals, so low that they can 

be defined only under high magnification. Suture line 

not impressed except on the final turns. Aperture 

oblique to the axis. Outer lip arcuate, varicose but thinning at the margin. Anal notch very deep, symmetrically placed on the fasciole, heavily reinforced by the 

varical callus. Inner surface of outer lip set with 7 

irregular denticles, approximately equispaced, equisized, except for the second from the posterior commissure, which is the most prominent, and for the oblique 

anterior wrinkle which marks the entrance to the canal. 

Inner lip excavated posteriorly, washed with callus; 

3 oblique wrinkles in front of the posterior siphonal 

notch; another more nearly at right angles to the axis 

of the shell, at the base of the body whorl; about 7 

transverse folds on the anterior part of the labium. 

Canal rather long, partially closed anteriorly by the constriction of the margin of the outer lip ; anterior fasciole 

indicated by the finer, closer threading; recurved ·and 

broadly emar.ginate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 12.3 mm.; maximum diameter, 4.2 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 163977. 

Type locality : Shell Creek, Fla. Caloosahatchee 

marl. 

The slender outline and many-whorled, attenuated 

spire separate this species from all others of the genus 

occurring within the T~rtiary of North Carolina. 

The form has been figured by Dall but has not been 

described. 

Distribution: Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, 

Cape Fear River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N. C. 

Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, Shell 

Creek, F'Ia. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 275 

Family TEREBRIDAE 

Genus TEREBRA Bruguiere 

1789. Terebra Bruguiere, Encyclopedie methodique, Histoire 

naturelle des vers, vol. 1, p. XV (no species mentioned). 

1799. Terebra Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification 

des coquilles : Soc. histoire nat. Paris Mem., p. 71. Sole 

example, Buccinum subulatum Linnaeus. 

1908. Terebra Bruguiere. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., vol. 43, No. 6, p. 245. 

1923. Terebra (Bruguiere) Lamarck. Bartsch, Nautilus, vol. 37, 

pp. 60-64. 

1928. Terebra Bruguiere, Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 385, p. 135. 

Type by monotypy : Buccinum subulatum Linnaeus. Recent, 

in the Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus PARATEREBRA Woodring 

1928. Paraterebra Woodring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

385, p. 135. 

Type by original designation: Terebra tea:ana Dall. Recent, 

in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. 

Terebra (Paraterebra) unilineata (Conrad) 

Plate 38, figures 35, 36 

1841. Oerithium unilineatum Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., 

vol. 41, p. 345, pl. 2, fig. 4. 

1843. Oerithium unilineatum Conrad, Assoc. Am. Geologists and 

Naturalists Trans., p. 108, pl. 5, fig. 4. 

1856. Acus unilineata (Conrad). Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 137, pl. 28, fig. 7. 

1858. Terebra wnilineata Tuomey and Holmes. Emmons, North 

Carolina Geol. Survey Rept., p. 258, fig. 129. 

1863. Terebra (Aous) unilineata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 565. 

1904. Terebra unilineata Conrad. Martin, Maryland Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 138, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2. 

1909. Terebra unilineata Conrad. Grabau and Shimer, North 

American index fossils, vol. 1, p. 798, figs. 1173 a, b. 

Slightly turrited ; volutions with each a spiral impressed line 

above the middle; space between this line and suture with oblique 

plicae.-Conrad, 1841. 

Shell elevated, turrited, tapering evenly to an acute 

apex. Whorls 15 to 18, straight-sided, increasing gradually in diameter. Pre-sutural band closely appressed. 

moderately wide; on the spire, between one-third ana 

one-half the height of the whorl; limited anteriorly by 

a slightly impressed line that in many specimens becomes obsolete on the later whorls of the adult; a single 

fortuitous spiral occasionally present on the band. 

Axial sculpture feeble; some 25 narrow, pinched ridges 

on the pre-sutural band; rather sharp on the earlier 

whorls but less conspicuous and more or less obsolete 

on the later; a row of minute nodules, in line with the 

axial ridges, developed directly in front of the impressed spiral on the early whorls; on the later whorls, 

axial sculpture in front of the spiral, restricted to incrementals, retractive posteriorly, somewhat sinous 

on th~ base of the whorl. Aperture auriculate. Body 

abruptly contracted at the. base. Columellar lip 

strongly concave, bearing anteriorly a strong, marginal 

fold and behind it a feeble second plication. Labrum 

sharp, simple, broadly arcuate. Anterior canal short, 

strongly recurved. Siphonal fasciole short, oblique, 

heavily corrugated, emarginate. · 

T ere bra unilineata Conrad is well characterized by 

the restriction of the axial sculpture to the posterior 

half of the whorl. The species attains a considerable 

height; an individual collected by Mr. Joseph Willcox, 

and now in the possession of the Wagner Free Institute 

of Science of Philadelphia, measures 96 mm. 

Type locality: Duplin County, N.C. 

The form is fairly abundant at the few localities at 

which it occurs. 

Terebra unilineata Conrad may possibly be an ancestral form of the type of the subgenus. The outline 

is much the same in both, and the Miocene form approaches the dimensions of the Recent species. The 

presutural band is, however, much wider in the Recent 

species, and there is no trace in the Miocene form of 

the sulcus which bisects the band ofT. texOJna. The anterior canal is longer in T. texana than in T. unilineata, 

but in both species there is a strong marginal fold and 

behind it an incipient second plication. · 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 

miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County; 1% miles northeast of Fairmont and 2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson: 

County. 

Subgenus STRIOTEREBRUM: Sacco 

1891. Strioterebrum Sacco, I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del 

Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 10, p. 33. 

Type by original designation: Terebra basteroti Nyst. Miocene, of the Piedmont of Italy. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) carolinensis (Conrad) 

Plate 38, figure 30 

1841. Cerithium carolinensis Conrad~ Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., 

vol. 41, p. 345. 

1856. Aous disZocatum var. carolinensis (Conrad). Tuomey and 

Holmes, Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 125, 

pl. 28, fig. 8. 

1859. Terebra dislocata DeKay (part). Holmes, Post-Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 70 (pl. 11, fig. 12, excl.). 

1863. Terebr;,a (Acus) caroUnensis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 565. (Name only.) 

Subulate; whirls with impressed spiral lines and numerous 

acute longitudinal ribs which are dislocated by a sulcus below 

the suture. Length, 2* inches. Resembles 0. d.islocatum, 

but is far larger, and has much more numerous and less prominent ribs.-Conrad, 1841. 

Holotype: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1601. 

Shell slender, elevated-conic; the body constricted 

abruptly into a short neck. Protoconch small, the 

initial turn rounded and immersed at the tip, the succeeding volution fhittened laterally. Whorls of conch 

approximately 13; gently and evenly increasing in 

diameter. Presutural band rather narrow, sharply delimited anteriorly by an incised spiral groove. Axial 

sculpture of 20 to 25 lirate, slightly irreguhtr ribs 

which are retractive posteriorly and are truncated by· 
276 MOLLUSCA FROM MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

the pre-sutural sulcus. Spiral sculpture less distinct 

than the axial; spirals linear or nearly so, somewhat irregular and separated by linear interspaces. Aperture moderately wide. Labrum thin, simple, broadly 

arcuate. Labium excavatBd at the base of the body. 

Parietal wall enameled. Anterior canal short, recurved. Siphonal fasciole oblique, roughened by the 

incrementals, the posterior margin raised and acute. 

Terminal notch shallow. 

The diameter of the body whorl is greater in proportion to the height than in Terebra protexta (pl. 38, 

fig. 31), and the sculpture is more closely cancellate. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. 

North Carolina: Yorktown formation, 1 mile east of Lizzie, 

Greene County; 3 miles south of Farmville, Pitt County. Duplin marl, Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin 

County; Fairmont, Robeson County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Duplin marl at the Muldrow 

Place, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) neglecta (Emmons) 

Plate 38, figure 33 

1858. Terebra neglecta Emmons, North Carolina Geol. Survey 

Rept., p. 258. 

1863. Terebra (Acus) neglecta Emmons. Conrad, Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 565. (Name only.) 

1896 (Apr. 23). Terebra (Acus) neglecta Emmons. Dall, U.S. 

Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 18, p. 40. 

Shell terete; spire composed of many whoris, traversed spirally 

by a deeply impressed line, dividing it into two unequal parts; 

the lower has three or four interrupted spiral lines, the upper, 

none. The ribs of the upper part are more obtuse than the lower, 

and die out before they reach the dividing impressed line; in 

the lower, they cross it from line to line. 

In this species, the revolving lines are fewer than in the T. 

dislocatum, and in the latter, they are common to both parts of 

the whorl. In the unilineata, there is but one distinct revolving 

line."-Emmons, 1858. 

This unfigured species appears to have been lost sight of, 

though apparently well characterized. At first sight it would 

recall '1'. dislocata, but on inspection it is found to differ materially. The sutural band is marked in front by a constriction, 

not a sulcus, toward which the transverse sculptu.re becomes 

obsolete, while the front part of each whorl is somewhat swollen, 

with the ribs strongest on the periphery. In many specimens the 

ribbing on the sutural band alternates with that on the whorl. 

The posterior half of the whorl is smooth or only faintly spirally 

striated; on the anterior half the spirals, though fine and close, 

are well-marked. T:tte pillar is smooth and without plaits, while 

in T. dislocata it is biplicate. The shell reaches about 32 mm. 

in length and 7.5 in maximum diameter, with 15 whorls. The 

taper of the tip of the spire is more rapid than the rest, instead 

of being uniformly conical. It was described by Emmons from 

the Miocene of North Carolina, but was not found by Burns in 

the Duplin beds-Dan, 1896. 

Habitat : North Carolina. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 19.5 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 5.4 mm. 

Figured speci1nen: U.S.N.M. 11461, from the Miocene of ''South Carolina." 

Distribution: Virginia: Yorktown formation, Yorktown, York 

County; upper bed near Suffolk, Nansemond County. 

North Carolina: Duplin marl, 2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson County. Very rare. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, "South Carolina," no locality 

specified. Duplin marl on the Muldrow Place, 5 miles southeast 

of Mayesville, Sumter County, S.C. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) robesonensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 38, figure 29 

Outline subuhtte, but stout and heavy for the group; 

body whorl abruptly contracted into the short neck, 

Apex brokeR away; exact number of whorls indeterminable, but probably 8 to 10. Sculpture both axial and 

spiral, the former dominant. Presutural band well differentiated. Axial costae narrow, sharply elevated, not 

overridden by the spirals, usually 12 to 14 to the whorl, 

uniform in strength from the anterior suture to the 

presutural sulcus, completely dissected, as a rule, and 

usually suffering a slight offset at the sulcus; interaxial 

spaces broadly convex, sculptured with 4 or 5 linear 

grooves equal in size and spacing, none of them trenching the radials, except the gutter which isolates the presutural band. Suture distinct, feebly und.ulated by the 

close appression of the whorls and the strength of the 

axial costae. Characters of aperture obscured by the 

breaking away of the outer lip. Columella slightly contracted at the base o:£ the body whorl; bearing a marginal plait, and behind it a second less elevated fold. 

Canal open, very short, re~urved, emarginate. Anterior 

fasciole differentiated by the slightly elevated posterior 

border, and by the vigor of the incremental sculpture. 

Dimensions of imperfect holotype: Height, 21.5 

n1m.; diameter, 8.0 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325370. 

Type locality: Two miles below Lumberton, Robeson 

County, N.C. Duplin marl. 

Terebra robesonensis displays an obvious relationship 

to T. dislocata Say, but it is less slender, and the axial 

sculpture is more vigorous. 

The species is recorded only from the type locality. 

Terebra (Striotereb,rum 7) grayi Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate 38, figure 34 

Shell subulate, not conspicuously slender. Whorls 

possibly 9 or 10, the apex lost, and the number of whorls 

not determinable. Axials 13 or 14 on the later volutions; narrow, pinched ridges, most elevated on either 

side of the suture, commonly obsolete along a narrow 

area in front of the sulcus. Sulcus not very deep but 

sharply defined, the area behind it studded. with subnodose axials slightly offset from the axials in front of 

them. Spiral sculpture other than the sulcus restricted 

to 8 or 9 linear grooves upon the periphery and base of 

the body whorl; absent on the neck. Suture impressed, 

minutely crenulated by the axials of the preceding volution. Characters of aperture obscured by the imperfec-
. PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 277 

tions of the outer lip. Columella excavated at the base 

of the body ; a feeble fold on the twisted edge of the 

pillar. Anterior canal short, recurved, emarginate .. 

Anterior fasciole set off from the short neck by the 

raised posterior margin and· by the change in direction 

of the prominent growth lines. 

Dimensions of imperfect holotype: Height, 18.5 mm.; 

diameter, 5.9 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325369. 

Type and only locality: Yorktown, York County, 

V a. Yorktown formation. 

Terebra grayi lacks the characteristic reticulate sculpture of the subgenus, but it suggests by th~ character of 

its axial sculpture Terebra neglecta Emmons, of the 

Duplin formation of the Carolinas. It differs most 

obviously in the absence of any trace of spiral sculpture 

except the spiral that outlines the sutural band and the 

few grooves upon the periphery and base of the body 

whorl. The sulcus outlining the band is not deep, but 

the sides slope toward it both from the anterior and the 

posterior sutures, so that the whorls have the appearance of being folded along that line. · 

The species name is given in honor of Mr. J. E. Gray, 

who manifested great interest in the Terebridae and 

left his impress upon their systematic arrangement. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) protexta (Conrad) Dall 

Plate 38, figure 31 

1846. Cerithium protemtwm Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., vol. 3, p. 26. 

1889. Acus protemtus Conrad. Dall, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. 

Zoology Bull., vol. 18, pp. 63, 65. 

1890. Terebra (Aous) protercta Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 25. 

Subulate, elongated, with longitudinal curved acute costae, 

and fine revolving lines; whorls 15, slightly convex; ribs divided 

and somewhat dislocated by an impressed line below the suture; 

color purplish-black; within the same. 

Locality, Tampa Bay? 

The specimen described is more than three-fourths of an inch 

long, but the usual size is less than half an inch.-Conrad, 1846. 

Whorls convex, periphery destitute of nodules, whorls crossed 

by sharp-edged, very flexuous waves; interspaces with crowded 

spirals and sharp grooves, which do not cut the crest of the 

waves. Ashy to dark purple; band distinct. Lon. 21.2, lat. 

4. 7 mm., whorls 15.-Dall, 1889. 

Dimensions of figured specimen: Height, 21.4 · mm. ; 

maximum diameter, 4.4 mm. 

Figured specimen: U.S.N.M. 36077, from the n1ud 

flats of Sarasota Bay, Fla. 

Shell small, slender, acutely tapering. Body constricted into a short neck. Whorls approximately 15, 

flattened or slightly convex. Axial sculpture of sharp, 

subequal and subequispaced, 'flexuous ribs, 25 to 30 on 

the final volution. Presutural sulcus distinct but rarely deep enough to truncate the costals. Spiral sculpture of clean-cut, subequal and subequispaced impressed lines that do not, as a rule, override the costals; 

spirals 5 to 7 on the later whorls of the spire, approximately 9 on the sides of the body whorl, and 9 more 

crowded sulci on the base. Aperture n~rrow. Outer 

lip evenly arcuate. Inner margin sigmoidal. Parietal 

wall calloused. Pillar bearing a single feeble marginal 

fold. Canal short, recurved, emarginate. Anterior 

fasciole deltoid, roughened by the incrementals. 

The finely sculptured end members of the Terebra 

protex·ta series may closely approach the peripheral 

forms of T. ( Strioterebrum) concava (Say) (pl. 38, 

fig. 32). 

Distribution: North Carolina: Waccamaw formation, Walkers Bluff, Bladen County; Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County. 

Outside distribution: Miocene, Choctawhatchee formation 

(Cancellat·ia zone), Harveys Creek, Leon County, Fla. Pliocene, 

Caloosahatchee marl, Nashua, Putnam County, Fla.; Caloosahatchee River, Shell Creek, Alligator Creek, and Myakka River, 

Fla. Pleistocene, Delray well at 118 feet depth, Palm Beach 

County; Labelle, Caloosahatchee River, Hendrey County, Fla. 

Recent, Hatteras to Veracruz, Mexico, in 3 to 48 fathoms. 

Order OPISTHOBRANCHIA 

Suborder TECTIBRANCHIATA 

Family ACTEONIDAE 

Genus ACTEON Montfort 

1810. Acteon Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 2, p. 

315. 

Type by monotypy: Voluta tornatilis Gmelin. Recent, off the 

west European shores. 

Acteon novellus Conrad 

Plate 38, figures 24, 26 

1834. Acteon novellus Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., 1st ser., vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 142. 

1863. Acteon novellus. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 570. (Name only.) 

Shell subcylindrical, very small, with minute crowded impressed spiral lines; columella with an obtuse, not very prominent fold. 

Locality. Suffolk, Va. 

This species differs in its striae from all our other species; 

these are more minute and crowded.-Conrad, 1834. 

Holotype: A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1600. Acteon 

ovoide8 Conrad, 1830, reported from the Calvert formation through the St. Marys formation of Maryland is 

similarly sculptured but more slender in outline. The 

shell figured from the St. Marys of Maryland under the 

name of Acteon pusilhtS (Forbes) is more rounded. 

Distlibution : The species is not represented in any of our 

later collections. · 

Acteon novellus nansemondensis Gardner, n. subsp.? 

Plate 38, figure 25 

Shell rather large. for the genus; the body broad, the 

sides of the whorls trapezoidal. Nucleus heterostrophous, small and smooth, the tip immersed, the evident 

volutions about 11;2. Succeeding turns 4%, rapidly increasing in diameter, subtrapezodial, narrowly tabu-
278 MOLLUSCA FRO]\(f: MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

lated. Dominant sculpture spiral, of straight-sided 

grooves numbering 26 on the body, 7 on the final whorl 

of the spire,. equal in size and spacing, separated by 

flattened interareas of about double the width of the 

depressions; type showing an additional spiral on the 

third groove in front of the posterior suture of the body 

whorl but this is probably fortuitous; faint incrementals 

visible alike in the grooves and on the interspaces, but 

not sufficiently strong to mark· the sulci. Suture con:-

spicuously channelled. Aperture holostomous, elongate-ovate, angulated posteriorly, produced and flaring 

anteriorly. Outer lip sharp, faintly crenulated within. 

Inner lip sinuous; parietal wall callosed; pillar thickened and reversed, bearing a single oblique, inconspicuous plait. 

Acteon novellus nansemondensis, n. subsp. ~, is separated from other species of the genus characterized by 

a strong spiral sculpture, by the angular outline of the 

whorls, the uniform distribution of the spirals and their 

nonpunctate character. 

Acteon novellus Conrad from the same formation and 

area "is very close and their differences may be even less 

than subspecific. Acteon novellus is larger by a third 

than the possible subspecies, the banding of A. n. 

nansemonden.sis seems wider and more regular, the 

aperture more produced in front and the columellar 

fold decidely less strong. The two forms may represent 

in the northern faunas A. textilis Guppy of the Floridian and mid-American late Tertiary assemblage. In 

the southern species the sulci are wider relatively and 

are evenly lineated by the sharp incrementals. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height, 8.0 mm. ; maximum 

diameter, 4.5 mm. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325367. 

Type locality : One mile northeast of Suffolk, N ansemond County, Va. Yorktown formation. 

The type is unique. 

Family ATYIDAE 

Aliculastrum is separated from· the typical Atys by 

the less inflated, more cylindrical outline, and the obscure or obsolete plication of the columella. It shares 

with Atys, however, the characteristic twist of the lip 

behind the vertex. 

Atys? (Aliculastrum?) ornata Gardner n. sp. 

Plate 38, figures 9, 10 

Shell small, heavy for the genus, subcylindrical. 

Spire immersed, minutely perforate. Body whorl 

globose. Surface of shell sculptured with some 30 spiral 

striations, least feebly and most crowded toward the 

extremities, particularly toward the anterior end. 

Outer lip approximately vertical, produced posteriorly 

a little beyond the body whorl;· patulous anteriorly. 

Margin of pillar lip slightly thickened and reversed, 

non plicate. 

Dimensions of holotype: Height, 2.5 mm. ; diameter, 

1.5mm. · · 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 325368. 

Type locality: Three and one-half miles below 

Palmyra Bluff on the Roanoke River, Halifax County, 

N. C. Yorktown formation. 

The type is unique, except for a fragment of a slightly 

larger individual. The species is well characterized, 

however, by the relatively strong spiral sculpture, which 

is not restricted to the anterior and posterior areas, as in 

most representatives of the genus, but is present, though 

more feeble, upon the medial portion as well. 

The reference of ornata either to Atys or Ali(JUlastrum is dubious. The characters of the posterior portion of the shell are by no means typical, but the species 

seems to have more in common with Aty8 than with 

Oylichna, the group to which it was first referr.ed. 

Family SCAPHANDRIDAE 

Genus ACTEOCINA Gray 

1847. Aoteocina Gray, Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 1847, pt. 15, 

p.160. 

1850. Tornatina Arthur Adams in Sowerby, Thesaurus conchyliorum, pt. 11, p. 554. 

Genus ATYS Montfort Type by original de~ignation: Acteon wetherelUi Lea. Mio1810. Atys Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, v.ol. 2, p. 343. . cene, of New Jersey. 

Type by original designation: Atys cymbu,lus Montfort= Bulla Acteocina canaliculata vaughani Gardner, n. subsp. 

naucum Linnaeus. Recent, in the Indo-Pacific. · 

Subgenus ALICULASTRUM Pilsbry 

1831. AlicuZa Ehrenberg, Symbolae physicae, seu icones et 

descriptiones, vol. 4, p. 41, of Mollusca. 

Not Alicu,la Eichwald, Naturhistorische Skizze von Lithauen, Volhynien und Podolien in geognostisch-mineralogischen, botanischen, und zooligischen Hinsicht entworfen, p. 214, 1830. 

1896. Aliculastrum Pilsbry, Manual of conchology, ser. 1, vol. 16, 

p. 237. 

1928. Aliculastrum Pilsbry. Wo.odring, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 127. 

Type by monotypy: Bulla cylindrica Helbling. Recent, in the 

Indo-Pacific. 

Plate 38, figures 5, 6 

In the subspecies A. c. virginica (Conrad) ,

28 the 

whorls are more tightly coiled than is normal for A. 

canriliaulata/ in the subspecies A. c. V'a:ughani the reverse is true. Consequently, the form is more slender, 

the spire higher, and the sutures more clearly defined 

than in the typical A. canali(fUlata. 

Dimensions of holotype : Height 4.5 mm., diameter 

2.0mm. 

28 C'onrad, T. A., Descriptions of new genera and species of Miocene 

shells, with notes on other fossil and recent species: Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 257, pl. 21, fig. 2, 1868. 
PART 2. SCAPHOPODA AND GASTROPODA 279 

Holotype : U.S.N.M. 497059. 

Type locality: N eills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, 3 miles north of Cronly, Columbus County, N.C. 

Waccamaw formation. The form is quite abundant at 

this single locality. 

Genus CYLICHNA Loven 

1846. Oylichna Loven, Index molluscorum Litora Scandinaviae 

occidentalia habitantium, p. 10; ( Ofversigt) Kongl. 

vetensk. Akad. Forb., Arg. 3, No. 5, p. 142. 

Not Oylichntts Burmeister, 1844, Handbuch der Entomologie, Band 4 (1), p. 171. 

1891. Bttlinella (part) R. Bullen-Newton, Systematic list of the 

Edwards collection of British Oligocene and Eocene 

Mollusca, p. 265. 

Type by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen, Indicis generum malacozoorum primordia, vol. 2, Supplementa et corrigenda, p. 42, 1852) : Bulla cylindracea Pennant. Recent, off 

the west coast of Europe. Reported from the Plioc~ne and 

Pleistocene of Europe. 

Cylichna cylindrus (H. C. Lea) 

Plate 38, figures 27, 28 

1846. Bnlla cylind1·us H. 0. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc., new ser., vol. 9, 

p. 250, pl. 35, fig. 43. 

1863. Bnlla C1Jlindrus H. 0. Lea. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1862, p. 571 (name only). 

Shell subelliptical, acuminate above and below, thick, polished, 

striate; spire umbilicate; last whorl striate at the base and 

apex; mouth falcate, wide below ; columella reflected. Length 

.21. Breadth .10 of an inch.-H. C. Lea, 1846. 

Locality: Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va. 

754992-48--8 

Figured specimen: A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1554. 

Distribution: Yorktown formation, Virginia. The species bas 

not been reported from any other than the type locality and is 

not represented in the material at hand. 

Cylichna duplinensis (Dall) 

Plate 38, figures 18, 19 

1896. (Apr. 23) Retusa ( Oylichnina) duplinensis Dall, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Proc. for 1895, vol. 18, p. 31. 

Shell cylindrical, surface marked with lines of growth, which 

are slightly eleva ted where they pass over the ridge into the 

apical perforation, and with fine spiral striae, which on and 

uear the base are alternated with sharper grooves; aperture 

narrow, as long as the shell ; the outer lip straight, behind but 

little produced, and moderately receding to the suture; in front 

the outer lip recedes and joins the pillar evenly ; pillar very 

oblique, strong, with an obscure plait, a small chink behind the 

anterior end; body short, with a little wash of callus; apex of 

the shell gently rounded over to a cylindrical perforation, with 

little or no funicular border. Longitude, 6.75 [6.9]; maximum 

diameter, 2.5 [2.8] mm. 

Habitat. Carolinian marl, at the Natural W'ell, Duplin County, 

North Carolina, Burns.-Dall. 1896. 

Holotype: U.S.N.M. 113876. 

Oylichna anthera Gardner, from the Shoal River formation of Florida, shares many of the general characteristics of 0. duplinensis but the apical portion of 0. 

anthera is planed off and unites with the sides of the 

body in a subacute angle. 

Distribution: North Carolina: Duplin marl, Natural Well, 

Duplin County. 

PLATES 24-38 

281 
PLATE 24 

[The measurements have been checked, but many of the enlargements are to some degree inaccurate.] 

FIGURE 1. Dentaliurn (Antalis?) waccarnawense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 179). Lateral view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325479), from 

the Waccamaw formation at Robinsons Landing, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C.; length 32.5 millimeters; 

diameter 3.6 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 2. Dentalinm ( Antalis?) pliocenurn Tuomey and Holmes (p. 179). Lateral view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 112722), from 

the Duplin marl, 2 miles west of Darlington Court House, Darlington County, S. C.; height 16.6 millimeters; diameter 

1.8 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURES 3-4. Dentaliurn carolinense Conrad (p. 179). 

3. Lateral view of larger specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325480), from the Yorktown formation, 1 mile above Branchs Brid?;e 

Northampton County, N. C.; length 41.6 millimeters; diameter 4.4 millimeters. 

4. Lateral view of smaller specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325480); length 34.7 millimeters; diameter 4.3 millimeters. 

FIGURE 5. Verrnicularia spirata (Philippi) (p. 202). Tube of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 53487), Recent, from grass below low water, 

at Key Largo, Fla. 

FIGURE 6. "Verrnicularia?" nig1·icans Dall (p. 201). Mass of tubes (U. S. Nat. Mus. 27341), Recent, from Sarasota Bay, Fla. 

FIGURE 7. Lernintina granifera tenera (Dall) (p. 201). Mass of tubes, cotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112274), from the Duplin marl, 

Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. 

FIGURE 8. Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) nupera (Conrad) Conrad (p. 200). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325471), 

from the Yorktown formation, 2~ to 3 miles below the Seaboard Air Line Railroad bridge, Nottoway River, Southampton County, Va.; height 8.0 millimeters; diameter 13.8 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 9. Architectonica nobilis "Bolten" Roeding (p. 199). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 83685), Recent, in 49 

fathoms, 17 miles east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, N.C.; height 19 millimeters; diameter 35 millimeters. 

FIGURE 10. Diodora catilliformis (Rogers and Rogers) Pilsbry (p. 182). Apical view of holotype; "length, half an inch." (After 

Rogers and Rogers.) 

FIGURE 11. Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) nupera (Conrad) Conrad (p. 200). Apical view of specimen shown in figure 8. X 3. 

FIGURE 12. Lernintina virginica (Conrad) (p. 202). View cf cotype from the St. Marys formation near Urbanna, Va. (After 

Conrad.) 

FIGURE 13. Architectonica nobilis "Bolten" Roeding (p. 199). Basal view of specimen shown in figure 9. 

FIGURE 14. Diodora carolinensis (Conrad) (p. 183). Apical view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325478) from the Yorktown formation, Rock Landing, Neuse River, 167~ miles above New Bern, Craven County, N.C.; height 7.3 millimeters; length 

20.0 millimeters; width 12.5 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 15. Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) nupera (Conrad) Conrad (p. 200). Basal view of specimen shown in figure 8. X 3. 

FIGURE 16. Littorina irrorata (Say) (p. 191). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 59695), Recent, from Hog Island, Va.; 

height 22.5 millimeters; diameter 16.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 17. Sin urn fragile (Conrad) (p. 213). Holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1551), from the St. Marys formation from 

St. Marys River, Md.; sculpture detail. X 6. 

FIGURE 18. Diodora carolinensis (Conrad) (p. 183). Lateral view of specimen shown in figure 14. X 2. 

FIGURE 19. Diodora catilliforrnis (Rogers and Rogers) Pilsbry (p. 182). Apical view of holotype shown in figure 10. X 3%. (After 

Rogers and Rogers.) 

FIGURE 20. Gibbula americana yorktownensis Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 187). Apical view of juvenile paratype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

325465), from the Yorktown formation at Colerain Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C.; height 2.5 millimeters; diameter 3.0 millimeters. X 15. 

FIGURES 21-22. Simtrn fragile (Conrad) (p. 213). 

21. Rear view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1551), from the St. Marys formation, St. Marys River, Md.; height 

16.8 millimeters; diameter 16.5 millimeters. X 2. 

22. Apertural view of holotype. X 2. 

FIGURES 23-24. Diodora redirnicula virgilina Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 182). 

23. Lateral view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325477), from the Yorktown formation, 6 miles below Greenville, Pitt County, 

N. C.; height 13.7 millimeters; length 32.6 millimeters. X 2. 

24. Apical view of holotype. X 2. 

282 
GEOLOGICAL SU R VEY PROFESSIONAl, PAPER 199 PLATE 24 

19 

SCAPHOPODS AND GASTROPODS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 25 

2 4 

5 

8 X12 

7 9 10 11 

12 13 

15 

16 

12 

22 

18 19 

21 

23 24 

25 26 

29 30 

28 

32 

36 

GASTROPODS 
PLATE 25 

FIGURE 1. Cochliolepis parasitica Stimpson (p. 194). Apical view of specimen from the Pleistocene at Simmons Bluff, S. C. X 7. 

(After Holmes.) 

FIGURE 2. Cochliolepis concava (H. C. Lea) (p. 194)'. Apical view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1538), from the Yorktown 

formation at Petersburg, Va. X 8. 

FIGURE 3. Macromphalina duplinensis (Dall) (p.195). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114430) from 1Yz miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.: height 2.75 millimeters; diameter 3.6 millimeters. X 7Yz. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 4. Cochliolepis concava (H. C. Lea) (p. 194). Basal view of holotype shown in fi gure 2. x· 8. 

FIG URE 5. Cochliolepis holmesii (Dall) (p. 194). Apical view of specimen from the Pleistocene at Cainhoy, Wando River, S.C. X 13. 

(After Holmes.) 

FIGURES 6-8. "Vitrinella" lipara (I-I. C. Lea) (p. 194). 

6. Apical view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1542), from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. X 12. 

7. Basal view of holotype. X 12. 

8. Apertural view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURES 9-11. Macromphalina? sp. (p. 195) . 

9. Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325461). Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 

1.8 millimeters; diameter 1.9 millimeters. X 10. 

10. Basal view. X 10. 

11. Apical view. X 10. 

FIGURES 12-14. "Pseudorotella" alexanderi (Olsson) (p. 188) . 

12. Apical view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325460), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

Hiver, Columbus County, N. C. X 10. 

13. Basal view of specimen. X 10. 

14. Apertural view of specimen. X 10. 

FIGURES 15-17. Didianema? carolinae Gardner, n . sp. (p. 191 ). 

15. Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325476), from the Waccamaw formation at Walkers Buff, Cape Fear River, 

Bladen County, N. C.; height 1.6 millimeters; diameter 1.6 millimeters. X 13Yz. 

16. Basal view of holotype. X 13}f. 

17. Apical view of holoLypc. X 13Yz. 

FIGURES 18-20. Teinostoma smikTon Gardner, n. sp. (p. 187). 

18. Apical view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325473), from the Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 0.7 millimeters; diameter 1.8 millimeters. X 12. 

19. Basal view of holotype. X 12. 

20. Apertural view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURE 21. Teinostoma milium Dall (p. 188). Apertural view of holotypc (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113098), from the Caloosahatchee marl, 

Caloosahatchee Ri vcr, Fla. ; height 0.8 millimeter; diameter 1.5 millimeters. X 12. 

FIGURE 22. Didianema? duplinensis (Dall) (p. 191). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112661), from the Duplin marl 

at Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.: height 1.5 millimeters; diameter 1.8 millimeters. X 10. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 23- 24. Teinostoma nanum (Isaac Lea) (p. 187). 

23. Basal view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1569), from Lhe St. Marys formation, St. Marys, Md. X 12. 

24. Apical view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURES 25-26. Teinostoma lenticulare (II. C. Lea) (p. 188). 

25. Apical view of specimen (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1567), from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. X 12. 

26. Basal view of same specimen. X 12. 

FIGURES 27-28. Teinostoma subconicum (H. C. Lea) (p. 188). 

27. Apical view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1568), from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. X 12. 

28. Basal view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURES 29-30. Teinostoma umbilicatum (H. C. Lea) (p. 188). 

29. Basal view of holotype (Acad. rat. Sci. Philadelphia 1566), from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. X 12. 

30. Apical view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURES 31-32. Cyclostremiscus oblique-striatus (H. C. Lea) (p . 189). 

31. Basal view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1541), from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. X 15. 

32. Apical view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURE 33. "Circulus" (?supra-nitidus Wood subsp.) orbignyi (Fischer) (p. 189). Apical view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112345). 

From the Waccamaw formation at Tilly Lake, Waccamaw River, Horry County, S. C. X 8. 

FIGURE 34. Solari01·bis steirala (Dall) (p. 189). Basal view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 112649) from the Cape Fear River, K. C.; 

height 1.0 millimeter; diameter 2.6 millimeters. X 10. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 35-36. Teinostoma carinatum (H. C. Lea) (p. 188). 

35. Basal view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325474) from Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Va. X 8. 

36. Apical view of specimen shown in figure 35. 

FIGURE 37. Cochliolepis leai (Dall) (p. 194). Basal view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113602), from the Duplin marl, 1Yz miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. X 3. 

FIGURE 38. Cochliolepis concava (H. C. Lea) (p. 194). Apertural view of topotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 156078), from the Yorktown 

formation at Petersburg, Va. ; height 2.0 millimeters; diameter 5.0 millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 39. Teinostoma carinatum (H. C. Lea) (p. 188). Apertural view of specimen shown in figure 35. X 8. 

FIGURE 40. Cochliolepis concava (H. C. Lea) (p. 194). Basal view of topotype shown in figure 38. X 8. 

FIGURES 41- 43. Macromphalina pierrot Gardner, n. sp. (p. 195). 

41. Apical view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325462) from the Waccamaw formation at Ncills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 2.0 millimeters; diameter 3.2 millimeters. X 10. 

42. Apertural view of holotype. X 10. 

43. Basal view of holotype. X 10. 

FIGURE 44. Cochliolepis concava (H. C. Lea) (p. 194). Apical view of topotype shown in figure 38. X 8. 

283 
PLATE 26 

FIGURES 1-2. Calliostoma nottowayense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 186). 

1. Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325466), from the Yorktown formation at Sycamore, Nottoway River, 

Southampton County, Va.; height 9.3 millimeters; diameter 11.1 millimeters. X 4. 

2. Basal view of holotype. X 4. 

FIGURES 3- 4. Calliostoma carolinense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 184). 

3. Basal view of holoLype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325472, from the Yorktown formation at Hamilton Bluff, Roanoke River, Martin 

County, N. C.; height 9.8 millimeters; diameter 11.2 millimeters. X 4. 

4. Apertural view of holotype. X 4. 

FIGURE 5. Calliostoma conradi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 186). Basal view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325468), from Yorktown formation 

at Yorktown, Va.; height 9.8 millimeLers; diameter 11.9 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 6. Calliosloma armillatum (Tuomey and Holmes) (p. 186). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113060), from 

near the Katural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 6.2 millimeters; diameter 8.8 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURES 7-8. Calliostoma cyclum Dall (p. 186). 

7. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 113062), from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 3.6. millimeters; 

diameter 5.2 millimeters. X 7. (After Dall.) 

8. Basal view of holotype. X 7. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 9. Calliostoma conmdi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 186). Apertural view of holotype shown in figure 5. X 3. 

FIGURE 10. Calliostoma labrosum (Conrad) (p. 185). Apertural view of topotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113050), from the James River, 

Va.; height 7.3 millimeters; diameter 9.3 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 11. Calliostoma basicwn Dall (p. 184). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 113022), from the Yorktown formation 

at Petersburg, Va.; height 15.4 millimeters, diameter 14.5 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 12. Calliostoma virginicum (Conrad) (p. 185). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113036), from Yorktown, Va.; 

height 12.8 millimeters; diameter 13.2 millimeters. X 3. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 13-14. Callios.toma hertjordense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 185). 

13. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325469), from Yorktown formation, l)lz miles above Murfreesboro, Hertford 

County, N. C.; height 7.3 millimeters; diameter 8.8 millimeters. X 4. 

14. Basal view of holotype. X 4. 

FIGURE 15. Calliostoma philanthropum pontoni Mansfield (p. 184). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 370482), from the 

Choctawhatchee formation at Harveys Creek, half a mile above abandoned mill, Leon County, Fla.; height 17 millimeters; diameter 17 millimeters. X 2. (After Mansfield.) 

FIGURES 16- 17. Calliostoma virginicum gizehi Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 185). 

16. Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325467), from Yorktown formation, zone 2, at Yorktown, Va.; height 9.2 

millimeters; diameter 10.5 millimeters. X 3)1z. 

17. Basal view of holotype. X 3}f. 

FIGURE 18. Calliostoma ruffinii (H. C. Lea) (p. 184). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1548), from the 

Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. X 4. 

FIGURE 19. Calliostoma milchelli (Conrad) (p. 184). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia), from James River, 

Va. X 2. 

FIGURES 20- 21. Calliostoma cheopsi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 183). 

20. Basal view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325470), from the Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, 

Pitt County, N. C.; height 11.1 millimeters; diameter 10.0 millimeters. X 4. 

21. Apertural view of holotype. X 4. 

FIGURE 22. Calliostoma harrisii Dall (p. 186). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113052), from Bellefield, near Yorktown, Va.; height 10.4 millimeters; diameter 11.6 millimeters. X 3)1z. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 23. Calliostoma mitchelli (Conrad) (p. 184). Basal view of holotype shown in figure 19. X 2. 

284 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROF'ESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 26 

1 

2 3 

7 

5 8 

12 

13 14 

17 

GASTROPODS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLA'l'E 27 

l 

6 

2 3 7 

9 

12 14 

11 

8 10 13 

18 

16 

15 17 

19 

20 

22 23 24 25 26 

GASTROPODS 
PLATE 27 

FIGuRE 1. Niso dalli Gardner, n. sp. (p. 212). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 113282), from the Waccamaw formation 

at Mrs. Guion's marl pit, Cape Fear River, Columbus County,? N.C.; height 12.0 millimeters; diameter 5.2 millimeters. 

X 4. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 2. Strombiformis (Polygireulima) spatulata Gardner, n. sp. (p. 211). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114166), 

Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height of incomplete holotype 7.9 millimeters; diameter 

2. 7 millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 3. Triphora dupliniana (Olsson) (p. 205). Apertural view of topotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114256), Duplin marl, from the 

Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 5.8 millimeters; diameter 1.7 millimeters. X 10. 

FIGURE 4. Cerithiopsis (Laskeya) emersonii persubulata Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 204). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

325445), Pleistocene, from the Bolten Phosphate Co., Stano River, Charleston County, S. C.; height of incomplete 

holotype 12.4 millimeters; diameter 3.2 millimeters. X 7. 

FIGURE 5. Triphora bartschi (Olsson) (p. 205). A pert ural view of specimen (U. S. G. S. 114255), 1}f miles northwest of Magnolia, 

Duplin County, N. C.; height 7.0 millimeters; diameter 2.1 millimeters. X 10. 

FIGURE 6. Strombiformis (Polygireulima) eborea (Conrad) (p. 212). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325440) from the 

Yorktown formation, half to three-fourths of a mile above Edenhouse Point, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C.; 

height 8.4 millimeters; diameter 2.8 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURE 7. Strombijormis (Polygireulima) magnoliana (Gardner and Aldrich) (p. 212). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 114165), from Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 7.5 millimeters; diameter 2.5 millimeters. X 8. (After 

Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 8. Strombiformis dalli Gardner and Aldrich (p. 209). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112196), from the 

Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla; height 9.8 millimeters; diameter 1.95 millimeters. X 6. After 

Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 9. Strombiformis biconica Gardner, n. sp. (p. 210). Apertural view of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325439), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 2.3 millimeters; diameter 

0.8 millimeter. X 15. 

FIGURE 10. Strombiformis juncea Gardner, n. sp. (p. 210). Apertural view of incomplete holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325444), from 

the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N.C.; height 4.5 millimeters; 

diameter 1.2 millimeters. X 10. 

FIGURE 11. '1'-urritella pilsbryi Gardner (p . 196). Apertural view of juvenile paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325457), from the Yorktown 

formation, zone 1, at Schmidts Bluff, 4~ miles below Claremont Wharf, James River, Surrey County, Va. X 6. 

FIGURES 12-13. Strombiformis bartschi (Gardner and Aldrich) (p. 211). 

12. Apertural view of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325441), from the Yorktown formation, 2 miles below Yorktown, York, Va.; 

height 5.9 millimeters; diameter 2.0 millimeters. X 5. 

13. Apertural view of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325443), from the Yorktown formation , Rock Landing, Craven County, 

N. C.; height of incomplete individual 10.2 millimeters; diameter 3.0 millimeters. X 5. 

FIGURE 14. Strombiformis lina Gardner, n. sp. (p. 211). Apertural view of incomplete holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325442), Duplin 

marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 9.0 millimeters; diameter 3.5 millimeters. X 3~. 

FIGURE 15. Turritella plebeia carinata Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 196). Apical whorls of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325453), from the St. 

Marys formation, one-fourth of a mile below Jones Point, Essex County, Va.; height 20 millimeters; diameter 6 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 16. Strombiformis bartschi (Gardner and Aldrich) (p. 211). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114163), from 

Duplin marl, 1~ miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C.; height 16.0 millimeters; diameter 4.2 millimeters. 

X 3. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 17. Turritella alticostata Conrad (p. 196). Apertural view of incomplete specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325455), from the Yorktown formation, 1~ miles above Murfreesboro, Hertford County, N. C.; height 41.0 millimeters; diameter 11.0 

millimeters. 

FIGURES 18-19. Turritella (Torcula) terstriata Rogers and Rogers (p. 198). Incomplete specimens (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325456), from 

the Yorktown formation, zone 1; 3 miles northeast of Walkerton, King and Queen County, Va. 

18. Apertural view of smaller specimen; height 21.0 millimeters; diameter 7.3 millimeters. 

19. Rear view of larger specimen; height 33.5 millimeters; diameter 9.6 millimeters. 

FIGURE 20. Turritella etiwanensis (Tuomey and Holmes) (p. 196). Apertural view of holotype from Duplin marl on the Pee Dee 

River, Florence? County, S. C. (After Tuomey and Holmes.) 

FIGURE 21. Strombiformis biconica Gardner, n. sp. (p. 210). Apertural vie·w of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114167), Duplin marl, 

from the Natural Well, N.C.; height 5.6 millimeters; diameter 1.7 millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 22. Turritella plebeia carinata Gardner, n. subsp. (p . 196). Apertural view of incomplete specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325454), 

from the Yorktown formation, half a mile below Suffolk waterworks dam, Nansemond County, Va.; height 26.9 millimeters; diameter 10.5 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 23. Turritella holmesii Dall (p. 198). Apertural view of holotype from the Duplin marl near Darlington, S. C. (After 

Tuomey and Holmes.) 

FIGURE 24. Turritella (Torculoidella) duplinensis Gardner and Aldrich (p. 197). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

499110, from 1~ miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 24.0 millimeters; diameter 6.5 millimeters. 

X 2. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 25. Turritella pilsbryi Gardner (p. 196). Apertural view of incomplete holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325457), from the Yorktown formation, zone 1, Schm"idts Bluff, 4?'2 miles below Claremont Wharf, James River, Surry County, Va.; height 

110.5 millimeters; diameter 22.9 millimeters. 

FIGURES 26-27. Turritella (Torcula) terebriformis Dall (p. 199). Incomplete specimens (U.S. Nat. Mus. 113479), from the Choptank formation, Choptank River, one-fourth to one-half mile below Barkers Landing, Talbot County, Md. 

26. Immature specimen showing adolescent sculpture. X 2. 

27. Fragment of adult showing adult sculpture. X 1. 

FIGURE 28. T1trritella ( Torculoidella) duplinensis Gardner and Aldrich (p. 197). A pert ural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 370359), 

from the Cancellaria zone of the Choctawhatchee formation, Harveys Creek, Leon County, Fla.; height 27.5 millimeters; 

diameter 7.9 millimeters. X 2. (After Mansfield.) 285 
PLATE 28 

FIGURE I. Uzita zeta Gardner, n. sp. (p. 252) . Rear view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 497250), from the Waccamaw formation at 

Cronly, Columbus County, N. C.; height 11.5 milimeters; diameter 6.2 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 2. Anachis (Costoanachis) milleri Gardner, n. sp. (p. 231). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325413), from the 

Yorktown formation, Wilson, Wilson County, N. C.; height 13.5 millimeters; diameter 5.6 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 3. "Drilha" drewi Gardner, n . sp. (p. 267). Apical whorls of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114020), from Duplin marl, 1Y:l miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. X 10. 

FIGURES 4-5. Urosalpinx phrikna Gardner and Aldrich (p. 223). 

4. Rear view of holotype (U. S. Nat. :\1us. 325423), Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 20 

millimeters; diameter 10.4 millimeters. X 2. 

5. Apertural view ofparatype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325423), from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 23.4 millimeters; 

diameter 13.0 millimeters. X 1%. 

FIGURF. 6. Glyphostoma zoster Gardner, n. sp. (p. 272). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 497852), Duplin marl, from the 

Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 9.6 millimeters; diameter 4.0 millimeters. X 5. 

FIGURE 7. Uzita zeta Gardner, n. sp. (p. 252). Apertural view of holotype shown in figure 1. X 4. 

FIGURE 8. Aesopus sp. (p. 233). Apertural view of juvenile (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325408), from Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 

Columbus County, K. C.; height 3.2 millimeters; diameter 1.45 millimeters. X 12. 

FIGURE 9. Urosalpinx su.ffolkensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 225). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325425), from the Yorktown 

formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va.; height of imperfect holotype 31.0 millimeters; diameter 

15.8 millimeters. 

FIGURE 10. "Drillia" drewi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 267). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114020), from Duplin marl, 1Y:j 

miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N . C.; height 13.8 millimeters; diameter 4.3 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 11. Urosalpinx ph1·ilma Gardner and Aldrich (p. 223). Apical whorls of paratype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325423), Duplin marl, 

from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C. X 10. 

FrGURE 12. Marginella (Serrata) macronuclea Gardner, n. sp. (p. 262). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114497), Duplin 

marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 8.0 millimeters; diameter 4.4 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 13. Aesopus sp. (p. 233) . Apertural view of juvenile (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325408), from Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, 

Columbus County, N. C.; height 3.7 millimeters; diameter 1.6 millimeters. X 12. 

FIGURE 14. Peristernia jilicata Conrad, suhsp.? (p. 255). A pert ural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325398), from the Yorktown 

formation, 2 miles southeast of Tugwell, Pitt County, N.C.; height 17.0 millimeters; diameter 10.3 millimeters. X 1Yz 

FIGURE 15. Marginella (Serrata) denticulata Conrad? (p. 262). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325380), Duplin marl, 

from the Natural ·well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 9.3 millimeters; diameter 5.2 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 16. Caecum ibex Dall (p. 204). Lateral view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113421), from the Waccamaw formation, Mrs. 

Guion's marl pit, Cape Fear River, N.C.; height 5.5 millimeters; diameter at anterior extremity 0.8 millimeter. X 7. 

(After Dall.) 

FIGURE 17. Caecum virg1:nianum Meyer (p. 203). Lateral view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325451), from the Yorktown 

formation, Benn's Church, Isle of Wight County, Va.; height 3.5 millimeters; diameter at anterior extremity 0.8 milli· 

meter. X 5. 

FIGURE 18. Caecum regulare Ca.rpentcr (p. 203). Lateral view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325449), from the ,,.accamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N.C.; height 3.0 millimeters; diameter at anterior 

extremity 0.7 millimeter. X 5. 

FIGURE 19. Caecum glabrum Montagu (p. 203). Anterior extremity and lateral view of specimen from the Coralline Crag of Sutton, 

England; length "Yts of an inch." X 10. (After Wood.) 

FIGURE 20. Caecum cooperi S. Smith (p. Z04). Lateral view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325452), from Waccamaw formation at 

Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 3.7 millimeters; diameter at anterior extremity 0.8 millimeter. X 5. 

FIGURE 21. Epitoniurn (Spiniscala) edgecombense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 207). Apertural view of incomplete holotype (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 325431), from the Yorktown formation, half a mile above Bells Bridge, Tar River, Edgecombe County, N. C.; 

height 6.3 millimeters; diameter 3.0 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 22. "Drillia" drewi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 267) . Apertural view of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114020), from 1Yz miles northwest 

of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 8.7 millimeters; diameter 3.0 millimeters. X 2}~. 

FIGURE 23- 211. A.esopus? smithfieldensis (Mansfield) (p. 233). 

23. Rear view of juvenile (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325409), from the Yorktown formation at Colerain Landing, Bertie County, 

N.C. X 10. 

24. Apertural view of juvenile. X 10. 

25. Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 352438), from the Yorktown f~rmation, 2 miles north of Smithfield, Isle of 

Wight County, Va.; height 3.8 millimeters; diameter 1.6 millimeters. X 8. (After Mansfield.) 

286 
GEOLOGICAl. SURVEY 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 28 

3 

5 

2 

6 

11 

9 10 14 8 12 15 

17 

25 

16 27 

26 

30 32 

36 

H8 

35 39 

GASTROPODS 
PLATE 28-Continued 

FIGURE 26. Caecum jlemingi Gardner and Aldrich (p. 203). Lateral view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325448), from the Waccamaw 

formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 3.7 millimeters; diameter at 

anterior extremity 1.0 millimeter. X 6. 

FIGURE 27. Caecum jloridanum Stimpson (p. 203). Lateral view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 53490), Recent, in grass below low 

water, from Lower Matacumba Key, Fla.; height 3.5 millimeters; diameter at anterior extremity 0. 95 millimeter. X 6. 

FIGURE 28. Caecum stevensoni Meyer (p. 204). Lateral view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325450) from the Yorktown formation, 

1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va.; height 4.4 millimeters; diameter at anterior extremity 1.0 millimeter. X 5. 

FIGURE 29. Caecum cooperi S. Smith (p. 204). Lateral view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325452), from Neills Eddy Landing, Cape 

Fear River, Columbus County, N.C.; height 3.7 millimeters; diameter at anterior extremity 0.8 millimeter. X 5. 

FIGURE 30. Gibbula americana yorktownensis Gardner, n. subsp. (p.187). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325463), from 

the Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, N anscmond County Va.; height 4.5 millimeters; diameter 4. 7 millimeters. X 5. 

FIGURE 31. Liotia (Arene) pergemma Gardner, n. sp. (p. 190). Apical view of paratype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325475), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N.C.; height 3.8 millimeters; diameter 

5.0 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 32. Epitonium (Spiniscala) robesonense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 207). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325437), 

from the Duplin marl, 1~ miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson County, N. C.; height 5.2 millimeters; diameter 

2.6 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 33. Aesopus sp. (p. 233). Apcrtural view of juvenile (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325411), from the Yorktown formation, Colerain 

Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C. X 15. 

FIGURE 34. Epitonium (Hyaloscala) junceum Gardner, n. sp. (p. 206). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114157), Duplin 

marl from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 4.2 millimeters; diameter 1.4 millimeters. X 9. 

FIGURE 35. Epitonium (Hyaloscala) fasciatum Gardner, n. sp. (p. 206). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114156), 

Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 3.6 millimeters; diameter 1.5 millimeters. X 9. 

FIGlTRES 36-37. Liotia (Arene) per gemma Gardner, n. sp. (p. 190). 

36. Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 497853), from Waccamaw formation at Cronly, Columbus County, N. C.; 

height 4.8 millimeters; diameter 5.9 millimeters. X 4. 

37. Basal view of holotype. X 4. 

FIGURES 38-39. Liotia (Arene) gemma (Tuomey and Holmes) (p. 190). Specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 113088), Duplin marl, from the 

Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C. ; height 3.6 millimeters; diameter 4.2 millimeters. 

38. Apertural view. X 4. 

39. Basal view. X 4. 

FIGURES 4Q-41. Liotia (Arene) pergemma Gardner, n. sp. (p. 190). 

40. Apertural view of paratype shown in figure 31. X 4. 

41. Basal view of paratype shown in figure 31. X 4. 

FIGURE 42. Epitonium (Cinctiscala) antillarum (De Boury) (p. 207). Rear view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325432), from the 

Yorktown formation, 1)1 miles below Tar Ferry, Wiccacon Creek, Hertford County, N. C.; height 12.0 millimeters; 

diameter 4.8 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 43. Epitonium ( Clathrus) bolteni Gardner, n. sp. (p. 208). A pert ural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325438), from the 

Yorktown formation, 9 to 10 miles south of Greenville, Pitt County, N. C.; height 8.5 millimeters; diameter 3.8 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURES 44-46. Epitonium (Pictoscala) pratti Gardner, n. sp. (p. 209) . 

44. Apertural view of imperfect paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325435), from the Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. ; height 20.6 millimeters; diameter 8.5 ~millimeters. X 2. 

45. Apertural view of holotypc (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325434), from the Yorktown formation, 1 mile southeast of Chocowinity, 

Beaufort County, N. C., height 14.8 millimeters; diameter 6.4 millimeters. X 3. 

46. Rear view of paratype shown in figure 44. X 2. 

FIGURE 47. Epitonium (Clathrus) muldrowi Gardner and Aldrich (p. 208). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia), 

from the Duplin marl, 5 miles southeast of Mayesville, Sumter County, S. C.; height 6.0 millimeters; diameter 3.0 

millimeters. X 7. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 48. Epitonium (Clathrus) microstoma (H. C. Lea) (p. 208). Apcrtural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1537) 

from the Yorktown formation, Petersburg, Va.; height 6.7 millimeters; diameter 3.0 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURE 49. Epitonium (Cinctiscala) antillarum (De Boury) (p. 207). Apertural view of specimen shown in figure 42. X 3. 

FIGURE 50. Epitonium (Hyaloscala) carolinae Gardner, n. sp. (p. 205). Apertural view of incomplete holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

114155), Dulplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 7.0 millimeters; diameter 2.7 millimeters. 

X 8. 

287 
PLATE 29 

FIGURE 1. Ficus papyratia caloosahatchiensis (Smith) (p. 217). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325427), from the 

Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 87 millimeters; diameter 43 millimeters. X 1. 

FIGURE 2. Cypraea (Cypraeorbis) carolinensis Conrad (p. 214). Section specimen (Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia), from the 

Duplin marl, Nat ural Well, Duplin County, N. C. ; length 72.5 millimeters; lateral diameter 45 millimeters. X 1. 

FIGURE 3. Sconsia hodgii (Conrad) (p. 215). Apertural view of specimen from the Duplin marl of the Pee Dee River, Florence? 

County, S. C. X 1. (After Tuomey and Holmes). 

FIGURE 4. Ficus papyrat.ia caloosahatchiensis Smith (p. 217). Rear view of specimen shown in figure 1. 

FIGURES 5- 6. Colubraria aclinica Tucker and Wilson (p. 216). 

5. Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114089), from the Duplin marl, 1~ miles northwest of Magnolia, N. C.; 

height 9 millimeters; diameter 3.3 millimeters. X 4. 

6. Body whorl of fully adult individual (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114089), from 1~ miles northwest of Magnolia, N. C.; diameter 

6. 7 millimeters. X 1 ~. 

FIGURE 7. Cypraea (Cypraeorbis) carolinensis Conrad (p. 214). Apcrtural view of immature specimen (Wagner Free Inst. Philadelphia), from t he Duplin marl, Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C. (?);length 42 millimeters. 

FIGURES 8- 9. Trivia pediculus (Linnacus) (p. 214). Specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325430), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N .C.; length 11.5 millimeters; lateral diameter 8.0 millimeters. 

8. Apertural view. X 2. 

9. Dorsal view. X 2. 

FIGURES 10- 11. Trajana pyla Gardner, n. sp. (p. 221). 

10. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Kat. Mus. 497151), Duplin marl, from the Katural Well, Duplin County, N . C.; height 

17.3 millimeters; diamt:;ter including varices 10.8 millimeters. X 2~. 

11. Protoconch of paratype. X 10. 

FIGURlJS 12- 13. Eupleura caudata (Say) (p. 222). Juvenile specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325420), from the Yorktown formation, 1 

mile northeast of Suffolk, Va.; height 14.3 millimeters; diameter including varices 6.5 millimeters. 

12. Apertural view. X 2. 

13. Rear view. X 2. 

FIGURES 14- 15. Tritonalia? barbitoides Gardner, n. sp. (p. 220). 

14. Rear view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325429), from Yorktown formation at Yorktown, York County, Va.; height 18.7 

millimeters; diameter including varices 9.5 millimeters. 

15. Apertural view of holotype. 

FIGURE 16. Tritonalia cellulosa (Conrad) (p . 219). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 61013), Recent, in Tampa Bay, 

Fla. ; height 13.5 millimeters; diameter 7.8 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 17. Eupleura caudata sulcidentata Dall (p. 222). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 54393), Recent, from Egmont 

Key, Fla.; height 23.9 millimeters; diameter 13.5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 18- 19. Eupleura caudata (Say) (p. 222). Specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 352421), from the Waccamaw formation, Neills Eddy 

Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 25 millimeters; diameter 12 millimeters. 

18. Apertural view. X 2. 

19. Rear view. X 2. 

FIGURE 20. Rissoina (Schwartziella) harpa Gardner, n. sp. (p. 193). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325446), from the 

Waccamaw formation at Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C.; height 3.7 millimeters; diameter 1.6 

millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 21. Rissoa geraea Dall (p. 192). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325464), from the Waccamaw formation at 

reills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 3.0 millimeters; diameter 1.5 millimeters. 

X 15. 

FIGURE 22. Murex (Phyllonotus) pomum Gmelin (p . 219). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Kat. Mus. 325426), from t he Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C. ; height 91.5 millimeters; diameter 

including varices 64.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 23. Murex (Ch?'coreus) rufus Lamarck (p. 218). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 168848), Recent, off Sanibel 

Island, Fla.; height 57 millimeters; diameter excluding varices 22 millimeters; diameter including varices 30 millimeters. 

FIGURE 24. Murex (Phyllonotus) pornum Gmelin (p. 219). Rear view of specimen shown in figure 22. 

288 
GEOLOGICAL SURVF.Y PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 29 

GASTROPODS 

754992- 48--!l 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE-30 

GASTROPODS 
PLATE 30 

FIGURE 1. Uzita smilhiana (Olsson) (p. 248). Rear view of topotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114200), from tho Natural Well, 2 miles southwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 12.2 millimeters; diameter 6.1 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURES 2- 3. Uzita suffolkensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 251). 

2. Rear view of holotypo (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325406), from the Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond 

County, Va.; height 10.4 millimeter>'; diameter 5.2 millimeters. X 4. 

3. Apertural view of holotype. X 4. 

FIGURE 4. Uzita smithiana (Olsson). (p. 248). Apertural view of specimen shown in figure 1. X 4. 

FIGURE 5. Uzila consensoides (Olsson) (p. 251). Rear view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114204), from 1~ miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 9.8 millimeters; diameter 5.5 millimeters. X 3~. 

FIGURES 6- 7. Uzita neogenensis (Gardner and Aldrich) (p. 249). 

6. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325403), from the Waccamaw formation at Cronly, Columbus County, N. C.; 

height 12.4 millimeters; diameter 6.0 millimeters. X 3)1:!. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

7. Rear view of holotype. X 4. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 8. Uzita consensoides (Olsson) (p. 251). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325402), from the Yorktown forma- tion near the mouth of Swift Creek, Edgecombe County, N. C.; height 9.0 millimeters; diameter 5.5 millimeters. 

X 4. 

FrGURES 9--10. U zita chowanensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 249). 

9. Apertur&J view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325405), from the Yorktown formation at Colerain Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N.C.; height 9.4 millimeters; diameter 5.0 millimeters. X 4. 

10. Apertural view of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325404), from the Yorktown formation, 1)1:! miles below Tar Ferry, Wicca- con Creek, Hertford County, N.C.; height 9.0 millimeters; diameter 4.8 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 11. Uz·ita smithiana (Ols~on) (p . 248). Apical whorls of topotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114200), from the Natural Well, 2 miles 

so uthwest of JVIagnolia, Duplin County, N. C. X 8. 

FIGURES 12- 13. Uzita chowanensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 249). 

12. Rear view of paratype shown in figure 10. X 4. 

13. Rear view of holotype shown in figure 9. X 4. 

FIGURE 14. Uzita consensoides (Olsson) (p. 251). Rear Yiew of specimen shown in figure 8. X 4. 

FIGURE 15. Anachis (Thiarinella) camax Dall (p. 227). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 112146), from the Caloosahatchee marl, CaloosahaLchee Hiver, Fla.: height 14.9 millimeters; diameter 4. 7 millimeters. X 4. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 16. Mitrella waccamatcensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 226). Apertmal view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325417), from t he Wacca- maw format.ion at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N.C.; height 3.8 millimeters; diameter 

1.55 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURES 17-18. Mitrella lunata (Say) (p. 225). 

17. Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325419), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N.C.; height 3.6 millimeters; diameter 1.8 millimeters. X 7. 

18. Rear view of specimen shown in figure 17. X 7. FIGURE 19. Aesopus stearnsii (Tryon) (p. 232). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 93309), Recent, in 15 fathoms, sandy 

bottom, 25 miles southeast from Cape Fear, N.C.; height 4.9 millimeters; diameter 1.7 millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 20. Uzita bidentata (Emmons) (p. 250). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112140), from t he Caloosahatchee 

marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 7.0 millimeters; diameter 3.7 millimeters. X 8. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 21. Uzita consensa (Ravenel) (p. 251). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 86985), Recent, in 15 fathoms, sandy 

bottom, 25 miles southeast from Cape Fear, N. C.; height 11.6 millimeters; diameter 7.3 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 22. Uzita impressa (H. C. Lea) (p. 250). Apertural view of holotypo (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). (After H. C. Lea.) 

FIGURE 23. Uzita vibex (Say) (p. 253). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 54738), Recent, in 15 fathoms, sandy bottom, 

25 miles southeast of Cape Fear, N.C.; height 16.3 millimeters; diameter 10.0 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 24. Uzita caloosaensis cornelliana (Olsson) (p. 252). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 370147), from the Choctawhatchee formation at Hosford, Liberty County, Fla.; height 4.6 millimeters; diameter 2.5 millimeters. X 8. (After 

Mansfield.) 

FIGURE 25. Uzita caloosaensis (Dall) (p. 252). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112142), from the Caloosahatchee 

marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 4.6 millimeters; diameter 2.5 millimeters. X 8. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 26. Anachis (Costoanachis) obesa (C. B. Adams) (p. 229). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 54283), Recent, 

in Samana Bay, Dominica; height 5.55 millimeters; diameter 2.7 millimeters. X 6Yz, 

FIGURE 27. Anachis (Thiarinella) styliola obsoleta Gardner and Aldrich (p. 227). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114216), Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 16.6 millimeters; diameter 4.8 millimeters. X 3. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) · FIGURE 28. Anachis (Thiarinella) styliola (Dall) (p. 227) . Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 113259), from the Wacca- maw formation, at Mrs. Guion's marl pit, Cape Fear River, Columbus? County, N. C.; height 16.5 millimeters; 

diameter 4.9 millimeters. X 2Yz. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 29. Anachis ( Thiarinella) styliola obsoleta Gardner and Aldrich (p. 227). A pert ural view of stout variant (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

325414), from the F . M. Wilson marl pit, 1 mile east of Magnolia, Duplin County, N.C.; height 11.4 millimeters; diameter 4.2 millimeters. X 4. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURES 3Q--31. Ilyanassa wilmingtonensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 244). ' 

30. Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325400), from the Waccamaw formation at the City Rock Quarry, Wilmington, N. C.; height 25.5 millimeters; diameter 12.4 millimeters. X 1Yz. 

31. Rear view of holotype. X 1)1:!. 

FIGuRE 32. Strornbina anornala (Gardner and Aldrich) (p. 232). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 499112), Duplin 

marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 5.2 millimeters; diameter 2.5 millimeters. (After Gardner 

and Aldrich .) 

FIGURE 33. Anachis (Thiarinella) virgilina Gardner, n. sp. (p. 228). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325412), from the 

Yorktown formation 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt County, N. C.; height 18.5 millimeters; diameter 6.3 

millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 34. Anachis (Costoanachis) avara arnydra (Dall) (p. 230) . Apert.ural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112145), from the 

Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 14.6 millimeters; diameter 6.4 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 35. Anachis (Costonachis) avara simi/is (Ravenel) (p. 230) . Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325416), from 

the Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va.; height 13.3 millimeters; diameter 

5.5 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURES 36- 37. Anachis (Costoanachis) avara translirata (Ravenel) (p. 229). 

36. Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325415), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 12.5 millimeters; diameter 5.0 millimeters. X 3. 

37. Rear view of specimen shown in figure 36. X 3. 

FIGURE 38. Anachis (Costoanachis) avara similis (Ravenel) (p. 230). Rear view of specimen shown in figure 35. X 3. 

FIGURE 39. Anachis (Costoanachis) avara caloosaensis Dall (p. 231 ). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112144), from 

the Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 15.6 millimeters; diameter 6.4 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 40. Anachis ( Thiarinella) virgilina Gardner, n. sp. (p. 228). Rear view of holotype shown in figure 33. X 4. 

289 
PLATE 31 

FIGURE 1. Ilyanassa arata (Say) (p. 243). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 112377), from the Waccamaw formation on 

Waccamaw River, S. C.; height 21.0 millimeters; diameter 13.8 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 2. Ilyanassa irrorata (Conrad) Conrad (p. 244). Apertural view of specimen from the Pliocene of South Carolina. X 2. 

(After Tuomey and Holmes.) 

FIGURE 3. Ilyanassa sexdentata (Conrad) (p. 245). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 124953), from Duplin marl, 1H 

miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 20.8 millimeters; diameter 10.7 millimeters. X 17~­

FIGURE 4. llyanassa schizopyga Dall (p. 246). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 124945), from Waccamaw formation, 

Mrs. Purdy's marl pit on the Cape Fear River, Bladen? County, N.C.; height 32 millimeters; diameter 18 millimeters. 

FIGURE 5. Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) (p. 245). Apertural view of specimen from the Pleistocene of Federalsburg, Caroline County, 

Md. X 2. (After Clark.) 

FIGURE 6. Ilyanassa johnsoni (Dall) (p. 247). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 124961), from Waccamaw formation• 

Mrs. Purdy's marl bed on the Cape Fear Hiver, Bladen? County, N.C.; height 19.5 millimeters; diameter 13.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 7-8. Jlyanassa scalaspira (Conrad) (p. 247). 

7. Rear view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325407), from the Duplin marl, 1)-f miles northeast of Fairmont, N. C.; height 

21.4 millimeters; diameter 12.6 millimeters. X 2. 

8. Apertural view. X 2. 

FIGURE 9. Ilyanassa isogramma Dall (p. 245). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 124948), from Yorktown formation at 

Bellefield, York River, Va.; height 24 millimeters; diameter 14 millimeters. X 2. (After Dall.) 

:FIGURE 10. Ilyanassa granifera (Conrad) (p. 246). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 124951), from Yorktown formation, half to three-fourths of a mile below Yorktown, Va.; height 23.5 millimeters; diameter 13.5 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURES 11- 12. Jlyanassa harpuloides (Conrad) (p. 248). 

11. Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325401), from the Yorktown formation, 2 miles southeast of Tugwell, N . C.; 

height 23 millimeters; diameter 13 millimeters. X 2. 

12. Hear view of specimen shown in figure 11. X 2. 

FIGURE 13. Urosalpinx stimpsoni Gardner, n. sp. (p. 224). Apertu ral view of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325424), from the Waccamaw 

formation, Keills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 33.6 millimeters; diameter 18.5 

millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 14. Ptychosalpinx altilis (Conrad) Gill (p. 233). Rear view of specimen (U. S. Nat.· :.vr us. 325399), from the Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Va.; height 30.0 millimeters; diameter 18.5 millimeters. 

FIGURE 15. Mm·ginella (Bullata) oviformis (Conrad) (p. 263). Apertural view, presumably of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

1617), from "Virginia." 

FIGURE 16. Ptychosalpinx laqueata (Conrad) Conrad (p. 234). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 124937), from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va.; height 37 millimeters; diameter 20.5 millimeters. 

FIGURE 17. Ptychosalpinx altili's (Conrad) Gill (p. 233). Aport ural view of specimen shown in figure 14. 

FIGURE 18. Ptychosalpinx tuomeyi (H . C. Lea) (p. 236). Apertural vie" · of holotype from the Yorktown formation at Petersburg, Va. 

(After H. C. Lea.) 

FIGURES 19-20. Urosalpinx trossula (Conrad) (p. 223). 

19. Rear view of specimen (U.S. Kat. Mus. 325422), from the Yorktown formation, 8 to 9 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt 

County, N.C. ; height 28.7 millimeters; diameter 14.0 millimeters. X lH. 

20. Apertwal view of specimen shown in figure 19. X IX. 

FIGURE 21. "Ptychosalpinx" bilix (Conrad) Conrad (p. 236). Apertural viewof holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1614), from 

James River, Va.; height 28 millimeters; diameter 19 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 22. Pisania (Celatocomts) nux Dall (p. 237). Apertural view of lectotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114188), Duplin marl, from 

the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 26.2 millimeters; diameter 12.5 millimeters. X lH. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 23. Urosalpinx stimpsoni Gardner, n. sp. (p. 224). Rear view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325424), from the Waccamaw 

formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Columbus County, N.C.; height 42.0 millimeters; diameter 23.5 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 24. Urosalpinx perrugata (Conrad) (p. 224). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 94298), Recent, in Tampa Bay, 

Fla. ; height 20.7 millimeters; diameter 12.0 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURE 25. "Ptychosalpinx" bilixJ(Conrad) Conrad (p. 236). Rear view of specimen shown in figure 21. X 2. 

290 
y 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 

3 

4 

7 

8 9 

GASTROPODS 
' , 

PltoFESSIONAL PAPE.R 199 
PLATE 32 

FIGURE 1. Ptychosalpinx fossulata (Conrad) Conrad (p. 235). A pert ural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1616); 

height 30.9 millimeters; diameter 21.6 millimeters. X 2. 

FIG URES 2-3. Ptychosalpinx multirugata (Conrad) Conrad (p. 235). 

2. Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1615), from the Duplin marl at the Natural Well, N. C.; height 

24.9 millimeters; diameter 14.2 millimeters. X 2. 

3. Rear view of holotype shown in figure 2. X 2. 

Fro URE 4. Ptychosalpinx fossulala (Conrad) Conrad (p . 235) . Rear view of holotype shown in figure 1. X 2. 

FIGURE 5. Fusinus bumsii (Dall) (p. 255). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 97492), from the Yorktown formation 

at Petersburg, Va.; height 63 millimeters; diameter 22 millimeters. 

FIGURES 6-7. Fusinus rappahannockensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 257). Cotypes (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325397), from the St. Marys formation, 

1 to 2 miles below Bowlers Wharf, Rappahannock River, Essex County, Va. 

6. A pert ural view of first cotype; height 15 millimeters; diameter 7 millimeters. X 4. 

7. Apertural view of second cotype; height 15.2 millimeters; diameter 6.1 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURES 8-9. Ptychosalpinx fossulata (Conrad) Conrad (p. 235). 

8. Rear view of paratype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1616). X 2. 

9. Apert ural view of specimen shown in figure 8. X 2. 

FIGuRE 10. Fusinus exilis (Conrad) (p. 255). Apertural view of specimen in Wagner Free Institute of Science. 

FIGURE 11. Fasciolaria sparrowi Emmons (p. 254). Apertural view of specimen in Wagner Free Institute of Science . 

FIGURE 12. Uzita lapenotierei (Dall) (p. 250). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 112141), from the Pliocene of the 

Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 8.7 millimeters; diameter 4.4 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

291 
FIGURE 1. 

FIGURE 2. 

FIGURE 3. 

FIGURE 4. 

FIGURE 5. 

FIGURE 6. 

292 

PLATE 33 

Busycon (Sycotypus) concinnum Conrad (p. 242). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. ~at. Mus. 325396), from the Waccamaw formation at Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C.; height (tip decorticated) 76.0 millimeters; 

diameter 37.5 millimeters. 

Busycon (Sycotypus) conradii Tuomey and Holmes (p. 242). A pert ural view of specimen from the Duplin marl, Sumter 

County, S. C. (After Tuomey and Holmes.) 

Busycon (Sycotypus) concinnum Conrad (p. 242). Rear view of specimen shown in figure 1. 

Busycon (Sycotypus) canaliculatum Linnacus (p. 242). Rear view of specimen from the Pleistocene at Wailes Bluff near 

Cornfield Harbor, St. Marys County, Md. (After Clark.) 

Busycon (Sycotypus) canaliculatum canaliferum Conrad (p. 242). Apertural view of specimen from the Waccamaw formation on \Vaccamaw River, I-lorry? County, S. C. (After Tuomey and Holmes.) 

Busycon (Sycotypus) canaliculalt<m Linnaeus (p. 242). A pert ural view of specimen shown in figure 4. (After Clark.) 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 33 

GASTROPODS 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 34 

GASTROPODS 
PLATE 34 

FIGuRE 1. Busycon willcoxi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 240). Apertural view of incomplete holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325391), from the 

Waccamaw formation on the Cape Fear River, N.C.; height 97.5 millimeters; diameter 56.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 2. Busycon amoenum Conrad (p. 238). Rear view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325395), from the Waccamaw formation at 

Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N.C.; height (tip decorticated) 113.0 millimeters; diameter 

(aperture broken) 52.5 millimeters. 

FIG URE 3. Busycon willcoxi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 240). Rear view of holotype shown in figure 1. 

FIGL:RES 4-6. Busycon amoenum Conrad (p. 238). Specimens (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325392), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills 

Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C. 

4. Rear view of larger individual; height 143 millimeters; diameter 82 millimeters . . 

5. Apertural view of adolescent individual; height 79.0 millimeters; diameter 39.5 millimeters. 

6. Apertural view of specimen shown in figure 4. 

293 
PLATE 35 

FIGURE 1. Busycon perversum robesonense Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 239). Rear view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325394), from the 

Duplin marl, 4 miles north of Lumberton, Robeson County, N. C.; height 61 millimeters; diameter 29 millimeters. 

X 2. 

FIGURE 2. Busycon bladenense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 239). Rear view of paratype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325390), from the Waccamaw 

formation at Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen Comity, N.C.; height 73.0 millimeters; diameter 37.5 millimeters. 

FrcuRE 3. Busycon perversum robesonense Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 239). Apertural view of holotype shown in figure 1. X 2. 

FIGURE 4. Busycon bladenense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 239). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325390), from the Waccamaw 

formation at \Valkcrs Bluff, Cape Fear River, Bladen County, N. C.; height of imperfect specimen 83.5 millimeters; 

diameter 45.0 millimeters. 

FrcuRE 5. Busycon amoenum Conrad (p. 238). Rear view of juvenile specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325392), from the Waccamaw 

formaLion at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Rear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 30.5 millimeters; diameter 14.5 

millimeters. X 5. 

FJGUR~~ 6. Busycon carinatum Conrad (p. 240). Rear view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1680). 

294 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

7 

GASTROPODS 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 36 
PLATE 36 

FIGURES 1- 3. Fasciolaria cronlyensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 254). Two cotypes, both incomplete, one the spire, and the other the body 

of different individuals (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325389), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N. C. 

1. Rear view of body. 

2. Rear view of spire. 

3. Apertural view of body shown in figure 1. 

FIGURE 4. Busycon chowanense Gardner, n. sp. (p. 241). Rear view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325393), from the Yorktown 

formation half to three-fourths of a mile above Edcnhouse Point, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C.; height (tip 

broken away) 79 millimeters. 

FIGURE 5. Scaphella trenholmii (Tuomey and Holmes) (p. 260). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114314), from 1~ miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 68 millimeters; diameter 29 millimeters. (After Mansfield.) 

FIGURE 6. Fasciolaria cronlyensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 254). Apertural view of spire shown in figure 2. 

FIGURES 7- 9. Scaphella precursor Gardner, n. sp. (p. 260). Two cotypes, both incomplete (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325387), from the 

Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C. 

7. Rear view of cotype; height of incomplete specimen 78 millimeters; diameter 28 millimeters. 

8. Apertural view of second cotype; height of incomplete specimen 88 millimeters. 

9. Apertural view of cotype shown in figure 7. 

FIGURB 10. "Aurinia obtusa" (Emmons)? (p. 261). Apertural view of specimen in Wagner Free Institute of Science. 

295 
PLATE 37 

FIGURE 1. "Mangelia" stellata Stearns (p. 272). Apertural view of cotype (U.S. Kat. Mus. 86896), Recent, from Tampa Bay, Fla.; 

height 8.5 millimeters; diameter 3.7 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURES 2-3. "Drillia" polygonalis Dall ms., n. sp. (p. 269). 

2. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114044), from Duplin marl, 1Y2 miles northwest of Magnolia, Duplin Count,y, 

N. C.; height 15.3 millimeters; diameter 5.9 millimeters. X 2. 

3. Rear view of holotype. X 2. 

FIGURE 4. "Drillia" simpsoni cingulata Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 270) . Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114040), Duplin 

marl, from the Katural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 6.4 millimeters; diameter 2.5 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 5. Cryoturris magnoliana chariessa Gardner, n. subsp. (p. Z71). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325374), from 

the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 8.5 millimeters; 

diameter 3.2 millimeters. X 3Y2 . FIGURE 6. "Drilla" simpsoni cingulata Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 270). Rear view of holotype shown in figure 4. X 4. 

FIGURE 7. Ithycythara psila (Bush) (p. 271 ). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 92995), Recent, from off Cape Hatteras 

in 48 fathoms ; height 6.1 millimeters; diameter 2.3 millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 8. Cryoturris cerinella (Dall) (p. 272). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 86909), Recent, from Punta Rosa, Fla., 

in 2 fathoms; height 11.8 millimeters; diameter 3.7 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURES 9- 10. Cymatosyrinx ziczac Gardner, n. sp. (p. 268). 

9. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114036), Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N.C.; height 

17.2 millimeters; diameter 6.0 millimeters. X 3. 

10. Apertural view of paratype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 114036), height 15.0 millimeters; diameter 5.8 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 11. Syntomodrillia lissotropis s ubsp? scissurata (Dall) (p. 269). Rear view of imperfect holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 97333), 

from the Caloosahatchee marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 8.6 millimeters; diameter 3.0 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURE 12. Cymatosyrinx tiara Gardner, n. sp. (p. 269). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114034), Duplin marl, from 

the ~atural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 21.2 millimeters; diameter 7.8 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 13. Kurtziella eritima (Bush) (p. 270). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Tat. Mus. 86913), Recent, from off Cape Hatteras 

in 14 to 19 fathoms; height 5.5 millimeters; diameter 2.5 millimeters. X 8. 

FIGURE 14. Bellaspira virginiana (Conrad) (p. 271). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1610). X 8. 

FIGURE 15. "Drillia" arctata Conrad? (p. 267). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1611). X 4. 

FIGURE 16. Crassispira perrugata (Dall) (p. 265). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Kat. Mus. 97317), from the Caloosahatchee 

marl, Caloosahatchee River, Fla.; height 29.0 millimeters; diameter 9.5 millimeters. X 1}'2. 

FIGURE 17. Glyphostoma zoster mansfieldi Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 273) . Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Kat. YI:us. 499116) :Quplin 

marl, from t he Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 0.5 millimeters; diameter, 4.0 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURE 18. Crassispira abundans (Conrad) (p. 265). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325371), from Vicksburg, Miss.; 

height 17.8 millimeters; diameter 5.2 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 19. Carinodrillia? bella (Conrad) (p. 268). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1607). X 4. 

FrGURE 20. Glyphostoma scoptes Dall (p. 274). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. :\1us. 163977), from the Caloosahatchee 

marl at Shell Creek, Fla.; height 12.3 millimeters; diameter 4.2 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 21. "Drill1:a" eburnea Conrad (p. 266). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1608). X 4. 

FIGURE 22. Crassispira perrugata (Dall) (p. 265). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Kat. Mus. 113149), from the Caloosahatchee 

marl at Shell Creek, Charlotte County, Fla.; height 22.5 millimeters; diameter 8.0 millimeters. X 2Yz, 

FrGCRES 23-24. Clavatula cornelliana (Olsson) (p. 265). 

23. Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325372), from the Waccamaw formation at Walkers Bluff, Cape Fear River, 

Bladen County, N.C.; height 17.6 millimeters; diameter 6.5 millimeters. X 3. 

24. Rear view. X 3. 

FIGURE 25. "Drillia" emmonsi Olsson (p. 265). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 114017), from Duplin marl, 1H miles 

northwest of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C. ; height 8.8 millimeters; diameter 3.3 millimeters. X 6. 

FIGURE 26. Glyphostoma zoster phroudon Gardner n. sp. (p. 273). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325375), from the 

Duplin marl, l H miles northeast of Fairmont, Robeson County, K. C.; height 9.3 millimeters; diameter 4,0 millimeters. X 7. 

FIGURES 27-28. "Drillia" arata Conrad (p. 267). 

27. Rear view of holotype (?) (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1605). X 4. 

28. Apert.ural view of paratype (?) (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1605). X 4. 

FIGURE 20. " Drillia" distans (Conrad) (p. 266). Apertu ral view of holotype (Acad. X at. Sci. Philadelphia 1603). X 2K 

FIGURES 30-31. "Drillia" impressa Conrad (p. 267). 

30. Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Kat. Sci. Philadelphia 1606). X 2. 

31. Rear view of holotype. X 2. 

FIGURE 32. Compsodrillia chowanensis Gardner, n . sp. (p. 268) . AperLural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325373), from the 

Yorktown formation at Colerain Landing, Chowan River, Bertie County, N. C.; height 16.5 millimeters; diameter 

5.5 millimeters. X 4. 

FIGURE 33. "Drillia" pyrenoides (Conrad) (p. 266). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1602). X 4. 

296 
I 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

PRO~ ESSIONAL PAPER 199 PLATE 38 

GASTROPODS 
PLATE 38 

FIGuRE 1. Oliva idonea Conrad (p. 258). Apertural view of holotype (?) (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1613). X 1 (?). 

FIGURE 2. Cancellaria rotunda Dall (p. 264). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 497152), from Duplin marl, 1 mile east 

of Magnolia, Duplin County, N. C.; height 52.5 millimeters; diameter 28.0 millimeters. 

FIGURES 3-4. Cancellaria plagiostoma Conrad (p. 264). 

3. Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1609), from the James River, Va. X 2. 

4. Rear view of holotype. X 2. 

FIGURES 5-6. Acteocina canaliculata vaughani Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 278). 

5. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 497059), from the Waccamaw formation at Neills Eddy Landing, Cape Fear 

River, Columbus County, N. C.; height 4.5 millimeters; diameter 2.0 millimeters. X 5. 

6. Rear view of holotype. X 5. 

FIGURE 7. Cancellaria tabulata Gardner and Aldrich (p. 264). Apertural view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325376), from the Yorktown formation, 5 miles northeast of Smithfield, Isle of Wight County, Va.; height 29.6 millimeters; diameter 17.0 

millimeters. X 2. (After Gardner and Aldrich.) 

FIGURE 8: Oliva idonea Conrad (p. 258). Rear view of holotype (?) shown in figure 1. X 1 (?). 

FIGURES 9-10. Atys? (Aliculastrum?) ornata Gardner, n. sp. (p. 278). 

9. Rear view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325368), from the Yorktown formation 3Yz miles below Palmyra Bluff, Roanoke 

River, Halifax County, N. C.; height 2.5 millimeters; diameter 1.5 millimeters. X 12. 

10. Apertural view of holotype. X 12. 

FIGURE 11. Marginella (Volvarina) avena avenacea Deshayes (p. 261). Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 54998), Recent, 

in the West Indies; height 9.6 millimeters; diameter 3.8 millimeters. X 3~~-

FIGURE 12. Marginella (Bullata) antiqua Redfield (p. 263). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325386), Duplin marl, 

from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 35.2 millimeters; diameter 15.7 millimeters. 

FIGURES 13-14. Marginella (Bullata) antiqua subsp.? olivijormis (Tuomey and Holmes) (p. 263). 

13. Apertural view of holotype from the "Sumter District," S. C. (After Tuomey and Holmes.) 

14. Rear view of holotype. (After Tuomey and Holmes.) 

FIGURE 15. Oliva eborea (Conrad) (p. 258). Apertural view of holotype (?) (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1612). 

FIGURES 16-17. Oliva robesonensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 258). 

16. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325377), from the Duplin marl, 1 mile west of Lumberton, Robeson County, 

N. C.; height 17.2 millimeters; diameter 7.2 millimeters. X 2. 

17. Apertural vjew of paratype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325379), from the Duplin marl, 2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson County, 

N. C.; height 18.4 millimeters; dii.iameter 7.8 millimeters. X 2. 

FIGURES 18-19. Cylichna duplinensis (Dall) (p. 279). 

18. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 113876), Duplin marl, from the Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C.; height 

6. 9 millimeters; diameter 2.8 millimeters. X 8. 

19. Apical view of holotype. X 8. 

FIGURES 2Q-21. Cypraeolina lachrimula (Gould) (p. 263). 

20. Apertural view of specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325381), from the Yorktown formation of Wilson, Wilson County, N. C.; 

height 2.0 millimeters; diameter 1.4 millimeters. X 4. 

21. Rear view. X 4. 

FIGuRES 22-23. Olivella carolinae Gardner, n. sp. (p. 259). 

22. Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325378), from the Duplin marl, 1 mile west of Lumberton, Robeson County, 

N. C.; height 16.2 millimeters; diameter 7.2 millimeters. 

23. Rear view of holotype. 

FIGURE 24. Acteon novellus Conrad (p. 277). Apertural view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1600), from Suffolk, Va. X 4. 

FIGURE 25. Acteon novellus nansemondensis Gardner, n. subsp.? (p. 277). Apertural view of holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325367), from 

the Yorktown formation, 1 mile northeast of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va.; height 8.0 millimeters; diameter 4.5 

millimeters. X 7~~- , 

FIGURE 26. Acteon novellus Conrad (p. 277). Rear view of holotype shown in figure 24. X 4. 

FIGURES 27-28. Cylichna cylindrus (H. C. Lea) (p. 279). Specimens (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1554), from the Yorktown formation, Petersburg, V a. 

27. Apertural view of larger specimen. X 8. 

28. Rear view of smaller speci~en. X 8. 

FIGURE 29. Terebra (Strioterebrum) robesonensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 276). Rear view of holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. 325370), from 

the Duplin marl, 2 miles below Lumberton, Robeson County, N. C.; height of incomplete specimen 21.5 millimeters; 

diameter 8.0 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 30. Terebra (Strioterebrum) carolinensis (Conrad) (p. 275). Rear view of holotype (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1601). 

FIGURE 31. Terebra (Strioterebrum) protexta (Conrad) Dall (pp. 276, 277). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 36077), 

Recent, from the mud fiats of Sarasota Bay, Fla.; height 21.4 millimeters; diameter 4.4 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 32. Terebra (Strioterebrum) concava (Say) (p. 277). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 87155), Recent, off the 

South Carolina coast; height 20.6 millimeters; diameter 4.9 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 33. Terebra (Strioterebrum) neglecta Emmons (p. 276). Apertural view of specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus. 11461), from the 

Miocene of "South Carolina"; height 19.5 millimeters; diameter 5.4 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURE 34. Terebra (Strioterebrum?) grayi Gardner, n. sp. (p. 276). Rear view of imperfect holotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 325369), from 

the Yorktown formation at Yorktown, York River, Va.; height 18.5 millimeters; diameter 5.9 millimeters. X 3. 

FIGURES 35-36. Terebra (Paraterebra) unilineata (Conrad) (p. 275). 

35. Apertural view of specimen (Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia), sectioned to show axial fold. 

36. Rear view of second specimen (Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia). 

297 

INDEX 

A Page 

abundans, Crass(spira--------------------------------------------------- 265, pl. 37 

Acicularia __________ ---------------- _ ______ _ __ _ __ ___________ __ _ _ __ _____ __ _ _ __ _ 211 

acicularis, Eulima __ ------------------------------------------------------- ___ 210 

aclinica, Colubraria __________________________________________________ 216-217, pl. 29 

Acteocina ____________________________ ------ ________________________________ 278-279 

canaliculata __________ ------- ___ _ ____ __ ___ ___ __ ___ _ _ _____ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ 278 

vaughanL --------------------------------------------------- 278-279, pl. 38 

virginica __ ___ ____ _ __ _ _______ ___ __________ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ______ _ _ __ _ _ 278 

Acteon _____________ ----------------· --------------------------------------- 277-278 

novellus _____ ------------------------------------------- _________ 277,278, pl. 38 

ovoi::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~--~~~-~~--~--~----~~--~~~----~~~~~--~~--~~~--~~--~~~~-~~~~~~~· p\~~ pus ill us _________________________ ------------ _ _ ___ _ ______ _ ____ __ _ _____ ___ _ 277 

textilis __ ------ ____________________________ -________ --" __ ____ _ __ __ ___ _ _ __ _ _ 278 

wetherelliL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 278 

Acus dislocatum carolinensis_ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ 275 

protextus_ -~- _ __ _ __ _ ___ ____ ________ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ______ _ 277 

unilincata_ _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ _ ____ _____ ________ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ 275 

acuta, Fasciolaria______ ____ ___ _ ___ _____ __ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ ____ ___ ____ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ 254 

Fasciolaria sparrowL _____________________ -· __________ -____ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 254 

Nassa __________________________ --------- ________ ---------- ____________ ~- _ 251 

Adeorbis ______________ ----- _ -------------------------- _ __ _ ___ ___ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ 189 

concavus_- __________________ --.-------------------- ____ __ _ ______ _ ____ ___ _ _ 194 

obliquistriata _______________ ------ _ ____ ______ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ___ ____ _ __ ___ 189 

orbignyL _______ . ___________ ------ _____ -------------- _ __ __ __ _ ____ ___ _ __ ___ 189 

striatus____ _ __ __ _ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ ______ ___ ________ ___ _ ______ _ ______ ______ __ _ __ 189 

supranitidus orbignyi__ _______ ~- ------------- __________________ -------- _ __ 189 

adversarium, Busycon ___________________________ ------- _ _____ _ _ __ ____ __ __ _ __ _ 239 

aepynotus, Sycotypus_ ---------------------------------------------------- __ _ 241 

A esopus ____ ----- ______________________ ------_-------- ______________________ 232-233 

filosus ____________ -··- _ ___ __ _ _ ______ ___ _ ______ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ 232 

japonicus __________ ·- __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _______ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ____ __ _ ___ __ __ _ 232 

smithfieldensis _______________________________________________________ 233, pl. 28 

stearnsiL _________________________________________________________ 232-233, pl. 30 

sp_---------- ________ ----- ______ ----- _ --------- _______________________ 233, pl. 28 

Agladrillia______ __ _ _ __ ______ ____ _ _ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ _ 267 

Akleistostoma_ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _____ _ __ _ ______ _ _____ _ ____ ____ ____ __ ___ _ ______ _ ___ _ __ 213 

alaquaense, Epitonium_______________________________________________________ 209 

alaquaensis, Fusinus __ -----------------------------------------------------· . 256 

Alectrion_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _______ _ __ _ __ _ _ __________ __ _ __ _ ____ _____ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ 243 

cornelliana_------------------------------- c_- ---------------------------- 252 

neogenensis _____________________ ----------------- _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ 249 

alexanderi, Pseudorotella ______ ------------------------------------------- 188, pl. 25 

Alicula _____________ ---------- __________ --"------ ______________ "-- _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ _ 278 

Aliculastrum __ . 278 

alticosta, Diodora redimicula_ ---------------- _____________ _______________ ____ 182 

alticostata, Turritella_ --------------------------------------------------- 196, pl. 27 

altile, Buccinum _________________ ------ _____ -------· ______ _______ _ _____ __ _ _ __ 233 

altilira, Torcula_ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ ________ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ ______ _______ __ ____ _ _ _ 198 

altilis, Cominella (Ptychosalpinx) __ ------------------------------------------ 233 

Ptychosalpinx ________________________________________________ 233-234,235, pl. 31 

alumensis, Turritella ___ ------------------------------------------------------ 196 

americana, Gibbula __ ------------------------------------------------------- _ 187 

amoenum, Busycon ____ -------------------------------------- 238-239,240, pls:34, 35 

Busycon (Sycotypus) ---------------------------------------------------- 238 

amydra, Anachis (Costoanachis) avara __ --------------------------------- 230, pl. 30 

Columbella (Anachis) avara _________________________ --------------------- 2..10 

Anachis ____________________________________________________________________ 226-231 

anomala__ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ _ ___ _ ___ _____ _____ _ __ _____ ______ ______ _ ___ _ ______ __ 232 

avara _____ ----------- _______________ -------- ____________________ 227, 229, 230, 231 

semiplicata_ __ ____ _ __ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _____ _ ___ ___ _ _____ __ ___ ____ 230 

similis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 230 

translirata_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 230 

camax __________________________________________________________________ 227, 230 

harrisiL ___ ------- _ __ _ _ _ _ ___________ ______ ___ _ ____ __ ____ ______ ___ __ ____ __ _ 231 

milleri __________________________ ------ _ _____ _ ____ ______ ____ __ ____ __ ___ _ __ _ 231 

styliola ____ ------------ _________________________________________________ 227, 228 

obsoleta _____________________________ ----------- _______ ______ __ ___ __ __ 227 

virgilina__________________________________________________________________ 228 

(Costoanachis) avara_ -------------------------------------------------- 227,229 

avara amydra ___ ------------------------------------------------- 230, pl. 30 

caloosaensis _____________________________ --~---------- ________ 231, pl. 30 

similis _____________________________________________________ -.-- 230, pl. 30 

754992-48--11 

·Page 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara translirata----------------------------- 229-230. pl. 30 

milleri ___________ ---------------- __ --------- ______________________ 231, pl. 28' 

obesa ______ -------------- ___ -------- ___________ ------------- ______ 229, pl. 30 

(Thiarinella) camax ____ ---------------------------------------------- 227, pl. 30 

styliola ________________________________ ---- _______________________ 227, pl. 30 

obsoleta __ ----------------------------------------------~- 227-228, pl. 30 

virgilina ___________ -------------- _________________________________ 228, pl. 30 

Anguinella ________________________________ -_- _- _---- ___________ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 200 

virginiana_ --------------------------------------------------------- 200,201,202 angulatus, Cyclops ___________________________ ---------_______________________ 187 

angustata, Marginella ____ --------- _____ --- ____ ------------ ___________ ---- _ __ _ 262 

anomala, Anachis ___________________ --- _ --- ___ -------- ________ --------------- 232 

Strombina _________________________________________________ ------ _____ 232, pl. 30 

Antalis ___________________ ------- __ ----------------------·- _ ------------- ____ _ 179 

anthera, Cylichna _____ -------------- _ --------------- _______ ------------ __ ____ 279 

antillarum, Epitonium (Cinctiscala) __________________________________ 207-208, pl. 28 

Scalaria _____ --------------------------------·---------------------------- 207 

(Cinctiscala) _____________________________ --- _________________ ------- _ · 207 

antiqua, Marginella __________ --------------------------·-·------------------- 263 

Marginella (Bullata) ___ ---------------------------------------------- 263, pl. 38 

apania, Triphora ______ -------------- -------------------------------~-------- 205 

aperta, Natica ___________ --------------------------------- _ ------------------ _ 213 

apertura, Pa1.ella_. _ ---------------------------------------------------------- 182 

apicinum, Calliostoma ____________________ ------------- ____ ___ __ ______ _ __ ____ _ 184 

A poll on caudata ______ ------------------- __ ----------- _ ---- ____ ---- ____ __ _ _ ___ 222 

arata, Drillia ___ ---------------------------------------------------------- 267; pl. 37 

Ilyanassa ____________________ ------------------------------------- 243,245, pl. 31 

(Paranassa) ___ ------------------------------------------------------ 243 

Paranassa _____ ------ _____ ----------------------------- __ -------------- __ _ 243 

Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa)__ __ ----------------------------------------- 243 

T'ritia ________ ----- ____________ ----------------- ___________________ --- ____ 243 

aratum, Buccinum_- _ -------------------------------------------------------- 243 

Area rustica _____________ ----------------------------------------------------- 242 

Area zone ______ ------_-------------------------------------------------------- 256 

Architectonica __ ----- _ ------------------------------------------------------ 199-200 

bisulcata __________________ ----------------------------------------------- 200 

granulata ____ - ----~ __ ----------------------------------------------------- 199 

nobilis __________________ -------------- ---------------~- ----------- 199-200, pl. 24 

quadriseriata ____________________ - ____ -------- __ _____ ____ ____ _ __ ______ 199 

nupera ___ ------------~--------------------------------------- ------------ 200 

watsonensis ____________ ------------------------- _ ------------------ _ -- 200 

(Phillipia) nupera __ ------------------------------------------------------ 200 

(Pseudotorinia) nupera ______________________________________________ 200, pl. 24 

arctata, Drillia---------------------------------------------------------- 267, pl. 37 

arctica, Cerithium (Eumeta)--- ---------------------------------------------- 204 

arcularia, Buccinum__________________________________________________________ 248 

arenaria, Serpula_-- --------------------· ------------------------------------- 200 

Arene _____________ -- ______ --------------------------------------------------- 190 

armillatum, Calliostoma _________________________________________________ 186, pl. 26 

Dentalium ___ ------------------------------------------------------------ 179 

aruanus, Murex __ ------------------------------------------------------------ 238 

Astyris ________ --------------------------------------------------------------- 225 

lunata ______ -· __ -- ______ -_------------------------------------------------- 225 

rosacea ______ ---- ____ -------------------------------~--------------------- 225 

Atys _____________________________ --- _____ ------ _-- -·-------- ______ ---- ___ ------ · 278 

cymbulus ____________ --- _ ------------------------------------------------- 278 

(Aliculastrum) ornata ________________________________________________ 278, pl. 38 

Aurinia _________________________ --------------------- __ ----------- _ --------- 260, 261 

dubia ______________ ------------- _____ -----------------· ·---- _ ----- -------- · ·26r 

mutabilis ________________________ ----------------------------------------- 261 

obtusa __________________________ -------------------------------'------- 261, pl. 36 

avara, Anachis ___ -------------------------------------------------- 227,229,230,231 

Anachis (Costoanachis) __________ -- _ ------------- __ --------------------- 227, 229 

Columbella ________________________ ------------------------ __ ---------- _ 229, 230 

(Anachis) _______ ------------- __ ------------·- _________ ------- ______ _. 229, 231 

avena, Marginella _____ ------------------------------------------------------ 261, 262 

avenacea, Marginella ____ ----------------------------------------------------- 261 

Margin ella avena ________________ --------------------------------------- 261, 262 

(Volvarina) avena ___________________________________________ 261-262. pl. 38 

B 

barbitoides, Tritonalia ______________________________________________ 220-221, pl. 29 

barretti, Cap.cellaria ____ --------------------~--------------------------------- · 264 

299 
300 INDEX 

l'age 

artschi, Melanella. __ -------- __________ -------------------------------------- 211 

Strombiformis ____________ ----------- _______ ----------- _______ 209,211, 212, pl. 27 

Triphora __________ ------ _ --- _________________________________________ 205, pl. 27 

Triphoris _______ ------------ ____________________________ --------- ____ 205, pl. 27 

basicum, Calliostoma ______________________________________ --------------- 184, pl. 26 

basteroti, Terebra _______ --------------------- ____ ----------------- __ _ _________ 275 

bella, Carinodrillia _______________________________ -------------- ___________ 268, pl. 37 

Drillia ________ --------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 268 

Bellaspira. ___ --------~---- ____ -------------- ___ _______ ________ ________ __ _____ 271 

virginiana _____ ---------------------- _____________ ----- _______________ 271, pl. 37 

bezoar, Rapana_ ------------------------- _______ ------------------ _____ ------ _ 237 

biconica, Strombiformis ______________ . ----------------------- ____ 209, 21Q-211, pl. 27 

bidentata, Nas.<1a. __ ------------ ____________________________________________ 250, 251 

Uzita ___ ~ ______________ ---- _______________________ --------------- _____ 200, pl. 30 

bidentatum, Buccinum ____ ---------- _ _ __ __ ___ ____ _ __ _____ _________ _ _ _____ 250 

bilix, Buccinum. _________________________ -------------- _ _____ ___ _____ _____ __ _ 236 

Ptychosalpinx ____________________________________________ -·-- _____ 236-237. pl. 31 

Tritia. _ _ _ ___ ____ ______ ____ ______ __ ___ _ _____ _____ ____ ________ ____ ___ _ ____ _ 236 

bisulcata, Architectonics. ____ ---------_______________________________________ 200 

bladenense, Busycon _________________________________________________ 239-240, pl. 35 

blonntensis, Turritella gatunensis _____ -------------------------------------- __ 197 

bolteni, Epitonium_ -------------------------------------------------------- 207,208 Epitonium (Clatbrus) ________________________________________________ 208, pl. 28 

Bonellia lineata______ _____ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ __ __ _ ____ __ _ _ _____ _____ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ 212 

bottae, Pleurotoma _____ :______ __ _ ___ ____ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ ______ ___ __ _ _ ____ _ _ __ 265 

brevispira, Eupleura caudata ____ --------------------------------------------- 222 bryerea, Rissoina. ___ ------------ ____ ------------ ____ _ __ _ _ ______ _ ____ ___ ____ __ 193 

bryereus, Turbo______________________________________________________________ 193 

Buccinum _____________ . ----------------- ___ .. : .. -------- _______________ 233, 237, 243 

altile.-- __ ------------- __________ ------- ____ _____ ____ ______ _ _ ___ _ ____ ___ __ 233 

aratum. ------------------- ____________________________________________ ...• 243 

arcularia ____ ----- _ ___ __ ____ _____ _ __ __ __ _____ __ _ __ _______ ____ ___ __ ____ _____ 248 

bidentatum _______ -------- _________________ ------------------- _ __ ______ _ __ 250 

bilix ____ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 236 escherL___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 233 

fossuhtum _______________________________________ -------- ____ _ ____ ________ 235 

harpuloides __________________________ ------- _____ -------- _____ -------- ____ 248 

laqueatum____ ____ _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ ____ _ ____ __ ___ ___ _ __ ______ ________ _______ __ • 234 

maculosum_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 216 

migum_- --------------------- _____ --------------------------- ___ ____ ____ _ 248 multirugatum.- _____ ----- ______________________________________________ 235, 236 

mutabile. ____ ----- ____ -------- __ __ __ __ _ ______ _ ________ ___ _ ___ ____ _____ __ _ 248 

obesum _______ ------------- ____ ~ _______ ____ __ _ _________ ______ _ _ _______ ____ 2~ 

obsoletum ___ ----- _ -------- ___________ ------------------- _· __________ 243, 244, 245 porcinum _______________________________________________________ ~-------- _ 243 

protractum ________ ----------- _ -------- __________________________ -··----- __ 237 sexdentatum_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

subulatum ____ ---- _______________________ ------------ __ ____ _ ___ __ ___ ____ __ 275 tuomeyL _________________________ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 236 

undatum_ --------------- _ _ ______ ___ _ ___ ___ __ __ ____ ____ _ _______ __ _ ______ __ 233 

(Pollia) filicatum _____ ------- _ __ _ __ _ ___ ____ __ _____ ______ ___ ______ _______ __ 255 

Bulinella. _____________________________________________ ------------------ ___ __ 279 

Bulla cylindracea_______ __ _____ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ ____ ___ __________ _ ________ __ __ ___ __ 279 

cylindrica. _______ --------- _______ ---------------------- _____ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ 278 

cylindrus_____ __________ _______ __ _ ___ ___ ____ _ __ _ ___ __ ________ ___ ___ __ _ __ __ 279 

ficus._____________________________________________________________________ 217 

naucum _____________________________________________ -~-- __ ______ _________ 278 

BuHata __________ ---------------------------------- ________________ . _ _________ 262 

bullata, Marginella_ ----------- ______________________ ---------- _____ ________ __ 262 

Marginella (Bullata) _____________________________ -------------- _____ _____ 263 

Voluta____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 262 

burdeni, Turritella (Torcula) _______________ ---------------------------------- 199 

burnsi, Pisania (Celatoconus) _____ -~-- ___________ -------- ___________________ 237,-244 

burnsii, Fusinus __________________________________________________ 255-256,257, pl. 32 

Fusus.- --- _ ------------ ______ ------------------------------ _ ----------- 255, 256 Busycon _____________ -_- _-- _________________________ --- _____________________ 238-243 

adversarium .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 239 

amoenum ______________________________________ ----------- 238-239,240, pis. 34,35 

bladenense. __ -- _____ --- _ ------- ___ ------- _ ------- _____ ----------- 239-240, pl. 35 

canaliculatum. _ ------------- __________ -----------. ---~----------- __ 238, 240, 242 

canaliferum _____ ------- __________ ----- _____ ------------- __________ 242, pl. 33 canaliferum___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ 242 

carinatum .. ____________ ------- ___ ----------------------------- _______ 240, pl. 35 

chowanen.o;;e _________ -------- ______ --------- ____ ---------------- _______ 241, pl. 36 

concinnum. _ --------------------- _____________ --------------------------- 242 

conradiL ___ ------------- ________ ------------------------------------- 242, pl. 33 contrarium_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 239 

filosurD.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ 239 

incile. _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 242 

kerriL ---------------------- _ ------- ________ --------- ____ ___ _____ __ ______ 240 

maximum._-------------------------------------------------------------- 239 muricat1un _ -~ ______________ . _______ • _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 238 

obfilosum ___________ ___ : ____ . ___ ___ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 239 

Page 

Busycon obrapum __________ --------- ____ ___ ______ _______ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _____ __ _ _ 239 

perversurn _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 239 

robesonense _______________________________ --------------------- ___ 239, pl. 35 

pyrum ___________ -------------------- _________ --------- _ __ ___ ____ __ ___ __ __ 242 

propeincile. __ ---------------------------------------------------- __ _ _ 242 tritone __________________________________ :______ _____ ___ ____ ____ __ _______ _ __ 239 

willcoxL _____ ---------------------- ______________ --------- _______ 24Q-241, pl. 34 (Sycotypus) amoenum____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 238 

canaliculatum. _ -------------------------------------------------- 242, pl. 33 canaliferum _______ --------------------- _______ ------- _________ 242, pl. 33 

concinnum.-------------------------------------------------- 242-243, pl. 33 

conradii. _ ---------------- _ ----------- ___ ------------------------- 242, pl. 33-

incile. ---------------------- __________ ------------------------- ---~- 241-242 

c 

Caecum. ___________________________________________________________________ 203-204 

coo peri ___ --------- ___________________________________________________ 204, pl. 28 

coronellum. __ ------ _ ___ ____ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ ____ ___ _ _ __ _____ ______ __ __ _ __ 204 

flemingL _ -- __ --------- _______________________________________________ 203, pl. 28 

floridanum. ---------------------------------------------------------- 203. pl. 28 compactum ___________________ --------------------- _ ______ _______ ___ _ _ 203 

glabrum ____ ----------- ______________ ------------------~----·· ------- __ 20-'3, pl. 28 

ibex. ___ ----------- ________ ------- ____________ --------- __ ------------- 204, pl. 28 

patuxentium _____________________ ---------------------------------------- 203 properegulare. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 203 

putnamense. ____________________________________________________ --------- 203 

regulare. ______________________________________________________________ 203, pl. 28 

stevensonL. __________________________________________ C---- ___________ 204, pl. 28 

virginianum __________________________________________________________ 203, pl. 28 

Calliostoma. ________________ ----------- ____________________________________ 183-186 

apicinum ____________ --------- ______________ ---------------------- _____ -~- 184 

armillatum. ----------- _______ -------------- ______________ ----------- _ 186, pl. 26 

basicum .• ____ ------- _____________________ -------------- ______________ 184, pl. 26 

carolinense. _______ ----------------------- __ --~---------------------- 184, pl. 26 

cheopsL _ --------- __ --------------------------------------------- 183-184, pl. 26 

conradL _________ ------- _______ --------------------- ______ --------- __ 186, pl. 26 

cyclum __ ------- __________________ ---------------------- ___ ------- ___ 186, pl. 26 

distans _________ ---------- _____ ------------------------------------------- 186 

harrisianum _____ ------------------------------------ ____ ----------------- 184 

harrisiL _______ ----------- _ ------------------------------------------- 186, pL 26 

hertfordense _______ -------------------------------------------------- 185, pl. 26 humile__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ 186 

labrosum. __ ------------ ________ ------------------------------------- 185, pl. 26 

mitchellL ... -------- _ ------------------------------------------------ 184, pl. 26 nottowayense. ________ --- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 186, pl. 26 

occidentale ______ ----- ________________________________ -- ________ ---_---_--_ 184 

philanthropum _________________________________________ " _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 1R4 

pontonL. ------------------------------------ ___ ----------------- 184, pl. 26 

ruffinii -------------------------------------------------------------- 184, pl. 26 

virginicum _______________ ·---------------------------------------- 184, 185, pl. 26 

gizehL----------------------------------------------------------- 185, pl. 26 (Eutrochus) distans __________________________________ -------- ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 186 

caloosaensis, Anachis (Costoanachis) avara·--------------'---------------- 231, pl. 30 Columbella (Anachis) avara _____________________________________________ 230.231 

Fdsus ___________________________________________________ -- ____ -- __ -- _ _ _ _ _ 257 

Nassa. __________________________________________________ ---- _________ ---- ?.52 

Uzita. _ ------------------------------------------------------------ __ 252. pl. 30 

caloosabatchiensis, Ficus papyratia ..•. ------------------------------ 217-218. pl. 29 

Pyrula papyratia _______ -------------- ___________ ------------------------. 217 

calypsonis, Triforis. _ --------------------------------------------------------- 205 camax, Anachis ___________________________________________ ------ ____ ---- ____ 227. 230 

Anachis (Thiarinella) _____ ------------------------------------------ 227, pl. 30 

canaliculata, Acteocina. _ ----------------------------------------------------- 278 

canaliculatum, Busycon.----------------------------------------------- 238,240,242 Busycon (Sycotypus) ________________________________________________ 242, pl. 33 

Murex ____________________________________________________ ----- ____ --- _ --- 242 

canaliculatus, Murex. __ ------------------------------------------------------ 241 Sycotypus .. ___ -~ _____________________ -::-: ______________________ --------- __ • 241 

canaliferum, Busycon. _ ------------------------------------------------------ 242 Busycon canaliculatum _____________________________ ------- ____ ----------- 242 

(Sycotypus) canaliculatum ________________ , ______________________ 242, pl. 33 

Fulgur __ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 242 canaliferus, Sycotypus _____________________ --- _____ --- __ •• ----- __ ------------- 242 

Cancellaria. 196, 198, 199, 201, 203, 214, 216, 219, 222, 223, 239, 242, 252, 253, 255, 263, 264, 266 

barre ttL. ______________________ -------_------ _____ -----------.------------ 264 

conradiana. ______ -------------------------------------------------------- 264 rotunda ________ ----- __ ---- ____ ------- _____________ -------_----------- 264 

cossmannL ______________ ------------•• ----------------------------------- 264 

dariena .. ___________ --- ____ --- _ --- ____ ----- __ --- ____ ---------------------- 264 

mauryae _________________ ----- __________ ---- _______ -------- _____ ---------- 264 

plagiostoma __________________ ---------------------------------------- 264, pl. 38 

reticulata ________________ ----- ___________ ---- ___ --- ___ -------------------- 264 

leonensis ___ ---------------·------------------------------------------ 264 
INDEX 301 

Page 

Cancellaria rotunda .. ---------------------------------------------------· 264, pl. 38 

tabulata ____________________ ·------------------------- ________________ 264, pl. 38 

cancellata, Delphinula _____________ ------------ __ --------------------- ____ _ _ __ 190 

carica, Murex _______ ----~-- ---------------------------- _ ---------------- ______ 238 

Caricella ---------------- ------------------------------------------- __ 260,261 

carinata, Turritella plebeia ______ -------------------------------------- 196-197, pl. 27 

carinatum, Busycon ________ ---------------------------------------------- 240, pl. 35 

Fulgur ___ ----------------- __ --------- ________________ -------------- __ ____ 240 

Teinostoma_____ _ __ --------- __ ------------------ _________ ----------- _ 188, pl. 25 

Carinodrillia _____ . ·-"------------- _________ --------------------- _________ 267-268 

bella. ___ ------------------------- ________________ ----------------- ____ 268, pl. 37 

carolinae, Didianema _____________________________________________________ l91, pl. 25 

Epitonium (Hyaloscala) ----------------------------------------- 205-206, pl. 28 

Olivella ------------------------------------ _____ ----------------- ____ 259, pl. 38 

carolinense, C!illiostoma ____________________ :_ _____________________________ 184, pl. 26 

Dentalium. ___ --------------------------------- _______ ----------- ____ 179, pl. 24 

carolinen«is, .A.cus dislocatum _____________________________ ---------- ___ _ __ ____ 275 

Cerithium___________________ ___ __ _____ __ ____ ____ _____ ______ _________ _ _ _ __ 275 

Cypraea _________ -------------------------- ______ ------------------- ____ 213, 214 

(Cypraeorbis) ___ ------- ____________________________ :----- ________ 214, pl. 29 

(Umbilia) ____ ---------- ___ ------- ___ _ ___ __ ______ ____ _ ______ _ _____ ____ 214 

Diodora_ -------------------------------- ____ --------- ________________ 183, pl. 24 

Fissurella _________ --.

7

----- __ - _- _ --- ___ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 183 

Fissuridea. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 183 

Fusus caloosaeusis _______ ----- ___ ------ _________ ~-------- ------------ _ ____ 257 .. 

Littorina. ------------------ _ ------------ ______ ------------------- ___ _ __ _ _ 191 

Pyrula ______ ------------------------- ________________ ----------- _ ______ __ 242 

Terebra (Acus) ----------------- _____ c ___ ---- __ ----------------------- __ _ _ 275 

(Strioterebrum)-- -------------------------------------------- 275-276, pl. 38 Turritella_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 198 

Cassidaria striata _______ -----~- ___________ --- _______________ ---_______________ 215 

striatula. _-- ____ --------------------------- ___________ - ________________ --- 215 

Cassis hodgiL- ---------------------------- ~-- ---- _ --------------------------- 215 

catilliformis, Diodora __________________ -------------------------------- ___ 182, pL24 

caudata, Apollon. _ ------------------------------------------------------- __ __ 222 

Eupleura ______ ------------------------------------------------------- 222, pl. 29 

Ranella ____ - ________ ------- __ -________ -__ -______________________ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 222 

(Eupleura) _____ ------------------------------------------------------ 221 

Celatoconus __ --------------------------------- _________ ------- _________ ------ 237 

celiulosa, Murex _____ ----------- _- _ --- _ --- _ ---- _____________ --- _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 219 

Ocinebra_-- _ ------------------------------------------------------------ _ _ 219 (Favartia) ________ ------- ________ --- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ __ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ 219 

Tritonalia. _ ------------------------------------------------------ 219-220, pl. 29 

cercadica, Melanella (Eulima) ------------------------------- _______ _ _________ 210 

cerina, Mangelia _____ : _ -------- ______ -- ______________________________ -" _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 271 

Mangilia __ -------------- ______ ---------------------- _ ---------------- ____ 270 

Pleurotoma ____________ ---- ______ -- ____ -- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2n 

cerinella, Cryoturris. ___ -------------- ____ ----- _ ------------------ ________ 272, pl. 36 

Mangilia. _________ ------- _ -------- ___ ------- ___________ ------------------ 277 

Cerithiposis __ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------- 204-205 

costulata ___ -----------c-------------------------------------------------.- 204 

subulata __ ---------------------------------------------------------- __ ---- 204 

(Laskeya) emt>rsoniL ____ ---------- ________________ ----------- _____ __ _____ 204 

emersonii persubulata. __ ------------------------------------- 204-205, pl. 27 

Cerithium carolinensis _____ ------------ --~- -------------------- _______ ---- ____ 275 

dislocatum. _______ ----------------- _ --- _ -------- ____ ------ ____ --- __ ------ 275 

emersoniL _________ -_------ ____ - _- _--- _- _-- ______________ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 204 

protextum_- _______ ------------------------ ____ -___ -_- _--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 277 

tristoma _____ . --------------- _______ ----------· ______ -·------ ____ __ _ _______ 205 

unilineatum. ____ --------------- ___ --------------------------------------- 275 

(Eumeta) arctica. -------------- ___ -------- _____ -------------- __ _____ _____ 204 

chariessa, Cryoturris magnoliana. __ ---------------------------------- 27b272, pl. 37 

cheopsi, Calliostoma .. ~--------------------- -------------------------- 183-184, pl. 26 

chesnelii, Rissoina _________ -------------------------------------------- _______ 193 

Chicoreus. ___ ------- __ -------------------- ____________ -------- ________ __ __ ___ 218 

chiriqniensis, Drillia ___ ------------------------------------------------------ _ 265 

Chonebasis_ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 194, 195 

chowanense, Bnsycon. __ ------------------------------------------------- 241, pl. 36 

chowanensis, Compsodrillia. ___ ------------------------------------------ 268, pl. 37 

Uzita __________________ -------------------------- __ ------------ ___ 249-250, pl. 30 

Cinctiscala. __ -------------------------------------------------------------- _ _ 207 

cinerea, Urosalpinx_ ---------------------------------------------------------- 223 

cinereus, Fnsus ______________ ------------ ------- ___ ------------------------ 223, 225 

cingulata, Drillia simpsonL.------------------------------------------- __ 270, pl. 37 

Circulus____________________________________________________________________ 189-190 

costulatns __ ------------------------------------------------------------ __ 190 

(snpra-nitidus) orbignyL ----------------------------------------- 189-190, pl. 25 

clandestina, Marginalia _______ --- ____________________________ ----_____________ 263 

clathratula, Scalaria. _ -------------------------------------------------------- 205 

Clathrodrillia emmonsL _____ --- _____ --- ____________________ --- _________ ------ 265 

(Carinodrillia) halis ____ -------------------------------------------------- 267 

Page 

Clathrus ________ • ________________________________________ -- ___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 208 

spurius. _____________________ -- ___________ ---- _ -- __ ---------------- __ ----- 208 

clathrus, Turbo _________________ -------------------------------------_________ 208 

Clavatula. ___ --------- _____ ---------------------------------------- ____ ------ 265 comelliana ___________________________________________ : ________________ 265, pl. 37 

clintonius, Pecten. ___ ----------------------------------------------__________ 201 

Cochliolepis. ____________ ------------------------ ___ ---------------~ -------- 193-194 

concava ____ ·---------------------------------------------------- _____ 194, pl. 25 

holmesiL __ -------- _____________ ---------------- ________ c _____________ 194, pl. 25 

leaL _______ -------- __________ -_-=--------------------------------- ________ 194, pl. 25 

parasitica ___ ---------- _____ ---- _____ --------------------------- ___ 193, 194, pl. 25 

collins, Marginalia. ______ ----------- _____ ------------------------------------- 262 

Colubraria ____________________ -.- _____________ -- __ - _____ -- ___ ------ __________ 21~217 

aclinica _______________ --------------------------- __ --------------- _ 21~217, pl. 29 

floridana ___________________ - _________ -- _------- _____ ----------- ________ -- _ 216 

Ianceolata. ___ --- _______ ----------- _______ ------------ _ ---------- _______ 216, 217 

Columbella avara _____ --------------------------------------------------- ___ 229, 230 

lanceolata. ________ -------------------------------------------- ___ ------- _ 232 

obesa. ____________________________________ ----- ____ ----------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 229 

recurva ____ ----- _-------------- _ ----------------------------------- _- _- _ -- 232 

scalarina ____ ----------------------------------- _ -------------------------- 226 

similis ________ --------- _ ------ _____ ---------------------- ------------ ____ 230 

translirata ____ --------- _______ ----- ____ ------------------ _ ----- __ _ ___ ____ 229 

(Aesopus) stearnsiL _ -----------·-------- __ -------------------------------- 232 

(Anachis) avara ____ ---------------------------------------------------- 229,231 

avara amydra ___ ----------------------------------------------------- 230 

caloosaensis __________ ------------------- ______ ---------- ________ 230, 231 

obesa __________________ ----- _- _ ------------ ___ ------------ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 229 

styliola _____ _ : _________ -_- _ --- ___ --- _-.,.- _- -- _______ -_--- _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 227 

turrita ____________ ---------------------------------------- __ ------- _ __ 228 

(Seminella) ___ -- ____ ----------------------------:-------------- ___ -- _ · ___ -- 233 

smithfieldensis _______ --------------- --------- __ ------------------ _ ___ _ 233 

stearnsiL ____ --- ____ ------- __ .• --------------------------- _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 232 

Columbellopsis ______________ ----------· -- ---------------'--------------------- 226 

Colus exilis _________________________________________________________ ---------- 255 

col us, Murex __ -J---------------------------------- -------------------------- 255 

Cominella (Ptychosalpinx) altilis _________ ------------------------------------ 233 

(Ptychosalpinx) laqueata ___ --- __ -__ -------------------------- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 234 

multirugata _______ . -------------------------------------------------- 235 

communis, Ficus_------------------- ---------------------------------------- 217 

Mitrella ____ ------ __ -- ~---- ----------.------------------------------------ 226 

Scalina .. ___ -------------------------------------------------------------- 208 

commutata, Scalaria _______ ----------------------------------------------- ---- 208 

com pactum, Caecum fioridanum.-- ------------------------------------------ 203 

Compsodrillia ____ ---- :~---------------------------------~------ --------c----- 268 

chowanensis __ ------ _ ------------------------------------------------ 268, pl. 37 

urceola ___ ---------------------------------------------------------------- " 268 

comptus, Fusus ___ ----------------------------------------------------------- 226 concava, Cochliolepis ____________________________________________________ 194, pl. 25 

Delphinula. ________ ---------------------------------------------- -------- 194 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) _____________________________________________ 277, pl. 38 

concavus, Adeorbis ____ ------------------------------------------------------- 194 

concinnum, Busycon __ ------------------------------------------------------- 242 

Busycon (Sycotypus)------------------------------------------- 242-243, pl. 33 

conradi, Calliostoma _____________________________________________________ 186, pl. 26 

conradiana, Cancellaria _____ --------------------------------- ---------------- 264 

conradii, Busycon _______________________ -------------------------------- 242, 1>l. 33 

Busycon (Sycotypus) _____________________ -------------------------- 242, pl. 33 

consensa, Nassa ______ ------------------------------ -------------------247,251, pl. 30 

Uzita .. --------------------------------------------------------- 251, 253, pl. 30 

consensoides, Nassa _____ ------------------------------------------------------ 251 

U zita ----------- ____________ -------------------- _______ ----------- _. 251, pl. 30 

contrarium, Busycon ___ ---~--- ----------------------------------------------- 239 

conulus, Trochus __ . ____ --------------- -------------------------------------- 183 

cooperi, Caecum ___________________ : __ ------------------------------------ 204, pl. 28 

cornelliana, Alectrion _______ -------------------------------------------------- 252 

Clavatula.---------------------------------------------------------- 265, pl. 37 

Drillia _____________ ---- ---------------------------------------·---------- 265 

Nassa.---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 252 

U zita. ________ -- _------------------- ~------------------------------------- 252 

caloosaensis _________________________ . ---------------------------- 252, pl. 30 

coronata, Murex turris _____ • -------------·------------- ---------------------- 265 

coronellum, Caecum -----------------------------------------c--------------- 204 

corticata, Oliva ___________ ,_-------------------------------------------------- 258 

cossmanni, Cancellaria. ____ -------------------------------------------------- 264 

Costoanachis_ -------------------------------------------------------------- 226, 22& 

costulata, Cerithiopsis ___ ----------------------------------------------------- 204 

Didianemll- _____________ ------------------------------------------------- 191 

Margarita.--------_------------------------------------------------------ 191 

Turritella. ______ --------------------------------------------------------- 204 costulatus, Circulus ____ --- _________________ : ___________ "_____________________ 190 

Crassispira. _- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 265 

abundans _____ ------------------------------------------------------- 265, pl. 37 
302 INDEX 

Page Page 

Crassispira perrugata _____________________________________________________ 265, pl. 37 Diodora catilliformis ______________________________________________________ 182, pl. 24 

Crepidula ____ ---------------------- __________ ________ _______ ________ ___ ______ 200 fioridana_____ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ 183 

cronlyensis, Fasciolaria _________________________ --·------ _________________ 254, pl. 36 redimicula____ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ ______ 182 

Crucibulum__ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _____ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 200 alticosta_ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 182 

cruentatus, Turbo_____________________________________________________________ 190 virgilina ______________________________________________________ 182-183, pl. 24 

Cryoturris __________________________________________________________________ 271-272 dislocata, Terebra __________________________________ ----------------- __ 260,275, 276 

cerinella __________ ---------- _________________________________________ 272, pl. 37 dislocatum, Cerithium_____ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ____ __ __ 275 

engonia___ _ ____ ____ _____ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ 271 Terebra _____________________________________________ --------------------- 276 

magnoliana __ ------ ______ ___ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ 272. dis tans, Calliostoma_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ ____ __ 186 

chariessa _____________ ·---------------------------------------- 271-272, pl. 37 Calliostoma (Eutrochus) _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ___ 186 

rubella___________________________________________________________________ 272 Drillia. __________________________________________________________ 266--267, pl. 37 

cuvieri, Lemintina _________________________ ---~-- ___ -------------------------- 200 in cilifera_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 266 

Cyclops angulatus _______________________________ • ___ .- _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ 187 Leiotrochus ____________________________________________ -------- ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ 186 

Cyclostrema ________ --------- _ __ __ __ _ ____ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ 189 ditomus, Eurissolina_____ ___ _____ _______ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ ____ _ __ _ ________ __ _ 193 

Cyclostremiscus. __ ____ ____ __ ___ _ ______ _ ___ _ _____ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ 189 drewi, Drillia __________________________________________________________ . ___ 267, pl. 28 

oblique-striatus ______________________________________________________ 189, pl. 25 Drillia _______________ ------ _________________________________________________ 26&---270 

cyclum, Calliostoma _____________________________________________________ 186, pl. 26 abundans perrugata ___ -------------------------------------------- _______ 265 Cylichna ____________________________________________________________________ 278, 279 arata. _____________________ ~----- _________________________________ _" ___ 267, pl. 37 

anthera___ _ _ _ __ __ __ ____ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ ______ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ 279 arctata. _________________________________________________________ --·~- _ 267, pl. 37 

cylindrus __ -------------------------- ________ ------------------------ 279, pl. 38 bella _________________________________________________ -~-- ________ ------___ 268 

duplinensis. _________________________________________________________ 279, pl. 38 chiriquiensis_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 265 

Cylichnus_ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ ____ ______ __ _ __ _ ____ _ ___ _____ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 279 cornelliana_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 265 

cylindracea, Bulla____________________________________________________________ 279 distans. __________________________________________________________ 266--267, pl. 37 

cylindrica, Bulla _____ ------____________________________________________________ 278 drewL __________ --------------------------------------------- ____ ----- 267, pl. 28 

cylindrus, Bulla._--------------- ____________________ • _______ c ______________ -- 279 ebur _________________________________________ ------- ____ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ 270 

Cylichna ____________________________________________ ------------ _____ 279, pl. 38 ebumea. ___ ---------------------------------------------------------- 266, pl. 37 Cymatosyrinx ______________________________________________________________ 268-269 elegans _______ ------ ________________________________ ----------- __ ------ __ _ 265 

tiara _________ --------------- _________________________________________ 269, pl. 37 emmonsL __ --------------------------------------------- _____ 265--266,267, pl. 37 

ziczac ___________ -------------- ___________________________________ 268--269, pl. 37 impressa_------------------------------------------------------------- 267, pl. 37 

cymbulus, Atys ___ -------------------------------------------------------- ___ 278 incilifera distans_ ________ _ _______ _ ______ ____ __ ___ ____ _________ _ _ ___ _ ____ __ 266 

Cypraea _______________________ : ____________________________________________ 213-214 leucocyma ____ --- ________ -------- _____________ --------------- __________ --- 266 

carolinensis _____________________________________________________________ 213, 214 limatula ________________________________ ---------- ______ ------------- ____ __ 269 

europ[a]ea. ___ ------ ___ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ ______ _ _ 214 lissotropis. ____________ --------- __________________________________ ------- _ 269 

·mus. _ _ _ __ _ ____ ___ _ _______ _ ___ ______ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ______ _ 213 scissurata___ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ ____ __ ____ ____ ____ _ _________ _______ _ 269 

pediculus_________________________________________________________________ 214 lunata. _________________________________________________________________ 268, 269 

tigris_____________________________________________________________________ 213 magnoliana ______ "- _ ___ _ ___ _ ____ _ ___ ______ _______ _ _ ____ ___ ___ ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 269 

(Cypraeorbis) carolinensis ___ ----------- _____________________________ 214, pl. 29 pagodula __________________ -------- ____________________ ------ ____ _ _______ _ 269 

(Umbilia) carolinensis __________________________________ ------------------ 214. perpolita _______________________________________________________________ 268-269 

Cypraeidae ___________ ------- _ __ _ __ ____ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ________ 213 polygonalis. ____________________________________________ ------ ____ 261}--270, pl. 37 

Cypraeolina ________________________________________________________________ 263-264 pyrenoide~---------- _____ --------- ___________ ------- __________________ 266, pl. 37 

lachrimula _______________________________________________________ 263-264, pl. 38 simpsoni_ ___________ -------------_________________________________________ 270 

Cypraeorbis________ ___ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ 213 cingulata ___ ------------------------------------------------- _____ 270, pl. 37 

sphaeroides________________________________________ _ _____ _____ _______ ____ 213 tricatenaria ____________________________ ___ : __ ------- ____________________ 266, 268 

Cythara psila ___________________________ --------- ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ 271 tuberculata___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 265 

whitfieldi__ _________________________________ --------------- __ _______ _ ___ _ _ 265 

D dubia, Aurinia _______________________________________________ -·--------- _ __ __ _ 261 

Dactylus (Strephona) eboreus __ ---------------------------------------------- 258 dufresnii, Melanella __ -------------------------------------------------------- 211 

dalli, Fusinus_______ _ _ _ __ ___________ _________ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ __ __ ____ __ __ ___ _ __ 255 duminyi, Delphinula _________________________________________ ------------- __ _ 189 

Niso ______________________ ------ _________ -------- ____________________ 212, pl. 27 duplinensis, Cylichna _________ ------------------------------------------- 279, pl. 38 

Strombiformis ____________________________________________________ 209--210, pl. 27 Didianema_ ------------------------------------------------------ _____ 191, pl. 25 dama, Olivella____ __ ________ _ __ _ ______ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ 259 Fasciolaria papillosa ________________________________ -------- _____ _ ____ __ __ 254 

dariena, Cancellaria ______________ ----------------------------------__________ 264 Macromphalina __ ---------------------------------------------------- 195, pl 25 debooyi, Mitrella___ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ______ ___ _ 226 Molleria ______________________________________________________________ 191, pl. 25 

deleonensis, Ilyanassa (Paranassa) aratum__ __ ___ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ 244 Pyrula pilsbryL ----------- ___ _ _ _ _____ ____ ____ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 218 

Delphinula cancellata __ --------------------------------------------------- ___ 190 Retusa (Cylichnina) ____ __ ___ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ ____ _ __ ___ __ ______ _ __ _ _______ 279 

concava ______________________ --------- _ _ ____ _ ____ __ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ 194 Turritella _______________________________________________________________ 197, 198 

depressa_ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ ____ ____ __ _____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 188 (Torculoidella) ___ -------------------------------------------- 197-198, pl. 27 

duminyi_ _________ ------- _ ------ ___ ------- ________ --~ _ __ _ ___ ____ ___ _ __ _ __ _ 189 dupliniana, Triphora ____________ ----------------------------------------- 205, pl. 27 

lipara _______ ------- __________________________________________________ 194, pl. 25 Triphoris____ _ _ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ ___ __ __ _ __ _ ___ __ __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ ____ 205 

oblique-striata____________________________________________________________ 189 

Dentalium __ --------------------------------------------------- _________ _ ____ 179 E 

armillatum_ ___ _ ___ __ _____ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ ________ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 179 eborea, Eulima ______ : ____________________________________________________ -- _ _ 212 

carolinense _______________ ---------------------------------------- ____ 179, pl. 24 Oliva _________________________________________________________________ 258, pl. 38 

elephantinum_ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ _ __ _____ ___ ___ ___ _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ __ _ 179 Strombiformis (Polygireulima) ___ ------------------------------------ 212, pl. 27 entalis__ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ ____ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ __ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ 179 eboreus, Dactylus (Strephona) ________ ----- __ ------ ____ ---------- _ ------------ 258 

trachea___________________________________________________________________ 203 ebur, Drillia__ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ______ __ _ _ ___ ____ ________ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 270 

waccamawense __ --------------- __ ---------------- --------------------- ___ 179 eburnea, Drillia __________________________________________________________ 266, pl. 37 

(Antalis) pliocenum __________________________________________________ 179, pl. 24 Niso _______________________________________________________ -------- _ _____ _ 212 

waccamawense _______________________ ---------------------------- 179, pl. 24 Ecphora zone ___________________________ 188,199,200,201,216,234,242,254,255,260,266 

denticulata, Marginella ____ ----------------------------------------- _______ ___ 262 Marginella (Serrata) _________________________________________________ 262, pl. 28 

edgecombense, Epitonium____________________________________________________ 207 

Epitonium (Spiniscala) _________________________________________ ~----- 207, pl. 28 

dentiferum, Glyphostoma_ _ _ _ __ _ __ ____ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 272· clegans, Drillia ___________________________________________________ ------ __ ___ _ 265 

depressa, Delphinula_ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ___ ____ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 188 l<'asciolaria_ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ____ ___ __ __ _ ____ ______ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ 254 

depressum, Teinostoma_____ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ 187 Pleurotoma. ____________ ----------------------------------- ________ ______ 265 depressus, Fossarus____ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ____ ______ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ 194 elegantissima, Eulima. _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 211 

Didianema_ __ _ _______ _ _ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ ___ __ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ 191 elephantinum, Dentalium_ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _______ _ ____ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 179 

carolinae _____________________________ ------------------------------ 191, pl. 25 emersonii, Cerithiopsis (Lnskeya) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ____ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ ___ 204 

costulata_ _ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ _ ________ ___ _____ ____ __ _ __ _ ___ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ____ 191 Cerithium__ ____ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ __ _ __ 204 

duplinensis _______ ---------------------------------------- ____________ 191, pl. 25 Laskeya__ ______ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ____ ______ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ 205 

tytha____ _ __ _ _______ ______ _ __ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ ____ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ______ _ _ __ _ __ _ 191 emmonsi, Clathrodrillia. ____________________ ----------------------------- ____ 265 Diodora ______ ------- ________________________________________________________ 182-183 Drillia ___ ------------------------------------------------ ____ 265--266, 267, pl. 37 carolinensis __________________________________________________________ 183, pl. 24 engonia, Cryot•rrris___ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ __ _____ _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 271 
INDEX 303 

Page 

entalis, Dentalium. _____ -------------------------------------------- _ _ ____ _ __ 179 

Epitonium _________________________________________________________________ : 205-209 

alaquaense. __ ------------------ ___________ ______ ________________ ___ ______ 209 

bolteni _________________________________________________________________ 207, 208 

edgecombense_ _ __ ___ ____ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 207 

junceum___ _ __ _ ____ _ _ ________ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ ___ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ 206 

linea tum ___ -----------------------------------------------------------___ 209 microstoma ______________ ------ __ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ____ __ ____ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ ___ 209 

muldrowL ___ -------------------- __ ________ _ ____ ____ __ ____ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 208 

prattL ________________ ---------- _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ __ __ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ 209 

robesonense. _ ------ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ 207 

santodomingonum___ __ _____ _ __ _ ___ _ _____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 208 

sayana. __________________________________ ~ ______ _ __ _ _ _____ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ 208 

sericifilum___ _ __ _ ___ ______ __ __ _ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ _ _ __ _ _ _ 206 

sheldonL_ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ______ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _____ ___ ___ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ ___ 208 

turriculum. _ ________ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ _ _______ 207 

(Cinctiscala) .antillatum. _________________________________________ 207-208, pl. 28 

(Clathrus) boltenL ___________________________________________________ 208;pl. 28 

microstoma _______________________________________ · _____________ 208-209, pl. 28 

. muldrowL _______________________________________________________ 208, pl. 28 

(Hyaloscala) carolinae. ___________________________________________ 205-206, pl. 28 

fascia tum _____________ -------------------------------------------- 206, pl. 28 

junceum ______________ ------------------------------------- _______ 206, pl. 28 

(Pictoscala) prattL ___________________________________________________ 209, pl. 28 

(Spiniscala) edgecombense _______ ------------------------------------- 207, pl. 28 

robesonense. __ ---------- _____________ ---------------------------- 207, pl. 28 

equalis, Fusinus ______________________________________________________ -_ __ __ _ _ _ 257 

Fusus.-- ______________________________________ --------------------- 255, 256,257 

Heilprinia_ _ ____ _ __ _ ___ ____ __ __ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ _ 256 

Neptunea. _____ ------- _ _____ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ____ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ 256 

erinaceus, Mure-x. __ _ ___ ___ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ ___ 219 

Tritonalia_ _ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ __ __ _ _______ _ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 219 

eritima, Kurtziella ____________________________________________________ 270-271, pl. 37 

Mangilia_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _____ ____ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ __ _ __ 270 

quadrata ____________________________________ . _ _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ 270 

escheri, Buccinum_ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ __ __ _______ _________ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 233 

Ethalia___ _ _ _ __ _____ _ __ _ ______ _ _____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ 188 

etiwanensis, Turritella ___________________ . ________________________________ 196, pl.27 

Eulima __________________ -------- __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ________ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ 211 

acicularis ________ ------ ______ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ __ 210 

eborea. __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ______ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ ____ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 212 

elegantissima_ __ _ __ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ______ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 211 

glaberrima2___ __ _ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ ___ __ __ _ __ _ _ 211 

striata____________________________________________________________________ 211 

subulata _______________________________________ .. __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ 211 

(Leiostraca) rectiuscula _____________ -------------------------------------- 209 

(Liostraca) stenostoma _________________ ---~---- ___ __________________ ______ 210 

Eumeta __ ------------------------------------------------------------------ __ 204 

Eupleura ___ • _____________ ---------------------------------------------- 221-222,223 caudata ______________________________________________________________ 222, pl. 29 

brevispira_ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _______ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 222 

leonensis______________________________________________________________ 222 

sulcidentata _______ ~ ______ ; ______________________________________ 222, pl. 29 

Eurissolina::-___________________________ --· _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ ____ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ 193 

ditomus ___________________________________________________ --------- __ _ __ 193 

europ[a]ea, Cypraea_ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ __ ____ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ 214 

Eurytorus___ _ _ __ _ _ ______ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ 199 

exilis, Col us__________________________________________________________________ 255 

Fusinus ____________________________________________ ---------- 255,256,257, pl.32 

Fusus ------ ______ • _____________________________________________________ 255, 256 

exolPtus, Turbo ________ ._. __ _ __ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _____ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ ____ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ 198 

F 

fasciatum, Epitonium (Hyaloscala) _______________________________________ 206, pl. 28 

Fasciolaria __________________________________________________________________ 253-254 

acuta__ __ __ __ ____ ____ _ _ ____ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ __ ____ ___ ___ 254 

cronlyensis ___________________________________________________________ 254, pl. 36 

elegans. ________________ ------------------- _____ ______ ___ ____ ___ __________ 254 

papillosa duplinensis_ _ _ _ _ ____ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ 254 

sparrowL _______________________ : ____________________________________ 254, pl. 32 

acuta__ _ __ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ ____ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ ___ 254 

Ficus _________________________________ ------------------------------------- 217-218 

communis________________________________________________________________ 217 

papyratia________ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ ______ _ _ ___ __ 217 

caloosahatchiensis ____________________________________________ 217-218, pl. 29 

picta_ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ ___ ____ ____ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ___ 217 

pilsbryL__ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ ____ __ _ __ _ __ _____ _ __ _ ____ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ ____ _ 217 

variegata_ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _______ 217 

ficus, Bulla___________________________________________________________________ 217 

Murex _________________________________________________ --· _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 217 

filicata, Peristernia ____ ----· ______________________________________________ 255, pl. 28 

filicatum, Bucciunum (Pollia) ________________ ---·-----------------·----.------ 255 

filosa, Nitidella ___________________________________________________________ ----

filosum, Busycon ____________________________________________________________ _ 

filosus, Aesopus ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Fissurella carolinensis. ______________________________________________________ -

Page 

232 

239 

232 

183 

Fissuridea carolinensis ____________________________________________ . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 183 

flaminea, Mitrella ________________________________________________ ------ ____ -- 225 

flemingi, Caecum _____________________________ --------------------------- 203, pl. 28 

floridana, Colubraria. ______ ------------------------------- ·------------------ 216 

Diodora __ ------------------------- ____ ------------------------ __ __ ____ __ _ 183 

Muricopsis. ___ .--'----------------------------- __________________ ------- _ _ 225 

Scaphella __________ ------------ ____ -------- ____ --------------------- ____ -- 260 

floridanum, CaecUIIL.---------------------------------~------------------ 203, pl. 28 Fossarus depressus ________________________________________ ----------------- __ 194 

fossnlata, Ptychosalpinx _____________________________________________ 235-236, pl. 32 

Tritia. ___ ------------- __ __ ____ __ ______ _______ _ __ _ _____ ____ ____ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ 235 

fossula tum, Buccinum ___________________________ ~------ ____________________ -- 235 

fragile, Sinum ... --------------------------------------------------------- 213, pl. 24 fragilis, Natica ________________________ ---------------- _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ ____ ____ _ 213 

Sigaretus. __________________________ -------~- ___ ____ _ _ ___ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ _ _ 213 

(Naticina) ------------ _______ ___ ___ _ _______ ___ __ _ __ _ __ _____ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 213 

frondicula, Scalaria. _____________ -------------- _________________________ ------ 206 

Fulgur canaliferum ______________________________________ --------------------- 242 

carina tum. ________________________________________________________ ----- _ 240 

incile. ______________________________________________________________ ------ 241 

pyrum incile _________________________________ -~-- __ _ ___ ___ _____ ____ _ _ _____ 241 

Fusinus. ___________________________________________________________________ 255-258 

alaquaiinsis ____ - ______________________________________________________ -_-- 256 

burnsiL __ --------------------------------------------------- 255-256, 257, pl. 32 dalli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 255 

equalis __________________ ------------------------ _____________ ------------ 257 

exilis _____________________________ ------------ _ -------- _______ 255, 256, 257, pl. 32 

heilprinL _______________________________________________________________ 256-257 

rappahannockensis __ -------------------------------------------- 257-258, pl. 32 rusticus ______________ ------ ____________ -------- ________________________ --- 258 

Fusus. ______________________________________ -------------------- __ ----- ___ --- 255 

burnsiL _______________ -------------------------- _______________________ 255, 256 caloosaensis ___________________________________________________________ ---- 257 

carolinensis__ _ ___ ___________ __ _____ __ ____ ____ __ ___ ____ ____ _ ___ _ ____ ___ 257 

cinereuo;; _____________________ ---------- _________________________________ 223, 225 

comptus ___________________________________________________ " _- _----------- 226 

equalis ____________________ --------------- ________________ ---------- 255, 256,257 

exilis __________________________ ----------- ___________________ -------- ___ 255, 256 

perrugatus ______________________ ---------- ___________________ ---- ____ .c •. _ 224 

trossulus_ ___ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 223 

G 

Galeodia hodgiL _________________ --------------- _____________ ----------- ___ ___ 215 

Galeodosconsia __ ----------------------------------- _____________ ---------- __ _ 215 

Gastropods, geologic range of species __ -------------------------------------" 180-183 

gatunensis, Turritella _________________________ ---------------- __ . ------------- 197 

gemma, Liotia ________________ --------------- ____ ----------------------------- 190 Liotia (Arene) ___________________________________________________ _. ___ 190, pl. 28 

gemma tum, Triphora ___________ ------- _________ --------------- _ ---- __ _ _____ _ 205 

gcraea, Rissoa ____ ----- ___________________ ---------------------------- _ --- 192, pl. 29 

Rissoa (Onoba) --------- __ ------------------------------- _ ----- _________ -- 192 

Gibbula. __________ ------------ _____________________________________________ 186-187 

americana ______ ----------- ____ -------- ______________________ --- ________ -- 187 

yorktowhensis _______________________________________________ 187, pis. 24, 28 

gizehi, Calliostoma virginicum ________________________________________ ~-- 185, pl. 26 

glabella, Vol uta. __________________ ----------_________________________________ 261 

glaber, Strombiformis. _____________________________________________ ---------- 209 

glaberrima, Eulima _______________________________________________ ----- __ _ _ __ _ 211 

glabrum, Caecum ___ 7 ____________________________________________________ 203, pl. 28 

globosa, Murex____ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ __ _ ___ __ _____ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ______ _ __ ___ 219 

globosus, Murex____ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ ___ ___ _ __ __ _ __ _ ____ _ ___ __ 219 

globulus, Sipho ________________________________________________________ ------- 233 

Glyphostoma _______________________________________________________________ 272-274 

dentiferum _______________________________________________ --------------- 272 

johnsoni_ _________________________ ------ ____ ------ ________ ----------- _ ---- 273 

scoptes ____________________________________________________ . ____ ------- 274, pl. 37 

zoster ________________________________________________________ 272-273, 274, pl. 28 

mansfieldi_ __________________________________________________ 273,274, pl. 37 

pbroudon _________________________ -------------------------- 273-274, pl. 37 gracilis, Pleurotoma_ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _____ __ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ __ ___________ _ ____ 266 

graeca, Patella________________________________________________________________ 182 

granifera, llyanassa __________________________________________________ 246, 247, pl. 31 

Ilyanassa sexdentata _________________________________ -------------"------- 244 

Lemintina ___________________ ------------------------------------------ _ 201,202 

Ptycbosalpinx (Paranassa) ________ -'------------------------------- ______ 246 Serpula ____________________________________________________________ ------- 201 

Serpulorbis_ ---------- __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _____ __ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ 201 

graniferus, Vermetus. -------------------------------- ________ ____________ _ ___ 201 granulata, Architectonica__ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ______ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 199 
304 INDEXPage Page 

granulatum, Solarium _______________________________ --------_---------_______ 199 J 

Graptacme _________________ ------------- ___ __ ____ _______ __ ___ _____ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 179 

grayi, Terebra .. ______ --------------- __ _ ______ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 277 

japonicus, Aesopus ___ -------------------------------------------------------- 232 

johnsoni, Glyphostoma ____________________ -------- __ ------------------------- ·273 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) _________________________________________ 276-277, pl. 38 Jlyanassa .. ------------------------------------------------------- 247,248, pl. 31 

guamensis, Rotella __ ---------------------------______________________________ 188 Nassa .. _____ ---------- ___________________________ .. ____________ -- _____ ---- 247 

guraboensis, Strombina pseudohaitensis__ ____ _____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 232 N assarius ... __________________________________________________ ------------ 248 

Gyrodisca _____ ------------------------ _____________________________________ 194, 195 jonensis, Voluta __________________________ --------------- _____ ---------------- 214 

Gyroscala. _ _ __ _ _______ ______ _ ___ ___ _ __ _____ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 208 juncea, Strombiformis _________ --------------------------------------- 209,210, pl. 27 

junceum, Epitonium. __ ------------------------------------------------------ 206 

H Epitonium (Hyaloscala) ____ ------------------------------------------ 206, pl. 28 

Hadriana .. _____________ ------ ___ -~ _ ___ _ __ _ ______ _ _ __ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 221 junonia, Voluta ________________________ -------- ____________ ------------------- 260 

haliotoidea, Helix ____ --------------------------------------- _ _________ ____ ___ 212 

halis, Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia)_ _ _ ______ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ 267 K 

harpa, Rissoina _____________________________________ ---------- __ __________ _ __ _ 193 

Rissoina (Schwartziella) ______________________________________________ 193, pl. 29 

kerrii, Busycon .. ______________________ --------------------------------------- 240 

Kurtziella ________________________________________________________ ---------- 270-271 

harpuloides, Buccinum_______________________________________________________ 248 eritima. _ ------- _______ -------- __ --------- ___ ----------------- ____ 270-271, pl. 37 

Ilyanassa ________________________________________________________ 247,248, pl. 31 

Nassa _______ ------------------- __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 247, 248 L 

Paran~a- __ ---------------- __ ____ ___ _ _______ ___ ___ ___ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ 247 labrosum, Calliostoma _______ -------- ---·--------------------------------- 185, pl. 26 

Ptychosalpinx (Paranassa) ____________ ------------------------ ________ .. __ 248 lachrimula, Cypraeolina _____________ --------------- ________ ---------- 263-264, pl. 38 Tritia. _ __ ___ ________ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 248 Marginella (Gibberula) ___ -------------- _ --------------------------------- 263 

harrisianum, Calliostoma____ _ __ ___ _______ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 184 lacrimula, Volutella. ____ ----------------------------------------------------- 263 harrisii, Anachis ______________________________ . ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 231 laevigata, Pasithea. _____________________ ---------------- ____ ---- _ ------------ 212 

Calliostoma __ ---------- __ ----------------------- _____________________ 186, pl. 26 lanceolata, Colubraria_ ----------------------------------------------------- 216,217 

heilprini, Fusinus. __ ------ _____ ----------------------------- _______________ 256-257 Columbella ______________________________________ ------- _________ --------- 232 

Heilpririia equalis. ___ ---------------------------------------- _________ ___ ___ 256 lapenotierei, Nassa ________________ ---- __ ----------- _ ------------------------- 250 

Helix haliotoidea ... __________________ ---------- ___ _ __ _ ___ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ 212 U zita _________________________________________________________ 249, 250-251, pl. 32 

subulata _______________________________ --·------ _________________________ .. _ 211 laqueata., Cominella (Ptychosalpinx) _____ ------------------------------------ 234 hertfordense, CalliostPma _________________________________________________ 185, pl. 2ti Ptychosalpinx __________________________________________________ ------ 234, pl. 31 

hodgei, Sconsia. ------------ ____________________ -------- _ ___ _ ____ _ __ _ ____ ___ 215 Tritia ____________ --------- _______________ . ---- __ -------- _ --- _ ------------ 234 

hodgii, Cassis _____________ ------ ______________ ------ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 215 laqueatum, Buccinum .. ------ ________________________ ------~ __________ ------- 234 Galeodia __________________________ . _____________________ . ~ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 215 

Sconsia ______ ----- _______ -------- ________ . __________ ------ ________ 215-216, pl. 29 

Laskeya. _________________ ~ ____________ --------- ___ --------------------------- 204 

emersoniL ... _____________________________________________ - _- _-.---------- 205 

holmesii, Cochliolepis. _ ------------------------------------- _____________ 194, pl. 25 

Turritella. __ ----------------- ____________________________ -------- _____ 198, pl. 27 ~::~t~~:~!~I_e_~~~--~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ -~~J,\~! humile, Calliostoma. ------------- _ ___ ____ _ _____ __ _ ________ __ _____ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ 186 distans. _________________________ ------------ ______________ --------------- 186 

Hyaloscala. ________ ----------------- ________ ----- ________________________ c _ __ 205 Lemintina ______________________ -- ____ ---------- _____ -- _- ------------------- 200--02 

cuvieri ___________________________ -------------------- _ -------------------- 200 

granifera ______ " _____________________________________ -------------------- 201, 202 

ibex, Caecum. ___ ----------------------------------------------------- ___ 204, pl. 28 tenera. __________________________________________ --------- ____ 201-202, pl. 24 

Idioraphe _____ : ___ ----------------------------------- ______________ . ____ 187, 188, 194 virginica _________ ------------- ________________________________ -------- 202, pl. 24 

idonea, Oliva __ ---------------_------------------------------------ _______ 258, pl. 38 lenticulare, Teinostoma __ ------------------------------------------------ 188, pl. 25 

Tritia ______________________ ---------------------- _____ -------- ___ ___ _ ___ _ _ 243 leonensis, Cancellaria reticulata ___ -- _ ----------------------------------------- 264 

Ilyanassa _____ ------ ________ -------------------.- ______________ · _________ 233, 243-248 Eupleura caudata. ____________________________________ ------------------- 222 

arata ------------------------------------------------------------ 243,245, pl. 31 leucocyma, Drillia _____________________ --- ~-- _- -- ________ --------------------- 266 

granifera. __ ------- ____ ------------------------ ___________________ 246, 247, pl. 31 

sexdentata _____________________ -------- ____________________ . _ __ ______ _ 245 ~~::::it~~~l~!~~~:~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- · ~: harpuloides ___________________ ------------------------------------ 247,248, pl. 31 lina, Strombiformis.-------------------------------------------------- 209,211, pl. 27 

irrorata __________ ------------------------------------------- __ 244, 245, 246, pl. 31 lineata, Bonellia______ _ ____ __ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ ____ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ ______ _ __ __ _ _ 212· 

isogramma ___ ---------------------------------------------------- 192, 245, pl. 31 Litorina. ____________________________________________ --------- ___ --------- 191 

johnsonL.----- _______________ : ____________________________________ 247,248, pl. 31 Niso ___________ ., _______________________________________________ ---------- 212 

obsoleta __ ------ _________________ ------------ _________________ 243, 244, 245, pl. 31 Scalaria _______________________________ -_ --- ________ ------- _ --------------- 209 

porcina _________ -------------------------------------------------------- 243,246 linea tum, Epitonium ____________________ . ____ -- _____________ -- ___ ------------ 209 

porcina schizopyga __ --- ___ -------- ______ ------ ___ _ __ __ ____ __ _____ __ _ _ ___ _ 246 Liotia. ________________________________________________ _. ____________________ 190-191 

scalaspira. ___ ------------------- _ _-__________ . -------------------- 247-248, pl. 31 gemma _________________________________________________________________ -- 190 

schizopyga .. ---------------- --------------------------------------- 246, pl. 31 (Arene) gemma _______ ------------------------------------------------ 190, pl. 28 

sexdentata _________________________ -------------------------- 244,245-246, pl. 31 major _____ ---·- _____________________________________________ ---------- 190 

granifera _____ ----------------------------- ________ ------ ____ ------ ___ _ 244 pergemma __________ ------------------------------------------ 190-191, pl. 28 

wilmingtouensis ____________ ---- _ ----------- ________ --------- _________ 244, pl. 30 lipara, Delphinula _______ ------------------------------------------------- 194, pl. 25 

(Paranassa) arata ___ --- ____________ ---------- _ ___ ____ __ _____ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ 243 Vitrinella ___________________________________________________________ -- 194, pl. 25 

aratum deleonensis. ___ ---------------- ____ __ _ _______ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ 244 lissotropis, Drillia ___ . _______ ---- ____ ----------- ________ ---. ------------------ 269 

isogramma___________ __ ____ ____ __ ____ _ _ ______ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ 245 Litorina irrorata _______ --~-------- -~ ____________________________________ ------ 191 

imperialis, Murex (Phyllonotus)______________________________________________ 218 

impressa, Drillia. __ -------------------- ______________ ----- _______________ 267, pl. 37 

lineata _______________________________________________________ ------------- 191 

littoreus, Turbo _______________________________ . ______________________ ------ 191, 192 

Nassa.--- ------------------------------------ _ -- __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ____ 250 Littorina ________________________________ . __ . ____________________ -------- ___ 191-192 

inca~~i~:~i~~~~~-------~---_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_"_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~-~---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__ ~~: ~~-1~~ carolinensis _____________________________________________ . _____ ~ ------ _ ---- 191 irrorata ___________________________________________________________ 191-192, pl. 24 

incile, Busycon. ------------- --~-- ____ ___ ______ ____ __ ____ __ _____ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ 242 lumbricalis, Serpula. --------------------------------------------------------- 202 

Busycon (Sycotypus) ____ ---- ___________________________________________ 241-242 Vermetus ________________________________ - _- ____ ------------------------ -~ 202 

Fulgur ______________ . ------~--- ---- ___ _ ____ _ __ ___ __ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ 241 Vermicularia _________ -------------------~ ------------.-------------------- 202 

pyrum _____________ --------------------------------------------------- 241 lunata, Astyris ______________________________ -~- _______________ --------------- 225 

incilis, Sycotypus______ ____ _ ___ ___ __ _ __ ________ __ ______ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ 241 Drillia _______________________ . _______________________ .. _____ ------------- 268, 269 

inezana, Tormlla_________ __ __ __ ___ _ ____ ____ _ ___ _ _ ____ __ ____ ____ ___ _ ____ _ ___ ___ 198 Mitrella _________________________________________________________ 225-226, pl. 30 

intrina, Marginella (Closia)_____ _ _ ___ __ ____ __ ____________ ____ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 264 Nassa. ____ ------------ _____________________________________________ ------ 225 

irrorata, Ilyanassa ________________________________________________ 244,245,246, pl. 31 Pleurotoma ______________________ ------------ ________ ---- __ ---- 268 

Litorina. ---------- ____ ------ _ _ ____ ____ ____ _ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ 191 

Littorina __ ------- ____ ------------------------- ___________________ 191-192, pl. 24 .M 

Tritia ______ ------------ ____________________________________________ --~ __ __ 244 Macromphalina. ___ ------------------------ __ ---- __________ ---------------- 194-195 

irroratus, Turbo _______________________________ --=-___________________________ 191 duplinensis ______________________________________________ . ------------ 195, pl. 25 

isogramma, Ilyanassa ________________________ ---------- ______________ 192, 245, pl. 31 pierrot. _______________________________________________________ -------- 195, pl. 25 

Ilyanassa (Paranassa) ____ ------------------- ____ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ ______ _ __ ____ 245 sp ___________________________________________ . __________________ ------ 195, pl. 25 

Ithycythara. _________ ---------------------------- ________ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ 271 macronuclea, Marginella _____ ----- __________ ---------------------------------- 262 

psila ______ --------------- ___________ ------- _________ . __________________ 271, pl. 37 Marginella (Serrata) ________ -------------------~-----------· ---------- 262; pl. 28 
INDEX 305 

Page 

Maculopeplum_ ---------------. __ ----------- _ _ _ _______ ___ ____ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 260 

trenholmiL _______ -------------------- _____ __ _____ __ ____ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 260 

maculosum, Buccinum_ _ ____ __ __ __ _ __ ____ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _____ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 216 

maculosus, Murex __ ---------------- ________ -· ______________ ____ ______ _ ___ _ ___ 216 

magnoliana, Cryoturris ______________________ ~- ·----------- ______ _______ ______ 272 

Drillia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 269 

Strombiformis ___ . ___________________________ --------- _____ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ ___ 211 

(Polygireulima) ___ ----------------------------------- ______ ---------- 212, pl. 27 

magus, Trochus ___ ------------- _ __ ___ ___ _ ____ _ _ ___ _ __ _____ __ _______ __ __ ___ _ __ 187 

maiae, Marginella (Volutella) ______ ------------------------------------------ 263 

major, Liotia (Arene) ___ ------ ___ _ ______ ___ ___ _ ____ _ __ ____ _ __ _ __ ____ ____ _ __ _ __ 190 

Mangelia. -------------------· ---------------------------------------------- 270, 272 cerina_ _ _ _ ___ ______ ___ ___ _ __ _____ ______ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ __ __ ___ _____ ___ _____ _ 271 

stellata __ --------- ____________________________________________________ 272, pl. 37 

virginiana_ _____ ___ ______ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ _____ _ _____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _______ _ __ _ ____ 271 

Mangilia cerina ___________ ---------------------------------------------------- 272 

cerinella. ---- ____________ ------- _ __ ___ ____ _ ________ __ _ ______ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ 272 

eritima ______________________ ___ :: _ __ ______ _ ____ ___ _ ______ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ 270 

psila _______ --------- _____ c___ ____ _ __ _ ___ __ _________ ___ ____ __ _ _______ _ _____ 271 

quadrata eritima __________________________ -~--- _ __ _ __ _______ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _ 270 

stellata __ ------- ____ ------ ________________ ---------------- __ _____ ___ _ __ _ 272 

mansfield!, Glyphostoma zoster _________ -----------------------------~ 273,274, pl. 37 

Margarita costulata ___________ ------------------------------------- ---------- 191 

Mar:=:~t~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~1,: antiqua____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 263 

avena.-.---------------- _______________________ ----------- _____________ 261, 262 

avenacea ______ ----------------- __ ------------- _______ -----~- 261, 262, pl. 38 avenacea. ___________________ -------- ____________ __ _______ _ __ ___ _ _ _____ ___ 261 

bullata __ ---------- _____ ------------------ ________ ------------------------ 262 clandestina_ -~ ___________________________________________________________ _ 

collina--·------------- _______ ----------- _______________________ --~ _______ _ denticulata ______________________________________________________________ _ 

263 

262 

262 

macronuclea _________________________________________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 262 

olivaeformis ____________________________ ------------------ _____ ___ _ _ ___ __ _ 263 

oliviformis __ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 263 

popenoeL ______ -----------------------------•------------- _____ ___ _ ______ 263 

serrata_ ---- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 262 

taylorL__ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 263 

(Bul~:!~~~::~;i:~~~Is~~ ~------~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~== ~ == ~ = = = ~ == ~ ~ = = ~ ~ = = = ~=: ~!: ;: 

bullata _________________ ------------------------------------------- ___ 263 

-oviformis. _______ ------------------------------------- ___________ 263, pl. 31 

(Closia) intrina_ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 264 

(Gibberula) lachrimula ______________________ -------------- _______ -------- 263 

(Serrata) denticulata _______________________ --------- _________________ 262, pl. 28 

macronuclea ____ ----------- __ ------------- ______ ---------- _______ 262, pl. 28 

(Volutella) maiae _________________________ ---------- ______ _____ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 263 

(Volvarina) avena avenacea ______________________________________ 261-262, pl. 38 

Marginellidae _______ ------------------------------------------·--- ____ ________ 261 

mauryae, Cancellaria ________________________ ----------_---------_____________ 264 

maximum, Busycon. ------------------------- _______________ -------------- _ __ 239 

Megalomphalus ________ -------------------------------------- _____ ---------- _ _195 

Melanella ____________ ----------------------- ________________________ _.________ 211 

bartschL _ ------ ____________________ ------------------- ____ -------- _______ . 211 

dufresniL _____________ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 211 

(Eulima) cercadica ______________________ ----------- ___ ____ _______ _ ______ _ 210 

:e~;:.P~~~h~~i;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~= ~ ~~~ ~ =~ = ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ ~~ = ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ = ~ ~! Metula. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 237 

Metulella _______________ ------------------------- -----~-------- _____________ 226, 227 

mexicanus, Murex _______________ --------------- ____________ ---------- __ __ _ ___ 219 

microstoma, Epitonium. ------- ___ -------·-------------------------- _ ___ __ __ _ _ 209 

Epitonium (Clathrus) ___________________________________________ 208-209, pl. 28 

Scalaria ______________ ----------------------------------------- _ ____ _ ____ _ 208 

migum, Buccinum ___ -------------------------------------------------------- 248 

milium, Teinostoma ______________ ~-------------------------------------- 188, pl. 25 

milleri, Anachis __________ ------------------------------------------ ___ _ __ _ __ _ 231 

Anachis (Costoanachis) ____________________________________________ :_ 231, pl. 28 

miocenicum, Teinostoma ____________ ---------------- _ ___ __ _ ______ _ _____ _ _ __ _ _ 188 

mitchelli, Calliostoma --------------------------------------------------· 184, pl. 26 

Mitrella_ ------------------------------------- ______________________________ 225-226 

communis ___________ ----------_--------- ____ ---------------______________ 226 

debooyi _____________ ----------------------------------------- _ __________ _ 226 

flaminea ___ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 225 

lunata ____ ------------------------------------- ___ -------- ________ 225-226, pl. 30 

multilineata_ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 226 

waccamawensis ______________________________________________ --------- 226, pl. 30 

mixta, Turritella ____ -------------------------------- __ --------------------- __ 199 

Molleria ____________ -------------- ________ ------------------------ __ __ _ ___ __ __ 191 

duplinensis _______________________ ------------------------------------ 191, pl. 25 

moniliformis, Nassa ____ --------------------------------------------------- ___ 252 

Page 

muldrowi, Epitonium __ ------------------------------------------------------ 208 

Epitonium (Clathrus) ______________ -------------------------------- ·- 208, pl. 28 

multilineata, Mitrella. __ -------------------------· ----------------- _______ ___ 226 

multirugata, Cominella (Ptychosalpinx).------------------------------------- 235 

Ptychosalpinx _____ ------------------------------------------- 234, 235,236, pl. 32 

Tritia. __ ------ __ --------------- ---------: __ ---- __ ----------------------- 235 

multirugatum, Buccinum. __________ ---------------- ________ --------------- 23&, 236 

M urex _______ .. __ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 218--219, 221 

aruanus. _. _ ----------· ____ ----------------------------------------------- 238 

canaliculatum. ________ --------- ----------------- __ . ------------ ________ _ _ 242 

canaliculatus. ___ ------------------ ____ ---------- ___ _ ________ _ ______ _ ____ _ 241 

carica ____ . ____ . ----- _______________________ ·--. ___________________________ . 238 

cellulosa _________ ---------------- ______________ ---------- ____ _ ______ _ _ ____ 219 

colus .. __________________ . _. __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 255 

erinaceus .. -. --- _ ------------------------------ ___________________ -_:____ ___ 219 

ficus __ -._ .. ---- __ --- ___ ---_-.-- ________ ---.-_. _________ .__________________ 217 

globosa. _____ ---------------------------- ___ . ----------------------- _ __ ____ 219 

globosus .. ----. __________________________ . ---- _____________ . _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 219 

maculosus. ------ __ -------------------------------------------------------- 216 mexican us. __ -- _______________ . ___________ --.- ___________ --_______________ 219 

pecten ______ .. -------------------------------------------------------______ 218 

perversus. ___ -- ____________ ---- __________ ----- _________ ---- _ -- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 239 

:~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~-~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~=~ = ~- ~18, ~~ ramosus_. -------------------------------.----- ____ ----------------------- 218 

rufus_.-------------------------------------.----------------------_______ 218 

scriptus _________________ ----· _______ ----------------------------------- ___ 225 

sexcostata. __ ---------------. ---------------------------------------------- 218 

tribulus ____ --------------------- ___ --------------------------------------- 218 

tubercularis ____ . ------------------------------------------------------ ___ 204 

tulipa. _____ --- _________ ------. __ -- ___ --------- ____ --- _ -- __ --- _ --- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 253 

turris coronata ______________________ . -----------------------------. ------ 265 

(Chicoreus) rufus----------------------------------------------------- 218, pl. 29 

(Phyllonotus) imperialis _________ ---------------------------- ·--------- _ 218 

pomum. ______ -------- _____ -------------------------------------- 219, pl. 29 

muricatum, Busycon_ -------------------------------------------------------- 238 

Muricopsis. _ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 221 

floridana ____ --- _ ..•• __________ -- ___ .. -------.-- _________ ------- _____ --- _ _ __ 225 

mus, Cypraea ______ ~ _________________________ ----- _______________ -- __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 213 

mutabile, Buccinum ____ ---------------- ___ ----------------------------------- 248 

mutabilis, Aurinia _________________________ --- _- -- _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 261 

mutica, Olivella. ---------------------------------- _____ ---------------------- 259 

N 

nansemondensis, Acteon novellus __________________________ ------ ____ 277-278, pl. 38 nanum, Teinostoma __________________________________________________ 187,188, pl. 25 

Nassa. _______ ---------- ________ --- _________ . __________________ . ________ 233, 243,248 

acuta _____________________________________ ----- ___________ - ____ ----------- 251 

bidentata __________ ---" _____________________________________________ ---- 250, 251 

caloosaensis __________________________________ ---- ___________ -___ ---------- 252 

consensa ____ . _____________________________ ------------------------- 247,251, pl.30 consensoides _____________________________ c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 251 

comelliana _________________________________ ---- _______________ . ___ -------- 252 

harpuloides ______________________________ ------ _________________________ 247, 248 

impressa ___ ---- _____________ .-- ________ -------.- ____________ ----_---------- 250 

johnsonL ______ -__________________________ . _--- ___________ -_- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 247 

lapenotiereL _________________________________ ---- ________ ------- ___ ------ _ 250 

~~;i~i~;~i~~ = ~ ~ = ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ = = = ~ = ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ = ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ :~ obsoleta __ . _ ----------- ____ ---. __ -----------.-- __ -.- -c ------------------- 244, 245 scalaspira. _____ -________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 247 

~~:=~~~--~ ~ = = =~ = ~ ~~ = ~ ~~ ~~ ~: ~= ~·~ ~ ~ ~~ =~=~ ~ = ~ ~ ~= ~ ~ ~= ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~-~= = ~ ~ ~~~ = ~ ~ ~~ ;~ Na.ssarius ____________ ----------------------------------------------- ____ 243, 247, 248 johnsonL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 248 

scalaspira ___ -.--- __________ -- __ -___ --- __ -_·_- --- ____________ -_-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 248 

nassatula, Turbinella_ ------------------- _ -------------------------------- 254,. N atica aperta __________________ -- _____ : -- __ -- ___ -- ________________________ --- _ 213 

fragilis ______ ---- ____________ . _- _______ -- _ ----- _______ --------- _________ -- _ 213 

naucum, Bulla.--------·----------------------------------------------------- 278 

neglecta, Terebra __________ -------------------- _ --------------- _ ------------ 276, 277 

Terebra (Acus) -------~ ------------------------------------------------- __ 276 

(Strioterebrum) __ -------------------------------------------- ____ 276, pl. 38 

neogenensis, Alectrion _____________________ -- __ -- ____________ -- _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 249 

U zita _______ -------------------------------------------------- 249, 250, 251, pl. 30 

Neptunea equalis _________________________ --- ___ -- _______ --- ___ ---- _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ 256 

trossula ____ ------ ____ -- __ ------ __ -------------- __ ------ _ --------- __ ---- _ -- 223 

nigricans, Vermicularia ________________________________________________ 201,202, pl. 24 

Niso _____________________________________ ---- _ -- _ --- _________ --- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ 212 

dallL -----------------------1----------------------------------------- 212, pl. 27 

eburnea.------- _. ___ -------------- ____ ------- ______ -- ___ -_- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ __ 212 

lineata____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ 212 

splendidula .. ____________________________ -- __ - ____ -~ ______ ---- __________ -- 212 
306 INDEX 

Page Page 

Niso willcoxiL______ __ _ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ ___ ____ _____ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ ____ ___ _ ___ 212 pediculus, Oypraea ________________ ----· _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ 214 

Nitidella filosa ____ ------- _______________________ --------- ___ . ____ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ 232 Trivia _____________________ . _______________________________ c ___ . _ 214-215, pl. 29 

Nitidiscala_ ------- __ ____ ___ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ _ _______ __ _ __ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ 208 Trivia (Trivia)_----···--- __ . ________ . _______ . ____________________________ . 214 

nitidula, Olivella_ _ ______ ___ _ ______ ____ _ _ __ ___ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ ____ _ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ _ 259 pergemma, Liotia (Arene) ____ ------------------------------------- 19Q-191, pl. 28 

nobilis, Architectonica ___________________________ ·-------------------- 199-200, pl. 24 Peristemia ____________________ . ____________________________________________ ~54-255 

Solarium. ___________ ----------------------------------------------------- 199 filim~ta ______________________________________________________________ 255, pl. 28 

nodulosa, Turritella ____ . ______ ----------------------------------------------- 197 perpolita, Drillia. _____________ . -~ __________________________________________ 268-269 

nottowayense, Calliostoma __ --------------------------------------------- 186, pl. 26 perrugata, Crassispira __ -------. _____________ ---------------- _________ . __ 26.'i, pl. 37 

novellus, Acteon ______________________________________________________ 277,278, pl. 38 Drillia a bun dans.________________________________________________________ 265 

nupera, Architectonica. _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ ___ 200 Urosalpinx _________________ ·---------------------------- _________ 224-225, pl. 31 

Architectonica (Phillipia) _____ _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ______ ___ _ _ __ __ __ 200 perrugatus, Fusus ______________ ------------------- ____ --------------------- __ 224 (Pseu_q.otorinia) ________________________________ , __________________ 200, pl. 24 Urosalpinx _______________ -· ______________________________________ . ___ _ _ _ _ 224 

nuperum, Solarium __________ ----------. __ -------------_______________________ 200 perspectivum, Sinum ________ ... ___________________________________________ ·___ 213 

nux, Pisania (Celatoconus) _______________________________________________ 237, pl. 31 perspectivus, Trocbus. _ _ _______ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _____ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ 199 

persubulata, Cerithiopsis (Lask,~ya) emersonii__ ______________________ 204-205, pl. 27 

0 perversum, Busycon ________________ -··--- _________________ -------------- ______ 239 

obesa, Anachis (Costoanachls) __________________________________________ 229, pl. 30 perversus, Murex _______________ -------------------------------------- ____ ____ 239 

Columbella •. -------------------------- __ ------------ ______ ______ ____ _ ___ 229 Petaloconchus sculpturatus ________________________ - _________ --- ___________ -- _ 201 

(Anachis) ______________________________ ------- _____ __ _ _____ __ _ __ ___ _ _ 229 philanthropum, Calliostoma ____________________________ . __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ 184 

obesum, Buccinum __ ----------------------- ________ --·--------------- ________ 229 Phos ______________________________________ . _ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 247 

obfilosum,Busycon ______________________ ----- _________ ----------- _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ 239 phrikna, Urosalpinx ____________________________ . ____________________ 223- 224, pl. 28 

oblique-striata Delphinula ______ ------------------------------ _______ ___ __ _ __ 189 phriknos, Urosalpinx. __________ . ____________________________ - _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ 223 

oblique...striatus, Cyclostremiscus ________________________________________ 189, pl. 25 phroudon, Glyphostoma zoster_ ---~--------------------------------- 273-274, pl. 37 

obliquistriata, Adeorbis______________ ____ _________________ __ ____ ______ _ _ ______ 189 Phyllonotus _____ ... _____________________________________________________ . __ _ __ 218 

obrapum, Busycon_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _____ ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ 239 picta. Ficus _____________________ ._____________________________________________ 217 

obsoleta, Anachis styliola _____________________________________________ . _______ 227 Pictoscala ______________________ . _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 209 

Anachis (Thiarinella) styliola ____ ·-------· ----------------------- 227-228, pl. 30 pierrot, Macromphalina. ________________________________________________ 195, pl. 25 

Ilyanassa.- -------------------- ______ ------------------------ 243, 244,245, pl. 31 pilsbryi, Ficus __________________ . ________________________ . ______ . ____________ . 217 

Nassa ____ ----------------------------------------------------. _________ 244,245 Turritella. ____________________________________________ . _____________ 1!!6. pl. 27 

obsoletum, Buccinum __________________________________________________ 243, 244, 245 Pirula. _________________________ . _______ _'_ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 217 

obtusa, Aurinia __________________________________________________________ 261, pl. 36 Pisania _________________________ . __________________________ - _- _----- _ --------- 237 

Scaphella (Aurinia) ____ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _ _ _ __ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 261 (Celatoconus) burnsL ______ .. __________________________________________ 237, 244 

Voluta __________ ------- _____ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _____ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _______ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ 261 nux ____________________ ------------------------------------------ 237, pl. 31 

obtusnm, Solarium.__________________________________________________________ 200 protracta. ______________ . ______________ . _ --.. -------------.-----· ----- 237 

occidentale, Calliostoma__ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ 184 plagiostoma, Cancellaria _____________ .. _________________ -_____ -_-_--- .. ----- 26t, pl. 38 

Oce.nebra_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _____ __ _ __ ____ _ ____ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ ____ _ ___ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ 219 plebeh1, Turritella. _____________ ·------- _______ ---------------------------· --- 197 

Ocinebra ___ ----------------------------- ____________ -------------------- ___ __ 223 Pleurotoma bottae _____ --·· ___________________________________ - _-.- _-.- _--- -~-- 265 

cellulosa ______________________________________________ .. _ ___ _ __ __ _ __ _ ____ _ 219 cerina. __________________________ --------------- ________ ----------- "--- _ __ 270 

(I<'avartia) cellulosa___ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ ____ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ ____ _ __ _ __ _ 219 elegans _____________________ . ____________________________ --- ___ - ___ ---- _- 265 

Oliva _______________________________________________________________________ 258--259 gracilis. ______ . _____________ . ___________ .__________________________________ 266 

corticata _________________ ·_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 258 lunata ____________ ... _______ . _____________ ~ _---- _ ----------------------.-- 268 

eborea _______________________________________________________________ 258, pl. 38 pyrenoide!l __________________ . ____________________ - ___ ---.------------.-.. -- 266 

idonea __ ------------------ _____________________ -------------- ________ 258, pl. 38 . tuberculata _________________________________ . ______________ -___ - ___ --- __ 265, 266 

Hodes waltoniana. ______________________________________________________ 258, 259 (Mangilia) simpsoni _________ ·--------------------------------------------- 270 reticularis_ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ ______ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ 258 pliocenum, Dentalium (Antalis) ·----------------------------------------- 179, pl. 24 

robesonensis ___ ----------------------- _____ ---------------------- 258--259, pl. 38 politum, Teinostoma ____________ . ____________________ - _____ - __ ---------------- 187 

sayana ____________________________________________________________ . _ _ _ _ __ _ 258 Polygireulima. --------------- __ ·---------------------------. __ . -------------- 211 

olivaeformis, Marginella _______ ------------------------------------- ______ ___ 263 polygonalis, Drillia _____________ -------------- ·---------------------- 269-270, pl. 37 Olivella_____ ____ _ _ _ ______ __ ____ __ __ __ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ______ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ 259 pomum, Murex: ________________ . ___________________________________________ 218, 219 

carolinae ______________ -------- __ ------------------------------------- 259, pl. 38 Murex (Phyllonotus) _____________________________ .. _______________ .. _ 219, pl. 29 

dama __ ---· _____ ---------- ____________ ---··--- _ ____ __ _ ___ __ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ 259 pontoni, Calliostoma philanthro mm _____________________________________ 184, pl. 26 

mutica______ _ _ __ _____ _______ ____ ___ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ ____ ___ ___ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ 259 popenoei, Marginella ____________ ·----------------------------------------· -- - 263 nitidula_______ ____ ____ _______ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ________ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ __ _____ _ __ _ _ __ _ 259 Porcellana oliviformis ..... _______ ·--------------------------· ______ ____________ 263 

purpurata. __________________________________________________ ... ___ _ __ __ __ _ 250 porcina, Ilyanassa _______________ . ____________________ . _. ___ ··---··-- ---------- 243, 246 · 

oliviformis, Marginella. __ ---------------- ________ ------------------------- ___ 263, porcinum, Buccinum. __________ . ____________________ --- _ ----------.---.------ 243 

Marginella (Bullata) antiqua·-----------------------------~---------- 263, pl. 38 pratti, Epitonium ______ . ________ . _________ ------ _ --- _- -------.-----.---------- 209 

Porcellana__ _ _ ____ ______ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ _ __ __ ____ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 263 Epitonium (Pictoscala) _____ ----------------··------------------------ 209, pl. 28 

Onchodia __________________________________________________ ~ __ _____ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ 204 precursor, Scaphella ____________ ·------------------------------------ 260-261, pl. 36 

Onoba _________________ ---------- _______________________ . _____ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ 192 

orbignyi, Adeorbis.~-- _______________________________________________________ • 189 

pretiosa, Scalaria ________________ --------------------- ____ --------------------- 205 

problematicus, Sigaretus ________ ----------------------------------------- __ 194, 195 

Adeorbis supranitidus. ________________ --------------------------- ____ ___ _ 189 propeincile, Busycon pyrum ________________________________________ - __ . ----- 242 

Circulus (supra-nitidus) ___ ----------------------------··---- _____ 189-190, pl. 25 properegulare, Caecum. ________ --------------------------------------------- 203 

ornata, Atys (Aliculastrum) _____________________________________________ 278, pl. 38 protexta, Terebra _______________ --------------------------- _______ --------- 276,277 

Ostrea sellaeformis____ ___ _ _____ _ _____ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ ___ 242 Terebra (Acus) _____________________________________________ -__ ---------- 277 

oviformis, Marginella (Bullata) _________________________ . _____ c __________ 263, pl. 31 (Strioterebrum) _________ . ____________________ --~ _____________ . __ . 277, pl. 38 

ovoides, Acteon __ · ______ --------- ________________________________ __ :: __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ 277 protextum, Cerithium ___________ ------------------· --------------------·----- 27'1 

protextus, Acus _____________ ----· _________________ ... _______ . ___ --.------------ 277 

p protracta, Pisania (Celatoconus) --------------------------------------------- 237 

pagodula, Drillia __ --------------------------- ____ ----------------· ____ _______ 269 protractum, 'Buccinum. __ ------· ------------------------------- -· _____ : ------- 237 panamensis, Vitrinella .. ____________________________________ ·___________________ 189 Pseudorotella ___________________ . ______ ··-- ________ ------------ _____ - __ -.. ------ 188 

papyratia, Ficus______________________________________________________________ 217 alexanderL ______________________ ----·· -------------------------------- 188, pl. 25 

Pyrula __ ---- __ _ _ _______ _ ___ __ ___ _ ______ _ __ _ ____ ___ __ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 217 sP.migtriata. ________ . -------· ------------------------------------- ___ ·---- 188 

Paranassa. _____________ ------------- ·--------------· ------------- _____ ___ ___ _ 243 Pseudotorinia. _____________ ----· --------------------------------------------- 200 

arata _____ -------------------- __________ ------------ ____ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ __ _ _ __ 243 psila, Cythara. _________________ . _ _ _ __ ____ ___ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ 271 

harpuloides. _____________________________ ------ _ _ ____ _____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ 247 Ithycythara __________________________________________________________ 271, pl. 37 

parasitica, Cochliolepis ______________________________________________ 193, 194, pl. 25 Mangilia. __ ----------------· -------------·----------- --------------------- 271 

Paraterebra ____________________ ---------- _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _____ __ ______ ___ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ 275 Ptychosalpinx _________________ .. ___________________________________________ 2.'J3-237 

Pasithea laevigata_ ___ ________ __ ___ ____ __ ____ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ 212 altilis ________________________ ---------------------------------233-234,235, pl. 31 

Patella apertura. _______________________ ----------- _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _______ 182 bilix ___________________________ .. _________________________________ 23~237, pl. 31 

graeca_ _ ______ __ ___ ____ ____ ___ _____ __ _______ ___ _________ _ __ _ __ _ _ ______ _ __ _ 182 fossulata ___________________ .. ___________________________ ------- _ 235-236, pl. 32 

patuxentium, Caecum________________________________________________________ 203 laqueata _______________________________________ --··- ___________________ 234, pl. 31 

Pecten clintonius ___ ---------- _. __ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ __ ___ __ 201 lienosa _______________________ . _____________________ . _________________ . __ 235, 236 

pecten, Murex_________________________________________________________________ 218 multirugata __ ---------------· _______________________________ : 234, 235, 236, pl. 32 
INDEX 307 

Page 

Ptychosalpinx scalaspira_______ _ _______ _____ _______ ___ _ _______ _ _____ _____ _____ 247 

tuomeyL _____ ---------- ___ --------------- _________ · ___________________ 236, pt 31 

(Paranassa) arata _______________ ----------- _______ _____ __ __ ___ ___ _ _____ __ _ 243 

granifera______ _____ __ __ __ ______ ____ _ _ ____ _ ____ _____ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _____ _ __ 246 

harpuloides ___________ -------- ________ :________ ___ ___ __ ____ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ 248 

sexdentata _____________ -------- __ ___ _____ _ _____ ____ _ _ __ ___ _ ____ ___ ____ 245 · 

Purpura _______ ----------- _____ ---------"_____________________________________ 223 

purpurata, Olivella ___________ ------- _ ____ __ ___ __ ____ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ _ ____ __ __ _ ?59 

pusillus, Acteon_ _ _ ____ __ ______ _ _____ __ __ _ __ ___ _ _ __ __ ________ __ __ __ ____ __ ___ __ 277 

pusio, Murex __ --------------------------------------------------------- ______ 237 

putnamense, Caecum_________________________________________________________ 203 

pyrenoides, Drillia ________________________________ ----------------------- 266, pt 37 

Pleurotoma __________ ,_________ ___ ___ _____ _ _ _____ _ ___ ___ ___ _ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ _ 266 

p~~~ih;~~~i;_~~~----_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~17, ;:~ papyratia ____ - _ -------- ___ _ ___ ____ _ ____ ____ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ ________ __ _ _ 217 

caloosahatchiensis_ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ __ 217 

pilsbryi duplinensis _____________ ------- ________________ . __ _ ________ ____ _ _ _ 218 

pyrum, Busycon __ --------- __ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ ___________ __ 242 

Sycotypus ____ -----~ __ _ ____ ___ ____ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ 241 

pyta, Trajana ____________________________________________________________ 221, pl. 29 

Q 

quadriseriata, Architectonica nobilis ____________________ -;-- _ __ _ _ _______ _____ _ 199 

R ramosus, Murex_ _ ___ ___ __ _ ____ _ __ __ __ _ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ _____ ___ ____ ___ ___ _ ____ _ __ _ 218 

Ranella ___________ ------ ____ ___ ___ _ ____ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ _____ ____ ____ ______ _ _ ___ 221 

caudata _________________________ ------ _ ___ __ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ ______ ____ _ ____ _ __ 2:0:2 

(Eupleura) caudata ____________________ .____ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ ___ ___ 221 

Rapana __________________________________________ ~--- _ __ ______ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ 237 

bezoar____________________________________________________________________ 237 

tampaensis. __________________________________________ ----~ _ ------- _ ______ 236 

Tappahannockensis, Fusinus __________________________________________ 257-258, pl. 32 

Tectiuscula, Eulima (Leiostraca) _____ --------------------------------------- 209,210 recurva, Columbella ___ " _ __ _ ____ ____ ___ __ __ _ ___ ____ __ __ ___ _____ ______ _ ___ _____ 232 

redimicula, Diodora. ___________________________________ ----------- __ _ ___ _____ 182 

Tegulare, Caecum ___________________________________ ---------------------- 203, pl. 28 

xegularis, Vitrinella__ _ __ _____ ________ __ __ __ ____ ___ _____ _ ____ ______ ___ _________ 188 

reticularis, Oliva _________________ c ___________________ ----------------------- 258, 259 

Teticulata, Cancellaria _______________ .: ___________________________ -------______ 264 

Voluta __________________________________________ ------------ _____ __ _ ______ 264 

Retusa (Cylichuina) duplinensis______________________________________________ 279 

Rissoa __ ----- _ ------ _________________________ ----------------- ______________ 192, 193 

geraea_- ------------- ________ -------- _________________________________ 192, pl. 29 

ventricosa_ _ ___ __ ___ _ ___ _____ ___ ____ __ __ _ ______ __ ___ ______ _ ____ __ __ _______ 192 

(Onoba) geraea ________________________________ -------- _ ___ ___ _ __ __ _ ___ ___ 192 

Rissoina___ _ ____ ____ ___________ __ _____ ______ _ __ ___ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ __ ____ _ __ 193 

bryerea_ _ __ ___ ____ _ ___ _ _ __ __ ___ _ ________ __ __ _ _ ___ _____ ______ _ ___ ___ _____ _ 193 

chesneliL ___ • ------ _ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ __ _ _ ____ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ ______ __ _ ______ __ __ _ _ 193 

harpa _______________ ---.--- _ _____ __ _ _ __ _ __ ______ _ _ __ __ _ _ ______ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ 193 

inca.--------------------------------------------------------------------- 193 (Schwartziella) harpa _________________________________________________ 193, pl. 29 

robesnense, Busycon pervcrsum ___________________________ -________________ 239, pl. 35 

Epitonium _____________ ------ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _______ ___ _____ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ 207 

(Spiniscala) _______________________________________________________ 207, pl. 28 

robesonensis, Oliva __ -------------------------- ____ ---------- _________ 258-259, pl. 38 Terebra ____ ---------- _ _____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _______ __ 276 

(Strioterebrum) __ ---------------------------------------- ________ 276, pl. 38 

rosacea, Astyris __________ -------------- ___________________________________ .:__ _ 225 

Rotella guamensis .... __ _____ _________ _ _____ _ ____ __ ___ __ __ _ ____ __ ____ __ ____ _ __ _ _ 188 

semistriata. ______________________ -------- __________ .. ____ __ _ __ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ 188 

rotunda, Cancellaria ________________ -------------------------------------- 264, pl. 38 Cancellaria conradiana __ .. ____________________________________ .. _ _ __ ___ _ ___ 264 

rubella, Cryoturris ______________ --·· ___ ___ ___ _ __ ______ __ _______ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ _ 272 

ruffinii, Calliostoma .. ----------------------------------------------------- 184, pl. 26 rufus, Murex __ ----------- _____________________________ .. ___________ .. _ __ _ ____ __ 218 

Murex (Chicoreus) .. -------------------------------------------------- 218, pl. 29 rustica, Area _____ .. _ .. ____________ .. _____________ .. _____ .. _________________________ 242 

rusticus, Fusinus ________________________________ .. ______ .. ___ ____ __ _ __ _________ 258 

8 

santodomingonum, Epitonium .. ___ ------------------------------------------- 208 sayana, Epitonium _________ .. _____________ .. ______ ---------- _ ___ ______ _ ________ 208 

Oliva ________________________________________________________________ .. __ .... 258 

Scala sheldonL _ ___ _________ ____ ____ ___ _______ __ _ ____ _____ _______ ___ _ _ _ __ ____ _ 208 

turricula ________ --" ____________________ .. _______________ .. __ ______ _ ___ _ __ _ __ 207 

(Amaea) turricula ___________ -------- ____________ .. ______________ .. ___ ____ __ 207 

Scalaria antillarum __ --------------------------------------------------------- 207 clathratula ______________ .. _________________________ .. __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ____ ___ 205 

commutata _________ .. ___________ .. _______________ .. ______ .. _______ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 208 

frondicula_ .. ____________________________________________________ .. ______ .. __ 206 

lineata ____________________________________________________________ .. __ ____ 209 

microstoma ______ .. _________ .... ____________ .. __ _ _____ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ ____ __ ___ ___ 208 

Page 

Scalaria pretiosa. _______________________ -c------------------------------------ 205 turricula____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 207 

turrita __________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 207 

unifasciata ________________ .. ____________________________ -. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 208 

unilineata ___ .. ----------------------------------- _______ ------- ____ __ _ _ ___ 209 

(Cinctiscala) antillarum. _____ -------------------------------------------- 207 

scalarina, Columbella ___________ --------------- ______ ------- _____ ---- __ _ _ _ _ ___ 226 

scalaris, Turbo. _____________________ ------- ____________________ -------_______ 205 

scalaspira, Ilyanassa __ --------- _____________ -------------------------- 247-248, pl. 31 

Nassa ________________________ ---------- __ --------------------- _ --- __ __ ___ 247 

N assarius _______________________ . ________________ ... _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 248 

Ptychosalpinx ... ________________ --- ______________ ---- ___________ -- ___ _____ 247 

Scalina communis _________________ ---- _________ ------------------------------ 208 

Scaphella _____________ ---- __ ------------------- ___ ------------------- _______ 260--261 

fl.ori.dana_ . ______ -- _____ ------------- _______ ---------------------------- __ 260 

precursor .. ___________________________ .. ____________________________ 260-261, pl. 36 

trenholmiL _____________ ------------------------------------------ ____ 260, pl. 36 

(Aurinia) obtusa. _______________________________ .. --------· __________ .. _ ____ 261 

Scaphopods, geologic range of species.-------------------------------------- 180--183 schizopyga, llyanassa _____________________________________________________ 246, pl. 31 

Schwartziella .. ___________________ ------- _______ ,-- _________ .. _- .... ----- __ _ _ _ _ ___ 193 

scissurata, Drillia lissotropis .. __ .. ____ --.. ____________________________ ........ _ .. __ ___ 269 

Syntomodrillia lissotropis ______________________ .... ___________________ .. 269, pl. 37 

Sconsia ___________ .. __________ .... _____ -"- ____ ... -- ___________ .... ________________ 215--216 

hodgeL ____ .... ____ .. ______ .. _________ .. _________________ .... __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ ____ 215 

hodgiL _____________________ .. _______________ .. _________ .. ____ .. ___ 215--216, pl. 29 

scoptes, Glyphostoma ___________ .. ----- ____ .. ___ ------- ________ - _- ----- ___ 274, pl. 37 

scriptus, Murex ____________________ -- _________ ------- ________ - __ ---- _______ -- 225 

sculpturatus, Petaloconchus __ .. ______ ---- _ .. _____________ .. __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ 201 

sellaeformis, Ostrea_ .... -_____ ---------------------.. ----------------.. -- _ -------- 242 

semiplicata, Anachis avara ________ .. ___________ --.. ___ - ____ ...... -------- _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 230 

semistriata, Pseudorotella ____ ---------------------------------. -------------- 188 Rotella __________________________ ---- ________ ----- ___________ -.. --_________ 188 

sericifilum, Epitonium .. _ .. _________ ------- __ -------.. -.... -------------- _ --.. ___ -- 206 

Serpula ___________________ .. __ ----------- .. -------------.. ----------------------- 200 

arenaria _______ -----------.. -------------.-----------------.. ---------------- 200 

granifera ____ .. __ .. _-- .. ______ ------------------------------.. -----------.. -.. --- 201 

lumbricalis .. _______________ ----------------------------------------------- 202 

virginica ____________________ ---------------------------------------- 200,202,258 

Serpulorbis granifera _____ -- __ --.. ----------------------------.. -------------.... -- 201 

granifera tenera ____________ .. __ ---- ___ .. __ .. --------- ____ - _-. ------ .. --------- 201 

(Vermicularia) spirata ______ ------ __ -------------- _. ---------------------- 202 

Serrata ________________________ ----- _ ---.. --- _______________________ . __ _ __ _ _ __ _ 262 

serrata, Marginella ___ -- ______ -------------- _______ _ .: ____ --.. ---- _____ ------ ___ 262 

sexcostata, Murex ____________ -------------------· ---------------------------- 218 

sexdentata, Ilyanassa _____________ . _______________________________ 244, 245--246, pl. 31 

llyanassa granifera _________ .... __________ -- ______ --. ________ --... ___ __ _ _ _ _ ___ 245 

Ptycbosalpinx (Paranassa) __ .. -------------------------------------------- 245 Tritia .. ___________________ .. _________ ------ _______ . ___________ -- _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ 245 

sex den tatum, Buccinum _______________ -- __ - _________ ------- ______________ .. ___ 245 

sheldoni, Epitonium ___________ ----------------------------------------· .. ----- 208 

Scala .... __________________ -----_---------.. ---------- _____ ---- ___ -------____ 208 

Sigaretus. ________________ .. _ _ __ _ __ _____ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ _____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ 212 

fragilis _________________________________ - ___ __ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ 213 

problematicus ____________________________________________________ . _____ 194, 195 

(Naticina) fragiJis__ ______________ . __ .. _______________ ~-- _ _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ ___ 213 

similis, Anachis avara. _ .. _ -------- __ .. ------.. ___ - __ ---- _ ------.. -- _-- ------- _ ___ 230 

Anachis (Costoanachis) avara _______________________________________ 230, pl. 30 

Columbella ..... ~ _____ -~--- ________ ----------------------------. ------------ 230 

simpsoni, Drillia _____________________ . ______ .. ______ .. ___________ --. ____ -- _ __ _ __ 270 

Pleurotoma (Mangilia) ____ ----------------------------------------------- 270 Sinum ___________________________________ ------ ______________ .. ________ .... ___ .. 212-213 

fragile ____________________ .... _____________________ ----- __ .. ---- ________ 213, pl. 24 

perspectivum ___________ .. __________________________________ .. __ _ ___ _ __ ___ __ 213 

Sipho globulus________________________________________________________________ 233 

Siphocypraea ... ________ ..... ___ .... _____________________________ .. --.. ______ -.. -- _ ___ 214 

Siphonalia trossula ..... ___________________ ----· _ .. ___ ----... -----------------.. --- '223 

smikron, Teinostoma. ______ .. ____ .. ________ .. _________ .. -------.. -----..... 187-188, pl. 25 

smithfieldensis, Aesopus ....... _____________ .. _______________________ .. _______ 233, pl. 28 

Columbella (Seminella) _____ --------------- ·------------------------------ 233 

smithiana, Nassa. ________ ---------------------------------------------------- 248 

Uzita____________________________________________________ 248-249.250,251, pl. 30 . 

Solariorbis _____________________________ .. ___ -- ________________ --- _ -~ ___ ---- _ _ 188-189 

steirata ____ ---------------------------------------------------- o-- ---- 189, pl. 25 

Solarium. ________________ .. ______ ------------- ______ -----------------_________ 199 

granulatum ________________________ -- _________ -_- _ .. ________ -- _____ ----- __ -- 199 

nobilis ________________ .. __________________________________ c _________ -- _ _ _ _ _ 199 

nuperum. _________________________________ ---------------- c------ __ __ __ __ 200 

obtusum ____________ .. _________________________ .. ___________ -- ____ - ______ .. _ _ 200 

sparrowi, Fasciolaria. _____ -------------------- _ ------- _ ------------------ 254, pl. 32 

spatulata, Strombiformis. _ --------------------------------------------------- 211 

Strombiformis (Polygireulima) _ .. ------------------------------------- 211, pl. 27 

sphaeroides, Cypraeorbis _________ ------------------- _ ------------------------ 213 
308 INDEX 

Page 

spina, Melania. ___ --------------------------------------.____________________ 211 Spiniscala. _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ ____ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ ___ __ ___ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 206 

spirata, serpulorbis (Vermicularia) ____ ---------------------------------- ______ 202 

Vermicularia. __ ------------------------------------------ ________ 202-:?03, pl. 24 

spiratus, Vermetus. _ ---------------------- -----~--- __ ____ ____ ____ _ ______ _ __ __ 202 splendidula, Niso ________________________________ --------- ____ ______ __ __ ______ 212 

spurius, Clatbrus ____________________ ~----- ___ c------------- __ ---------------- 208 

stearnsii, Aesopus. _- ------------------------------------------- ______ 232 233, pl. 30 

Columbella (Aesopus) ----------------------------------------- ______ ______ 232 (Semint>lla) __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ :!32 

steirata, Solariorbis. ----------------------------·· _______ ------------- _____ 189, pl. 25 

steiratum, Teinostoma _________________________ --------------------------- 189, pl. 25 

stellata, Mangelia.-- ------ ___ ----------------------- ·------ __ ----------- _ 272, pl. 37 

Mangilia __ ------------------------------------- _______ _ _______ _ ____ ______ 272 

stenostoma, Eulima (Liostraca) ____ ------------------------------------------ 210 

stevenson!, Caecum._-----------------------··---------------------------- 204, pl. 28 

stimpsoni, Urosalpinx. _ ----------------------------· ----------------- 224, 225, pl. 31 striata, Cassidaria__ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 215 

Eulima. -~------ __________ ----~------------------ ________________ . __ ______ 211 Turbo. _______________________________ ~-__________________________________ 192 

striatula, Cassidaria. ___________ -------------- _____________ ------------------- 215 striatum, Terebellum _________________________ -------- _________________ . _ __ ___ 198 

striatus, Adeorbis. ___________ ---------------- _______________ ------- _ ___ ______ 189 

Strioterebrum. ---------- ______ -------------------------- _ ----------- __ __ _ _ _ __ 275 Strombiformis. _______________________ ~ _____________________________________ 209-212 

bartschL __ ------- __________ c---------------•- ____ -------- ___ . 209, 211, 212, pl. 27 

biconica. ------------· ---------------------------------------- 209, 21(}-211, pl. 27 daHL _____________ -----·------------------- ________________________ ;&)9-210, pl. 27 glaber ____________________________________________________ -------- ___ _ _ _ _ _ 209 

juncea _______ -------------------------------------- ___ ------ ______ 209, ?10, pl. 27 

lina ______ --------------------------------------------------------- 209, 211, pl. 27 magnoliana _________ ---------------------------------- _ ___ _____ __ ____ _____ 211 

spatulata ____________ -------------- ___________________ ------- ___ _____ __ ___ 211 

(Polygireulima) eborea. _ ----------------------------------------- ____ 212, pl. 27 

magnoliana. ---------------------------- _____________ . ____________ 212, pl. 27 

spatulata _ ----------------------------------------- ___ ------------ 211, pi. 27 Strombina _______ --------------- _______ : __________ --------- ______ ------------- 232 

anomala __________________ ---------------- _____________ . ______________ 232, pl. 30 

pseudohaitensis guraboensis. _____ ----------------- _____ ------------------ 232 Strombocolumbus. _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 232 

Strom bus. _______________ .____________________________________________________ 209 

styliola, Anachis ____ ------------------ _ ------------------ _________ -~-- ______ 227, 228 

Anachis (Thiarinella) ------------------------- _____________ ---------- 227, pl. 30 Columbella (Anachis) ______________________ .. _______________________ ------ 227 

subannulata Turritella ___________ ---------- __ ------ ______ _ _ ________ _ ____ ______ 198 

subconicum, Teinostoma _________________________________________________ 188, pl. 25 

subsidus, Urosalpinx trossula ____ -------------------- __ _________ ___ _ ___ __ ____ _ 223 

Subularis ________________ ---------- _______ _ ___ _____ _______ _ ______ _ ___ ___ ___ __ _ 211 

subulata, Cerithiopsis. _ ------ __ --------- __________________ ,----- ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 204 

Eulima ______ ------ ____ ______ __ ______ ______ __ ____ _ ______ _ _ ______ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ 211 

Helix_____________________________________________________________________ 211 

subulatum, :Succinum ___________________________ . _______________ : _________ __ .: 27b 

:~:~~!~~is~¥Jr~~~i~~----~------~~------~----------~~--~--~----~~--~~~--~~~--~--~~~~~--~~~~~~-225~~i. ~ Uzita ________________________________________________________ 249, 250, 251, pl. 30 

suffusa, Trivia ____ --------------- ________________ --------_____________________ 215 

sulcidentata, Eupleura caudata __________________________________________ 222, pl. 29 

Sycotypus ________________________________________________________________ • _ __ 241 

aepynotus __ ----------------------- ______ __ _ _ __ _ ______ _ ___ ___ __ ___ _ _______ 241 

canaliculatus .• _ ----------------------- ____ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ ____ __ __ ____ _ __ _ _ 241 

canaliferus _________ ------------------------ __ _ _ __ ____ ____ _ ___ __ __ _ ______ _ _ 242 

incilis _____ ------------------- __ ______ ____ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _ __ ____ _ _____ 241 

pyrum. _.- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 241 

Syntomodrillia. _____________________ --------- ___ ___ _ _____ _ _ __ ___ __ _ ___ ____ ___ 269 

lissotropis scissurata __________________________________________________ 26!!, pl. 37 

syracusana, Voluta. __________ ------ _________ _ ___ ____ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ ______ ___ _ 237 

T 

tabulata, Cancellaria _____________________________________________________ 26-1, pl. 38 

tampaensis, Rapana. _____________ --------------- _______________________ -----~ 236 

taylori, Marginella _____ ----------- _ ---------- _ _ ______ _ ____ ___ ____ _ ___________ 263 

Teinostoma ______ -------------------------------- ___________________ 187-188, 189, 194 · carinatum ___________________________________________________________ 188, pl. 25 

depressum .. _____________ -------------------- ____ ____________ _ _ ____ __ ___ __ 187 

lenticulare. _____________________ --------------- ______________________ 188, pl. 25 

milium.-_----------------------------------------------------------- 188, pl. 25 miocenicum ________ ------------------ _ ___ ____ ___ _ ___ _ __ ______ __ _ ___ ___ ____ 188 

nanum ____________________ =------------------------------------- 187, 188, pl. 25 

politum. __________ -------- __ __ ___ _______ _______ _ ____ _____ __ ___ _ _____ __ ___ 187 

smikron. ------- _______ ------------------------ ___________________ 187-188, pl. 25 

steiratum __ --------- __ --------------------------- ____________________ 18!!, pl. 25 

subconicum __________________________________________________________ 188, pl. 25 

Page 

Teinostoma umbilicatum _________________________________________________ 188, pl. 25· 

tenera, Lemintina granifera __________________________________________ 201-202, pl. 24 

Serpulorbis granifera ___________________ ----------------------------------- 201 

Terebellum striatum. _____________ ------------------------------------------- 198 

Terebra. _________________________________________ -------------~--- --------- 275-277 

basterotL ___________ • _____________________________________ -_ -------------- 275 

dislocata _____________________ -------- _________ ------------- __ ------- 260, 275, 276 

dislocatum. __________________ ------- _________ ---------------------~------ 276 

grayi __ ------·- ______________________ ------------------ ______ ------------- 277 

neglecta. ___ --------------------- _________ ---------------~--- ------------ 276, '1.77 

protexta ______ -------------------------- _ ----- __ ----------------------- 276,"277 

robt'sonensis _____ ------· ----------------- ___ ------------------------------ 276 

texana ___________ -------------------- _________ ---------------------------- 275 

unilineata .. __ ---------- _______________ -------------- ~---- _ ------------- 275, 276 

(Acus) carolinensis:.. _____________________ ------------------ _ -------------- 275 

neglecta .. _ -------------------- ____ ----------------------------------- 276 protexta. ____________________________________________ -- _ -- __ ---------- 277 

unilineata. __ -------"~- ___________ -------------------- ____ ------------- 275 (Paraterebra) unilineata _____________________________________________ 275, pl. 38 

(Striat:erebrum)-caroliinensis. _ ---------------- ______ ------------- 275-276, pl. 38 

concava _________________ ------------------------ _______ .: _________ 277, pl. 38 

grayL ___ ---------------------------------------------------- 276-277, pl. 38 

neglecta ____ -------------- ____________ -------------- _ ------- ______ 276, pl. 38 

protexta. ______________ --------------------------- __ ------------. 277, pl. 38 

robesoneU:sis. ___ -~------ ------ _________ ------------------------·-- 276, pl. 38 

terebra,. Turbo. _____ --------------------------------------------- ___ ----_---- 195 Turritel}a _______________________________ --- ________________ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 196 

terebriformis, Turritella. ______ -------- __ ---- ____ ---- _ ------------- ___ __ _ ____ _ 199 

Turritella (Torcula) ____________ ------------------ ___ ---------------- 199, pl. 27 

ter-striata, Turritella. __ --------------------------------------------------- ___ 198 

terstriata, TurrHella ___________________ --------------------------- ___ ------- 198, 199 

Turri~ella (Torc-qla) ________ ------- ______ -------------------- _____ 198-199, pl. 27 

texana, Terebra. ___ ---------- __ ---------------------------------------------- 275 

_textilis, Acteon ___________ -------------- -------·------------------------------ 278 Thiarella___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 227 

Thiarinella. __ ~ ___________ ------------------------------------------------- _ 226, 2?7 tiara, Cymatosyrinx _____________________________________________________ 269, pl. 37 

tigris,Cypraea. __ ------------------- _ ----------------------------------- _----- 213 

Torcula. ______ ----------------------------------------- -------~--------- ___ 198, 199 

altilira ______________________________ -------- _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 198 

inezana ___________ . ____________________ --- __ -- ____ -___________ -__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 198 

Torculoidella. : ___ _______ --------------------------------- _ ---------- __ ------- 197 Torinia. __________________________________ --- ______________ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 200 

tornatilis, Voluta. __ ----------~- ----------------------------------------- _ ---- 277 

Tornatina_ ---------- _______ ----------------------------------------- __ ------ _ 278 

trachea, Dentalium ________ ---------- __ ------------------------------ __ ------ _ 203 

Trajana_ -------------- _ ------------ _ -------------------------------- __ ------- 221 pyta ____________ -------------- _________________ ----------------- _____ 221, pl. 29 

translirata, Anachis avara. ______ ------------------ __ ---------------- _ -------- 230 Anachis (Costoanachis) avara ___________ · _____ _-______ . _____________ n9-230, pl. 30 

Colum bella. ________________________________________________________ -_____ 229 

trenholmii, Maculopeplum. _____ ------------------------------------ __ ---- ___ 260 

Scaphella. __________________ -_--- __ -- _----- _------------------------ 260, pl. 36 

Voluta. __ -------------.. _ ----------------- ___ ---------------------------- _ 260 

tribulus, Murex. ------------------------------------------------------------- 218 

tricatenaria, Drillia __________ ---- ____ -------------------------------- ___ ---- 266, 268 

Triforis calypsonis ___________ ----------- ___ -- __ -------------------------- _ ---- 205 

Triphora. ____________________________ ---- _ .. ---------------------------------- 205 apania ________________________________________ --- ___________________ . _ _ _ _ _ 205 

bartschL ____________ ------- ___ ----------- _ -------- ___ --- ____ ------ ___ 205, pl. 27 

dupliniana. __ ------------ _________ ---- _________ --- ______ ------ _______ 205, pl. 27 

gemma tum _____________ ----- ___________ --------------------- ___ ----_----- 205 

Triphoris. __ . _____________________________ -.. _--- ___ -_____ -_------------------ _ 205 

bartschL _______________________ --------- _ --------------- __ -------- ___ 205, pl. 27 dupliniana____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 205 

melanura ______ ------ _____________________ --------------------------- _ ___ _ 205 

tristoma, Creithium ______________________ ~------ ------------------------ _____ 205 

Tritia_ ---------------- _________________ ----------- ______________ -------- _____ - 233 

arata ___ ------- ____ --------- ________ ------ _ ---------------------- ___ · __ ---- 243 

bilix.------------- _._------------------------------------------------------ 236 fossulata _____________________________________________ ---- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 235 

harpuloides ______ ----------- ___________ --------- __________ ----------- ___ -- 248 

idonea ___________________________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :.43 

irrorata _______________________________________________ -_______________ -_- _ 244 

laqueata__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 234 

multirugata. ________________ -------- __ ----------------------------------- 235 sexdentata__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ :.!45 

tuomeyL _______________________________________________________________ -- 236 

Triton________________________________________________________________________ 219 

Tritonalia. ________ -------------------------- ________ : _____ --------------- __ 219-221 

barbitoides _____________________________ ---------------------- ____ 220-221, pl. 29 
INDEX 309 

Page 

Tritonalia cellulosa _________________________________________ ---------- 219-220, pl. 29 

erinaceous ____________________ -·- ____________________ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ 219 

trito~e, Busycon _____ ----------- _______________________________ -------- _______ 239 

Tritonidea____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 237 

Trivia ______________________________________________________________________ 214-215 

pediculus. ____ -------------------------------- ________ -~--------- 214-215, pl. 29 sufi'usa ______________________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 215 

(Trivia) pediculus________________________________________________________ 214 

Trochus conulus _____________________________ ---------- __ -------------- _______ 183 

magus____________________________________________________________________ 187 

perspectivus~- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 199 

variegatus. ___________ ---------------- ________________ ------------- __ ___ __ 200 

Trophon ________ -------------- _________________ : ____________ ----------- _____ 221, 223 

trossula, Neptunea. ______ ------------------------ _____ ----------------------- 223 Siphonalia__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 223 

Urosalpinx _________________________________ -------------------------- 223, pl. 31 

trossulus, Fusus. _ --------------------------- ___________ ----------- _ ______ ___ _ 223 

Urosalpinx. _______ ---------------- ________________ ----------------------- 223 

tubercularis, Murex ____________________ ------------ __ ____ ___ _ ______ ___ __ __ _ __ 204 

tuberculata, Drillia __________ ---------- ____ ------------ ______________ -__ ___ ___ _ 265 

Pleurotoma ___________ ---------------- ____ ----.---- ______________________ 265, 266 

tulipa, Murex .• __ ---------------------------- _ _____ ___ __ _ ______ __ _____ __ ___ __ 253 

tuomeyi, Buccinum ____ --------------- _______________ ------------------- __ __ _ 236 

Ptychosalpinx _____________________ ----------------------------------- 2S6, pl. 31 Tritia. ____________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 236 

Turbinella nassatula ____ ------------------------------------------------------ 254 

Turbo bryereus ___________ ------------- __ --------------------------- ______ _ __ _ 193 

clathrus ____ ----------------------- _________ -------------------------- _ ___ 208 cruentatus___ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 190 

exoletus _______ ------------------------- ____ ------------------------------ 198 irroratus ___ ---- ____ --- _____ - ___ --- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ 191 

littoreus __ ------------------------- _____ -------- _______ ----------------- 191, 192 scalaris ____ ----- _____ -_ --- __ ------ _ -- _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 205 

striata _______ -____________________________________________________________ 192 

subulatus _______________________________________________________________ 209, 211 

terebra_-- ------------------------------------------------------------- ___ 195 

varicosus ___ -------------------------------------------------------------- 197 

turiicula, Scala_------------------------------·-------------------------------_ 207 

Scala (Amaea) _____________________ --------------- ___ --------------------- 207 Scalaria _______________ -- _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _ _ 207 

turriculum, Epitonium _____________________ ---------------------------------- 207 

turrita, ColumbPlla (Anachis) __ --------------------------------------.-------- 228 

Scalaria _____ --- ___ -- _ ---- _- _-- _------------ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 207 

Turritella ______ -- _______ ~ _______________________________________________ 195-199, 202 

alticostata _____ ------------------------------------------------------- 196, pl. 27 alumensis_____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 196 

carolinensis ___ -_________________ -- _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ 198 

costulata______ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 204 

duplinensis ______ --------------- ___________ ------- ____________ ------- ___ 197, 198 

etiwanensis _____ -------------- _ -------------------------- ____ --------- 196, pl. 27 

gatunensis __ ---- ___ -- ____ -_------------------- ____ --- _____________ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 197 blountensis __________________ -_______ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 197 

holmesiL ____ ----· ------------------------------------- _______________ 198, pl. 27 mixta ______ -____________ -- __________ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 199 

nodulosa __ ----- _ -- __ -_________ -------- _------ __________ -- _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 197 

pilsbryi _______ --- __ --------------------------------·--- ---------------- 196, pl. 27 

plebeia.------- __ --------------------------------------------------------- 197 

carinata.- ----------------------------- __ -------------~--- ______ 196-197, pl. 27 subannulata ____________________ _ : _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 198 

terebra.--------------.---------------------------------------------------- 196 terebriformis_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 199 

ter-striata_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 198 

terstriata __ ---------------- __ ---------- -----------~-=--------- --------- __ 198, 199 variabilis. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 198 

(Torcula) burdenL _ ------------------------------------------------- _____ 199 

terebriformis. ______ ---------------------------------------------- 199, pl. 27 

terstriata _________ -------------------------------------------- 198-199, pl. 27 

(Torculoidella) duplinensis __ ------------------------------------- 197-198, pl. 27 

tytha, Didianema ____ ------------------- ________ ---------- ___ ---------------- 191 

u 

umbilicatum, Teinostoma _____________________________________________ . __ 188, pl. 25 

undatum, Bnccinum_ _ _ ____ _ _ _ ____ _ _ ______ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 233 

unifasciata, Scalaria. _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ ____ _ ____ __ _ _ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ 208 

unilineata, Acus __ -------------------------------- _____ ___ _ _________________ __ 275 . Scalaria_____ _____ ______ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ____ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ ____ __ ____ _ ____ ___ __ _ _ _ 209 

Terebra _________________________________________________________________ 275, 276 

(Acus).____________ _ ___ ________ _ ___ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ 275 

(Paraterebra) ____________ ---------------------- ___________________ 275, pl. 38 

tmilineatum, Cerithium. _ ___ _ _______ _ _____ _ _ ___ _____ ___ _ __ _ __ ____ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ 275 

urceola, Compsodrillia ____ ~ __ _ _____ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ __ ____ __ 268 

Page 

Urosalpinx ____________________ ------------------------------------------- ~21, 223-225 

cinerea. ______ . _________________________ ----------------------------------- 223 

perrugata _______________ --------- ___ ----------------------------- 224-225, pl. 31 perrugatus _____________________________________ -- _______ ---------- _---- __ - 224 

phrikna _________________ ---~ ______ ------------------------------- 223-224, pl. 28. 

phrilillOS. ____ ---------- _____ -------------------------------------------- 223 stimpsonL ______________________________________________________ 224, 225, pl. 31 

sufi'olkensis __ --------------------------------------------------------- 225, pi 28 

trossula _________________ --------------------------------------------- 223, pl. 31 snbsidus ______________________________________________ -------- _- ___ --- :!23 

trossulns __________________________________________ --- ____ ----------------- 223 

Uzita _____________ --------- ______ ----------------------------------- 243, 247, 248:-253 

bidentata. _______________________ ------------------------------------ 250, pl. 30 

calopsaensis ___________________ --------------------------------------- 252, pl. 30 

cornelliana _________________ -------------------------------------- 252, pl. 30 

chowanensis----------------------------------------------------- 249 250, pl. 30 consensa ______________________ ------------ ________________ ----~-- 251, 253, pl. 30 

consensoides ________________ ------------------------------------------ 251, pl. 30 

cornelliana ________________ • _______________ -- _ -- _-- __ ---------------------- 252 

impressa __ ------- ___________ ~---- __ ----------- _____ -·----------------- 250, pl. 30 

lapenotiereL.----~------------------------------------------ 249, 250-251, pl. 32 

neogenensis------------------------------------------------- 249,250,251, pl. 30 

smithiana. ________________________ ---------------------- 248-249, 250, 251, pl. 30 sufi'olkensis _____________________________________ . _____________ 249, 250, 251, pl. 30 

vibex. ________________________ --------------------------------------- 253, pl. 30 

zeta ___________________________ ----------- __________________ ---- __ 252-253, pl. 28 

v 

variabilis, Turritellac_ ----- _______ -------------------------------------------- 1118 

varicosus, Turbo __________ -------------- ___ ---------------------------------- 197 

variegata, Ficus ____ ----------- _____ ------------------------------------------ 217 

variegatus, Trocbus. ___ ------------------ __ ---------------------------- ___ .. __ 200 

Vasum ___________ -------------------------------------- _____ --------------- __ 262 vaughani, Acteocina canaliculata _________________________________ c--- 278-279, pl. 38 

ventricosa, Rissoa ___ ------------ _____ ---------------------------------------- 192 Vermetidae ________________________________ ------ ___ -- ___ ------------- ___ --- _. 200 

Vermetus ____ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 202 graniferus _______________________________________ -______ ---------------- _-- 201 

lumbricalis. __ ---------- ____ ---------------------------------------------- 202 

spiratns ______________ ---------------------------------------------------- 202 virginicus _____________________________________ - __ -- _____ ------------------ 202 

(Anguinella) virginica. _ -------------------------------------------------- 202 

Vermicularia ____ ---------- _____ ------ __ ------------------------------------ 202-203 

lumbricalis. ____________ ----------------- _______ -------------------------- 202 

nigricans. ____________ -------------- _______ ---------------------- 201, 202, pl. 24 

spirata _____________________ -------------------------------------- 202-203, pl. 24 

vibex, Nassa------~-------- --------- ___ -------- ____ --------------------------- 253 

Uzita __ ------- _______ ---------------------- ______ -------------------. 253, pl. 30 

virgilina, Anachis _____ -------------------------------------- -~----- ----~----- 228 Anachis (Thiarinella) _____________________________________ ~---------- 228, pl. 30 

Diodora redimicula_: ____________ -------------------------------- 18~-183, pl. 24 

virginiana, Anguinella ___________ ----------- ____________ ---------------- 200, 201, 202 

Bellaspira ______ ------------------ ____________ ------------------------ 271, pl. 37 Mangelia _____________________________________ -~ __________________________ - 271 

virginianum, Caecum---------------------------------------------------- 203, pl. 28 virginica, Acteocina canaliculata _____________________ -_______ ---- _____ - ___ -- _ _ 278 

Lemintina ______________________ ------------------------------------- 202, pl. 24 Serpula ______________________ • _______ • ______________________________ 200, 202, 258 

Vermetus (Anguinella) ___ ------------------------------------------------ 202 

virginicum, Calliostoma ____ ----------------------------------------- 184,185, pl. 26 

virginicus, Vermetus __ ------------------------------------------------------- 202 Zizyphinus ______________________________________________ _-__ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 185 

Vitrinella. __________________________________ -----------------------.-------- 189, 194 

lipara __________ -----------------------~- -------- ________ ------------ _ 194, pl. 25 

panamensis ________ ------------- _________________________________________ _ 

regularis _____ --------------- _____________________________________________ _ 

Vitrinellidae _________________________________________________________________ _ 

Voluta _______ ---------------- ________________________________________________ _ 

bullata ___ ------------- __ ------ _____________ --- _______ --------- ___ -------- glabella __________________________________________________________________ _ 

jonensis------------------------------------------------------------------- junonia __________________________________________________________________ _ 

obtusa-------------------------------------------------------------------- reticulata ________________________________________________________________ _ 

syracusana ___________________________________ -------- ___________________ _ 

tornatilis. ___ -------- ___________ ----- _ --- ____ ------- _ --------------------- trenholmiL ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Volutella. ------------ _______ --- ______________ ------------------ ____ ----------

lacrimula ______________________ -·-- ___ -------------------------------------

(Microspira)-------------------------------------------------------------- Volutidae ____________________________________________________________________ _ 

Vol varina ____ --------- __ -----------------------------------------------------

1811 

188 

'193 

260 

262 

261 

214 

260 

261 

264 

237 

277 

260 

262 

263 

263 

259 

261 
310 INDEX 

W Page Page 

waccamawense, Dentalium ______________________________________ ._____________ 179 

Dentalium (A.ntalis) ________________________________________________ 179, pl. 24 

willcoxii, Niso_ _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _______ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ______ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ______ 212 

wilmingtonensis, llyanassa _______________________________________________ 244, pl. 30 

waccamawensis, Mitrella ________________________________________________ 226, pl. 30 

waltoniana, Oliva liodes_ --------------------------------------------------- __ 258 

y 

yorktownensis, Gibbula americana ______________________________ 187, pls. 24, 28 

watsonensis, A.rchitectonica nupera________________________________ _____ ______ 200 z 

wetherellii, A.cteon __________________ ----------- ____ __ _ ____ _______ ______ _ ___ _ _ 278 

whitfieldi, Drillia ____ ---------- ------~--- _ ____ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ ____ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ 265 

zeta, Uzita ___________________________________________________________ 252-253, pl. 28 

ziczac, Cymatosyrinx ________________________________________________ 268-269, pl. 37 

Zizyphinus virginicus______ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _____ __ _ ___ ___ ________ 185 

willcoxi, Busycon ____________________________________________________ 240-241, pl. 34 zoster, Glyphostoma ______ ~-------------------------------------- 272-273,274, pl.2 8 

0 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

J. A. Krug, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

Professional Paper 199 

MOLLUSCA FROM THE 

MIOCENE AND LOWER PLIOCENE OF 

VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 

BY 

JULIA GARDNER 

UNITEI2 STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1948 

CONTENTS 

Page 

PART 1. Pelecypoda (published in January 1944) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 

2. Scaphopoda and Gastropoda (published in 1948) __________________________________________ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 179 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

PLATES 1-23. Miocene and Pliocene pelecypoda of Virginia and North Carolina_______________________________________ 145 

24-38. Scaphopods and gastropods from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina_________ _ _ 281 

FIGURE 1. Columnar sections of Horsehead, Stratford, and Nomini Cliffs, Va_________________________________________ .. 5 

2. Section on shore of the James River, east of old Kings Mill Wharf, Va_____________________________________ 9 

3. Diagrammatic representation of the beds of zone 2 of the Yorktown formation within 2 miles southeast of Yorktown, Va_________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 

4. Index map showing Miocene and lower Pliocene localities in Virginia and North Carolina ________________ c- _ _ _ _ 18 

TABLES 

Page 

_TABLE 1. Correlation of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain deposits ranging in age from the upper part of the middle Miocene to the Pleistocene-------------------------------~---------------------------------------------- 4 

2. Geologic range of species _______________________________________________________________________ --- _ _ _ _ 14 

nr 
•