UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. C. Mendenhall, Director 

Professional Paper 191 

A MONOGRAPH OF THE FORAMINIFERAL 

FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

BY 

JOSEPH A. CUSHMAN 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1939 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - - Price 30 cenls 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction____________________________________________________________ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 

Acknowledgments___________________ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 

Available material __ ------- ________________________________________ :...___________________________________________ 1 

Questionable materiaL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 

Systematic descriptions_________________________ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

PLATES 1-20. Foraminifera of the family Nonionidae ______________________________________ -------------------------- 71 

II 
A MONOGRAPH OF THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

By JOSEPH A. CusHMAN 

INTRODUCTION 

The Foraminifera belonging to the family Nonionidae are in many localities extremely numerous, 

particularly in shallow waters of the Tropics. Many 

of the species have been greatly confused since the first 

description, and it is hoped that this paper will help to 

make more definite the species belonging to this family. 

There is still much work to be done on the distribution 

of n1any of these forms, both in the present oceans and 

in the geologic sequence. The studies of the older 

records have seemed to prove that the descriptions of 

numerous forms involved mixing of material and that 

some of these forms rather clearly did not come from 

the formations to which they were assigned. Also, 

some of the species are inadequately described, a number of them are not even figured, and others are 

illustrated by figures which are either very much 

conventionalized or represent inadequately the characteristics necessary for their determination. Descriptions of most of the new species discovered during 

this work have been published elsewhere, so that the 

records might be available to other workers before 

publication of the present paper. That there are other 

undescribed species is very clear from material in our 

hands which through poor preservation or inadequacy 

cannot be satisfactorily described at this time. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The completion of this work was made possible by 

a grant from the Penro~ bequest of the Geological 

Society of America. This has allowed the con1pletion 

of the illustrations and the manuscript as well as the 

preparation for study of much available material 

which was previously unorganized. My thanks are 

therefore due, first of all, to the projects committee, 

who approved the plan of work, and to the Council of 

the Geological Society, who approved the report of 

the projects committee. 

My thanks are also due to the assistants in the 

Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, who 

have given much time and energy to this work; to 

Miss Ann Shepard, for her careful and accurate drawing of the many species, results of which appear on 

the accompanying plates; to Miss Frances L. Parker, 

for her assistance in organizing the material for study 

and for the photographing of many original illustrations 

for use on the plates; and to Miss Patricia G. Edwards, 

for her painstaking work with the manuscript. 

I am also indebted to very many persons for material 

illustrating various species of this family, particularly 

to Mr. W. J. Parr, of Australia, who has supplied me 

with excellent series from the Australian region, both 

fossil and Recent; to Dr. Henry V. Howe, for topotypes of numerous species described by him and others; 

to Dr. Hollis J. Hedberg, for material from the northern 

part of South America; to Mr. P. W. Jarvis, of Trinidad, 

for collections from that area; and to many other 

persons who have contributed much in the way of 

material toward the completion of these studies. 

This work was originally started as a joint under-· 

taking with the late David H. Leavitt, a graduate 

student at Harvard University, who at the time of his 

death was studying with me as part of his work for a 

doctorate in paleontology. A preliminary paper entitled "On Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll), 

E. striato-punctatu,m (Fichtel and Moll), and E. crispum 

(Linne)" was published in the Contributions from the 

Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 

5, pp. 18-22, 1929. We had at that time a.lso segregated much topotype material from various localities 

illustrating numerous species, particularly of Elphidium. 

At that time the late Dr. Yoshiaki Ozawa had returned 

to my laboratory from a year spent in Europe, bringing with him large collections which he made particularly in the Miocene of the Vienna Basin. As a 

result, excellent series of the species of that area which 

had been compared with D'Orbigny's material so far 

as it was preserved in Europe were made available by 

Dr. Ozawa. This series has been of immense value in 

this work. 

AVAILABLE MATERIAL 

During the years that this work has been in progress 

material has been assembled from many different areas, 

so that topotype material is available of a large percentage of those species that are not represented in this 

collection by either paratype or holotype specimens. 

Large series of many species have been obtained which 

show well the range in varia.tion of these species, and 

were it not for the expense in publication many rrwre 

specimens could have been illustrated on the plates 

to show this particular fact. Rich material has been 

available from the West Indies region and extending 

southward along the Atlantic coast of South America 

to the Falkland Islands, covering most of D'Orbigny's 

work of 1839 and his Cuban monograph and that 

recorded in his "Voyage dans !'Amerique meridionale." 

1 
2 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

The collections made by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt along 

the western coast of South America made available 

much material from this area of D'Orbigny's collecting. 

Excellent material has been available from the Atlantic 

and Pacific coasts of North America, including the 

Arctic collections of Capt. Robert Bartlett from Greenland and the Fox Basin and material collected by 

various persons representing the faunas of the western 

coast of Europe and the Mediterranean. From the 

Red Sea very fine material was furnished by Dr. W. A. 

Macfadyen. This was particularly important, as it 

gave topotype material of Elphidium striato-punctatum 

(Fichtel and Moll) as well as other species. My own 

collections from Rimini, on the Adriatic, gave material 

for the early species described by several authors. 

Very rich Recent material from the Indo-Pacific has 

been available through the Albatross collections of the 

United States National Museum. Fossil material 

·from North and South America, Europe, North Africa, 

and Australia has been available. 

Wherever possible the original types, if available, 

have been illustrated, usually by drawings of the specimens themselves, as many of the original figures were 

found to be more or less inaccurate in the finer details. 

Where holotype and paratype specimens were not 

available, topotype material has been figured from our 

collections, and for those species of which topotypes 

were not available either the original figures have 

been copied or illustrations have been made from what 

seen1ed to be typical specimens. The original figures 

for many of the copied illustrations are very decidedly 

conventionalized in character, and it is often impossible 

to determine with any degree of accuracy just what form 

the author ha.d before him when he described his species. 

It is hoped that sometime in the future someone will 

refigure n1a.ny of the actual type specimens if they still 

exist. 

QUESTIONABLE MATERIAL 

As is noted in the discussion of several species, there 

is very evidently a mixing of material, and from what 

is known at the present time some of the species, particularly of Elphidium, could not well have come from 

the formations to which they are assigned. This is 

particularly true of some of Terquem's species and those 

of others who have described material from the preTertiary. The most obvious example of this is Faujasina, and a detailed·discussion of this matter will be 

found under that genus. 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

Family NONIONIDAE 

Test typically planispiral, more or less involute in 

the adult, trochoid in a few genera and even uncoiled; 

wall calcareous, finely perforate; aperture simple or 

cribrate, if sThnple, at the base of the apertural face. 

The Noniolnidae were probably derived from a planispirally coiled form, as the earliest of the species that 

seem rather definitely to belong to Nonion are simple 

and planispirally coiled. Such forms occur in the 

Jurassic, although in the Cretaceous they do not seem 

to have been well developed. In the Cretaceous there 

are several species of Nonionella, and this gives some 

possible evidence that the family might have been 

derived from -a trochoid ancestry which became planispiral. This derivation of the family cannot be proved 

until more is known of the forms of the Jurassic. 

It is evident, however, that the simpler forms of 

Elphidium developed directly from Nonion by the addition of the pores along the sutures and the development 

of retral processes. Species are known in which the 

characteristics of Elphidium are not developed until the 

last two or three chambers of the adult, and the entire 

younger stages, if found alone, would unhesitatingly be 

described as Nonion. It is very evident that some of 

the later, if not all, of the species of Nonionella have 

developed from N onion, many of the Miocene forms 

being much more like Nonion than Nonionella. 

Elphidium includes some very complex, large tests, 

particularly in shallow tropical waters of present oceans. 

These forms make up a very considerable proportion of 

beach sands about many tropical islands. 

From Elphidium late in its history have developed 

three of the most specialized genera of the family. 

Faujasina comprises trochoid forms that were probably 

attached by the dorsal side, which was flattened or 

slightly concave; the ventral side was convex and 

involute. Polystomellina includes trochoid forms in 

which the dorsal side has a definite spire, somewhat 

conical, and the ventral side is usually flattened. In 

Ozawaia the test becomes uncoiled and the aperture 

terminal and cribrate. This is similar to the developments seen in many other groups of the Foraminifera. 

It is interesting that this highly specialized form is 

known only at the present time from Recent collections 

in the Indo-Pacific. • 

In the earlier studies of this family some of the 

arenaceous forms were included, but they are now 

placed in other families. The genera Bradyina and 

Oribrospira are included in the Lituolidae, as these are 

truly arenaceous forms allied to Haplaphragmoides and 

Endothyra. Pullenia has a similar form to Nonion, but 

its developn1ent places it in the Chilostomellidae. 

Hantkenina has occasionally been included in the Nonionidae, but its early form shows that it developed from 

the Globigerinidae. Laticarinina, placed by its authors 

first in the Lagenidae and later in the Nonionidae, is 

truly trochoid in young individuals and belongs in the 

Anomalinidae. 

Genus NONION Montfort, 1808 

Nonion Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, voJ. 1, p. 211, 

1808. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. ·3, 

p. 170, 1927. 

Galloway and Wissler, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 81, 1927. 
NONION 3 

Cushman, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 156, 1927; Cushman 

Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 1, p. 204, 1928. 

White, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 55, 1929. 

Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 2, 1930; Bull. 

161, pt. 2, p. 41, 1933; Cushman Lab. Fora.m. Research 

Special Pub. 4, p. 193, 1933. 

Melonis Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 67, 

1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus pompilioides Fichtel and 

Moll). 

Florilus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 135, 

1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus asterizans Fichtel and Moll). 

Pulvinulus (part) Lamarck, 1816. 

Placentula (part) Lamarck, 1822. 

Cristellaria (part) Lamarck, 1822. 

Lenticulina (part) Defrance, 1824 (not Lamarck). 

Polystomella (part) Defrance and authors (not Lamarck). 

Nonionina D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 293, 1826 (genotype, by designation, Nonionina umbilicata D'Orbigny). 

Genoholotype, Nautilus incrassatus Fichtel and Moll. 

Test free, planispiral, more or less involute, bilaterally 

symmetrical, periphery broadly rounded to acute; 

chambers numerous; wall finely perforate; aperture an 

arched, usually narrow opening between the base of the 

apertural face and the preceding coil. Jurassic to 

Recent. 

The earliest records for the genus include the Paleozoic, but these are very vague and probably do not 

really represent this genus. The records for the Jurassic and the Cretaceous are comparatively few. The 

genus is well developed in the Tertiary, and there are 

many species, for the most part smooth but some well 

ornamented. Although there is a considerable amount 

of variation, most of the species hold their characters 

closely and are easily determined. They are not longlived as a rule and therefore should prove to be useful 

as index fossils. 

The evolution from Nonion to Elphidium is a gradual 

one, some of the more simple of the species of Elphidium 

not being distinguishable from Nonion until the later 

chambers are formed, when the first of the sutural pores 

and retral processes appear. Nonion seems to be the 

most primitive genus of the family, although Nonionella 

is well developed in the Cretaceous. 

JURASSIC SPECIES OF NONION1 

A number of species have been described and figured 

under the genus Nonionina which evidently do not 

belong to the N onionidae and which are noted in the 

annotated list of species on pages 25, 26. There are a few 

species of Nonionina, however, which may possibly 

belong to the genus Nonion, and they are noted below 

and copies of the original figures given on plate 1. 

Nonion? fraasanum (Gumbel) Cushman 

Pia. te 1, figure 1 

Nonioninafraasana Giimbel, Ver. vaterJ. Naturkunde Wiirttemberg Jahresb., vol. 18, p. 233, pl. 4, figs. 5a, b, 1862. 

The figures show a planispiral test but there is no 

definite aperture. It is from the Jurassic of Central 

Europe. 

Nonion? nodulosum (Terquem) Cushman 

Pia te 1, figure 2 

Nonionina nodulosa Terquem, Cinquieme Memoire sur les 

foraminiferes du systeme oolithique, p. 367, pl. 41, figs.14a, 

b, 1883. 

This is a rather poorly characterized form from the 

Jurassic of France. 

Nonion? subangulosum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 3 

Nonionina subangulosa Terquem, Cinquieme Memoire sur les 

foraminiferes du systeme oolithique, p. 367, pl. 41, figs. 

15a, b, 1883. 

The type figures are here reproduced. There is 

evidently an aperture at the base of the apertural face, 

but otherwise the form resembles Robulus. It is from 

the Jurassic of France. 

Nonion? solidum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 4 

Nonionina solida Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 

4, p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 7a., b, 1886. 

The original figure, which is here copied, leaves much 

to be desired as to essential details. It is from the 

Jurassic fuller's earth of France. 

Nonion jarvisi Thalmann 

Pia te 1, figure 5 

Nonion jarvisi Thalmann, Eclogae geol. Helvetiae, vol. 25, p. 313, 

1932. 

Nonion cretaceum Cushman and Jarvis [not Nonionina cretacea 

Schlumberger], U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 14, 

p. 41, pl. 12, figs. 12a, b, 1932. 

Test closely coiled, compressed, very slightly umbilicate, 

periphery subacute; chambers distinct, eight making up the 

adult coil, of uniform shape, increasing very slightly in size as 

added; sutures distinct, limbate, very slightly curved; wall 

smooth, the central umbilical region covered with a layer of 

clear shell material, in which are tubular spaces connecting with 

the umbilici, represented by lighter spaces in the clear material; 

aperture narrow, at the base of the last-formed chamber. Diameter, 0.65; thickness, 0.25 rom. 

The types of this species are from the Upper Cretaceous of a pit at Lizard Springs, near Guayaguayare, 

southeastern Trinidad, British West Indies. 

The species has very lim bate sutures and a peculiar 

ornamentation of the umbilical region, where there is a 

thickening of clear shell material pierced by irregularly 

curved tubular openings. 

The species has been found only at the type locality. 

EOCENE SPECIES OF NONION 

Nonion laeve (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 1, figures 6, 7 

Nonionina laevis D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 11, 1826; Modeles, no. 46, 1826; Prodrome de paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 406. no. 1304, 1850. 

Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 44, pl. 2 

(10), figs. 12, 13, 14, 1882. 
4 THE FORA:MINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Test planispiral, con1pressed, close-coiled, periphery 

somewhat keeled until toward the later portion, where 

it becomes broadly rounded, umbilical region with a 

single rounded boss, somewhat flattened; chambers 

. very distinct, somewhat inflated, narrowed at the inner 

end, 10 to 12 in the adult coil, of rather uniform shape, 

increasing slightly in size as added; sutures deeply 

excavated, slightly curved; wall smooth; aperture a low 

opening at the base of the inner margin of the lastformed chamber. Diameter 0.60-0.65 mm; thickness 

0.28-0.30 mm. 

The types of this species are from the upper or 

middle Eocene of the Paris Basin, where it is common 

and occurs at numerous localities represented in our 

collections. On our plate is a photograph of the original model of 1826 by D'Orbigny and a drawing of a 

specimen from the Eocene of Grignon, near Paris. 

Terquem records the species from Septeuil and V audancourt. It occurs in our material from the Eocene 

of the Paris Basin at Grignon, V audancourt, Courtagnon, Vivray, Montjavoult, Chamery, Cuise de la 

Motte, Mouchy, St. Felice, St. Frederic, Cenphon, 

Beauvais, Chaumont, and Fontenay. It is also in the 

material from the Eocene near Antwerp. 

This is not the same as the Miocene form that has 

been referred to under the same name. 

Nonion rugosum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 8 

Nonionina rugosa D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 17, 1826; Prodrome de paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 406, 

no. 1305, 1850. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, vol. 1, p. 12, 

pl. 3, fig. 3, 1904. 

The illustration is a copy of the original figure fron1 

the "planches inedites" of D'Orbigny as given in Fornasini's paper. No specimens are found in our 1naterial 

from numerous localities in the Paris Basin Eocene. 

The type locality is in the Eocene on the bank of the 

Gironde River near Pauliac. 

Nonion graniferum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 1, figures 9-11 

Nonionina granifera Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., scr. 3, 

vol. 2, p. 42, pl. 2 (10), figs. 8, 9, 1882. 

Test planispiral, umbilical region somewhat exposed 

in the last-formed coil and covered with fine papillae of 

uniform size, periphery rounded, occasionally spinose; 

chambers distinct, about eight in the final coil, inflated, 

of unifonn shape, increasing gradually in size as added; 

sutures deep, very slightly curved; wall smcoth except 

for the papillate umbilical region; aperture a low opening at the base of the inner margin of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0.30 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

Terquem records this species as very rare from the 

Eocene of the Paris Basin, both at Septeuil and Vaudancourt. Our figured specimen is from the Calcaire 

grassier of Montjavoult, near Paris. Copies of Tt~rquem's figures are also given. Frmn our observations 

it must be a very rare species. 

Nonion? stellatum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 12 

Nonionina stellata Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mcm., ser. 3, 

vol. 2, p. 43, pl. 2 (10), figs. 11 a, b, 1882. 

A copy of Terquem's type figure is given. The 

specimen came from the Eocene of the Paris Basin. 

No specimens were found in any of the collections from 

the Paris Basin which I studied. The exact generic position of this species must be left in some doubt until 

actual specimens can be studied. 

Nonion terquemianum Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate 1, figure 13 -

Nonionina umbilicatula Terquem tnot D'Orbigny, 1826], Soc. 

geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 42, pl. 2 (10), figs. 7a, 

b, 1882. 

Test planispiral, close-coiled, umbilical area deeply 

depressed, periphery subacute, slightly keeled; chambers numerous, about 15 ·in the adult coil, low, of uniform shape and increasing very gradually in size as 

added, not inflated; sutures distinct, little if at all 

depressed, slightly curved; wall smooth; aperture a 

low, broad opening at the base of the inner margin of 

the last-formed chamber. Length 0.55 mm; breadth 

0.46 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

Terquem described this species frmn the Eocene of 

Septeuil and V audancourt, in the Paris Basin. 

D'Orbigny had already used the specific name 

umbilicata in 1826, and the above name is proposed for 

this Eocene species. The figure on plate 1 is a copy of 

Terquem's figure. In our collections from Chaumont 

and Manthelan, in the Eocene of the Paris Basin, this 

species is very rare. 

Nonion latescens (Schwager) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 14 

Nonionina latescens Schwager, Palaeontographica, vo1. 30, Pal. 

Theil, p. 137, pl. 26 (3), figs. 4 a-c, 1883. 

The type figure of Schwager is copied on plate 1. 

The specimen came from the Eocene of Egypt. I havP. 

searched the material from Egypt that I have but have 

not found the species. According to Schwager's figure 

it is very broad, ahnost rhomboid in apertural view. 

N onion plana tum Cushman and Thomas 

Plate 1, figure 15 

Nonion planatum Cushman and Thomas, Jour. Paleontology, 

vol. 4, p. 37, pl. 3, figs. 5a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Dusenbury, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 10, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 6a, b, 1934. 

Test planispi.ral, close coiled, -compressed, bilaterally symmetrical, biumbilicate, periphery rounded; chambers distinct, 

but not inflated, about 10 in the last-formed coil, which is almost 
NONION 5 

completely involute, peripheral face of the last chamber convex; 

sutures distinct, earlier ones flush with the surface, later ones 

very slightly depressed, ending in a thickened ring about the 

umbilici; wall smooth, finely perforate; aperture a crescentlike 

slit at the base of the last-formed chamber. Maximum diameter, 0.25 mm; minimum diameter, 0.22 mm; thickness, 0.11 mm. 

The type of the species is from the Claiborne Eocene 

Cook Mountain formation, 3 miles on main highway 

north of Bronson, Sabine County, Tex. The same 

form also occurs in the Eocene Poway conglomerate of 

California. 

This is probably the species recorded by Weinzierl 

and Applin 1 from the Claiborne of Texas as "Nonion 

umbilicatulus (Montagu) var." and perhaps the same 

as that recorded by Cole 2 under the same name from 

the Guayaba.l formation of Mexico. 

In our material it has occurred in the Claiborne, 

Lisbon formation, of Lisbon, Miss.; at Gopher Hill, 

Tombigbee River, Ala. An apparently identical form 

has also occurred in the Jackson Eocene of Stovall 

Creek, east of Diboll, and 4 miles east of Diboll, 

Angelina County, Tex., and on Tarkiln Creek, half a 

mile above N ueces River, Tex. 

The species also occurs in our collections from the 

following localities in the Claiborne: I~sbon formation, 

bridge over Fa.lling Creek, 6 miles south of Quitman, 

Clarke County, 1\tliss., on road to Langsdale; branch at 

bridge half a mile northeast of River Falls, Covington 

County, Ala.; Alabama & Vicksburg Railroad cut 3% 

miles east of Newton, Newton County, Miss.; 1 mile 

north of Wautubbee station, Clarke County, Miss.; 

on New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad; south bank of 

Tombigbee River at bend three-fourths mile below 

lock no. 1 and about 1 mile above St. Stephens Bluff, 

Washington County, Ala.; near center of north line of 

sec. 8, T. 10 N., R. 4 E., Clarke County, Ala.; Cook 

Mountain formation, bluff on San Antonio River 4 

n1iles south-southeast of Floresville, Wilson County, 

Tex. 

There are also specirnens that seem to be identical 

with this species in our collections frorn the upper 

n1iddle Eocene of Fontenay and frmn Chan1ery, both 

in the Paris Basin. 

Nonion wilcoxense Cushman and Ponton 

Plate 1, figure 16 

N onion wilco;r;ensis Cushman and Ponton, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 8, p. 64, pl. 8, figs. lla, b, 1932. 

Test sma.ll, bilaterally symmetrical, somewhat compressed, deeply umbilicate on both sides, periphery 

broadly rounded; chambers distinct, inflated, few, five 

or six in the last-formed coil, increasing rather rapidly 

in size as added; sutures distinct, depressed, straight, 

radial; wall smooth, distinctly perforate; aperture a 

1 Weim.ierl, L. L., and Applin, E. R, The Claiborne formation on the coastal 

domes: Jonr. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 401, 1929. 

2 Cole, W. 8., A foraminiferal fauna from the Guayabal formation in Mexico: Bull. 

Am. Paleontology, vol. 14, no. 51, p. 23, pl. 5, fig. 6, 1927. 

low, elongate, eurved opening at the base of the lastformed chamber in the median line. Length 0.25 

mm; breadth 0.18 mm; thickness 0.12-0.15 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Wilcox Eocene, 

from railroad cut 1 mile north of Ozark, Ala. 

This species may be the ancestral form of the somewhat similar Nonion micrum Cole, which occurs in the 

later Eocene. 

Nonion ftorinense Cole 

Plate 1, figures 17, 18 

Nonion florinensis Cole, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 14, no. 51, 

p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1927. 

Test somewhat longer than broad, somewhat compressed, periphery broadly rounded, biumbilicate, not 

completely involute; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, about nine in the last-formed coil, increasing 

rather rapidly in size in the adult coil; sutures distinct, 

slightly depressed, very slightly curved; wall smooth 

except in the umbilical region, which has numerous 

small spinose projections; aperture a small, low opening 

in the median line at the base of the last-formed chamber. Length 0.20-0.30 mm; breadth 0.18-0.20 mm; 

thickness 0.12 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Eocene Guayabal formation of Guayabal, Mexico. The figured 

specimens are topotypes. 

Nonion danvillense Howe and Wallace 

Plate 1, figure 19 

N onion danvillensis Howe and Wallace, Louisiana Dept. Cons. 

Geol. Bull. 2, p. 51, pl. 9, figs. 3a, b, 1932. 

Test much compressed, planispiral, sides almost parallel, 

slightly involute, slightly elongate; periphery rounded, distinc~ly 

lobate, chambers fairly numerous, about seven in the last-formed 

whorl, inflated; sutures distinct, radial, slightly curved, depresse~; 

wall calcareous, thin, finely perforate; aperture .a curved sht 

at,the base of the last-formed chamber, bordered by a faint lip. 

Diameter 0.27 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Eocene Jackson formation, of Danville Landing, Ouachita River, 

Catahoula Parish, La. Our figure is a topotype. 

The species is close to N. micrum Cole but has more 

chambers. 

N onion micrum Cole 

Plate 1, figures 2Q-22 

Non·ion micrus Cole, Bull. Am. Paleontology, val. 14, no; 51, 

p. 22, pl. 5, fig. 12, 1927; vol. 14, no. 53, p. 211, 1928. · 

Weinzierl and Applin, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 400, 

pl. 43, figs. 6a-c, 1929. · . 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 30, pl. 11, 

figs. 14, 15, 1935. 

Test small, · compressed, bilaterally symmetrical, 

periphery subacute; chambers distinct, somewhat i~­

volute, rapidly increasing in size as added, about s1:x 

making up the adult coil; sutures distinct, depressed, 

slightly curved; wall smooth, finely perforate; aperture 

median at the base of the apertural face of the chamber, 
6 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

with a slight lip. Diameter 0.25-0.32 mm; thickness 

0.10-0.13 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Eocene Guayabal formation of Guayabal, Mexico. Cole also records 

it from the Chapapote formation of Chapapote, Mexico. 

Weinzierl and Applin record it from the Eocene Yegua 

formation of the Rio Bravo Oil Co.'s Deussen B1 well, 

depth 4,010 feet, South Liberty domes, Liberty County, 

Tex. I have had it from the Jackson Eocene at Hays 

Chapel, Wayne County, Tex. 

Nonion mexicanum Cole 

Plate 1, figures 23, 24 

Nonion turgidus (Williamson) var. mexicanus Cole, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology, vol. 14, no. 51, p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 11, 1927. 

Test slightly longer than broad, much compressed, 

umbilical regions slightly depressed, periphery slightly 

rounded; chambers distinct, very slightly inflated, 

about nine in the adult coil, increasing rapidly in size 

in the adult coil; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, 

very slightly curved; wall smooth, very finely perforate; 

aperture a low opening at the base of the last-formed 

chamber in the median line. Length 0.30-0.35 mm; 

breadth 0.20-0.22 mm; thickness 0.12-0.15 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Eocene Guayabal formation of Guayabal, Mexico. Our figured 

specimens are topotypes. It has also occurred at the 

following localities in the Claiborne of the Coastal Plain 

region of the United States: Roadside going down to 

ferry, Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; Lisbon formation, Alabama & Vicksburg Railroad cut 3~ miles east of 

Newton, 200 yards west of milepost 27, west of Meridian, Miss.; Lisbon formation, bridge over Falling 

Creek 6 miles south of Quitman, on road to Langsdale, 

Clarke County, Miss.; south bank of Tombigbee River 

about 9 miles above Jackson, Washington County, 

Ala.; Lisbon formation, old swimming hole in Double 

Bridges Creek at Geneva, Ala. 

N onion bonairense Pijpers 

Plate 1, figure 25 

Nonion bonairensis Pijpers, Geology and paleontology of Bonaire, 

p. 65, text figs. 68-70, 1933. 

Test bilaterally symmetrical, slightly asymmetrical, on both 

sides involute; on one side with large umbilicus. Periphery 

broadly rounded. There are ca. eight chambers in the last 

formed coil. Chambers very slowly increasing in size, two last 

formed chambers tending to uncoil or at the least attaining 

greater individuality than the preceding chambers. Sutures 

fairly distinct, almost straight, slightly depressed. Aperture 

indistinct, at the base of the apertural face. 

Length 0.38 mm; thickness 0.18 mm. 

This species was described from the upper Eocene 

of a well near Porta Spafio, Columbia plantation, 

Bonaire. 

Nonion hummelincki Pijpers 

Plate 1, figure 26 

Nonion hummelincki Pijpers, Geology and paleontology of 

Bonaire, p. 66, text figs. 71-73, 1933. 

Test slightly asymmetrical, involute on both sides. Periphery 

rounded. Umbilicus large, especially on one side, where it is 

slightly raised. There are about 12 chambers in the last formed 

coil. Chambers low, slowly increasing in height; last formed 

chambers becoming much longer. Sutures distinct, depressed, 

gently curved. Aperture not distinct, at the base of the last 

chamber; apertural face more or less flattened. 

Length 0.29 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types are from the upper Eocene from a well 

near Porta Spafio, Columbia plantation, Bonaire. 

This species has the general shape of test and chambers of 

Nonionina mediocostata Cushman, 1926, from the Miocene of 

California. However, N. hummelincki is not costate, it has 

a larger umbilicus and less chambers in the last-formed coil, and 

the transition of the peripheral margin to the apertural face is 

less rounded than it is in Nonionina mediocostata. 

Nonion chapapotense Cole 

Plate 2, figures 1-3 

Nonion chapapotensis Cole, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 14, 

no. 53, p. 210 (10), pl. 1, figs. 18, 19, 1928. 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 30, pl. 11, 

figs. 9-13, 1935. 

Test close-coiled planispirally, the umbilical area 

on each side very slightly open but filled with a central 

boss, about which is a narrow, depressed, grooved area, 

the outer edge of which is slightly thickened, periphery 

rounded; chambers distinct, numerous, usually about 

10 in the adult coil, of uniform shape, gradually increasing in size as added; sutures distinct, somewhat 

limbate, slightly curved, fusing at the inner end into 

the thickened ridge at the outside edge of the grooved 

area about the umbilical boss; wall of the chamber 

smooth, conspicuously perforate; aperture along the 

base of the apertural face in the median line. Diameter 

0.40 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

This species was originally described by Cole from 

the Eocene Chapapote formation of Mexico. It 

occurs also in the upper Eocene of the Coastal Plain 

of the southeastern United States as follows: Ocala 

limestone (Jackson age) 2 miles south of Perry, Ga,; 

Claiborne, Ala.; 6,% miles north of Brooklyn, Ala. ; 

5 miles southeast of Whatley, Ala.; and at Beck, Ala. 

It also occurs in the Jackson formation at Yazoo City, 

Miss.; on Stovall Creek east of Diboll, Tex.; on Bridge 

Creek 1,% miles above the Angelina River, Tex. 

Specimens show considerable variation, with many 

intermediate stages between the forms with an 

open umbilicus and those in which a large boss is 

developed. 
NONION 7 

Nonion whitsettense (Cushman and Applin) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 27 

Nonionina whitsettensis Cushman and Applin, Am. Assoc. 

Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 10, p. 183, pl. 10, figs. 

4-6, 1927. 

Nonion whitsettensis Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 

Bull., vol. 17, pl. 2, fig. 14, 1933. 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 31, pl. 11, 

figs. 16-18, 1935. 

Test planispiral, close-coiled, much compressed, the 

sides flattene'd and nearly parallel, periphery broadly 

rounded; chambers distinct, low and broad, 8 to 10 

in the last-formed coil, increasing rapidly in length as 

added in the adult coil; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, strongly curved, especially at the proximal 

end; wall smooth; aperture a narrow, elongate opening 

at the base of the narrow apertural face. Length up 

to 0.50 mm; thickness 0.10-0.12 mm. 

The types of this species are from the upper Eocene 

of the so-called t Whitsett zone 2

a from Ohio Red River 

well 2, at 330 feet, Tyler County, Tex. It is a characteristic species of this particular zone in many wells 

in Texas but does not seem to occur in the Eocene of 

the eastward extension of the Coastal Plain. There 

seem to be traces of what n1ay be retral processes, but 

they are not very definite or well developed. 

Nonion olssoni (W. Berry) Cushman 

Plate 1, figures 29, 30 

Nonionina olssoni W. Berry, Eclogae geol. Helvetiae, vol. 21, 

p. 403, text figs. 23a-c, 1928. 

Test composed of numerous chambers, slightly umbilicate, 

usually nine chambers in the last volution, broadest at the lastformed coil, periphery broadly rounded, surface pitted, sutures 

distinct, slightly depressed, aperture a narrow, curved opening 

at the base of apertural face. Diameter up to 0.94 mm; thickness 

up to 0.17 mm. 

The above description and measurements are copied 

from the original. The types of the species are from 

the upper Eocene middle Lobitos shales of northwestern 

Peru. On our plate is a figure of a specimen from the 

Chapapote formation of Mexico, from the type locality 

at Chapapote, which seems to fit the description and 

figures of this species. A single specimen, also apparently identical, occurred in material from the 

Jackson Eocene of Haynes no. 1 well, depth 3,175 to 

3,270 feet, near Burkeville, Newton County, Tmc 

Nonion samanicum (W. Berry) Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 28 

Nonionina samanica W. Berry, Eclogae geol. Helvetiae, vol. 21, 

p. 403, text figs. 13a-c, 1928. 

Test subtrochoid, small, periphery broadly rounded, usually 

seven chambers in the last-formed coil, distinct, sutures distinct, 

slightly curved. The last chamber with the umbilical end tends 

to form a very slight lobe on one side, wall smooth and very 

2a A dagger (t) preceding a geologic name indicates that the name has been aban· 

doned or rejected Cor use in classification in the publications or the Geological Survey. 

finely pitted, aperture low elongated slit at base of apertural 

face. Length 0.47 mm; breadth 0.37 mm; thickness 0.19 mm. 

The original description and figures are here copied. 

The specimens came from the upper Eocene in the 

lower Lobitos shales of northwestern Peru. 

Nonion inexcavatum (Cushman and Applin) Ellisor 

Pia te 2, figure 4 

Nonionina advena Cushman var. inexcavata Cushman and Applin, 

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 10, p. 182, 

pl. 10, figs. 18, 19, 1926. 

Nonion inexcavatum Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 

Bull., vol. 17, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1933. 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 30, pl. 11, 

figs. 5-8, 1935. 

Test of medium size, circular in side view, biconvex, 

periphery subacute; chambers 12 to 15 in the adult coil, 

distinct, slightly inflated; sutures very slightly curved, 

very slightly if at all depressed; umbilical region at each 

side of the test occupied by a slightly projecting knob of 

clear shell material, with the area toward the aperture 

from this knob covered with a pustulose ornamentation, especially marked in adults; aperture low at the 

base of the last-formed chamber. Maximum diameter 

0.85 mm; thickness 0.22 mm. 

The types are from the upper Eocene, 4 miles east of 

Diboll, Angelina County, Tex. It occurs in the Jackson Eocene as follows: Cooper marl, Baldock, S. C.; 

Ocala limestone, Beck, Ala.; Jackson, Water Valley, 

Ala.; and Jackson, Miss. 

A very similar, apparently identical form occurs in 

the Claiborne Eocene as follows: Roadside going down 

to ferry, Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; Gosport 

sand, bluff foot of Gopher Hill, Washington County, Ala;. 

1 mile southwest of Rockville, Clarke County, Ala.; 

Tombigbee River about 1 mile below lock 1, threefourths mile above St. Stephens Bluff, Ala.; Rocky 

Creek 10 miles east of Salitpa, Clarke County, Ala.; 

Lisbon formation 1 mile north of Wautubbee station on 

New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad, Clarke County, 

Miss. 

N onion ornatissimum Cushman 

Plate 2, figure 5 

Nonion ornatissirnurn Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 69, pl. 12, figs. 14a, b, 1936. 

Test about as long as broad, periphery rounded, umbilical region thickest, occupied by a series of large, 

rounded bosses; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, of 

uniform shape and increasing very slightly in size as 

added, about 12 in the adult coil; sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved; wall smooth except for the 

ornamentation of the umbilical region, distinctly perforate; aperture an elongate, low opening at the base of 

the inner margin of the last-formed chamber. Length 

0.70-0.75 mm; breadth 0.65 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 

The types of this species are from the upper Eocene 

of I{ressenberg, Upper Bavaria, Germany. 
8 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAl\ULY NONIONIDAE 

Nonion halkyardi Cushman 

Plate 2, figure 6 

Nonion halkyardi Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 63, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1936. 

Test small, in the adult becoming rapidly broader 

than in the early stages, biumbilicate, periphery 

broadly rounded; chmnbers 10 to 12 in the final coil, 

distinct, little if at all inflated, increasing gradually in 

size as added, but ra:[}idly expanding in breadth; sutures 

distinct, radial, lim bate, not depressed; wall smooth, 

distinctly perforate; aperture a distinctly arched opening at the base of the apertural face. Dian1eter 0.35-

0.40 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types of this species are from the upper Eocene 

Blue Marl of Biarritz, France. It occurs also in the 

Eocene Bracklesham beds of Whitecliff Bay, Isle of 

Wight, England, and in the Olavulina szaboi beds of 

Neustift, Budapest, Hungary. 

N onion applini Howe and Wallace 

Plate 2, figure 7 

Nnnionina scapha (Fichtel and Moll) var. Cushman and Applin, 

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 10, p. 182, pl. 

10, figs. 12, 13, 1926. 

Nonion applini Howe and Wallace, Louisiana Dept. Cons. Geol. 

Bull. 2, p. 51, pl. 9, figs. 4a, b, 1932. 

Test compressed, sides almost parallel, planispiral, involute; 

periphery almost circular in outline, slightly rounded; chambers 

slightly inflated, about 8 or 9 in the last-formed coil; umbilical 

area slightly depressed; sutures radial, almost straight, distinct, 

depressed; wall finely perforate, calcareous, thin, umbilicus filled 

with calcareous beads; aperture a curved slit at the base of the 

last-formed chamber, protected by a faint lip. Diameter 0.45 

mm; thickness 0.2 mm. 

This species was described from upper Eocene beds 

of Jackson age at Danville Landing, Ouachita River, 

La. It occurs in well samples in the Jackson Eocene 

of Texas and in the Eocene e.xposed along the Rio 

Buena. Vista, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

Nonion scaphum (Fichtel and Moll) var. inflatum Cushman and 

Ellisor 

Plate 2, figure 8 

Nonion scaphmn (Fiehtel and Moll) var. injiatum Cushman and 

Ellisor, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 8, 

p. 41, pl. 6, figs. 2a, b, 1932. 

Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 17, pl. 7, 

figs. 7a, b, 1933. 

Variety differing from the typical in the more rounded 

form, son1ewhat inflated chambers, rather deeply incised 

sutures, umbilical region often with numerous small 

papillae, earlier sutures slightly lin1bate; aperture an 

elongate, low, curved slit at the base of the apertural 

face of the last-formed chamber. Length 0.45 mm; 

breadth 0.40 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The type of the variety is from the Jackson Eocene 

on the east bank of Toro Bayou, SE~~NW~~ sec. 6, 

T. 3 N., R. 11 W., Vernon Parish, La. 

This variety is a distinct 1narker of the Fayette 

sandstone of Jackson age. It is more circular in outline 

than the typical form of the species, and the last chambers are n1ore inflated. It may be found finally to be a 

distinct species. 

Nonion Iaeve (D'Orbigny) var. marginatum Cushman and Ellisor 

Plate 2, figure 9 

Noninn lacvis (D'Orbigny) var. marginatum Cushman and Ellisor, 

Cushman Lab. Ji'oram. Research Contr., vol. 7, p .. 72, 

pl. 7, figs. Sa, b, 1931. 

Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 17, pl. 

2, figs. 8a, b, 1933. 

Variety differing frmn the typical form in the very 

distinct, somewhat thickened marginal keel and the 

subacute to acute periphery. 

The types of this variety are from the upper Eocene 

Jackson of Dubois ranch, on Sandies Creek east of 

Sample, Gonzales County, Tex. 

Nonion? marielense Palmer 

Plate 2, figures 11, 12 

Nonion? marielensis Palmer, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., 

vol. 10, p. 127, text figs. 1-3, 1936. 

Test small, almost spherical, involute, not umbilicate. Five 

chambers in final whorl; chambers inflated, increasing rather 

rapidly in size. Sutures distinctly depressed. Surface of each 

chamber ornamented by numerous (approximately 20 on the 

final chamber) very fine, sharp ribs, which are not continuous 

across the sutures. Aperture very indistinct, apparently not the 

narrow arched opening at the base of the chamber characteristic 

of Nonion; a specimen in which the final chamber is broken shows 

a series of small pores at the base of the chamber and about 6 

pores i.n the chamber face just above the base. Diameter of 

unbroken cotype 0.36 mm; maximum thickness 0.32 mm; 

diameter of broken cotype 0.28 mm. 

The new species is distinguished by its porous aperture, 

ornamentation, and almost spherical shape. The most closely 

related species appears to be Polystomella? obscura Schwager, 

described from the Eocene of Egypt. Schwager's figures do not 

show retral processes, and the original reference to the genus 

Polystomella was doubtful. Both the Cuban and Egyptian 

species have a porous aperture and costate surface; the Cuban 

form is, however, more tumid, being nearly spherical, and the 

costae appear to be more delicate. 

The types of this peculiar species are fron1 Oligocene 

Inarl about 25 meters south of the entrance gate to the 

Naval Acu.dmny at Mariel, Pinu.r del Rio Province, 

Cuba, frmn which it is recorded a.s very rare. 

Nonion havanense Cushman and Bermudez 

Plate 20, figures 1, 2 

Nonion havanense Cushman and Bermudez, Cushman Lab. 

Ji'oram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 19, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14, 

1937. 

Test somewhat compressed, slightly depressed in the 

umbilical regions, completely involute, periphery 

rounded, 8 to 10 chambers in the adult coil, of uniform 

shape, increasing very slightly in size as added; sutures 

distinct, very slightly limbate, not depressed, gently 
NONION 9 

curved; wall smooth; aperture low. Length 0.55 n1m; 

breadth 0.48 mm; thickness 0.28 mm. 

The types are from the Eocene Tejar Consuelo 

(upper beds) of Cerro, Habana, Cuba. 

Nonion mesonense Cole and Gillespie 

Plate 2, figures 10, 16 

Nonion scaphus (Fichiel and Moll) var. mesonensis Cole and 

Gillespie, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 15, no. 57b, p. 132, 

pl. 2, fig. 3, 1930. 

Test somewhat oval or elliptical in outline, about 1% 

ti1nes as long as broad, periphery subacute, biumbilicate; chambers distinct, 10 to 12 in the adult coil, 

increasing in size and length, especially in the later 

portion of the adult coil, later ones slightly inflated; 

sutures distinct, earlier ones strongly limbate, later 

ones depressed, strongly curved; wall smooth, distinctly 

perforate; aperture a low opening at the base of the 

apertural face. Length 0.35 mm; breadth 0.25 mm; 

thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types are from the Oligocene Meson formation 

between kilometer posts 17 and 18 on the Aguila Petroleum Co.'s narrow-gage railroad between Potrero and 

Tanhuijo, Mexico. Our figured specimen is a topotype. 

Nonion affine (Reuss) Cushman 

Plate 2, figure 13 

Nonionina affinis Reuss, Deutsche. geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, 

p. 72, pl. 5, figs. 32a, b, 1851. 

Bornemann, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 7, p. 339, 

1855. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 48, pt. 1, p. 61, 

1863; Acad. royale sci. Belgique Bull., ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 

157, 1863; Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 25, p. 163, 

1865. 

Clark, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 141, p. 92, 1896. 

Bagg, Maryland Gcol. Survey, Eocene, p. 257, pl. 64, fig. 9, 

1901. 

Franke, Mus. Natur- und Hcimatkundc und Naturwiss. 

Ver. Magdeburg Abh. und Bcr., Band 4, Heft 2, p. 188, 

pl. 6, figs. 71a, b, 1925. 

Hucke, Naturwiss. Ver. Dcssau Bcr., Heft 2, p. 15 (list), 

1930. 

Nom:on affinis Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 5, p. 89, pl. 13, figs. 24a, b, 1929. 

Nom:on depressula Nuttall [not Walker and Jacob], Geol. Soc. 

London Quart. Jour., vol. 84, p. 102, 1928. 

P,~anulina affinis Galloway and Morrey [not Pulvinulina affinis 

Hantken], Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 15, no. 55, p. 32, 

pl. 4, figs. 12a-c, 1929. 

Test slightly longer than broad, planispiral, much 

compressed, periphery broadly rounded, deeply b1-

umbilicate; chambers distinct, 10 to 12 in the adult 

coil, of uniform shape, increasing regularly in size as 

added, slightly if at all inflated; sutures distinct, gently 

curved, slightly if at all depressed, ending at the umbilical region in a slightly thickened rim; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture a low curved opening at the 

base of the apertural face. Length 0.45 mm; breadth 

0.35 mm; thickness 0.18-0.20 mm. 

The types of this species are fr01n the Oligocene of 

Hern1sdorf, near Berlin, Germany. It is recorded 

from numerous other Oligocene localities of Germany 

and from the Miocene of northern South America. 

In our collections there are specimens from the middle 

Oligocene of Germany;Hermsdorf, near Berlin;Lobsann, 

Alsace; Sollingen; Flonheim, Mainz Basin; Dusseldorf; 

Gelber Berg, near Cassel; Schacht Melvissen, nea.r 

Oestrum; Duisberg; Doberg, near Bunde; Pietzpuhl; 

Ahnatal, near Cassel; Bra.ndhorst, nea.r Bunde; and n 

single specimen from Arco, upper Italy. 

Nonion advenum (Cushman) Howe 

PJate 20, figures 3, 4 

Nonionina advena Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

129, p. 139, pl. 32, fig. 8, 1922; Prof. Pa.per 133, p. 50, 

1923. 

Cushman and Applin, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 

Bull., vol. 10, p. 181, pJ. 10, figs. 16, 17, 1926. 

N onion ad vena Howe, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 2, p. 17 5 (list), 

1928. 

Cole and Gillespie, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 15, no. 

57b, p. 132, pl. 2, fig. 15, 1930. 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 30, pl. 11, 

figs. 1-4, 1935. 

Test small, nearly circular in side view, biconvex in 

peripheral view, periphery rounded to subacute, 

umbilical region with a. distinct, ra.ised, rounded boss; 

chambers distinct, 9 to 11 in the adult coil, somewha.t 

infla.ted, of rather uniform size a.nd sha.pe; sutures 

distinct, depressed, inner portion excavated a.nd broadened, slightly sigmoid; wall smooth; aperture low, at 

the base of the a.pertural face. Length 0.75 mm; 

brea.dth 0.60 mm; thickness 0.18-0.25 mm. 

This species wa.s origina.lly described from the Oligocene Mint Spring marl member of the Marianna 

limestone, from Vicksburg and Boice, Miss. It is 

widely distributed in the Oligocene of the Coa.stal 

Plain region of the United States and Mexico. It also 

occurs at many localities in the upper Eocene Jackson 

from Texa.s, Louisiana., Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, 

a.nd Georgia. 

Nonion anomalinum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 2, figure 15 

Nonionina anomalina Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 74, 

pl. 26, fig. 2, 1918. 

Test in side view nearly circular, deeply biumbilicate, 

periphery broadly rounded; chambers fairly distinct, 

about seven in the adult coil, later ones slightly inflated; sutures somewhat indistinct, little if at all 

depressed; wa.ll smooth, finely perforate; a.perture a low 

slit a.t the base of the apertural face. Dia.meter 1.25 

mn1; thickness 1.00 mm. 

The types of this species are from the lower part of 

the Culebra formation (the lower part of the Culebra 

formation is considered to be of Oligocene age), north 

of Pedro Miguel Locks, Panama Ca.nal Zone. 
10 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

The last two chambers are suggestive of Oassidulina, 

but this may be an abnormal condition in the type 

speCimen. 

N onion turgescens Cushman 

Plate 2, figure 14 

Nonion turgescens Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 64, pl. 12, figs. 2a, b, 1936. 

Test much compressed, with a broad, rounded keel 

and a distinct, rounded umbo; chambers very distinct, 

8 to 10 in the adult coil, increasing very gradually in 

size as added, only slightly inflated; sutures very distinct, slightly sigmoid; wall ornamented by raised pyriform areas in the central portion of the adult chambers, 

tapering to a point near the umbo; aperture a very 

narrow, highly arched opening at the base of the 

apertural face of the last-formed chamber. Diameter 

0.30 mm; thickness 0.15 mn1. 

The types of this species came from the Oligocene of 

Weinkein bei Alzey, Mainz Basin, Germany. 

The species may be distinguished from N. laeve 

(D'Orbigny) in having fewer chambers and in having 

the raised areas restricted to the middle of the chambers. 

Nonion? costatum (Roemer) Cushman 

Nonionina costata Roemer, Neues Jahrb., 1838, p. 392, pl. 3, 

fig. 67. 

I have not seen material of this species described by 

Roemer from Tertiary of North Germany. The figure 

is not very useful to give details, on account of its 

small size, and the species must be placed with some 

doubt in the genus Nonion until more is known regarding it. 

Nonion? glabrum (Roemer) Cushman 

Nonionina glabra Roemer, Neues Jahrb., 1838, p. 392, pl. 3, 

fig. 66. 

The figure and description of this species also are 

very inadequate, and the details of the test must await 

further studies. 

Nonion polystomeiUforme (Spandel) Cushman 

Nonionina polystomelliformis Spandel, Offenbacher Ver. Naturkunde Ber., 1901-9, p. 216, pl. 2, fig. 9, 1909. 

This species was described from the Oligocene of 

Offenbach, in the Mainz Basin. In the final paper 

figure 9 of plate 2 is missing, and a note in the explanation of the plate gives the information that the original 

specimen was lost. The species must therefore remain 

obscure. 

N onion roemeri Cushman 

Plate 3, figure 1 

Nonion roemeri Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 65, pl. 12, figs. 3a, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, umbilical regions slightly 

depressed, periphery broadly rounded; chambers distinct, very slightly inflated, increasing rather rapidly 

but evenly in size and height as added, 8 to 10 in the 

adult coil; sutures very distinct, slightly depressed, 

distinctly curved; wall smooth except the umbilical 

region, which has a distinct filling of secondary shell 

material running out slightly over the inner end of the 

sutures; aperture consisting of a line of small rounded 

openings at the basal margin of the inner face of the 

last-formed chamber. Length 0.35-0.40 mm; breadth 

0.30-0.35 mm; thickness 0.18-0.20 mm. 

The types of this species are from the upper Oligocene 

of Ahnatal, near Cassel, Germany. 

Nonion commune (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 3, figure 2 

Nonionina communis D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du 

bassin tertiaire de Vienne, p. 106, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8, 1846. 

Reu-ss, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, p. 155, 1851. 

Egger (part), Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 298, pl. 14, figs. 11, 

12(?) [not figs. 13-15]. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 55, pt. 1, p. 106, 

1867. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 190, 

1868. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 59, pt. 1, p. 465, 

1869. 

Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 15, 1878. 

·Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Atti, vol. 33, p. 96, 

pl. 4, figs. 75, 76, 1880; vol. 35, p. 205, pl. 4, fig. 51, 1883. 

Rzehak, Naturf. Ver. Briinn Verh., vol. 14, pt. 1, p. 93, 1885. 

Mariani, Soc. italiana sci. nat. Atti, vol. 31, p. 127, 1888. 

Franzenau, Termes. Fuzetek, vol. 17, p. 80, 1894. 

Egger, Naturh. Ver. Passau Jahresber. 16, p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 

17a, b, 1895. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 8 (644), 1899. 

Silvestri, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Mem., vol. 15, p. 

335, 1899. 

Allix, Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, vol. 43, p. 45, 1913. 

Toula, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Verh., 1914, p. 208; K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 64, p. 660, 1914 [1915]. 

Clodius, Ver. Freunde Naturges. Mecklenburg Archiv, 75. 

Jahr., p. 144, 1922. 

Paalzow, Offenbacher Ver. Naturkunde Ber., 1912-24, p. 27, 

pl. 2, figs. 13a, b, 1924. 

Martinotti, R. ufficio geol. d'Italia Boll., vol. 51, no. 5, p. 4 

(list), 1926. 

Clodius, Mecklenburg. geol. Landesa'nstalt Mitt., vol. 39, 

p. 115 (table), 1930. ~ 

Test slightly longer than broad, compressed, mbilical region slightly depressed, filled with a g anular 

mass of secondary material, periphery rounded; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, about 10 in adult coil, 

increasing in size as added; sutures distinct, slightly 

depressed, distinctly curved; wall smooth, except the 

granular umbilical area; aperture a low opening at the 

base of the apertural face. Length 0.60-0.70 mm; 

breadth 0.40-0.45 mm; thickness 0.25-0.28 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Miocene of 

Nussdorf, in the Vienna Basin of Austria. Our 

figured specimen is a topotype. D'Orbigny also records 

the species from the Pliocene of Coroncina, near Siena, 

Italy. The following are records for the species that 

seem to be worthy of listing, although they are for the 
NONION 11 

most pa~t ~naccompanied by figures. Miocene, upper 

be~s, Grmz1ng, Salzthon, Wieliczka, Austria; fron1 the 

Le1thakalk of N ussdorf; Miocene of Bordeaux France· 

~liocene clays of Siena and Astrupp, Italy, a~d livin~ 1n the Adriatic. Upper Oligocene of Gaas France 

(Reuss). Miocene, Bavaria, and older Pli~cene of 

Monte Bartolomeo, Lake Garda, Italy (Egger). Mioce~e, Kostej, Banat region of Hungary (Karrer). 

Phoc~n~, Isle. of Rhodes (Terquem). Pliocene, Italy 

<rr:erngl). Mwcene, Mahr-Ostrau, Austria (Rzehak). 

Phocene of Savona, Italy (Mariani). Miocene, Hungary (Frazenau). Miocene, Italy (Fornasini). Plioce~e, Siena, Italy (Silvestri). Miocene, France (Allix). 

11wcene, Ottnanager, Austria, and Hungary (Toula). 

Upper Miocene, Mecklenburg and Bromsenberg, near 

Liibtheen, Germany (Clodius). Oligocene, Offenbach, 

Germany (Paalzow). Pliocene, Orosei, Italy (Martinotti). 

A few other records for this species are very questionable and are not listed here. 

In our collections there are specimens that see1n to be 

referable to this species from Imendorf, near Salzenburg~ Au~t?a; Mollersdorf, Austria; Gebel Murr, Egypt; 

Wadi R1e1na, Egypt; and Habashi Bore 30°'18'30" 

north latitude, 3~ 31'45" east longitude, E~pt, the last 

three from material collected by Dr. W. A. Macfadyen. 

The species seems close to N. elongata (D'Orbigny) 

but is slightly less compressed and has fewer chnmbers. 

Nonion elongatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 3, figures 4-6 

Nonionina elongata D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. ~r, p. 294, 

no. 20, 1826. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. lst. Bologna Mem., ser. (), vol. 1, 

p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 4, 4a, 1904. 

Test longer than broad, completely involutE~, biumbilicate, the umbilical regions filled with a finely papillate mass of secondary shell material, periphery broadly 

rounded; chan1bers distinct, numerous, 12 to 16 in the 

adult coil, increasing rather rapidly in breadth in the 

later portion, very slightly if at all inflated; sutures 

distinct, slightly if a.t all depressed, slightly curved; 

wall smooth except for the umbilical region, finely perforate; aperture a low, narrow arched opening at the 

base of the apertural face. Length 0.65-0.75 n1m; 

breadth 0.40-0.50 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 

The types of this species were from the Miocene of 

Dax, in France. Our figured specimens are topotypes. 

There are other specimens in our collections which 

seem to belong to this species from the Miocene of 

Kostej, Banat region, Hungary; Loos, near Baden, 

Austna; Baden, Austria; Brunn, Austria; and. Wadi el 

Bir, Egypt; and from the Pliocene of Castel Arquato, 

Italy. 

Specimens from the last-named locality are hardly to 

be _distinguished from N. fabum (Fichtel and Moll), 

which has fewer chambers and less marked umbilical 

filling. The species also resembles N. boueanum 

(D'Orbigny) but has a rounded periphery, and the 

sutures are not prominently limbate. 

Nonion granosum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 2, figures 17, 18 

Nonionina granosa D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 8, 1826; Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin tertiaire de 

Vienne, p. 110, pl. 5, figs. 19, 20, 1846. 

Seguenza, Accad. gioenia sci. nat. Atti, ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 

15, 1862. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 479, 

1864. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 190, 

1868. 

Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 15, 1878. 

Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Atti, vol. 35, p. 206, 

pl. 4, fig. 54, 1883. 

HoE!ius, Naturwiss. Ver. Osnabriick Jahrb. 1893-94, p. 179, 

1895. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 12 (648), 1899; vol. 8, p. 44, fig. 48 (in text), 1900. 

Liebus, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 52, p. 97, 1903. 

Clodius, Ver. Freunde Naturges. Mecklenburg Archiv, 75. 

Jahr., p. 144, 1922. 

Test close-coiled, nearly involute, somewhat contpressed, very slightly depressed at the umbilical a.rea, 

which is filled with a few comparatively large, raised· 

bosses, the central one somewhat larger than the others . ' penphery broadly rounded; chambers distinct, 9 or 

10 in the adult coil, of rather uniform size and shape, 

slightly if at all inflated; sutures very distinct, somewhat lim bate, not depressed, very slightly curved; wall 

smooth, except for the umbilical area, very coarsely 

perforate; aperture a very narrow opening at the base 

of the apertural face. Diameter 0.45-0.55 mn1; thickness 0.25 mm. 

D'Orbigny recorded this species from the Pliocene of 

Castel Arquato in 1826 and from N ussdorf, in the 

Vienna Basin, in 1846, and also from the Pliocene of 

Coroncina, near Siena, Italy. It has since been recorded 

several times, as the references show, but has rarely 

been figured. The specimens here figured came from 

Nussdorf. The following are the published records: 

Pleistocene, Catania, Sicily (Seguenza); upper Oligocene, Germany (Reuss); Miocene, Kostej (Karrer); 

Pliocene, Isle of Rhodes (Terquem); Pliocene, marl of 

the Quirinal, Rome, Italy (Terrigi); upper Oligocene, 

Do berg, near BUnde, Germany (Hosius) ;Pliocene, Calabria,Sicily;and Recent Adriatic (Fornasini); and Oligocene of upper Bavaria (Liebus). As most of these 

records are not accompanied by figures, they must be 

open to question. 

Nonion lamarcki (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 3, figure 9; plate 6, figure 26 

Nonionina lamarcki D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 13, 1826. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, vol. 1, 

p. 11, pl. 3, figs. 1, 1a, 1904. 
12 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONTONIDAE 

Test involute, cornpressed, periphery of early portion 

sharply angular, later somewhat rounded, un1bilical 

region slightly depressed and filled with a granular 

mass of secondary shell material; chambers distinct, 

slightly if at all inflated, increasing gradually in size 

as added, of uniform shape; sutures distinct, curved, 

very slightly depressed, not distinctly lim bate; wall 

smooth, finely perforate; aperture a low opening at the 

base of the apertura.I face. Length 0.80-0.90 mm; 

breadth 0.65-0.70 mm; thickness 0.30-0.35 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Miocene of 

Dax, France. The specimen here figured is a topotype. 

The species occurs also in our collections from the following Miocene localities of France: Burdigalien superieur, Merignac, Gironde; Point Gourguet, Saucats 

(Gironde); Burdigalien moyen, Le Coquillat, Leognan; 

Burdigalien inferieur, Moulin de l'eglise, Saucats, 

Gironde; Aquitanien superieur, Saint Arit, near Mont 

de Marsan; Aquitanieninferieur, railroad cut, La Brede; 

Helvetien, Moulin du Minoy, Salles. 

The angled periphery seems to be a constant feature, 

though the figure copied from D'Orbigny's plate by 

Fornasini does not show it. This form is close to N. 

bouean11m (D'Orbigny), which has somewhat limbate 

sutures. The two species are very close to one another. 

Nonion perforatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 3, figure 3 

Nonionina perforata D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 110, pl. 5, figs. 17, 18, 1846. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 55, pt. 1, p. 106, 

1867. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 

190, 1868. 

Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 15, 1878. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 15 (651), 1899. 

Toula, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 64, p. 672, 1914 

[1915]. 

Clodius, Ver. Freunde Naturges. Mecklenburg Archiv, 75. 

Jahr., p. 144, pl. 1, fig. 19, 1914 [1915). 

Nonionina punctata D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. Ill, pl. 5, figs. 21, 22, 1846. 

Seguenza, Accad. gioenia sci. nat. Atti, ser. 2, vol. 18, 

p. 14, 1862; Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 50, 

pt. 1, p. 479, 1864. 

Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Atti, vol. 35, p. 206, 

pl. 4, fig. 53, 1883. 

Hosius, Naturwiss. Ver. Osnabriick Jahrb., 1893-94, p. 

179, 1895. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 16 (652), 1899. 

Liebus, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 56, p. 361, 1960. 

Test involute, compressed, un1bilical region depressed 

and filled with a few small rounded bosses, periphery 

broadly rounded; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 

of rather uniform shape and size, 9 or 10 in the adult 

coil; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, curved, not 

Jin1bate; wall smooth, coarsely perforate; aperture a low 

opening at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

0.50 mm; thickness 0.20-0.25 mm. 

The types are fron1 the MiDcene of N ussdorf in the 

Vienna Basin. Our figure shows a topotype specimen. 

A con1parison of n1aterial seems to show that the two 

species described by D'Orbigny are apparently the 

same. There are numerous records from the upper 

Oligocene to the Pliocene of central and southern Europe, 

but as very few of the records are accompanied by figures 

it is difficult to be at all certain that they all represent 

this species. 

Nonion boueanum (D'Orbigny) Hada 

Plate 3, figures 7, 8 

Nonionina boueana D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 108, pl. 5, figs. 11, 12, 1846. 

Reuss, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, p. 155, 1851; 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., voJ. 39, p. 210, 1860; 

vol. 42, pp. 357, 366, 1860; Acad. royale sci. Belgique Bull., 

ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 156, p1. 3, figs. 47, 48, 1863; Akad. Wiss. 

Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 479, 1864; Akad. 

Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 25, p. 164, 1865. 

Mariani, Soc. italiana sci. nat. Atti, vo1. 31, p. 128, 1888. 

Malagoli, Soc. nat. Modena Atti, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 183, 1889. 

Terrigi, Com. geol. italiana Mem., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 110, pl. 4, 

fig. 17, 1891; R. accad. Lincei Atti, ser. 4, Mem., vol. 6, 

p. 119, pl. 10, fig. 5, 1893. 

Hosius, Naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinlande u. Westfalens Verh., 

vol. 50, p. 133, 1893; Naturwiss. Ver. Osnabriick Jahrb., 

1893-94, p. 179, 1895. 

Silvestri, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Mem., vol. 15, p. 

335, 1899. 

Schubert, Deutscher naturwiss.- med. Ver. Bohmen "Lotos" 

Sitzungsber., no. 6, p. 26, 1899. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 7 (643)' 1899. 

Schubert, Deutscher naturwiss.- med. Ver. Bohmen "Lotos" 

Sitzungsber. 1900, p. 98. 

Toula, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 64, pp. 645, 

660, 1914 [1915]. 

Martinotti, Soc. geol. ita1iana Boll., vol. 34, p. 250, 1915. 

Krumpholtz, Naturf. Ver. Brunn Verh., vol. 54, p. 138, 1916. 

Liebus, Deutscher naturwiss.- med. Ver. Bohmen "Lotos" 

in Prag, vol. 72, p. 129, 1924. 

Macfadyen, Egypt Geol. Survey, 1930, p. 104, pl. 4, figs. 

16a, b, 1931. 

?Nonion boueana Hada, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Rept., 4th ser., 

Bioi., vol. 6, p. 117, text fig. 76, 1931. 

Test much compressed, umbilical areas depressed and 

filled with granular or papillate secondary shell material, periphery subacute; chambers distinct, elongate, 

of rather uniform shape, but more elongate in the later 

portion, 15 or more in the adult coil, slightly inflated; 

sutures distinct, slightly depressed, strongly eurved, 

lim bate; wall smooth except for the umbilical area; 

aperture small, arched, at the base of the apertural face·. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

Nussdorf, in the Vienna Basin. Our figured specimen 

is a topotype. The above references are fossil records 

for this speeies, and there are many more records for its 

occurrence in the present oceans. Some of the figures 

given are evidently not this species. There is considerable variation in the species, as shown in our figures. 

There are records for central and southern Europe from 
NONION 13 

the upper Oligocene to the Pliocene which 1nay represent this species, but those fr01n other regions evidently 

do not, as n1ay be seen from the figures given and cmnparison with specin1ens fron1 these localities. 

In our collections there are specimens referable to this 

species fr01n the following localities: Miocene of Austria, 

Nussdorf, Vosslau, Gainfarn1, Rausnitz, Niederleis, 

Perchtoldsdorf, Mollendorf, Nickolsburg, Holuluea, 

Loos, Baden; Miocene of Hungary, Kostej and Varpolata; Miocene of Egypt, Wadi Sudr, Wadi el Bir, near 

Gebel Gentoul; Pliocene of Italy, Caste!' Arquato, 

Paggiarone, near Siena. 

Nonion soldanii (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 3, figures 10, 11; plate 4, figure 23 

Nonionina soldanii D'Orbigny, Foraroiniferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 109, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16, 1846. 

Reuss, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, p. 155, 1851. 

Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 201, pl. 17, 

fig. 11' 1856. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 39, p. 210, 1860; 

vol. 42, p. 366, 1860. 

Seguenza, Accad. gioenia sci. nat. Atti, ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 13, 

1862. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 479, 

1864; Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 55, pt. 1, p. 105, 

1867. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 189, 

1868. 

Terquero, Soc. geol. France Mero., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 15, 1878. 

Egger, Naturh. Ver. Passau Jahresber. 16, p. 40, pl. 3, 

figs. 16a, b, 18a, b, 1895. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. 1st. Bologna Mero., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 17 (653)' 1899. 

Liebus, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. .52, p. 85, 1903. 

Nonionina falx Czjzek, Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abh., vol. 2, p. 

6, pl. 12, figs. 30, 31, 1848. 

Hosius, Naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinlande u. Westfalens. Verb., 

vol. 50, p. 135, 1893. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mero., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 11 (647), 1899. 

Test close-coiled, biun1bilicate, the umbilical area 

deeply excavated, periphery very broadly rounded, 

almost truncate; chan1bers distinct, not inflated, of uniform size and shape, increasing very slightly in size; 

sutures distinct, not depressed, slightly limbate, very 

slightly curved; wall smooth, usually rather coarsely 

perforate; aperture a low, broad opening at the base of 

the apertural face. Dian1eter 0.50·-0.60 mn1; thickness 

0.30-0.35 mnl. 

The types of this species can1e fron1 the Miocene of 

N ussdorf, in the Vienna Basin. Our figured specimen 

is a topotype. D'Orbigny also recorded it from the 

Pliocene of Coroncina, near Siena, Italy. Czjzek's 

species N. falx is apparently the same. 

The generic position of these forms with very deep 

umbilicus and coarsely perforate test is open to some 

doubt. They seem to be related to similar larger forms 

which probably should be included under Anomalina 

and are bilaterally symmetrical in the adult, derived 

front a trochoid ancestry. The whole group needs 

detailed study with sections and large series of speeinlens in all stages of development. 

There are various records of the species in central and 

southern Europe from the upper Oligocene to the 

Pliocene. 

Our collections contain specimens which seem to be 

this species from the following localities: Miocene of 

Austria, Nussdorf, Mollendorf (near Baden), Niederleis, Mollersdorf, Baden, Loos (near Baden), Brunn, 

Vosslau, Perchtoldsdorf, Rausnitz; from Hungary at 

Kostej and V arpolata. There are specimens also from 

Czjzek's localities at Paremba and Dombrard; fron1 

Egypt at Wadi Rieina and from a well near Ras el Ush; 

from near Zuffana, Sardinia. In the Pliocene there are 

specimens from Coroncina and Paggiarone, near Siena, 

Italy. 

On plate 4, figure 23, are copies of the early figures 

given by Fornasini 3 of D'Orbigny's 1826 unpublished 

plates of Nonionina melo. Whether this species is the 

same as that of the Vienna Basin monograph is very 

questionable. So far as the figure shows it is not umbilicate, and the number and shape of the chambers are 

very different. 

Nonion tuberculatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 3, figures 12, 16, 17 

Nonionina tuberculata D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 108, pl. 5, figs. 13, 14, 1846. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 479, 

1864. 

Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Atti, vol. 35, p. 207, 

1883. 

Malagoli, Soc. nat. Modena Atti, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 183, 1889. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 20 (656)' 1899. 

Nonionina subgranosa Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 299, pl. 14, 

figs. 16-18. 

Test close-coiled, compressed, periphery broadly 

rounded, umbilical regions slightly depressed and filled 

with secondary shell material, the surface of which 

has nu1nerous sntall rounded bosses; chambers distinct, 

slightly inflated, of rather uniform shape, increasing 

very gradually in size, 9 to 12 in the adult coil; sutures 

distinct, slightly depressed, curved; wall srriooth except 

for the un1bilical regions, coarsely perforate; aperture 

a small, low opening at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0.35-0.40 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

Nussdorf, in the Vienna Basin. Our figured specimens 

are topotype~ The specimens figured from Ortenburg 

(figs. 16, 17) are practically topotypes of Egger's 

species, which seems to be a synonym. 

The species has been recorded from the upper 

Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene of central and 

southern Europe. 

a Fornasini, C., Le Polistomelline fossili d'Italia: Accad sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., 

ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 14 (650), text fig. 3, 1899. 
14 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Nonion dense-punctatum (Egger) Cushman 

Plate 3, :figure 15 

Nonionina dense-punctata Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 299, pl. 14, 

:figs. 22, 23. 

Nonion dense-punctatus Cushman, Soc. sci. Seine-et-Oise Bull., 

ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 50, pl. 1, :figs. 8a, b, 1928, 

Test nearly circular in side view, somewhat compressed, periphery broadly rounded, umbilical regions 

distinctly depressed; chambers distinct, somewhat 

inflated, about eight in the adult coil, of rather uniform 

size and shape; sutures distinct, somewhat depressed, 

slightly curved; wall very coarsely perforate, otherwise 

smooth; aperture a low opening at the base of the a pert ural face. Diameter up to 0.35 mm; thickness 0.15 

mm. 

The types of this species were described by Egger 

from the Miocene of Hausbach, in Bavaria. Our 

figured specimen is practically a topotype coming from 

Egger's locality of Ortenburg. I have also recorded the 

species from the upper Oligocene of Morigny, near 

Paris. 

Nonion pauper (Egger) Cushman 

Plate 3, :figure 13 

Nonionina pauper Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 300, pl. 14, :figs. 

26, 27. 

Nonionina testa suborbiculata angulata laevigata, compressa; 

loculis 5 convexis, marginem versus attenuatis; suturis parum 

profundis; apertura ? Diam. ~ mm. 

The above is a copy of the original description by 

Egger. 

A copy of the original figure is given here. No 

specimens were found in our material from Ortenburg. 

The type locality is given by Egger as Miocene of 

Habiihl, Bavaria. 

Nonion simplex (Karrer) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 1 

Nonionina simplex Karrer, Novara-Exped., Geo~. Theil, vol. 1. 

pt. 2, p. 83, pl. 16, fig. 17, 1865. 

N. testa discoidali, convexa, subumbilicata, laevigata, margine 

rotundata, loculis 10-12 angustatis, ultimo supra semilunari 

sicut apertura. Diam. 1 millim., rarissima. 

The above is the description given by Karrer, and 

the figure here given is copied from his original. It 

does not give a very clear idea of the species. The types 

came from the Miocene of New Zealand. 

Nonion leo (Karrer) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 2 

Nonionina leo Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitztingsber., vol. 58, 

pt. 1' p. 190, pl. 5, :fig. 8, 1868. 

On plate 4 is a copy of the type figure given by Karrer. 

As the surface is largely eroded it is difficult to get a 

very clear idea of the species. The types came from 

the Miocene of Kostej, in the Banat region of Hungary. 

I have failed to find specimens in material examined 

from the type locality. 

N onion infiatum (Schubert) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 3 

Nonionina turgida Williamson var. injlata Schubert, Deutschen 

naturwiss.-med. Ver. Bohmen "Lotos" Sitzungsber., 1900, 

p. 97, pl. 2, :fig. 6a, b. 

This species, according to the figures, has- the chambers increasing very rapidly as added, the last-formed 

one making up the entire surface in apertural view. 

The types are from the Miocene of central Europe. 

I have not had any material referable to it. 

Nonion extensum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 4 

Nonionina extensa Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 676, 

p. 69, pl. 25, figs. 4a, b, 1918. 

Test longer than broad, compressed, periphery 

rounded, umbilical regions slightly depressed; chambers 

fairly distinct, about eight in the adult coil, rapidly 

increasing in size as added in the adult, not inflated; 

sutures fairly distinct, little if at all depressed, slightly 

curved; wall smooth, distinctly perforate; aperture a 

low curved opening at the base of the apertural face. 

Length 0.60 mm; breadth 0.40 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The type of this species is from the Miocene Duplin 

marl of Mayesville, S. C. 

It has been found in our material only from the type 

locality. 

N onion glabrellum Cushman 

Plate 3, :figure 14 

Nonion glabrella Cushman, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 38, 

pl. 6, figs. 6a, b, 1930. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 31, 1931. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 69, 

1932. 

Cushman and Cahill, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 20, pl. 7, :figs. 3a, b, 1933. 

Test somewhat longer than broad, much compressed, 

umbilical regions slightly depressed, tending slightly to 

uncoil in the adult, periphery rounded; chambers 

distinct, inflated, six or seven in the adult coil, increasing 

rather rapidly in size as added; sutures distinct, depressed, somewhat limbate, nearly radial, very slightly 

curved; wall smooth, finely perforate; aperture a low 

curved opening at the base of the apertural face with 

sometimes a supplementary, rounded opening in the 

apertural face connected with the base. Length 0.30 

mm; breadth 0.20 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

The types are from the Miocene Choctawhatchee 

formation of old Coes Mill, about 1~ miles northwest of 

Hosford, Liberty County, Fla., in the Cancellaria 

zone of the Choctawhatchee. In the Alum Bluff 

group (lower and middle Miocene) it has occurred in 

the Cardium beds and middle zone of the Shoal River 

formation, in the Oak Grove sand, and in the Chipola 

formation. Cole has recorded it from the Pliocene of 

Florida. 
NONION 15 

It is a very small bnt rather distinctive species of 

the Florida region but has not been recorded in the 

Miocene to the north. 

Nonion costiferum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 5 

Nonionina costijera Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 90, pl. 13, figs. 2a-c, 1926; vol. 2, 

pt. 3, p. 65, 1926. 

Nonion costijera Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart, San Diego Soc. 

Nat. History Trans., vol. 6, p. 60, pl. 3, figs. 13a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 7, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 27a, b, 1931. 

Cushman and Laiming, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 5, p. 104, 

pl. 11, figs. 9a, b, 1931. 

Nonionina boueana Chapman [not D'Orbigny], California Acad. 

Sci. Proc., ser. 3 (Geology), vol. 1, p. 255, pl. 30, figs. 14, 

14a, 1900. 

Test somewhat longer than broad, compressed, periphery acute, almost keeled, umbilical regions depressed, 

apertural face heart-shaped or broadly triangular, flattened or slightly concave; chambers distinct, numerous, 

as many as 20 in the adult coil, of rather uniform size 

and shape, not inflated; sutures distinct, limbate, 

slightly raised, increasing in thickness and height 

toward the umbilicus, strongly curved; wall smooth 

except for the raised sutures, finely perforate; aperture 

a small, low, curved opening at the base of the apertural 

face. Length up to 1 mm; breadth 0.60 mrn; thickness 

0.35-0.40 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene 

Monterey shale of San Luis Obispo County, Calif. It 

has also been recorded from the 11iocene of Humboldt 

County; from the east side of San Joaquin Valley; and 

from Los Sauces Creek, Ventura County, Calif. 

Nonion incisum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 6 

Nonionina incisa Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 90, pl. 13, figs. 13a-c, 1926; vol. 2, 

pt. 3, p. 65, 1926. 

N onion incisa Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart, San Diego Soc. 

Nat. History Trans., vol. 6, p. 60, 1930. 

Cushman and Laiming, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 5, p. 104, 

pl. 11, figs. lOa, b, 1931. 

Cushman and Parker, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 7, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 26a, b, 1931. 

Cushman and Cahill, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 4a, b, 1933. 

Test longer than broad, periphery acute, somewhat 

compressed, umbilical regions depressed, apertural face 

generally heart-shaped, slightly convex; chambers distinct, later ones very slightly inflated, of rather uniform 

size and shape, increasing slightly in size in the adult, 

about 15 in the final coil; sutures distinct, slightly 

depressed, strongly curved; wall smooth, very finely 

perforate; aperture a low, curved opening at the base 

of the apertural face. Length 0.6Q-0.70 mm; breadth 

0.45-Q.50 mm; thickness 0.30-0.35 mm. 

1819-39-2 

This species was originally described from the Miocene Monterey shale of San Luis Obispo County, Calif. 

It has also been recorded from the Miocene of Los 

Sauces Creek, Ventura County, and the east side of 

San Joaquin Valley, Calif.; and from the Pliocene of 

Humboldt County, Calif. It occurs also in the Miocene 

St. Marys formation of Virginia and in the Choptank 

formation of Maryland. 

Nonion medio-costatum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 4, figures 7, 8 

Nonionina medio-costata Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Conti-., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 89, pl. 13, figs. la-c, 

1926; vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 65, 1926. 

Test slightly longer than broad, periphery rounded 

to subacute, co~1pressed, umbilical regions depressed, 

apertural face generally heart-shaped to oval; chambers 

distinct, numerous, 15 or more in the adult coil, very 

slightly if at all inflated, of rather uniform shape, increasing gradually in size in the last part of the adult 

coil; sutures distinct, slightly limbate, often slightly 

depressed, son1ewhat curved; wa.ll with the areas 

between the sutures toward the umbilical region raised, 

otherwise smooth; aperture a low, curved opening at 

the base of the apertural face. Length 0.65 mm; 

breadth 0.40 mm; thickness 0.20-0.25 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene 

Monterey shale of San Luis Obispo County, Calif. It 

has not been recorded elsewhere. The distinguishing 

character is the raised area between the sutures near 

the umbilical area. 

Nonion dollfusi Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 13 

Nonion dolljusi Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 65, pl. 12, figs. 4 a, b, 1936. 

Test much compressed, with a large, flat, slightly 

raised umbo, periphery with a distinct, rounded keel, 

sharply set off from the rest of the test; chambers very 

distinct, numerous, 15 to 18 in the adult coil, of uniform 

shape, increasing very gradually in size; sutures very 

distinct, deeply depressed, slightly sigmoid in the adult; 

wall smooth except for the depressions of the sutures; 

aperture consisting of a few small pores at the base of 

the inner margin of the last-formed chamber. Length 

1.00-1.15 mm; breadth 0.90-1.00 mm; thickness 0.40 

mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene 

Burdigalien superieur of Merignac, Gironde, France. 

In our collections it also occurs in material collected by 

Dr. Dollfus at the following localities: Burdigalien 

superieur, Point Gourguet, Saucats, Gironde, France. 

Burdigalien moyen, Le Coquillat, Leognan, France. 

Aquitanien superieur, Saint Arit, near Mont de Marsan, 

France. Aquitanien inferieur, railroad cut, La Brede, 

Larriey, France. A single specimen very similar to this 

was found in Miocene material from "Pecten bank, near 

Loretto, Italy." 
16 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

N onion montereyanum Cushman and Galliher 

Plate 4, figure 9 

Nonion montereyanum Cushman and Galliher, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 10, p. 24, pl. 4, figs. 6a, b, 

1934. 

Test somewhat asymmetrical, variable, slightly evolute, umbilical regions slightly depressed, periphery 

rounded, becoming more broadly so in the adult; 

chambers distinct, numerous, 12 to 14 in the adult coil, 

of rather uniform shape, increasing gradually in size 

and breadth as added, later ones usually much thickened laterally and becoming nearly circular in section; 

sutures distinct, very slightly depressed, strongly 

curved; aperture a low opening at the base of the a pert ural face. Diameter 0.55 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types of this species came fron1 the Miocene 

Monterey shale, on the East Fork of Canyon Segundo, 

50 feet stratigraphically below a point 2 mm (on map) 

west and 3 1nn1 (on map) north of intersection of longitude 121 °50' and north line of James Meadows tract, 

Monterey quadrangle, Calif. 

This species is variable in the amount of asymmetry 

developed. On the ventral side the chambers often 

end in distinct points. 

Nonion montereyanum Cushman and Galliher var. carmeloense Cushman and Galliher 

Plate 4, figure 10 

Nonion montereyanum Cushman and Galliher var. carmeloensis 

Cushman and Galliher, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 10, p. 24, pl. 4, figs. 7a, b, 1934. 

Variety differing from the typical in the much more 

compressed test, lack of inflation in the later portion of 

the whorl, and somewhat fewer and slightly higher 

chambers. 

The types of the variety came from the same locality 

as the typical form. 

Nonion pizarrense W. Berry var. multicameratum Cushman 

and Kleinpell 

Plate 4, figure 11 

Nonion pizarrensis W. Berry var. multicameratum Cushman and 

Kleinpell, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 10, 

p. 4, pl. 1, figs. lOa, b, 1934. 

Variety differing from the typical form in the greater 

number of chambers and the more open umbilical 

region. 

The types of the variety are from the Miocene 

Monterey shale 35 feet stratigraphically above the 

contact with quartz diorite as exposed in Coyote 

Canyon, on the north side of Carmel Valley, Calif. 

Similar forms also occur with the typical species in 

the Miocene of Florida. 

N onion dingdeni Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 12 

Nonion dingdeni Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 65, pl. 12, figs. 5a, b, 1936. 

Test slightly longer than broad, somewhat compressed, periphery in e~:trly stages subacute or slightly 

keeled, later rounded, umbilical region slightly depressed; chambers distinct, about 10 in the last-formed 

coil, distinctly inflated toward the inner end, increasing 

rather rapidly in height in the last portion; sutures 

distinct, deeply depressed toward the umbilicus, 

curved; wall smooth except for the umbilical region, 

which is filled with granular secondary shell material; 

aperture very low, narrow, at the base of the inner 

margin of the last-formed chamber. Length 0.60 mm; 

breadth 0.50 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

Dingden, Germany. 

Nonion novo-zealandicum Cushman 

Plate 3, figure 19 

Nonion novo-zealandicum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 66, pl. 12, figs. 6a, b, 1936. 

Test compressed, umbilical region deeply excavated, 

periphery broadly rounded; chambers distinct, very 

slightly inflated, of uniform shape, increasing very 

gradually in size as added; sutures distinct, strongly 

limbate, thickening strongly toward the umbilicus, 

slightly curved; wall smooth, coarsely perforate; 

aperture an elongate, low opening at the base of the 

inner margin of the last-formed chamber. Length 0.90 

mm; breadth 0.80 mm; thickness 0.45 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

Motatura, New Zealand. 

N onion stachei Cushman 

Plate 3, figure 18 

Nonion stachei Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 12, p. 66, pl. 12, figs. 7a, b, 1936. 

Test slightly longer than broad, compressed, periphery subacute, umbilical region with an umbonate mass 

of granular secondary shell material; chambers distinct, 

numerous, 15 to 18 in the adult coil, slightly if at all 

inflated; sutures distinct, limbate, slightly curved, 

expanded and raised toward the umbilicus; wall smooth 

except for the central umbonate mass and slightly 

raised sutures; aperture small, low, at the base of the 

last-formed chamber. Length 0.80 mm; breadth 0.70 

mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

The types of this species came frmn the Miocene 

Shell bed, Target Gully, Oamaru, New Zealand. 
NONION 17 

Nonion victoriense Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 14 

Nonion victoriense Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 67, pl. 12, figs. lOa, b, 1936. 

Test slightly longer than broad, strongly compressed, 

particularly toward the subacute periphery, umbilical 

region not depressed; chambers distinct, curved, of 

rather uniform shape, not inflated; sutures distinct, 

strongly curved, lim bate, not depressed; wall smooth 

except for the umbilical region, which has numerous 

small, raised beads that also run across the base of the 

apertural face; aperture a series of small, rounded 

openings at the base of the inner margin of the lastformed chamber. Length 0.70 mm; breadth 0.50 mm; 

thickness 0.30 mm. 

The types of this species came from the lower Pliocene 

near Lake Bunga, eastern Victoria, Australia. 

Nonion nicobarense Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 16 

Nonion nicobarensis Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 67, pl. 12, figs. 9a, b, 1936. 

Test slightly longer than broad, slightly umbilicate, 

periphery rounded; chambers distinct, 10 to 12 in the 

adult coil, of rather uniform shape, not inflated; sutures 

distinct, curved, strongly limbate, fusing in a ring about 

the umbilicus, not depressed; wall smooth, coarsely 

perforate; aperture a low, broad opening with a distinct 

lip, at the base of the inner margin of the last-for~ed 

chamber. Length 0.35 mm; breadth 0.28 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pliocene of 

Kar Nicobar. 

Nonion ibericum Cushman 

Plate 4, figures 17, 18 

Nonion ibericum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 68, pl. 12, figs. 12, 13, 1936. 

Test small, slightly longer than broad, periphery 

rounded; umbilical area slightly depressed but filled 

with granular secondary shell material; chambers distinct about 10 in the adult coil, of uniform shape, ' . . increasing slightly in size as added; sutures distmct, 

lim bate curved, sigmoid in the adult, slightly depressed; 

wall sm~oth, except for the granulation of the umbilical 

region; aperture a low, broad opening at the base of 

the inner margin of the last-formed chamber. Length 

0.20 mm; breadth 0.15 mm; thickness 0.08 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pleistocene 

of Malaga, Spain. 

Nonion schwageri Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 22 

Nonion schwageri Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 67, pl. 12, figs. 8a, b, 1936. 

Test slightly compressed, umbilical region slightly 

depressed, periphery broadly rounded; chambers few, 

about eight in the adult coil, of uniform shape, increasing very slightly in size, very slightly if at all inflated, 

sutures distinct, slightly curved or irregularly sigmoid, 

slightly if at all depressed; wall smooth; aperture consisting of a row of small rounded openings at the base 

of the inner margin of the last-formed chamber. Length 

0.25 mm; breadth 0.22 mm; thickness 0.17 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pliocene of 

Kar N ico bar. 

Nonion anscustum Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 25 

Nonion angustum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Re~earch 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 68, pl. 12, figs. lla, b, 1936. 

Test about as long as broad, umbilical region slightly 

depressed, periphery rounded; chambers distinct, about 

12 in the adult coil, of uniform shape and increasing 

very gradually in size, slightly inflated; sutures distinct, 

slightly depressed, gently curved, slightly sigmoid in 

the last portion; wall smooth, distinctly perforate; a perture low, elongate, at the base of the inner margin of 

the last-formed chamber. Length 0.50 mm; breadth 

0.45 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pliocene of 

Lanarka, Island of Cyprus. 

Nonion attenuatum (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 19 

Nonionina attenuata Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 

2, p. 20~ pl. 1~ figs. lOa, b, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 6 (642) J 1899. 

Costa described and figured this species from the 

Pliocene of Italy. The two references given seem to 

be all for this species. The figure that is copied on 

plate 4 shows a test which has many chambers, somewhat umbilicate and the apertural face broadly 

elliptical. I hav~ been unable to find in my material 

any specimens that could be identified with this 

species. 

Nonion nautiloideum (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 20 

Nonionina nautiloidea Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, 

p. 2, pl. 20, fig. 1! 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 14 (650) J 1899. 

A copy of Costa's figure is given on plate 4, but 

I have been unable to find the species in our Italian 

Pliocene material from which Costa described this 

species. 
18 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Nonion polystoma (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 15 

Nonionina polystoma Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 2, 

p. 206, pl. 14, fig~:~. lOa, A, B, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 15 (651), 1899. 

As in the preceding species the original figure of 

Costa is here given, and no material has been found. 

Costa described this species from the Pliocene of Italy, 

and Fornasini records it also from the Miocene. 

Nonion rude (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 21 

Nonionina rudis Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 2, p. 

205, pl. 20, figs 2a, b, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 16 (652)' 1899. 

Costa described this species from the Pliocene of 

Italy, and Fornasini records it as common in the 

Pliocene of Terra d'Otranto and as rare in the Pliocene 

of Calabria and also in the Pleistocene of Catania. I 

have had material from the last two localities but have 

not been able to find the species. 

Nonion striolatum (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 24 

Nonionina striolata Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 2, 

p. 203, pl. 17, figs. 12a, b, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 19 (655), 1899. 

The only records for this species are from the Pliocene 

of Italy. From the name and figure the characteristic 

ornamentation of the test is that shown on our figure, 

which is copied from Costa. No material of the species 

have been available for study. 

Nonion buxovillanum (Andreae) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 2 

Nonionina buxovillana Andreae, Abh. geol. Specialkarte ElsassLothringen, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 162, pl. 11, figs. 3a, b, 1884. 

The figure here given is copied from the originals of 

Andreae. I have seen no material that might be referred 

to this species. The types came from the Oligocene of 

Alsace. 

Nonion belridgense Barbat and Johnson 

Plate 5, figure 1 

Nonion belridgensis Barbat and Johnson, Jour. Paleontology, 

vol. 8, p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9, 1934. 

Hedberg, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 11, p. 674, pl. 91, figs. 

lla, b, 1937. 

Test involute, bilaterally symmetrical, longer than broad, 

very slightly umbilicate, periphery acute; chambers numerous, 

12 to 14 in last-formed coil; sutures slightly limbate in early 

portion, flush with surface near periphery, slightly depressed 

near umbilicus, curved, forming an acute angle with periphery; 

wall smooth, calcareous, finely perforate; apertural face heartshaped. Length 0.4 7 mm, breadth 0.32 mm, thickness 0.24 mm. 

The species differs from Nonion costiferum (Cushman) 

in the absence of limbate and costate sutures and fewer 

chambers. It has less depressed sutures and umbilici, 

a more acute periphery, and a broader apertural face 

than N. pizarrensis (W. Berry). 

The types came from the upper part of the Reef 

Ridge shale (upper Miocene) of the Ohio Oil Co.'s 

well Bearstate No. 23, Belridge field, Kern County, 

Calif. 

Nonion formosum (Seguenza) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 3 

Nonioninaformosa Seguenza, R. accad. Lincei Atti, ser. 3, vol. 6, 

p. 63, pl. 7, figs. 6, 6a, 1880. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 12 (648), 1899. . 

The type figure is copied on plate 5. The species is 

recorded from the late Tertiary of Italy, but no specimens that could be definitely identified with it have 

been available. 

Nonion? excavatum (Seguenza) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 5 

Nonionina excavata Seguenza, Accad. gioenia sci. nat. Atti, 

ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 4, 4a, 1862. 

Copies of the original figures of Seguenza are given on 

plate 5. His material came from the Pleistocene of 

Catania, Italy. Although the figures are evidently 

somewhat conventionalized, they suggest that the form 

may possibly belong to Elphidium. I have had no 

material referable to this species. 

N onion subcarinatum (Seguenza) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 4 

Nonionina subcarinata Seguenza, Accad. gioenia sci. nat. Atti, 

ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 3, 3a, 1862. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 

19 (655), 1899. 

Seguenza described and figured this species from the 

Pleistocene of Catania, Sicily, and Fornasini later 

recorded it as rare at the same locality and in the 

Pliocene of Calabria. The test is strongly umbonate, 

with limbate sutures and coarsely perforate. The 

original figures of Seguenza are copied on plate 5. 

This is not the same as D'Orbigny's "Nonionina 

subcarinata", described in 1839, but not having seen the 

species I hesitate to give it a new name, as it may 

possibly be a synonym of ~orne already described species. 

Nonion? perfossum (Ciodius) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 8 

Nonionina perjossa Clodius, Ver. Freunde Naturges. Mecklenburg Archiv, 75. Jahr., p. 144, pl. 1, fig. 19, 1922. 

The figure given for this species is reproduced here. 

It shows very little in the way of essential details. The 

species was described from the upper Miocene of 

Mecklenburg, Germany. 
NONION 19 

Nonion limbum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 6 

Nonionina limba D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 14, Modeles, no. 11, 1826. 

Parker, Jones, and H. B. Brady, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, ser. 3, vol. 16, p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 99, 1865. 

Basset, Soc. sci. Charente-Inferieure Annales, 1884, pl. 163, 

fig., 1885. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, r 

13 (649), text fig. 2, 1899. 

On plate 5 will he found a photograph of the 1826 

model of D'Orbigny. The type came from the Pliocene of Castel Arquato, Italy, where it is recorded as 

rare. I have not been able to find it in a considerable 

amount of material looked over from the type locality. 

N onion galeatum Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 7 

Nonion galeata Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 7, p. 28, pl. 4, figs. 7a, b, 1931; Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 120, pl. 14, figs. 8a, b, 1934. 

Test close-coiled, bilaterally symmetrical, somewhat 

compressed, the periphery very broadly rounded, sides 

deeply umbilicate; chambers 10 to 12 in number, 

distinct, slightly inflated, the inner end projecting into 

the central depression; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, very slightly curved; wall smooth except about 

the umbilical depression, where there are, in the early 

chambers, roughened areas at the inner part of each 

chamber; aperture broad and low, extending completely along the base of the final chamber, and with a 

slight lip, the sides of the chamber extending somewhat 

outward over the umbilical depression. Length 0.65 

mm; breadth 0.35 mm. 

This species is known only from the Pliocene of Fiji. 

Elphidium ezoense Asano 

Plate 20, figures 5, 6 

Elphidium ezoense Asano, Geol. Soc. Japan Jour., vol. 44, no. 

527, p. 787, pl. 24 (12), figs. 1, 2, text figs. 1, 2, 1937. 

Test comparatively large, compressed, diameter about 4 times 

thickness, periphery rounded, usually lobulated, umbilical region 

strongly umbonate, much raised with a large boss of clear shell 

material; chambers as many as 20 in last-formed coil; later 

chambers slightly inflated with wavy periphery, earlier ones not 

inflated and entire along periphery; sutures gently curved, depressed, retral processes numerous and short, somewhat indis~ 

tinct in the earlier ones; wall thick; aperture consisting of a low 

broad opening at base of apertural face, occasionally with circular pores on central portion of apertural face. Length up to 2.2 

mm; breadth ca. 0.6 mm. 

The types are from the Pliocene of Zarigawa, N umata, 

Uryu-gun, Hokkaido. The species occurs at other 

Japanese Pliocene localities. It is closely allied to E. 

oregonense Cushman and Grant. 

3a The description of Elphidium ezoense Asano should stand on page 65 of this report, 

just before the description of Elphidium translucens Natland. 

Nonion pompilioides (Fichtel and Moll) Cushman 

Plate 5, figures 9-12 

"N au til us melo" Soldani, Testaceographica, p. 38, pl. 8, figs. zz, 

A, B, C, 1798. 

Nautilus pompilioides Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, 

p. 31, pl. 2, figs. a-c, 1798. 

Nonionina pompilioides D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 294, no. 15, 1826. 

Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. N uovi Lincei Atti, vol. 35, p. 204, 

pl. 4, fig. 49, 1883. 

H. B. Brady, Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 727, pl. 

109, figs. 10, 11, 1884. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 25, pl. 17, 

figs. 2a, b, 1914; Bull. 100, vol. 4, p. 366, 1921. 

Nonion pompilioides Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 7-11; pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 1929. 

Galloway and Morrey, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 15, 

p. 43, pl. 6, figs. 15a, b, 1929. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 5, 

p. 89, pl. 13, figs. 25a, b, 1929. 

Cushman and Cole, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 6, p. 95, pl. 13, figs. 4a, b, 1930. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 32, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1931. 

Hadley, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 20, no. 7D-A, p. 14, 

pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 1934. 

Melonis etruscus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, 

p. 67, 17e genre, 1808. 

Polystomclla etrusca Defrance, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, vol. 32, p. 183, 1824. 

Nonionina umbilicatula D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 293, pl. 15, figs. 1Q-12, Modeles, no. 86, 1826. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, entirely 

involute, umbilici deeply excavated, periphery very 

broadly rounded, not lobulate; chambers 8 to 10 in the 

adult coil, of uniform shape, increasing slowly in size 

as added, not inflated; sutures not depressed, lim bate, 

fusing along the umbilicus to form a slightly thickened 

ring, but not raised; wall smooth, coarsely perforate; 

aperture low, at the base of the broad, low apertural 

face. Diameter 0.35-Q.50 mm; thickness 0.25-0.40 mm. 

Fichtel and Moll described this species from recent 

material from the Mediterranean and also recorded it 

from•the Pliocene of Coroncina, near Siena, Italy. It 

has been recorded from many parts of the ocean and as 

fossil in the later Tertiary of southern Europe and of 

the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of America. 

The sutures are more limbate than in N. soldanii. 

Both species are subject to considerable variation in 

the relative thickness of the test. 

N onion incrassatum (Fichtel and Moll) Montfort 

Plate 5, figure 13 

Nautilus incrassatus Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, 

p. 38, pl. 4, figs. a-c, 1798. 

Nonion incrassatus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 

1, p. 211, 53e genre, 1808. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 434, 

pl. 16, figs. 5, 6, 1932. 

Nonionina incrassata D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 

293, no. 6, 1826. 

Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. N uovi Lincei Atti, vol. 35, p. 

205, pl. 4, fig. 52, 1883. 
20 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. lst. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 12 (648)' 1899. 

Test close-coiled, somewhat compressed, with large 

and prominent umbones, periphery rounded, slightly 

lobulated; chambers distinct, somewhat inflated, 10 to 

12 in the adult coil, increasing very gradually in size as 

added; sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved; 

wall smooth; aperture in the median line at the base of 

the apertural face, arched. 

Fichtel and Moll had this species from "Portus Ferrarius", in the island of Elba. It has been recorded 

from the Pliocene of Rome by Terrigi and Fornasini, 

and Heron-Allen and Earland record it from off the 

Falkland Islands. The original figures of Fichtel and 

Moll are copied here. 

N onion asterizans (Fichtel and Moll) Cushman 

Plate 5, figures 14-17 

Nautilus asterizans Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, p. 

37, pl. 3, figs. e-h, 1798. 

Nonionina asterizans Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei 

Atti, val. 33, p. 95, pl. 4, fig. 78, 1880. 

Nonion asterizans Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 6, p1. 2, figs. 5-7, 1930. 

Nonionina communis Terrigi [not D'Orbigny], Pont. accad. sci. 

Nuovi Lincei Atti, vol. 35, p. 205, pl. 4, fig. 51, 1883. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, completely 

involute or very slightly evolute, periphery angular, 

umbilici depressed, often with a few very small beads; 

chambers numerous, usually about 12 in the lastformed coil, broad and low, of uniforn1 shape throughout; sutures distinct, depressed, usually somewhat limbate, the broadest part toward the inner end, thenee 

thinning toward the periphery, evenly curved; waH 

smooth except for the umbilical region, which occasionally has a few small beads, finely perforate; apertural 

face convex, in peripheral view with the sides convex, 

aperture itself at the base of ·the face next to the previous coil, short and narrow or son1etimes roundea. 

The types of this species came from Rimini, on the 

Adriatic. I collected Inaterial at this locality, and the 

specimen on plate 5, figure 17, is a topotype. There 

are a few small beads near the umbilicus, but the inner 

ends of the chambers are somewhat raised, and the 

sutures there are broader and depressed. This gives 

the stellate appearance to that part of the test which 

is apparently the source of the appearance in Fichtel 

and Moll's figure and also the basis for their specific 

name. 

The species is close toN. boueanum (D'Orbigny) but 

does not have as definitely limbate sutures nor so large 

an umbonate mass of secondary shell material. The 

figures in the Challenger report referred by Brady to 

this species represent a very different species. As 

many later authors have followed the Challenger figures 

it is difficult to place their material without seeing the 

original. 

The species has a much sharper periphery than N. 

scapha (Fichtel and Moll). N. asterizans o'ccurs mainly 

in the Mediterranean and in the Indo-Pacific. 

N onion scapha (Fichtel and Moll) Cushman 

Plate 5, figures 18-21 

Nautilus scapha Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, p. 105, 

pl. 19, figs. d-f, 1798. 

Nonionina scapha H. B. Brady, Nat. History Trans. Northumberland and Durham, vol. 1, p. 106, pl. 12, figs. lOa, b, 

1865 [1867J. 

Terrigi, Pont. accad. sci. Nuovi Lincei Atti, val. 35, p. 202, 

pl. 4, fig. 47, 1883. 

H. B. Brady, Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 730, pl. 

109, figs. 14, 15, 16(?), 1884. 

Terrigi, R. accad. Lincei Atti, ser. 4, Mem., vo1. 6, p. 120, pl. 

10, fig. 7, 1893. 

Goes. K. svenska vetensk akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9 

p.104, pl. 17, fig. 830 (part)(?), 1894. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 342, p. 47, pl. 

16, fig. 1, 1924. 

Nonion scaphum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 

5, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4, 1930. 

Nautilus faba Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, p. 103, 

pl. 19, figs. a-c, 1798. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, somewhat 

evolute, periphery rounded, whole test compressed, 

umbilici depressed, unornamented; chambers numerous, 

averaging about 12 in the last-formed coil, later ones, 

as they tend to become evolute, broadening on the 

proximal end, the outline of the periphery somewhat 

less curved, and the chambers slightly more inflated; 

sutures distinct, depressed, not limbate; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture a small opening at the base 

of the apertural face next to the preceding coil. 

The two forms described by Fichtel and Moll aR 

Nautilus scapha and N. jab a seem to represent the 

same species. The types were from the Adriatic at 

Rimini and recorded as fossil in the Siena region, etc. 

There are many records for this species, most of 

which are without figures. Until these records can be 

checked with actual material they must be left in some 

uncertainty. This is true also of many of the fossil 

records. 

Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob) Cushman 

Plate 5, figures 22-25 

"Nautilus spiralis utrinque subumbilicatulus .... " Walker 

and Boys, Testacea minera]ogica, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 68, 

1784. 

Nautilus depressulus Walker and Jacob, in Adams' Essays, 

Kanmacher's ed., p. 641, pl. 14, fig. 33, 1798.. 

Nonionina depressula Heron-Allen and Earland, Linnean Soc. 

London Trans., ser. 2, val. 11, p. 279, pl. 43, figs. 4-7, 

1916. 

Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob), Cushman, U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 3-6, 1930. 

The following notes were given in the 'last reference 

(1930): 

There are a great many records given for this species. It was 

described from Reculver, on the north coast of Kent, England. 
NONION 21 

The type figure, which is copied here [pl. 5, fig. 22], shows a form 

with many low, elongate, curved chambers with a small, central 

umbilical area. There are very few figures indeed of this species 

although the number of references is large. Brady's Challenger 

figures do not at all fit this form but seem near to N. umbilicatulum. Of the figures given, those of Heron-Allen and Earland 

quoted above and copied here [pl. 5, figs. 23-25] seem to come 

the nearest to the originals, but these have fewer and broader 

chambers. Such forms are certainly abundant about the 

British Isles a~d the adjacent coast of Europe, and it seems that 

the name should be restricted to this form. The periphery is 

rounded, the sides slightly concave, sutures slightly limbate and 

much curved, chambers about 10 in number, which is several 

fewer than in the type figure. 

Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob) var. matagordanum 

Kornfeld 

Plate 5, figure 26 

Non£on depressulum (Walker and Jacob) var. matagordanutn 

Kornfeld, Stanford Univ., Dept. Geology, Contr., vol. 1, 

no. 3, p. 87, pl. 13, figs. 2a, b, 1931. 

Test near1y circular in side view, 8 to 9 chambers in the lastformed whorl, in apertural view with parallel sides and broadly 

rounded angles, narrow, slightly longer than wide; very slightly 

if at aJl depressed at the umbilicus; chambers somewhat inflated 

and the sutures correspondingly depressed, forming a lobulated 

periphery; umbilical regions with a slight tendency toward 

filling in of shell tissue and a slight trace of stellate extension of 

this material along the sutures; wall smooth, finely punctate; 

aperture a narrow arched slit at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter, 0.23 to 0.27 mm.; thickness, 0.11 mm. 

The types of this species are Recent, from Matagorda 

County, Tex., south of the Gulf (Big Hill) salt dome. 

It is also recorded from the Miocene and later fornlations in wells in Texas and Louisiana. 

Nonion? umbilicatulum (Walker and Jacob) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 27 

11Nautilus spiralis umbilicatus sulcatis" Walker and Boys, 

Testacea mineralogica, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 69, 1784. 

Nautilus umbilicatulus Walker and Jacob, Adams' Essays, 

Kanmacher's ed., p. 641, pl. 14, fig. 34, 1798. 

Nonion? umbilicatulum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, 

pt. 7, p. 2, pJ. 1, figs. 1a, b, 1930. 

In the last reference cited above the following notes 

were given in regard to this species: 

A reproduction of the original figur~ is given here. There is 

much uncertainty regarding this species. As will be seen by the 

figures, the two sides are evidently not the sB.me. Parker and 

Jones commented on this figure as follows: "Figure 69 is a 

common form of Truncatulina lobatula, having the outline of the 

cells uniform or flush; the septal lines being merely 'furrowed.' 

According to Walker, it was from Sandwich-not common." 

Montagu (Test. Brit. Suppl., p. 78) refers to this figure when 

describing a little Nonionina; and Williamson (Monogr., p. 42), 

makes it a Polystomella. We believe that they must both be 

wrong, because in the specimen figured by Walker the two faces 

are decidedly unsymmetrical. 

If the Boys specimens are preserved, it would be a simple 

matter to straighten out this tangle, but until such time as this 

is done there is much uncertainty as to the species. In this 

connection it is enlightening to note Montagu's comments on 

the Walker and Jacob figures (copied from Boys), as he had at 

that time both the original specimens and drawings. "Indeed, 

we perceive so considerable a difference between the original 

drawings * * * and the engravings taken from them that 

we would scarce have known them to be the same, had they not 

been marked with the same numbers." 

The numerous references to this species accompanied 

by figures will be found in the synonymy under other 

names. 

Nonion? crassulum (Walker and Jacob) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 29 

"Nautilus spiralis crassus utrinque umbilicatus geniculis lineatis" 

Walker and Boys, Testacea mineralogica, p. 20, pl. 3, 

fig. 70, 1784. 

Nautilus crassulus Walker and Jacob, in Adams' Essays, Kanmacher's ed., p. 641, pl. 14, fig. 35, 1798. 

Nonion? crassulum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt .. 7, 

p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 2a, b, 1930. 

This species described from Reculver, on the north 

coast of Kent, England, has been little referred to, and 

the original figure leaves much to be desired. If the 

types are extant, it may be possible to establish this 

species on a firm basis. Williamson has referred a 

form to it which is evidently not at all the same. The 

original figure is copied here. 

The above notes cannot be much expanded until the 

types of this species are studied. 

Nonion elypticum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 28 

Nonionina elyptica D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 16, 1826. 

Nonionina elliptica Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., 

ser. 6a, vol. 1, p. 11, pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a, 1904. 

The figures from D'Orbigny's "Planches inedites" as 

given by Fornasini are copied on plate 5. D'Orbigny 

gave no description of this species, simply the locality, 

Madagascar. 

Nonion grateloupi (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 6, figures 1-7 

Nonionina gratelou.pi D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 294, no. 19, 1826; in De la Sagra, Historia fisica, polftica y natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 46, 

pl. 6, figs. 6, 7, 1839. 

Eornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, vol. 1, 

p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 5, 1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 48, 

1919; U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 59, p. 61, pl. 14, figs. 

9-11, 1921; Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 311, p. 55, 

pl. 9, figs. 7, 8, 1922; Pub. 344, p. 79, 1926. 

Nonion grateloupi Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 10, pl. 3, figs. 9-11; pl. 4, figs. 1-4, 1930; Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 4, p. 36, pl. 6, figs. 1-3, 1930. 

Cushman and Valentine, Stanford Univ., Dept. Geology, 

Contr., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 20, pl. 5, figs. 9a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 3, 

p. 10, pl. 2, figs. 6a, b, 1931. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 32, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8, 

1931. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 68, 

1932. 
22 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discove-ry Repts., vol. 4, p. 437, 

pl. 16, figs. 9, 10, 1932. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 7, p. 131, 1933. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 43, pl. 10, 

figs. Sa-c, 1933. 

Cushman and Cahill, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 1a, b, 1933. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 9, p. 185, 

1935. 

Hadley, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour., vol. 52, no. 1, 

p. 35, 1936. 

Nonionina punctulata D'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1' Amerique 

meridionale, vol. 5, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 21, 22, 1839. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, mostly 

involute, in peripheral view the sides nearly parallel, 

periphery rounded; chambers numerous, usually 10 to 

12 in the last-formed coil in adults, chambers increasing 

rapidly in length, especially in the last few chambers; 

sutures distinct, slightly depressed; wall smooth, finely 

perforate; aperture small, at the base of the lastformed chamber, narrow. Length, up to 0.60 mm; 

breadth, 0.35 mm; thickness, 0.22 mm. 

D 'Orbigny originally noted this species from the 

Miocene of Dax, France. Later he described and 

figured a species under the same name from shore 

sands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Martinique. I have 

recorded it from Montego Bay, on the north coast of 

Jamaica, from numerous stations about the Tortugas, 

and from San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico. It also 

occurred at a few Albatross stations in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Bermf1dez records it from the coast of Cuba. 

It also occurs off the coast of California, the coast of 

Brazil, and southward to the Falkland Islands. 

As a fossil it occurs in the Pleistocene and Pliocene 

of Florida. In the Miocene it occurs in Cuba, Santo 

Domingo, and Panama. Along the eastern Atlantic 

Coastal Plain it occurs in the Miocene Choctawhatchee, 

Shoal River, Oak Grove, and Chipola formations of 

Florida, the Choptank and Calvert formations of 

Maryland, and the Yorktown formation of Virginia. 

Nonion politum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 5, figure 30 

Nonionina polita D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 294, 

no. 12, 1826. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5a, vol. 10, 

p. 5, fig. 1 (in text), 1902. 

D'Orbigny gave no description of this species, in 

1826 simply giving the locality, Rimini on the Adriatic. 

It was figured in 1902 in the publication of the "Planches 

inedites." A copy of D'Orbigny's figure is given on 

plate 5, a drawing of a specimen I obtained at Rimini 

which almost exactly fits the figure. It is possible 

that this may be a definite species in the Mediterranean. 

Nonion laevigatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 8 

Nonionina laevigata D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 293, 

no. 3, 1826. 

Guerin-Meneville's Cuvier, Iconograpbie, Mollusques, p. 9, 

pl. 2, fig. 7' 1829-43. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5a, vol. 7, 

p. 13 (649), text fig. 1, 1899; vol. 8, p. 43, fig. 47 (in text), 

1900; vol. 10, p. 65, 1902. 

No description of this species was given by D'Orbigny, 

but the locality was given as Rimini, on the Adriatic. 

The figure given by Fornasini shows that the earlier 

figure in Cuvier was also undoubtedly from D'Orbigny's 

original unpublished plate. I found no material referable to this in my collections from that locality. The 

figure on plate 6 is copied from Fornasini. 

Nonion germanicum (Ehrenberg) Cushman 

Plate 5, figures 31, 32 

Nonionina germanica Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Abb., p. 

133, pl. 2, figs. la-g, 1839; Taylor's Sci. Mem., vol. 3, p. 

357, pl. 6, figs. la-g, 1843. 

Nonion germamcum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 8, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5, 1930. 

Nonionina crassula Williamson [not Walker and Jacob], Recent 

Foraminifera of Great Britain, p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 70, 71, 

1858. 

Test close-coiled, completely involute, planispiral, 

bilaterally symmetrical, periphery rounded; about nine 

chambers in the last-formed eoil, distinct, of uniform 

size and shape; sutures very slightly if at all depressed, 

slightly limbate and thickened toward the umbilical 

region, which is filled; wall smooth, distinctly but finely 

perforate; aperture a narrow slit at the base of the apertural face. Diameter usually less than 0.50 mm; 

thickness about 0.18 mm. 

This is a very common species in the North Sea and 

about the British Isles, well figured by Williamson. It 

is somewhat difficult to place earlier records without 

figures, but the species has probably been recorded from 

this area. It is very close to the species of Elphidiurn 

from the same area, such as is referred to by HeronAllen and Earland in their report from the west of 

Scotland as Polystomella jaba. It is apparently not 

found on the west side of the Atlantic. 

Nonion sloanii (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 6, figures 9, 10 

Nonionina sloanii D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia fisica, poHtica y natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 68, 

pl. 6, figs. 18, 18bis, 1839. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 48, 1919; 

Pub. 344, p. 79, 1926. 

Nonion sloanii Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 9, pl. 

3, figs. 6-8, 1930. 

Cushman and Cole, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 6, p. 96, pl. 13, figs. 5a, b, 1930. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 436, 

pl. 16, figs. 7, 8, 1932. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 7, p. 131, 1933. 

Test elongate, about one and one-half times as long 

as broad, moderately compressed, periphery rounded, 

becoming more angled in later portion, umbilical regions 
NONION 23 

somewhat depressed; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 8 to 10 in the fina1 coil, increasing rather rapidly 

in length in the final development; sutures distinct, 

slightly depressed, gently curved; wall smooth, the 

umbilical region sometimes with a slight roughening; 

aperture low, at the base of the apertural face. Length 

0.25-0.30 mm; breadth 0.15-0.18 mm; thickness 0.12 

mm. 

D'Orbigny described this species from shore sands of 

Jamaica. It occurs in the West Indian region and 

apparently southward to the Falldand Islands. As a 

fossil it occurs in the late Tertiary from the gorge of the 

Yumuri River, Matanzas, Cuba, and from Bluff 2, 

Cercado de Mao, Santo Domingo. A very similar 

form also occurs in the Pleistocene (Talbot formation) 

of Wailes Bluff, Md. 

The species that occurs with N. grateloupi has fewer 

chambers, is less compressed, and tends to be somewhat 

angled. 

Nonion barleeanum (Williamson) Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 11 

Nonionina barleeana Williamson, Recent Foraminifera of Great 

Britain, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 68, 69, 1858. 

Nonion barleeanum Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 5, 1930. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, much compressed; periphery rounded, umbilici depressed and 

open; chambers numerous, 12 or more in the last-formed 

coil, of rather uniform shape and size; sutures curved, 

slightly lim bate, not depressed; wall smooth, coarsely 

perforate; aperture semicircular, at the base of the 

apertural face. Diameter slightly less than 0.65 mm; 

thickness, 0.18 mm. 

Williamson's specimens came from Skye, Stornoway, 

Shetlands, and Scarborough. Such forms have been 

recorded fron1 about the British Isles as Nonionina 

umbilicatula, but with the great uncertainty existing in 

regard to that species, it seems best to use Williamson's 

name for this cold-water form. 

As will be seen by the figure, this species is very close 

to the form described by D'Orbigny and figured here as 

N. politum. 

Nonion subearinatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 12 

Nonionina subcarinata D'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1' Amerique 

meridionale, vol. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 23, 24, 

1839. 

D'Orbigny's figures are copied on plate 6. The 

specimens came from the Falkland Islands. There 

seem to be no further records for this species. 

Nonion labradorieum (Dawson) Cushman 

Plate 6, figures 13-16 

Nonionina labradorica Dawson, Canadian Naturalist, vol. 5, 

p. 191, fig. 4, 1860. 

Jones, Parker, and H. B. Brady, Crag Foraminifera, Palaeont. Soc., Pub., vol. 19, pl. 2, figs. 44, 45, 1866. 

Woodward, The Observer, vol. 4, p. 201, 1893. 

Nonionina scapha (Fichtel and Moll) var. labradorica Dawson, 

Canadian Naturalist, new ser., vol. 5, p. 177, fig. 5, 1870; 

Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 206, fig. 5, 1871; Annals 

and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 4, vol. 7, p. 86, fig. 5, 1871; 

Canadian Naturalist, vol. 6, p. 255, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1872. 

Nonion labradorica Cushman, Scripps Inst. Oceanography Bull., 

Tech. ser., vol. 1, p. 148, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8, 1927; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 11, pl. 4, figs. 6-12, 1930; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 5, pl. 23, figs. 

2a, b, 1933. 

B1ake, Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, pt. 5, 

p. 76, 1933. 

Cushman and Kleinpell, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 10, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 8a, b, 1934. 

Cushman, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 47, p. 431, 1936. 

Nonionina scapha Morton [not Fichtel and Moll], Portland Soc. 

Nat. History Proc., vol. 2, p. 121, pl. 1, figs. 23a, b, 1897. 

Test small, planispiral, completely involute, bilaterally symmetrical, periphery bluntly angled, apertural face very broadly triangular, the sides convex; 

chambers few, rapidly increasing in size as added; 

sutures distinct, curved, very slightly if at all depressed, 

not limbate; wall thin, finely perforate; aperture a 

narrow slit at the base of the apertural face. Length, 

0.50 mm; breadth, 0.30 mm; thickness, 0.30 mm. 

The range of this form shows it to be a decidedly 

Arctic species. Dawson's types came from the Gulf 

of St. Lawrence. It is recorded by Woodward from 

Labrador; Bank of Newfoundland; Murray Bay, Gulf 

of St. Lawrence; St. Pierre; Scatari; Cape Camille, 

northeast Anticosti; Cape St. Nicholas; and Gaspe Bay. 

Blake records it from Mount Desert. I have had 

specimens from the coast of New England and the deep 

cold water south of Cape Cod. It occurs in the late 

Tertiary clays of Georges Bank, and very similar 

specimens were found in the late Tertiary of the California region. 

Nonion orbieulare (H. B. Brady) Cushman 

Plate 6, figures 17-19 

Nonionina orbicularis H. B. Brady, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, ser. 5, vol. 8, p. 415, pl. 21, figs. 5a, b, 1881; 

Akad. Wiss. Wien, Denkschr., vol. 43, p. 17, pl. 2, figs. 

5a, b, 1881; Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 727, pl. 

109, figs. 20, 21, 1884. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Linnean Soc. London Trans., 

ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 280, 1916. 

Cushman, Canadian Biology Contr., p. 13, 1921 [1922]. 

Pratje, Wiss. Meeresuntersuch., Abt. Helgoland, vol. 18, 

no. 6, p. 103 (list), 1931. 

Nonion orbiculare Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 12,pl.5,figs. 1-3,1930. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 7, p. 130, 1933. 

Macfadyen, Geol. Mag., vol. 69, pl. 34, figs. 14a, b, 1932. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, completely involute, periphery very broadly rounded; 

chambers 10 to 12 in the last-formed coil, distinct, not 

inflated, of uniform shape; sutures distinct, slightly 

depressed, slightly lim bate toward the proximal end, 
24 THE FORAMINU'ERAL :FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

wall very finely perforate, slnooth; aperture a long, very 

narrow slit at the base of the apertural face, sometimes 

divided into several openings. Diameter, 0.75 mm.; 

thickness, 0.50 mm. 

This species, described fron1 the Arctic off Nova 

Zembla, has occurred typically in Hudson Bay and is 

recorded by Heron-Allen and Earland off the west coast 

of Scotland. Bra.dy in the Challenger report gives 

the following localities: West coast of Nova Zembla, 

55 fathoms; shores of Spitsbergen, 7 fathoms; Faroe 

Channel, 632 fathoms; west coast of Scotland, 25 

fathoms; and off Valentia, 112 fathon1s. He also 

records it fossil fron1 a post-Tertiary clay on the coast 

of Fifeshire. Macfadyen records it from the Pleistocene and Pliocene of East Anglia in Great Britain. 

There are records from warmer areas that are evidently not this species, which is a characteristic one of 

cold waters. 

The aperture tends toward that of Elphidium, and 

some specimens show what n1ay be slight traces of 

retral processes. 

Nonion? exponens (H. B. Brady, Parker and Jones) Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 20 

Nonionina exponens H. B. Brady, Parker and Jones, Zool. Soc. 

London Trans., vol. 12, p. 230, pl. 43, fig. 16, 1888. 

Nonion? exponens Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 13, pl. 5, fig. 6, 1930. 

Test free, equilateral, planospiral; lateral faces convex or 

somewhat flattened, peripheral edge rounded; composed of from 

2 to 3 convolutions; all more or less visible on both sides of the 

shell, the final whorl consisting of about 7 or 8 segments; margin 

entire; septa marked by fine lines, without superficial depressions. Diameter one one-hundredth of an inch (0.25 mm). 

A form somewhat allied to N. depressula but differing from the 

species in its evolute mode of growth, its even sutures and noninflated segments. 

This species was described and figured by the authors 

fron1 a depth of 940 fathoms off the Abrolhos Bank, off 

Brazil. Its position as a Nonion seems doubtful, but 

it is included here for the record. 

Nonion pauperatum (Balkwill and Wright) Cushman 

Plate 6, figures 21-23 

No nionina pauperata Balkwill and Wright, Royal Irish Acad. 

Trans., vol. 28, Sci., p. 353, pl. 13, figs. 25, 26, 1885. 

Halkyard, Manchester Micr. Soc. Trans., p. 71, pl. 2, fig. 

13, 1889. 

Chaster, Southport Soc. Nat. Sci. First Rept., 189Q-91, p. 66, 

1892. 

Wright, Royal Irish Acad. Proc., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 493, 1891; 

Irish Naturalist, vol. 9, p. 55, 1900. 

Earland, Quekett Micr. Club Jour., ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 230, 

_1905. 

Millett, Recent Foraminifera of Galway, p. 7, 1908. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., p. 342, pl. 

11, figs. 16, 17, 1911; Royal Irish Acad. Proc., vol. 31, pt. 

64, p. 144, 1913; Linnean Soc. London Trans., ser. 2, vol. 

11, p. 281, 1916; British Antarctic Exped., Zoology, vol. 

6, p. 228, 1922; Linnean Soc. London Jour., Zoology, 

vol. 35, p. 640, 1924; Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., vol. 50, 

p. 192, 1930. 

Nonion pauperatum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 13, pl. 5, figs. 4, 5, 7, 1930. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 437, 

1932. 

Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, involute, 

periphery angular; chambers about nine in the lastformed coil, of uniform shape and relative size, slightly 

inflated; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, lim bate 

toward the proximal end, the umbilicus filled and confluent with the sutures; wall distinctly perforate, 

smooth; aperture a low opening at the base of the apertural face. 

There are numerous records for this species about the 

British Isles, the following among them: Off Dublin 

coast (Balkwill and Wright); off Jersey (Halkyard); 

off Southport, England, rare in shore gatherings 

and shallow water (Chaster); southwest of Ireland, 53 

and 345 fathoms; Dogs Bay, very rare (Wright); 

Bognor, Sussex, rare (Earland); Galway, very rare 

(Millett); Selsey Bill, Sussex; Clare Island region of 

Ireland; west of Scotland (Heron-Allen and Earland). 

Wright also record" it from the Pleistocene of the north 

of Ireland. Heron-Allen and Earland have recorded 

the species from the Plymouth region, England, from 

the Antarctic, and from Lord Howe Island, in the Pacific. No figures accompany the records, however. 

They also record it from the Miocene of Australia. 

This is very much like N. germanicum and may be 

only a slightly broader form of the same species. 

N onion pizarrense W. Berry 

Plate 6, figure 27 

Nonion pizarrensis W. Berry, Jour. Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 269, 

text figs. I (1-3), 1928. 

Cushman and Kellett, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 75, art. 

25, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. lOa, b; pl. 2, figs. 1a, b, 1929. 

Cushman, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 37, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, 

1930. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 69, 

1932. 

Cushman and Cahill, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 2a, b, 1933. 

Cushman and Kleinpell, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 10, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 9a, b, 1934. 

Nonionina depressula Cushman (not Walker and Jacob], U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 72, pl. 25, figs. 5a, b, 1918. 

Nonionina boueana Cushman [not D'Orbigny], U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 676, p. 68, pl. 25, fig. 3, 1918. 

Test slightly longer than broad, nearly bilaterally 

symmetrical, periphery broadly rounded, umbilical 

regions depressed but not open; chambers distinct, 12 

to 15 in the adult coil, of uniform shape, increasing 

gradually in size, somewhat inflated; sutures distinct, 

somewhat depressed, gently curved; wall smooth, 

polished, except the umbilical region, which is often 

roughened, very finely perforate; aperture a low opening 

at the base of the apertural face, often tending to become 

slightly asymmetrical. Length up to 0.60 mm; breadth 

0.45-0.50 mm; thickness 0.22-0.25 mm. 
NONION 25 

The types came from 8 fathoms of water at the mouth 

of the Tumbez River, at Puerto Pizarro, Peru. The 

species has occurred also in Recent material from Payta 

and Pimentel, Peru. It has been found in the Miocene 

of the Gatun formation, in the Miocene of California, 

and in the Miocene of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the 

Choctawhatchee, Shoal River, and Chipola formations 

of Florida, the St. Marys and Calvert formations of 

Maryland, and the Yorktown formation of Virginia. 

The species shows some variation, particularly in 

the relative amount of asymmetry, tending toward 

Nonionella. 

N onion pizarrense W. Berry var. basispinatum Cushman and 

Moyer 

Pia te 6, figure 28 

Nonion pizarrensis W. Berry var. ba~ispinata Cushman and 

Moyer, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 6, 

p. 54, pl. ~figs. 18a,b, 1930. 

Variety differing from the typical form in the later 

chambers, which on the outer margin toward the base 

have a fringe of small spinose processes often very conspicuous also along the sutures. 

The types of the variety came from depths of 35 to 

50 fathoms off San Pedro, Calif. 

Nonion boueanum (D 'Orbigny) var. armatum (H. B. Brady) 

Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 24 

Nonionina boucana D'Orbigny var. armata H. B. Brady, Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 730, pl. 115, figs. 9a, b, 

1884. 

Heron-Allen and Earlanct, Zool. Soc. London Trans., vol. 20, 

p. 732, 1915. 

The test of this variety ha.s the periphery at the inner 

end of the adult coil with short, truncated spines, the 

earlier ones with two spines to a chan1ber, then a single 

one, and the later chambers smooth. 

The types of the variety came from shore sands on the 

cast coast of Madagascar. Heron-Allen and Earland 

record it from the Kerimba Archipelago, off the southeastern coast of Africa. 

Nonion subturgidum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 29 

Nonionina su.bturgida Cushman, Carnegie lnst. Washington 

Pub. 342, p. 47, pl. 16, fig. 2, 1924. 

Nonion subturgid1trn Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, 

p. 43, pl. 10, figs. 4-7, 1933. 

Test bilaterally symmetrical, compressed, last-formed 

coil composed of eight or nine chambers, greatly increasing in length as added, the last-formed one 

extending the entire length of the test; periphery 

rounded; sutures very slightly depressed, distinct; 

apertural face broadly rounded, umbilical area often 

filled with secondary material; aperture at the base of 

the last-formed chamber at the median line. Length, 

up to 0.65 mm; breadth, 0.45-0.5 mm; thickness, 

0.16-0.25 mm. 

This is a fairly common species in shallow water of 

the South Pacific. 

The types of the species came from Samoa. Specimens have been recorded from off N airai, Fiji, in 12 

fathoms; from Viva Anchorage, Fiji, in 3 fathoms; and 

from off Rotonga. 

The relative width of the apertural face and the · 

amount of involution of the last-formed chambers are 

somewhat variable. 

Nonion pacificurn (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 6, figure 25 

Nonionina urnbilicatula (Montagu) var. pacifica Cushman, 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 342, p. 48, pl. 16, fig. 3, 

1924. 

Nonion urnbilicatulurn (Montagu) var. pacificurn Cushman, 

Scripps Inst. Oceanography Bull., Tech. ser., vol. 1, 

no. 10, p. 49,pl. 2,fig. 5,1927. 

Nonion pacificurn Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, 

p. 44, pl. 10, figs. 9a, b, 1933; Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 

Bull. 119, p. 120, pl. 14, figs. 7a, b, 1934. 

Test much compressed, entirely involute, slightly 

umbilicat'e, periphery rounded; chambers distinct, 

usually about eight in the last-formed coil, not inflated; 

sutures distinct, not lim bate, very slightly curved; 

wall smooth, finely and evenly perforate; aperture an 

elongate, narrow slit, at the base of the apertural face. 

Length, 0.6 mm; breadth, 0.5 mm; thickness, 0.3 mm. 

Our figure shows the holotype from Samoa. The 

species is common in deeper water in the South Pacific. 

A table of 17 stations is given in Bulletin 161, part 2, 

with a range in depth from 189 to 2,776 fathoms. 

There is some variation in the degree of compression 

of the test, in the depth of the umbilici, and in the 

fineness of the perforations of the test. 

The following species were originally described as 

Nonionina but are not given on the preceding pages: 

Nonionina bulloides D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, no. 2, 

p. 293, 1826 ( = Pullenia). 

N. sphaeroides D'Orbigny, idem, no. 1, p. 293; Modeles, no. 33 

( = Pullenia). 

N. urnbilicata D'Orbigny, idem, no. 5, p. 293; Modeles, no. 86 

( =Planorbulina). 

N. erythraea Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Abh., p. 132, 

1838 (=?). 

N. brownii D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia fisica, politica y 

natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 45, pl. 7, 

figs. 22, 23, 1839. (See Cushrnanella brownii (D'Orbigny) .) 

N. canariensis D'Orbigny, in Barker-Webb and Berthelot, 

Histoire naturelle des iles Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, Foraminiferes, p. 128, pl. 2, figs. 33, 34, 1839 (=Haplaphragmoides). 

N. pelagica D'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1' Amerique meridionale, 

vol. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. 13, 14, 1839 

( = Hastigerina). 

N. arctica Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Abh., p. 427, 1841 

(=?). 

N. integra Ehrenberg, idem, p. 427 ( = ?) . 

N. millepora Ehrenberg, idem, p. 427, pl. 3, figs. vii, 50 ( = ?) . 
26 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

N. globosa Von Hagenow, Neues Jahrb., 1842, p. 574 (=Discorbis?). 

N. acervata Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Ber., p. 167, 

1843 (=?). 

N. gravinensis Nicolucci, Nuovi annali sci. nat. Bologna, ser. 2 

vol. 6, p. 200, 1846 ( = ?) . 

N. striatula Nicolucci, idem, p. 200 ( = ?) . 

N. splendida Boll, Geogn. deutsch. OstseeHi.nder, p. 177, pl. 2, 

fig. 15, 1846 ( = ?) . 

N. heteropora Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Ber., p. 485, 

1847 (=?). 

N. neglecta Michelotti, Natuurk. Verh. holland. Maatsch. 

Wetensch. Haarlem, ser. 2, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 15, 1847 (=?). 

N. inflata Alth, Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abh., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 

266, pl. 13, fig. 22, 1850 ( = ?) . 

N. magdenburgica Philippi, Palaeontographica, vol. 1, p. 81, pl. 

xa, fig. 21a, 1851 (=?). 

N. placenta Reuss, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, p. 

72, pl. 15, fig. 33, 1851 (=Haplaphragmoides'!). 

N. quaternaria Reuss, Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abh., vol. 4, pt. 1, 

p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 13, 1851 (=Pullenia). 

N. quinqueloba Reuss, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, 

p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 31, 1851 ( = Pullenia). 

N. astreae Ehrenberg, Mikrogeologie, pl. 25, figs. ii, B. 8, 1854 

(=?). 

N. hemprichii Ehrenberg, idem, pl. 23, fig. 37 ( = ?) . 

N. ocellata Ehrenberg, idem, pl. 27, fig. 37 ( = Robulus'l). 

N. spira Ehrenberg, idem, pl. 30, fig. 32 ( = Robulus'l). 

N. bavarica Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Abh.; p. 163, pl. 

3, figs. i-iv, 1855 (=?). 

N. helicina Costa, Accad. sci. Napoli Mem., vol. 2, p. 123, pl. 1, 

figs. 18A-C, 1855 [1857] (=?). 

N. latidorsata Bornemann, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 

7, p. 339, pl. 16, fig. 4, 1855 (=Haplaphragmoides). 

N. obliqua Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 2, p. 204, 

1856 (=?). 

N. ornata Costa, idem, p. 203, pl. 17, figs. ii, 17 A-C ( = Cibicides). 

N. silicea Schultze, in Muliers Archiv, 1856, p. 171, pl. 6B, figs. 

4-7 (=Haplaphragmoides?). 

N. archetypus Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Monatsber., 

1858, pp. 310, 337, pl. 1, fig. 13 (=?). 

N. fusca Ehrenberg, idem, p. 23 ( = ?) . 

N. graeca Ehrenberg, idem, p. 23 ( = ?) . 

N. jeffreysii Williamson, On the Recent Foraminifera of Great 

Britain, p. 34, pl. 3, figs. 72, 73, Royal Soc. London, 1858 

( = H a plophragmoides?) 

N. globulus Eichwald, Lethaea rossica, vol. 1, p. 350, pl. 22, figs. 

17a-c, 1860 (=Endothyra?). 

N. rotula Eichwald, idem, p. 349, pl. 22, figs. 18a-c ( =Endothyra?). 

N. borealis Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Monatsber., p. 

306, 1861 ( = ?) . 

N. bathyomphala Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 46, 

pt. 1, p. 95, pl. 13, figs. 1a, b, 1862 [1863] (= Anomalina'l). 

N. escheri Kaufmann, in Heer, Urwelt Schweiz, p. 198, fig. 110, 

1865 ( = Globigerina?). 

N. globulosa Ehrenberg, op. cit., 1862, p. 198, fig. 111 (= ?). 

N. jaccardi De Loriol, Soc. phys. et histoire nat. Geneve Mem., 

vol. 18, pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 3, fig. 19, 1865 ( = ?) . 

N. villeroensis De Loriol, idem, p. 107, pl. 3, fig. 20 ( = ?) . 

N. compacta Ki.ibler and Zwingli, Neujahrsblatt Burgersbibl. 

Winterthur, p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 17, 1866 ( = Planorbulina?). 

N. sphaerica Kubler and Zwingli, idem, p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 1 ( = 

Globigerina'l). 

N. badensis Zwingli and Kubler, Foraminif. schweiz. Jura, p. 

37, pl. 4, pt. 2, fig. 3, 1870 ( = Planorbulina'l). 

N. birmenstorfensis Zwingli and Kubler, idem, p. 29, pl. 3, fig. 

39 ( = Planorbulina?). 

N. oblonga Kubler and Zwingli, idem, p. 21, pl. 1, pt. 4, fig. 

14 ( = Planorbulina?). 

N. turgida Williamson. (See Nonionella turgida (Wi1liamson). 

N. aglajae Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Abh. 1872, pl. 4, 

fig. 3, 1873 ( = ?) . 

N. floridana Ehrenberg, idem, pl. 5, fig. 1 ( = ?) . 

N. crisiae Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Monatsber., 1872, 

p. 285 (= ?). 

N. crystallina Ehrenberg, idem, p. 285 ( = ?) . 

N. flustrella Ehrenberg, idem, p. 286 ( = ?) . 

N. hyalina Ehrenberg, idem, p. 286 ( = ?) . 

N. koldeweyi Ehrenberg, idem, p. 286 ( = ?) . 

N. nympharum Ehrenberg, idem, p. 286 ( = ?) . 

N. spirillina Ehrenberg, idem, p. 286 ( = ?) . 

N. quatriloba Seguenza, R. accad. Lincei Atti, ser. 3, vol. 6, 

pl. 17, fig. 1S, 1880 ( = ?) . 

N. boueana var. janijormis Jones. (See Nonionella janijormis 

(Jones).) 

N. cretacea Schlumberger, Soc. geol. France Bull., ser. 3, vol. 

27, p. 460, pl. 8, fig. 1; pl. 11, figs. 21, 22, 1899 (= 

Camerina'l). 

N. scapha var. bradii Chapman, Rept. British Antarctic Exped., 

Geology, vol. 2 (1916), p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 42, 1917 ( = N onionella'l) .. 

N. turgida var. a?"enacea Heron-Allen and Earland, British 

Antarctic Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 228, pl. 7, 

figs. 36-38, 1922 ( = Trochammina'l). 

N. clarki Hanna, California Univ., Dept. Geol. Sci., Bull., vol. 

14, p. 324, pl. 59, fig. 2, 1923 (= Cyclammina?). 

Genus NONIONELLA Cushman, 1926 

Nonionella Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 2, p. 64, 1926; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Special Pub. 1, p. 205, 1928; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, 

pt. 7, p. 14, 1930; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Special Pub. 4, p. 193, 1933; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, 

pt. 2, p. 45, 1933. 

Nonionina (part) of authors. 

, Genoholotype, Nonionella miocenica Cushrnan. 

Test subtrochoid, the dorsal side only partly involute, 

ventral side con1pletely so, close-coiled; chambers, 

especially in the adult, inequilateral, the ventral side 

developing a distinct, elongate lobe at the umbilical 

end, which covers the umbilicus itself; wall calcareous, 

fi;nely perforate; aperture at the base of the apertural 

face of the chamber low and elongate, extending from 

the peripheral border toward the ventral side. Cretaceous to Recent. 

The subtrochoid forms belonging to this genus are 

close to Nonion, and the microspheric form may be very 

close to it in many species. In the megalospheric form 

there is a tendency to adopt the adult character at an 

earlier stage, and it is in this form that the trochoid 

character usually becomes most marked. The genus 

is known as far back as the Cretaceous. Some of the 

older fossil species are as trochoid as Recent ones. 

The genus seems to be most at home in fairly cool 

waters and in the temperate zones, although there are 

a few species in warmer waters. 

Some of the species show but little of the trochoid 

development; others are very strongly trochoid. The 

earliest species are distinctly trochoid. 
NONIONELLA 27 

Since this manuscript was completed a new generic 

name, Pseudononion, has been proposed by Asano 4 

with the new species P. japonicum Asano as the geno .. 

holotype. Apparently it is to include those species 

which on the ventral side do not have the elongate lobe 

at the umbilicus. I have not seen the type species 

and have here placed it under Nonionella until further 

study is possible. 

Nonionella austinana Cushman 

Plate 7, figures 1, 2 

N onionella austinana Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 9, p. 57, pl. 7, figs. 2a-c, 1933. -

Test small, nearly as broad as long, dorsal side 

flattened or slightly concave in the center, ventral side 

convex, periphery broadly rounded; chambers distinct, 

few, six in the last-formed whorl, increasing regularly 

in size as added; sutures distinct, slightly curved, very 

slightly depressed; wall smooth, finely perforate; aperture a low elongate slit, at the base of the inner margin 

of the last-formed chamber on the ventral side. Length 

0.25 mm; breadth 0.18 mm; thickness 0.12 mm. 

This is a small but distinctive species distinguished 

from Nonionella cretacea by the much more rounded 

form, very highly rounded periphery, and fewer chambers, of which there are only six in a whorl. N. cretacea 

has as many as 10 chambers in a whorl, is much more 

elongate, and has the periphery narrow. From Nonionella robusta Plummer, characteristic of the Navarro 

group, N. austinana is distinguished by the more 

broadly rounded periphery and the fewer chambers in 

a whorl, N. robusta having typically about eight chambers and N. austinana only six. 

This species is most abundant in the Austin chalk 

but occurs also in the basal Taylor and in the Selma 

chalk. 

Taylor marl: Southeast of Del Valle, Travis County, 

Tex.; Honey Grove-Landonia Highway, 10.8 miles 

south of Honey Grove, Fannin County, Tex.; 5.3 miles 

west of intersection of Medina Lake road and _Zarzamore Avenue, San Antonio, Bexar County, Tex.; 

Castroville road 0.35 mile east of Medio Creek Bridge, 

Bexar County, Tex.; Greenville road 3.9 miles east of 

Farmersville, Collin County, Tex. 

Selma chalk: Sardis-Henderson road 1~ miles west 

of Sardis, Henderson County, Tenn. 

Austin chalk: Ditch 1.4 n1iles north of Melissa Tex., 

on Sherman-McKinney Highway; road cut between 

two railroad underpasses at north edge of Howe, 

Grayson County, Tex., 2.8 miles west of High, Tex. (in 

Gober tongue); on Paris-Bonham Highway; 0.8 mile 

west of High, Tex. (in Gober tongue), Paris-Bonham 

Highway; 2.3 miles north of Dallas, Tex., on DallasSherman Highway; 30 yards west of Hillsboro-Corsicana road, 7.75 miles east of Hillsboro, Tex.; 3.4 miles 

' Asano, Kiyosi, Pseudononion, a new genus of Foraminifera found in Muraokamura, Kamakura-gori, Kanagawa Prefecture: Geol. Soc. Japan Jour., vol. 43, no. 

512, pp. 50, 51, 1936. 

toward Farmersville from McKinney Courthouse, 

Collin County, Tex.; ditch south of highway leading 

west from McKinney, 3.1 miles west of McKinney, 

Tex. 

Brownstown marl: Ditch south of Greenville-Paris 

Highway, 3.9 miles south of Paris, Lamar County, 

Tex.; ditch east of Commerce-Paris Highway, 2.9 miles 

south of Paris, Lamar County, Tex.; Paris-Clarksville 

Highway 1.85 miles southeast of Bagwell, Tex. 

Nonionella robusta Plummer 

Plate 7, figure 3 

Nonionella robusta Plummer, Texas Univ. BulJ. 3101, p. 175, pl. 

14, fig. 12, 1931. 

Nonionina scapha Carsey [not Fichtel and Moll], Texas Univ. 

Bull. 2612, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1926. 

Test very smal1, moderately compressed, about equally biconvex but unsymmetrically developed; periphery narrowly 

rounded and bluntly angular in maturity, only slightly lobate 

in later portion of some tests but an even curve on most tests; 

chambers about eight in the final convolution, rapidly lengthening, gently inflated on most specimens, distinctly but not 

coarsely punctate; sutures slightly depressed or flush with the 

contour of the test, somewhat curved; umbilicus on dorsal side 

small, narrow, depressed, shallow, showing minute chambers of 

inner whorl; on ventral side umbilical depression fil1ed, with ~be 

successive short extensions of the chambers filling the depressiOn 

irregularly; aperture a low slit on the periphery at base of final 

chamber. 

Length 0.2Q-0.35 mm; breadth 0.12-0.25 mm; thickness 0.1Q-0.16 mm. 

This seems to be an excellent index fossil for the 

Navarro group. Some of the specimens of Nonionella 

cretacea from the Taylor resemble it in some respects, 

but the number of chambers inN. robusta is smaller, 

and in peripheral view the test is much broader in 

N. robusta than in N. cretacea. The whole test is also 

shorter and thicker. 

Navarro group: Bluff on Colorado River at Webberville (Kemp clay), Travis County, Tex.; bank of 

Colorado River below old ferry at Webberville (Kemp 

clay), Travis County, Tex.; Tom Thrasher's well, threefourths of a mile from Old Garfield (Kemp clay), 

Travis County, Tex.; one-fourth of a mile west of 

Kimbro (Corsicana marl), 2 miles south of Manda, 

Travis County, Tex.; 2, 18, 23, 30, and 40 feet ab?ve 

base of bluff on Onion Creek (Corsicana marl), 2~ miles 

west of Old Garfield, Travis County, Tex.; Black Bluff, 

Brazos River (Kemp clay), 2 miles above falls, Falls 

County, Tex.; about 2 miles southwest of Quinlan, 

Hunt County (Kemp clay?), Tex.; Bankhead Highway (Neylandville marl), 4.3 miles (air line) northeast 

of public square at Greenville, Hunt County, Tex.; 

Corsicana clay pit (Corsicana marl), Navarro County, 

Tex.; 2.1 miles southeast of Drane, Navarro County, 

Tex. (Neylandville marl); San Marcos River, left bank 

half a mile below Martindale (Corsicana marl), Caldwell County, Tex.; Jones Crossing on Onion Creek 

(Corsicana marl), southeast of Austin, Tex. 
28 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Nonionella cretacea Cushman 

Plate 7, figure 5 

Nonionella cretacea Cushman, Tennessee Geol. Survey Bull. 41, 

p. 42, pl. 7, figs. 2a-c, 1931; Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

vol. 47, p. 418, 1936. 

Test much compressed, periphery rounded, dorsal 

side showing the earliest coils, ventral side involute; 

chambers numerous, about 10 in the adult whorl, 

rather rapidly increasing in length in the adult; sutures 

distinct, slightly depressed, very slightly curved; wall 

smooth; aperture at the periphery and extending over 

onto the ventral side, at the base of the final chamber. 

Length 0.25 mm; breadth 0.18 mm. 

This is a small species but rather widely distributed in 

the Taylor and its equivalents of northern Mexico and 

the Gulf Coastal Plain region of the United States. 

Taylor marl: Medio Creek Valley, a quarter of a mile 

north of Castroville road (upper part of Taylor), Bexar 

County, Tex.; Potranca Creek, 0.75· mile south of 

Castroville road (upper part of Taylor), Bexar County, 

Tex.; 1.4 miles north of Emhouse (upper part of Taylor), 

Navarro County, Tex., on road toward Ennis. 

Annona chalk: 0.75 mile north toward White Rock, 

6.95 miles east of Clarksville, Red River County, Tex. 

Selma chalk: Half a mile west of Guys, MeN airy 

County, Tenn.; New Corinth Highway 13~ miles south 

of Selmer, McNairy County, Tenn. 

Velasco shale: Hacienda El Lim6n, VeraCruz, Mexico. 

Nonionella warburgi Brotzen 

Plate 7, figure 4 

N onionella warburgi Brotzen, Sveriges geol. undersokning, ser. 

C, no. 396, p. 117, pl. 8, figs. lla-c, 1936. 

Test slightly longer than broad, periphery rounded, 

sides nearly parallel, dorsal side completely evolute, 

ventrally involute; chambers seven or eight in the lastformed whorl, increasing rather regularly in size as 

added, the last-formed chamber occupying but a small 

portion of the ventral side; sutures distinct, strongly 

curved in the later part, less so in the early part, 

slightly depressed; wall smooth; aperture a small slit 

at the base of the last-formed chamber. Length of 

holotype, 0.27 mm; breadth 0.19 mm; thickness 0.09 

mm. 

The types came from the Cretaceous lower Senonian 

of Eriksdal, Sweden. 

N onion ella extensa Brotzen 

Plate 7, figure 7 

N onionella extensa Brotzen, Sveriges geol. undersokning, ser. C, 

no. 396, p. 116, pl. 10, figs. 8a-c, 1936. 

Test about one and a half times as long as broad, 

periphery rounded, ventral side with the umbilical 

area covered, strongly convex, in apertural view with 

the sides nearly parallel; chambers about nine in the 

adult coil, rapidly increasing in length as added, the 

final one greatly enlarged and tumid, extending nearly 

to the periphery at the base on both sides but broader 

and more tumid on the ventral side and making up 

more than half the area of the test ventrally; sutures 

slightly curved, little if at all depressed; wall smooth; 

aperture very small. Length of holotype, 0.34 mm; 

breadth 0.20 mm; thickness 0.14 mm. 

The types came from the Cretaceous lower Senonian 

of Eriksdal, Sweden. 

Nonionella reussana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate 7, figure 6 

Test somewhat compressed, periphery rounded, dorsal side showing a small amount of the previous coil, 

ventral side completely involute; chambers distinct, 

slightly inflated, few, about seven in the adult whorl, 

increasing rather rapidly in size in the final whorl; 

sutures distinct, slightly depressed, slightly curved 

dorsally, strongly so ventrally, the last ones sigmoid; 

wall smooth; aperture a low opening at the base of the 

last-formed chamber, extending slightly into the ventral 

side. Length 0.30 mm; breadth 0.25 mm; thickness 

0.15 mm. 

Holotype (Cushman Coli., no. 23619) from Upper 

Cretaceous, Mersch bei Hamm, Germany. 

This is a broader species than the other Cretaceous 

ones from America. 

N onionella alabamensis Cushman and Ponton 

Plate 7, figure .12 

N onion ella alabamensis Cushman and Ponton, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 8, p. 65, pl. 8, figs. 15a-c, 

1932. 

Test slightly longer than broad, periphery rounded, 

the last-formed chamber covering the umbilical area 

on one side, the opposite side showing the earlier coils; 

chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 8 to 10 in the lastformed coil, the last-formed chamber covering the 

umbilicus and often showing a stellate form., increasing 

gradually in size and length as added; sutures distinct, 

slightly depressed, often somewhat lim bate, particularly 

on the side with the open umbilicus; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture extending from the periphery 

under the stellate projection of the last-formed chamber. 

Length 0.50 mm; breadth 0.35 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Wilcox 

Eocene (Tuscahoma sand), from a railroad cut 1 mile 

north of Ozark, Ala. 

This species somewhat resembles forms found in the 

late Tertiary of the Pacific coast, but the sutures are 

usually distinctly limbate in the young stages at least, 

and the form in the peripheral view is broader. 
NONIONELLA 29 

Nonionella wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton 

Plate 7, figure 13 

N onionella wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 8, p. 65, pl. 8, figs. 12a, b, 

1932. 

Test very much compressed, periphery rounded, 

somewhat unequal on the two sides; chambers distinct, 

10 to 12 in the last-formed coil, increasing regularly 

in size and length as added, slightly inflated; sutures 

distinct, strongly curved, very slightly if at all depressed 

except at the inner end; wall smooth, very finely perforate; aperture an elongate slit at the base of the 

a pert ural face in the median line. Length 0.45 min; 

breadth 0.30 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Wilcox 

Eocene (Tuscahoma sand), froin a railroad cut 1 n1ile 

north of Ozark, Ala. 

This species is distinctly umbilicate on one side, 

showing the early coils and the spiral suture; on the 

other side the early coils are covered. There is a 

tendency for the wall to be slightly papillate at the 

base of the chambers. 

Nonionella insecta (Schwager) Cushman and Ponton 

Pia te 8, figure 1 

Anomalina insecta Schwager, Palaeontographica, vol. 30, Pal. 

Theil, p. 128, pl. 28 (5), figs. la-d, 2a-e, 1883. 

Nonionella insecta Cushman and Ponton, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 8, p. 65, pl. 8, figs. 13, 14, 1932. 

Test much compressed, only slightly higher than 

broad, sides flattened, periphery rounded to subacute, 

dorsal side showing the earlier whorls, ventral side 

almost completely involute; chambers distinct, slightly 

if at all inflated, increasing rapidly in length in the final 

whorl; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, nearly 

straight, very oblique in the a.dult; wall smooth; 

aperture low, at the base of the last-formed chamber 

extending over slightly on the ventral side. Length 

0.25 mm; breadth 0.20 mm; thickness 0.08 mm. 

This species was originally described from the middle 

Eocene of northern Africa. The same form evidently 

occurs in the Wilcox Eocene (Tuscahoma sand), railroad 

cut 1 mile north of Ozark, Ala. The specimen here 

figured is from the latter locality. 

N onionella gardnerae Cushman 

Plate 7, figure 8 

Nonionella gardnerae Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 88, pl. 15, figs. 9a-c, 1936. 

Test slightly trochoid, moderately compressed, dorsal side slightly evolute, showing a slight trace of the 

earlier whorl, ventral side completely involute; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, about 10 in the final 

whorl, increasing gradually in size as added, slightly 

overlapping, last-formed one with a ventral lobe extending over the umbilicus; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, gently curved; wall smooth, finely perforate; 

aperture a low arched opening at the base of the 

periphery of the last-formed chamber, extending 

slightly on the ventral side. Length 0.35 mm; breadth 

0.25 mm; thickness 0.17 mn1. 

The types of this species came from the Eocene 

Claiborne (Cook Mountain), bluff on San Antonio 

River 4 miles southwest of Floresville, Tex. 

Nonionella cockfieldensis Cushman and Ellisor 

Plate 7, figures 9-11 

Nonionella cockfieldensis Cushman and Ellisor, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 9, p. 95, pl. 10, fig. 11, 1933. 

Test nearly bilaterally symmetrical, almost completely involute, later chambers on the ventral side 

extending below the umbilicus in a broad curve, periphery rounded; chambers very distinct, not inflated, 

about 10 in the adult coil; sutures distinct, not depressed, 

gently curved; wall smooth; aperture extending over 

onto the ventral side beneath the extension of the 

chamber. Length 0.40 mm; breadth 0.35 mm; thickness 0.18 mm. 

The types of this species ca1ne from the Claiborne 

Eocene, Yegua formation, a. quarter of a mile below 

Robertson's Ferry on the Sabine River, Sabine County, 

Tex. The species also occurs in our collections from 

the Ocala limestone, second bed above the Gosport 

sand, Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala., and from 

the Cook ~fountain formation, bluff on San Antonio 

River 4 miles south-southeast of Floresville, Wilson 

County, Tex. 

Nonionella jacksonensis Ct$hrnan 

Plate 8, figure 2 

Nonionella jacksonensis Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 9, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 23a-c, 1933; 

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 31, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, 

1935. 

Test longer ... than~broad, periphery rounded, ventral 

side involute~ and the chambers extending over the 

umbilical region, dorsal side with the chambers ending 

at the umbilical region; chambers distinct, about 8 in 

the final whorl, becoming increasingly elongate in 

the adult, the inner end of the final chamber extending 

across the umbilical area nearly to the periphery on 

the ventral side, inflated; sutures distinct, slightly if 

at all depressed; wall smooth, finely perforate; aperture 

peripheral at the base of the apertural face, low. 

Length 0.35 mm; breadth 0.20 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

This species has resemblances toN. turgida (Williamson), but the chambers are broader and usually fewer. 

The species is known from the Cooper marl of 

Charleston, S. C.; and from the Ocala limestone at Claiborne, Ala.; 6~ miles north of Brooklyn, Ala.; and 3X 

miles northeast of Brooklyn, Ala. 
30 THE FORAMINIFERAL :E'AMILY NONIONIDAE 

Nonionella danvillensis Howe and Wallace 

Plate 8, figure 3 

N onionella danvillemis Howe and Wallace. Louisiana Dept. Cons. 

Geol. Bull. 2, p. 52, pl. 9, figs. 5a-c, 1932. 

Test trochoid, asymmetrical, low spired, periphery broadly 

rounded; chambers numerous, about eight being visible on the 

ventral side, all visible on the dorsal side, the last two chambers 

forming a shield over the umbilical area on the ventral side· 

sutures distinct, very slightly depressed if at all, slightly curved; 

wall smooth, calcareous, finely perforate; aperture at the base of 

the last-formed chamber extending from the periphery ventrally. 

Greatest diameter 0.3 mm; thickness 0.13 mm. 

This species is from the Jackson Eocene at Danville 

Landing, Ouachita River, Catahoula Parish, La. The 

figured specimen is a paratype kindly furnished by the 

authors. 

N onionella hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) Ellisor 

Plate 8, figure 4 

Nonionina hantkeni Cushman and Applin, Am. Assoc. Petroleum 

Geologists Bull., vol. 10, p. 182, pl. 10, figs. 10, 11, 1926. 

Nonionella hantkeni Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 

Bull., vol. 17, no. 11, pl. 2, fig. 9, 1933. 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 31, pl. 12, 

figs. 1, 2, 1935. 

Pullenia. elongata Hantken, Magyar kir. fOldt. int. Evkonyve, 

1875, p. 50, pl. 10, fig. 10, 1876; K. ungar. geol. Anstalt 

Mitt. Jahrb., vol. 4, p. 59, pl. 10, fig. 10, 1881. 

Test somewhat longer than broad, consisting of 

numerous chambers, as many as 12 in the last-formed 

coil, periphery broadly rounded, the umbilical region 

slightly exposed, showing the inner ends of the earlier 

chambers; sutures distinct, very slightly and evenly 

curved; wall smooth; aperture arched in the base of the 

apertural face of the last-formed chamber. Maximum 

length 0.60 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Jackson 

Eocene of the Ohio and Red River well no. 2, Tyler 

County, Tex., at a depth of 2,330 feet. 

East of Texas, in the Eocene of the Gulf Coastal 

Plain, the species is apparently replaced by var. spissa 

Cushman. 

Besides the types our collections contain specimens 

from the Jackson Eocene of Stovall Creek east of 

Diboll, Angelina County, Tex.; Tar Kiln Cre~k half a 

mile above Neches River, Tex., and numerous well 

samples from the Eocene. The same species occurs 

in the upper Eocene along the Rio Tuxpan Vera Cruz 

M . ' ' eXICO. 

Nonionella hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) var. spissa 

Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 5 

Nonionella hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) va;r. spissa Cushman, 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 7, pt. 3, p. 

58, pl. 7, figs. 13a-c, 1931. 

Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 17, no. 

11, pl. 2, figs. 10-12, 1933. 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 181, p. 31, pl. 12, 

figs. 6a-c, 1935. 

Variety differing from the typical form in the much 

thicker test, usually smaller number of chambers and . ' less limbate sutures. 

The types of the variety came from the Jackson Eocene Cooper marl at the end of a fill on the west side of 

the Santee Canal on U. S. Highway 17 three-quarters 

of a mile west of old Biggin Church, Berkeley County, 

S. C. The variety also occurs in the Cooper marl at 

other localities in South Carolina, in the Ocala limestone 

of Alabama, and in the Jackson formation of Mississippi. 

Nonionella hantkeni {Cushman and Applin) var. fayettei 

(Cushman and Ellisor) Ellisor 

Plate 8, figure 6 

Nonion hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) var. fayettei Cushman 

and Ellisor, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 8, p. 41, pl. 6, figs. 3a, b, 1932. 

Nonionella hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) var. fayettei Ellisor, 

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., val. 17, pl. 7, 

figs. 9a, b, 1933. 

Test elongate, much compressed, slightly umbilicate, 

periphery rounded; chambers distinct, numerous, 10 

to 12 in the last-formed whorl in the adult, increasing 

somewhat in length as added but changing very little 

in height; sutures distinct, slightly curved, those of the 

early portion limbate and often slightly raised, later 

ones becoming flush with the surface and the limbate 

character disappearing; wall smooth except for the 

slightly raised limbate sutures in the earlier portion, 

very finely perforate; aperture a narrow slit at the base 

of the apertural face of the last-formed chamber, 

between it and the preceding coil. Length 0.50 mm; 

breadth 0.35 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Jackson 

Eocene on the east bank of Toro Bayou in the 

SEXNWX sec. 6, T. 3 N., R. 11 W., Vernon Parish, La. 

This variety seems to be a definite marker for the 

Fayette sandstone of the upper Eocene. The limbate 

suture lines and the very considerable compression, 

with the sides almost parallel, will distinguish the 

variety. The last-formed chamber seems . to be very 

delicate and is usually broken away, leaving a sharp 

line about the peripheral face, as shown in the figure. 

Nonionella frankel Cushman 

Pia te 8, figure 7 

N onion ella jrankei Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 88, pl. 15, figs. 10a-c, 1936. 

Test slightly trochoid, slightly compressed, dorsal 

side somewhat evolute, showing the earlier whorls, 

ventral side involute, deeply umbilicate; chambers 

distinct, slightly inflated, about 10 in the final whorl, 

increasing rather rapidly in size as added, final chamber 

extending slightly more onto the ventral side, without 
NONIONELLA 31 

a definite lobe; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, 

nearly straight; wall smooth; aperture a low arched 

opening at the base of the apertural face. Length 

0.35 mm; breadth 0.25 mm; thickness 0.22 mm. 

The types came from the middle Oligocene Rupelton 

of Dusseldorf, Ratigen, Germany. 

Nonionella tatumi Howe 

Plate 8, figure 8 

Nonionella tatumi Howe, Jour. Paleontology, val. 4, p. 330, pl. 27, 

figs. 6a-c, 1930. 

Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., val. 17, pl. 

2, fig. 11, 1933. 

Test subtrochoid, small, periphery broadly rounded, usually 

nine chambers in the last-formed coil, distinct, dorsal side not 

completely involute. Sutures nearly straight. Ventral side 

involute, with the last-formed chamber having an extension 

the end of which is generally divided into 3 or more small lobes, 

which completely cover the umbilical area. Aperture low, 

arched, at the base of the last-formed chamber. Length 0.30 

mm; breadth 0.25 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Oligocene 

Mint Spring marl member of the Ma.rianna limestone, 

50 yards below the waterfalls in Mint Spring Bayou, 

Vicksburg, Miss. It also is recorded from the Byram 

marl at Byram, Miss., and from the Red Bluff clay at 

Hiwannee, Miss. The figured specimen is a paratype, 

kindly sent to me by Dr. Howe. 

Nonionella miocenica Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 9 

Nonionella miocenica Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., val. 2, pt. 3, p. 64, 1926; Scripps Inst. Oceanography Bull., Tech. ser., val. 1, p. 149, 1927. 

Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., val. 6, p. 61, pl. 8, figs. 6a-c, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., val. 7, p. 8, 1931. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 

5, pl. 23, figs. 3a-c, 1933. 

Barbat and Johnson, Jour. Paleontology, val. 8, p. 11, 

pl. 1, figs. 1-4, 1934. 

Nonionina auris Cushman [not D'Orbigny], Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., val. 1, pt. 4, p. 91, pl. 13, figs. 

4a-c, 1926. 

Test subtrochoid, small, periphery broadly rounded, 

8 to 10 chambers in the last-formed coil, distinct, 

dorsal side not completely involute, the sutures obliquely curved, the last chambers with the umbilical 

end forming a distinct rounded lobe; wall smooth; 

aperture low, elongate. Length 0.45 mm; breadth 

0.35 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

This species occurs in the Miocene of California, in 

the Monterey shale of San Luis Obispo and Humboldt 

Counties, in the Temblor of the east side of San Joaquin 

Valley, and in the Reef Ridge shale of the west side of 

San Joaquin Valley. It also occurs off the western 

coast of Mexico as a living form. 

1819-39-3 

N onion ella novo-zealandica Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 10 

Nonionella novo-zealandica Cus.hman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., val. 12, p. 88, pl. 13, figs. 16a-c, 1936. 

Test trochoid, biconvex, dorsal side somewhat flattened, the spire slightly sunken, slightly evolute, ventral 

side involute, the central area with irregular raised 

masses, rounded and elongate, periphery rounded; 

chambers distinct, 12 to 14 in the adult whorl, increasing rapidly in size as added, slightly inflated; sutures 

distinct, very slightly depressed, earlier ones more 

strongly curved than the later ones; wall smooth except 

for the ornamentation of the ventral umbilical region; 

aperture a low opening at the base of the apertural face. 

Length 0.50 mm; breadth 0.40 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types came from the Miocene Shell bPd in Target 

Gully, Oamaru, New Zealand. 

N onionella pseudo-auris Cole 

Plate 8, figures 11, 12 

Nonionella pseudo-auris Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 32, 

pl. 5, figs. 4, 5, 1931. 

Test small, subtrochoid, the final .volution composed of 7 or 8 

chambers; periphery rounded; sutures rather indistinct between 

the initial chambers of the final whorl, becoming more pronounced between the final chambers in this whorl, very slightly 

recurved, the last chamber produced into a distinct lobe on the 

ventral side, which completely fills the umbilicus; wall finely 

perforate; aperture low, elongate. Length, 0.32 mm; width, 

0.22 mm. 

This species was described from the Pliocene Caloosahatchee marl of the City marl pit, Orange County, Fla. 

It is close to N. miocenica Cushman but has fewer 

chambers and less distinct sutures. 

Nonionella clavata Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 15 

N onionella clavata Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., val. 7, pt. 2, p. 30, pl. 4, figs. 9a-c, 1931; Bernice 

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 121, pl. 14, figs. 11a-c, 

1934. 

Test elongate, broadest near the outer end, making 

the shape in peripheral view clavate, periphery very 

broadly rounded; chambers 8 to 10 in the last-formed 

coil, distinct, the later ones very much elongated; 

sutures distinct, lim bate, slightly curved; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture a very narrow slit at the base 

of the apertural face. Length 0.55 mm; breadth 0.30 

mm; thickness 0.18 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pliocene of 

Fiji. It is a· very peculiar shaped species, the last 

chambers being very greatly extended and swollen at 

the outer end. The test is almost bilaterally symmetrical but not entirely so. 
32 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Nonionella limbato-striata Cushman 

Plate 8, figures 13, 14 

Nonionella limbato-striata Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 7, pt. 2, p. 30, pl. 4, figs. Sa-c, 1931; 

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 121, pl. 14, figs. 

lOa-c, 1934. 

Test much longer than broad, trochoid, completely 

involute on the ventral side, whole test compressed, 

very narrow in peripheral view, the periphery rounded; 

chambers distinct, 8 to 10 in the last-formed coil, 

gradually increasing in length, especially in the last 

few chambers, not inflated; sutures distinct, curved, 

lim bate, very broad on the ventral side; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture a narrow slit at the base of 

the apertural face. Length 0.30 mm; breadth 0.15 

mm; thickness 0.06 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pliocene of 

Fiji. It is a small but very distinct species, and the 

broad sutures, being of peculiar type, will at once 

distinguish it from other species of the genus. On 

plate 8 are figures of a Recent form from Vavau 

AnchOI;age, Tonga Islands, which seem to be this 

species. It was previously referred to as "Nonionella 

auris (D'Orbigny) var. 115 

N onion ella tredeca (Asano) Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 16 

Pseudononion tredecum Asano, Geol. Soc. Japan Jour., vol. 43, 

no. 515, p. 622, pl. 33, figs. 7a-c, 1936. 

Test depressed, bilaterally asymmetrical, ventral side completely involute, dorsal side somewhat evolute, periphery subacute, umbilicus of ventral side distinct, filled with granular 

shell substance; chambers numerous, usually 13 or 14 in lastformed coil in adult; sutures distinct, slightly depressed; wall 

smooth, finely perforate; aperture small, at base of last chamber. 

Length about 0.4, breadth 0.3, and thickness 0.1 mm. 

The types came from the Neogene of Kaigarasawa, 

Kuromatunaimura, Suttu-gun, Hokkaid6, Japan. 

Nonionella japonica (Asano) Cushman 

Plate 9, figure 1 

Pseudononion japonicum Asano, Geol. Soc. Japan Jour., vol. 43, 

no. 512, p. 347, text figs. A-C, 1936. 

Test asymmetrical, depressed, dorsal side slightly convex 

with all coils visible, ventral side with only the last-formed 

coil visible, periphery subacute; chambers distinct, 10 to 12 in 

adult, having no elongate lobe extending over the umbilicus on 

the ventral side; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, gently 

curved; wall finely perforate; aperture a narrow slit at the base 

of the apertural face. Length 0.40 mm; breadth 0.25 mm; 

thickness 0.1 mm. 

The types of this species came from the late Tertiary 

of Muraoka-mura, Kamakura-g6ri, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. 

o Cushman, J. A., The foraminifera of the tropical Pacific collections of the Albatross 

1899-1900, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, Lagenidae to Alveolinellidae, pl. 10, figs. 

lla-c, 1933. 

Nonionella janiformis (Jones) Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 17 

Nonionina boueana D'Orbigny var. janijormis Jones, Foraminifera of the Crag, pt. 4, p. 343, text figs. 28a-c, 1897. 

The varietal form under notice has a nearly circular outline 

and subacute peripheral edge; it is stoutly made, and the chambers, which are numerous, narrow, falciform, and slightly inflated, 

increase rather rapidly in size toward the end. Some specimens 

are rather more oval than others. One umbilicus is exposed, and 

on this side the sutures are visible from the periphery to the 

umbilicus, but the other umbilicus is covered with granular shell 

substance. Thus the variety under notice has at once the two 

characters that divide the Nonioninae into two series. Hence 

it may be called janijormis. 

Numerous specimens in good condition were found by Mr. 

Millett in the Coralline Crag at Gomer, or Gomer Field (now 

ploughed over), between the ferry on the River Butley and 

Gedgrave, Suffolk. 

The specimen here figured is evidently the same as 

MiHett's species. It came from the Pliocene Coralline 

Crag of Sutton, England. 

N onionella turgida (Williamson) Cushman 

Plate 9, figures 2, 3 

Rotalina turgida Williamson, On the Recent Foraminifera of 

Great Britain, p. 50, pl. 4, figs. 95-97, Royal Soc. London, 

1858. 

Nonionina asterizans var. turgida Parker and Jones, Introduction 

to study of Foraminifera, appendix, p. 311, 1862. 

Nonionina turgida H. B. Brady, Linnean Soc. London Trans., 

vol. 24, p. 474, 1864; Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, 

p. 731, pl. 109, figs. 17-19, 1884. 

Balkwill and Wright, Royal Irish Acad. Trans., vol. 28, Sci., 

p. 352, 1885. 

Terquem and Terquem, Soc. zool. France Bull., vol. 11, 

p. 331, pl. 11, figs. 7, 8, 1886. 

Siddall, Lit. Philos. Soc. Liverpool Proc., 1886, p. 71 (list). 

Wright, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 449, 

1889. 

Halkyard, Manchester Micr. Soc. Trans., p. 71, 1889. 

Robertson, Nat. History Soc. Glasgow Trans., vol. 3, pt. 3, 

p. 242, 1892. 

Chaster, Southport Soc. Nat. Sci. 1st Rept., 189Q-91, p. 66, 

1892. 

Wright, Royal Irish Acad. Proc., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 493, 1891. 

?Egger, K. bayer. Akad. Wiss. Abh., Cl. 2, vol. 18, p. 425, 

pl. 19, figs. 45, 46, 1893. 

Goes, K. svenska vetensk. akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 

p. 105, pl. 17, fig. 832, 1894. 

Wright, Irish Naturalist, vol. 9, p. 55, 1900. 

Kiaer, Rept. Norwegian Fish. and Mar. Invest., vol. 1, 

no. 7, p. 50, 1900; in Due d'Orleans, Croisiere oceanographique accomplie a bord de la Belgica dans Ia Mer 

du Gronland, 1905, p. 526, 1907. 

Millett, Recent Foraminifera of Galway, p. 7, 1908. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Royal Irish Acad. Proc., vol. 31, 

pt. 64, p. 145, 1913; Linnean Soc. London Trans., ser. 2, 

vol. 11, p. 281, 1916. 

Nonionella turgida Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 15, pl. 6, figs. 1-4, 1930. 

Howe and Wallace, Louisiana Dept. Cons. Geol. Bull. 2, 

p. 53, pl. 9, figs. 2~-c, 1932. 

Earland, DiBcovery Repts., vol. 7. p. 131, 1933; vol. 10, 

p. 190, 1934. 
NONIONELLA 33 

Test longer than broad, n1uch compressed, irregularly 

heart-shaped, periphery rounded, the dorsal side slightly 

evolute, ventral side involute; chambers distinct, increasing rapidly in size and length as added, slightly if 

at all inflated, except on the ventral side, where the 

last-formed one has an enlarged portion over the umbilical area; sutures distinct, not depressed, inner portion nearly straight and radial, toward the periphery 

more strongly curved; wall smooth; aperture below 

the bulbous portion of the last chamber at the ventral 

side. Length 0.25-0.30 mm; breadth 0.15-0.18 mm; 

thickness 0.10-0.12 nim. 

This is a cmnmon species about the British Isles and 

adjacent areas. There are many records without figures from other regions, which need to be checked from 

the original sources. It occurs in fairly deep water off 

the coa.st of New England. Some of the European 

records follow: Skye, Arran, Shetland, abundant; Whitehaven, rare (Williamson); off the Dublin coast (Balkwill and Wright); south of Norway (Terquem and 

Terquem); Liverpool Bay, rare (Siddall); southwest of 

Ireland, 1,000 fathoms, frequent (Wright); Isle of 

Jersey (Halkyard); Portree Bay, Scotland, frequent 

(Robertson); off Southport, England, rather rare 

(Chaster); West Africa (Egger); Scandinavian coast 

(Goes); Dogs Bay, very rare (Wright); south coast of 

Norway from Brevik Fiord to the Bukn Fiord, 90 to 

350 meters, and Svolvaer, Lofoten, 200 meters; Vesteraalseggen, 1,187 meters (Kiaer); off Galway (Millett); 

Clare Island region of Ireland at 16 stations; 20 stations 

west of Scotland (Heron-Allen and Earland). There 

are records of it in the Pleistocene beds of Norway, 

Scotland, and Ireland. 

Nonionella auris (D'Orbigny) Cushman and Kellett 

Plate 9, figure 4 

Valvulina auris D'Orbigny, Voyage dans I' Amerique meridionale, 

vol. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 47, pl. 2, figs. 15-17, 1839. 

Nonionina auris Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 44, pl. 7, figs. 3a-c, 1925. 

Hada, Sapporo Nat. History Soc. Trans., vol. 11, pt. 1, p. 

14, 1929. 

Nonionella auris Cushman and Kellett, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., 

vol. 75, art. 25, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 9a-c; pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, 1929. 

Cushman, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 38, pl. 7, figs. 

la-c, 1930. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 69, 

1932. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 438, 

pl. 16, figs. 17-19, 1932. 

Cushman and Cahill, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

175-A, p. 21, pl. 7, figs. 6a, b, 1933. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 4, 

pl. 19, figs. 2a-c, 1933; U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 

2, p. 45, pl. 10, fig. 10 [not 11]; pl. 11, figs. la-c, 1933. 

Palmer and Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 

9, p. 245, 1935. 

Cushman, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 47, pl. 5, figs. 

la-c, 1936. 

Test asymmetrical, slightly trochoid, the spire not 

raised, periphery in the adult broadly rounded; chambers 9 to 11 in the adult, low and broad, very distinct, 

slightly inflated, in the adult with the last-formed 

chan1 her having an enlarged portion extending over the 

umbilicus on the ventral side; sutures distinct, depressed, 

gently eurved; wall smooth, polished, very finely perforate; aperture at the last-formed chamber, extending 

from the periphery ventrally, low and broad. Length 

0.35 mm; breadth 0.25 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

D'Orbigny's types came from the west coast of South 

America, where the species is recorded as often abundant from Chile to Ecuador. I have had material from 

Payta, Pimentel, and Eten, Peru; from Corral and 

Lota, Chile; from the tropical Pacific; and from off 

British Columbia. It is also recorded from off Hokkaido, Japan (Hada); and off the Falkland Islands (HeronAllen and Earland). As a fossil it is known from the 

Miocene Choctawhatchee, Shoal River, Oak Grove, 

and Chipola of Florida, from the Miocene St. Marys 

and Calvert formations of Maryland, from the late 

Tertiary of the Matanzas Bay region, Cuba, and from 

the submarine late Tertiary clays of Georges Bank. 

N onion ella chiliensis Cushman and Kellett 

Plate 9, figure 6 

Nonionella chiliensis Cushman and Kellett, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Proc., vol. 75, art. 25, p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 4a-c, 1929. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 438, 

pl. 16, figs. 11-13, 1932. 

Test asymmetrical, trochoid, the spire very much flattened, 

consisting of about 2~ whorls, periphery subacute, umbilicus 

depres'sed; chambers numerous, 10 to 12 in the last-formed 

whorl, low and broad, not inflated; sutures distinct, not depressed, 

strongly limbate, on the dorsal side oblique, ventrally strongly 

curved; wall smooth, polished, very finely perforate; aperture 

low, elongate, at the margin of the chamber extending from the 

periphery ventrally. Maximum height 0.40 mm; breadth 0.35 

mm; thickness 0.18 mm. 

The types of this species are from off Corral, Chile, 

and it also occurred in material from Lota, Chile. 

Heron-Allen and Earland record it from off the Falkland Islands. 

This is an extreme form of the genus, more asymmetrical than most species. 

N onionella auricula Heron-Allen and Earland 

Plate 9, figures 7-9 

N onionella auricula Heron-Allen and Earland, Royal Micr. Soc. 

Jour., vol. 50, p. 192, pl. 5, figs. 68-70, 1930. 

Test longer than broad, strongly compressed, periphery rounded, ventrally umbilicate and involute, dorsally 

with the earlier coils visible; chambers distinct, about 

nine in the adult whorl, inflated, increasing rapidly in 

size and height in the adult whorl; sutures distinct, 

depressed in later portion, slightly curved; wall thin, 

hyaline, smooth; aperture at the base of the ventral face 
34 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONJDAE 

extending over slightly 9nto the ventral side. Length 

0.18-0.25 mm; breadth 0.14-0.16 mm; thickness 0.12 

min. 

The types of this species came from a depth of 30 to 

31~ fathoms off Plymouth, England. 

Nonionella iridea Heron-Allen and Earland 

Plate 9, figure 5 

Nonionella iridea Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., 

vol. 4, p. 438, pl. 16, figs. 14-16, 1932. 

Earland, idem, vol. 10, p. 190, 1935; vol. 13, p. 58, 193G. 

Test minute, hyaline, consisting of about 12 to 14 chambers, 

arranged inequilateral1y in an evolute spiral. Six or seven of the 

chambers are exposed on one side of the test, the whole of the 

series more or less visible on the other. The primordial chamber 

often appears as a central boss. Sutures depressed, and chambers 

more or less inflated. Peripheral edge broad, slightly lobulate. 

Color glassy to white, often iridescent owing to diffraction spectra 

caused by the thinness of the shell. 

Length 0.20 mm; breadth 0.15 mm; thickness 0.11 

mm. 

This species is recorded by the authors from several 

stations in the general region of the Falkland Islands and 

more abundant in the South Georgia areas. Earland 

records it from the Weddell Sea. 

Nonionella miocenica Cushman var. stella Cushman and 

Moyer 

Plate 9, figure 10 

Nonionella rniocenica Cushman var. stella Cushman and Moyer, 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 6, p. 56, 

pl. 7, figs. 17a-c, 1930. 

Variety differing from the typical form in the stellate 

character of the inner end of the last-formed chamber 

on the ventral side which develops short fingerlike 

processes over the previous sutures. 

The types of this variety can1e from depths of 35 to 

50 fathoms off San Pedro, Calif. This is very close to 

N. pulchella Hada, from Japan, but the California 

form has fewer and broader chambers, and the test is 

more rounded. 

N onion ella pulchella Had a 

Plate 9, figure 11 

Nonionella pulchella Hada, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Rept., ser. 

4, Biology, vol. 6, p. 120, fig. 79 (in text), l 931. 

Test oval, compressed, composed of about two convolutions, 

peripheral margin rounded; chambers narrow, curved, increasing 

rapidly in size as added, all chambers in the outer whorl visible, 

umbilical end of the chamber growing in peculiar manner and 

covering over the umbilicus in the ventral side; sutures distinct, 

depressed slightly; wall smooth, somewhat translucent or opaque, 

finely perforate; aperture forming a narrow, arched slit. Length 

0.45 mm; breadth 0.30 mm; thickness 0.1~ mm. 

This species was described from Mutsu Bay, Japan, 

where it is recorded at depths ranging from 4 to 33 

fathoms. 

N onion ella parri Cushman 

Plate 9, figure 12 

Nonionella parri Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Researeh 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 89, pl. 13, figs. 17a-c, 1936. 

Test slightly longer than broad, strongly compressed, 

periphery in the earlier portion rounded, becoming 

subacute in the later portion, dorsal side with the 

earlier whorls visible, ventrally nearly involute; chambers distinct, numerous, 16 to 18 in the adult whorl, 

increasing rather gradually in size and height, not 

inflated; sutures distinct, somewhat lim bate, little if 

at all depressed, earlier ones slightly curved, later ones 

sigmoid; wall smooth except for the umbilicate region 

on the ventral side, which has a few short costae and 

the inner ends of the chambers with a small, blunt 

spine; aperture low, at the ventral side of the periphery. 

Length 0.75 mm; breadth 0.50-0.60 mm; thickness 

0.30 mm. 

The types of this species came frmn shore sand, 

Caroline Bay, Timaru, New Zealand. 

The species is named in honor of Mr. W. J. Parr, who 

has furnished us with much interesting material. 

N onionella translucens Cushman 

I 

Plate 9, figure 13 

Nonionella translucens Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, 

pt. 2, p. 45, pl. 11, figs. 2a-c, 1933. 

Test small, elongate, dorsal side flattened or slightly 

convex, with all the coils visible, ventral side with only 

the last-formed coil visible, the inner side of the lastformed chambers projecting toward the umbilicus, 

periphery rounded; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 

especially on the ventral side, 9 or 10 in the last-formed 

coil, of rather uniform shape and increasing only slightly 

in size as added; sutures distinct, strongly lim bate; 

wall thin, translucent, very finely perforate, shining; 

aperture at the ventral margin of the last-formed 

chamber, slightly ventral to the periphery. Length 

of holotype, 0.32 mm; breadth, 0.2 mm; thickness, 

0.12 mm. 

The types of this species came from a depth of 12 

fathoms off Levuka, Fiji. It also occurs at Rongelab 

Atoll; 21 fathoms, Guam Anchorage, Ladrone Islands; 

Port Lot ten, Kersail, Caroline Islands; Mokaujar 

Anchorage, Fiji; and a few Albatross stations in the 

same general area. 

Nonionella lata Cushman and Valentine 

Plate 9, figure 14 

Nonionella lata Cushman and Valentine, Stanford Univ., Dept. 

Geology, Contr., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 2o, pl. 7, figs. 5a-c, 1930. 

Test trochoid, becoming very broad at the periphery, in peripheral view triangular, thickness nearly equaling the diameter in 

the adult; chambers 11 to 13 in the adult whorl, low, becoming 

very thick at the periphery in the adult; sutures distinct, slightly 

depressed, curved; wall smooth except at the inner portion of 
ASTRONONION 35 

the sutures, which are finely beaded; aperture at the base of the 

chamber at the periphery. Length 0.60 mm; breadth 0.60 mm; 

thickness 0.50 mm. 

The types of this species were found off the Channel 

Islands, Calif. The species is very much inflated in the 

adult. 

Genus CUSHMANELLA Palmer and Bermudez, 1936 

CushrnaneUa Palmer and Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. 

Mem., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 252, 1936. 

No'fl.ionina (part) D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia ffsica, 

polftica y natural de Ia isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, 

p. 67, 1839. 

Test free, hyaline, involute, bilaterally symmetrical; comprising 

two series of chambers-a large, conspicuous series and a series 

of small, paired chambers alternating with the large chambers 

at the umbilical margin. Apertures two, one a narrow opening 

at the base of the primary chamber and the second a conspicuous 

oval opening in the septal face approximately two-thirds the 

distance from the periphery to the base of the chamber. 

Within the primary chamber a flattened tube extends from 

the conspicuous septal aperture diagonally across the chamber 

to the aperture at the base of the preceding chamber; at the 

inner end this tube spreads funnel-like, and the enlarged part 

is attached to the preceding septal face below the septal aperture 

and extends to the lateral walls of the test. The supplementary 

partition is very thin and glassy and bears numerous conspicuous 

perforations, giving it a sievelike appearance. The chamber 

thus formed by the funnel-like partition communicates with the 

main chamber cavity only by the sievelike pores, except in some 

cases in which it appears that the tubular part of the funnel is 

not entirely closed on the ventral side. The area of the septum 

included within this supplementary chamber is usually opaque, 

while the remainder of the septum is transparent. 

The secondary series of chambers does not communicate with 

the exterior but with the primary chambers by a very inconspicuous pore on the outer margin, opening into the supplementary chamber within the primary chamber. 

Tertiary and Recent. 

The genotype has been subjected to considerable 

study by Palmer and Bermtldez. The test in this 

group seems to be bilaterally symmetrical, and the 

supplementary chambers are equally developed on the 

two sides. The type species is living off Cuba and is 

possibly to be found in the Tertiary of that region. 

Its relationships seem to be with Nonion rather than 

with the Cassidulinidae. 

Cushmanella brownii (D'Orbigny) Palmer and Bermudez 

Plate 9, figures 15-18 

Nonionina brownii D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia ffsica, 

politica y natural de Ia isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 67, 

pl. 7, figs. 22, 23, 1839. 

Nonion brownii Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 

9, no. 3, p. 135, pl. 14, figs. 8, 9, 1935. 

Cushrnanel1a brownii Palmer and Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia 

nat. Mem., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 253, pl. 22, figs. 1-3, 5, 1936. 

Test bilaterally symmetrical, compressed, close-coiled, 

periphery rounded; chambers distinct, umbilical region 

on both sides occupied by a series of small supplementary chambers alternating with the primary ones, which 

increase rapidly in size as added; sutures distinct, 

slightly depressed and somewhat limbate, slightly sigmoid; wall smooth, translucent, finely perforate; apertures consisting of a low arched opening at the base of 

the apertural face in the median line and a second 

narrow, slightly curved opening in themiddleoftheapertural face, connecting with the aperture of the previous 

chamber by a funnel-shaped internal tube, the supplementary chambers with a small opening at the periphery 

connecting with the interior larger chamber adjacent 

to it. Length up to 1.00 mm; breadth 0.55-0.65 mm; 

thickness 0.35-0.45 mm. 

D'Orbigny's species came from shore sands of Cuba. 

Through the kindness of Dr. Bermudez I have had a 

fine series of Recent specimens of this species for study 

from the north coast of Cuba and from the late Tertiary 

on the east bank of the Canimar River 800 meters from 

its mouth, Matanzas, Cuba. 

The development is through such forms as Nonion 

glabrellum Cushman of the Miocene of Florida. The 

appearance of the test in the two species is very similar 

indeed, but in N. glabrellum the supplementary chambers are not developed, and the supplementary aperture 

in the middle of the apertural face often still connects 

with the base by a narrow curved slit. 

Genus ASTRONONION Cushman and Edwards, 1937 

Astrononion Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 30, 1937. 

Nonionina (part) of authors. 

Nonion (part) of authors. 

Genoholotype Nonionina stelligera D'Orbigny. 

Test bilaterally symmetrical, close-coiled in a single 

plane; chambers consisting of two kinds-large primary 

ones in the median plane and two other supplementary 

sets in the umbilical region of either side and alternating 

with the primary ones, forming a stellate pattern in the 

center of each side; wall calcareous, finely to coarsely 

perforate; aperture of the primary chambers at the 

base of the apertural face of the last-formed chamber, 

in the supplementary chambers on the periphery of the 

chamber, elongate, narrow. 

Oligocene to Recent. 

In some respects this genus resmnbles Gushmanella, 

but the supplementary chambers are more strongly 

developed, with definite exterior apertures. There is 

no aperture in the middle of the outer wall of the apertural face in Astrononion. 

There are evidently other species than those given 

below, from the published records and figures. The 

genus so far as known starts in the Oligocene of Australia, but specimens have been recorded by Halkyard 

from the upper Eocene Blue Marl of Biarritz, France, 

which may possibly belong here. 
36 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Astrononion stelligerum (D'Orbigny) Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figure 1 

Nonionina stelligera D'Orbigny, in Barker-Webb and Berthelot, 

Histoire naturelle des iles Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, Foraminiferes, p. 128, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1839. 

Astrononion stelligerum Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 7a, 

b, 1937. 

Test strongly compressed, umbilical region slightly 

depressed, periphery rounded; chambers of the primary 

coil distinct, of rather uniform shape, increasing regularly in size as added, slightly if at all inflated, apertural 

face much higher than broad, supplementary chambers 

elongate, narrow, very irregularly rhomboid, with a 

very sharp, distinct angle toward the umbilical end, 

pointing posteriorly; sutures distinct, rather strongly 

curved, little if at all depressed, those between the 

supplementary chambers very distinct; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture low, arched, opening at the 

base of the apertural face at the median line. Dia.meter 0.35-0.50 mm; thickness 0.15-0.20 mm. 

The types of this species came from shallow water off 

the island of Teneriffe, Canary Islands, where D'Orbigny recorded it as very rare. There have been many 

records referred to this species, both fossil and Recent, 

by many authors from various parts of the world. A 

study of these figures seems to show that none of them 

are identical with the species figured and described by 

D'Orbigny. 

Astrononion sidebottomi Cushman and Edwards 

Plate _10, figure 2 

Nonionina stelligera Sidebottom {not D'Orbigny], Manchester 

Lit. Philos. Soc. Mem. and Proc., vol. 53, no. 21, p. 13, 

pl. 4, fig. 9, 1909.-

Astrononion sidebottomi Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. Sa, b, 

1937. 

Test somewhat compressed, umbilica.l region very 

slightly depressed, periphery rounded, lobulate, apertural face about as high as broad, usually somewhat 

oblique; chambers 9 or 10 in the primary coil, distinct, 

much inflated, supplementary chambers elongate, the 

later ones triangular rather than rhomboid, earlier ones 

rhomboid; sutures distinct, slightly curved, depressed; 

wall smooth, distinctly perforate; aperture a low, arched 

opening at the base of the apertural face, apertures of 

supplementary chambers at the posterior side, in the 

earlier ones toward the periphery, in the adult running 

all the way from the umbilicus to the outer point. 

Diameter 1.25 mm; thickness 0.55 mm. 

The types came from the Bay of Naples. 

This species differs from A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny) 

in the much thicker test, broader and triangular supplementary chambers, and lobulate periphery. The 

species is evidently that recorded by Sidebottom from 

off the island of Delos and from the bay of Palermo. 

It has occurred in material kindly sent to me by Mr. 

Sidebottom from Delos, and I have specimens also from 

off Ville Franche, France, and from the bay of Naples. 

Astrononion stellatum Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figures 3-5 

Astrononion stellatum Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 9-11, 

1937. 

Test somewhat compressed, umbilical region slightly 

depressed, periphery broadly rounded, lobulate, apertural face about as high as broad; chambers 7 or 8 

in the adult, strongly inflated, supplementary chambers 

strongly rhomboid, the outer end in adult very tapering; 

sutures depressed, strongly curved; wall smooth, distinctly but finely perforate; aperture a low, arched slit 

at the base of the last-formed chamber, sometimes 

slightly subdivided, in the supplementary chambers a 

long, low opening at the posterior peripheral margin. 

Dia1neter 0.60-0.95 mm; thickness 0.25-0.45 mm. 

The types of this species were obtained off southern 

Iceland. . 

This species differs from A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny) 

in the very rounded apertural face, less compressed 

test, fewer chambers, and broader supplementary 

chambers. It is apparently well distributed in the 

northern portion of the North Atlantic, from around 

the British Isles northward, where it has probably 

been recorded as Nonionina stelligera. It differs from 

the Mediterranean species in the more definitely 

rhomboid supplementary chambers and fewer primary 

chambers. 

Astrononion viragoense Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figure 6 

Astrononion viragoense Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vo1. 13, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 12a, h, 

1937. 

Test smnewhat compressed, strongly umbilicate, 

periphery very broadly rounded, apertural face broader 

than high, periphery somewhat lobulate; chambers about 

7 in the adult, increasing rather rapidly in size as added, 

very strongly inflated, supplementary chambers very 

broadly rhomboid, somewhat fused; sutures depressed, 

strongly curved in the earlier stages, slightly so in the 

adult, strongly depressed; wall smooth, finely perforate; 

aperture at the base of the apertural face, subdivided 

into numerous small openings, those of the supplementary chambers low, at the posterior peripheral side. 

Diameter 0.60 mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

The types came from Virago Sound, British Columbia. 

This species differs from A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny) 

in the fewer chambers, which are strongly inflated, the 

very broad supplementary chambers, and the subdivided aperture. It differs from the two species 

previously described in the fewer chambers, very 

broad apertural face, and subdivided aperture. 
ASTRONONION 37 

Astrononion fijiense Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figures 9, 10 

N onion ina asterizans H. B. Brady [not Fichtel and Moll], 

Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, pl. 109, figs. 1, 2, 1884. 

Astrononion fijiense Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 35, pl. 3, figs. 15, 16, 

1937. 

Test much compressed, umbilical regions flattened or 

slightly depressed, periphery rounded; chambers of the 

primary coil numerous, about 12 in the adult coil, of 

uniform shape, increasing very gradually in size as 

added, supplementary chambers small, roughly rhomboid, alternating with the primary ones; sutures distinct, 

slightly curved in the primary coil, slightly depressed 

and somewhat limbate, those of the supplementary 

chambers less distinct; wall coarsely perforate; aperture 

a low opening in the median line at the base of the 

apertural face, in the supplementary chambers at the 

posterior peripheral side. Diameter 0.80 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 

This species differs from A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny) 

in the greater number of chambers, very short and 

somewhat fused supplementary chambers, and very 

coarsely perforate wall. Brady's Challenger specimens 

were found off Fiji. 

Astrononion tumidum Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figure 11 

Nonionina stelligera (part) H. B. Brady [not D'Orbigny], Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 728, pl. 109, fig. 5, 1884. 

Astrononion tumidum Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 17, 1937. 

Test somewhat depressed, periphery broadly rounded, 

lobulate, umbilical regions depressed; chambers of the 

primary coil 6 or 7, inflated, of uniform shape, increasing gradually in size as added, supplementary chambers 

elongate, rhomboid, the outer ends elongate, tapering; 

sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved; wall smooth, 

finely perforate; aperture of the supplementary chambers along the posterior peripheral margin. Diameter 

0.60mm. 

Brady's figured specimen came from Challenger station 344, in 420 fathoms, off Ascension Island, in the 

South Atlantic. 

This species has fewer and more tumid chambers 

than A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny), and its supplementary 

chambers are much more regularly rhomboid and larger. 

It differs from A. viragoense, which it most closely resembles, in the much more tapering supplementary 

cha.mbers. 

Astrononion novo-zealandicum Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figure 12 

Astrononion novo-zealandicum Cushman and Edwards, Cushman 

Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 35, pl. 3, figs. 

18a, b, 1937. 

Test slightly compressed, umbilicate, periphery nearly 

entire, very slightly umbilicate, in later portion broadly 

rounded, apertural face somewhat broader than high; 

chambers distinct, about 10 in the adult coil, slightly 

if at all inflated, increasing very gradually in size as 

added, supplementary chambers elongate, tubular, 

of rather uniform diameter throughout; sutures very 

slightly if at all depressed; wall smooth, coarsely perforate; aperture at the base of the a pert ural face, low, 

arched, those of the supplementary chambers semicircular at the outer end. Diameter 1.10 mm; thickness 

0.60mm. 

The types were collected off New Zealand. 

Astrononion italicum Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figures 13, 14 

Astrononion italicum Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 35, pl. 3, figs. 19, 20, 

1937. 

Test somewhat compressed, umbilicate, periphery 

somewhat lobulate, broadly rounded, apertural face 

about as broad as high; chambers distinct, 10 to 12, increasing very gradually in size as added, slightly if at 

all inflated, supplementary chambers elongate, generally 

tubular but more or less tapering toward the outer end; 

sutures distinct, slightly limbate, very slightly depressed, gently curved; wall thick, coarsely perforate; 

aperture at the base of the apertural face, low, sometimes slightly divided, in the supplementary cha.mbers 

elongate, very oblique, at the posterior side at the 

peripheral end. Diameter up to 1.25 mm; thickness 

0.60mm. 

The types came from the Pliocene clays of Coroncina, 

near Siena, Italy. 

This species differs from A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny) 

in the larger number of chambers and very narrow, 

tubular supplementary chambers, with oblique apertures. 

In some of the specimens of this species there are 

apparently supplementary apertures in the face of the 

primary chambers, connecting with the supplementary 

chambers by a tubular canal. Somewhat similar features were noted in A. australe Cushman and Edwards. 

Astrononion australe Cushman and Edwards 

Plate 10, figures 7, 8 

Astrononion australe Cushman and Edwards, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 13, p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 13, 14, 

1937. 

Test compressed, periphery broadly rounded, slightly 

lobulate, the apertural face slightly higher than broad, 

umbilical region slightly depressed; chambers distinct, 

usually arched in the adult, somewhat inflated, increasing rather regularly in size as added, supplementary chambers in the adult irregularly rhomboid, in 

early stages somewhat tubular; wall smooth, distinctly 

perforate; aperture a low opening at the base of the 
38 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

apertural face, in the supplementary cha.mbers forming 

a. na.rrow, sen1ielliptica.l opening, pla.ced obliquely a.t the 

posterior side, nea.r the periphery. Dia.meter 0. 90-

1.10 mm; thickness 0.25-0.40 mm. 

The types ca.me from the Oligocene Balcombia.n of 

Muddy Creek, Victoria., Austra.lia.. 

This species differs from A. stelligerum (D'Orbigny) 

in the more lobula.te periphery, broa.der a.pertura.l fa.ce, 

a.nd completely covered umbilical region. It differs 

from most of the other species a.bove described in the 

more tubula.r supplmnenta.ry cha.mbers of the ea.rlier 

sta.ges a.nd the n1ore a.rched a.perture. This species 

occurs a.lso in the Miocene of Filter Qua.rries, Victoria., 

Austra.lia., a.nd in the lower Pliocene of Beauma.ris, near 

Melbourne, Victoria.. In some respects it resembles 

D'Orbigny's figure of A. stelligerum more tha.n most 

of the other forms tha.t ha.d been referred to tha.t species, 

but there a.re ma.ny points of difference between the two. 

Genus ELPHIDIUM Montfort, 1808 

Elphidiwn Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 15, 

1808. 

Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Contr., no. 172, p. 13, 1864. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 3, 

pp. 49, 169, 1927. 

Cushman and Grant, San Diego Soc. Nat. History Trans., 

vol. 15,no. 6,pp. 71-73,1927. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 1, 

p. 205, 1928; U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 17, 1930; 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 4, p. 193, 

1933; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 46, 1933. 

Geophonns Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 19, 

1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus macellns Fichtel and Moll 

(part)). 

Pelorus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 23, 

1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus ambiguus Fichtel and Moll 

(part)). 

Andromedes Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 

39, 1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus strigillatus Fichtel and 

Moll (part)). 

Sorilns Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 43, 

1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus strigillatus Fichtel and Moll 

(part)). 

Themeon Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 203, 

1808 (genoholotype, Themeon rigatus Montfort?=Nautilus crispus Linnaeus). 

Cellanthus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, p. 

207, 1808 (genoholotype, Nautilus craticulatus Fichtel and 

Moll). 

Vorticialis Lamarck, Extrait du cours de zoologie, p. 122, 1812 

(genotype, by designation, Nautilus craticulatus Fichtel 

and Moll). 

Polystomella Lamarck, Histoire des animaux sans vertebres, vol. 

7, p. 625, 1822 (genotype by designation, Nautilus crispus 

Linnaeus). 

Robulina (part), Munster, 1838. 

Geoponns Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Abh. 1839, p. 132, 

1841 (genoholotype, Geoponus stella-borealis Ehrenberg). 

Nonionina (part), Boll, 1846. 

Helicozoa Moebius, Beitr. Meeresfauna Insel Mauritius, p. 103, 

1880 (genoholotype, Nautilus craticulatus Fichtd and 

Moll). 

Genotype, Nautilus macellus Fichtel a.nd Moll. 

Te~t typica.lly pla.nispiral, bila.terally syn1metrical, 

mostly involute; chambers numerous, with distinct 

sutures, either depressed, or raised a.nd limbate, with 

septal bridges and depressions; wall calcareous, 

perforate; apertures one or more at the base of the 

apertural fa.ce. Eocene to Recent. 

The pre-Tertia.ry records for this genus are considered 

below. It seems evident from a study of a large amount 

of material that the genus Elphidium developed directly 

from Nonion in early Eocene time. In the early species 

the retra.l processes are very short and the pores a.long 

the sutures sma.ll. If we discard Terquem's one 

species from the middle Eocene, which ma.y be from 

contaminated material, all the Eocene and most of the 

Oligocene species show these chara.cters. 

There is a progressive development of larger openings 

over the sutures and more highly developed retral 

processes until such specia.lized species as Elphidium 

craticulatum a.nd true E. striato-punctatum are found in 

wa.rm, sha.llow wa.ters of tropical seas in the IndoPacific. Such species have large umbilica.l bosses with 

pores lending to the interior. Most species have ra.ther 

definite ranges, and few of them are long-lived, so that 

they should make good index fossils for the Tertiary. 

Pre-Tertiary records for "Polystomella" 

There are several records for "Polystomella" from 

Tria.ssic, Jurassic, and Creta.ceous rocks, but probably 

none of these really represent material from those 

formations. The figures given would seem to indica.te 

that possibly there wa.s a contamination of material 

and that the Polystomella.s came from other sources. 

The oldest records are those given by V a.dasz, who records 

"Polystomella crispa" from the Triassic (?) of Bakony, 

Austria, 6 and he records "Polystomella" macella (Fichtel 

and Moll) from the same locality.7 The figures in both 

cases evidently are of Elphidium, but it is exceedingly 

doubtful if these came from the Triassic. Other forms 

recorded from this same material rather confirm this 

view. From the middle Jurassic of Callovien, Austria, 

Uhlig 8 records "Polystomella" fichteli D'Orbigny. In 

this case, also, the figured specimen is very definitely an 

Elphidium. Terquem describes a species, "Polystomella" 

metensis,from the Liassic of St.-Julien-les-Metz, France.9 

Again the figure is definitely an Elphidium, but the 

records should be questioned from what is known of 

Jurassic material. Giimbel 10 describes a species, 

"Polystomella" (?) polypora, from the upper Jurassic 

of Germany, but his specimen is evidently a Marginulina. These complete the records for the pre-Cretaceous, 

and as none of the material that I have been able to exs Vadasz, Elemer, Resultat der wissenschaftlich en Erforschung des Balaton-Sees, 

vol. 1, pt. 1, Anhang Pal., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 15, 1911. 

1 Idem, fig. 16. 

s Uhlig, Victor, Ueber Foraminiferen aus dem rjasan'schen Ornatenthone, K.-k. 

geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 33, p. 773, pl. 8, g. 7, 1883. 

g Terquem, Olry, Memoire sur les Foraminiferes du Lias du Departement de la 

Moselle: Acad. imp. Metz Mem., vol. 39, p. 628, pl. 4, figs. 7a, b, 1858. 

10 Gumbel, C. W., Die Streitberger Schwammlager und ihre Foraminiferen-Einschliisse: Ver. vaterl. Naturkunde Wlirttemberg. Jahresheft, Jahrg. 18, p. 231, pl. 4, 

fig. 6, 1862. 
ELPHIDIUM 39 

amine shows any sign of the genus, it would seem probable that all these records are based upon material 

which has somehow been wrongly identified as to age 

or upon collections in which erratic specimens appear 

through contamination. 

From the Cretaceous, there are also a few records. 

Three species are recorded by Michelotti from the 

upper Cretaceous of Italy. None of the figures accompanying these records, however, are very definitely 

Elphidium, and some of them are very clearly not that 

genus. The records are as follows: "Polystomella" 

crispa Linna.eus, 11 "Polystomella" laevigata Michelotti, 12 

"Polystomella" rotula Michelotti,l3 "Polystomella" savii 

Michelotti. 14 Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey 15 record 

"Polystomella" macella (Fichtel and Moll) fron1 Englaud. Their figure is rather indefinite but has somewhat the appearance of Elphidium. The one very definitely known Elphidium from the Cretaceous is that 

figured by Olszewski, "Polystomella" karreri Olszewski 16 from the Cretaceous of Hungary. It is to be 

suspected that this species, also, n1ay have gotten into 

Olszewski's material from contamination. There are a 

few other references for the genus from the Cretaceous, 

but they are not accompanied by figures. 

Owing to the fact that none of our material has 

yielded any specimens of true Elphidium older than 

the middle Eocene, it seems probable that all the foregoing reeords should be viewed with suspicion, and 

they certainly need confirmation before the occurrence 

of Elphidium earlier than the Tertiary can be accepted. 

Elphidium costiferum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 10, figure 15 

Polystomella costijera Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 

3, vol. 2, p. 47, pl. 2 (10), figs. 26a, b, 1882. 

Terquem described this species from the Eocene of 

the Paris Basin at Vaudancourt as very rare. I have 

failed to find any specimens in a fairly large sample 

from the type locality. A copy of the type figure is 

given on plate 10. It shows a species with heavy, 

thickened, raised sutures, strongly curved, the retra] 

processes elongate, periphery keeled, and the test 

biumbilicate. There seem to be no further records for 

the species. 

The figures of this species show that it is unlike any 

of the other Eocene species, all of which are primitive, 

with very short retral processes. It therefore should 

perhaps be suspected that the record is open to some 

question, and the possibility of a 1nixing of material 

should be considered. 

11 Michellotti, Giovanni, Saggio storico dei Rizopodi caratteristici dei Terreni 

sopracretacei: Soc. italiana sci. nat. Atti, vol. 22, p. 287, pl. 1, ft~. 8, 1841. 

12 Idem, p. 288, pl. 2, fig. 7. 

13 Idem, p. 288, pl. 2, fig. 8. 

u Idem, p. 287, pl. 1, fig. 7. 

15 Burrows, W. H., Sherborn, C. D., and Bailey, George, The foraminifera of the 

Red chalk of Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire: Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1890, 

p. 563, pl. 11, figs, 26a, b. 

16 Olszewski, Stanislaus, Zapiski paleontologiczne: Akad. umiej. Krakowie, Sprawozd. Kom. Fizyj., vol. 9, p. 128, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1875. 

Elphidium latidorsatum (Reuss) Cushman 

Plate 10, figure 16 

Polystomella la.tidorsafa Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., 

vol. 23, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 16, 1864; Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 59, pt. 1, p. 465, 1869. 

Reuss described this spec.ies from the upper Eocene 

of Oberburg, Steiermark, and later recorded it from the 

Oligocene of Gaas. I have had no material that could 

be referred to it, although I have examined material 

from Gaas and upper Eocene material similar in age to 

that from which Reuss' type came. 

A copy of the original type figure is given on plate 

10 for reference. As in most other Eocene species of 

the genus, the retral processes are short and the pores 

very small. 

Elphidium texanum (Cushman and Applin) Cushman 

Plate 10, figure 17 

Polystomella texana Cushman and Applin, Am. Assoc. Petroleum 

Geologists Bull., vol. 10, p. 184, pl. 10, figs. 7-9, 1926. 

Elphidiurn texa.nurn Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

181, p. 32, pl. 12, figs. 5a-c, 1935. 

Test nearly circular in outline, the periphery broadly 

rounded, slightly umbonate; chambers distinct, usually 

11 in the adult coil, of nearly uniform size; sutures 

distinct, slightly depressed, strongly curved, retral 

processes only slightly developed; wall smooth; aperture a low arched slit at the base of the ventral face 

of the last-formed ehamber. Diameter 0.45 mm; 

thickness 0.20 mm. 

The type specimens of this species came from the 

Jackson Eocene in Ohio and Red River well 2, Tyler 

County, Tex., at a depth of 537 feet. 

The retral processes are not highly developed, and 

young specimens are difficult to distinguish from 

Nonion. It has not been recorded from the area east 

of Texas. Specimens were collected by Alexander 

Deussen in outcrop material of the Jackson in a bluff 

on Atascosa Creek near the old Whitsett ranch house, 

in Atascosa County, Tex., U. S. G. S. station 6148. 

Elphidium eocenicum Cushman and Ellisor 

Plate 10, figure 18 

Elphidium eocenicurn Cushman and Ellisor, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 7, p. 53, pl. 7, figs. 6a, b, 

1931. 

Ellisor, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 17. 

pl. 2, figs. 13a, b, 1933. 

Test small, biconvex, periphery broadly rounded, 

the umbilical region slightly depressed; chambers 

distinct, somewhat inflated, typically 8 in the lastformed coil, of rather uniform size and shape; sutures 

distinct, depressed, very slightly curved, retral processes distinct, usually 9 or 10 visible along each suture 

in side view; wall smooth, finely perforate; aperture 

consisting of several small pores along the base of the 
40 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

apertural face. Diameter 0.30 mm; thickness 0.10-

0.12 mm. 

The types of this species came from the upper 

Eocene Jaekson, in the northeast corner of survey 27, 

jurisdiction of Mier, Starr County, Tex. 

The speeies is in smne respeets elose to Elphidium 

minutum (Reuss), from the Oligoeene of Europe, but 

it has more depressed sutures and the pores are smaller. 

Elphidium smithi Cushman and Dusenbury 

Plate 10, figure 19 

Elphidium smithi Cushman and Dusenbury, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 10, p. 61, pl. 8, figs. 7a, b, 

1934. 

Test of n1edium size, completely involute, slightly 

umbonate, the diameter about twice as great as the 

t,hickness, periphery. narrowly rounded to subacute; 

eha1nbers numerous, 16 to 18 in the la.st-formed coil; 

sutures distinctly curved and depressed, retral processes 

very numerous, usually appearing a.s a double line of 

minute, irregularly spaeed pores; wall smooth, polished, 

and very finely perforate. Diameter 1.00 mm; thickness 0.50 mm. 

The types of this species eame from the Eoeene 

Poway eonglomerate of Murray Canyon, La Jolla 

quadrangle, San Diego County, Calif. 

This is a somewhat larger species than E. schencki 

and has more ehambers to a coil. The more strongly 

eurved sutures and the retral proeesses with their 

series of double pores make it distinct from any of the 

known early Tertiary forms. In addition to its 

oecurrence at the type loeality it is abundant and 

reaches greater size in material collected by C. C. 

Chureh from the type Tejon of Live Oak Creek, 

Kern County, Oa.lif. 

Elphidium schencki Cushman and Dusenbury 

Plate 10, figure 20 

Elphidium schencki Cushman and Dusenbury, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., vol. 10, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 8a, b, 

1934. 

Test small, close-eoiled, thiek, the thiekness about 

two-thirds the diameter, periphery broadly rounded; 

chambers eomparatively few, 6 or 7 in the adult eoil, 

very slightly inflated; sutures in the adult very slightly 

depressed, slightly eurved, retral proeesses single, 

numerous; wall finely perfora.te. Diameter 0.55 mm; 

thickness 0.40 mm. 

The types of this species eame from the Eoeene 

Poway eonglomerate of Murray Canyon, La Jolla 

quadrangle, San Diego County, Calif. 

The species somewhat resembles E. eocenicum 

Cushman and Ellisor but is completely involute, much 

thieker, and with sutures very slightly if at all depressed, 

while in E. eocenicum the sutures are very distinctly 

depressed and the chambers are somewhat inflated. 

Elphidium sp. (?) 

Plate 10, figure 21 

Elphidium sp. Howe and Wallace, Louisiana Dept. Cons. Geol. 

Bull. 2, p. 50, pl. 9, fig. 6, 1932. 

Several broken specimens of Elphidium were found in the 

upper horizon [Jackson Eocene] at Danville [La.]. The test is 

subcircular in outline, periphery broadly rounded; chambers 

numerous, about 18 in the last-formed whorl; sutures more or less 

distinct, bridged by septal ridges; umbilical area with a large, 

prominent boss; wall calcareous, perforate. Diameter 0.56 mm. 

The above description is copied from Howe and 

Wallaee, and a copy of their figure is given on plate 10. 

The species should be looked for in the general Jackson 

Eocene of the Coastal Plain region, and the characters 

more fully described. 

Elphidium minutum (Reuss) Cushman 

Plate 10, figures 22-25 

Polystomella minuta Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 

50, pt. 1, p. 478, pJ. 4, figs. 6a, b, 1864 [1865]. ' 

Hosius, Naturwiss. Ver. Osnabriick Jahrb., 1893-94, p. 179, 

1895. 

Polystomella discrepans Reuss, op. cit., p. 478, pl. 4, figs. 7a, b. 

Test compressed, periphery rounded, uxnbilieal areas 

slightly depressed; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 

of uniform shape, increasing very slightly in size as 

added, 10 to 14 ehambers in the adult eoil; sutures 

slightly depressed, curved, retral processes very slightly 

developed, pores very small, 6 to 8 visible along the 

suture in side view; aperture consisting of small rounded 

openings along the base of the apertural face. Diameter 0.40-0.50 mm; thickness 0.18-0.25 mm. 

The types of this species came from the upper Oligoeene of Germany. The figured specimens were colleeted near Diekholzen, near Hildesheim, Province of 

Hannover, Germany. The differences in thiekness and 

nuxnber of chambers between the two speeies described 

by Reuss are bridged over in our series of specimens, 

and the two are here considered a single species. 

Elphidium subnodosum (Munster) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 2 

Robulina subnodosa Munster, in Roemer, Neues Jahrb., 1838, 

p. 391, pl. 3, fig. 61. 

Polystomella subnodosa Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., 

vol. 18, p. 240, pl. 4, figs. 51a, b, 1855 [1856]; vol. 50, pt. I, 

p. 478, 1864; Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 25, p. 164, 

1865. 

Hosius, Naturwiss. Ver. Osnabruck Jahrb., 1893-94, p. 179, 

1895. 

Franke, Mus. Natur- und Heimatkunde und Naturwiss. 

Ver. Magdeburg Abh. und Ber., Band 4, Heft 2, p. 189, 

pl. 6, figs. 72a, b, 1925. 

Test much compressed, biumbonate, rhomboid in 

peripheral view, periphery subacute, slightly keeled, 

later portion lobulate; ehambers distinct, about 15 in 

the adult eoil, of rather uniform shape, inereasing slightly in size as added; sutures distinct, sharply incised, 
ELPHIDIUM 41 

slightly curved, retral processes short and somewhat 

indistinct, about 10 to a cha.mber in the adult; wall 

smooth and polished, the umbones with large, scattered 

pores; aperture consisting of numerous small, rounded 

openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

1.25-1.50 mm; thickness 0.60-0.70 mm. 

This is a fine, large species of the middle and upper 

Oligocene of central Europe. The specimen figured 

came from Astrupp, near Osnabriick, Germany. The 

above references evidently represent typical material. 

There are many other records, most of which are 

based on Brady's Challenger figures, which are not the 

same as the Oligocene form. 

Elphidium crespinae Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 1 

Elphidium crespinae Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., voJ. 12, p. 78, pl. 14, figs. 1 a, b, 1936. 

Test much cOin pressed, sides flattened, nearly parallel, 

umbilical regions flattened, not excavated, periphery 

acute but not keeled; chambers distinct, numerous, 

16 to 18 in the final coil, narrow, curved; sutures distinct, strongly curved, sharply elevated, retral processes 

distinct, extending nearly across the chamber, 12 to 15 

in the adult chamber; wall almost completely covered 

by the raised sutures and retral processes; aperture 

consisting of a few small, rounded openings at the base 

of the apertural face, which is elongate and narrowly 

triangular. Diameter 0.50 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

The types came from Oligocene Brown marl, lower 

beds o! Muddy Creek, near Hamilton, Victoria, 

Australia. 

Elphidium crassatum Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 3 

Elphidium crassatum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 81, pl. 14, figs. 8 a, b, 1936. 

Test strongly compressed, very slightly un1bonate, 

sid~s flattened in the 1niddle and umbo not projecting, 

penphery acute, slightly keeled; chambers distinct, 

~umerous, about 20 in the adult coil, of uniform shape, 

Increasing very gradually in size, not inflated; sutures 

distinct, raised, strongly sigmoid, retral processes 

sharply raised, running clear across the cha.ntbers, 

about 15 in the adult chamber; wall covered by a 

raised reticulation of sutures and retral processes; 

aperture consisting of several small, rounded openings 

at the base of the sharply triangular apertural face. 

Dia.meter 0.70 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types came from the Oligocene Brown marl, 

lower beds, Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia. 

Elphidium howchini Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 4 

Elphidium howchini Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 79, pl. 14, figs. 2a, b, 1936. 

Test compressed, sides flattened, sides nearly parallel, 

umbilical regions somewhat raised, periphery rounded; 

chambers distinct, 12 to 15 in the adult coil, curved; 

sutures distinct, very thin and· highly elevated, strongly 

curved, retral processes distinct, high, 6 to 8 in the 

adult chamber; wall ornamented with a deep reticulation made by the highly elevated sutures connected by 

the platelike retral processes; aperture obscure. Diameter 0.85 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Oligocene 

Balcombian of Clifton bank, Muddy Creek, near 

Hamilton, Victoria, Australia. 

Elphidium panamense Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 5 

Elphidium panamense Cushman, Cushman Lab. :Foram. Research Contr., 'vol. 12, p. 79, pl. 14, figs. 3a, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, rhomboid in periphera) 

view, greatest thickness near the umbilicus, thence 

tapering to the acute periphery, which is slightly keeled, 

umbilici very slightly depressed, not excavated; chanlbers distinct, comparatively few, 7 or 8 in the adult 

coil, curved, increasing very slightly in height; sutures 

distinct, curved, raised and thickened, retral processes 

short and low, about 10 in the adult chamber; aperture 

obscure. Diameter 0.40 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The type specimens came from the Oligocene upper 

part of the Culebra, 200 yards south of south end of 

switch at Bohio Ridge station, relocated line of Panama 

Railroad, Panama Canal Zone. 

Elphidium culebrense Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 6 

Elphidium culebrense Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 80, pl. 14, figs. 4a, b, 1936. 

Test compressed, elongate, elliptical in peripheral 

view, periphery rounded, umbilical regions umbonate; 

chambers fairly distinct, not inflated, slightly curved, 

14 to 16 in the adult whorl, increasing very slightly in 

height as added; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, 

retral processes very short, not raised, 7 or 8 in the 

adult chamber; wall smooth; aperture consisting of 

several rounded openings at the base of the smnielliptical apertural face. Diameter 0.65 min; thickness 

0.25 mnl. 

The types came frmn the Oligocene upper part of 

the Culebra, 200 yards south of south end of switch 

at Bohio Ridge station, relocated line of Panama 

Railroad, Panama Canal Zone. 

Elphidium pseudoinflatum Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 8 

Elphidium pseudoinjlatum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 80, pl. 14, figs. 5a, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, rhomboid in peripheral 

view, periphery acute, slightly keeled, somewhat 
42 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

umbilicate; chambers fairly distinct, few, 7 or 8 in 

the adult coil, rapidly increasing in height and size, 

not inflated; sutures of early portion indistinct, later 

becoming more distinct and slightly raised, curved, 

retral processes of earlier portion extending across the 

whole chamber and raised, later shorter and less raised; 

wall ornamented with a reticulate raised network 

except the final chambers, which are nearly snwoth; 

aperture a series of small, rounded openings a.t the 

base of the broadly triangular apertural face. Dia,meter 0.65-0.75 mm; thickness 0.45 mm. 

The types came from the Oligocene Lepidocyclina 

limestone, Batesford, Victoria1 Australia. 

Elphidium subplanatum Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 7 

Elphidium subplanatum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 82, pl. 14, figs. lla, b, 1936. 

Test strongly depressed, sides in peripheral view 

nearly parallel, central area with a large circular area 

with numerous papillae of uniform size, periphery 

subacute, not definitely keeled; chambers distinct, 

numerous, 20 to 22 in the adult coil, of rather uniform 

shape and size; sutures distinct, lim bate, slightly 

raised, curved, retral processes extending across the 

chamber, 8 to 10 in the adult chamber, slightly raised; 

wall in the center papillate, the remainder with a 

low reticulation; aperture consisting of a series of small 

openings at the base of the triangular apertural face. 

Diameter 0.70 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types came from the upper Oligocene near 

Dickholzen, Hildesheimer Wald, Province of Hannover, 

Germany. 

Elphidium hauerinum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 9 

Polystomella hauerina D'Orbigny, Foraminifercs fossiles du 

bassin tertiaire de Vienne, p. 122, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1846. 

Test somewhat compressed, periphery broadly 

rounded, slightly lobulate, sides flattened or slightly 

depressed at the umbilici; chambers distinct, slightly 

infl'ated, of rather uniform shape and size, about 11 in 

the adult coil; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, 

nearly radial or slightly curved, retral processes extending about one-third across the diameter, 6 or 7 in the 

adult chamber; wall smooth except for the retral processes; aperture a series of smaH rounded openings at 

the base of the apertural face. Diameter 0.50 mm; 

thickness 0.22 mm. 

The types of this species are from the Miocene of 

Nussdorf, near Vienna, Austria. Our figured specimen 

is a topotype. This seems to be a distinctive species 

in the Vienna Basin but is so far as known restricted 

to that area. I have specimens also from WienerN eustadt and Heiligenstadt, both near Vienna. 

Elphidium rugosum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 11, figures 10, 11 

Polystomella rugosa D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 123, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4, 1846. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 17 

(653), 1899. 

Polystomella obtusa D'Orbigny, op. cit., p. 124, pl. 6, figs. 5, 6. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 191, 

1868. 

Fornasini, op. cit., p. 15 .(651). 

Test much compressed, usually slightly umbilicate, 

periphery rounded, little if at all lobulate; chambers 

numerous, 16 to 20 in the adult coil, of rather uniform 

shape, increasing very slowly in size as added; sutures 

distinct, slightly curved, retral processes very distinct, 

covering one-half or more of the width of the chamber, 

numerous, 12 or more in the adult chamber; wall smooth 

except for the retral processes; aperture a series of 

minute openings along the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0.60-Q.75 mm; thickness 0.25-0.40 mm. 

The types of this species came from Baden, near 

Vienna, Austria. A topotype is here figured. In 

addition I have material from Heiligenstadt, near 

Vienna. Karrer records the species from Kostej, in 

the Banat region of Hungary, and Fornasini from the 

Miocene of Calabria, Italy. 

I have been unable to distinguish between E. rugosum 

and E. obtusum of D'Orbigny, and our series of specimens seem to cover both forms with intermediates. 

Elphidium fichtellianum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 12 

Polystomella fichtelliana D'Orbigny. Foraminiferes fossiles du 

bassin tertiaire de Vieime, p. 125, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, 1846. 

Reuss, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 3, p. 155, 1851; 

Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 39, p. 211, 1860. 

Karrer, Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 83, pl. 16, 

fig. 15, 1865. 

Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 55, pt. 1, p. 106, 

1867. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 191, 

1868. 

Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 15, 1878 .. 

Walther, Zool. Sta. Neapel Mitt., vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 384, pl. 

20, figs. 9a, b, 1888. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 11 

(647), 1899. 

Toula, K.-k. geo1. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 64, p. 642, 1914 

[1915). 

Polystomella tenuissima Karrer, Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil, p. 83, 

pl. 16, fig. 16, 1864. 

Test strongly compressed, slightly depressed at the 

umbilici, periphery acute but not keeled, not lobulate; 

chambers distinct, numerous, about 18 in the adult coil, 

of uniform shape, increasing very slightly in size as 

added; sutures distinct, strongly curved, retral processes 

numerous, extending nearly across the chambers, 12 to 

15 in the adult chamber; wall strongly reticulate, owing 

to the costae and retral processes; aperture low at the 

base of the apertural face, usually divided into small 
ELPHIDIUM 43 

openings. Diameter 0.60-Q.75 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

The types of this species were found in the Miocene 

of N ussdorf, near Vienna, Austria. The specimen 

here figured is a topotype. The species is widely distributed in the Miocene, particularly of central Europe, 

occurs in the Pliocene of southern Europe, and is 

apparently now living in the Mediterranean. 

Our collections include the following localities for this 

species: Miocene, Nussdorf, Voslau, Kalksburg, Holuluca, Rausnitz, Gainfarm, Baden, Imendorf, Perchtoldsdorf, and Kattowitz, all in Austria; Orten burg, 

Gern1any; near Loretto, Italy. Burdigalien superieur, 

Point Gourguet, Saucats, France. Aquitanien superieur, St. Arit, near Mont de Marsan, and La Brede, 

Larriey, France; Wadi Riena, Egypt. Pliocene, Castel 

Arquato; Girgenti; Zankleano Gravitelli, near Messina, 

Italy; Kar Nicobar. 

Elphidium tlexuosum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 13 

Polystomella flexuosa D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 127, pl. 6, figs. 15, 16, 1846. 

· Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 1, p. 370, pl. 48, 

fig. 3, 1850. 

Test somewhat compressed, biumbonate, periphery 

entire, with a thick, .blunt keel; chambers distinct, 

numerous, about 18 in the adult coil, of uniform shape, 

increasing very gradually in size as added; sutures distinct, slightly curved, retral processes short but distinct, about 10 in the adult chamber, extending onethird or one-half the distance across the adult chamber; 

wall smooth except for the retral processes; aperture a 

series of elliptical openings at the base of the apertural 

face. Diameter 0.90 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

the Vienna Basin, where D'Orbigny records it frmn 

both N ussdorf and Baden. There are records for the 

species from the Miocene of central Europe, Pliocene of 

Italy, and living off Naples. Not all the figures given 

resemble the typical form, however. 

In our collections the species is represented from the 

following localities: Miocene, N ussdorf, Voslau, Holuluca, Gainfarm, Loos, and Kalksburg, Austria. Burdigalien superieur, Merignac, Gironde, France; Gebel 

Murr, Egypt. Pliocene, Monte Mario, near Rome. 

Italy. 

The species is thick walled and highly polished and 

has a very distinctive appearance. 

Elphidium antoninum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 14 

Polystomella antonina D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 128, pl. 6, figs. 17, 18, 1846. 

Polystomella listeri D'Orbigny, idem, p. 128, pl. 6, figs. 19-22. 

Test somewhat compressed, umbilical regions depressed, sometimes with small bosses, periphery broadly 

rounded, slightly lobulate, chambers distinct, slightly 

inflated, of uniform shape and with little increase in 

size as added, about 12 in the adult coil; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, slightly curved, retral processes rather short, about 10 in the adult chamber; 

wall smooth except for the retral processes and polished; aperture a low opening at the base of the lastformed chamber, often subdivided. Diameter 0.60-0.70 

mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

The types are from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin, 

at N ussdorf, where it is noted as rare. Our figured specimen is a topotype. It is in our collection also from 

Voslau and Heiligenstadt, in the Vienna Basin, and 

from Holuluca, in Silesia. Chapman records it from 

the Miocene of Australia, but his figure shows a very 

different form, very umbonate. Terquem records it 

from the Eocene of Vaudancourt, in the Paris Basin, 

but his figure seems to have been copied from D'Orbigny. 

I have failed to find it in the material I have had from 

V audancourt. 

The two forms figured by D'Orbigny seem to be variations of one species, so far as his figures and our 

material show. 

Elphidium josephinum (D'Orbigny) Bogdanowicz and Fedorov 

Plate 11, figure 15 

Polystomella josephina D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin tertiaire de Vienne, p. 130, pl. 6, figs. 25, 26, 1846. 

Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 303, pl. 15, figs. 10, 11. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 

13 (649)' 1899. 

Ephidium josephina Bogdanowicz and Fedorov, On some representatives of the genus Elphidium of the Sarmatian 

deposits of the lower Kuban River course, pp. 17, 49, 

pl. 1, figs. 8-10, text figs. 21, 22, 1932. 

Test much compressed, sides flattened, periphery 

acute, strongly serrate; chambers distinct, somewhat 

inflated, each with a projecting peripheral angle and 

short spine, increasing only slightly in size as added; 

sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved, retral processes very distinct, extending across the depressed 

area above the sutures, about 8 in the adult chambers; 

wall of the chambers smooth except for the retral processes; aperture consisting of several rather widely 

spaced small openings at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0.65 n1m; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types of the species came from the Miocene of 

the Vienna Basin at Baden. The specimen here figured is a topotype. It occurs in our collection also 

from the Miocene of Patzleinsdorf, Austria, and Acsa, 

Hungary. Egger records it from the Miocene of Mairhof in Bavaria, and Fornasini records it as very rare 

at Pozzuoli and in Calabria, Italy. 

I have found no specimens with as elongate spines as 

are shown in D'Orbigny's figure. 
44 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Elphidium aculeatum (D'Orbigny) Bogdanowicz and Fedorov 

Plate 11, figure 16 

Polystomella aculeata D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 131, pl. 6, figs. 27, 28, 1846. 

Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 303, pl. 15, figs. 3, 4. 

Seguenza, Accad. gioenia sci. nat. Atti, ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 17, 

1862. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 192, 

1868. 

Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 15, 1878. 

Malagoli, Soc. nat. Modena Atti, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 183, 1889. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. 1st. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 6 

(642)' 1899. 

Schubert, Deutschennaturwiss.-med. Ver. Bohmen "Lotos" 

Sitzungsber., p. 99, 1900. 

Toula, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 64, p. 640, 1914 

[1915]. 

Martinotti, Soc. italiana sci. nat. Atti, vol. 59, p. 334, 1920. 

Elphidium aculeatum Bogdanowicz and Fedorov, On some representatives of the genus Elphidium of the Sarmatian 

deposits of the lower Kuban River course, pp. 14, 48, pl. 1, 

figs. 4-7, text figs. 13-20, 1932. 

Test strongly compressed, umbilical region slightly 

umbonate, periphery sharply keeled, with small spines, 

usually one to a chamber but somewhat irregularly 

scattered; chambers distinct, nun1erous, 15 to 20 in the 

final coil of rather uniform shape, increasing very slightly 

in size as added; sutures distinct, very slightly depressed, gently curved, retral processes numerous, 12 

to 15 in the adult chamber, extending about halfway 

across the chamber; aperture a low opening at the base 

of the narrow apertural face, usually subdivided into 

numerous small openings. Diameter 0.85-1.00 mm; 

thickness 0.20 mm. 

D'Orbigny records the species from the Miocene of 

Baden, near Vienna, Austria, as rare. The specimen 

here figured is a topotype. The species is recorded from 

the Miocene of central Europe, Mairhof, Bavaria, 

Germany (Egger); Kostej, Banat region of Hungary 

(Karrer); Hungary (Toula); lower Kuban River, Russia 

(Bogdanowicz and Fedorov); from the Pliocene of 

southern Europe, Isle of Rhodes (Terquem); Moden, 

Monte Mario, and Pozzuoli, Italy (Malagoli, Fornasini); and from the Pleistocene of Catania, Sicily (Seguenza, Fornasini). 

In our own collections it is represented from the 

Miocene of Baden, Voslau, Gaudenzdorf, Kostej, and 

Holuluca, Austria; Loretto, Italy; and Ortenburg, Germany; and from the Pliocene of Castel Arquato, 

Calabria, and Zankleano Gravitelli, near Messina, Italy, 

and Garrobo, Spain. 

Our series of specimens show that D'Orbigny's type 

figure is much conventionalized. 

Elphidium reginum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 19 

Polystomella regina D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 129, pl. 6, figs. 23, 24, 1846. 

Test compressed, biumbonate, periphery subacute, 

with 4 to 6 long acicular spines, independent of the 

chambers, in length equal to the radius of the test; 

chambers distinct, numerous, usually 18 to 20 in the 

adult coil, increasing gradually in size as added; sutures 

distinct, very slightly if at all curved, nearly radiate, 

retral processes distinct, 10 to 12 in the adult chamber; 

wall distinctly perforate; aperture with several small 

openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

exclusive of spines 1.15-1.25 mm; thickness 0.40 mm. 

The types of this beautiful species came from the 

Miocene of Baden, in the Vienna Basin. There are 

typical specimens in our collections from Baden, Nussdorf, Voslau, and Ottakring, all near Vienna. It is 

strange that this distinctive species should not have 

been recorded since D'Orbigny's original record. 

D'Orbigny's figure of this, like those of the other species 

of the Vienna Basin paper, is much conventionalized. 

Elphidium reginum (D'Orbigny) var. caucasicum Bogdanowicz 

Pia te 11, figure 17 

Elphidium regina (D'Orbigny) var. caucasicum Bogdanowicz, in 

Bogdanowicz and Fedorov, On some representatives of 

the genus Elphidium of the Sarmatian deposits of the 

lower Kuban River course, pp. 18, 49, p1. 1, figs. 11-14, 

text figs. 23-26, 1932. 

Test convex; spines thick, rounded at the ends, usually in 

number of 4, more rarely 3 or 5; their surface is longitudinally 

costate; keel thick, more or less rounded, rather often very 

indistinct. Umbilical region usually slightly convex; the surface 

of the test covered with small glassy outgrowths; a pert ural wall 

with convex edges; outer part of the convolution made up of 

14 to 22 chambers; septal bridges are 11 to 1o in number. Chambers narrow and curved; septal bridges occupying almost all 

their breadth. Diameter 0.65-1.5 mm; thickness 0.25-0.60 mm. 

The types of this variety came from the Miocene of 

the lower Kuban River, Russia. 

A copy of the type figure is given on plate 11. 

Elphidium ungeri (Reuss) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 20 

Polystomella ungeri Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., 

vol. 1, p. 369, pl. 48, fig. 2, 1850; Deutsche geol. Gesell. 

Zeitschr., vol. 3, p. 156, 1851. 

Liebus, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 52, p. 100,1903. 

Test compressed, elliptical in peripheral view, umbilical region flattened or slightly depressed, periphery 

subacute, slightly keeled; chambers distinct, somewhat 

inflated, about 12 in the adult coil, of rather uniform 

shape, increasing very slightly in size as added; sutures 

distinct, depressed, somewhat curved, retral processes about 10 in the adult chamber, extending across 

the sutural depression; wall smooth except for the 

sutures; aperture consisting of several small openings 

at the base of the broadly triangular apertural face. 

Diameter 0.45 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types came from the Miocene of Austria. 

Reuss records it from the Bernstein-fuhrender sand of 

Lemberg and from the Leithakalk of Wurzing, St. 

Nikolai, and Enzersdorf. Liebus records it from the 

upper Oligocene of upper Bavaria. 
ELPHIDIUM 45 

The specimen here figured came from Niederlies, 

Austria. There are somewhat similar specimens in our 

collections from the Miocene of San Miniato, near 

Florence, Italy. 

This species in some respects resembles E. antoninum 

(D'Orbigny). 

Elphidium subumbilicatum (Czjzek) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 18 

Polystomella subumbilicata Czjzek, Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abh. 

2, p. 143, pl. 12, figs. 32, 33, 1848. 

Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 58, pt. 1, 

p. 192, 1868; in Von Drasche, Fragmente zu einer Geologie der Insel Luzon, p. 99, 1878. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 19 (655)' 1899. 

I have had no material to refer to this species. The 

type figure is copied on plate 11. Czjzek described it 

from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin. It is also 

recorded from the Miocene of Kostej, Banat region of 

Hungary (Karrer); the Tertiary of Luzon, Philippines 

(Karrer); the Miocene and Pliocene of Calabria, and 

the Pliocene of Siena, Italy (Fornasini). 

Elphidium subumbilicatum (Czjzek) var. centrononde- . pressum (Beutler) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 21 

Polystomella subumbilicata Czjzek var. centronondepressa Beutler, 

Neues Jahrb., 1909, pt. 2, p. 158, pl. 18, fig. 19. 

This variety evidently differs from the typical form in 

not having the umbilical region depressed. A copy of 

the figure is here given from the Miocene Globigerina 

marl of Balma, Rumanian Carpathians. 

Elphidium cryptostomum (Egger) Cushman 

Plate 11, figure 22 

Polystomella cryptostoma Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 301, 

pl. 9, figs. 19, 20. 

Steuer, Ver. geol. Landesanstalt Darmstadt Notiz., ser. 4, 

vol. 25, p. 26, pl. 8, figs. 7-9, 1904 [1905]. 

Test compressed, sides in peripheral view nearly 

parallel, central portion with a distinct flattened umbo, 

periphery rounded to subacute, slightly keeled in 

earlier stages, more rounded in adult; chambers distinct, about 12 in the adult coil, increasing rather 

rapidly in size in the later portion, slightly inflated; 

sutures depressed, strongly curved, in some specimens 

somewhat sigmoid; wall smooth; aperture a low opening 

at the base of the apertural face, usually partially 

subdivided. Diameter 0.40-0.70 mm; thickness 0.15-

0.25 mm. 

This species was described by Egger from the 

Miocene of Ortenburg, Bavaria, Germany. Steuer 

records it from a boring of Oligocene age at Heppenheim, Gennany. There are numerous topotypes frmn 

Ortenburg in our collection, one of which is here 

figured. 

Elphidium ortenburgense (Egger) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure I 

Polystomella ortenburgensis Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 302, 

pl. 15, figs. 7-9. 

Test strongly compressed, sides in peripheral view 

straight, nearly parallel, depressed at the umbilici, 

periphery acute, slightly keeled; chambers distinct, 

slightly inflated, numerous, about 15 in the adult coil, 

increasing gradually in size in the adult: sutures 

distinct, slightly depressed, strongly curved, retral 

processes numerous, as many as 15 in the adult chanlber, occupying about half the width of the chamber; 

wall smooth except for the retral processes and the 

umbilical regions, which are papillate; aperture consisting of numerous small rounded openings at the base 

of the triangular apertural face. Diameter 0.50 mm; 

thickness 0.20 rom. 

The types came from the Miocene of Ortenburg, 

Germany. The figure on plate 12 shows a topotype. 

The species resembles E. ungeri Reuss, but the chambers are less inflated, the sides n1ore nearly parallel, 

and the depressed umbilical regions papillate. 

Elphidium subcarinatum (Egger) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 2 

Polystomella subcarinata Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 301, pl. 

14, figs. 24, 25. 

On plate 12 is a copy of the type figure. The 

specimens were collected from the Miocene of Hausbach, 

Bavaria, Germany. There seem to be no other records, 

and I have failed to find the species in any of my 

material. In side view this species is much like E. 

angulatum (Egger), from the same locality, but the 

peripheral views are very different. 

Elphidium angulatum (Egger) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 3 

Polystomella angulata Egger, Neues Jahrb., 1857, p. 302, pl. 15, 

figs. 5, 6. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

Hausbach, Bavaria, Germany. I have been unable 

to find any specimens that seem identical with this. 

The type figures are copied on plate 12. 

Elphidium: nobile (Karrer) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 4 

Polystomella nobilis Karrer, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., 

vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 710, pl. 2, fig. 15, 1864 (1865]. 

Our figure shows a topotype specimen of this species 

from the Miocene Leythakalk of Molding, near Vienna, 

Austria. It is distinctly eroded. The type figure also 

leaves much to be desired as to the complete details. 

There are evidently many chambers and a distinct 

umbo, the periphery lobulate and acute. 
46 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Elphidium falunicum (AIIix) Cushman 

Plate 12, figures 5, 6 

Polystomella falunica Allix, Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, vol. 

43, p. 45, text fig. 9, 1913. 

Test somewhat compressed, elliptical in peripheral 

view, periphery rounded, umbilical region with a 

flattened or slightly depressed area; chambers distinct, 

little if at all inflated, 10 to 12 in the adult coil, of uniform shape, increasing very slightly in size in the 

adult coil; sutures distinct, very slightly depressed, 

gently curved, retral processes very short, about 10 

in the adult chamber; wall smooth and polished; 

aperture a low opening at the base of the apertural 

face. Diameter 0.50-0.55 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types came from the Miocene of southern France. 

I have material from the Miocene, Helvetien, Pontlevoy 

Touraine; and Salles, Moulin du Minoy; Burdigalien 

inferieur, Moulin de l'Eglise, Saucats, Gironde; Le 

Coquillat, Leognan; Aquitanien superieur, La Brede, 

Larriey; and St. Arit, near Mont de Marsan, France. 

It is a very distinct species in this region. 

Elphidium inflatum (Reuss) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 7 

Polystomella infiata Reuss, Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., vol. 

42, p. 358, pl. 1, fig. lOa, b, 1860 [1861]; Acad. royale sci. 

Belgique Bull., ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 157, 1863. 

Hosius, Naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinlande u. Westfalens 

Verh., vol. 50, p. 129, pl. 2, figs. 15, 16, 1893. 

Clodius, Ver. Freunde Naturges. Mecklenburg Archiv 75. 

Jahr., p. 145, 1922. 

Test little compressed, very slightly so in the later 

portion, periphery very broadly rounded, entire, in the 

early part of the adult coil with a slight keel, later becoming obsolescent, umbilici slightly depressed; chambers fairly distinct, not inflated, comparatively few, 

about 10 in the final coil, of rather uniform size and 

shape; sutures slightly if at all depressed, marked only 

by the retral processes, which are numerous, about 15 

in the adult chamber, flush with the surface and marked 

largely by the slitlike openings; wall otherwise smooth; 

aperture consisting of numerous small, rounded openings at the base of the broadly arched apertural face. 

Diameter 0.45-0.55 mm; thickness 0.40 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene of 

Dingden, near Bocholt, Westphalia, Germany. Our 

figured specimen is a topotype. The species is very 

common at this locality. It is recorded from Mecklenburg, Germany, by Clodius. Reuss also records this 

species from the Pliocene Crag of Antwerp, Belgium, 

but I have found no specimens in the Antwerp material 

I have examined. 

Elphidium strattoni (Applin, Ellisor, and Kniker) Cushman 

Plate 12, figures 8, 9 

Polystomella strattoni Applin, Ellisor1 and Kniker, Am. Assoc. 

Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 100, pl. 3, 

figs. 9, 10, 1925. 

Test equally biconvex, about twelve to fourteen chambers in 

the last-formed coil, periphery narrowly rounded but not keeled, 

slightly lobulated, umbilical region flattened to slightly depressed, 

filled with clear shell material. Septal lines slightly depressed, 

evenly and narrowly bridged by small retral processes. Aperture a narrow slit at the base of the apertural face of the chamber. 

The types came from the upper Miocene, from well 

samples taken at Stratton Ridge, Brazoria County, Tex. 

It is reported as one of the most common species of the 

marine Miocene of Texas. 

Elphidium tricostatum (Protescu) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 10 

Polystomella tricostata Protescu, Inst. geol. Romaniei Anuar., 

vol. 9, 1915-20, p. 348, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5, 1922. 

The original figures of this species are so dark that 

much of the detail is lost. They have been photographed and appear on plate 12 to show some of the 

details. The chambers are numerous, low, and have 

the retral processes raised into a more or less continuous 

reticulation covering the entire test. 

The types are from the Tertiary of Rumania. 

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. tumidocamerale 

Bogdanowicz 

Plate l 2, figure 11 

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. tumidocamerale 

Bogdanowicz, in Bogdanowicz and Fedorov, On some 

representatives of the genus Elphidium of the Sarmatian 

deposits of the lower Kuban River course, pp. 11, 48, 

pl. 1, fig. 2, text figs. 9, 10, 1932. 

In the adult the test is more convex and has some broad, 

inflated chambers at the end of the convolution; septal bridges 

of the chambers occupy only the first one third part of their 

surface. Chambers of the remainder of the test can't be distinguished from those of the E. macellum. Keeled margin is 

more or less often supplied with several minute spines. 

Keel is very slightly expressed in the inflated chambers at the 

end of the convolution. Septal bridges are 12 in number. 

Diam. 0.5 mm.; thickness 0.15 mm.; thickness of the last 

chamber 0.25 mm. Scarce. 

The above is an exact copy of the descriptive notes 

given by Bogdanowicz. A copy of his figure is given 

on plate 12. The specimen came from the Miocene 

Sarmatian of the lower Kuban River, Russia. 

Elphidium chipolense (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 12 

Polystomella chipolensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof 

Paper 128-B, p. 72, pl. 11, fig. 23, 1921. 

Elphidium chipolensis Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. 

Survey Bull. 9, p. 70, pl. 11, figs. 3a, b, 1932. 
ELPHIDIUM 47 

Test with the periphery rounded, composed of 10 to 

12 chambers in the last-formed coil; chambers fairly 

distinct, but not inflated; sutures more or less indistinct, 

owing to the surface costae, which occupy the whole 

area between the sutures, and in the earlier portions 

becoming fused and nearly continuous. Diameter 1.25 

mm. 

This species has been recorded from the 11.iocene of 

Florida at many stations in the Chipola, Oak Grove, 

Shoal River, and Hawthorne formations. 

The early portion has very long retral processes. 

Elphidium fimbriatulum (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 13 

Polystomella fimbriatula Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Bun. 676, 

p. 20, pl. 8, fig. 5, 1918. 

Elphidium fimbriatulum Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 33, 

pl. 4, fig. 7, 1932. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 70, 

pl. 11, figs. 2a, b, 1932. 

Test much compressed, periphery acute, slightly 

keeled, biumbonate; chambers distinct, central portion 

of each raised into a high ridge, of rather uniform shape, 

increasing regularly in size as added; sutures indistinct, 

marked by the retral processes, which are narrow but 

extend across the depressed area, about 10 in the adult 

chamber; wall with definite raised ridges and intermediate depressions; aperture a low opening at the 

base of the apertural face, sometimes subdivided. 

Diameter 0. 7 5-0.85 mm; thickness 0.22-0.25 mm. 

This species was originally described from the 

Pliocene Caloosahatchee marl on the Caloosahatchee 

River, Fla., and Waccamaw formation on the Waccamaw River, S. C. It also occurs in the upper portion 

of the Miocene Choctawhatchee formation in the 

bed of the Econfina River, sec. 28, T. 2 N ., R. 12 W., 

Bay County, Fla. The central portions of the chambers 

are raised and give the appearance rather of raised 

sutures. 

Elphidium subsphaericum Cushman and Hedberg 

Plate 12, figures 14, 15 

Elphidium subsphaericum Cushman and Hedberg, Cushman 

Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 6, p. 64, pl. 9, figs. 1, 

2, 1930. 

Test subspherical, the periphery very broadly rounded 

and the axis of coiling often broader than the height of 

the test; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, typically 

8 or 9; sutures slightly depressed, marked by the retral 

processes, which number 12 to 16; wall smooth, coarsely 

perforate; aperture represented by numerous circular 

openings at the base of the apertural face of the lastformed chamber. Height 0.30-0.40 mm; diameter 

0.30-0.40 mm. 

The types came from the middle Miocene U rumaco 

formation of the District of Democracia, State of 

Falcon, Venezuela. 

1819-39-4 

This is a very thick, rounded species with its nearest 

relative typical Elphidium striato-punctatum of the 

Red Sea, but it differs from that species in the much 

smaller size, much fewer chambers, and greater inflation 

of the chambers. This species apparently has a rather 

limited stratigraphic range in the Urumaco formation 

(middle Miocene) of northern Falcon. The specimens 

described were obtained from well samples, which to the 

extent of present knowledge show the occurrences of 

this species to be limited to a zone only a few hundred 

feet thick. Other species of Elphidium are fairly common throughout the formation, which is several thousand feet thick. 

Elphidium glabratum Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate 12, figure 16 

Test compressed, narrowly elliptical in peripheral 

view, slightly umbonate, periphery rounded; chambers 

distinct,numerous,20 or more in the adult coil, of rather 

uniform shape, increasing very gradually in size as 

added, not inflated; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, 

distinctly curved, or slightly sigmoid, retral processes 

covering about two-thirds of the width of the chamber, 

about 12 in the adult chamber; wall, except for the 

depressions along the sutures, smooth, polished; aperture a low opening at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0.65-0.75 mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

Holotype (Cushman coli., no. 22690) from the Miocene Aquitanien superieur of St. Arit, near Mont de 

Marsan, France. 

This species differs from E. falunica (Allix) in the 

greater number of chambers and much longer retral 

processes. 

Elphidium chapmani Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 17 

Elphidium chapmani Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 80, pl. 14, figs. 6a, b, 1936. 

Test distinctly rhomboid in peripheral view, strongly 

umbonate, periphery acute but not keeled; chambers 

distinct, very numerous, 25 to 30 in the adult coil, of 

about uniform height throughout, low and curved, very 

slightly inflated; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, 

curved, retral processes numerous, 20 or more in the 

adult chamber, short; wall smooth and polished, the 

umbo with numerous irregular pits; aperture consisting 

of numerous small pores at the base of the sharply 

triangular apertural face. Diameter 1.25 mm; thickness 

0.65-0.70 mm. 

The types came from the Miocene of N eumerella, 

Victoria, Australia. 

Elphidium parri Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 18 

Elphidium parri Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 81, pl. 14, figs. 7a, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, slightly umbonate, the 

faces nearly parallel in the middle, thence sharply 
48 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

sloping to the subacute periphery; chambers distinct, 

numerous, 20 to 25 in the adult coil, slightly inflated, of 

nearly uniform height throughout; sutures depressed, 

very slightly curved, retral processes about half the 

width of the chamber, 7 or 8 in the adult chamber; wall 

smooth except over the sutures, umbo with numerous 

rounded pits; aperture consisting of a series of small, 

obscure, rounded openings at the base of the narrow, 

chevron-shaped apertural face. Diameter 0.70-0.80 

mm; thickness 0.35-0.40 mm. 

The types came from the Miocene of Neumerella, 

Victoria, Australia. 

Elphidium subinflatum Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 20 

Elphidium subinjlatum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 84, pl. 15, figs. 1a, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, biumbilicate, periphery 

subacute, slightly keeled; chambers fairly distinct, comparatively few, increasing rather rapidly in size as 

added, little if at all inflated; sutures distinct, strongly 

curved, retral processes very elongate, extending clear 

across the earlier chambers, 12 or more in the adult 

chamber; wall coarsely reticulate; aperture composed of 

several small openings at the base of the somewhat 

heart-shaped apertural face. Diameter 0.60 mm; 

thickness 0.35 mm. 

The types came from the Miocene Filter Quarries, 

Batesford, Victoria, Australia. 

Elphidium semistriatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 12, figure 21 

Polystomella semistriata D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 284, no. 7, 1826. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna, Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 

17 (653), text fig. 4, 1899. 

Test much compressed, biumbilicate, periphery 

broadly rounded, sides concave toward the middle; 

chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 9 or 10 in the adult 

coil, of uniform shape, increasing very slightly in size 

as added; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, earlier 

ones strongly curved, later ones progressively less so, 

retral processes very short, about 12 in the adult 

chamber; wall smooth, distinctly perforate; aperture 

consisting of a series of small rounded openings at the 

base of the apertural chambers. Diameter 0.60 mm; 

thickness 0.22 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pliocene of 

Castel Arquato, Italy. The specimen here figured is a 

topotype. 

Elphidium decipiens (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 12, figures 19, 22 

Polystomella decipiens Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, 

fasc. 2, p. 220, pl. 19, figs. 13a, b, 1856. 

There are several interpretations of the characters of 

this species, to judge from the figures given by later 

authors and referred to decipiens. The original figures 

given by Costa are reproduced on plate 12. There is 

evidently a distinct, beaded boss in the umbilical region, 

a somewhat lobulate periphery, and a longitudinally 

costate surface. The figures given by Fornasini are 

somewhat similar but lack the striate character and the 

rhomboidal peripheral view. Heron-Allen and Earland, 17 give figures that are referred here, but they show 

a form distinctly biumbilicate and with a very different 

peripheral view. 

On plate 12 is figured a specimen that agrees in many 

respects with the figures and description given by Costa. 

It is from the Pliocene of Monte Mario, near Rome, 

Italy. 

Elphidium salentinum (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 1 

Polystomella salentina Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, 

fasc. 2, p. 218, pl. 19, figs. 12A, B, C, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. 1st. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 17 (653)' 1899. 

Like other figures given by Costa this has a very 

much conventionalized appearance. Copies of the 

original figures are given on our plate. The specimens 

are from the Pliocene of Italy. It is possibly a synonym 

of E. macellum (Fichtel and Moll). 

Elphidium exoletum (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 2 

Polystomella exoleta Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, fasc. 2, 

pl. 19, fig. 10, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. 1st. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, voJ. 7, 

p. 11 (647)' 1899. 

The type figures are copied on plate 13. They are 

evidently somewhat conventionalized, and I have been 

unable to find any specimens in the Italian Tertiary 

that fit this. 

Elphidium spinulosum (Costa) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 3 

Polystomella spinulosa Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, 

fasc. 2, pl. 19, fig. 14, 1856. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. 1st. Bologna Mem., ser. 5, vol. 7, 

p. 18 (654)' 1899. 

The original figure given by Costa and copied on 

plate 13 is very evidently much conventionalized. It 

may possibly belong to E. crispum (Linne). It is from 

the Pliocene of Italy. 

Elphidium teretiusculum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 4 

Polystomella teretiuscula Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 

3, vol. 1, p. 16, pl. 1 (6), figs. 9, 10, 1878. 

The original figures are copied on plate 13. I have 

not found this form in the material examined from the 

Isle of Rhodes, from which Terquem described the 

species. 

11 Heron-Allen, Edward, and Earland, Arthur, The Foraminifera of the West of 

Scotland: Linnean Soc. London Trans., ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 282, pl. 43, figs. 2o-22, 1916. 
ELPHIDIUM 49 

Elphidium punctatum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 5 

Polystomella punctatum Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 

3, vol. 1, p. 16, pl. 1 (6), figs. 7a, b, 1878. 

Copies of Terquem's type figures from the Pliocene 

of the Isle of Rhodes are given on plate 13. I have 

been unable to find any specimens resembling this in 

the Pliocene material I have examined from that 

locality. 

Elphidium Iaminatum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 6 

Polystomella laminata Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, 

vol. 1, p. 16, pl. 1 (6), figs. 8a, b, 1878. 

According to the type figures, which are reproduced 

on plate 13, this species is very strongly compressed and 

depressed at the umbilici, strongly keeled, and with a 

complete reticulation due to the elongate retral processes. The types came from the Pliocene of the Isle 

of Rhodes. 

It may be noted that Terquem later 18 recorded the 

species fron1 the Eocene of V audancourt, in the Paris 

Basin, but the figures show the two to be different. I 

failed to find any such form in the material I have had 

from V audancourt or from the Isle of Rhodes. 

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant 

Plate 13, figure 7 

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., vol. 5, no. 6, p. 75, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1927. 

Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart, San Diego Soc. Nat. History Trans., vol. 6, p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 15, 1930. 

Test rather ~mall, periphery broadly rounded throughout, increasingly so in the last chambers, the diameter 

about two and one-half times the thickness; umbilical 

region slightly depressed, typically with a series of irregular flattened areas formed by the cut-off ends of the 

pointed inner ends of the chambers with depressions 

between; chambers as many as 14 in the last-formed 

coil, usually less than 12, the last few inflated and the 

periphery lobulate, earlier ones not inflated and the 

periphery entire; sutures very distinct, the later ones 

strongly depressed, slightly curving toward the periphery, retral processes few and short; wall fairly thick, 

very finely perforate; aperture a series of small rounded 

openings at the base of the apertural face, none in the 

face itself. Diameter 0.60-0.70 mm; thickness 0.25-

0.30 mm. 

The types of this species came from the N7~ sec. 12, 

T. 21 S., R. 10 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian, 

Pine Valley, Monterey County, Calif., from R. D. 

Reed's Poncho Rico formation, of lower Pliocene or 

possibly upper Miocene age. The species also occurs 

in the Pliocene of Humboldt County, Calif. 

This species has probably been referred to in the 

literature as Polystomella striato-punctata, but without 

checking original material it is difficult to determine 

this. 

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant var. foraminosum 

Cushman, n. var. 

Plate 13, figure 8 

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant var., San Diego Soc. 

Nat. History Trans., vol. 15, no. 6, p. 76, pl. 7, figs. 5a, b, 

1927. 

Variety differing from the typical form in having the 

last-formed chambers less inflated, test thinner, perforations more conspicuous, and umbilici with a few 

large irregular bosses. 

Holotype (California Academy of Science coli.) from 

the Pliocene Etchegoin formation of the San Joaquin 

Valley, Calif. Similar forms occur in the Pliocene 

Fernando group of Schumanns Cut on the Southern 

Pacific Railroad, 2~ miles northeast of Casmalia, 

Casmalia Hills, Santa Barbara County, Calif., and in 

the Pliocene Merced formation at Sevenmile Beach, 17~ 

miles north of Mussel Rock, San Mateo County, Calif. 

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant var. obesum Cushman. n. var. 

Plate 13, figure 9 

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant var., San Diego Soc 

Nat. History Trans., vol. 5, no. 6, p. 75, pl. 7, figs. 4a, b, 

1927. 

Variety differing from the typical form in being 

smaller and thicker, with a more rounded periphery 

and the wall thin and conspicuously perforate. 

Holotype (California Academy of Science Coli.) from 

the Pliocene Purisima formation on Purisima Creek, 

San Mateo County, Calif. 

Elphidium gunteri Cole 

Plate 13, figure 10 

Elphidium gunteri Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 34, pl. 4, 

figs. 9, 10, 1931. 

Hadley, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour., vol. 52, no. 1, 

p. 35, 1936. 

Elphidium craticulata (Fichtel and Moll) var. Cushman, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 676, p. 20, 1918. 

Test of medium size for the genus, margin entire, broadly 

rounded, sides slightly convex in peripheral view, umbilical 

region with a group of irregular, slightly raised areas of clear 

shell material; chambers distinct, not inflated, averaging about 

14 in the last volution; sutures not depressed, marked by slightly 

raised, rectangular-shaped retral processes, which at the base of 

the chambers tend to fuse together; wall smooth, shiny, distinctly and rather coarsely perforate; aperture composed of 

several rounded openings at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0.44 mm; thickness 0.26 mm. 

The types came from the Pliocene Caloosaha tchee 

marl in the Orange City marl pit, Orange County, Fla. 1s Terquem, Olry, Les foraminiferes de l'Eocene des. environs de Paris: Soc. • 

g6ol. France Mem., ser. a, vol. 2, p. 47, pl. 2 (10), figs, 24a, b, 1882. , It also occurs in the same formation in the mty marl 
50 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

pit, just south of De Land and at Deleon Springs, 

Volusia County, Fla., and in the Waccamaw formation 

on the Cape Fear River at Neil Eddy Landing, 28 

miles above Wilmington, N. C. Hadley records it as a 

living form off Beaufort, N. C. 

Elphidium ibericum (Schrodt) Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 11 

Polystomella iberica Schrodt, Deutsche geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., 

vol. 42, p. 417, pl. 22, fig. 9, 1890. 

The type figure shows a test with large umbones, 

with scattered depressions, the chambers very numerous and low. The figure is very evidently much conventionalized. The types came from the Pliocene of 

southern Spain. The specimen shown on plate 13 

came from the Pliocene of Monte Mario, near Rome, 

Italy, and in its characters seems to be identical with 

that of Schrodt. 

Elphidium pseudonodosum Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 12 

Elphidium pseudonodosum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 82, pl. 14, figs. 9a, b, 1936. 

Test compressed, slightly if at all umbonate, middle 

part of sides nearly parallel in peripheral view, thence 

rapidly narrowing to the periphery, which has a broad, 

rounded keel; chambers distinct, the anterior portion 

raised, depressed toward the suture, numerous, about 

20 in the adult coil, of rather uniform shape and height; 

sutures distinct, strongly curved, retral processes 

short, about 15 in the adult chamber; wall smooth and 

polished except for the retral processes and depressions; 

aperture consisting of numerous rounded parts at the 

base of the low, chevron-shaped apertural face. Diameter 1.25 mm; thickness 0.50 mm. 

The types of this species came from the lower Pliocene at Forsyth's Grange Burn, Hamilton, Victoria, 

Australia. 

Elphidium georgianum Cushman 

Plate 13, figure 13 

Elphidium georgianum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 11, p. 79, pl. 12, figs. 5a, b, 1935; Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., vol. 47, p. 428, pl. 3, figs. 12a, b, 1936. 

Test close-coiled throughout, completely involute, 

strongly umbonate, periphery subacute, slightly lobulate; chambers fairly distinct, about 12 in the lastformed coil, the later ones very slightly inflated; sutures 

fairly distinct, covered, particularly toward the periphery, with about 10 retral processes in the adult; walls 

fairly thick, distinctly perforate; aperture consisting of 

a series of small pores at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter 0. 70 mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

The types are from a late Tertiary green clay of 

Canyon III, Georges Bank. It should be found as a 

living form in this same region. 

Elphidium oregonense Cushman and Grant 

Plate 13, figures 14-16 

Elphidium oregonense Cushman and Grant, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., vel. 5, no. 6, p. 79, pl. 8, fig. 3, 1927. 

Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 62, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1930. 

Test comparatively large, complanate, compressed, 

periphery rounded, umbilical region strongly umbonate, 

with a rounded boss of clear shell material with several 

large pores; chambers numerous, 20 or more in the 

adult, slightly inflated; sutures curved, depressed except 

toward the periphery, where they are indistinct, pores 

numerous, rounded except toward the periphery, where 

they become elongate; wall thick; aperture consisting 

of a low, broad opening at the base of the apertural face 

with circular pores on the middle portion of the lower 

half of the flattened wall of the apertural face. Length 

up to 1.8 mm; breadth 0.60 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Pleistocene 

upper portion of a sea cliff near the mouth of the Elk 

River, 3 miles southeast of Cape Blanco, Curry County, 

Oreg. It also occurs in the Pliocene of Humboldt 

County, Calif. 

This is a very large, well-characterized species. 

Elphidium crispum (Linne) Cushman and Grant 

Plate 13, figures 17-21 

"Cornu Hammonis orbiculatum" Plancus (Bianchi), Conchyliologia mineralogica, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1739. 

"Nautilus minimus" GuaJ.teri, Index Testaceorum Conchyliologiae, pl. 19, figs. A, D, 17 42. 

Nautilus crispus Linne, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 709, 1758; ed. 

13 (Gmelin's), p. 3370, 1788. 

Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, p. 40, pl. 4, figs. 

d-f, 1798. 

Polystomella crispa Lamarck, Histoire des animaux sans vertebres, vol. 7, p. 625, 1822. 

D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 283, no. 1; Modeles, 

no. 45, 1826; Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin tertiaire de 

Vienne, p. 125, pl. 6, figs. 9-14, 184f). 

Parker, Jones, and H. B. Brady, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, ser. 3, val. 16, p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 96, 1865. 

H. B. Brady, Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 736, pl. 

110, figs. 6, 7, 1884. 

Elphidium crispum Cushman and Grant, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., vol. 5, no. 6, p. 73, pl. 7, figs. 3a, b, 1927. 

Cushman and Leavitt, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 5, pl. 20, p. 4, figs. 3, 4, 1929. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 20, 1930. 

Cushman and Valentine, Stanford Univ., Dept. Geol., 

Contr., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 21, pl. 5, figs. 12a, b, 1930. 

Dolgopolskaja and Pauli, Sta. Biol. Karadagh Travaux, 

vol. 4, p. 34, pl. 3, figs. 13a-c, text fig8. 1-3, 1931. 

Hada, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts., ser. 4, Bioi., val. 

VI, p. 123, 1931. 

Bogdanowicz and Fedorov, On some representatives of the 

genus Elphidium of the Sarmatian deposits of the lower 

Kuban River course, pp. 12, 48, pl. 1, fig. 3, text figs. 11, 

12, 1932. 

Macfadyen, Geol. Mag., val. 69, pl. 35, figs. 18a, b, 1932. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 47, pl. 11, 

figs. 4a, b, 1933. 

Tolmachoff, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 23, p. 304, pl. 40, 

figs. 26, 27, 1934. 
ELPHIDIUM 51 

Themeon rigatus Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 1, 

p. 203, 51 e genre, 1808. 

? Polystomella granulata Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, 

pt. 2, p. 214, pl. 10, figs. 7a, A, B, C, 1856. 

Test of large size for the genus, about two and onehalf times longer than wide in peripheral view, lenticular, completely involute, the umbilical regions with a 

medium-sized, slightly projecting, rounded boss of 

clear shell material, the surface of which is set with 

10 to 12 small, shallow, rounded pits, periphery sharply 

angular but not sharply keeled, sometimes becoming 

slightly lobulate and blunter in the last portion of the 

adult coil; chambers very numerous, 20 to 40, long, 

narrow, the last few often inflated, forward part 

slightly raised, giving a radially ribbed appearance; 

sutures somewhat sigmoid, the middle portion of each 

nearly radial, partially obscured by the retral processes, 

set with pores, those of the earlier ones indistinct but 

later ones with large and deep pores; wall finely perforate with about 12 relatively long retral processes 

extending well up onto the side of the next added 

chamber, appearing as fairly widely spaced, low elevations of the wall in the earlier chambers but as thicker 

and more rodlike structures in the later chambers; 

aperture a row of small openings between the retral 

processes at the base of the apertural face, which is 

low, sagittate, the sides often slightly concave, the 

ends pointed. Diameter up to 3 mm; thickness 0.40-

1.00 mm. 

Linne did not figure this species, but in the thirteenth 

(Gmelin's) edition he refers among others to Plancus 

and Gualtieri in the references cited above. Both 

these authors had most of their material from Rimini, 

on the Adriatic, and Linne simply says "Mediterranean." One of the specimens figured on plate 13 I 

collected at Rimini. The figures given by Plancus 

show an umbonate form but little more except the 

many, somewhat curved chambers. Gualtieri in his 

figure A gives a form that is undoubtedly an Elphidium, 

with a thin keel and distinctly umbonate. Linne in 

his description says "umbilicata", but the figures mentioned above are distinctly umbonate. Fichtel and 

Moll's figures are copied on plate 13 and show a distinctly umbonate form, rhomboid in peripheral view 

and acute. D'Orbigny's model, a photograph of which 

is given on plate 13, also has these same characters 

very clearly. The figure given in the Challenger report, 

also copied on plate 13, shows a very similar form. 

With all these figures the characters of Linne's species 

seem rather clear. The distribution of this species is 

difficult to determine exactly, but it apparently is 

found in the Miocene and Pliocene of south-centra] 

and southern Europe, living in the Mediterranean and 

possibly in the Indo-Pacific. The material fron1 the 

late Tertiary of the California region and the form now 

living on the west coast of America, as well as that 

from Japan, also seem identical. 

It is evident from a study of the figures given by 

various authors under this name that many of them 

do not belong here, and some of these that are most 

definite will be found in the synonymy under other 

species. 

There are specimens in our collection referable to 

this species from the following localities: Miocene, 

N ussdorf, Steinabrunn, Rausnitz, Imendorf, Holuluca, 

Niederleis, Loos, Wiener-N eustadt; Perchtoldsdorf, and 

Kalksburg, Austria; Pecten Bank, near Loretto, Italy; 

Kostej, Hungary; Point Gourguet and Moulin de 

l'Eglise, Saucats, France. Pliocene, Paggiarone and 

Coroncina, near Siena, Castel Arquato, Calabria, and 

Monte Mario, near Rome, Italy; Lanarka, Island of 

Cyprus; and New Corinth, near Kalamaki, Greece. 

Pleistocene, Santa Barbara, Calif. Recent specimens 

apparently identical came from Rimini; Lido, Venice; 

and Bay of Naples, Italy; Tripoli; Red Sea; Karachi, 

India; Philippines; Japan; Fiji; Caroline Islands; 

Ladrone Islands; off the west coast of America; Monterey Bay; and off the Channel Islands, Calif. 

Elphidium mac ellum (Fichtel and Moll) Montfort 

Plate 14, figures 1-3; plate 15, figures 9, 10 

Nautilus macellus Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, p. 66, 

var. {3, pl. 10, figs. h-k, 1798. 

Elphidium macellum Montfort, Conchyliologie systematique, 

vol. 1, p. 15, 4e genre, 1808. 

Cushman and Leavitt, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 5, p. 18, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1929. 

Test of medium size for the genus, about three and 

one-half times longer than wide in peripheral view, 

lenticular, planispiral, completely involute, umbilical 

regions flat, periphery angular, slightly more rounded in 

the last-formed chambers, slightly keeled, somewhat 

lobulate; chambers numerous, averaging 17 in adults 

in the last-formed coil, slightly arched, giving a ribbed 

appearance to the test; sutures slightly depressed, 

those of the last-formed chambers slightly more so, 

partially obscured by the retral processes, curved 

backward strongly toward the periphery, the proximal 

half nearly radial, set with indistinct pores; wall thin, 

finely perforate, usually with less than 12 relatively long 

retral processes, more widely spread than in E. crispum 

and extending from well up on the side of the chamber 

to the front of the preceding and appearing as narrow, 

fairly widely spaced, low elevations of the wall; aperture 

a row of small openings between the retral processes at 

the base of the apertural face, which is convex, sagittate, 

with the sides slightly convex, the lobes sharply angled, 

saddling the preceding coil. Diameter typically less 

than 1 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Mediterranean. It is apparently present in the Miocene and 

Pliocene of south-central and southern Europe, living 

in the Mediterranean and probably in the Indo-Pacific. 

It has a very small umbo, which is, however, not 
52 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

projecting and does not have the same rhomboid form 

nor as many chambers as E. crispum. 

Material referred to this species is in our collection 

from the following localities: Miocene, Voslau, Holies, 

Nikolsburg, Kalksburg, Loos, Niederleis, Imendorf, 

Rausnitz, and Gainfarm, .Austria; Varpolata, Hungary; 

Loretto and San Miniato, near Florence, Italy; Oran, 

.Africa; Shallufa, Wadi Rieina, Wadi El Bir, and Gebel 

Murr, Egypt; Burdigalien inferieur, Moulin de l'Eglise, 

Saucats, Gironde, and St. Paul de Dax, Landes, France; 

Burdigalien superieur, Point Gourguet, Saucats, .Aquitanien superieur, La Brede, Larriey, and St . .Arit, near 

Mont de Marsan, France. Pliocene, Monte Mario, 

near Rome, Italy. There are Recent specimens from 

Sebenico, on the .Adriatic, from off the island of Delos, 

Mediterranean, and from beach sand at Karachi, India. 

The form figured by Fichtel and Moll as Nautilus 

strigillatus var. a 19 is difficult to distinguish from 

E. macellum (Fichtel and Moll) in Mediterranean 

material. The original figures show a difference, 

especially in the umbilical region. Figures 1-3 on 

plate 14 show the original of Fichtel and Moll and also 

European specimens that may be referred to it. 

The form from the Pliocene of Italy figured by Costa 

as Polystomella striolata 20 without descriptions may 

belong here. 

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. granulosum 

(Sidebottom) Cushman 

Plate 14, figure 4 

Polystomella macella (Fichtel and Moll) var. granulosa Sidebottom, Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc. Mem. and Proc., 

vol. 53, no. 21, p. 16, pl. 5, fig. 5, 1909. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Soc. sci. hist. nat. Corse Bull., 

p. 141, 1922. 

In this variety the whole test is covered with minute 

granules or tubercles. The types were found off the 

island of Delos, in the Mediterranean, at Palermo, and 

off the island of Corsica. 

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. Iimbatum 

(Chapman) Cushman 

Plate 14, figure 5 

Polystomella macella (Fichtel and Moll) var. limbata Chapman, 

Quekett Micr. Club Jour., ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 142, pl. 10, 

figs. 9a, b, 1902. 

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. limbatum Cushman, 

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 50, pl. 11, figs. 9a, b, 

1933. 

This variety has the umbilical regions depressed, the 

periphery subacute, and the whole test smaller than the 

typical form. 

Chapman described the variety from off Port Phillip, 

Victoria, .Australia. I have had a similar form from 

a depth of 12 fathoms off Levuka, Fiji, and off Niau. 

ID Fichtel, Leopold von, and Moll, J. P. C. von, Testacea microscopica aliaque 

minuta ex generibus Argonauta et Nautilus ad naturam delineata et descripta, 

Testacea mfcroscopica, p. 49, pl. 5, figs. c-e, 1798. 

2° Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 2, pl. 19, figs. 15, 18, 1856. 

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. aculeatum 

(Silvestri) Cushman 

Plate 15, figures 11-13 

Polystomella macella (Fichtel and Moll) var. aculeata Silvestri, 

Accad. gioeniasci. nat. Boll. sed., 1900, fasc. 64, pp. 19--29, 

2 figs. in text. 

It is probable that this is the same as the form referred to by Fichtel and Moll a.s Nautilus strigillata, 

var. {3, which had a very spinose periphery. Similar 

forms occur in the late Tertiary of southern Europe and 

on the coast of France and England. Their relationships are probably with E. macellum. 

Elphidium striato-punctatum (Fichtel and Moll) Cushman 

and Leavitt 

Plate 14, figures 6, 7 

Nautilus striato-punctatus Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, p. 61, pl. 9, figs. a-c, 1798. 

Elphidium striato-punctatum Cushman and Leavitt, Cushman 

.. Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 5, p. 19, pl. 4, figs. 

5, 6, 1929. 

Test of moderately large size for the genus, about 

twice as long as wide in peripheral view, the periphery 

broadly rounded, completely involute, umbilical regions flat or very slightly concave; chambers numerous, 

averaging 25 in the adult, later ones becoming somewhat wider than the earlier ones, last few chambers 

becoming inflated, forward part slightly raised, giving 

a radially ribbed appearance; sutures partly obscured 

by the retral processes, slightly depressed and indistinct 

in the earlier two-thirds of the coil, rather deeply 

depressed and distinct in the last part, earlier sutures 

nearly radial, later ones slightly and nearly symmetrically bowed forward, set with pores which are rather 

indistinct in the earlier part but large and deep on the 

last few sutures; wall finely perforate, with usually 12 

relatively short, closely spaced retral processes, which 

appear to extend across the radial lines so that the 

processes form a more or less continuous line in the 

direction of coiling, appearing as low elevations in the 

earlier chan1bers, but in the last ones as relatively 

thick rodlike structures; aperture a row of small openings at the base of the aperturul face (not a narrow slit 

as figured by Fichtel and Moll), apertural face slightly 

convex, crescentic, the sides ending in blunt points. 

Diameter of largest specimens 1 mm; thickness 0.40 

nlm. 

The types of Fichtel and Moll are said to have come 

from the Arabian Gulf. The specimen figured here 

came from the Red Sea, where the typical form with 

broadly rounded periphery, a broad test in side view, 

and many chambers is often very abundant. This 

species does not seem to occur in the Mediterranean, 

and its distribution will probably be found to be confined to very warm, shallow waters of the Red Sea and 

adjacent parts of the Indian Ocean. Very many of 

the forms referred to this species certainly do not 

belong to it. As in other species, the last-formed 
ELPHIDIUM 53 

chamber is very thin and probably broken by the 

formation of the young. For this reason the broader, 

more typical specimens were not chosen for figuring. 

Although this species name has been used many 

times in the literature for both fossil and Recent species, 

until recently it has not been used correctly since the 

form was described by Fichtel and Moll. It seems to 

be a relatively· local species. Some of the references 

to this species where the figures can be identified with 

certainty will be found in the synonymy of the species 

to whieh they apparently belong. 

Elphidium angulare (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 14, figure 8 

Polystomella angularis D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 284, no. 2, 1826. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, vol. 1, 

p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 7, 7a, 1904. 

The first localities n1entioned for this species by 

D'Orbigny in 1826 are Rawack and the Marianna 

Islands. No figures were published until the somewhat 

simplified copies of D'Orbigny's figures given by Fornasini. Copies of these figures are given on plate 14. 

It is s01newhat uncertain just what this species may be, 

but the figures are given here for reference. 

EJphidium owenianum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 14, figures 9-12 

Polystomella oweniana D'Orbigny, Voyage dans l' Amerique 

meridionale, vol. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 

3, 4, 1839. 

Elphidium owenianum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 

7, p. 21, pl. 8, figs. 1Q-12, 1929. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 

3, p. 11, 1931. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 441, 

pl. 16, figs. 31, 32, 1932. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 7, p. 132, 1933. 

Test of medium size for the genus, somewhat compressed, periphery subacute, margin entire, greatest 

thickness in peripheral view at the umbilical regions, 

which are not distinctly umbonate; chambers numerous, 

distinct, not inflated, averaging about 15 in the lastformed eoil; sutures distinct, lim bate, the retral processes elongate, rodlike, occupying almost the entire 

height of the chamber; aperture a series of rounded 

openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

0.75 mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

D'Orbigny described this species from the "coast of 

Patagonia, to the south of the Rio Negro." It is distinct from the other species of this region in its thickening at the umbilical region in peripheral view and the 

subacute margin and distinct sutures. 

It has been recorded from the Falkland Islands at 

Port Howard and Port William and off Puerto Deseado, 

Argentina (Cushman and Parker); off the Falkland 

Islands (Heron-Allen and Earland); and off South 

Georgia (Earland). 

Elphidium lessonii (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 14, figures 13-16 

Polystomella lessonii D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, no. 6, 

p. 284, 1826; Voyage dans l' Amerique meridionale, vol. 5, 

pt. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 29, pJ. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1839. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, vol. 1, 

p. 13, pl. 3, figs. 9, 9a, 1904. 

Elphidium lessonii Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 22, pl. 9, figs. 1-4, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 3, 

p. 11, 1931. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 440, 

pl. 16, figs. 29, 30, 1932. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 7, p. 132, 1933. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 5, 

pl. 23, fig. 5, 1933. 

Polystomella macella H. B. Brady (part) [not Fichtel and Moll], 

Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, pl. 110, fig. 9 [not figs. 

8, 10, 111, 1884. 

Test of large size for the genus, compressed, periphery 

rounded, margin very slightly lobulate, sides nearly 

parallel in peripheral view,' umbilical regions not umbonate but occupied by a group of irregular raised areas; 

chambers numerous, 20 to 22 in the last-formed whorl, 

slightly inflated; sutures sigmoid, indistinct except as 

marked by the retral processes, which are prominent, 

elongate, rodlike, usually 15 or more, extending nearly 

the whole width of the chamber, the interspaces deep; 

aperture a series of rounded openings at the base of the 

a pert ural face. Diameter 1.20 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 

D'Orbigny's type locality for this species is given as 

"coast of Patagonia, to the south of Rio Negro." The 

type figure seems to show a young, immature specimen. 

It has been recorded from off the Falkland Islands 

(Brady, Cushman, Heron-Allen, and Earland) and from 

Puerto Deseado, Argentina (Cushman and Parker). 

This is one of the most beautifully sculptured species 

that we have and very distinctive in its characters. It 

is probably limited in its distribution to the South 

Atlantic. 

Elphidium articulatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 14, figures 17-19 

Polystomella articulata D'Orbigny, Voyage dans l' Amerique 

meridionale, vol. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiferes, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 

9, 10, 1939. 

Elphidium articulatum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 

7, p. 26, pl. 10, figs. 6-8, 1930. 

Cushman and Valentine, Stanford Univ., Dept. Geology, 

Contr., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 21, pl. 5, figs. 10 a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 

3, p. 10, 1931. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 439, 

1932. 

Earland, Discot:ery Repts., vol. 7, p. 132, 1933. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 9, p. 188, 

1935. 

Elphidium incertum Heron-Allen and Earland [not Williamson], 

Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 439, pl. 16, figs. 20, 21, 1932. 

Test small, somewhat compressed, periphery rounded, 

margin slightly lobulate, sides nearly parallel in pe-
54 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

ripheral view, umbilical regions slightly depressed; 

chambers averaging 10 in the last-formed coil, slightly 

inflated; sutures slightly depressed, marked also by the 

retral processes, which are very short and broad, averaging 10 in number; aperture composed of several rounded 

openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

0.50 mm; thickness 0.22 mm. 

D'Orbigny's types came from "the coast of Patagonia 

near the Rio Negro, and also from the Falklands." 

It is a smooth, polished species with a fairly thick wall 

which may be distinguished from E. poeyanum 

(D'Orbigny), of the West Indian region, which somewhat resembles it. Both of these species have been 

included under the name "Polystomella striato-punctata" 

but they are very different from that species, as has 

been noted. 

In addition to the region of the Falkland Islands the 

species has been collected off St. Julian and off Puerto 

Deseado, Argentina (Cushman and Parker), South 

Georgia (Earland), and off Cuba (Bermudez), and a 

very similar form seemingly identical has been found 

off California (Cushman and Valentine). 

Elphidium articulatum (D'Orbigny), var. rugulosum Cushman 

and Wickenden 

Plate 14, figure 20 

Elphidium articulatum (D'Orbigny) var. rugulosum Cushman 

and Wickenden, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 75, art. 8, 

p. 7, pl. 3, figs. Sa, b, 1929. 

Test bilaterally symmetrical, umbilicate, somewhat 

compressed, periphery rounded; about 9 chambers in 

the last-formed coil, slightly inflated; sutures slightly 

depressed, gently curved, somewhat filled with a rugose 

secondary growth which, over the umbilical region, fills 

that area; wall otherwise smooth, finely perforate; aperture consisting of an arched opening in the median line 

and a few smaller supplementary openings at either 

side. Diameter 0.30 1nm; thickness 0.12 mm. 

The types of this variety were found off Juan Fernandez. 

This variety differs from the species described by 

D'Orbigny in the peculiar ornamentation of the sutures 

and the umbilical regions, and also in the aperture. 

In general shape and number of chambers it is very 

similar to D'Orbigny's species. 

Elphidium alvarezianum (D'Orbigny) Cushman and Kellett 

Plate 14, figures 21-23 

Polystomella alvareziana D'Orbigny, Voyage dans !'Amerique 

meridionale, vol. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiff:res, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 

11, 12, 1839. 

Elphidium alvarezianum Cushman and Kellett, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Proc., vol. 75, art. 25, p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 5a, b, 1929. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 18, pl. 7, 

figs. 1-3, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 

3, p. 12, 1931. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 440, 

pl. 16, figs. 24, 25, 1932. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 7, p. 132, 1933. 

Test much compressed, periphery subacute, not 

carinate, margin entire, even, sides nearly parallel in 

peripheral view, umbilical regions not umbonate; chambers not inflated, 10 to 12 or more in the last-formed 

coil; sutures not depressed, marked by the retral processes, which are short and broad, 7 to 8 in number; 

aperture composed of several rounded openings at the 

base of the apertural face. Dia.meter 0.60 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

D'Orbigny's types came from "Patagonia, not far 

from the Rio Negro and in sands from the Falklands." 

Specimens of this same general form found as far north 

as the w-est Indies may also be placed in this species. 

It occurs only in this general region of the South 

Atlantic, so far as known. 

Elphidium alvarezianum (D'Orbigny) var. serrulatum 

Cushman and Parker 

Plate 14, figure 24 

Elphidium alvarezianum (D'Orbigny) var. serrulatum Cushman 

and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 3, p. 12, 

pl. 2, figs. 9a, b, 1931. 

Variety differing from the typical form in the character of the periphery, which has definite toothlike projections, in the extreme form having each projection 

opposite the chambers divided into numerous serrations. 

Specimens in which the spinose projections are simple, 

connect this variety with the typical form. 

The types of this variety were found off Port w-illiam, 

Falkland Islands. 

In fully developed specimens this is a rather beautiful 

form that is very definitely related to D'Orbigny's 

species. 

Elphidium poeyanum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 14, figures 25, 26 

Polystomella poeyana D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia fisica, 

politica y natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, 

p. 55, pl. 6, figs. 25, 26, 1839. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 311, p. 55, pl. 9, 

figs. 9, 10, 1922; Pub. 344, p. 79, 1926. 

Elphidium poeyanum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 

7, p. 25, pl. 10, figs. 4, 5, 1930; Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 

4, p. 39, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4, 1930. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 36, 1931. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 

3, p. 10, 1931. ' 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 69, 

1932. 

Cushman and Cahill, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 21, pl. 7, figs. 7a, b, 1933. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 9, p. 187, 

1935. . 

Hadley, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour., vol. 52, no. 1, 

p. 35, 1936. 

Test of small size for the genus, strongly compressed, 

periphery broadly rounded, margin slightly lobulate, 

sides nearly parallel in peripheral view, umbilical 

regions slightly depressed; chambers averaging 10 to 

12 in the last-formed coil but variable, very slightly 

inflated, very distinct; sutures slightly depressed, 
ELPHIDIUM 55 

marked by the very short, broad retral processes, 

averaging about 15 in number; wall thin, translucent, 

smooth, conspicuously but finely perforate; aperture 

composed of a series of small, rounded openings at the 

base of the apertural face. Diameter 0.50 mm; 

thickness 0.20 mm. 

D'Orbigny described and figured this species from 

shore sands of Cuba and Jamaica. It has proved to be 

the most common species of the genus in the general 

West Indian region. It has been included under Polystomella striato-punctata but is very different from that 

species. 

There is a considerable amount of variation in the 

specimens of this species, in the shape, which is often 

somewhat longer than broad, and especially in the 

number of the chambers. In its general characters, 

however, it is distinct from any other in the region. 

Specimens from this region have undoubtedly been 

included by other authors under different names, but 

without figures or access to the original specimens it is 

difficult to place them with any certainty. 

In our collections the species is represented as a 

Recent form from shallow water of San Juan Harbor 

and Ponce, Puerto Rico; Montego Bay, Jamaica; 

Biscayne Bay, Key West, and Dry Tortugas, Florida; off 

Tobago; St. Johns, Antigua; and Rio de Janeiro Harbor, 

Brazil. The species is recorded from the Pleistocene 

and Pliocene of Florida by Cole and is very common 

in the Miocene of Florida and northward to Maryland. 

Elphidium sagrum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 15, figures 1-3 

Polystomella sagra D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia ffsica, 

politica y natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 55, 

pl. 6, figs. 19, 20, 1839. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 75, pl. 26, figs. 5a, 

b, 1918. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 49, 

1919; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 128-B, p. 71, pl. 

11, figs. 20, 21, 1920. 

Elphidium sagrum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 24, pl. 9, figs. 5, 6, 1930. 

Cole and Gillespie, Bull. Am. Paleontology, val. 15, no. 

57b, p. 10, 1930. 

Cushman, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 

6a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., val. 80, art. 3, 

p. 10, 1931. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 37, pl. 4, fig. 5, 1931. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 70, 

1932. 

Cushman and Cahill, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 22, pl. 7, figs. 9a, b, 1933. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., val. 9, p. 188, 

1935. 

Polystomella lanieri Cushman [not D'Orbigny ], U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 128-B, p. 72, pl. 11, fig. 22, 1920; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., val. 59, p. 61, pl. 14, figs. 12, 13, 

1921; Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 344, p. 80, 1926. 

Test of small size for the genus, periphery broadly 

rounded, margin entire, not lobulate, sides convex in 

peripheral view, the last-formed portion wider than the 

earlier portions, umbilical regions depressed; chambers 

in the last portion slightly inflated, fairly distinct, 12 

to 15 in the last-formed coil; sutures not depressed, 

except between the last few chambers, marked by 

the retral processes, about 10 in number, short and 

broad, continuous over the earlier portion of the test 

to form ridges slightly oblique to the periphery; wall 

fairly thick, perforate; aperture composed of a series 

of small, rounded openings at the base of the apertural 

face. Diameter 0.55 mm; thickness 0.33 mm. 

The types came from shore sands of Cuba, recorded 

by D'Orbigny as rare. It is not nearly as common as 

a Recent species as some of the others of the West 

Indian region. There are specimens in our collection 

from off the Dry Tortugas, Florida, where it is rare; 

Habana Harbor and off Matanzas, Cuba; San Juan 

Harbor and Ponce, Puerto Rico; Runaway Bay and 

Montego Bay, Jamaica; off Somerset, Bermuda; 

and Rio de Janeiro Harbor, Brazil. It occurs in the 

Miocene of the gorge of Yumuri River, Matanzas, 

Cuba, in the Choctawhatchee, Chipola, and Oak Grove 

formations of Florida; and in the Duplin marl of 

North Carolina. 

Elphidium lanieri (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 15, figure 4 

Polystomella lanieri D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia ffsica, 

politica y natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 54, 

pl. 7, figs. 12, 13, 1839. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 49, 1919; 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 128-B, p. 72, pl. 11, fig. 22, 

1920. 

Elphidium lanieri Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 

23, pl. 9, fig. 7, 1930. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., val. 9, p. 187, 1935. 

Test of medium size for the genus, periphery subacute, margin entire, not lobulate; sides convex in peripheral view, giving a rhomboid outline to the test, 

umbilical regions each with a large rounded boss in 

peripheral view, forming the greatest width of the test 

but continuous with the sides; chambers not inflated, 

distinct, numerous, averaging 18 to 20 in the lastformed coil; sutures not depressed, marked by the retral 

processes, which are short, 10 to 12 in number, and 

slightly oblique, those of the earlier portion tending to 

merge into oblique lines; wall smooth, distinctly perforate, translucent, the bosses of clear material with 

numerous tubular perforations; aperture composed of 

several small, rounded openings at the base of the 

apertural face. Diameter 0.60 mm; thickness 0.40 mm. 

The types of D'Orbigny came from shore sands of 

Cuba. It is represented in our collections off the Dry 

Tortugas, Fla.; Runaway Bay and Montego Bay, 

Jamaica; Habana Harbor, Cuba, and from the Miocene 

of the gorge of the Yumuri River, Matanzas, Cuba. 

In some of the earlier records I have combined this 

species with E. sagrum, but the two are really distinct. 
56 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Elphidium discoidale (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 15, figures 5-7 

Polystomella discoidalis D'Orbigny, in Dela Sagra, Historia ffsica, 

poHtica y natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 56, 

pl. 6, figs. 23, 24, 1839. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 311, p. 56, pl. 

10, figs. 3, 1922; Pub. 344, p. 80, 1926. 

Elphidium discoidale Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 22, pl. 8, figs. 8, 9, 1930. 

Cushman and Cole, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 6, p. 97, pl. 13, figs. lOa, b, 1930. 

Kornfeld, Stanford Univ., Dept. Geology, Contr., vol. 1, 

p. 88, pl. 16, figs. 3a, b, 1931. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 34, 1931. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 9, p. 187, 

1935. 

Test of nwdium size for the genus, somewhat cOinpressed, periphery subacute, Inargin slightly lobulate, 

sides convex in peripheral view, umbilical regions each 

with a large rounded boss, in peripheral view protruding 

strongly beyond the outline of the test; chambers only 

slightly inflated, distinct, averaging about 10 in the lastformed coil; sutures slightly depressed, somewhat broadening toward the inner end, marked also by the retral 

. processes, whieh are short and 10 to 12 in number; wall 

smooth, very distinctly perforate, umbones of clear 

shell material, nearly transparent, with numerous 

coarse tubules; aperture composed of several small, 

rounded openings at the base of the. apertural face. 

Diameter 0.65 mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

D'Orbigny described this species from shore sands of 

Cuba and Jamaica. It is particularly a species of 

shallow warm waters of the general West Indian region 

and the Gulf of Mexico. As a fossil it appears in the 

Pleistocene and Pliocene of the southern Atlantic 

Coastal Plain of the United States and rare in the 

Miocene Duplin marl of North Carolina and the St. 

Marys formation of Maryland. There are Recent 

specimens in our collections from the Dry Tortugas and 

other localities off southern Florida; Habana Harbor, 

Cuba; Montego Bay, Jamaica; San Juan Harbor, Puerto 

Rico; off St. Johns, Antigua; and Great Bahama Bank. 

All these localities are in relatively shoal water. 

Elphidium oceanense (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 15, figure 8 

Polystomella oceanensis D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 285, no. 8, 1826. 

Fornasini, Accad. sci. Ist. Bologna Mem., ser. 6, vol. 1, p. 13, 

pl. 3, figs. 10, lOa, 1904. 

Fornasini gives a rough copy of the type figures on 

D'Orbigny's "planches int3dites" which are copied on 

plate 15. The locality as given by D'Orbigny is the 

Atlantic coast of France. 

From the incomplete data it is somewhat difficult to 

determine exactly what this species really is. 

Elphidium craticulatum (Fichtel and Moll) Cushman 

Plate 15, figures 14-17 

Nautilus craticulatus Fichtel and Moll, Testacea microscopica, 

p. 51, pl. 5, figs. h-k, 1798. 

Polystomella craticulata D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, 

p. 284, no. 3, 1826. 

Carpenter, Introduction to Foraminifera, p. 279, pl. 16, 

. figs. 1, 2, 1862. 

H. B. Brady, Cha.llenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 739, pl. 

110, figs. 16, 17, 1884. 

Egger, K. bayer. Akad. Wiss. Abh., Cl. 2, vol. 18, p. 433, 

pl. 20, figs. 24, 25, 1893. 

Millett, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1904, p. 604. 

Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 34, pl. 19, fig. 4, 

1914. 

Elphidium craticulatum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, 

pt. 2, p. 48, pl. 11, figs. 5a, b, 1933. 

Test subglobose, composed of as many as 50 chambers 

in the last-formed coil; in face view broadly lenticular, 

about one and one-half times as long as wide, periphery 

bluntly rounded; umbilical region umbonate, filled with 

clear shell material for one-third or more of the diameter 

of the test, with large pores, rest of surface reticulate; 

aperture a long, narrow opening subdivided into a 

number of pores. Diameter up to 1.65 mm; thickness 

0.65 mm . 

This is typically a Recent species of the Indo-Pacific. 

The types came from the Arabian Sea. Our Recent 

collection includes specimens from the following localities: Malacca, India; Hong Kong Harbor and Eldad 

Reef, China Sea; Tacloban Anchorage, Philippines; off 

Cairns and off Murray Island, Great Barrier Reef, 

Port Denison, Queensland, Australia; depth 12 fathoms 

off Nairai, Fiji; and Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands. 

Rather typical species occur in the Pliocene of Benkoelen, Sumatra. 

Elphidium complanatum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 15, figures 18, 19 

Polystomella complanata D'Orbigny, in Barker-Webb and Berthelot, Histoire naturelle des iles Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, 

Foraminiferes, p. 129, pl. 2, figs. 35, 36, 1839. 

For this, as for the preceding species, no material has 

been available, and D'Orbigny's type figures are copied 

on plate 15. It also is recorded as rare in sands of 

the island of Teneriffe, in the Canaries. Until the 

types of this species, or at least topotype material, 

can be studied, they must be left in a very uncertain 

state. 

Elphidium berthelotianum (D'Orbigny) Cushman 

Plate 15, figure 20 

Polystomella berthelotiana D'Orbigny, in Barker-Webb and 

Berthelot, Histoire naturelle des lies Canaries, vol. 2, 

pt. 2, Foraminiferes, p. 129, pl. 2, figs. 31, 32, 1839. 

This is one of the species described and figured by 

D'Orbigny from sands of Teneriffe, in the Canary 

Islands. A copy of the type figure is given on plate 
ELPHIDIUM 57 

15. The species is recorded as rare. I have not had 

material from this locality, and there are no further 

records for it. 

Elphidium incertum (Williamson) Cushman 

Plate 15, figures 21-24 

Polystomella umbilicatula var. incerta Williamson, Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, p. 44, pl. 3, figs. 82, 82a, 1858. 

Polystomella striato-punctata var. incerta Kiaer, Rept. Norwegian 

Fish. Mar. Invest., vol. 1, no. 7, p. 51, 1900. 

Cushman, Rept. Canadian Arctic Exped., pt. M, p. 10, 1913. 

Elphidium incertum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 18, pl. 7, figs. 4-9, 1930; Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 

p. 39, pl. 7, figs. 2a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Cole, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 6, p. 96, pl. 13, figs. 6, 7, 1930. 

Cole, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. 35, pl. 4, fig. 8, 1931. 

Dolgopolskaya and Pauli, Station Biologiqne Karadagh 

Travaux, vol. 4, p. 37, pl. 3, figs. 15a, b, 1931. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 

3, p. 10, 1931. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 70, 

1932. 

Macfadyen, Geol. Mag., vol. 69, pl. 35, figs. 16a, b1 1932. 

Cushman and Cahill, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 8, 1933. 

Blake, Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, pt. 5, 

p. 76, 1933. 

Shupack, Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 737, p. 12, pl., figs. lOa, 

b, 1934. 

Hadley, Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour., vol. 52, no. 1, p. 

35, 1936. 

Polystomella decipiens Heron-Allen and Earland [not Costa], 

Linnean Soc. London Trans., ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 282, pl. 

43, figs. 2o-22, 1916. 

Elphidium brooklynense Shupack, Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 737, 

p. 10, pl., figs. 7a, b, 1934. 

Elphidium jlorentinae Shupack, idem, p. 9, pl., figs. 5a, b. 

Test of small size for the genus, compressed, periphery 

broadly rounded, margin entire or with the last two or 

three chambers lobulate, umbilical regions slightly depressed, often with a slight knob or irregularly arranged 

slits at the base of the sutures; chambers few, usually 

less than 10 in the last-formed whorl, slightly if at all 

inflated, distinct; sutures distinct, mainly marked by 

the openings, which are in a single row, retral processes 

very few, usually not more than 5 or 7, distinct, the 

inner ends of the sutures slitlike; wall thick, usually 

opaque; aperture composed of several small, rounded 

openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

0.50 mm; thickness 0.23 mm. 

The types of this species came from Scarborough, 

England. It is a cold-water species occurring in fairly 

deep water along the Continental Shelf from Cape 

Hatteras northward to Cape Cod, and thence it is 

found in shallower water northward to Iceland and 

across to Norway and the British Isles. A somewhat 

similar form is recorded from the Black Sea. Shupack 

records it from the Pleistocene of western Long Island. 

It occurs in the Pleistocene of Maryland and Florida, 

the Pliocene of Florida, and. the Miocene of Florida 

(Choctawhatchee formation), of North Carolina and 

South Carolina (Duplin marl), of Virginia (Yorktown 

and St. Marys formations), and of Maryland (St. 

Marys, Choptank, and Calvert formations). Macfadyen records it frorn the Pleistocene and Pliocene of 

East Anglia. 

Elphidium incertum (Williamson) var. clavatum Cushman 

Plate 16, figures, 1, 2 

Elphidium incertum (Williamson) var. clavatum Cushman, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 20, pl. 7, figs. lOa, b, 1930. 

Blake, Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, pt. 5, 

p. 76, 1933. 

Variety differing frmn the typical form in the ornamentation of the test, the umbilical portions being occupied by several large irregular bosses, very distinct 

but not forming a definite umbonate mass, test usually 

yellowish brown. 

The types came from Spar Landing, Frenchrnans Bay, 

Maine. Blake records it from the Mount Desert region 

of Maine. In our collections the variety occurs frorn 

Rhode Island northward and also is present on the coast 

of northern Europe, as follows: Beach sand, Newport, 

R. I.; Buzzards Bay, Mass.; Nantasket Beach, Hull, 

Mass.; Hampton Beach, N.H.; Penobscot Bay, Maine; 

cove between Lubec and Quoddy Head, Maine; ofi 

Eastport, Maine; beach sand, Metis Beach, Quebec, 

Canada; coast of Iceland; Grace Holman Harbor, 

Norway; and Kiollie Fjord, Norway. 

It probably has been recorded from Europe as Polystomella striatopunctata. 

Elphidium incertum (Williamson) var. mexicanum Kornfeld 

Plate 16, figure 3 

Elphidium incertum (Williamson) var. mexicanum Kornfeld, 

Stanford Univ., Dept. Geology, Contr., vol. 1., p. 89, pl. 16, 

figs. 1, s, 1931. 

Test equally biconvex, periphery narrowly rounded, umbilical 

region multiple or central, depressed or raised; chambers numerous, 10 to 12 in last-formed coil, the periphery varying from eYen 

curvature to slightly lobulate in the last-formed chambers; 

sutures distinct, slightly curved, depressed, each with a single 

row of numerous small, short, and narrow septal depressions; 

wall very finely perforate, smoothly finished, vitreous luster; 

aperture consisting of a row of Circular openings at the base of 

the apertural face. Megalospheric form: Diameter, 0.32-0.38 

mm; thickness, 0.18 mm. Microspheric form: Diameter, 

0.32-0.39 mm; thickness, 0.18 mm. 

The types of this variety came from the east end of 

Galveston Island, Galveston, Galveston County, Tex. 

It is common in shallow water of the Gulf coast of 

Texas and Louisiana. 

The author remarks as follows: 

The new variety is distinguished from E. incertum var. clavatum 

Cushman 21 in the more elongate test; more narrowly rounded 

periphery; umbilical region either multiple or single, 10 to 12 

chambers in the last-formed coil, as contrasted with 8 to 10; 

21 Cushman, J. A., The foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean: U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

104, pt. 7, (Nonionidae, Camerinidae, Peneroplidae, and Alveolinellidae, p. 20, pl. 7, 

figs. 1oa-10b, 1930.) 
58 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

sutures more distinct; more finely perforate and more smoothly 

finished wall; and white vitreous translucent color. E. incertum 

var. clavatum is found on coasts of temperate regions fringing 

the Atlantic, while E. incertum var. mexicanum inhabits the more 

southerly waters of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Elphidium gibbum (Schultze) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 4-6 

Polystomella gibba Schultze, Organismus Polythalamiorum, p. 66, 

pl. 6, figs. 1-4, 1854. 

Under this name Schultze figures an Elphidium frc,m 

Ancona, on the Adriatic. It is difficult from the figures 

given to know exactly what this species is. Copies of 

some of the original figures are given in plate 16. 

Elphidium excavatum (Terquem) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 7-12 

Polystomella excavata Terquem, Essai sur le classement des 

animaux qui vivent sur la plage et dans les environs de 

Dunkerque, pt. 1, p. 25, pl. 2, figs. 2a-f, 1875. 

Elphidium excavatum Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 21, pl. 8, figs. 1-7, 1930. 

Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 13, p. 58, 1936. 

Polystomella umbilicatula Williamson [not Walker a.nd Jacob], 

Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 81, 

1858. 

Test of small size for the genus, much compressed, 

periphery broadly rounded, margin entire or slightly 

lobulate, umbilical regions usually slightly depressed, 

sometimes with one or more small, rounded bosses; 

chambers few, 8 to 10 making up the ]ast-fonned coil, 

slightly if at all inflated; sutures distinct, very slightly 

depressed, marked by the very short, narrow retral processes with wide openings, between 8 and 10 in number, 

usually rather even and distinct; wall sm.ooth; aperture 

composed of a row of small, rounded pores at the base 

of the apertural face. Diameter 0.40 mm; thickness 

0.12 mm. 

This species described and figured by Terquem from 

off the Atlantic coast of France seems to represent well 

a common species found on the coasts of Belgium and 

about the British Isles. It is somewhat like E. incertum 

(Williamson) but is more compressed, has the retral 

processes more even and in larger numbers, and the 

umbilical region is different. It has passed under the 

general name Polystomella striatopunctata but is not 

that species. Williamson's figured specimen referred 

to above is probably the same as Terquem's species. 

Earland records the species from the Weddell Sea. 

Elphidium venustum (Schultze) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 13-15 

Polystomella venusta Schultze, Organismus Polythalamiorum, 

p. 67, pl. 6, figs. 7-9, 1854. 

The type figures are here copied on plate 16. The 

only record given by Schultze is from Ancona, on the 

Adriatic. The type figures show retral processes and 

openings only on the last two chambers of the test. 

From these figures it is very difficult to determine this 

species satisfactorily. 

Elphidium stella-boreale (Ehrenberg) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 16, 17 

Geoponus stella-borealis Ehrenberg, K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. 

Abh., 1839, p. 132, pl. 1, figs. a-g. 

Polystomella stella-borealis Schultze, Organismus Polythalamiorum, 1854, p. 67, pl. 6, figs. 5, 6. 

The types of this species came from Cuxhaven, 

Germany. From the figures given it is difficult to 

place the species with any degree of certainty. Copies 

of Schultze's figures are given on plate 16. 

Elphidium hedleyi (Jensen) Cushman 

Plate 16, figure 19 

Polystomella hedleyi Jensen, Linnean Soc. New South Wales 

Proc., vol. 29, p. 828, pl. 23, fig. 14, 1904. 

Has affinities with P. crispa and P. macella. It resembles the 

former in possessing a well-developed callus of supplementary 

skeleton infilling the umbilicus on either side, and the latter in 

being very thin and flat, P. crispa being rather inflated. It is 

variable in size but is usually considerably much larger than 

P. macella. As the figure shows, it differs from both the abovementioned genera in possessing a set of very minute skeletal bars 

of a third order which join the secondary. These show as a 

beautiful striation under the microscope. It often seems to be 

of a bluish color. The striation and flatness of the form constitute the main specific characteristics. The average diameter 

is about 1 mm. 

The description and figure of this species are not 

very complete but are quoted here from the author. 

The type eame from beach sands, on Lizard Island, 

Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. 

Elphidium schmitti Cushman and Wickenden 

Plate 16, figure 18 

Elphidium schmitti Cushman and Wickenden, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Proc., vol. 75, art. 9, p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 9a-c, 1929. 

Test bilaterally symmetrical, slightly compressed; 

periphery broadly rounded; about 7 ehambers in the 

last-formed coil, inflated; sutures distinct, depressed, 

slightly curved, marked by a few small retral processes; 

wall smooth, finely perforate except the umbilical 

regions, which are covered by a coarsely granular 

ornamentation; apertures consisting of 3 or more small 

rounded openings at the base of the last-formed chamber 

elose to the median line. Diameter 0.36 mm; thiekness 0.15 mm. 

The only reeord of this speeies is the type station, 

off Juan Fernandez. 

Elphidium milletti (Heron-Allen and Earland) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 20-22 

Polystomella verriculata Millett [not H. B. Brady], Royal Micr. 

Soc. Jour., 1904, p. 604, pl. 11, fig. 3. 

Polystomella milletti Heron-Allen and Earland, Zool. Soc. London 

Trans., vol. 20, p. 735, pl. 53, figs. 38-42, 1915. 
ELPHIDIUM 59 

Sidebottom, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1918, p. 263. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 56, p. 633, 1919; 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 342, p. 48, pl. 16, figs. 

7, 8, 1924. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Linnean Soc. London Jour., 

Zoology, vol. 35, p. 640, 1924; Zool. Soc. London Trans., 

vol. 22, p. 70 (list), 1926. 

Elphidium milletti Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, 

p. 49, pl. 11, figs. 8a, b, 1933. 

Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 9, p. 188, 

1935. 

Test compressed, periphery rounded and in side 

view lobulate; chambers inflated, increasing in size 

somewhat as added; sutures depressed, distinct; wall 

ornamented with fine spinose projections along the 

periphery, the main portion of the sides of the chambers 

having irregular, raised costae, which tend to form a 

chevronlike pattern with the angle opening toward 

the periphery; aperture at the base of the apertural 

face, indistinct. Length 0.55 mm; breadth 0.45 mm; 

thickness 0.20 mm. 

This species is apparently one of wide distribution in 

the Indo-Pacific region. Heron-Allen and Earland 

record it from 15 stations in the Kerimba Archipelago, 

off southeastern Africa, from Lord Howe Island in the 

Pacific, and from the Suez Canal. Millett records it 

from the Malay Archipelago. Sidebottom has recorded 

it from a depth of 465 fathoms off the east coast of 

Australia. I have had it from off the Poor Knights 

Islands, east coast of New Zealand; from Samoa; from 

18 fathoms at Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands; and 

12 fathoms off N airai, Fiji. Bermudez has recorded it 

from off the north coast of Cuba. 

Elphidium oceanicum Cushman 

Plate 16, figure 23 

Elphidium oceanicum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, 

pt. 2, p. 52, pl. 12, figs. 7a, b, 1933. 

Polystomella sp. (?) Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

342, p. 49, pl. 16, fig. 5, 1924. 

Test rather small, nearly circular in side view, 

periphery broadly rounded, umbilical region depressed, 

and often with an irregularly raised pattern; chambers 

distinct, very slightly inflated, of uniform shape and 

increasing very slightly, depressed, the retral processes 

very distinct but occupying only a narrow band above 

the sutures; wall translucent, very finely perforate; 

aperture consisting of one or more openings at the base 

of the a pert ural face. Diameter 0.35-0.45 mm; thickness 

0.12-0.15 mm. 

The types of this species came from Levuka, Fiji, in 

12 fathoms. It was recorded from Samoa without 

specific name. It is apparently a species of shoal water. 

It also occurs.in 3 fathoms at Viva Anchorage, Fiji; 

12 fathoms off N airai, Fiji; Mokaujar Anchorage, Fiji; 

and 18 fathoms at Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands. 

This is a small but distinctive species, apparently 

widely distributed in the Pacific. 

Elphidium reticulosum Cushman 

Plate 16, figure 24 

Elphidium reticulosum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, 

pt. 2, p. 51, pl. 12, figs. 5a, b, 1933. 

Test compressed, umbilical region excavated, periphery broadly rounded, in side view the later portion 

strongly lobulate, no definite keel developed; chambers 

increasing in size as added, rather rapidly in the lastformed portion, and becoming much inflated; sutures 

distinct, depressed, especially in the later portion, 

retral processes in the early portion occupying a large 

part of the chamber width, in the later portion very 

much reduced in relative size on account of the great 

increase in the width of the chambers; wall ornamented 

by peculiar depressions of the surface, forming a very 

fine network or reticulation; aperture formed by 

numerous small pores at the base of the apertural 

face. Diameter 0.55 mm; thickness 0.18 mm. 

The types of this species came from Vavau Anchorage, 

Tonga Islands, in 18 fathoms. 

The species also occurs in typical form at Rotonga 

in 7 fathoms. The wall of this species is very peculiar 

in its ornamentation, being a very fine network of 

irregular pattern, entirely covering the inflated chambers. This form is hardly to be confused with any 

other species from the South Pacific. 

Elphidium morenoi Bermudez 

Plate 16, figure 29 

Elphidium morenoi Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., 

vol. 9, p. 188, pl. 13, figs. 7-9, 1935. 

Test planispiral, involute, much compressed, periphery broadly rounded, almost truncate; chambers 

numerous, 12 to 15 in the adult coil, somewhat 

inflated, increasing very slightly in size as added; 

sutures slightly curved, very slightly depressed; wall 

with radiating lines of small circular beads from the 

umbilical region, which is covered with similar beads; 

aperture consisting of numerous small rounde~ openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter 

0.70-1.00 mm or more: thickness 0.30-0.40 mm. 

The types of this highly ornate species were found 

off the north shore of Cuba. The figure on plate 16 

shows a cotype. I have a single specimen from Rio 

de Janeiro Harbor, Brazil. It is very common in collections I made at Key West, Fla., and therefore probably 

has a fairly wide range in the general West In dian 

region. 

Elphidium selseyense (Heron-Allen and Earland) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 26-28 

Polystomella striatopunctata (Fichtel and Moll) var. HeronAllen and Earland, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1909, p. 695, 

pl. 21, figs. 2a-c. 
60 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Polystomella striatopunctata (Fichtel and Moll) var. selseyensis 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 

1909, p. 448; Zool. Soc. London Trans., vol. 20, p. 733, 

1915; Linnean Soc. London Trans., ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 282, 

1916; British Antarctic Exped., Zoology, vol. 6, p. 229, 

1922; Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., vol. 50, p. 193, 1930. 

The original figures are copied on plate 16. The 

test is partially evolute, with inflated chambers and 

depressed sutures, very short retral processes, a rounded 

periphery, and the umbilical region "more or less filled 

in with a vesicular extension of the final whorl of chambers, thus presenting as it were a secondary deposit of 

chamberlets in the middle of the shell." Diameter 

about 0.60 mn1; thickness 0.18-0.20 mm. 

This form was figured from Selsey Bill, off the south 

coast of England, and also recorded from Bognor, 

in the same region. It has been recorded by the 

authors from about the British Isles and also without 

figures from the Kerimba Archipelago, off southeastern Africa, and from the Antarctic. It is evidently 

not related to Fichtel and Moll's species. 

Elphidium gunteri Cole var. galvestonense Kornfeld 

Plate 16, figure 25 

Polystomella galvestonensis Applin [name only], Am. Assoc. 

Petroleum Geologists Bull., vol. 9, p. 84, 1925. 

Elphidium gunteri Cole var. galvestonensis Kornfeld, Stanford 

Univ., Dept. Geology, Contr., vol. 1, p. 87, pl. 15, figs. 1-3, 

1931. 

Test of medium size, biconvex, periphery rounded; umbilical 

region multiple or central, flattened to very slightly convex; 

chambers numerous, 13 to 18 in the last-formed coil; sutures 

depressed to limbate, bridged by a double row of small, closely 

spaced, transverse crenulations, frequently with a regular series 

of ridges crossing the sutures externally; wall very finely perforate; aperture a series of pores above and along the base of the 

apertural face. Diameter, microspheric form, 0.35-0.43 mm; 

thickness 0.18-0.19 mm; diameter, megalospheric form, 

0.48-0.57 mm; thickness 0.28 mm. 

The types came from the east end of Galveston Island, 

Galveston, Galveston County, Tex. The species is 

recorded as common in the shallow, subtropical waters 

of the Gulf of Mexico from the Rio Grande to the 

Mississippi River. It is also recorded from well 

samples of the late Tertiary of Texas and Louisiana. 

The variety differs from the typical forn1 in its larger 

number of chambers, depressed sutures, and very 

finely perforate wall. 

Elphidium australe Cushman and Parker 

Plate 16, figure 30 

Elphidium australis Cushman and Parker, U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc., 

vol. 80, art. 3, p 12, pl. 2, figs. 8a, b, 1931. 

Test planispiral, nearly completely involute, the 

periphery very broadly rounded and in the last-fonned 

portion almost truncate; chambers very distinct, 12 to 

15 in the last-formed coil, of nearly uniform shape and 

increasing only slightly in size as added; sutures deep, 

very distinct; retral processes very short and often 

inconspicuous; wall of the main body of the chamber 

smooth except in the early portion of the last-formed 

coil, where it is often roughened by small papillae 

arranged more or Jess in longitudinal lines in the plane 

of coiling, umbonal region also strongly papillate; 

aperture consisting of numerous small circular pores at 

the base of the apertural face, which is smooth, with a 

distinct border about its periphery. Diameter 0.50-

0.60 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types of this species were obtained off Port 

Stanley, Falkland Islands. 

Although this species was found to be common at the 

type station, it was lacking in material from other stations in the region. It is -evidently a distinct species of 

local distribution. 

Elphidium advenurn (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 16, figures 31-35 

Polystomella subnodosa H. B. Brady [not Von Munster], Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 734, pl. 110, figs. la, b, 

1884. 

Chapman, Linnean Soc. London Jour., Zoology, vol. 28, p. 

203, 1902. 

Millett, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1904, p. 604. 

Bagg, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 34, p. 165, 1908. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Zool. Soc. London Trans., vol. 

20, p. 733, 1915. 

Polystomella advena Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

.311, p. 56, pl. 9, figs. 11, 12, 1922; Pub. 342, p. 48, 1924; 

Pub. 344, p. 80, 1926. 

Elphidium advenum Cushman, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 25, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2, 1930; Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 

p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 7a, b, 1930. 

Cushman and Parker, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 80, art. 

3, p. 11, 1931. 

Chapman, Great Barrier Reef Comm. Repts., vol. 3, pp. 

34-41 (lists), 1931. 

Cushman and Ponton, Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 70, 

pl. 11, figs. la, b, 1932. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 50, pl. 12, 

figs. 1-3, 1933. 

Cushman and Cahill, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 175-A, 

p. 22, pl. 7, figs. lOa, b, 1933. 

Palmer and Bermudez, Soc. cubana historia nat. Mem., vol. 

9, p. 246, 1935. 

Test of medium size for the genus, strongly compressed, periphery acute, with a narrow carina, somewhat lobulate, sides nearly parallel in peripheral view, 

mnbilical regions depressed, often with a small central 

boss of clear shell material but in peripheral view not 

projecting beyond the contour of the test; chambers 

distinct, 10 to 15 in the last-formed coil, slightly inflated, especially in the last-formed portion; sutures 

depressed, marked by the retral processes which are 

short, about one-fourth the width of the chamber, 12 

to 15 in number; wall smooth, translucent, finely and 

distinctly perforate; aperture composed of a series of 

small rounded pores at the base of the apertural face. 

Diameter up to 0.50 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

This species was originally described from the Tortugas region of southern Florida. It is widely distrib-
ELPHIDIU.M 61 

uted in warm waters of both the western Atlantic andthe Pacific. As a fossil it occurs in the Miocene Choctaw 

hatchee Chipola, Oak Grove, and Shoal River fonna- ' . tions of Florida and the Duplin marl of South Carohna, 

and in the Tertiary of the Matanzas Bay region of 

Cuba. Chapman records it from borings in the Great 

Barrier Reef of Australia. Recent material is in our 

collection from the Dry Tortugas and Key West, Fla., 

San Juan Harbor and Ponce, Puerto Rico; offMatanzas, 

Cuba; Rio de Janeiro Harbor, Brazil; off Fiji, Tonga, 

and Paumotus, in the Pacific. 

Elphidium advenum (Cushman) var. depressulum Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 1 

Elphidium advenum (Cushman) var. depressulum Cushman, 

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 51, pl. 12, figs. 4a, b, 

1933. 

Variety differing from the typical form in the umbilical region, which is depressed and without a definite 

boss occupied by a few large pits, the periphery m~re 

lobuiate and much sharper, with a more distinct keel; 

chambers fewer, broader, and somewhat more inflated. 

The variety is common at the type locality, Vavau 

Anchorage, Tonga Islands. It is also known from 7 

fathon1s, Rotonga, and 3 fathoms, Viva Anchorage, 

Fiji. It is probably widely distributed in shallow 

water of the Pacific. 

Elphidium advenum (Cushman) var. margaritaceum Cushman 

Pia te 17, figure 2 

Elphidium advenurn (Cushman) var. margaritaceum Cushman, 

U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 25, pl. 10, fig. 3, 1930. 

Cushman and Cole, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 6, p. 97, 1930. 

? Polystomella striatopunctata Bagg [not Fichtel and Moll], Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene and Pleistocene, p. 216, pl. 66, 

figs. 14, 15, 1906. 

Variety differing from the typical form mainly in the 

character of the wall, which is pearly and coarsely 

perforate, giving a very distinctive appearance to the 

test. 

The types of the variety came from beach sand at 

Newport, R. I. It also occurs in the Pleistocene of 

Wailes Bluff, Md. The variety is apparently n more 

northern development of the typical form.· 

Elphidium advenum (Cushman) var. ponticum Dolgopolskaja 

and Pauli 

Plate 17, figure 3 

Elphidium (Polystomella) advenum (Cushman) var. pontica 

Dolgopolskaja and Pauli, Sta. Bioi. Karadagh Travaux, 

vol. 4, p. 36, pl. 3, figs. 14a, b, 1931. 

The types of this species came from the Black Sea. 

Copies of the figures are given on plate 17, but the 

description is in Russian. 

Elphidium imperatrix (H. B. Brady) Cushman 

Plate 17, figures 5-9 

PolystomellaimperatrixH. B. Brady, Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci.,vol. 21, 

p. 66, 1881; Challenger Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 738, pl. 

110, figs. 13-15, 1884. 

Pearcey, Royal Soc. Edinburgh Trans., vol. 49, p. 1031, 1914. 

Sidebottom, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1918, p. 263. 

Test very much compressed, sides flattened, periphery subacute, with a few short, acerose spines, usually only 4 or 5; chambers distinct, numerous! about. 20 

in the adult coil, of rather uniform shape, Increasing 

gradually in size as added, outer e~ge_ along _the apertural face slightly angled; sutures distmct, shghtly depressed, curved or slightly sigmoid, retral processes 

numerous 15 or more on each side of the adult chamber, 

slightly oblique, sometimes anastomosing; wall reticulate; aperture a low opening at the base of the apertural 

face, sometimes partially subdivided. Diameter up 

to 1.70 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. . 

Brady records the species from Storm Bay, Tasmania, 

and fron1 Port Jackson, in 2 to 10 fathoms. Pearcey 

records it from a depth of 2% fathoms, Stanley Harbor, 

Falkland Islands, and Sidebottom from 465 fathoms off 

the east coast of Australia. Howchin refers specimens 

from the Tertiary of Australia to this species but notes 

h t . t' " p t 22 that they are "not very c arac eris IC. ro escu 

has referred specimens from the Tertiary of Rumania 

to this species, but they are different in their spines and 

not so compressed. For future reference copies of the 

ra.ther poor figures are given on plate 17. 

Elphidium verriculatum (H. B. Brady) Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 13 

Polystomellaverriculata H. B. Brady,Quart.Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 

p. 66, 1881; Challenger Rept., Zoology, p. 738, pl. 110, figs. 

12a, b, 1884. 

Chapman, Quekett Micr. Club Jour., ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 142, 

pl.lO,fig. 10,1907. 

Test much compressed, sides flattened, periphery 

acute slightly keeled; chambers fairly distinct, 12 to 15 

in nu~ber increasing rather rapidly in size as added; 

sutures rai~ed strongly curved; retral processes raised, 

8 or 9 in th~ adult chamber, slightly oblique; wall 

strongly reticulate; aperture simple or slightly notched. 

Diameter 0.50 mm; thickness 0.12 mm. 

Brady's specimens were found in 38 !athom~ off Ea~t 

Moncoeur Island, Bass Strait, Australia, and m Curtis 

Strait, Queensland. Chapman records it from Beaumaris, off Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia, as rare. 

There are a few other records for the species from other 

regions, but those accompanied by figures seem not to 

be the same. 

22 Protescu, 0., Contributiuni la studiul faunei de foraminifera Tertiare din Rom!lnia: Inst. geol. Romaniel Anuar., vol. 9, 1915-20, p. 347, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3, 1922. 
62 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Elphidium simplex Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 10 

Elphidium simplex Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, 

p. 52, pl. 12, figs. 8, 9, 1933. 

Test nearly circular in side view, periphery rounded, 

becoming very slightly lobulate in the later portion in 

side view, umbilical region occupied by a large flat boss; 

chambers numerous, distinct, 10 to 12 in the last-formed 

coil, of rather uniform shape, increasing very slightly in 

size as added, the later ones slightly inflated; sutures 

distinct, depressed, rather strongly curved, retral processes often inrustinct but usually visible, especially in 

the later chambers; aperture one or more openings at 

the base of the apertural face. Length up to 0.55 mm; 

breadth 0.45 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types of this species came from Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands, where it occurs abundantly. It 

also occurs in 12 fathoms at Levuka, Fiji; 12 fathoms off 

Nairai, Fiji; 3 fathoms at Viva Anchorage, Fiji; and 

7 fathoms off Rotonga. It is a rather simple primitive 

form in which the retral processes are very slightly 

developed. It is so abundant at some of the stations 

that it is doubtless a characteristic Indo-Pacific species. 

Elphidium minimum (Seguenza) Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 4 

Polystomella mtmma Seguenza, R. Accad. Lincei Atti, ser. 3, 

vol. 6, p. 333, pl. 17, figs. 38, 38a, 1880. 

Although there are no specimens in our collections 

that seem identical with that described by Seguenza 

from the Pliocene of Sicily, copies of his figures are 

given on plate 17. 

Elphidium magellanicum Heron-Allen and Earland 

Plate 17, figures 11, 12 

Elphidium (Polystomella) magellanicum Heron-Allen and Earland, Discovery Repts., vol. 4, p. 440, pl. 16, figs. 26-28, 

1932. 

Test free, hyaline, compressed, exhibiting 5 to 6 chambers in 

the outer convolution. Sutures strongly depressed, chambers 

slightly inflated, giving a markedly lobulate peripheral edge. 

The sutural depressions are filled with very finely granular matter, giving a somewhat snowlike surface, contrasting strongly 

with the inflated glassy chambers, which are generally quite 

transparent. Underneath the granular snowlike matter in the 

sutures, the "fossettes" are concealed, but in young specimens 

they are plainly visible. Dimensions, breadth up to 0.35 mm; 

width 0.30 mm; thickness at oral face 0.12 mm. 

The types of this species came from depths of 23 and 

82 meters at the eastern entrance to the Straits of Magellan. These are the only records for the species. 

Copies of the type figures are given on plate 17. 

Elphidium jenseni (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 17, figures 14, 15 

Polystomella macella (Fichtel and Moll) var. Jensen, Linnean 

Soc. New South Wales Proc., vol. 29, p. 817, pl. 23, 

fig. 4, 1904 [1905]. 

Polystomella jenseni Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 

342, p. 49, pl. 16, figs. 4 (?), 6, 1924. 

Elphidium jenseni Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, 

p. 48, pl. 11, figs. 6, 7, 1933. 

Test very strongly compressed, periphery very 

slightly keeled; chambers numerous, distinct, not inflated; sutures distinct, somewhat raised, retral processes elongate, thin, bridging almost entirely the area 

between the sutures with flat depressed areas between, 

umbilical area finely papillate. Length up to 0.60 mm; 

breadth 0.45 mm; thickness 0.10 mm. 

Jensen originally described this species from a depth 

of 100 fathoms off Australia. I have recorded it from 

shallow water off Samoa; from Vavau Anchorage, 

Tonga Islands, 18 fathoms; Mokaujar Anchorage, Fiji; 

Levuka, Fiji, 12 fathoms; N airai, Fiji, 12 fathoms; 

Rongelab Atoll, Marshall Islands; and Guam Anchorage, Ladrone Islands, 21 fathoms. I found the species 

in a few Albatross stations in the South Pacific in fairly 

deep water but close to islands, from which the specimens were carried out by currents. 

Elphidium indicum Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 16 

Elphidium indicum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 83, pl. 14, figs. lOa, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, distinctly umbonate, 

rhomboid in peripheral view, periphery rounded; 

cha1nbers fairly distinct, later ones slightly inflated, 

about 15 in the adult coil, of rather uniform size and 

shape; sutures in the earlier portion indistinct, later 

more distinct and slightly depressed, very slightly 

curved, retral processes, 12 to 15 in the adult, short; 

wall highly ornate, early portion with rounded continuous costae parallel to the periphery, in the later 

chambers becoming somewhat oblique and limited to 

each chamber; aperture a series of small openings at 

the base of the high, arched apertural face. Diameter 

0.80 mm; thickness 0.40 mm. 

The types of this species came from shore sand at 

Bombay, India. 

Elphidium lidoense Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 17 

Elphidium lidoense Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 86, pl. 15, figs. 6a, b, 1936. 

Test moderately compressed, sides flattened, umbilical region with numerous irregular bosses, periphery 

broadly rounded; chambers very distinct, slightly inflated, about 10 in the adult coil, increasing gradually 

in size as added; sutures very distinct, slightly depressed, distinctly broadening toward the inner margin, 

retral processes short, small, indistinct, 10 or more in 

the adult chamber; wall distinctly perforate, smooth 

except for the bosses of the umbilical region and a 

series of small papillae at each side of the earliest 
ELPHIDIUM 63 

exposed chan1bers; aperture a low opening at the base 

of the semielliptical apertural face. Diameter 0.50-

0.60 n1m; thickness 0.22 mm. 

The types of this species came from beach sand at 

Lido, Venice, Italy. 

Elphidium earlandi Cushman 

Plate 18, figure 1 

Elphidium earlandi Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 85, pl. 15, figs. 5a, b, 1936. 

Test very strongly compressed, sides flattened or 

slightly concave, periphery in the earlier portion slightly 

keeled, in the later portion rounded, very slightly 

lobulate; chambers distinct, few, 8 or 9 in the adult 

coil, increasing rapidly in size as added, later ones 

slightly inflated; sutures distinct, very strongly curved, 

retral processes distinct, short, covering only one-third 

of the chamber, 12 to 15 in the adult chamber; wall 

otherwise smooth. Diameter 0.50 mm; thickness 0.08-

0.10 mm. 

The types were found in material dredged by the 

steam trawler Engineer off the southwest coast of Spain. 

Elphidium novo-zealandicum Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 18 

Elphidium novo-zealandicum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 85, pl. 15, figs. 4a, b, 1936. 

Test much compressed, umbilical region depressed, 

with a reticulate ornamentation, periphery subacute, 

with a fairly broad rounded keel, not lobulate; chambers 

distinct, numerous, 20 or more in the adult coil, not 

inflated, outer rim slightly thickened and slightly raised, 

thence slightly sloping to the previous suture, of uniform shape, increasing very gradually in size; sutures 

distinct, slightly depressed, gently curved, retral processes distinct, running entirely across the chamber, 

about 15 in the adult chamber; aperture consisting of 

numerous small rounded openings at the base of the 

narrowly heart-shaped apertural face. Diameter 0.60-

0.65 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types of this species came from dredgings in 

Dusky Sound, New Zealand. 

Elphidium nigarense Cushman 

Plate 17, figure 19 

Elphidium nigarense Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 12, p. 85, pl. 15, figs. 3a, b, 1936. 

Test much compressed, umbilical regions depressed, 

periphery acute, sharply keeled, slightly lobulate; 

chambers distinct, 10 to 12 in the adult coil, not inflated, outer rim thickened and sharply raised, thence 

sloping to the previous suture, of rather uniform shape, 

increasing gradually in size as added; sutures fairly 

distinct, depressed, strongly curved, retral processes 

distinct, running nearly across the chamber, about 8 

1819-39-5 

or 9 in the adult chamber; aperture consisting of several 

small rounded openings at the base of the sharply 

triangular apertural face. Diameter 0.45-0.50 mm; 

thickness 0.15 mm. 

The types came from dredgings off Nigare, Greece. 

Elphidium hispidulum Cushman 

Plate 18, figure 2 

Elphidium hispidulum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 83,. pl. 14, figs. 13a, b, 1936. 

Test somewhat compressed, elliptical in peripheral 

view, slightly umbonate, periphery rounded; chambers 

mostly indistinct, the last 2 or 3 slightly inflated, about 

10 in the adult coil, of rather uniform size and shape; 

sutures in the early portion with a row of low papillae, 

later smoother and slightly depressed, slightly curved; 

wall finely spinose, umbo with a few raised bosses of 

irregular size, early portion of test with fine rounded 

costae parallel to the periphery, later nearly obsolete; 

aperture consisting of several small openings at the 

base of the rounded, triangular apertural face. Diameter 0.50 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types came from depths of 4 to 14 fathoms in 

Albany Passage, Australia. 

Elphidium spinatum Cushman and Valentine 

Plate 18, figures 3, 4 

Elphidium spinatum Cushman and Valentine, Stanford Univ., 

Dept. Geology, Contr., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 21, pl. 6, figs. 1, 

2, 1930. 

Cushman and Moyer, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 6, p. 56, 1930. 

Test compressed, completely involute, periphery in 

the adult rounded and set with short spines, especially 

on the later chambers, extending forward obliquely 

from the anterior margin of the periphery of the chamber in a son1ewhat tangential direction; chambers 

numerous, 11 to 13 in the last-formed coil, distinct, 

only slightly inflated in the last half coil; sutures slightly 

if at all depressed, marked by the retral processes, 

usually 7 or 8 in number, short; wall very finely perforate; aperture very small, at the base of the apertural 

face. Diameter 0.70-0.80 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

This is a very beautiful species occurring off the coast 

of southern California and so far not known elsewhere. 

Elphidium subevolutum Cushman 

Plate 18, figure 5 

Elphidium subevolutum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, 

pt. 2, p. 52, pl. 12, figs. 6a, b, 1933. 

Test very strongly compressed, the early coils not 

covered as the test becomes evolute, periphery acute 

and distinctly keeled; chambers numerous, strongly 

inflated, of nearly uniform shape, and increasing only 

slightly in size as added, retral processes very narrow, 

occupying but a narrow band above the sutures, which 
64 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAJ<~ 

are strongly depressed; wall smooth, finely perforate; 

aperture consisting of a few pores at the base of the 

apertural face, indistinct. Length 0.50 mm; breadth 

0.45 mm; thickness 0.12 mm. 

The species is known only from a depth of 7 fathoms 

off Rotonga, in the South Pacific, but is abundant 

there. It is one of the few species that is strongly 

evolute; most of the others also have a Pacific distribution. 

Elphidium papillosum Cushman 

Plate is, figure 6 

Elphidium papillosum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 12, p. S3, pl. 14, figs. 12a, b, 1936. 

Test compressed, elliptical in peripheral view, 

periphery rounded in the young, becoming subacute in 

the adult; chambers and sutures obscured by the ornamentation of the surface, which consists of irregularshaped bosses, more rounded in the earlier portion, 

on the later chambers fusing and becoming irregularly 

broken costae; aperture consisting of a few small 

openings at the base of the curved apertural face. 

Diameter 0.60 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types of this species were obtained at a depth of 

100 fathoms 16 miles east of Wollongong, New South 

Wales. 

Elphidium sculpturatum Cushman 

Plate 1S, figure 7 

Elphidium sculpturatum Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. S4, pl. 15, figs. 2a, b, 1936. 

Test moderately compressed, rhomboid in peripheral 

view, slightly umbonate, periphery subacute, slightly 

keeled; chambers distinct, about 12 in the final coil, 

not inflated, outer rim raised, thence sloping to the 

previous sutures, of uniform shape, increasing very 

gradually in size as added; sutures fairly distinct, 

slightly depressed, strongly curved, last ones slightly 

sigmoid, retral processes very distinct, running clear 

across the chamber, about 8 in the adult chamber; 

aperture consisting of several small rounded openings 

at the base of the broadly triangular apertural face. 

Diameter 0.45-0.50 mm; thickness 0.22-0.25 mm. 

The types came from dredgings off Black Rock, 

near Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 

Elphidium frigidum Cushman 

Plate 1S, figure S 

Elphidium jrigidum Cushman, Smithsonian Misc. Coli., vol. S9, 

no. 4, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. Sa, b, 1933. 

Test usually completely involute, periphery rounded, 

sides flattened; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 

the last ones distinctly so, final chambers often enlarged 

and projecting beyond the general contour of the test; 

sutures distinct, depressed, with very numerous short 

retral processes; wall thin, very distinctly perforate, 

the last-formed chambers often having distinct elongate 

markings; aperture consisting of numerous fine pores 

at the base of the apertural face of the last-formed 

chamber. Length 0.90 mm; thickness 0.25 mm. 

The types were found at depths of 25 fathoms in the 

center of Fox Basin. Except for one station off 

Greenland, at 10 to 35 fathoms, near Shannon Island, 

the species has been found only in the stations in Fox 

Basin as follows: 34 to 37 fathoms, southeast corner of 

Fox Basin, latitude 66°46' N., longitude 69°15' W.; 

and Fox Basin, latitude 66°43' N., longitude 80°07' W., 

where it is common. It shows considerable variation 

in the shape of the last-formed chamber, which is 

much expanded in the adult and often longer than the 

others, so that it projects beyond the general outline 

of the test. The apertural face of the chamber often 

has a peculiar overlapping border at the base, extending 

out somewhat beyond the base of the chamber, both 

along the median line and also toward the umbilical 

ends. The peculiar arrangement of the pores in the 

last-formed chambers gives a striate appearance to the 

basal portion of those chambers. 

Elphidium evolutum (Chapman) Cushman 

Plate 1S, figure 9 

Polystomella striatopunctata (Fichtel and Moll) var. evoluta 

Chapman, Royal Soc. Victoria Proc., vol. 26, p. 173, 

pl. 16, fig. 9, 1913. 

Test with the earlier whorls visible in the umbilical 

region, which is depressed; chambers about 10 in the 

adult coil, increasing slowly in size as added, later ones 

slightly inflated; sutures distinct, depressed, more so in 

later portion, with a few short retral processes, about 5 

on each side in the adult chamber, the openings between 

rounded. Diameter 0.466 mm. 

Chapman described this as a variety of Polystomella 

striatopunctata, but it evidently is not related to that 

species. It came from borings in the Mallee, near 

Ouhen, County of W eeah, Victoria, Australia. 

The evolute character of the test and the very 

rounded sutural openings suggest that this may be a 

forerunner of the genus Ozawaia. 

Elphidium bartletti Cushman 

Plate 1S, figure 10 

Elphidium bartletti Cushman, Smithsonian Misc. Coli., vol. 89, 

no. 9, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 9a, b, 1933. 

Test almost completely umbilicate but leaving a 

slight uncoiled portion at the umbilical area, periphery 

broadly rounded; chambers distinct, slightly inflated, 

especially in the later half of the last-formed coil, 10 to 

12 or more in number; sutures distinct, usually depressed, occasionally with a slightly beaded appearance 

in the early portion, retral processes numerous and 

very short, often hardly visible; wall smooth, very 

finely perforate, polished; aperture formed by numerous 

small pores along the base of the apertural face of the 

chamber. Length 0.90 mm; thickness 0.35 mm. 
ELPHIDIELLA 65 

The types of this species were found off Labrador. 

Other stations are: Off camp Cape David Gray, Shannon Island, northeastern Greenland; 7 fathoms, near 

glacier, between Clavering Island and Homes Foreland, 

northeastern Greenland; near Shannon Island, northeastern Greenland; 10 to 35 fathoms, Shannon Island, 

northeastern Greenland; and Fox Basin, latitude 66°43' 

N. It resembles the young stages of E. arcticum 

bu~ seems distinct. It will probably be found widely 

distributed in the general Arctic region. 

Elphidium translucens Natland 23 

Plate 20, figures 7a, b 

Elphidium tmnslucens N atland, Scripps Inst. Oceanography 

Bull., Tech. ser., vol. 4, p. 144, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4, 1938. 

Elphidium granulosum Natland [not Galloway and Wissler], 

Scripps Inst. Oceanography Bull., Tech. ser., vol. 3, line 

28 (table), 1933. 

'!'est compressed, periphery rounded, slightly lobulate, umbilical region roughened; proJoculum is visible through small 

central umbo of clear shell material; chambers, twelve or thirteen 

in the last formed coil; sutures slightly curved, depressedj distinct, with small, elongate, narrow retral processes; walls translucent, vitreous, perforate, early coils visible through walls of 

outer coil; aperture composed of a row of small openings at the 

base of the last formed chamber. 

Diameter 0.61 mm.; thickness 0.22 mm. 

Holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. no. 22549). From locality 

68, lat. 33°20'49" N., long. 118°19'27" W. This locality is 

about 250 feet southeast of the Casino on the northwest side of 

Avalon Bay, Santa Catalina Island. Depth 9.7 meters. Bottom temp. 17~26 C. November 15, 1931; 1:45 P. M.; salinity, 

33.69 o/oo; water usually very clear. Character of bottom: 

mostly composed of calcareous algae, Lithothamnion, with a 

small amount of mollusks and sand; foraminifera very abundant. 

This beautiful species, E. translucens, was first thought to be 

E. granulosum (Galloway and Wissler), but was found to differ 

from the latter species by having much shorter chambers. It 

more closely resembles E. spinatum Cushman and Valentine, 

but is easily distinguished because its chambers are not ornamented with spines. E. translucens is essentially a shallowwater species living at depths of less than 30 meters. It has 

been observed in many samples off La Jolla and Long Beach, 

California. 

Elphidium tumidum Natland 

Plate 20, figures 8a, b 

Elphidium tmnidum Natland, Scripps Inst. Oceanography Bull., 

Tech. ser., vol. 4, p. 144, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, 1938. 

Elphidium hughesi Natland [not Cushman and Grant], Scripps 

Inst. Oceanography Bull., Tech. ser., vol. 3, line 5 

(table), 1933. 

Test somewhat depressed, periphery broadly rounded, lobulate, umbilical region depressed, roughened with minute papillae; 

chambers inflated, ten or eleven usually making up the last 

formed coil; sutures slightly curved, depressed, marked by 

rather indistinct, elongate, retral processes; walls rather finely 

perforate, vitreous, usually of light gray color with a slightly 

brownish tinge; aperture composed of several small openings 

at the base of the last chamber. 

Diameter 0.50 mm.; thickness 0.22 mm. 

23 The description of Elphidium ezoense Anno, now on page 19 of this report, should 

have been inserted above, just preceding the description of E/phidium translucens 

Natland. 

Holotype (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. no. 22550). From locality 

68, lat. 33°20'49" N., long. 118°19'27" W. This locality is 

about 250 feet southeast of the Casino on the northwest side 

of Avalon Bay, Santa Catalina Island. Depth 9.7 meters. 

Bottom temp. 17?26 C. November 15, 1931; 1:45 P. M.; salinity, 

33.69 o/oo; water usually very clear. Dharacter of bottom; 

mostly composed of calcareous algae, Lithothamnion, with a 

small amount of mollusks and sand; foraminifera very abundant. 

This form was figured by Cushman and Valentine, but they 

did not give it a specific name. In my collection I have a large 

number of this form and the range of individual variation seems 

to be well outside that of its closest relative E. articulatum 

(d'Orbigny), which is a much thinner form. E. hughesi Cushman and Grant differs from this species by having more distinct 

and larger retral processes. 

This inflated species is abundant at depths ranging from shore 

to 122 meters and has been found rare at a depth of 375 meters 

off Long Beach, California. It also occurs abundantly in the 

Pleistocene and rarely in the upper and lower Pliocene of 

southern California. 

Genus ELPHIDIELLA Cushman, 1936 

Elphidiella Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., 

vol. 12, p. 89, 1936. 

Elphidium (part) of authors. 

Polystomella (part) of authors. 

Genotype, Polystomella arctica Parker and Jones. 

Test differing from Elphidium in having two rows of 

openings at the sutures and with a thickened area 

between, without definite retral processes. Pliocene to 

Recent. 

The species of this genus are almost entirely Arctic 

and reach fairly large size. 

Elphidiella arctica (Parker and Jones) Cushman 

Plate 18, figures 11-14 

Polystomella arctica Parker and Jones, in H. B. Brady, Linnean 

Soc. London Trans., Zoology, vol. 24, p. 471, pl. 48, fig. 18, 

1864. 

Dawson, Canadian Naturalist, vol. 5, p. 177, pl., fig. 8, 1870; 

Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 1, p. 206, fig. 8, 1871; Annals 

and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 4, vol. 7, p. 86, fig. 8, 1871. 

H. B. Brady, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 5, vol. 1, 

p. 437, pl. 21, figs. 13a-d, 1878; p. 415, 1881; Akad. 

Wiss. Wien Denkschr., vol. 43, p. 18, 1881; Challenger 

Rept., Zoology, vol. 9, p. 735, pl. 110, figs. 2-5, 1884. 

Woodward, The Observer, vol. 4, p. 201, 1893. 

Goes, K. svenska vetensk. akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 

p. 100, pl. 16, fig. 813, 1894. 

Awerinzew, Acad. imp. sci. St.-Petersbourg Mem., ser. 8, 

vol. 29, no. 3, p. 26, 1911. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Royal Irish Acad. Proc., vol. 31, 

pt. 64, p. 146, 1913. 

Cushman, Rept. Canadian Arctic Exped., pt. M, p. 11, 1913. 

Heron-Allen and Earland, Linnean Soc. London Trans., 

ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 283, 1916. 

Cushman, Contr. Canadian Biology, p. 14, 1921 [1922]. 

?Koch, Schweizer. palaeont. Gesell. Ber., vol. 18, p. 357, 

1923. 

Polystomella crispa Linnaeus var. arctica Parker and Jones, 

Philos. Trans., vol. 155, p. 401, pl. 14, figs. 25-30, 1865. 

Rlphidium arcticum Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 27, pl. 11, figs. 1-6, 1930. 

Blake, Biological survey of the Mount Desert region, pt. 5, 

p. 76, 1933. 
66 THE FORAl\fiNH'ERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 5, 

pl. 23, fig. 6, 1933. 

Nonionina boueana Balkwill and Wright, Royal Irish Acad. 

Trans., vol. 28, Sci., p. 353, pl. 13, fig. 27, 1885. 

Test of comparatively large size for the genus, compressed, periphery broadly rounded, margin only 

slightly lobulate, umbilical regions slightly depressed, 

smooth; chambers comp&ratively few, 10 to 12 in the 

last-formed coil, very slightly inflated; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, marked by a double row of 

rounded pores, no distinct retral processes; wall apparently sometimes double, often slightly rugose; aperture consisting of a row of small rounded pores at the 

base of the apertural face, with occasionally a second 

row slightly above it. Diameter 1.25 mm; thickness 

0.50 mm. 

The above-listed references give the records for the 

distribution of this species. The types came from the 

Shetland Islands. The species is known from the upper 

end of Buzzards Bay (possibly a new southern distribution due to the opening of the Cape Cod Canal) 

northward along the coast of New England; Gaspe 

Bay; Iceland; Norway southward to the west coast of 

. Scotland; the Canadian Arctic; Hudson Bay; and the 

Siberian Arctic. It typically has a double row of pores 

along the sutures, like other Arctic species. 

Elphidiella hannai (Cushman and Grant) Cushman 

Plate 19, figures 1, 2 

Elphidium hannai Cushman and Grant, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., vol. 5, no. 6, p. 77, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 1927. 

Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., vol. 6, p. 62, pl. 3, figs. 16, 17, 1930. 

Test of medium size, the diameter about twice the 

thickness, periphery rounded but not broad, umbilical 

region flattened or very slightly concave, rarely slightly 

convex; chambers distinct, about 15 in the last-formed 

coil, not inflated; sutures very distinct, lim bate, flush 

with the surface, with a line of very fine pores, sometimes irregularly doubled, continuing to the very center of the umbilical region, the sutures appearing as 

darker curved lines on the lighter mass of the thick but 

very finely perforate wall; aperture consisting of a 

series of very fine pores along the base of the apertural 

face and numerous others scattered irregularly all over 

the outer wall making up the apertural face. Diameter 

1.00 mm; thickness 0.50 mm. 

The types of this species were found at depths of 

40 fathoms 15 miles south of the Farallon Islands, 

off California. The species also occurs in 11onterey 

and is probably well distributed along the west coast 

of America. In the Pleistocene it occurs at Point 

Aiio Nuevo, San Mateo County, Calif. There are 

Pliocene records from a canyon about 2,165 feet north 

of the intersection of Kalorama and Poli Streets, city 

of Ventura, Ventura County; from Merced, San Mateo 

County, and below lighthouse at west end of Table 

Bluff, elevation 40 feet, sec. 27, T. 4 N., R. 2 W., 

Humboldt County, Calif. 

The species is related to the Arctic forms in having a 

double row of openings along the sutures and very 

slightly developed retral processes. 

Elphidiella sibirica (Goes) Cushman 

Plate 19, figure 4 

Polystomella sibirica Goes, K. svenska vetensk. akad. Handl., 

vol. 25, no. 9, p. 100, pl. 17, fig. 814, 1894. 

Awerinzew, Acad. imp. sci. St.-Petersbourg Mem., ser. 8, 

vol. 29, no. 3, p. 27, 1911. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 34, pl. 19, fig. 

1, 1914. 

Chapman, New Zealand Geol. Survey Paleont. Bull. 11, p. 89, 

pl. 17, fig. 14(?), 1926. 

Hada, Sapporo Nat. History Soc. Trans., vol. 11, pt. 1, p. 14, 

1929. 

Elphidium sibiricum Cushman, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 29, pl. 11, figs. 7a, b, 1930. 

Test of very large size for the genus, strongly compressed, periphery rounded, slightly lobulate, umbilical 

regions slightly depressed and the coils not completely 

involute, exposing some of the early coils in the central 

region; chambers numerous, as many as 25 in the lastformed coil, very slightly inflated; sutures distinct, very 

slightly depressed, marked by a single or double line 

of pores; wall smooth; aperture consisting of numerous 

small rounded pores in an inverted V -shaped arrangement. Diameter up to 4.00 mm; thickness 0.30 mm. 

This species was originally described from shallow 

water of about 15 fathoms off Nova Zembla. I have 

had it from Bering Sea, and Awerinzew has had it from 

the Siberian Arctic. Chapman records it from the 

Miocene of New Zealand, but his figure does not show 

the characteristic double row of pores, and it is probably 

not identical. 

Elphidiella groenlandica (Cushman) Cushman 

Plate 19, figure 3 

Elphidium groenlandicum Cushman, Smithsonian Misc. CoiL, vol. 

89, no. 9, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. lOa, b, 1933. 

Test large, close-coiled, completely involute, the 

periphery subacute; chambers numerous, 15 or rnore in 

the final coil in the adult, of unifonn shape throughout 

and increasing only slightly in size, the last chambers 

occasionally very slightly inflated; sutures distinct, very 

slightly if at all depressed, with a sigmoid curve and 

nu1nerous retral processes, often 15 or more along a 

single suture; wall smooth, very finely perforate, polished, the umbilical region often with a clear area; 

aperture consisting of numerous pores along the base of 

theapertural face of the last-formed chamber. Diameter 

up to 1.00 mm. 

The types of this species were found off Bass Rock, 

northeastern Greenland. 

This is a large, fine species, occurring only in the 

Bartlett collection from Greenland and not appearing 
FAUJ'ASINA 67 

in the collections from Fox Basin. It has occurred a.t 

numerous stations in or off northeastern Greenland and 

is often common as follows: Off Clavering Island, near 

glacier; 7 fathoms, Shannon Island; 7 fathoms, fiord 

between Clavering Island and Homes Foreland; off 

camp Cape David Gray, Shannon Island; 7 fathoms, 

near glacier between Clavering Island and Homes 

Foreland; near Shannon Island; 67 fathoms, off camp 

Cape David Gray, Shannon Island; Koldenian Sound; 

7 fathoms, off Cape Stosch, Gotthaab Island, Hudson 

Land; and Wollaston Foreland, 5 miles off Cape 

B01·la.se Warren. It holds its characters very well 

throughout the different stations. This may possibly 

be the species referred by authors to Polystomella subnodosa from Arctic material. 

Like several other Arctic species, E. groenlandica has 

double rows of pores along the sutures. 

The following species were originally described as 

Polystomella and are not included under Elphidium or 

Elphidiella: 

Polystomella planulata Lamarck, Histoire des animaux sans vertebrcs, vol. 7, p. 625, 1822 ( = ?) . 

P. etrusca Defrance, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, vol. 32, 

p. 183, 1824 ( = ?) . 

P. gaimardii D'Orbigny, Annales sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 284, no. 5, 

1826 ( = Peneroplis?). 

P. umbilicata D'Orbigny, idem, p. 285, no. 9 (=?). 

P. canariensis Reeve, Conchyliologie systematique, vol. 2, p. 291, 

pl. 297, fig. 7, 1842 ( = Globigerina?). 

P. vulgaris Reeve, idem, p. 291, pl. 297, fig. 8 (=Planorbulina?). 

P. calcar Brown, Illustrated Recent Conchology of Great Britain, 

ed. 2, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1844 (=Robulus). 

P. depressula Brown, idem, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 3 (=Robulus). 

P. burdigalensis D'Orbigny, Prodrome de paieontologie, vol. 3, 

p. 155, no. 2885, 1852 (=)?. 

P. indigena Eichwald, Lethaea rossica, vol. 3, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 

2a-c, 1853 ( = ?) . 

P. subaculeata Eichwald, idem, vol. 3, pl. 1, figs. 3a-c, 1855 ( = ?) . 

P. aequivoca Costa, Accad. pontaniana Atti, vol. 7, pt. 2, p. 221, 

pl. 19, figs. lla, b, 1856 ( = ?) . 

P. yranulata Costa, idem, p. 214, pl. 10, figs. 7a, A-C (=Elphidium sp.?). 

P. omata Costa, idem, p. 215, pl. 10, fig. 8; pl. 19, figs. 12a-e 

( = Elphidium macellum?). 

P. striolata Costa, monstrosity, idem, pl. 19, figs. 15, 18 ( = Elphidimn macellum?). 

P. quaterpnnctata Abich, Acad. imv. sci. St .. -Petersbourg Mem., 

l'er. 6, vol. 7, pl. 9, figs. 8a-h, 1859 (sections = ?) . 

P. obscu.ra Schwager, Palaeontographica, vol. 30, Pal. Theil, p. 

138, pl. 27, pt. 4, figs. 2a-c, 1883 ( = ?) . 

Genus OZAWAIA Cushman, 1931 

Polystomella (part) Millett [uot Lamarck], Royal Micr. Soc. 

Jour., p. 603, 1904. 

Ozawaia Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 

7, p. 80, 1931; U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 53, 1933; 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 4, p. 193, 

1933. 

Genoholotype, Ozawaia tongaensis Cushman. 

Test free, in the early stages planispiral, compressed, 

later uncoiling and becoming circular in transverse 

section, bilaterally symmetrical; sutures :marked by 

retral processes both in the early stages and in the adult, 

waH calcareous, finely perforate; aperture in the early 

stages :made up of nu:merous pores at the base of the 

apertural face, in the adult a series of rounded pores in 

the terminal face in the last-formed chamber. Recent. 

This genus, so far as known, is confined to shallow 

water of the Pacific. It should be looked for, however, 

in the general Indo-Pacific region and in the late Tertiary 

of the sa:me region. 

It is an end form developing an uncoiled adult fro:m 

a coiled early stage, similar to developments seen m 

many other families of the Foraminifera. 

Ozawaia tongaensis Cushman 

Plate 19, figures 5-8 

Polystomella crispa Millett [not Linne], Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 

p. 603, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1904. 

Ozawaia tongaensis Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Contr., vol. 7, p. 80, pl. 10, figs. 7-10, 1931; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 2, p. 53, pl. 12, figs. 10-12, 1933; 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 5, pl. 23, 

figs. 9, 10, 1933. 

Test in the early stages close-coiled, almost completely 

involute, somewhat keeled and with a distinct boss in 

the umbilical region; chambers distinct, inflated, in the 

early portion :much compressed, in the uncoiled portion 

almost circular in transverse section; sutures distinct, 

depressed, rather strongly curved, retral processes 

short but numerous and distinct; a.perture in the coiled 

portion at the base of the apertural face, later becoming 

numerous rounded pores in the terminal face of the 

chamber in the uncoiled portion. Length up to 0.6 

:mm; breadth 0.35 mm; thickness 0.15 mm. 

This is evidently the same species that Millett figured 

from the Malay Archipelago in t~e reference cited above. 

It is very abundant at Vavau Anchorage, Tonga 

Islands, from which it was originally described. Specimens less well developed but having the characteristic 

early stages and showing slight tendencies of becoming 

uniserial were found at Viva Anchorage in 3 fathom.s · 

and at Rotonga in 7 fathoms. 

This species is unique, although fro:m the records it is 

probably to be looked for as widely distributed in tho 

Indo-Pacific region in shallow water. It represent.s 

the only attem.pt of this group, represented typically 

by Elphidium, to assunw an uncoiled form and is 

evidently a very recent developlnent in the history of 

this family. 

Genus FAUJASINA D'Orbigny, 1839 

Faujasina D'Orbigny, in De la Sagra, Historia fisica, poHtica y 

natural de la isla de Cuba, Foraminiferes, p. 109, 1839; 

Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin tertiaire de Vienne, p. 

193, 1846. 

Millett, Royal Geol. Soc. Cornwall Trans., vol. 12, pt. 3, 

p. 3, 1898; pt. 8, p. 719, 1902. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 3, 

p. 51, 1927; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special 
68 THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE 

Pub. 1, p. 208, 1928; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 7, 

p. 29, 1930; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special 

Pub. 4, p. 194, 1933. 

Genoholotype, Faujasina carinata D'Orbigny. 

Test similar to Elphidium but trochoid, planoconvex, 

the dorsal side flattened and showing the earlier whorls, 

ventral side convex, involute. 

The genotype is from the upper chalk of Maestricht, 

Holland, according to D'Orbigny. I have been unable 

to find anything like this form in the lvfaestricht 

material I huJve examined. The genus is a specialized 

one, and as Elphidium itself did not appear until the 

simple forrn.s of the Eocene, it is very evident that there 

is some error in regard to it. There are excellent spceimens of Faujasina from the Pliocene of St. Ertb, 

Cornwall, England, as will be noted. 

Faujasina carinata D'Orbigny 

Plate 19, figure 10 

Faujasina carinata D'Orbigny, Foraminiferes fosHiles du bassin 

tertiaire de Vienne, p. 194, pl. 21, figs. 29-31, 1846. 

Millett, Royal Geol. Soc. Cornwall Trans., vol. 12, pt. 8, 

p. 719, 1902. 

Heron-Allen and Ear]aud, Royal Micr. Soc. Jour., 1916, 

pl. 9, figs. 6-8. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 

4, pl. 19, figs. 4a-c, 1933; Special Pub. 5, pl. 23, figs. 

8a-c, 1933. 

Copies of D'Orbigny's figures of this species from 

the Vienna Basin monograph are given on plate 19. 

The types are said to have con1e from the Upper Cretaceous Senonian of Maestricht, Holland. I have been 

unable to find any such form in the material I have 

examined from this locality, nor does it appear in the 

literature on the Maestricht material that has been 

published since D'Orbigny's time. Millett records 

the species from PLiocene beds of St. Erth, Cornwall, 

England. I have a slide of this species received from 

Millett many years ago with very typical specimens. 

A few years ago I • purchased from Ward's Nat ural 

Science Establishn1ent, Rochester, N. Y., several small 

bottles of material of a collection which it had purehased frmn a dealer in Paris. One of these, supposed 

to be from the "Devonian of Cornwall", proved to be 

undoubtedly fro1n St. Erth and contained many speeiInens of F. carinata. D'Orbigny. The other speeies with it 

are evidentl:r of late Tertiary age. There is some 

question as to the source of the St. Erth material, and 

it is possible that by some strange error D'Orbigny 

may have had some of this material and it may have 

been wrongly labeled. Only smne such occurrence 

would seem to explain this strange discrepancy. 

The species was recorded by Costa from the late 

Tertiary of Italy, but Fornasini has shown that none 

of Costa's material is really Faujasina. The knowledge of the species must therefore rest on D'Orbigny's 

figure, description, and supposed locality and the 

actual material from St. Erth. 

Heron-Allen and Earland figure a broken specimen 

under this name in their paper on Foraminifera off 

South Cornwall cited above. This may be a fossil 

specimen derived from the St. Erth material. 

Fauja.sina ? orbignyi Terquem 

Plate 19, figure 9 

Faujasina orbignyi Terquem, Soc. geol. France Mem., ser. 3, 

vol. 2, p. 49, pl. 2 (10), figs. 28a-c, 1882. 

Copies of Terquem's figures are given on plate 19. 

The species is recorded from the middle Eocene of the 

Paris Basin, at Vaudancourt and Septeuil, a.s very 

rare. I have failed to find any specimens in the Vaudancourt material I have examined. It is very difficult to· make out from Terquem's figures which are 

usually not accurate, just where this form should be 

placed. 

Genus POLYSTOMELLINA Yabe and Hanzawa, 1923 

Polystornellina Yabe and Hanzawa, Japanese Jour. Geology and 

Geography, vol. 2, p. 99, 1923. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., vol. 3, 

p. 51, 1927; Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 

1, p. 208, 1928; Special Pub. 4, p. 194, 1933. 

Genoholotype, Polystomella (Polystomellina) discorbinoides Yabe and Hanzawa. 

Test similar to Elphidium in general structure but 

trochoid, planoconvex, ventral side flattened and 

involute, dorsal side convex, showing the earlier whorls; 

aperture on the periphery and extending to the ventral 

side. 

This genus, so far as known, is confined to the IndoPacific region, developing in the Miocene of Australia 

and Ja.pan and possibly still living in the Indo-Pacific. 

Polystomellina discorbinoides Yabe and Hanzawa 

Plate 19, figures 11, 12 

Polystornella (Polystornellina) discorbinoides Yabe and Hanzawa, 

Japanese Jour. Geology and Geography, vol. 2, p. 99, 

text figs. a-d, 1923. 

Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Special Pub. 4, 

pl. 19, figs. 6a-c, 1933; Special Pub. 5, pl. 23, figs. 7a-c, 

1933. 

Test trochoid, planoconvex, dorsal side with a smuewhat raised spire showing the earlier whorls, ventral 

side flattened, completely involute, periphery subacute, 

slightly keeled; chambers distinct, not inflated, increasing rather rapidly in size in the final whorl; 

sutures distinct, slightly curved, not depressed, retral . 

processes short, especially so in the adult, as many as 

12 to 15 in the adult chamber on the ventral side, only 

slightly fewer on the dorsal side; wall generally smooth 

except for the retral processes; aperture at the periphery end extending slightly to the ventral side. 

The species is known from the N atsukawa lin1estone 

of the Neogene Tertiary of Kutta, Santo-gori, Province 

of Echigo, Japan. 
POLYSTOMELLINA 69 

Polystomellina miocenica Cushman 

Plate 19, figure 13 

Polystomellina miocenica Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 87, pl. 15, figs. Sa-c, 1936. 

Test trochoid, nearly equally biconvex, dorsal side 

showing all the coils, ventral side completely involute, 

periphery subacute, slightly keeled; chambers distinct 

except the earlier ones of the dorsal side, which are 

obscured by a growth of secondary shell material forming an umbonate mass, of rather uniform size and shape, 

outer edge slightly raised; sutures fairly distinct, 

slightly depressed, curved, becoming slightly sigmoid 

on the ventral side, retral processes distinct, 5 or 6 

on the dorsal side and 8 or 9 on the ventral side in the 

adult chamber, somewhat oblique; wall strongly 

reticulate, umbilical region with a distinct umbo; 

aperture a low opening at the base of the apertural 

face, slightly extended to the ventral side. Diameter 

1.00 mm or more; thickness 0.40 mm. 

The types of this species came from the Miocene 

Filter Quarries, Batesford, Victoria, Australia. 

This species differs from P. discorbinoides Yabe and 

Hanzawa in the sharper periphery, oblique retral processes, strongly umbonate umbilical region, and secondary shell material of the central part of the dorsal side. 

Polystomellina australis Cushman 

Plate 19, figure 14 

Polystomellina australis Cushman, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., vol. 12, p. 87, pl. 15, figs. 7a-c, 1936. 

Test trochoid, dorsal side with early coils visible, 

ventrally completely involute., spire much depressed, 

flattened, ventral side slightly convex, umbilicus 

slightly depressed, periphery rounded but with a 

narrow keel; chambers distinct, about 12 in the adult 

coil, of uniform shape, increasing very gradually in size 

as adaed, the outer edge raised, with a distinct ridge; 

sutures slightly depressed, retral processes few, about 

5 on the dorsal and 6 on the ventral side in the adult 

chamber, nearly as long as the chamber breadth, 

slightly oblique to the sutures; aperture a low opening 

at the peripheral margin and extending slightly to the 

ventral side. Diameter 0.50 mm; thickness 0.20 mm. 

The types of this species came from dredgings in 10 

fathoms, Van Diemans Inlet, Gulf of Carpentaria, 

Queensland, Australia. 

This species differs from P. discorbinoides Yabe and 

Hanzawa in the lower spire, less distinct keel, fewer 

chambers, and coarser and more oblique retral processes. 

NoTE.-While this paper was in page proof several new species and varieties belonging to the Nonionidae were published by 

R. M. Kleinpell in Miocene stratigraphy of California, 1938, as follows: Nonion goudkoifi Kleinpell, n. sp., p. 231, pl. 20, figs. 2, 5; 

Nonion incisum (Cushman) var. kernensis Kleinpell, n. var., p. 232; Nonion schencki Kleinpell, n. sp., p. 235, pl. 16, figs. lla, b; 

Nonion ynezianum Kleinpell, n. sp., p. 237, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2; Elphidium granti Kleinpell, n. sp., p. 238, pl. 19, figs. 1, 11. 

PLATES 1-20 

71 
PLATE 1 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, side view; b, apertural view] Page 

1. Nonion? jraasanum (GUmbel). (After GUmbel.) Jurassic, Germany_____________________________________________ 3 

2. N.? nodulosum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Jurassic, France________________________________________________ 3 

3. N.? subangulosum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Jurassic, France_____________________________________________ 3 

4. N.? solidum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Jurassic, France___________________________________________________ 3 

5. N.jarvisi Thalmann. Cretaceous, Trinidad, X 45. Holotype____________________________ _____________________ 3 

6, 7. N. laeve (D'Orbigny). 6, Photograph of D'Orbigny's model. 7, Eocene, France, X 55. Topotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

8. N. rugosum (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini.) Eocene, France__________________________________________________ 4 

9-11. N. graniferum (Terquem). 9, 10, after Terquem. 11, Eocene, France, X 75------------------------------'---- 4 

12. N. ? stellatum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Eocene, France__________________________________________________ 4 

13. N. terquemianum Cushman, n. sp. (After Terquem.) Eocene, France_____________________________________________ 4 

14. N. latescens (Schwager). (After Schwager.) Eocene, Egypt____________________________________________________ 4 

15. N. planatum Cushman and Thomas. Eocene, Claiborne, Texas, X 75. Holotype_________________________________ 4 

16. N. wilcoxense Cushman and Ponton. Eocene, Wilcox, Alabama, X 90. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

17, 18. N. ftorinense Cole. Eocene, Guayabal, Mexico, X 90. Topotypes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

19. N. danvillense Howe and Wallace. Eocene, Jackson, Louisiana, X 90. Topotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

20-22. N. micrum Cole. Upper Eocene, Chapapote, Mexico, X 65. Topotypes_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

23, 24. N. mexicanum Cole. Eocene, Guayabal, Mexico, X 115. Topotypes____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 

25. N. bonairense Pijpers. (After Pijpers.) Upper Eocene, Bonaire. a, b, Opposite sides; c, apertural view_______________ 6 

26. N. hummelincki Pijpers. (After Pijpers.) Upper Eocene, Bonaire. a, b, Opposite sides; c, apertural view___________ 6 

27. N. whitsettense (Cushman and Applin). Upper Eocene, Texas, X 65. Holoiype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 

28. N. samanicum (W. Berry). (After Berry.) Upper Eocene, Lobitos, Peru, X 55. a, b, Opposite sides; c, apertural view__ 7 

29, 30. N. olssoni (W. Berry). 29, after Berry. Upper Eocene, Lobitos, Peru, X 55. a, b, Opposite sides; c, apertural view. 

30 a, b, Chapapote, Mexico, X 90-------------------------------------------- ------------------------ __ 7 

72 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLA'l'E I 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 2 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONlDAE. 
PLATE 2 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, side view; h, apertural view] 

Page 

1-3. Nonion chapapotense Cole. 1, Upper Eocene, Chapapote, Mexico, X 55. Topotype. 2, 3, Upper Eocene, Mississippi, X 115--------- --- -------- - ---- - - - ---- - - ------------------------- - - - ------ --------------- - - - --- 6 

4. N. inexcavatum (Cushman and Applin). Upper Eocene, Texas, X 90. Holotype ____ ___ _____ ____ __ ______ ____ ______ 7 

5. N. ornatissimum Cushman. Eocene, Kressenberg, Germany, X 55. Holotype_ ___ ___________________ ___ ___ ______ _ 7 

6. N. halkyardi Cushman. Eocene, Biarritz, France, X 90. Ilolotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

7. N. applini Howe and Wall!tce. Eocene, Jackson, Louisiana, X 90. Para type _________________________ ___________ 8 

8. N . scaph1tm (Fichtel and Moll), var. injlalum Cushman and Ellisor. Eocene, Jackson, Louisiana, X 55. Holotype ____ 8 

9. N. laeve (D'Orbigny) var. marginatum Cushman and Ellisor. Eocene, Jackson, Texas, X 65. Holotype__________ ___ _ 8 

10. N. mesonense Cole and Gillespie. Oligocene, Mexico, X 90. Topotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 

11, 12. Nonion? marielense Palmer. (After Palmer.) X 75. 12, Broken specimen showing porous aperture------------ 8 

13. Nonion affine (Reuss). Oligocene, Hermsdorf, Germany, X 90. Topotype____ __ ____ ___ ________________ __ ________ 9 

14. N. turgescens Cushman. Oligocene, Germany, X 105. Holotype _____________________ ___ ______________ __________ 10 

15. N. anomalinum (Cushman). Oligocene, Panama Canal Zone, X 45. Holotype_ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ 9 

16. N. mesonense Cole and Gillespie. Oligocene, Mexico, X 65. a, b, Opposite sides; c, apertural view_________________ 9 

17, 18. N. granosum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna, X 65. Topotypes_ ___ _________________ __________ 11 

73 
PLATE 3 

[In all figures: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

1. Nonion roemeri Cushman. Oligocene, Germany, X 90. Holotype_______ ______ _____ _________ ____________ _____ ____ 10 

2. N. commune (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna, X 65. Topotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 

3. N. perforatum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna, X 65. Topotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 

4- 6. N. elongatum (D'Orbigny). 4, 6, Miocene, Dax, France, X 45. Topotypes. 5, after Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1826_ __ 11 

7, 8. N. boueanum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna. 7, X 45; 8, X 65. Topotypes____ ___ _____ __ ____ __ 12 

9. N. lamarcki (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Bordelais, Salles, France, X 55 ------- - - ------------------------------ - - ---- 11 

10, 11. N. soldanii (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna, 10, X 65; 11, X 55. Topotypes_ _____ ________ _____ _ 13 

12. N. tuberculatum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna, X 90. Topotype___ ________ __________ ____ ______ 13 

13. N. pauper (Egger). (After Egger.) Miocene, near Ortenburg, Germany_______________ __ __________ ______ ________ 14 

14. N. glabrellum Cushman. Miocene, Florida, X 90. Holotype__ ___ ___ ___________ __ __ ____ ________ ____ ___ _____ ____ 14 

15. N. dense-punctatum (Egger). Miocene, Orten burg, Germany, X 115, Topotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 

16, 17. N. tuberculatum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Orten burg (" N. subgranosa Egger"), X 115. Topotypes_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 

18. N. stachei Cushman. Miocene, New Zealand, X 45. Holotype__________ ____ __ _________ ______________ ____ _____ _ 16 

19. N. novo-zealandicum Cushman. Miocene, New Zealand, X 35. Holotype _____ ___ ----- --------------- - - - --- - - - - - 16 

74 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 3 

' 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 4 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 4 

[In all figures: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

1. Nonion simplex (Karrer). (After Karrer.) Miocene, New Zealand _____ _____ ____ __ ____ ___ ___ ______ ____ ___ ___ ____ 14 

2. N.leo (Karrer) . (After Karrer.) Miocene, Austria--- - - - - - - ------------ ---- ------ - - -- - - - - -- - ----- ----- - ------ 14 

3. N. injlatum (Schuber:t). (After Schubert.) Miocene, Central Europe.___ _____ ___________ ____ ________ __ _______ ___ 14 

4. N. extensum (Cushman). Miocene, South Carolina, X 50. Holotype ___ ___ __ _______ _ --- --------- ------------- - - 14 

5. N . costijerum (Cushman). Miocene, California, X 40. Holotype_ ____ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ --- ------------ ----- - - -- -- 15 

6. N. incisum (Cushman). Miocene, California, X 65. Holotype. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 

7, 8. N. medio-costatum (Cushman). Miocene, California, X 45. 7, Holotype; 8, paratype_ ___ ___ __ __ ________ ____ ____ 15 

9. N. montereyanum Cushman and Galliher. Miocene, California, X 55. Holotype _______ ______ ____ ______________ __ 16 

10. N. montereyanum Cushman and Galliher var. carmeloense Cushman and Galliher. Miocene, California, X 65. 

Holotype_ ________ ________________ ______ _____________ __ _____________ ____________ ____ _____ ___________ 16 

11. N. r-izarrense W. Berry var. multicameratum Cushman and Kleinpell. Miocene, California, X 55. Holotype_____ __ __ 16 

12. N. dingdeni Cushman. Miocene, Dingdcn, Germany, X 45. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 

13. N. dollfusi Cushman. Miocene, France, X 30. Holotype_____ _______ __ __ __________ ___ __ __ __ _______ ________ __ _ 15 

14. N. victoriense Cushman. Pliocene, Australia, X 55. Holotype ___ _________ __ __ ___ '____ _____ ________ __ __ _______ _ 17 

15. N. polystoma (Costa). (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy____ ___ ____________ ____ ____ ______ ___ __ ___ ____________ ____ _ 18 

16. N. nicobarense Cushman. Pliocene, Kar Nicobar, X 90. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 

17, 18. N. ibericum Cushman. Pliocene, Malaga, Spai'n, X 115. Holotypc ____ ___ _____ _____ _____________ __ _______ ___ 17 

19. N. atlenuatum (Costa). (After Costa'.) Pliocene, Italy ____ _______________ ____ __ --- ---------------- -- - ----- -- 17 

20. N. nautiloideum (Costa) . (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy ____________________ __ ---- ------ ---------- - ------- --- - 17 

21. N. rude (Costa). (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy_ _________ _____ _________ __ ______ ______ ____________ ____ ______ __ 18 

22. N. schwageri Cushman. Pliocene, Kar Nicobar, X 115. Holotype_ _______ __ _____ ___ ____ ________ ____ _____ ___ ____ 17 

23. N. soldanii (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini, "N. melo D'Orbigny.") Pliocene, Italy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 

24. N. striolatum (Costa). (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy __ ___ _________ _____ _________ _____ __ ___ ______ ____________ _ 18 

25. N. angus tum Cushman. Pliocene, Lanarka, Cyprus, X 65. Holotype ___ _____________ ________ ______ _________ ___ - 17 

75 
PLATE 5 

[Unless otherwise designated; a, side view; b, apertural view) 

Page 

1. Nonion belridgense Barbat and Joh-nson. (After Barbat and Johnson.) Miocene, Califol"nia, X 60_____________ _____ 18 

2. N . buxovillanum (Andreae). (After Andreae.) Oligocene, Germany_____________________________ _________ _______ _ 18 

3. N. formosurn (Seguenza). (After Seguenza.) Pliocene, Italy_________ __ ____ __________________ __________ ____ ______ 18 

4. N. subcarinaturn (Seguenza). (After Seguenza.) Pliocene, Italy_______ _____ _____________________________ ________ 18 

5. N. 'I excavaturn (Seguenza). (After Seguenza.) Pleistocene, Italy ____ _____________ ____ __ ______ ____ ___ _________ __ 18 

6. N. limbum (D'Orbigny). From photograph of D'Orbigny's modeL ____ ____ ____ __________________ _______ ________ _ 19 

7. N. galeatum Cushman. Pliocene, Fiji, X 55. Paratype______ __________________ _________________________ _______ 19 

8. N.? perfossum (Clodius). (After Clodius) ______ ___ _______ _______ ____ ______________ ________ ____ ______ ___ ______ 18 

9-12. N. pompilioides (Fichtel and Moll). 9, After Fichtel and Moll; 10, from photograph of D'Orbigny's 1826 model 

"N. urnbilicatula D'Orbigny"; 11, east coast of United States, X 90; 12, from west of Iceland, X 65___________ 19 

13. N. incrassatum (Fichtel and Moll). (After Fichtel and Moll) _____ ______ --------------------------------------- 19 

14- 17. N. asterizans (Fichtel and Moll). 14, Pliocene, Castel Arquato, Italy, X 40; 15, after Fichtel and Moll, Recent, 

Mediterranean, a, b, opposite sides; c, apertural view; 16, after Goes; 17, Recent, Rimini, Italy________________ 20 

18- 21. N. scapha (Fichtel and Moll). 18, After Fichtel and Moll; 19, after H. B. Brady; 20, after Fichtel and Moll's 

N. fabum; 21, Pliocene, Castel Arquato, Italy, X 45---------------------- - ------------------- ------- - - - - 20 

22-25. N. depressulurn (Walker and Jacob). 22, After Walker and Jacob, a, b, opposite sides; 23-25, after Heron-Allen and 

Earland, west of Scotland, X 65------ - - ------------------------ - --------------- - - - - - ---- -------------- 20 

26. N. depressulum (Walker and Jacob) var. matagordanum Kornfeld. (After Kornfeld.) Recent, Gulf of Mexico. X 80_ 21 

27. N. 'I umbilicatulurn (Walker and Jacob). (After Walker and Jacob.) a, b, Opposite sides___ ___ ______ ____________ 21 

28. N. elypticum (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1826.) Recent, Madagascar____________ _________________ 21 

29. N . ? crassulum (Walker and Jacob). (After Walker and Jacob.) a, b, Opposite sides____________________________ 21 

30. N. politum (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1826.) Recent, Rimini, Italy______________________________ 22 

31, 32. N. germanicum (Ehrenberg). 31, After Williamson; 32, Bognor, Sussex, England, X 100________________________ 22 

76 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER !91 PLATE 5 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLA1'E 6 

TilE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 6 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, side view; b, aperturnl view] 

Page 

1-7. Nonion grateloupi (D'Orbigny). 1, After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1826, Miocene, Dax, France; 2, after D'Orbigny, 1839, 

Recent, Cuba; 3-7, from Dry Tortugas, Florida, X 90--- ----------------------- - ------- ----------------- 21 

8. N. laevigatum (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1826.) Recent, Rimini, Italy____ ________________ ___ ___ 22 

9, 10. N. sloanii (D'Orbigny). 9, After D'Orbigny, 1839, Recent, Cuba; 10, San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico, X 90__ ______ __ 22 

11. N. barleeanum (Williamson). (After Williamson)__ ____ ___________ ___ __________ ______________ ___ __________ ___ ___ 23 

12. N. subcarinatum (D'Orbigny). (After D 'Orbigny, 1839)-------------------------------------------------------- 23 

13- 16. N. labradoricum (Dawson). 13, After Dawson; 14, Gaspe Bay, X 55; 15, Casco Bay, Maine, X 55. 16, Albatross 

D2078, X 55-------------------------------- ------------------------- ----------- --- -- ---- ------ - - - -- 23 

17- 19. N . orbiculare (H. B. Brady). 17, Hudson Bay, X 65; 18, 19, after H. B. Brady, X 45__ ___________________ _____ 23 

20. N .? exponens (H. B. Brady, Parker, and Jones). (After H. B. Brady, Parker and Jones.) Recent, Abrolhos Bank___ __ 24 

21-23. N . pauperatum (Balkwill and Wright). 21, After Balkwill and Wright, coast of Ireland, X 115; 22, after Heron-Allen 

and Ear land, off island of Jersey; 23, after Heron-Allen and Ear land, off Selsey, England__ __ _________________ 24 

24. N. boueanum (D'Orbigny) var. armatum (H. B. Brady). (After H. B. Fmdy.) X 45_ _____ ______ _________ _______ __ 25 

25. N. pacificum (Cushman). Recent, Samoa. X 65. Holotype__ ________________ _______ ________ ________ ____ ______ 25 

26. N. larnarcki (D'Orbigny) . (After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1839.) Miocene, Dax, France_______ ___ _________ _____ _____ 11 

27. N. pizarrense W. Berry. Miocene, Florida. X 65. a, b, Opposite sides; c, apertural view_____________ _____________ 24 

28. N. pizarrense W. Berry var. basispinaturn Cushman and Moyer. Recent, off San Pedro, Calif. X 45. Holotype_ _ _ _ 25 

29. N . subturgidum (Cushman). Recent, Samoa. X 65. Holotype _____ ___________ _____________ _________ ____ ______ 25 

77 
PLATE 7 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, dorsal ,-iew ; b, ventral view; c, apertural view] 

Page 

1, 2. Nonionella austinana Cushman. Cretaceous, Texas. X 150___________ __________________________________ 27 

3. N. robusta Plummer. Cretaceous, Texas. X 95-------------------- - --------------------------------------- __ 27 

4. N. warburgi Brotzen. (After Brotzen.) X 75. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view_____ ________ ____ 28 

5. N. cretacea Cushman. Cretaceous, Tennessee. X 150. Holotype____________ _______ ____ _______________________ 28 

6. N. reus sana Cushman, n. sp. Cretaceous, Germany. X 90. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 

7. N . extensa Brotzen. (After Brotzen.) X 75. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view______________ ______ 28 

8. N . gardnerae Cushman. Eocene, Claiborne, Texas. X 90. Holotype_ ___ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

9- 11. N. cockfieldensis Cushman and Ellisor. Eocene, Claiborne, Texas. X 90. 9, Holotype: a, dorsal view; b, apertural 

view. lOa, Ventral view; b, a pert ural view_ ___________________ _________ _____ __ __________________________ 29 

12. N. alabamensis Cushman and Ponton. Eocene, Wilcox, Alabama. X 65. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 

13. N. wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton. Eocene, Wilcox, Alabama. X 75. Holotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

78 
GEOLOGICAL StittVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 7 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 8 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 8 

[Unless utherwise designated: a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, apertural view] 

Page 

1. Nonionella insecta (Schwager). Eocene, Wilcox, Alabama. X 115 --------------------------- --------------- ---- 29 

2. N. jacksonensis Cushman . Eocene, Jackson, Alabama. X 150. Holotype_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

3. N. danvillensis Howe and Wallace. Eocene, Jackson, Louisiana. X 115. Paratype_ __ __ ________________ _____ _____ 30 

4. N. hantkeni (Cushman and Applin). Eocene, Jackson, Texas. X 65. Holotype____ ____ _________________ ____ _____ 30 

5. N. hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) var. spissa Cushman. Eocene, Jackson, South Carolina. X 45. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

6. N. hantkeni (Cushman and Applin) var. fayettei (Cushman and Ellisor). Eocene, Jackson, Louisiana. X 65. Holotype _ 30 

7. N. frankei Cushman. Oligocene, Germany. X 95. Holotype__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

8. N. tatumi Howe. Lower Oligocene, Mississippi. X 115. Para type_____________ ________________ ________________ 31 

9. N. miocenica Cushman. Miocene, California. X 90. Holotype_______________ ___________ ______________ _____ ___ 31 

10. N. novo-zealandica Cushman. Miocene, New Zealand. X 65. Holotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 

11, 12. N. pseudo-auris Cole. (After Cole.) Pliocene, Florida. X 90. 11, Ventral view; 12, a pert ural view_____________ 31 

13, 14. N. limbato-striata Cushman. 13, Pliocene, Fiji, X 150, para type; 14, Recent, Tonga Islands, X 150_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 

15. N. clavata Cushman. Pliocene, Fiji. X 115. Paratype ___ ______ __ __ ___ ___________ ________ _____________ ___ ____ 31 

16. N. tredeca (Asano). (After Asano.) X 37. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view______________________ 32 

17. N. janiformis (Jones). Pliocene, Sutton, England. X 40-- --- - - - ------------------ - ------------------------ --- 32 

79 

181!}- 39--7 
PLATE 9 

['Unless otherwise designated: a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, apertural view] 

Page 

1. Nonionellajaponica (Asano). (After Asano.) X 75. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view___ _____ _____ 32 

2, 3. N. turgida (Williamson). Recent, southwest Ireland. X 115 ____ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ 32 

4. N. a uris (D'Orbigny). Recent, off Payta, Peru . X 90 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 

5. N. iridea Heron-Allen and Earland. (After Heron-Allen and Earland.) Recent, off Falkland Islands. X 115 ____ _____ _ 34 

6. N. chiliensis Cushman and Kellett. Recent, off Corral, Chile. X 90. Holotype ____ :_ ______ _______ __ ________ ____ _ 33 

7-9. N. auricula (Heron-Allen and Ear land). (After Heron-Allen and Earland.) Recent, off Plymouth, England. 

X 115. 7, Ventral view; 8, apertural view; 9, dorsal view-- - --------- -----------------------------.------- 33 

10. N. miocenica Cushman var. stella Cushman and Moyer. Recent, off San Pedro, Calif. X 75. Holotype____________ 34 

11. N. pulchella Hada. (After Hada.) Recent, Mutsu Bay, Japan. X 75 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ____ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ 34 

12. N. parri Cushman. Recent, Timaru, New Zealand. X 45. Holotype_______ ___________________ _________________ 34 

13. N. translucens Cushman. Recent, Levuka, Fiji. X 65. Holotype _____ _____ __ __________________________________ 34 

14. N. lata Cushman and Valentine. Recent, off Channel Islands, Calif. X 55. Holotype____________________________ 34 

15-18. Cushmanella brownii (D'Orbigny). 15, After D'Orbigny, 1839, a, side view; b, apertural view; 1~18, after Palmer 

and Bermudez: 16, Recent, Havana, a, side view; b, apertural view, X 28; 17, broken chamber showing supplementary partition connecting the septal aperture with basal portion of preceding chamber, X 40; 18, broken chamber, 

apertural view, showing boundaries of the supplementary partition, X 55______________________ ______________ 35 

80 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 9 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 10 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 10 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

1. Astrononion stelligerum (D'Orbigny). (After D 'Orbigny)________ _____ _____ ___ _______ ___ __________________ __ 36 

2. A.. sidebottomi Cushman and Ed wards. X 25. Holotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

3-5. A . stellatum Cushman and Edwards. 3, Holotype, off Iceland, X 30; 4, 5, Porcupine sta. 8: 4, X 30; 5, X 40 ___ ___ - 36 

6. A. viragoense Cushman and Edwards. X 50. Holotype _______ ___ ____ __ ______ ___ ______ ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 36 

7, 8. A . australe Cushman and Edwards. 7, X 27, Pliocene, Beaumaris, Victoria; 8, holotype, X 33. Oligocene, Muddy 

Creek, Victoria____ __ _____________________________________________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ___ ______ _ 37 

9, 10. A. fijiense Cushman and Edwards. (After H. B. Brady.) X 40. Recent, Fiji. 9, Holotype; 10, para type ___ ______ 37 

11. A. tumidum Cushman and Edwards. X 40. Recent, off Ascension Island ________________ ___ ______ _____ _____ ·---- 37 

12. A. novo-zealandicum Cushman and Edwards. X 27. Recent, off New Zealand _____ ______ _____ _____ ______ ____ _____ 37 

13, 14. A. italicum Cushman and Edwards. 13, Holotype, X 27; 14, paratype, X 33___ __ ______ ___ __ ___ ____ _______ ____ 37 

15. Elphidium costijerum (Terqucm). (After Terquem.) Eocene?, Paris Basin _________ __ ______ ____ ______ ____ ________ 39 

16. E. latidorsatum (Reuss). (After Reuss.) Upper Eocene, Germany _______ __ ___ __ ____ ______ _____ _____ ____ ______ ___ 39 

17. E. texanum (Cushman and Applin). Upper Eocene, Texas. X 40. Holotype__ ______ ____ ___ ________ ___ _______ ___ 39 

18. E . eocenicum Cushman and Ellisor. Upper Eocene, Texas. X 65. H olotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

19. E. smithi Cushman and Dusenbury. Upper Eocene, California. X 40. Holotype_________________________________ 40 

20. E. schencki Cushman and Dusenbury. Upper Eocene, California. X 45. Holotype ___ ______________ ------ ------ 40 

21. E. sp. (?) (After Howe and Wallace.) Upper Eocene, Louisiana __________ __ _____________ ---------------------- 40 

22- 25. E. mirmtum (Reuss). Upper Oligocene, Germany. 22, Aftel" Heuss; 23, 24, specimens from near Hildesheim, 

Germany, X 60; 25, "Polystornella discrepans", after Reuss____ _______________ __ _________ ___ ______________ 40 

81 
PLATE 11 

[In all figures: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

1. Elphidium crespinae Cushman. Oligocene, Australia. X 60. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41 

2. E. subnodosum (Miinster). Oligocene, Astrupp, near Osnabriick, Germany. X 30____ __ ___ ______ __ ________ ____ ____ 40 

3. E. crassatum Cushman. Oligocene, Australia. X 55. Holotype___________ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ 41 

4. E. howchini Cushman. Oligocene, Australia. X 45. Holotype_______ _____ _____ ______ ____ _____ _____ ______ ____ __ 41 

5. E. panamense Cushman. Oligocene, Panama Canal Zone. X 65. Holotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41 

6. E. culebrense Cushman. Oligocene, Panama Canal Zone. X 40. Holotype__ ______ _____ _____ _____ ___ _______ ____ _ 41 

7. E. subplanatum Cushman. Oligocene, Germany. X 55. Holotype __ ____ ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ___ __ 42 

8. E. pseudoinjlatum Cushman. Oligocene, Australia. X 55. Holotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41 

9. E. hauerinum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna. X 55. Topotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 

10, 11. E. rugosum (D'Orbigny). 10, Miocene, Baden, near Vienna, X 35, topotype; 11, Miocene, Heiligenstadt, near 

Vienna, X 55- ------------------------------------- -- --------- ------------------------------- ------- 42 

12. E. fichtellianum (D'Orbigny) . Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna. X 55. Topotype__ ___ _________ __ __ _____ _________ 42 

13. E. flexuosum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Voslau, near Vienna. X 35. Topotype_____ __ ____ ____ _____ ____ ___ _________ 43 

14. E. antoninum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Nussdorf, near Vienna. X 45. Topotype___ ______ ______ ____ ______ ____ __ __ 43 

15. E. josephinum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Baden, near Vienna. X 55. Topotype ____ ___ ____ _____ ______ ___ ,_ _____ __ 43 

16. E. aculeatum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Baden, near Vienna. X 35. Topotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 

17. E. reginum (D'Orbigny) var. caucasicum Bogdanowicz. (After Bogdanowicz.) Miocene, southern Russia. X 32_ _ _ _ _ _ 44 

18. E. subumbilicatum (Czjzek). (After Czjzek.) Miocene, Austria __ ___ ___ ______ ______ ____ ______ _____ ___ ______ ____ 45 

19. E. reginum (D'Orbigny). Miocene, Baden, near Vienna. X 22. Topotype___ ___ ___ _______ _____ ______ ___ _____ ___ 44 

20. E. ungeri (Reuss). Miocene, Nieder lies, Austria. X 65_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 

21. E. subumbilicatum (Czjzek) var. ccnlronondepressum (Beutler). (After Beutler.)_____ ___ ___ __ _____ ________ _______ __ 45 

22. E. cryptostomum (Egger). Miocene, Orten burg, Germany. X 65. Topotype___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 45 

82 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 101 PLATE 11 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 12 

THE .FOJIAMlNlFERAL l''AMILY NONlONlDAE. 
PLATE 12 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, side view; b, apertnral view] 

Page 

1. Elphidium ortenburgense (Egger). Miocene, Ortenburg, Germany. X 65. Topotype ___ ------ -- -- - - --- -- 45 

2. E. subcarinatum (Egger). (After Egger.) Miocene, Germany__ _____ ____ __________ _ - --- ---------- - -- 45 

3. E. angulatum (Egger) . (After Egger.) Miocene, Germany___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 

4. E. nobile (Karrer). Miocene, Molding, near Vienna. X 35. Topotype___ ___ _____ ____ _________ __ ________ __ 45 

5, 6. E. falunicum (Allix). 5, After Allix; 6, Miocene, St. Arit, France, X 60 _____ _____ ___ __________ _ ----------- 46 

7. E. injl.atum (Reuss). Miocene, Dingden, Germany. X 55. Topotype____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

8, 9. E. stmttoni (Applin, Ellisor, and Kniker). (After Applin, Ellisor, and Kniker.) Miocene, Texas ___ ------ - --- -- 46 

10. E. tricostatum (Protcscu). (After Protescu.) Miocene, Rumania. a, b, Opposite sides ____ ___ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

11. E. macellum (Fichtcl and Moll) var. tumidocamerale Bogdanowicz. (After Bogdanowicz.) Miocene, southern Russia. 

X 65___ __ _________ _ ---------- ----- -------- ---- - --- ----------------------- _ __ __________ 46 

12. E. chipolense (Cushman). Miocene, Florida. X 55. Holotype_____ __________ ______________ _ ____ _________ ___ 46 

13. E. fimbriatulum (Cushman). Miocene, Florida. X 40_ _______________ __ __ _____ _________ __ --- -- -- -- -- - --- __ 47 

14, 15. E. subsphaericum Cushman and Hedberg. Miocene, Venezuela. X 55. 14, Holotype; 15, paratype____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 

16. E. glabratum Cushman, n. sp. Miocene, St. Arit, France. X 55. Holotype_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 

17. E. chapmani Cushman. Miocene, Australia. X 28. Holotype__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 

18. E. parri Cushman. Miocene, Australia. X 45. Holotype _____ ______ __________ _ ---- --- --- - ---- ------- ------ 47 

19. E. decipiens (Costa). (After Costa) __ ______________________________ ___________ ___________ ---- -------- - - 48 

20. E. subinjl.atum Cushman. Miocene, Australia. X 60. Holotype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 

21. E. semistriatum (D'Orbign y). Pliocene, Castel Arquato, Italy. X 60. Topotype_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 

22. E. decipiens (Costa). Pliocene, Monte Mario, ncar Rome. X 40 ____ __ _____ ___ _ ______ ____ __ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ 48 

83 
PLATE 13 

[In all figures: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

rage 

1. Elphidium salentinum (Costa). (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy_ ____________ __ _______ ____ __ ____ _____ _______ __ ___ _ 48 

2. E. exoletum (Costa). (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy __ ----------- - ----- - - -- -- ----- - - -------- ------------------ 48 

3. E. spinulosum (Costa) . (After Costa.) Pliocene, Italy __ ____ _________ ________ _____________ ________ _____ _____ _ 48 

4. E. teretiusculum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Pliocene, Isle of Rhodes_ ____ __ __ ____________ __________ __ ________ 48 

5. E. punctatum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Pliocene, Isle of Rhodes___ __ ___ ____ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

6. E. laminatum (Terquem). (After Terquem.) Pliocene, Isle of Rhodes ___ ____ _________ ____________ ___________ ____ 49 

7. E. hughesi Cushman and Grant. Pliocene, California. X 30. Holotype ___ __ _____ __ ___ _____ __ --- ---- -------- -- - 49 

8. E. hughesi Cushman and Grant var. foraminoswn Cushman, n. var. Pliocene, California. X 30. Holotype__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

9. E. hughesi Cushman and Grant var. obesum Cushman, n. var. Pliocene, California. X 30. Holutype _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

10. E. gunteri Cole. (After Cole.) Pliocene, Florida ___ ____ ________ _________ ______________ ______ _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

1 1. E. ibericum (Schrodt). Pliocene, Monte. M~riQ, near Rome, Italy. X 55________________ ______ ____ ____ 50 

12. E. pseudonodosum Cushman. Pliocene, Australia X 30. Holotype __ ___ ________ ________ _________ ____ ____ 50 

13. E. georgianum Cushman. Late Tertiary, Georges Bank. X 35. Holotype__________________ _________ ___________ _ 50 

14- 16. E. oregonense Cushman and Grant. 14, Recent, off Cape Blanco, Oregon. X 22. 15, 16, Pliocene, Humboldt 

County, Calif. X 30 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 

17- 21. E. crispum (Linne). 17, After Fichtel and Moll; 18, photograph of D'Orbigny's 1826 model; 19, after H. B. Brady; 

20, Recent, Rimini, Italy, X 35, toputype; 21, Recent, British Columbia, X 35 ____ _____ ----- ------ - - ---- -- 50 

84 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 13 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 14 

TilE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 14 

[fn all figures: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

1- 3. Elphidium macellum (Ficl1tel and Moll). 1, 2, After Fichtel and Moll; 3, Miocene, Voslau, near Vienna, X 55 _ 51 

4. E. macellum (Fichtel a nd Moll) var. granulosum (Sidebottom). (After Sidebottom.) Recent, island of Delos __ - 52 

5. E. 1nacellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. limbatum (Chapman). Recent, Pacific. X 35 ___ -------------------- 52 

6, 7. E. slTiato-punclatum (Fichtel and Moll). 6, After Fichtcl and Moll; 7, Recent, Red Sea, X 40 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52 

8. E. angulare (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 182G) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ ________ ____ - _- 53 

9- 12. E. owenianum (D'Orbigny). 11, After D'Orbigny, 1839; 9, 10, Recent, Falkland Islands, X 65, topotypes_ _ ______ 53 

13- 16. E. lessonii (D'Orbigny). 13, After D 'Orbigny, 1839; 14, 16, Recent, Falkland Islands, X 35, topotypes; 16, after 

H . B. Brady _______ ·--_ __________ _________________ _____ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53 

17- 19. E. articulatum (D'Orbigny). 17, After D'Orbigny, 1839; 18, 19, Recent, Falkland Islands, X 60, topotypes __ ______ 53 

20. E. articulatum (D'Orbigny) var. rugulosum Cushman and Wickenden. Recent, Juan Fernandez. X 115. Holotype__ 54 

21-23. E. alvm·ezianum (D'Orbigny). 21, After D'Orbigny, 1839; 22, 23, Recent, Falkland Islands, X 45, topotypes_ - _ _ _ _ _ 54 

24. E. alvarezianum (D'Orbigny) var. serTUlatum Cushman and Parker. Recent, Falkland Islands. X 55. Holotype_ -- - 54 

25, 26. E. poeyanum (D'Orbigny). 25, After D'Orbigny, 1839; 26, Recent, Dry Tortugas, Florida, X 55 ______ __ - __ - - __ - _ 54 

85 
PLATE 15 

[In all figures: a, side view; h, apertural vtew J 

Page 

1- 3. Elphidium sagrum (D'Orbigny). 1, After D 'Orbigny, 1839; 2, 3, Recent, San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico, X 55 ______ 55 

4. E. lanieri (D 'Orbigny). (After D 'Orbigny, 1839)---------- - ----------- - -- ---- ---- ----- - - ----- --- ------- ---- - 55 

5- 7. E. discoidale (D'Orbigny). 5, 7, Recent, Dry Tortugas, Florida: 5, X 55; 7, X 40; 6, after D 'Orbigny, 1839 ________ 56 

8. E. oceanense (D'Orbigny). (After Fornasini, D'Orbigny, 1826) --- -- ---- - - - - - -------- ---- - ----------------- · - - - --- 56 

9, 10. E. macellum (Fichtel and Moll) . 9, "Nautilus strigillatus", after Fichtel and Moll; 10, Recent, Isle of Wight, X 45_ 51 

11-13. E. macellum (Fichtel and Moll) var. aculeatum (Silvestri). 11, 12, Recent, Isle of Wight, X 65; 13, after Fichtel and 

Moll_ _____ ______________ ________ ____ ______ ________________________________ _______________________ __ 52 

14- 17. E. craticulatum (Fichtel and Moll). 14, After Fichtel and Moll; 15, 16, after H . B. Brady, X 30; 17, Recent, off Vavau 

Anchorage, Tonga Islands, X 32, young stage _____ _____ ___ ______ _____ ______ ____ ____ _______________ _____ _ 56 

18- 19 E. complanatum (D'Orbigny). 18, After D'Orbigny, 1839, Recent, Canaries; 19, after Fornasini D'Orbigny, 1839 ____ 56 

20. E. berthelotianum (D'Orbigny). (After D'Orbigny, 1839.) Recent, Canaries ___ __ ______ _______ ____ ________ _____ ____ 56 

21- 24. E. incertum (Williamson). 21, After Williamson; 22, after H. B. Brady, X 65; 23, Recent, Casco Bay, Maine, X 75; 

24, Recent, Hudson Bay, X 75 ________ _____ __ " -------- -- ------------------- -- --------- ------- -- -- - ---- 57 

86 
GEOLOGICAl, SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 15 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NON .. ON .DAE. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY -- PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 16 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 16 

[Unless otherwise designated: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

1, 2. Elphidium incertum (Williamson) var. claval urn Cushman. Recent, coast of Maine. X 55. Holotype _____ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 

3. E. incertum (Williamson) var. mexicanum Kornfeld. (After Komfeld.) Recent, Gulf of Mexico. X 75 _____________ __ 57 

4- 6. E. gibbum (Schultze). (After Schultze.) 4, Detail of last two chambers; 5, a pert ural view; 6, side view_-- ----- _-_ __ 58 

7- 12. E. excavatum (Terquem). 7- 9, After Tcrqucm; 10, after Williamson; 11, 12, Recent, off Bognor, England, X 55 ___ -·· 58 

13- 15. E. venustum (Schultze) . (After Schultze.) 13, Detail of surface; 14, apertural view; 15, side view ____ ______ --- - -- 58 

16, 17. E. stella-boreale (Ehrenberg). (After Schultze.) 16, Apertural view; 17, detail of surface_________ ___ ______ ___ ___ 58 

18. E. schmitti Cushman and Wick enden. Recent, Juan Fernandez, Chile. X 75. Holotype. a, b, Opposite sides; c, a pert ural 

view_ :__ _________ ______________ __ _____ __ _ ______ ___ _________ ---- ------------------ ------------- - 58 

19. E. hedleyi (Jensen). (After J ensen.) Recent, Australia. X 40- --------------------- --------------------------- - 58 

20- 22. E. milletti (Heron-Allen and Earland). 20, 21, After Heron-Allen and Earland, Recent, Southeastern Africa, X 60; 

22, Recent, Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands, X 40 ____________ _ ----------------- ----------- ---------- 58 

23. E. oceanicurn Cushman. Recent, Fiji, X 65. Holotype __ ___ ______ ___ ---- ------------------ -------------------- 59 

24. E. reticulosum Cushman. Recent, Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands, X 55. Holotype ____ ______ _____ ______ _______ __ 59 

25. E. gunteri Cole var. galvestonense Kornfeld. (After Kornfeld.) Recent , off Galveston, Tex., X 75 ____ ____ - _- _- _- _- _ _ 60 

26- 28. E. selseyense (Heron-Allen and Earland). (After H eron-Allen and Earland.) Recent, Selsey Bill, England, X 65 _ _ _ 59 

29. E. rnorenoi Bermudez. Recent, Cuba, X 30. Cotype _____ ______ __ ______ ___ ____ ---- ------ ----------- - --- - -- - - 59 

30. E. australe Cushman and Parker. Recent, Falkland Islands, X 55. Holotype_ __ _ ___ ___ ____________ ----- - _ _ _ _ _ 60 

31- 35. E. advenurn (Cushman). 31, Recent, Dry Tortugas, Florida, X 75; 32, after H. B. Brady, X 55; 33- 35, Recent, 

Pacific, X 30------------ ------------------------------ - ----- - --------- --------- -- - ------------------ 60 

87 

lSHt- :.W-- 8 
PLATE 17 

[In all figure~: a, side view; b, apertural view] 

Page 

l. Elphidium advenum (Cushman) var. depressulum Cushman Recent, Fiji. X 55. Holotype__ ____ __ ______ __________ 61 

2. E. advenum (Cushman) var. margaritaceum Cushman. Recent, Newport, R. I. X 65. Holotype_ ___ _____ ________ __ 61 

3. E. advenum (Cushman) var. ponticum Dolgopolskaja and Pauli. (After Dolgopolskaja and Pauli.) Recent, Black Sea_ 61 

4. E. minimum (Segucnza). (After Seguenza.) Pliocene, Sicily_____ ________ ____ __ _____ _____ ___________ __ __ ____ __ __ 62 

5-9. E. imperatrix (H. B. Brady). 5- 7, After H. B. Brady, Recent, Storm Bay, Tasmania, X 30; 8, 9, after Protescu _____ 61 

10. E. simplex Cushman. Recent, Vavau Anchorage, Tonga Islands, X 55. Holotype_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ - __ ______ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 62 

11, 12. E. magellanicum Heron-Allen and Earland. (After Heron-Allen and Earland.) Recent, Straits of Magellan. X 55 62 

13. E. verriculalum (H. B. Brady). (After H. B. Brady.) Recent, Bass Strait, Australia. X 55 __ _____ ____ _____ ____ ___ 61 

14, 15. E. jenseni Cushman. Recent, Fiji. X 35----------------------- - ---- ------------- - ---- ------ -- - - ---------- 62 

16. E. indicum Cushman. Recent, Bombay, India. X 50. Holotype ____ _____ _________ __ ________ ___ __ ____ ___ _____ __ 62 

17. E. lidoense Cushman. Recent, Lido, Venice, Italy. X 65. Holotype ___ ___ _____________ ------- - - ---- ---------- 62 

18. E. novo-zealandicum Cushman. Recent, Dusky Sound, New Zealand. X 60. Holotype___ ____ ____________ _________ 63 

19. E. nigarense Cushman. Recent, Nigare, Greece. X 90. Holotype___ _____________ ___ _______ ______ ______ ___ _____ 63 

88 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 17 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
( 

\ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLA'rE 18 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 18 

[In all figures: a, side view; b, upertural view] 

Page 

l. Elphidium earlandi Cushman. Recent, southwest coast of Spain. X 65. Holotype___ __ ________ _________ _____ ______ 63 

2. E. hispidulum Cushman. Recent, Albany Passage, Australia. X 65. Holotype _____ __ _____ ---------------------- 63 

3, 4. E. spinatum Cushman and Valentine. Recent, off Channel Islands, Calif. X 55. 3, Holotype; 4, paratype _ ----- - 63 

5. E. subevulutum Cushman. Recent, Rotonga. X 45. Holotype__ _____ _____ _____ ____ ______________ _____ _________ _ 63 

6. E. papillosum Cushman. Recent, 16 miles cast of Wollongong, Now South Wales. X 65. Holotypo ___ --- ------ ---- 64 

7. E. sculpturatum Cushman. Recent, off Melbourne, Australia. X 90. Holotype _ ____ _____ ____ _ · ______ . _____ . _. - . -- 64 

8. E. jrigidum Cushman. Recent, Fox Basin, Greenland . X 40. Holotype______ ___ __ ________ _______ ____ __________ _ 64 

!J. E. evolutum (Chapman). (After Chapman) __ ______ __________ _________ _______ _____ -- ---------- ----- -------- --- 64 

10. E. bartletti Cushman. Recent, off Labrador. X 40. Holotype__ ________ ______ ________ _________ _____ _________ ___ 64 

11- 14. Elphidiella arctica (Parker and Jones). 11, After Dawson, Recent, Gaspe Bay; 12, 13, Recent, Gaspe Bay, X 40; 

14, after H . B. Brady, Recent, Smith Sound, X 28---- --------------------- - ----- - --------- -- ------------ 65 

S!l 
PLATE 19 

[Unless otherwise designated; n, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, aperturnl view] 

Page 

1, 2. Elphidiella hannai (Cushman and Grant). 1, Recent, off Farallon Islands, Calif., X 40, holotype; 2. Recent. Monterey 

Bay, Calif., X 45. a, a, Side views; b, b, apertural views~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 66 

3. E. groenlandica (Cushman). Recent, off northeast Greenland. X 40. Holotype. a, Side view; b, apertural view~~ ~~ 66 

4. E. sibirica (Goes). (After Goes.) Recent, Arctic. a, Side view; b, a pert ural view ~~~~ ~~~ .. ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ 66 

5- 8. Ozawaia tongaensie Cushman. 5, 6, X 45, early stages(?): 5a, Side view; b, apertural view; 7, Recent, Vavau Anchorage, 67 

Tonga Islands, X 45, holotype: a, Side view; b, apertural view; 8, after Millett, Recent, Malay Archipelago, X 45 

9. Faujasina? orbignyi T erqucm. (After Terqucm.) Eocene, Paris Basin ~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~_~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 68 

10. F. carinata D 'Orbigny. (After D'Orbigny, 1846.) Cretaceous?, Maestricht ?~~~~~~~- ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ 68 

11, 12. Polystornellina discorbinoides Yabe and Hanzawa. 1 1, After Yabe and Hanzawa, X 22; 1 2, X 40 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 68 

13. P. rniocenica Cushman . Miocene, Batesford, Australia. X 40. Holot pe ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 69 

14. P. australis Cushman. Recent, Gulf of Carpentaria. X 65. Holotype ~~~~ ~~~ --~-~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ---~~~~~~ 69 

90 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY l'ROFESSlONAL l'Al'ER 101 l'LA'l':E 19 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
GEQ I,QG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 191 PLATE 20 

THE FORAMINIFERAL FAMILY NONIONIDAE. 
PLATE 20 

Page 

1, 2. Nonion havanense Cushman and Bermudez. (After Cushman and Bermudez.) X 60. 1, Paratype. 2, Holotype__ 8 

3, 4. N. advenum (Cushman), X 40. 3a, 4a, Side views; 3b, 4b, apertural views______________________________________ 9 

5, 6. Elphidium ezoense Asano, X 33. 5, Holotype; a, side view; b, apertural view. 6, Paratype, after Asano____________ 19 

7. E. translucens Natland. (After Natland.) X 60. a, Side view; b, apertural view________________________________ 65 

8. E. tumidum Natland. (After Natland.) X 75. a, Side view; b, aper.tural view__________________________________ 65 

91 

1819-39-9 

INDEX 

A Page Page 

bartletti, Elphidium ___________________________________________________ 64-65, pl.18 

acervata, Nonionina____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 basispinatum, Nonion pizarrense __________________________________________ 25, pl. 6 

Ack,nowledgment for aid ______________ --------------__________________________ 1 bathyomphala, Nonionina_ ------ _ _ ___ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ ____ __ _ _____ _ _____ __ ____ 26 

aculeata, Polystomella _________________________________________________ ------- 44 bavarica, Nonionina __________________________________________________ -------- 26 

Polystomella macella__________ _ _ _ _ __ __ ______ _______ _ __ ____ _ ___ __ _ _ ______ _ _ 52 belridgense, Nonion _______________________________________________________ 18, pl. 5 

aculeatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 44, pl. 11 berthelotiana, Polystomella____ ____ _ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ ____ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ _ _ __ ____ 56 

Elphidium macellum __________________________________________________ 52, pl. 15 berthelotianum, Elphidium ____________________________________________ 56-57, pl.15 

ad vena, Nonionina ______________________ -------------------------------------- 7, 9 birmenstorfensis. Noniorina. ________________________________ ----------------- 26 

PolystoiD.lllhl. •..•••.... ___ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ ____ ____ 60 bonairense, Nonion .•. ------------------------------------------------------ 6, pl. 1 

adv~:;di~h~~~;t:;~~h~)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~ 16, !~ borealis, Nonionina .• _____________________________________________ ------------ 26 

boueana, Nonionina. _ ------------- ____________ ---------------- 12, 15, 24, 25, 26, 32,66 

Nonion. ----------------------- ________________________________________ 9, pl. 20 boueanum, Nonion ________________________________________ 11, 12-13,20,25, pis. 3, 6 

aequivoca, Polystomella____ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ _ __ ___ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ 67 boveana, Nonion_. _ -------- ___________________________ ------------------- ____ 12 

affine, Nonion _______________________________________________________________ 9, pl. 2 bradii, Nonionina scapha _________ -------------------------------------------- 26 

affinis, Nonionina_____________ ____ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ 9 Bradyina .. ________________________________________________________ . __________ _ 

Planul,ina ___________ ------ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ____ _ __ ___ ____ _ ___ ___ _ ____ _ ___ 9 brooklynense, Elphidium _______________ ------ ________ ---------------------- __ 57 

Ptllvinulina _______________________________________________ ---------------- 9 brownii, Cushmanella. __________ --------------------------------------- 25, 35, pl. 9 

aglajae, Nonionina________ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ ___ ____ _ ______ ________ ____ 26 Nonion _________________________________________________________ ------ ____ 35 

alabamensis, Nonionella ____________________________________________________ 28, pl. 7 Nonionina _________________ ------- ________ ------ __ ------------------------ 25, 35 

alvareziana, Polystomella___________ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ ___ _ __ __ 54 bulloides, Nonionina _________________________ ---------------------- ____ ______ 25 

alvarezi.anum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 54, pl. 14 burdigalensis, Polystomella ___________________ ------ __ ____ ____ ______ ____ ____ __ 67 

ambiguus, Nautilus___________________________________________________________ 38 buxovillana, Nonionina ••. ______ . _________________________________ ---------- __ 18 

Andromedes______________ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ ____ ___ _ ____ 38 buxovillanum, NonioD----------------------------------------------------- 18, pl. 5 

angulare, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 53, pl.14 

angularis, Polystomella_____ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ __ 53 

angulata, Polystomella__________ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ ____ ___ __ ___ ____ __ _ _ __ __ 45 

angulatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 45, pl. 12 

angustum, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 17, pl. 4 

Anomalina ____________________________________________________________________ 13, 26 

insecta____________________________________________________________________ 29 

c 

calcar, Polystomella __________________________________ ------------------------ 67 

Camerina_____ __ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ 26 

canadensis, Nonionina ____________________ ---------- ____ -------------------- 25 

Polystomella. _______ ---------- _______________ -------------------------·-- 67 

Cancellaria ______ ·----- _____________________________________ ------------------ 14 

anomalina, Noniouina ____________________________________ -~ ___ _ ___ ___ __ ______ 9 

anomalinum, Nonion _____________________________________________________ 9-10, pl. 2 

antonina, Polystomella_ _ _ _ ______ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ ______ ____ _ __________ _ ___ _ _______ 43 

:~~~~:.~n~:~~~-~~~~~ ~ ~---~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~~~ ~5S~~/~ archetypus, Nonionina________________________________________________________ 26 

arctica, Elphidiella _____________________________________________________ 65---£6, pl. 18 

Nonionina___________ ___ __ _ _ ______ _ _______ __ __ ___ ___ __ __ _ __ _ ____ ___ _ __ ____ 25 

Cardium. ________________________________________________________ ------------ 14 

carinata, Faujasina _____________ ----------- _________________ -------------- 68, pl. 19 

carmeloense, Nonion montereyanum_ _________________________ ~------------ 16, pl. 4 

Ca.ssidulina.. .•..• __ . __________________________________________________ • __ _ _ __ _ _ 10 

caucasicum, Elphidium reginum. _________________________________________ 44, pl. 11 

Cellanthus ______________________ -------------------- ________________ -------- __ 38 

centronondepressum, Elphidium subumbilicr~tum ________________________ 45, pl. 11 

chapapotense, Nonion ••• ---------------------------------------------------- 6, pl. 2 

Polystomella____________ __ _ _ __ ________ ____ __ _ ___ ____ ___ _ ______ ______ __ ____ 65 

arcticum,. Elphidium _________________________________________________________ 65---£6 

arenacea, Nonion turgida ___________________________ -------------------------- 26 

armatum, Nonion boueanum _______________________________________________ 25, pl. 6 

articulata, Polystomella___________ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ __ 53 

articulatum, Elphidium _____________________________________________ 53-54,65, pl. 14 

asterizans, Nautilus _____________________ -------------------------------------- 3, 20 

Nonion _________________________________________________________________ 20, pl. 5 

Nonionina _____________________ ------------------------ ________________ 20, 32,37 

astreae, Nonionina______ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ______ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ ______ 26 

Astrononion ___________________________________________________________ 35-38, pl. 10 

australe _______ ------------------- __________________________________ 37-38, pl. 10 

fijiense ••••• ------------------ ___________ ---------------- ______ --------- 37, pl. 10 

italicum .•. ____________________________________________________________ 37, pl. 10 

novo-zeab:mdicum _____________________________________________________ 37, pl. 10 

sidebottomL _____ ---------------------- ______________________________ 36, pl. 10 

stellatum. ____________________________________________________________ 36, pl. 10 

stelligerum .. -.--- ____ . ___ . ______ -. ___________ ... _____ . __________ 36; 37, 38, pl. 10 

tumidum. _ ----------------------------------------------------------- 37, pl. 10 

viragoense_ ----------- ___ --------------------------------- _________ 36, 37, pl. 10 

attenuata, Nonionia. ____ ----------·------------------------------------------- 17 

chapmani, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 47, pl. 12 

chiliensis, Nonionella. _ ·----- ________________________ ---------------------- 33, pl. 9 

chipolense, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 46-47, pl. 12 

cbipolensis, Polystomella. ____________________________________________ -------- 46 

Cibicides _____________________________ . ___________________________ -------- ____ 26 

clarki, Nonionina _____________________________________________ -------------- _ _ 26 

elavata, Nonionella ... ------------------------------------------------------ 31, pl. 8 

clavatum, Elphidium incertum ________________________________________ 57-58, pl. 16 

Clavulina szaboL _________________________ ----------------·--------------- ____ 8 

cockfleldensis, Nonionella. ___________ ------------------------------------ 29, pl. 7 commune, Nonion ______________________________________________________ 1Q-ll, pl. 3 

communis, Nonlonina. ___ ------------ _______ ------------------------------- __ 10, 20 

compacta, N onlonina. _____________________________________ • _____ ·_ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ 26 

complanata, Polystomella __ --------------------- ___ ________ ________ __ ___ _____ 56 

complanatum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 56, pl. 15 

Cornu iiammonis orhic:ulatum •• ____ ------------ ___ ------------ _______ ------- 50 

costata, Nonionina. ________________________ ---------------- ________ ---------- 10 

costa tum, Nonion. _ ·------- ______________ --------- ____________________ ------· 10 

costifera, Nonionina. ____________________ -------- __________ ------------------· 15 

Polystomella .• ____________________ ----------- _____ --~ ____ ---------------- 39 

costiferum, Elphidium. ___________________________________________________ 39, pl. 10 

attenuatum, Nonion ________________________________________________________ 17, pl. 4 

auricula, Nonionella. _________ ------------------------------------------ 33-34, pl. 9 

auris, Nonionella _______________ -------------------------------------- 31, 32, 33, pl. 9 

Valvulina. ___________________________________________________ ------------ 33 

Nonion. --------------- _____________________________________________ 15, 18, pl. 4 

cra.ssatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 41, pl.ll 

crassula, Nonionina. _______________________ ---------------------------------- 22 

crassulum, Nonion •.. ------------------------------------------------------ 21, pl. 5 

austinana, Nonionella ______________________________________________________ 27, pl. 7 

australe, Astrooonion. _________________________________________________ 37-38, pl. 10 

Elphidium _________________________________ --------------------------- 60, pl. 16 

australis, Polystomellina _________________________________________________ 69, pl. 19 

crassulus, Nautiln'l ____________________ --------------------------------------- 21 

craticulata, Polystomella. _____________ ------------------------·-------------- 56 

craticulatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________ 38, 49, 56, pl.15 

craticulatus, Nautilus._. _______________ -------------------------------------· 38, 56 

crespinae, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 41, pl.ll 

B cretacea, Nonionella ___________________ --------------------------------- 27, 28, pl. 7 

badensis, Nonionina. ___ -------- __ _ __ __ _ ___ __ _ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ ___ ________ __ __ 26 Nonionina ____________ -------- _____________ ------------------------------- 3, 26 

barleeana, Nonionina ____ --------------------------------------- __ _ ___ ________ 23 cretaceum, Nonion. ________________________ ------------------------ --~---·--· 3 

barleeanum, Non ion_. _____________________________________________________ 23, pl. 6 Cribospira ________________________________________ --------------------------·· 2 

93 
94 INDEX 

Page Page 

crisiae, Nonionina_ ---------- ___________________________________ -------------- 26 Elphidium, flexuosum ___________ ------------------------------------------ 42, pl. 11 

crispa, Polystomella _____ ----------------------------------------- 38, 39, 50, 58, 65,67 florentinae ___________________________________________________________ ----- 57 

crispum, Elphidium _____________________________________________ 48, 5Q-51, 52, pl.13 frigidum _______________________________________________________________ 64, pl. 18 

crispus, Nautilus ___________________________________________ ------------------ 38, 50 georgianum ______ ------- _______________________________________________ 50, pl. 13 

Cristellaria. ---------------- ____________________________________ -------------- 3 gibbum _______________ ---------------------------------- ___ ----------- 58, pl. 16 

cryptostoma, Polystomella. ___________________________________ --------------- 45 glabratum __________________________ ----------------------------- ______ 47, pl. 12 

cryptostomum, Elphidium ________________________________________________ 45, pl.ll grantL ___ ---- __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ ____ ____ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ ___ 69 

crystallina, Nonionina ________________________________________ ---------------- 26 granulosum_______ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ ____ __ 65 

culebrense, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 41, pl.ll groenlandicum_. _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ____ _____ 66 

Cus::~Z:{il~--~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~-~~~~~~~: ~~~~~~~~~~~~:::~ ~::~~:~ :~~~:~~~~~~:~·;;, ~~: ~;:: gunteri. ----------------- ___________________________________________ 49--50, pl. 13 

galvestonense ..... _________________________________________________ 60, pl. 16 

Cyclammina________________ _______ ___ __ __ _ _______ ____ _ ___ _ _ __ _____ __ ________ 26 hannai.__________ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ 66 

hauerinum. ___________________________________________________________ 42, pl. 11 

D hedleyi_ _______________________________________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

danvillense, Nonion ____________ ----------------------- _____________________ 5, pl. 1 hispidulum. ___________________________________________________________ 63, pl. 18 

danvillensis, Nonionella ____________________________________________________ 30, pl. 8 howchinL _____________________________________________________________ 41, pl. 11 

decipiens, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 48, pl. 12 hughesL ____________________________________ ---------- ______________ 49, 65, pl. 13 

Polystomella •• __ ------------- ____________________________________________ 48, 57 foraminosum. ----------------------------------------------------- 49, pl. 13 

dense-punctata, N onionina. ------~--- ________________________________ -------- 14 obesum ____________________________________________________________ 49, pl. 13 

dense-punctatum, Nonion. _________________________________________________ 14, pl. 3 ibericum ___________ -------------- ____ ---------------- __________________ 50, pl.l3 

depressula, Nonionina ____________________________ -------------------- _ ------- 20,24 imperatrix _____________________________________________ -------- ________ 61, pl. 17 

Polystomella •• ------------ ______________________________________ --------- 67 incertum __ ------------------------------- _ --------------- _______ 53, 57, 58, pl. 15 

depressulum, Elphidium advenum ________________________________________ 61, pl.1i clavatum ________ ---------- _____ ------- ________ ----------------- 57-58, pl. 16 

Nonion ________________________________________________________ 9, 20--21,24, pl. 5 mexicanum _____________________________________________________ 57-58, pl. 16 

depressulus, Nautilus _________________________________________________ -------- 20 indicum ___________________ -------------------------- __________________ 62, pl. 17 

dingdeni, Nonion .•. ------------------------------------------------------- 16, pl. 4 inflatum ______________________________________ ------------------------- 46, pl.12 

discoidale, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 56, pl.15 jensenL ________________________________________________________________ 62, pl. 17 

discoidalis, Polystomella__________________________ __ __ ___ _ ___ _____ ____ ____ ____ 56 josephinum ____________________ ---------------------------------------- 43, pl.ll 

discorbinoides, Polystomella (Polystomellina)________________________________ 68 lamina tum .• _--------- _________________________________ ----------- ____ 49, pl. 13 

Polystomellina_ --- ____________ ------------------------------- ________ 68, pl. 19 lanierL. ______________________________________________________________ . 55, pl. 15 

Discorbis----------------------- ______ -------- ____ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ ______ 26 latidorsatum __________________________________________________________ 39, pl. 10 

discrepans, Polystomella __________________________________________________ 40, pl.10 lessoniL ______________________________________________________________ 53, pl. 14 

dollfusi, Non ion ___ -------------------- ______________ .... ____________________ 15, pl. 4 lidoense ... ------------------------ _________________________________ 62-63, pl. 17 

macellum _______________________________________________ 48, 51-52,67, pis. 14, 15 

E aculeatum ______________________ ---------------------------------- 52, pl. 15 

earlandi, Elphidium_ ------ _________________________________________ ------ 63, pl. 18 granulosum _______________ ---------------------------------------- 52, pl. 14 

elliptica, Nonionina __ ---------------- ______________________ ------------------ 21 limbatum _________________________ ----------------- _______________ 52, pl. 14 

elon~ata, Nonionina _____________________________________________ ------------- 11 tum.idocamerale. _ ---------- ______________________________________ 46, pl. 12 

Pullenia _____________________________________________________ ------------- 30 magellanicum. ________________________________________________________ 62, pl. 17 

elongatum, Nonion ________________________________________________________ 11, pl. 3 millettL------------------- --------------- _________________________ 58-59, pl. 16 

Elphidiella _____________________________________________________ • __ 65-67, pls.18, 19 minimum. __ --------------------------------------------------------- 62, pl. 17 

arctica. ----------------------------- _______________________________ 65-66, pl. 18 minutum _____________________________________ ---'---- _________________ 40, pl. 10 

groenlandica _____________ ------------------------------------------ 66-67, pl. 19 morenoL .. ------------------------------------------------------------ 59, pl. 16 

hannaL ---------- ___________________ -------- _________________________ 66, pl. 19 nigarense _______ ---------- __________________________________ ---------- 63, pl. 17 

sibirica _____________ ----------- ______________ ---------- ____ ------------ 66, pl. 19 nobile .• ______________________________________________________________ 45, pl. 12 

Elphidium _____________ ------------------ ____ 2, 3, 18, 22, 24,38-65,67,68, pls. 1Q-18, 20 novo-zealandicum. ----------------- ______ ---------------------------- 63, pl. 17 

aculeatum ______ _, _________ ------- ________ ------------------------------ 44, pl. 11 obtusum ________________________________________________________ ---------- 42 

advenum. ------------------------------------ ____ ----------------- 6Q-61, pl. 16 oceanense _______________________________________________________ ------ 56, pl. 15 

depressulum _______________________________________________ ------- 61, pl. 17 oceanicum •... ________________________________________________________ 59, pl. 16 

margaritaceum ____________________________________________________ 61, pl. 17 oregonense ___________________________________________________ ------· 19, 50, pl. 13 

ponticum ___________________________________________________ ------ 61, pl. 17 ortenburgense _____________________________________________ ------------ 45, pl. 12 

alvarezianum ___________________________________________ -------------- 54, pl. 14 owenianum ___________________________________________________________ 53, pl. 14 

serrulatum ______ ----------------------- __________________________ 54, pl. 14 panamense. _ ------------------------------------- ______ -------------- 41, pl. 11 

angulare. ------------------- __________________________________________ 53, pl. 14 papillosum __ ----------------------------------------- ________ -------- 64, pl. 18 

angulatum __________________________________________ ------------------ 45, pl. 12 parri _______________________________________________________________ 47-48, pl. 12 

antoninum ___________________________ -------- ______________________ 43, 45, pl. 11 poeyanum.. ________________________________________________________ 54-55, pl. 14 

arcticum ________________________________________________________ ---------- 65-66 pseudoinflatum. ____________________________________________________ 41-42, pl. 11 

articulatum _____________________________________________________ 53-54,65, pl. 14 pseudonodm;um __ --------------------------- ___________________ .. c ••• 50, pl. 13 

rugulosum .• _____ ------------------------------------------------- 54, pl. 14 punctatum. ----------------- _________ -------------------------------- 49, pl. 13 

australe _________ ------- _______________________________________________ 60, pl. 16 reginum. ______________________________________________________________ 44, pl. 11 

bartlettL ---------- ___________ .. ___________________________________ 64-65, pl. 18 caucasicum _______________________________________ ---------------- 44, pl. 11 

berthelotianum __________________ --------------- ___________________ 56-57, pl. 15 reticulosum .. ___________________________________________________ ------ 59, pl. 16 

brooklynense. --------------- _____ .. -------- _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ ____ 57 rugosum •• -----------------------------------------------· ------------ 42, pl. 11 

chapmanL ________ ------------------------ ____________________________ 47, pl. 12 sagrum ____ -----··------------ _________________________________________ 55, pl. 15 

chipolense __________________________________________________________ 46-47, pl. 12 salentinum. _____ ------------- ________________________________________ 48, pl. 13 

complanatum _________________________________________________________ 56, pl. 15 schenckL _________ ------------------------------------------- _________ 40, pl. 10 

costiferum ------- ______________________________________________________ 39, pl. 10 schmittL.---------------------- ______________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

crassatum ________________ ------------ _________________________________ 41, pl. 11 sculpturatum ________________________________ ----------- ______________ 64, pl. 18 

craticulatum ___ -------------- __________________________ --------- 38, 49, 56, pl. 15 selseyense. ___ -------- ___________________ -- ________ ----- ___ ------ __ 59--60, pl. 16 

crespinae ______________________________________________________________ 41, pl. 11 semistriatum. _________________________________________________ ------- 48, pl. 12 

crispum _________________ ----------- __________________________ 48, 50-51, 52, pl. 13 sibiri cum ____________________________________________________ • ________ -_-- 66 

cryptostomum _____________________________________ --------------- ____ 45, pl. 11 simplex ____________________________________ ----------- ________________ 62, pl. 17 

culebrense _____________________________________________________________ 41, pl. 11 smithL __________ --------------- ______ ----------- ·--- ___ . --- ____ -- _ --- 40, pl. 10 

decipiens _____________________________________________________ --------- 48, pl. 12 spinatum. __________ ------------- _______________ ----· ____ ---- _______ 63, 65, pl. 18 

discoidale ______________________________________________________ ------- 56, pl. 15 spinulosum ..... ______________________________________ .... _____________ 48, pL 13 

earlandL ---------------- __________________________ ------------------- 63, pl. 18 stella-boreale _________________________________ ------- __________ -------- 58, pl. 16 

eocenicum ___________________________________________________________ 39-40, pl.lO strattonL ________________________________ . _____________ . -------------- 46, pl. 12 

evolutum ___________________________________________________ ----------- 64, pl. 18 striato-punctatum __________________________________________ 38, 47, 52-53, pl. 14 

excavatum_ ----------------------------------------------------------- 58, pl. 16 subcarinatum _________________________________ -----------------.-- _ --- 45, pl. 12 

exoletum ____________________________________________ ------------ ______ 48, pl. 13 subevolutum.. ____________________________________ ----------------- 63-64, pl. 18 ezoense .. _______________________________ ·-- ____________________________ 19, pl. 20 subinflatum. ________ -------- _______ --------· _____ ---------- ____________ 48, pl. 12 

falunicum _____________________ ------------------------------------- 46, 47, pl. 12 subnodosum. ---------------- ___________________ ------------------- 40-41, pl. 11 

fichtellianum _____________________________ --------- _________________ 42-43, pl. 11 subplanatum __________________________ -~----------------· ------------ 42, pl. 11 

fimbriatulum .• ---------------------------------------· --------------- 47, pl. 12 subsphaericum _________________________________ , _____________________ 47, pl. 12 
INDEX 95 

Page Page 

Elphidium, subumbilicatum ______________________________________________ 45, pl. 11 gibbum, Elphidium _______________________________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

centronondepressum ______________________________________________ 45, pl. 11 glabra, Nonionina __ ---------------------------------------------------------- 10 teretiusculum _________________________________________________________ 48, pl. 13 glabratum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 47, pl. 12 

texanum ___________________ ------------------ _ ---------- ______________ 39, pl. 10 glabrellum, Nonion.------------------------------------------------- 14-15,35, pl. 3 

vanslucens_-- -------------------------------------------------------- 65, pl. 20 glabrum, Nonion _________________ --------------------- _____________ ---------- 10 

tricostatum ___________ ---------- __________ ---------- __________________ 46, pl. 12 Globigerina ______ -------- ________________ -------- __________________________ 26, 45, 67 

tumidum _____________ ------------------ ______________________________ 65, pl. 20 globosa, Nonionina. ----- _____________ ------------------------------------·--- 26 

ungerL _______ ------------------------ ____ ------------------ ________ 44-45, pl. 11 globulosa, Nonionina. ______________ -----------------~---·---------- ---------- 26 

venustum _______________ ---------------------- ________________ -------- 58, pl. 16 globulus, Nonionina ________________ ------------------------------------- _ ---- 26 

verriculatum __________________________________________________________ 61, pl. 17 goudkoffi, Nonion. ______________ ---------------------- _______________ -------- 69 

sp _____________ ------------------- __________ -------- ________________ 40, 67, pl. 10 graeca, Nonionina ___________ ------------------------------------·------------ 26 

(Polystomella) advenum pontica ___________ ------------------ ___ _________ 61 granifera, Nonionina ________ ---------------------------- ________ -------------- 4 

magellanicum. ____ --------------------------------------------------- 62 graniferum, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 4, pl. 1 

elyptica, Nonionina ___ • ______ -------- ________ ------------ ____ -------------- __ 21 granosa, Nonionina. ______ -------- ________ --------------------- ___________ ---- 11 

elypticum, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 21, pl. 5 granosum, Nonion __________________________________________________ ~------ 11, pl. 2 

Endothyra ______ ----------- ____ -------- _____________________________ --------- 2, 26 granti, Elphidium ____________ ---------------------------- ________________ ---- 69 

eocenicum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 39-40, pl. 10 granulata, Polystomella __ ---------------------------------------------------- 51,67 

erythraea, Nonionina ___________________________________________ -------------- 25 granulosum, Elphidium. _______ -------------- __ -------- _____ ------- _ --------- 65 

escheri, Nonionina ___________ ---------------- __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ____ ______ _ ___ ____ 26 Elphidium macellum __________________________________________________ 52, pl. 14 

etrusca, Polystomella _________________________________________________________ 19, 67 grateloupi, Nonion _______________________________ -------------------- 21-22,23, pl. 6 

etruscus, Melonis _________________________ -------------- ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ ________ 19 N onioniua _____________________________________________________ . ___ • __ ---- 21 

evoluta, Polystomella striatopunctata _____ -------------------------------- 64, pl. 18 gravinensis, Nonionina _____ -------------------------------------------------- 26 evolutum, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 64, pl. 18 groenlandica, Elphidiella ... -------------------------------------------- 66-67, pl. 19 

excavr.ta, Nonionina_____ _ __ ___ _____ _____ __ _ ____ __ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ____ _ _______ 18 groenlandicum, Elphidium _____________________ -------- ________________ ------ 66 

Polystomella __ ---------------------- ___________________________ ---------- 58 gunteri, Elphidium ____________ ---------------------------------- 49-50,60, pls. 13, 16 

excavatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

Nonion. _____________ ---------------------------- ______________________ 18, pl. 5 

exoleta, Polystomella _____ ----------- _______________________________ ---------- 48 

H 

halkyardi, Nonion _________ -------------------------------------------------- 8, pl. 2 

exoletum, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 48, pl. 13 hannai, Elphidiella.------------------------------------------------------- 66, pl. 19 

exponens, Nonion __________________________________________________________ 24, pl. 6 Elphidium _____________________________ ------------------ ______ ---------- 66 

Nonionina________ ____ ______ __ __ ____ ____ ______ _ _ _______ ___ __ __ ____ _ _______ 24 hantkeni, Nonion _______________________________________ -------- ______ -------- 30 

extensa, Nonionella ________________________________________________________ 28, pl. 7 

Nonionina_______ _ __ ________ ____ _ __ _ ____ ___ ___ ____ _ _ ____ __ ____ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ 14 

Nonionella_ -------- ____ ---- ____ ----------- _____ ------------------- _____ 30, pl. 8 

Nonionina ___________________________________________ --------- __ ---------- 30 

extensum, Nonion __ ------------------------------------------------------- 14, pl. 4 ezoense, Elphidium _______________________________________________________ 19, pl. 20 

Hantkenina. _ -------- ________________________ ---- ___________________ --------- 2 

Haplophragmoides. ____________________________________ -------------- ______ 2, 25-26 

Hastigerina ______________________________________ ------------------- __ -------- 25 

F hauerina, Polystomella •• _______ ---------------------------------------------- 42 

faba, Nautilus________________________________________________________________ 20 hauerinum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 42, pl. 11 

Polystomella ____________________________________________ -------- __ __ ___ _ __ 22 havanense, Nonion _____________________ -------------·-----·--------- _____ 8-9, pl. 20 

fabum, Nonion _______________________________________________________________ 11,20 

falunica, Polystomella..________________________________________________________ 46 

hedleyi, Elphidium. ____________ ------------------------------------------ 58, pl. 16 

Polystomella ___________________________ --------- _ ------------ ________ ---· 58 

falunicum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 46, 47, pl. 12 helicina, Nonionina __________________________ ·------ ____ ---------------- ____ __ 26 

falx, Nonion ______________________________________________________ ------------ 13 Helicozoa ___________________________________ -------------------- _________ ----- 38 

Nonionina________ ___ _ __ ____ _______ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _____ ___ 13 hemprlchii, Nonionina ________________________ -------------------- _____ ------- 26 

Faujasina ______________ ------------------------------------------ ____ 2, 67-68, pl. 19 heteropora, Nonionina ___________________ ----------------------- _____ --------- 26 

carinata _______________________________________________________________ 68, pl. 19 

orbignyL ------------------------------------------------------- ___ 19, 68, pl. 19 

hispidulum, Elphidium _____________ ---·------------------------------- ___ 63, pl. 18 

howchini, Elphidium. ------------------------------------------------- ___ 41, pl. 11 

fayette!, Nonion hantkenL _____ ---------------------------------------------- 30 hughesi, Elphidium _________________ ----------------------------------- 49, 65, pl. 13 

Nonionella hantkenL ___________________________ ----------------------- 30, pl. 8 

fichteli, Polystomella _______________________ -------------------- ________ ------ 38 

hummelincki, Nonion _______________________________________________________ 6, pl. 1 

N onionina___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 6 

fichtelliana, Polystomella _________________ ------------ ________________ -------- 42 hyalina, Nonionina •.• ____________________ -------------------------- _ ___ _ _____ 26 

fichtellianum, Elphidium ______________________________________________ 42-43, pl.11 

fijiense, Astrononion ______________________________________________________ 37, pl. 10 

fimbriatula, Polystomella ________________________ ------------- _______ --------- 47 

fimbriatulum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 47, pl.12 

fiexuosa, Polystomella____ __ _ ___ __ _____ _ ____ ________ ____________ _ ___ _____ _____ 43 

fiexuosum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 42, pl. 11 

fiorentinae, Elphidium. _________________________________ --------------------- 57 

fioridana. Nonionina______ _____ _____ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ ____ __ _ _ ____ __ _ ______ 26 

Florilus_____ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 3 

fiorinense, Nonion __________________________________________________________ 5, pl. 1 

fiustrella, Nonionina ____ ---------- __ _ ______ _ ____ ___ _ _ _____ __ _ _ __ _ __ ____ _ ______ 26 

foraminosum, Elphidium hughesL _______________________________________ 49, pl. 13 

formosa, Nonionina_______________ ____ _____ ___ _ ___ _ _____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ______ 18 

formosum, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 18, pl. 5 

fraasana, Nonionina. ------------- __________________ -------------- ______ ______ 3 

fraasanum, Nonion __________________________________________________________ 3, p1.1 

frankel, Nonionella _____________________________________________________ 3Q-31, pl. 8 

frigidum, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 64, pl. 18 

fusca, Nonionina _____________________________________________________ --------- 26 

I 

iberica, Polystomella. _. ____ -------------------------------- ______ ____ __ ______ 50 

ibericum, Elphidium ______ ------------------------------------------------ 50, pl. 13 

Nonion ____________________ ------------------- ______ -------------------- 17, pl. 4 

imperatrix, Elphidium ________________________________ c __________________ ... 61, pl. 17 

Polystomella _______ -------- _____ -------- ____________ ----------- _ _ ________ 61 

incerta, Polystomella umbilicatula ____________ ------ ____ ------ ________ -------- 57 

incertum, Elphidium ______________ ------------------------------- 53, 57, 58, pis. 15, 16 

incisa, Nonionina __________________________ ------------- __ -------------------- 15 

incisum, Nonion ••. ----------------------------------------------------- 15, 69, pl. 4 

incrassata, Nonionina _______________ ------------------ ____ -------------------- 19 

incrassatum, Nonion------------------------------------------------------- 19, pl. 9 

incrassatus, Nautilus.-------- ___________________________________ ------------- 3, 15 

indicum, Elphidium __ ---- __ -------- ______________ ----------------- _______ 62, pl. 17 

indigena, Polystomella. _ ----------------------------------------------------- 67 

inexcavata, Nonionina advena________________________________________________ 7 

inexcavatum, Nonion ••• ------------------------------------------- _________ 7, pl. 2 

infiata, Nonionina __________________ ------------------------------------------ 26 

Polystomella •• _____ .• ___ ------ ____ • ___________________ . ______________ . ___ 46 

G 

gaimardii, Polystomella .. ______________________ -------- ________ -------------- 67 

galeatum, Nonion __________________________________________________________ 19, pl. 5 

galvestonense, Elphidium gunterL _______________________________________ 60, pl.16 

galvestonensis, Polystomella ____________________ -------------- _ --------------- 60 

gardnerae, Nonionella ______________________________________________________ 29, pl. 7 

Geophonus_ _ ____ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ ____ 38 

Geoponus ___ ---------------------------------------------- _____ -------------- 38 

infiatum, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 46, pl. 12 

Nonion _____________________________ ------------------- __ -------- ______ 14, pl. 4 

Nonion scaphum _______________________________________________________ 8, pl. 2 

insecta, Anomalina _______________ . _____________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ 29 

Nonionella_. _ --------------- _ ---------------------- ____ ----------- ____ 29, pl. 8 

Integra, Nonionina _______ -------------------------------------------- ___ ___ __ 25 

iridea, Nonionella _____________________________ ----------------------------- 34, pl. 9 

italicum, Astrononion __ --------------------------------------------------- 37, pl.10 

stella-borealis _______ ----------- ___________________________________ -------· 38,58 J 

::Or:!!::N!~:!~~~~~-:::_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~---------5-o~ pl.!; 

jaccardi, N onionina _________________ • __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ 26 

jacksonensis, Nonionella •... ----------------------------------------------- 29, pl. 8 germanicum, Nonion _____ c _____________________________________________ 22, 24, pl. 5 

gibba, Polystomella ·----- ________ ------ ______________________________ --------- 58 

janiformis, Nonionella __________________________________________________ 26, 32, pl. 8 

Nonionina boueana _________ ---------------------------------------· ------ 26, 32 
96 INDEX 

Page Page 

japonica, Nonionella _______________________________________________________ 32, pl. 9 minutum, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 40, pl. 10 

japonicum, Pseudononion ____________________________________________________ 27, 32 miocenica, Nonionella _________________________________________ _: __ 26, 31, 34, pis. 8, 9 

jarvisi, Nonion _____________________________________________________________ 3, pl. 1 Polystomellina. ___________________________________________ --- _ -------- 69, pl. 19 

jefireysii, Nonionina •. _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _____ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ____ __ 26 montereyanum, Nonion ____ ------------ _______________ .- _____ -_ -- _ -----. ~- 16, pl. 4 

jenseni, Elpbidium ------------------------------------------------------- 62, pl. 17 moreno!, Elpbidium __________________________________ --------------------- 59.,pl. 16 

Polystomella_ _ _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ 62 multicameratum, Nonion pizarrense _______________________________________ 16, pl. 4 

josepbina, Polystomella ____________________________________________ ~ _ __ _ _ __ ___ 43 

josepbinum, Elpbidium ___________________________________________________ 43, pl.ll N 

nautiloidea, Nonionina. ______________________ ------ __ ---- __ ------------------ 17 

K nautiloideum, Nonion _____________________________________________________ 17, pl. 4 

karreri, Polystomella. _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 39 Nautilus ambiguus _____________ ---------------------------------------------- 38 

kernensis, Nonion incisum____ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 69 asterizans ______________________________________ . ___ --. __ ------------------ 3, 20 

koldeweyi, Nonionina. _ ____ _ ___ ______ ________ __ ___ __ _ ___ ____ ______ __ ___ _ _ 26 crassulus _________________________________________________________ . __ -- __ _ _ 21 

craticulatus ________________________________________ ----- _ ----- _. -------- .. 38, 56 

L crispus. ___________________________________________________________ --- ____ 38, 50 

labradorica, Nonionina_ __ __ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ ____ __ ____ ____ __ 23 depressulus _________________________________________ ---- _ --.-------------- 20 

labradoricum, Nonion _____________________________________________________ 23, pl. 6 faba.._____ ____ ___ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ 20 

laeve, Nonion ______________________________________________________ 3-4, 8, 10, pls.1, 2 incrassatus ___________________________________________ . ______ -_______ -- ___ - 3, 19 

laevigata, Nonionina. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ______ _ __ __ 22 macellus ____________________________ -------- ________________ ------------ __ 38,51 

Polystomella_ _ ______ _ ___ _ __ ____ ________ __________ _______ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ______ 39 melo _________________________________________________ --- __ -_ -- __ ---------- 19 

laevigatum, Nonion _______________________________________________________ 22, pl. 6 minimus _____________________________________ --- __ ------------------------ 50 

laevis, Nonionina ________________ ~ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ 3 pornpilioides ____________________________ ------ __ --------- ----------------- 3 

Iamarcki, Nonion ______________________ --------------- _______________ 11-12, pis. 3, 6 scapha _______________________________________________ . ______ -. __ ------ ___ - 20 

Nonionina______ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ 11 striato-punctatus _____________________ ---- ________________ ---- _----- -- . --- 52 

laminata, Polystomella___ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 49 strigillatus _________________________________________________________ --. _ 38, pl. 15 

laminatum, Elpbidium ____________________________________________________ 49, pl. 13 var __________________________________________________________ . __ ---- __ 52 

lanieri, Elpbidium _________________________________________________________ 55, pl.15 umbilicatulus ___________________ ------------------------------------------ 21 

Polystomella. _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ 55 neglecta, Nonionina ___ . _________________ --- ___ ------------------------------- 26 

lata, N onionella _________________________________________________________ 34-35, pl. 9 nicobarense, Nonion _____________ ------------------- ___ --------------------- 17, pl. 4 latescens, Nonion. ___________________________________________________________ 4, pl.l nigarense, Elphidium ____________________________________ ------------------ 63, pl.17 

Nonionina___ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ____ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ ____ __ _ __ _ 4 nobile, Elphidium ______________________________________ . ________ -___ ----- _ 45, pl. 12 

Laticarinina____ __ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 2 nobilis, Polystomella ______________________ -____________ - _- __ -_ ---------------- 45 

latidorsata, Nonionina. _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 26 nodulosa, Nonionina _____________ . ____ . ------- __ -- _____ --- __ -------.---------- 3 

Polystomella .. __________________________________________ .. _____ ____ ____ __ 39 nodulosum, Nonion. ________________ . ___ ---- ____ -- _. __ ---------------------- 3, pl. 1 

latidorsatum, Elphidium __________________________________________________ 39, pl.10 Nonion. _ ------------ _____________________________________ 2-26, 35, 38, 39, pis. 1--6, 20 

Lenticulina______ ____ ___ ____ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 3 advenum _________________ -------------------------------------------- __ 9, pl. 20 

leo, Nonion _________________________________________________________________ 14, pl. 4 affine ______________________________________________________ --._-------- __ 9, pl. 2 

Nonionina_______________ _ ______ ___ ____ ____ _ __ ____ _ ___ ____ _ ___ _ ___ ____ ____ 14 angustum. __________________ ---------------- ________ ------------------- 17, pl. 4 Lepidocyclina _______________________________________________________________ . 42 anomalinum ______________ -------------------------------------------- 9-10, pl. 2 

lessonii, Elpbidium. __________________________________ -=-- ________________ 53, pl. 14 applinL ____________________________________________ ------- ____ ---------- 8, pl. 2 

Polystomella. ______________________________________________________ . _____ 53 asteri?ans __________________________________________ --- ____ -------------- 20, pl. 5 

lidoeDSA, Elpbidium __________________________ . ______________________ 62-tl3, pl. 17 attenuatum. ___ -------------------------------------------------------- 17, pl. 4 

limba, Nonionina_____ ____ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 barleeanum. ___ -------------------------- ___ ---------------------------· 23, pl. 6 limbata, Polystomella macella__ _ _ __ ____ _____ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ 52 belridgense __________________________________ ---- ___ ---------- ---------- 18, pl. 5 

limbato-striata, Nonionella ________________________________________________ 32, pl. 8 bonairense ______________________________________ -------- _ ---------------- 6, pl. 1 

limbatum, Elpbidium macellum __________________________________________ 52, pl. 14 boueanum _________________ -------------------- ____ ------------ 11, 12-13, 20, pl. 3 

limbum, Nonion ___________________________________________________________ 19, pl. 5 armatum ________________ ------------------------------------------- 25, pl. 6 

listeri, Polystomella. __________________ ----------- _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ _ _ 43 browniL _________________________________________________ ----------------- 35 

Litbotbamnion _____________________________________________________________ . _ 65 buxovillannm. --------------------------------------------------------- 18, pl. 5 

Iobatula, Truncatulina. ___________________________ . _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 21 cbapapotense ________________ ------------ __ . _ --------------------------··- 6, pl. 2 

commune ____________________ ---------------- ____ -------------------- 1Q--11, pl. 3 

M costa tum. ________ ------------------------------ __ ----_------~------------ 10 

rnacella, Polystomella ______________ ------------------------------ 38, 39, 52, 53, 58,62 costiferum _________________ --------- _________ ------. _____ ------------ 15, 18, pl. 4 

macellum, Elphidium_ ________________________________ 46, 48,51-52,67, pls.l2, 14,15 crassulum ______________ ------------------------------------------------ 21, pl. 5 

macellus, Nautilus _______________________________________ ---------------- _____ 38,51 cretaceum _________________ ---------------- ___ ---------------------------- 3 

magdenburgica, Nonionina ________________________________________________ --- 26 danvillense ______________________ ---------------------------------------- 5, pl. 1 

magellanicum, Elpbidium _______________________________________________ 62, pl. 17 dense-punctatum _______________ ---------------------------------------- 14, pl. 3 

Elpbidium (Polystomella). __ __ _ ___ _ _____ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ 62 depressulum. _______________________ --------------------------- 9, 2Q-2l, 24, pl. 5 

margaritaceum, Elphidiumadvenum ______________________________________ 61, pl.17 metagordanum _______ ---------------------------------------------- 21, pl. 5 

marginatum, Nonionlaeve __________________________________________________ 8, pl. 2 dingdenL------------- ________________ ---------------------_------------- 16, pl. 4 

Marginulina _______ ----------------- _ _ ______ __ ___ _ _ ___ ____ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ____ _ ___ 38, 

marielense, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 8, pl. 2 

dollfusL ___________________________ ------------------------------------- 15, pl. 4 

elongatum _________ -~ ________ . ______ . -- ______ --------------------------- 11, pl. 3 

Material, available. ________________ -------------------- ____ ---------- ___ ._____ 1-2 elypticum. ------------- ________ ---------------------------------------- 21, pl. 5 

questionable ________________________________________________________ -- __ ._ 2 excavatum ______________ ------------------------------------------------ 18, pl. 5 

mediocostata, Nonionina. _ ---------------------------------------------------- 6, 15 exponens. __ ------------ ____________ ------------------------------------ 24, pl. 6 

mediocostatum, Nonion ____________________________________________________ 15, pl. 4 extensum ____________________________ ----- ___ . _ ------------------------- 14, pl. 4 

melo, Nautilus ___ ----------__________________________________________________ 19 fabum ________________________ -------------------------------------------- 11, 20 

Nonion _________________________________________________ ---------- __ __ ____ pl. 4 falx •• ______________________________________________ - _- ___ -----.- _----- _-- _ 13 

Nonionina _______________________________________________ : _____________ 13, pl. 4 florinense __________________________ -------- ___ -- __ -----------. ----------- 5, pl. 1 

Melonis •• ---------- ________________________________________________ ---------- 3 formosum ______________________ ---------------------.------------------ 18, pl. 5 

etruscus________ _ __ ___ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _______ _ ____ _ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ _ _ ___ ___ 19 fraasanum ____________________ ------------ __ -- ____ o _________ ------------- 3, pl. 1 

mesonense, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 8, pl. 2 galeatum __________________ --- __ ---------------------------------------- 19, pl. 5 

metagordanum, Nonion depressulum ______________________________________ 21, pl. 5 germanicum .. _________ --------------------------------------------- 22, 24, pl. 5 

metensis, Polystomella .• --------------------------------- _____ ----------- _ ___ 38 glabrellum ___ • ____________________ -------- _______________ --------- 14- J 5, 35, pl. 3 

mexicanum, Elphidium incertum ____________ --------------------------- 57-58, pl.16 glabrum. ___________________________ .-- _________ ..:. _--- _- _----------------- 10 

Nonion __________________ ----------- ____________________________________ 6, pl. 1 goudkofli ___________ ----- _ -------------- _ --------------------------------- 69 

micrum, Nonion ________________________________________________________ -- 5--6. pi. 1 graniferum. ___ ---------------------------------------------------------- 4, pl. 1 

millepora, Nonionina ___________________________________________________ . --- 25 granosum _________ ---------------------------- __________ ------. ____ ----- 11, pl. 2 

milletti, Elphidium. ________________________ .. __________________________ 58-59. pl. 16 

Polystomella. _______________________________ . ------- __ ---. ____ --- _- -----·· 25 

grateloupL ________________ ---------------------------------------- 21-22, 23, pl. 6 

balkyardL----- ________________ ------------------------------------------ 8, pl. 2 

minima, Polystomella. ________________________________________ . __ -- _____ ----- 62 

minimum, Elpbidium _____________________________________________________ 62, pl. 17 

minimus, Nautilus.---------------------------------------------------·--- -- 50 

minuta, Polystomella ____ -------- ___ -------------------- __ ---- _ --------------- 40 

bantkeni fayetteL -------------------------------------------------------- 30 

havanense ______________ ----------------------------------------- ---~- 8-·ll, pl. 20 

bummelincki. _____ ------------------------------------------------------ 6, pl. 1 ibericum __________________________________________________ -------------- 17, pl. 4 
INDEX 97 

Page 

Non ion, incisum _________________________________________________________ 15, 69, pl. 4 

incrassatum .•• ---- ____ -- ____________________ -------------- _____________ 19, pl. 5 

inexcavatum _________________________ -------- ____________________________ 7, pl. 2 

inflatum ___________ ------- ____ ------------------ ________________________ 14, pl. 4 

jarvisL _______ . --------------- ____ ---------------. _. _______ --------- ____ 3, pl. 1 

Iabradoricum __ ---------- _____ .. ________________ -----------. ____________ 23, pl. 6 

laeve. ______ ----- _____________ .. _______________ . ____________________ 3-4, 10, pl. 1 

marginatum ______________________________________________________ . __ 8, pl. 2 

laevigatum _______________ ---------------------------------- ____________ 22. pl. 6 

JamarckL ________________________ ----------------------------- ____ 11-12, pis. 3, 6 

Iatescens ___________ ----- _________________________________________________ 4, pl. 1 

leo _______________ .------- _______________________________________________ 14, pl. 4 

lim bum. __ ------------------------------------------------------------- 19, pl. 5 marielense ______________________________________ . ________________________ 8, pl. 2 

medio-costatum. __ ----------------------------------------------------- 15, pl. 4 

meJo _____________ ----- ___________________________________________ . ____ __ __ pl. 4 

mesonense ____ ---------- _ ---- ________ ------------ _______________________ 8, pl. 2 

mexicanum. ________________________ . ____ -------------------------------- 6, pl. 1 

micrum ____________ ---- ________________________________________________ 5-6, pl. 1 

montereyanum ____ ---------------------------- ------------------------ 16, pl. 4 

carmeloense. ___ ----------------------------- _______________________ 16, pl. 4 

nautiloideum _______________________ ------------------------------------ 17, pl. 4 

nicobarense ______________________ --------------------------------------- 17, pl. 4 

nodulosum ___ --------- _____ ------ _______________________________________ 3, pl. 1 

novo-zealandicum ___ --------------------------------------------------- 16, pl. 3 

olssonL _______ . ------ _ --. __ ---- ________ --------. __________ ------ _. _______ 7, pl. 1 

orbiculare ________ ----- __ -- _________ ------- ________________ --------- _ 23-24, pl. 6 

ornatissimum ___________ ------------------------.---------------- _______ 7, pl. 2 

pacificum._ ------------------------------------------------------------ 25, pl. 6 

pauper __ -.---- __ ----_---_---. ____ . __ .. ___________ . ______________________ 14, pl. 3 

pauperatum ____________________________________________________________ 24, pl. 6 

perforatum. _ -------------------- _______________________________________ 12, pl. 3 

perfossum.- ------------------------ ____________________________________ 18, pl. 5 

pizarrense .• ---------. __ . ___ . ___ .. ___________ ----- _____________ . __ 18, 24-25, pl. 6 

hasispinatum ___________________ ------------------------------------ 25, pl. 6 

multicameratum ________________ ------------------------------------ 16, pl. 4 

planatum ___________________________________ --------------------- ______ 4-5, pl. 1 

politum •• _______ ----------- _ --- ________________________________________ 22, pl. 5 

polystoma __ --------------------- _______________________________________ 18, pl. 4 

polystomelliforme. ___ ---- _______ . ___ . ___ . __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ __ 10 

pompilioides ____________________________________________________________ 19, pl. 5 

roemeri _____________________________ ------------------------------------ 10, pl. 3 

rude ____________ ---------- ______ . ___________________ . ___________________ 18. pl. 4 

rugosum _________ -------------------------------------------------------- 4, pl. 1 

samanicum _________________________________________ --------------------- 6, pl. 1 

!lCaphum. __ ---------------------------------------------------- ______ 9, 20, pl. 5 

inflatum. ____ . ---------- _______ . ----------------. ____ . _______________ 8, pl. 2 

schenckL ____________________________ . __ _____ ___ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ ___ 69 

schwagerL.----------- _______________ -------- ______________________ . ____ 17, pl. 4 

simplex •. _________________ --------- ___ --------- ____ ----------------- ____ 14, pl. 4 

sloaniL _________________ ----- _____ ----------- ___ ----------- __________ 22-23, pl. 6 

soldaniL _________ ---- __ ------- ___________________________________ 13, 19, pis. 3, 4 

solidum. __ ---------------------- ________________________________________ 3, pl. 1 

stacheL ___________ ------------ _________________________________________ . 16, pl. 3 

stellatum _____ ----- __ ------------- ___________ .. __________________________ 4, pl. 1 

striolatum •••. --------------------- _____________________________________ 18, pl. 4 

subangulosum _________ ---------------- ________________ ---------------- __ 3, pl. 1 

subcarinatum _____________________________________ ---------------- 18, 23, pis. 5, 6 

subgranosa. __ ----- _______ -------------------- _________ ___________ __ ______ pl. 3 

subturgidum __________________ . ______________________ .. ________________ 25, pl. 6 

terquemianum ___________ -------------- _ ------------ _____________________ 4, pl. 1 

tuberculatum _________________________________ --------------------- ____ 13, pl. 3 

turgescens.------------------------- ____________________________________ 10, pl. 2 

turgidus .• _________ ------- __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ ______ ___ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ ____ 6 

umbilicatulum ... ------------------------------------------------------ 21, pl. 5 

paci:ficum .. _____ ------ ____ . ______________________________________ . __ __ 25 

var -------- _ ---------- _ _____ __ _ __ ____ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ ____ 5 

victoriense ______________________________________________________________ 17, pl. 4 

whitsettense _____ ------------ ____________________________________________ 7, pl. 1 

wilcoxense __ . ____________________________________________________________ 5, pl. 1 

ynezianum_ _ _ _____ _ ___ ___________ ________________ ___ _ ______ ____ ____ ______ 69 

Nonione!la. __ ----------------------- _____ ----------------- ____ 2, 3, 25,26-35. pls. 7-9 

alabaml'nsis. _______ ------------------------------ ___________ ----------- 28, pl. 7 

auricula._. __________________________________________________ . _______ a3-34, pl. 9 

auris .•.• --------------------------------------------------------- 31, 32, 33, pl. 9 var _ ----- ___ : __ --- ______________________ "-- _ ___ _ __ _ _______ _ _ ____ _ _____ 32 

austinam\. --------- _____________________________________________________ 27, pl. i 

chiliensis ••... ----- ___ . _________________________________________________ 33, pl. 9 

clavata _________________________________________________________________ 31, pl. 8 

cockfleldensis _________________ ------------ ______________________________ 29, pl. 7 

cretacea.------------------------------------------------ ____________ 27, 28, pl. 7 

danvillensis. _. _________________________________________________________ 30, pl. 8 

extensa _____ --- _ -- ______________________________________________________ 28, pl. 7 

frankeL---------- ____ ---- ___________ . __ ------------ __________________ 30-31, pl. 8 

Page 

N onionella, gardnerae •. _ -------------------------·-------------------------- 29, pl. 7 

hantkenL __ ------------------------------------------------------------ 30, pl. 8 

fayetteL ______________________ ----------.--------------------------- 30, pl. 8 

spissa. _____ -------------------------------------------------------- 30, pl. 8 

insecta. ____________ ------ ____ ---------------_-------------------------- 29, pl. 8 

iridea ___________ -------------------------------------------------------- 34, pl. 9 

jacksonensis __________________ ------------------------------------------ 29, pl. 8 

janiformis. __ -------------------------------------------------------- 26, 32, pl. 8 

japonica, _____________ --- _ ---------------------------------------------- 32, pl. 9 

lata ___________________________________ ------------------------------- 34-35, pl. 9 

limbato-striata. ------------.------------------------------------------- 32, pl. 8 

miocenica. __________________ ----------- _ ---------------------------- 26, 31, pl. 8 

stella _________ ------------------------------------------------------ 34, pl. 9 

novo-zealandica. ------------------------------------------------------- 31, pl. 8 

parri ____________________________ . _ -------- ____ ------------------------. 34, pl. 9 

pseudo-auris __________________ ---- ____ ---------------------------------- 31. pl. 8 

pulchella ...... ____ ----------------------------------------------------- 34, pl. 9 

reussana _________ .. _ ---------- _ ------- _ --------------------------------- 28, pl. 7 

robusta ________________ ------------ ____ --------------------------------- 27, pl. 7 

tatumL _________ -----------------.------------------------------------- 31, pl. 8 

translucens ____ -------------- __ -----------------------------------------· 34, pl. 9 

tredeca _____________ --------------. _ -------------------------------- ---- 32, pl. 8 

turgida ________________________________________________________ 26, 29,32-33, pl. 9 

warburgL ______ --------------------------------------------------------- 28, pl. 7 

wilcoxensis. ___ -------------------------.------------------------------- 29, pl. 7 

Nonionina ____ -------------------------------------------------- 3, 14, 21,25-26,35,38 

acervata __________ -------------------------------------------------------- 26 

advena .. _______ ---------------------------------------------------------- 9 

inexcavata .. ____ ---- ___ -______ ---------------.------------------------ 7 

affinis ____________ ----- __ . -------.-----------.--------------------------- 9 

aglajae _____________________________ . __________ -------------- __ ------ _ ----. 26 

anomalina. ------- _ ----------- __ ------------------------------------------ 9 

archetypus _______ ------.-------------------------------------------------- 26 

arctics ... _______ ------------ ____ -----------_--------------------------··--- 25 

asterizans _____ . ___ -----------------.---.------------------------------ ___ ; · 2o, 37 

turgida _________________________________________ ---------- ___________ _ 

astreae _________ ------------------------------------------------ -----------

attenuata ... _____ ------------.--------------------------------------------

32 

26 

17 

badensis .. ___ . ____ -----------.----.--- _ ------.. ------.-------------------- 26 

barleeana _________ ------------- _ ------- __ ---- _---- ------------------------ 23 

bathyomphaJa _____ ------------------------------------------------------- 26 

bavarica __________ -- __ --- ~- --- ___ ----------------------------------------- 26 

birmenstorfensis. ------------------------.-------------------------------- 26 

borealis ____________ -___ ----------_---------------------------------------- 26 

boueana ________ -------------- ___________________ ----.----------- 12, 15, 24, 25, 66 

janiformis. _______________ --- _____________ ---------------------------- 26,32 

browniL __________________ ------ _ ----------------------------------------- 25,35 

bulloides. ______ ---------------------------------------------------------- 25 

buxovillana ______ -------------- __________ -------------------------------- 18 

canadensis ____________ ---------------------------------------------------- 25 

clarkL ________________ -___________ -- ___ - __ -------------------------------- 26 

communis ________ -------------- __ -- ______ -------------------------------- 10, 20 

compacta _______ ----------------.-----------------------------------------

costata. _ _ _ _ ___ ---------.---------------"--.-----------------------------

26 

10 

costifera. _______ ------------ _ -- _ -- _- __ ---.--------------------------------- 15 

crassula ______________ --- _________ ---------- __ ---------------------------- 22 

cretacea. ______________ --- _ ------- __ -------------------------------------- 3, 26 

crisiae __________________________ ------- _______ --------------------------- 26 

crystallina ______________________________________ --. -----------.------------ 26 

dense-punctata ________________________ -_· __ --- _- -------------------------- 14 

depressula ______________ -- __ --- _ ------------------------------------------ 20, 24 

elliptica _______________________________________ --------------------------- 21 

elongata ______________________________________ ---------------------------- 11 

elyptica •. ______ ------ ______ -______ --- ____ -- _ ----------------------------- 21 

erythraea .. ________ ------------------------------------------------------- 25 

escherL _________ ---- ____ --- ___ -------------------------------------------- 26 

excavata ________________ -------------------------------------------------- 18 

exponens_. _____ -__ ------------------------------------------------------- extensa ____________________________ --- ____ --- _ ----------------------------

falx _____________ ----------------------------------------------------------

floridana ________ ----------------------------------------------------------

flustrella _________ ---------------------------------------------.------------

formosa __ . ______ ----------------------------------------------------------

fraasana _________________ ------- _ -----------------------------------------

fusca. __ . _______ ----------------------------------------------------------

germanica ______ ----------------------------------------------------------

glabra. _______ ------------------------------------------------------------

globosa __________ ------ _ ----- ___ ------------------------------------------

globulosa. ________ --------------------------------------------------------

globulus .. ________ -------------------------------------------------------- graera. _________________________________________ --------------------------

granifera ________ ------------. __ -------------------------------------------

granosa _________ -- --------------------------------------------------------

grateloupL. ________ ------------------------------------------------------

24 

14 

13 

26 

26 

18 

3 

26 

22 

10 

26 

26 

26 

26 

4 

11 

21 
98 INDEX 

Nonionina, gravinensis ______________________ ------- ________ -------- _________ _ hantkenL ____________________________________________________ ------ _____ _ 

helicina ____________________________________________________ ------- _______ _ 

hemprichiL _____________________________________________________________ _ 

heteropora _______________________________________________________________ _ 

hummelincki ____________________________________________________________ _ 

hyalina _____________________________________ --- ____ ----- ___ ---------------

incisa ___________________ - ___ ---------------------------------------------- incrassata ________________________________________________________________ _ 

inflata _______ --------- _- -------------------------------------------------- integra.----------------- ___ -------------- ____________________ -- _____ --- __ jaccardL ____________________ -------------------- _________________________ _ 

jeffreysiL ____________ ------------------- _________________________________ _ 

koldeweyL ___ -------- __________ -------- _________________________________ _ labradorica ______________________________________________________________ _ 

laevigata. ------------------------------ ______ ------------------ _________ _ laevis ____________________________________________________________________ _ 

Page 

26 

30 

26 

26 

26 

26 

15 

19 

26 

25 

26 

26 

26 

23 

i2 

lamarckL _________ -------------- ________________ -------------- ____ __ ____ _ _ 11 

latescens _________________ ----------- ______________ -------- __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 4 

latidorsata ______________________________ ------------------ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ 26 

leo __ . ________ --------- _____________________________ -----------_____________ 14 

limba ___________________ -------- _________________ ----------- __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ____ 19 

magdenburgica_ __ ____ _ _____ ____ _ ___ ___ _ ____ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ ____ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ 26 

marielense _________________ --------------- __ ___ ___ __________ __ __ _ ___ ____ __ pl. 2 

niediocostata _____________________ -------- ____ ___ _ ______ ___ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ______ 6, 15 

melo _________ ---- ______________________________________________________ 13, pl. 4 

millepora _________________________ ------------ ___ _ __ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ 25 

nautiloidea _____ --------__________________________________________________ 17 

neglecta ______ ---------- ________________ ------------- ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ 26 

nodulosa ______ ----------- _ ------------------ ______ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ ______ __ 3· 

nympharum ________________ -------------- ____ ---------- _________ ------- __ 26 

obliqua ___________ -------- _______ --------------- _______________ --------- _ _ 26 

oblonga____ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 

ocellata ___ ------------------------------------------------------ ____ ___ _ __ 26 olssoni ___________________________________________________________________ _ 7 orbicularis __________________ ---------------_______________________________ 23 

ornata ____ ----_--------_---------------------- ____ --------________________ 26 

pauper_---------------------- __ --------------- _______ ---------___________ 14 

pauperata ________________________ ---------------------- _______ _____ __ __ __ 24 

pelagica. --------- ______________ ----------- ___ _ ___ ____ _ _ ___ _ ____ ______ ____ 25 

perforata_ ---------------- ________ -------- ____________________ ------- _____ 12 

perfossa _______ -------------------------------------------------------- _ ___ 18 

placenta ______________________ ---------- ____ ---- ____ ------------__________ 26 

polita____ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 

polystoma ____ --------- ________ ------------------------- __________ _ ______ _ 18 

polystomelliformis__ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10• 

pompilioides ____________________________________________________________ ._ _ 19 

punctata_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ___ ____ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 

quaternaria___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ 26 

quatriloba ____ ---- ____ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ ____ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 

quinqueloba___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ ____ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 

rotula_ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 26 

·rudis_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 

rugosa____________________________________________________________________ 4 

samanica_ _ ____ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 

scapha _____ --- _________________________________ ----------- _____________ 20, 23, 27 

bradiL _ ---------- __ ------------------ ________ --------- _ ____ _ ___ ____ __ 26 

var _ ------ ___________ ------------- __________ ------------ __________ . ___ 8 

silicea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 26 

simplex.----- _____________________ : ___________________ ----________________ 14 

sloaniL. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ 22 

soldaniL _ ---------- ____ ------------------ ___ --------------------------- __ 13 solida. _______ --- _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 3 

sphaerica ____ --- __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 26 

sphaeroides _________________________________________ ----- _ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 

spira_ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 26 

spirillina _______ ------- _____________ -~-- ____ ___ ____ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 26 

splendida _________________________________ ----------------- _ ---------- ____ 26 

stellata_ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 4 

stelligera ___ ----------------------------------------------------- ______ 35, 36, 37 striatula ____ . _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ 26 

striolata. __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ 18 

subangulosa __________ ----------------------- ___ ---------------------- __ __ 3 

subcarinata___ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ 18, 23 

subgranosa_ ---------------------------------------------------- __ -------- 13 subturgida __________________ ----- _________________ ------ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 25 

tuberculata___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 13 

turgida __________________ ---------------------------------------------- 14, 26, 32 arenacea __________________________________________________ ---- ___ _ ___ _ 26 

umbilicata __ ------------------------------------------------------------- 3, 25 

umbillcatula_ ---------------------------------------------------------- 4, 19,23 pacifica_______________________________________________________________ 25 

villeroensis ________ ------ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ____ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 26 

whitsettensis. -------------- __________ --------- ___ ---------- ________ ---- __ 7 

Page 

novo-zealandica, Nonionella .•. -------------------------------------------- 31, pl. 8 

novo-zealandicum, Astrononion __________________________________________ 37, pl. 10 

Elphidium_ -------------------------------------~--------- ----------- 63, pl. 17 

Nonion _____ ---------------------------------------------------------- 16, pl. 3 

nympharum, Nonionina ________ -- _____ ------------------.--------------------- 26 

0 obesum, Elphidium bughesL _____________________________________________ 49, pl. 13 

oblique., Nonionina ______________________ --- ___ ----------------------------- __ 26 

oblonga, Nonionina. _ -------------------------------------------------------- 26 

obscura, Polystomella. ------------------------------------------------------- 8, 67 

obtusa, Polystomella. -------------------------------------------------------- 42 

obtusum, Elpbidium_ -------------------------------------------------------- 42 oceanense, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 56, pl. 15 

oceanensis, Polystomella. ---------------------------------------------------- 56 oceanicum, Elphidium ___________________________________________________ SIT, pl 16 

ocellata, N onionina __________________ ---- _- _______ ---- __ - _-------- __ ------- _ -- 26 

olssoni, Nonion _______________________________________ ,... ____________________ 7, pl. 1 

N onionina ______ --- _____ -- __ ------- _ -----------------.-----------------... 7 

orbiculare, Nonion---------------------------------------------------- 23-24, pl. 6 

orbicularis, Nonionina ____ ---- ___________ --- ____ ------ ___ ------------------ _ __ 23 

orbiculatum, Cornu Hammonis ________ -------------------------------------- 50 

orbignyi, Faujasina.--------------------------------------------------- 19, 68, pl. 19 

oregonense, Elphidium_ ----------------------------------------------- 19, 50, pl. 13 

ornata, N onionina ____________ ---- ______ ---- __ -------------------------------- 26 

Polystomella. ________________________ -- _____ --- _- ___ - _------- _----------- 67 

ornatissimum, Nonion·----------------------------------------------------- 7, pl. 2 

ortenburgense, Elphidium ________________________________________________ 46, pl. 12 

ortenburgensis, Polystomella __ ----------------------------------------------- 45 

oweniana, Polystomella _______ ------------------------------------------------ 53 

owenianum, Elphidium ___________________________________________________ 53, pl. 14 

Ozawaia ________ -------------------- _____ ------------------------- ____ 2, 64, 67, pl. 19 

tongaensis __________________ --------------------------------------- _ --- 67, pl. 19 

p 

pacifica, Nonlonina umbilicatula_ -------------------------------------------- 25 

pacificum, Nonion. -------------------------------------------------------- 25, pl. 6 

Nonion umbilicatulum_ -------------------------------------------------- 5, 25 

panamense, Elphidium __ ------------------------------------------------- 41, pl. 11 papillosum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 64, pl. 18 

parri, Elphidium _______________________________________________________ . 47-48, pl. 12 

Nonionella _________________ -------------- ---------------------------~-- 34, pl. 9 

pauper, N onion. _____________ ---------------------------- __ ---------------- 14, pl. 3 

Nonionina _________________ ----------------------------------------------- 14 

pauperata, Nonionina ___ ----------------------------------------------------- 24 

pauperatum, Nonion _______________________________________ ---------------- 24, pl. 6 

pelagica, Nonionina _______ --------------------------------------------------- 25 

Pelorus _________________ -- _____ ------------- __ -------------------------------- 38 

Peneroplfs _________________ -__ -- _ -- __ - _- _- _____ -____ -- __ ---------- _----------- 67 

perforata, N onionina. ---------------- ____ ------------------------------------ 12 

perforatum, N onion ____________________ ------------------------------------ 12, pl. 3 

perf ossa, N onionina _________ --- ________ -________ ---- ___ - -~-- ------ _----------- 18 

perfossum, Nonion _____________________ ------------------------------------ 18, pl. 5 

pizarrense, Nonion.-------------------------------------------- 16. 18,24-25, pls. 4, 6 

placenta, N onionina ______________________ -- _________ - ___ --- _--------- _-. ---•• 26 

Placentula ______ -___ • --- ____ ---------------- _---------------------------------

planatum, Nonion. ------------------------------------------------------- 4-5, pl. 1 

Planorbulina. -------- _______ -. ---- ____ ------ __ -------- ____ ---------------- 25-26, 67 

planulata, Polystomella_ ----------------------------------------------------- 67 

Planulina affinis _____ ---- ___ -------------------------------------------------- 9 

poeyana, Polystomella. ------------------------------------------------------- 54 poeyanum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 54-55, pl. 14 

polita, Nonionina ________ ----------- _____ ------------------------------------- 22 

politum, Nonion_ ---------------------------------------------------------- 22, pl. 5 

polypora, Polystomella_ ------------------------------------------------------ 38 

polystoma, Nonion ____ --------------- ____ ---------------------------------- 18, pl. 4 

N onionina _____________________________________ --- ______ ----- ____ --------- 18 

Polystomella ____________________________________________________ 3, 8, 21,38-39,65,67 

aculeata _______ --------------- ____ --- __ ----------------------------------- 44 

ad vena ___________________________________________________ ---- __ ---------- 6U 

aequivoca ----- c---------------------------------------------------------- 67 

alvareziana. _______________________ - ___ --- ___ -__ -- _______ ----- __ ---------- 54 

angularis ____________________________ ------------------------------------- 53 

angulata. __________________ -_____ --- _________ ----------------------------- 45 

an to nina·-- ____________________________ - _______ ---_---_------------------- 43 

arctica ___ -- __________ --- ___ -_- ___ - __ ---- ____ ------- _ ---------------------- 65 

articulata ________ --- _____________________ --- _______ -----_----------------- 53 

berthelotiana. _______________ - _________ -___ ------- ____ -- _----------------- 56 · 

burdigalensis ____ --- ________________________ ---- _______ -_- _ --- __ ---------- 67 

calcar------- ___ --- _________ ---_--------------------- __ -------------------- 67 

canariensis __ , ____ ----- _____ --- _ --- ___ --- _ ----------- __ -------------------- 67 

chipolensis ________________________________________________ ---------------- 46 

complanata ____________________________ -- _______ -- ____ ------- _ ------------ 56 

costifera _______________ ----- _ --- _______ ------------------------------------ 39 
INDEX 99 

Page 

Polystomella, craticulata •• __________________ ------- ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ 56 

crispa _________________________________________________________ 38, 39, 50, 58, 65,67 

cryptostoma __________________________________________ ------- __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ 45 

decipiens ---------- _______________________________________________________ 48, 57 

depressula. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67 

discoidalis. ----- ______________________________ ------ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 56 

discrepans _____________________ ---------------------------------------- 40, pl. 10 etrusca ___________ - __ ---- __________ ~- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ____ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 19, 67 

excavata________ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 58 

exoleta_________ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ _ __ ____ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 48 

faba. _ ----- _ ____ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ ____ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 22 

falunica__________ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ 46 

ftchteli__________ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ 38 

ftchtelliana _____ ----------------------------- _ ---------------------------- 42 fimbriatula. ------ ___ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ 47 

ftexuosa_________ __ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ _ __ 43 

gaimardii______ _ __ ___ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ 67 

galvestonensis __ ---------------------------------------------------------- 60 gibba_____ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58 

granulata ________ ----- ___ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 51, 67 

hauerina__________ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ 42 

hedleyL___________ __ __ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 58 

iberica _____________ ------- ____________________ --------____________________ 50 

imperatrix________ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ __ 61 

indigena___ _____ _ ___ ______ ___ _ ___ __ __ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _____ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 67 

inftata. _____ ------- ___ ______ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ __ _____ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ 46 

jensenL _________ ---------- ___ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _ _ 62 

Josephina _______ -------___________________________________________________ 43 

karrerL_______ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

laevigata__________ _ _ _ ___ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 39 

laminata___________ _ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 

lanierL ------- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 55 

latidorsata____________ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ 39 

lessoniL__________ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 53 

listeri ___________ ·_ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 43 

macella _______________________________________________________ 38, 39, 52, 53, 58,62 

aculeata___________ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52 

limbata_____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ 52 

metensis___ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ 38 

mille ttL__________________________________________________________________ 58 

minima___________________________________________________________________ 62 

minuta ___________________________ ---------- ________ ---------------------- 40 

nobilis_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ 45 

obscura ___________ -------- ______ -------------------------------------- ____ 8, 67 obtusa __________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 42 

oceanensis_ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 56 

ornata _________ -------------------------------_-------------- _______ ------ 67 ortenburgensis ___ --- _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ 45 

oweniana. _____ ---- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53 

planulata _______________ -------- ______________ ------- ________ ------------- 67 poeyana _______ ----- _- _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 54 

polypora ____ -- _--------- _- _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 38 

puncta tum. ____ -- __ ---___________________________________________________ 49 

quaterpunctata _____ ---- _-- __ - _______________________ --- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 67 

regina ___ -----_---------__________________________________________________ 44 

rotula ______ ----------------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

rugosa._--- _____ --------__________________________________________________ 42 

sagra __ --------------------------- __ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 55 salentina _________ - ____ --__________________________________________________ 48 

savii ____ --------------------------- ______________ - _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ 39 

semistriata ________ ---- ___ -- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ 48 

sibirica •• ----- _ ---------- __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ 66 

spinulosa. ------------------------- _____________ -------------------------- 48 

stella-borealis .. --_________________________________________________________ 58 

strattonL ________ - _ --- _ _ _ _ __ _ ____ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

striato-punctata ____________________________________________ 49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59,60 

evoluta. ___ - ______________________________________________________ 64, pl. 18 

selseyensis ___ ------------------------------------- ______ ____ __ __ ____ __ 60 

striolata __ -------------------- _____________________ --------------------- __ 52, 67 subaculeata___ _____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67 

subcarinata _________________ ----------------------------------- _______ __ __ 45 

subnodosa _____________ -------------------------!·----------- ___ ------- 40, 60, 67 subumbilicata. ____ --- __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ 45 

tenuissima _______ - __ -- _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 42 

teretiuscula____ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 48 

texans .. ___________ -______________________________________________________ 39 

tricostata. ____ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 46 

umbillcata ________ ---- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 67 

umbilicatula ________________________ ------ _ ___ ______ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ __ _ __ _ ____ _ 58 

incerta ______ ------ _- __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ 57 

ungerL_____ _ ____ __ _ _ __ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _ _ ___ _ 44 

venusta_____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ ____ _ __ 58 

verriculata ________________________________________________________________ 58, 61 

vulgaris___________________________________________________________________ 67 

sp.- _ ------- ____ ---- _______ --- _ --- _ --- ____________________________ ------ -~ 59 

polystomelliforme. N onion____________________________________________________ 10 

1819-39--10 

Page 

polystomelliformis, N onionina .. ________________ ----- ___ ---- _ --- _____ ---- ___ __ 10 

Polystomellina _______________________________________________________ 2, 68-69, pl. 19 

australis. _______________ ---_---------- ____ --- _______ -------_--________ 69, pl. 19 

discorbinoides __________ ------ ______ -- ____ -- _____ --- __ -- _ ----- ________ 68, pl. 19 

miocenica _______________________ -------------------------------------- 69, pl. 19 

pompilioides, Nautilus _____________________ -------____________________________ 3 

N onion .. ~------------------------------------------------------------- 19, pl. 5 N onionina ______________________________ ----~ ___ ---- ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 19 

pontica, Elphidium (Potvstomella) advenum_________________________________ 61 

ponticum, Elphidium advenum __________________________________________ 61, pl. 17 

pseudo-auris, Nonionella ___________________________________________________ 31, pl. 8 

pseudoinftatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________ 41'-42, pl. 11 

pseudonodosum, Elphidium. --------------------------------------------- 50, pi- 13 

Pseudononion. _________________________________ -------------------------- __ _ _ 27 

japonicum _____ ----------------------------------------------------------- 27, 32 

tredecum. ------------------------------------------------------------- 32, pl. 8 pulchella, Nonionella ______________________________________________________ 34, pl. 9 

Pullenia. _________________________ • ______________ ------------- _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ 2, 25-26 

elongata __________________________ ---- _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _____ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ 30 

Pulvinulina affinis ____________________________________________________ -------- 9 

Pulvinulus. _____ ----- __________________________ ---------- ____ ___ _ ___ _ __ ___ ___ 3 

punctata, Nonionina ___ --------- -------------------------------------------- 12 punctatum, Elphidium ____________________________________________________ 49, pl. 13 

Polystomella. _ ------ _____________ ---------------------------- ____ -------- 49 

Q 

quaternaria, Nonionina ___________________ ------ ______ ------- __ _ ____ __ __ ____ __ 26 

quaterpunctata, Polystomella _______________ ---------- ____________ ------------ 67 

quatriloba, Nonionina ______________ -------------------------------------- ____ 26 

quinqueloba, Nonionina _________________________________________ ---- ___ _ _ __ __ 26 

R 

regina, Polystomella ____________________ --- ___ --- ____ --- _______ ----- _____ --- __ 44 

reginum, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 44, pl. 11 

reticulosum, Elphidium .. ------------------------------------------------P 59, pl. 16 reussana, Nonionella _______________________________________________________ 28, pl. 7 

rigatus, Themeon _________ ---------------------------------------------------- 38, 51 

Robulina ___________________________________________ ------ ___________ --------- 38 

subnodosa .. _______________________ --- ____ ------ _ --- __ -- _ ----------------- 40 

Robulus _______ ----------------------------------------------------------·-- 3, 26, 67 robusta, Nonionella ________________________________________________________ 27, pl. 7 

roemeri, Nonion----------------------------------------------------------- 10, pl. 3 Rotalina turgida _____ ------ ______________________________ --- __ -- ___ ----- __ ---- 32 

rotula, N onionina ____________________________________ ---- __ -- ____ --- _ -------- 26 

Polystomella __________________ --- _____ -- ___ ---- _ --- _ --- _----------------- 39 

rude, Nonion .. ------------------------------------------------------------ 18, pl. 4 rudis, N onionina. ________________________ -- __ ----- _____ -- __ -------- _. __ ------ 18 

rugosa, N onionina. _______________________________________________ -- ____ -- _ _ _ _ 4 

Polystomella. ________ ------------------- ___________ ------- _ -------------- 42 rugosum, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 42, pl. 11 

Nonion. _ --------------------------------------------------------------- 4, pl. 1 

rugulosum, Elphidium articulatum _______________________________________ 54, pi 1 

s 

sagra, Polystomella. ______ ------ ___ ------ _____ --------.----------------------- 55 

sagrum, Elphidium _______________________________________________________ 55, pl. 15 

salentina, Polystomella __________________________ --- __ • _-. _ ------------------- 48 

salentinum, Elphidium ___________________________________________________ 48, pl. 13 

samanica, Nonionina. -------------------------------------------------------- 7 

samanicum, Nonion--------------------------------------------------------- 6, pl. 1 

sa vii, Polystomella. __ -------------------------------------------------------- 39 

scapha, Nautilus ___________ -----_--- _____ ------------------------------------- 20 

Nonionina ________________________________________ ---------------- 8, 20, 23, 26, 27 

scaphum, Nonion ____________________________ ~---------------------- 8, 9, 20, pis. 2, 5 

schencki, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 40, pl. 10 

N onion .. ___________________________ ---- ___ ---- _______ --- __ --------------- 69 

schmitti, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

schwageri, Nonion.-------------------------------------------------------- 17, pl. 4 sculpturatum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 64, pl. 18 

selseyense, Elphidium ___ ---------------------- __ ------------ __ -------- 59--60, pl. 16 

selseyensis, Polystomella striatopunctata. __ ---------------------------------- 60 

semistriata, Polystomella. ---------------------------------------------------- 48 

semistriatum, Elphidium.------------------------------------------------ 48, pl. 12 serrulatum, Elphidium alvarezianum _____________________________________ 54, pl. 14 

sibirica, Elphidiella _________________________________________________ ------ 66, pl. 19 

Polystomella. ____________________ --- ____ --- ___ --------------------------- 66 

sibiricum, Elphldium ___________________________ -----------------.------------ 66 

sidebottomi, Astrononion ____ --------------- ______ ------------ __ ---------- 36, pl. 10 

silicea, N onionina. -------------- _____ ---------------------------------------- 26 simplex, Elphidium _______________________________________________________ 62, pl. 17 

N onion.------------ ____ ---------------------------------- __ ----------- 14, pl. 4 

N onionina ____________________________________________ -------------------- 14 

sloanii, N onion.-------------------------------------------------------- 22-23, pl. 6 N onionina ... ________________________________ -- _ -- _ -- __ -------------------- 22 smithi, Elphidium _________________________________________________________ 40, pl. 10 

soldanii, Nonion _____________________________________________________ 13, 19, pis. 3, 4 
100 INDEX 

Page soldanii, N onionina. ________________________________________________ -------- __ 13 

solida, N onionina ____________________________________________________________ _ 

solidum, Nonion. ___________________________________________________________ 3, pl. 1 

Sorilus _________ ---------- _ --- ___________ • _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ ____ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ 38 

sphaerica, N onionina_ __ _ _ ____ ___ _ ___ __ _ ____ _ ___ __ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 26 

sphaeroides, N onionina ..• ____ -~-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ 25 

spinatum, Elphidium __________________________________________________ 63,65, pl. 18 

spinulosa, Polystomella _________________________________ -------- ____ ---------- 48 

spinulosum, Elphidium _______________________ . --------------------------- 48, pl. 13 

spira, N onionina. -------------------- _ --------------------------------------- 26 

spirillina, N onionina ________ ---------------------- ________________ ------------ 26 

spissa, Nonionella hantkenL---------------------------------------·------ 30, pl. 8 

splendida, Nonionina. _ ·--------··------- ________ ------------------ ____ ______ 26 

stachei, Nonion _______________ ----------- ____________________ -------------- 16, pl. 3 

stella, Nonionella miocenica ________________________________________________ 34, pl. 9 

stella-boreale, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

stella-borealis, Geoponus _____ ------------- ____________________________________ 38, 58 

Polystomella. _ ------------------ _ -------- ____ -------------------------- __ 58 

stellata, N onionina •• -------·--------- ______________ ---------------------- ____ 4 

stellatum, Astrononion ____________________________________________________ 36, pl. 10 

Nonion_ ·------------------- ____________________________________________ 4, pl. 1 

stelligera, Nonionina ____________________________ ------------------------- __ 35, 36,37 

stelligerum, Astrononion ___________________________________________ 36, 37, 38, pl. 10 

strattoni, Elphidium .. ___________________________________________________ 46, pl. 12 

Polystomella •• ---------- _________________________ ------------------ ______ 46 

striato-punctata, Polystomella _____________________ 49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, pl. 18 

striato-punctatum, Elphidium ___________________________________ 38, 47,52-53, pl. 14 

striato-punctatus, Nautilus___________________________________________________ 52 

striatula, N onionina ________________ ------------ _______________ --------------- 26 

strigillatus, Nautilus·-------------------------------------------------- 38, 52, pl. 15 striolata, Nonionina. ---------- _________________________________________ ------ 18 

Polystomella ________________________________ ----------------- ____________ 52, 67 

striolatum, Nonion ___ ------------ ______________ ------------------------- __ 18, pl. 4 

subaculeata, Polystomella. _________ ---------- ___ _ __ __________ _ ___ _____ ___ ____ 67 

subangulosa, Nonionina ________________ ------------------------------ ____ __ __ 3 

subangulosum, Nonion _____________________________________________________ 3, pl. 1 

subcarinata, Nonionina _________ --------------------------- ___________________ 18, 23 

Polystomella ______________________________________ • __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 

subcarinatum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 45, pl. 12 

Nonion .• --------------------------------------- _________________ 18, 23, pis. 5, 6 

subevolutum, Elphidium ______________________________________________ 63-64, pl. 18 

subgranosa, Nonion __________ ---------- __ ------------ __ ----------- ____ _ _ _ _ ___ pl. 3 

Nonionina ____________________________ ---------------- __ ____ _ ______ _ __ _ _ __ 13 

subinflatum, Elphidium __________________________________________________ 48, pl. 12 

subnodosa, Polystomella ___________________________________________________ 40, 60,67 

Ro bulina_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 

subnodosum, Elphidium _______________________________________________ 4o-41, pl. 11 

subplanatum, Elphidium _________________________________________________ 42, pl. 11 

subsphaericum, Elphidium _______________________________________________ 47, pl. 12 

subturgida, Nonionina. ---------------------- ____ ------------------ ____ ______ 25 

subturgidum, Nonion .•••••• ---------------------------------------------- 25, pl. 6 

subumbilicata, Polystomella__________________________________________________ 45 

subumbilicatum, Elphidium ______________________________________________ 45, pl. 11 

szaboi, Clavulina _________________ --------- _______________ -------------------- 8 

T 

tatumi, Nonionella _________________ ----------------------------··----------- 31, pl. 8 

tenuissima, Polystomella. ____________ ------- __________ --------- ________ ------ 42 

teretiuscula, Polystomella. ----------------· ---------------------------- ______ 48 

0 

Page 

teretiusculum, Elphidium ________________________________________________ 48, pl. 13 

terquemianum, Nonion _____________________________________________________ 4, pl. 1 

texana, Polystomella ••• ------------------------------------------------------ 39 texanum, Elphidium ______________________________________________________ 39, pl. 10 

Themeon __________________ ---- _ --- ___________ ------- _____ ------- ___ ------- _ __ 38 

rigatus ••. __________ --------- _______________ ------- ____ ------- _______ --- _ __ 38, 51 

tongaensis, Ozawaia------------------------------------------------------- 67, pl. 19 

translucens, Elphidium •.• ------------------------------------------------ 65, pl. 20 N onionella .••. ____________________________________________ --- _______ --- 34, pl. 9 

tredeca, Nonionella .. _ ------- ________ -------------------------------------- 32, pl. 8 

tredecum, Pseudononion __________________________________________________ 32, pl. 8 

tricostata, Polystomella _________ -_____ -- __ -- __ --- _----- _ ---------------------- 46 

tricostatum, Elphidium ...• ----------------------------------------------- 46, pl. 12 Trochammina ______________________________________ -- ____ ------ _------------- 26 

Truncatulina lobatula _______________________________ • _________________ --- __ _ _ 21 

tuberculata, Nonionina _____ -------------------------------------------------- 13 

tuberculatum, Nonion.---------------------------------------------------- 13, pl. 3 

tumidocamerale, Elphidium macellum ____________________________________ 46, pl. 12 

tumidum, Astrononion ____________________________________________________ 37, pl. 10 

Elphidium ________________ -------------------------------------------- 65, pl. 20 

turgescens, Nonion _________________________________________________________ 10, pl. 2 

turgida, Nonionella _______________________________________________ 26, 29,32-33, pl. 9 

Nonionina ___________________ -------------------------- ____ ------------ 14, 26, 32 

Nonionina asterizans ___________________ ---------- ______ ------------------ 32 

Rotalina _________________________ --------- ____ ---------------------------- 32 

turgidus, N onion ________ ------------- ____ ------------------------------------ 6 

u 

umbilicata ___________________________________________________ --- ___ ------- _--. 4 

Nonionina ____________ -------- __ ------------------------------------------ 3, 25 Polystomella. _____________ . _____________________ • _______ ----------------- 67 

umbilicatula, Nonionina.----------------------------------------------- 4, 19, 23,25 

Polystomella. ___________________________ ---- _ --- ______ ----- ___ ----------- 57, 58 

umbilicatulum, Nonion. --------------------------------------------------- 21, pl. 5 

umbilicatulus, Nautilus ___ -------- ___ ---------------------------------------- 21 ungeri, Elphldium _____________________________________________________ 44-45, pl. 11 

Polystomella. ___ ---------------------------- _______ ---------------------- 44 

v 

Valvulina auris _____________________ ---------- ______ ------------- ___ ---------- 33 

venusta, Polystomella. ___________________________ ---------------------------- 58 

venustum, Elphidium _____________________________________________________ 58, pl. 16 

verriculata, Polystomella _______________ --------- __ ------ ___ ------------------ 58, 61 

verriculatum, Elphidium ______________________________________________ ---- 61, pl. 17 

victoriense, Nonion. ________ ----------------------------------------------- 17, pl. 4 

villeroensis, Nonionina _________ ---------------------------------------------- 26 

viragoense, Astrononion _____ ------------------------------------------- 36, 37, pl. 10 

Vorticialis ______________________________ -------------------------------------- 38 

vulgaris, Polystomella __________________________ ---------------- _ ------------- 67 

w 

warburgi, Nonionella ________ ---------------------- ___ ---------------------- 28, pl. 7 

whitsettense, Nonion ________________________________________________________ 7, pl. 1 

whitsettensis, Nonionina. ________________ ------------------------------------ 7 

wilcoxense, Nonion _______ --------------- __ ---------------------------------- 5, pl. 1 

wilcoxensis, Nonionella _____________________________________________________ 29, pl. 7 

y 

ynezianum, Nonion •• ------- _ ------------------------------------------------ 69 
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UNITED; STAtes:., 

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