The Late Cretaceous 

Ammonites Scaphites leei 

Reeside and Scaphites 

hippocrepis (DeKay) in the 

Western Interior of the 

United States

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619

The Late Cretaceous 

Ammonites Scaphites leei 

Reeside and Scaphites 

hippocrepis (DeKay) in the 

Western Interior of the 

United States

By WILLIAM A. COBBAN

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619

Three chronological forms each of 

Scaphites leei and Scaphites hippocrepis 

occur in dimorphic pairs and provide a 

means of correlating thin units of strata

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1969
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. GS 68-316

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 60 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Abstract. _________________________

Introduction- _____________________

Geographic distribution.-_.________

Sequence of fossils_________________

Dimorphism in ammonites._________

Ammonites other than scaphites_ 

Scaphites _____________________

Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis. 

Size -- - -

Page 

1 

1 

1

6 

6

6

7

Dimorphism in ammonites Continued

Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis Continued 

Form_______ _________________________

Sculpture. ___________________________

Systematic descriptions._______________________

Scaphites leei Reeside_--__----________-_---

Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay)____________

References cited______________________________

Index _-__-_______-____.________-_-_-___-__--

Page

10

11

13

13

17

24

29

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates 1-5 follow index]

PLATE 1. Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis. 

2, 3. Scaphites hippocrepis.

4. Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis.

5. Scaphites equalis and S. hippocrepis. 

FIGURE 1. Index map of the western interior of the United States._________________________________________________ 2

2. Drawings of male and female Scaphites hippocrepis III_____________________________________-_-_--------_ 7

3. Histograms showing range in size of male and female Scaphites leei III and S. hippocrepis I_______._-_____-_- 9

4. Cross sections of female Scaphites hippocrepis III.._________________________________---______-------_--_ 10

5. Cross sections of female Scaphites hippocrepis I________________-___-__----____-_-__-_------_--------_--- 10

6. Drawings of phragmocones of male and female Scaphites hippocrepis I.____________________________________ 11

7. Cross sections of male and female Scaphites hippocrepis I__________________-___________-__-_--------_--_- 11

8. Graph showing average number of ventral ribs on Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis- ______________---_-----_- 12

9. Cross sections of phragmocones of female Scaphites hippocrepis I_________________________-__-_-_-_-_-_-_- 12

10. Cross sections through body chambers of Scaphites hippocrepis I and S. hippocrepis III_______________-_---__ 13

11. Suture of Scaphites hippocrepis III___________________________-_______-._____--__----_----_-_---_------- 13

12. Sutures of Scaphites leei I_________________________________-_______-___-_---__---_-_------_----------- 14

13. Histograms showing node counts on Scaphites leei !!!_______.___________________-_-_-_--_-_--------_----- 16

14. Scatter diagram showing number of ventral ribs on Scaphites leei III_______-__________-____-_-----_--_---- 16

15. Sutures of Scaphites leei III_________________________________________________-_-_____---__-_------_-_- 16

16. Scatter diagram showing number of ventral ribs on Scaphites hippocrepis I______________________---------__ 18

17. Sutures of Scaphites hippocrepis I__ ____________________________________________-_------__------------- 19

18. Sutures of Scaphites hippocrepis II___________________________________________-_----_--_-----._--------- 21

19. Scatter diagram showing ratios of distances between rows of ventrolateral nodes and rows of umbilical nodes of

Scaphites hippocrepis III_________________-____________________-_----_----------_---------------- 22

20. Scatter diagram showing number of ventral ribs on Scaphites hippocrepis III_________________-__-_--_--_--- 23

21. Sutures of Scaphites hippocrepis III______________________________-_-_-___-_---_-----_-_--------------- 23

TABLES

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected___________________________

2. Range in length and number of measurable male and female scaphites.

3. Ratios of lengths of largest and smallest male and female scaphites_ _ _

in

Page 

3

THE LATE CRETACEOUS AMMONITES SCAPHITES LEEI REESIDE AND SCAPHITES 

HIPPOCREPIS (DEKAY) IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE UNITED STATES

By WILLIAM A. COBBAN

ABSTRACT

Scaphites led Reeside and 8. hippocrepis (DeKay) are closely 

related ammonites found at many localities in Montana, 

Wyoming, South Dakota, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Both 

species have been found in Texas, and S. hippocrepis occurs also 

in Alabama, Georgia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey, as 

well as in several countries in Europe and Africa.

Both species occur in dimorphic pairs which are herein interpreted as male and female. In any one collection, the adults 

of each sex show a considerable range in size so that the ratio 

of the smallest specimen to the largest may be as much as 1: 4. 

The females attain a larger size than the males, but there is an 

overlap in the size range of the sexes. The last whorl of the 

female considerably overlaps the inner whorls, and this character 

combined with an umbilical swelling at the base of the body 

chamber almost dees away with the umbilical opening. The 

males, which lack this overlap and swelling, have a larger 

umbilicus and a concave umbilical wall.

Each species can be separated into three chronological subspecies to which Roman numerals I, II, and III are assigned. 

The oldest form, Scaphites led I, has a coarsely ribbed body 

chamber and ventrolateral nodes on both the phragmocone and 

body chamber. Scaphites led II lacks nodes on the phragmocone. 

Scaphites led III is more densely ribbed than &. led II, and the 

females have fewer umbilical nodes. Scaphites hippocrepis I, 

the descendant of S. leei III, is more densely ribbed and has 

weaker ventrolateral nodes which tend to be elongated. Scaphites 

hippocrepis II is more densely ribbed than S. hippocrepis I and 

has stronger and more circular ventrolateral nodes. Scaphites 

hippocrepis III, the youngest form in the /S. leei-S. hippocrepis 

lineage, is very densely ribbed and has an incipient third row 

of nodes on the flank of the body chamber between the rows of 

umbilical and ventrolateral nodes.

INTRODUCTION

Scaphites leei Reeside and 8. hippocrepis (DeKay) 

are easily identified Late Cretaceous ammonites characterized by the adult body chamber having ventrolateral and umbilical nodes, a nearly smooth flank, and 

a well-ribbed venter on which the ribbing tends to be 

interrupted on the older part. S. hippoerepis is widely 

distributed in the western interior of North America, 

in the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains of the United 

States, and in the Lower Campanian rocks in many

countries in northern Europe. $. hippocrepis was designated by Reeside (1944) as the index fossil for recks 

in the western interior region equivalent in age to that 

of the Eagle Sandstone of the Montana Group.

Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis, in the broad sense, 

range through as much as 1,700 feet of strata in parts of 

the western interior region. Collections of the scaphites 

from several levels within this thick sequence reveal 

subtle changes in sculptural features, such as density 

of ribs and nodes. These changes, which are herein interpreted as subspecific in rank, are useful in subdividing 

the zones of S. leei and S. hippocrepis and thereby provide a means for correlating thin units of strata.

The present study was principally made possible by 

a large collection of Scaphites leei made by Glenn R. 

Scott, of the U.S. Geological Survey, and by the nuir^rous collections of S. hippocrepis made by James R. Gill, 

also of the U.S. Geological Survey, in the course of his 

study of detailed stratigraphic sections in Wyoming, 

Montana, and South Dakota. James H. Smith, of the 

Mountain Fuel Supply Co. (Salt Lake City), kindly 

donated a large collection of the youngest form of S. 

hippocrepis from the Blair Formation near Rock 

Springs, Wyo., as well as several smaller collections 

of older forms of the species from Colorado p.nd 

Wyoming. William D. Greene and Nelson H. James, 

Greybull, Wyo., donated many fine specimens of S. Lippocrepis from the Alakali anticline area northwest of 

Greybull. All photographs were made by Robert E. 

Burkholder, of the Geological Survey. Charles C. 

Capraro, also of the Geological Survey, skillfully retouched many of the photographs and prepared the 

drawings of sutures, as well as text figure 2. The figured 

specimens are in the U.S. National Museum in Washington, D.C.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

In the western interior of the United States, Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis are known from many

1

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION"

localities in Wyoming and Montana and from fewer 

localities in South Dakota, Colorado, Utah, and New 

Mexico. The localities described in table 1 and shown 

on figure 1 are those pertinent to the present report and 

probably represent about two-thirds of the U.S. Geological Survey's localities of these scaphites.

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected

Locality U.S. Geol.

No. Survey

(fig. 1) Mesozoic

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assignment

D692 W. L. Rohrer, 1955. Nine miles west-northwest of Shelby, in the S^SW^NW}* sec. 

31, T. 32 N., R. 3 W., Toole County, 

Mont. Marias River Shale, from 29.5 ft 

below top.

21419 W. A. Cobban, 1948. Eight miles west of 

Shelby at head of ravine 3 miles north of 

Marias River, in the NEK sec. 31, T. 

32 N., R. 3 W., Toole County, Mont. 

Marias River Shale, from limestone concretions 10 ft below top.

21420 W. A. Cobban, 1948. Same locality as 21419. 

Telegraph Creek Formation, from thinbedded sandstone 24-35 ft above base.

D4914 W. A. Cobban, 1965. Bluff three-fourths of a 

mile east of Winnett, in the NE^SE^ 

sec. 6, T. 14 N., R. 27 E., Petroleum 

County, Mont. Eagle Sandstone, from 

small dark-brown-weathering sandstone 

concretions in lowest sandstone member.

D5633 J. R. Gill, R. E. Burkholder, R. Fleisher, 

and W. A. Cobban, 1966. Three miles 

south of Cat Creek, in the NE^NWK 

sec. 35, T. 15 N., R. 29 E., Petroleum 

County, Mont. From a ferruginous concretion 110 ft below lowest sandstone unit 

of Eagle Sandstone.

D5634 J. R. Gill, R. E. Burkholder, R. Fleisher, 

and W. A. Cobban, 1966. Same locality as 

D5633. From a limestone concretion 100 ft 

below lowest sandstone unit of Eagle 

Sandstone.

D5636

D5639

9_______ 21405

10-

11.

23896

2936

12_.____ D3520

J. R. Gill, R. E. Burkholder, R. Fleisher, 

and W. A. Cobban, 1966. Same locality as 

D5633. From a limestone concretion 40 ft 

below lowest sandstone unit of Eagle 

Sandstone.

J. R. Gill, R. E. Burkholder, R. Fleisher, 

and W. A. Cobban, 1966. Same locality as 

D5633. From calcareous concretions in 

lowest sandstone unit of Eagle Sandstone.

W. A. Cobban, 1948. About 3.4 miles east 

of Mosby Post Office, in the SW>£ 

NEJ4SEJ4 sec. 5, T. 14 N., R. 31 E., 

Garfield County, Mont. Gammon Shale, 

45 ft above base.

W. A. Cobban, 1952. Stream cut 3.4 miles 

east of Mosby Post Office, in the SE% 

sec. 5, T. 14 N., R. 31 E., Garfield County, 

Mont. Colorado Shale, from upper part of 

Niobrara Shale Member.

T. W. Stanton, 1903. Willow Creek, 6 miles 

[9 or 10] above old Fort Maginnis-Junction 

City road, Musselshell County, Mont. 

Eagle Sandstone, near base.

W. A. Cobban, 1948. Thirty-seven miles 

west-northwest of Forsyth, in the SEJ4 sec. 

27, T. 12 N., R. 38 E., Rosebud County, 

Mont. From lower part of Gammon Shale.

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected Continued

No.

(fig. D

U.S. Geol.

Survey 

Mesozoic

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assignment

13_._.-_ D4220 J. R. Gill, 1962. About 16 miles east-southeast of Billings, in the NW^SWK sec. 1, 

T. 2 S., R. 28 E., Yellowstone County, 

Mont. Eagle Sandstone, lower part.

14---.__ D4221 J. R. Gill, 1962. About 17 miles east-sout1-- 

east of Billings, in the NWJ4NWXNWJ4 

sec. 6, T. 2 S., R. 29 E., Yellowstoie 

County, Mont. Eagle Sandstone, sar^e 

stratigraphic level as D4220.

15---__- D4280 J. R. Gill, R. E. Burkholder, and W. A. 

Cobban, 1963. Seventeen miles southeast 

of Billings, in the W^SW>i sec. 5, T. 2 S., 

R. 29 E., Yellowstone County, Mont. 

Telegraph Creek Formation, from gray 

silty limestone concretion in ridge-forming 

sandy unit 43 ft above base. 

16_----_ 5745 T. W. Stanton and C. A. Fisher, 1908. On

road from mouth of Little Horn River, 

7 miles northeast of Hardin, Big Ho~n 

County, Mont. Eagle Sandstone fprobaHy 

from Gammon Ferruginous Member of 

Cody Shale near loc. 21206]. 

17______ 21206 W. A. Cobban, 1947. Seven miles east of

Hardin, near the center of the north li^e 

of sec. 13, T. 1 S., R. 34 E., Big Horn 

County, Mont. Cody Shale, from sil*y 

limestone concretions in Gammon Ferruginous Member.

18-__..-- 9649 C. J. Hares, 1916. Near Jack Creek about 7 

miles south of Bridger, in sec. 27, T. 7 S., 

R. 23 E., Carbon County, Mont. Frcm 

150 ft below Elk Basin Sandstone Member 

of Telegraph Creek Formation.

19__- __- 21937 J. B. Reeside, Jr., and D. A. Andrews, 19"8. 

Ten miles northwest of Warren, in the 

SWK sec. 20, T. 8 S., R. 24 E., Carbon 

County, Mont. Telegraph Creek Fonration.

20-_-._- D4637 J. R. Gill and R. C. Givens, 1964. Near Jack 

Creek 13 miles south-southeast of Bridger, 

in the NWMSEJ4 sec. 21, T. 8 S., R. 24 T., 

Carbon County, Mont. Telegraph Cre?k 

Formation, from basal 80-ft sandy unit. 

21______ 18148 J. B. Reeside, Jr., and W. G. Pierce, 1938.

South of Line Creek, in the NW^SWKSI^ 

sec. 26, T. 58 N., R. 103 W., Park County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, from concretionary lens 

of fine-grained sandstone 1,600 ft above 

base.

C. J. Hares, 1916. Elk Basin, sec. 25, T. 58 

N., R. 100 W., Park County, Wyo. Telegraph Creek Formation, Elk Basin Sardstone Member.

D. A. Andrews, 1936. Three miles southwest 

of Frannie, in the SE>i sec. 10, T. 57 1 T ., 

R. 98 W., Park County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 

from basal part of Telegraph Creek 

Member. 

24____-_ D1446 W. A. Cobban, 1957. Northwest side of Elk

Basin, from conspicuous butte in the 

NWKSWK sec. 35, T. 9 S., R. 23 E., 

Carbon County, Mont. Telegraph Creek 

Formation, from Elk Basin Sandstone 

Member.

25_ __--- D3295 J. R. Gill and L. G. Schultz, 1961. Elk Basin 

oil field, in the SE% sec. 19, T. 58 N., R. 

99 W., Park County, Wyo. Telegraph 

Creek Formation, 15 ft below top of Elk 

Basin Sandstone Member.

22 9625

17645
SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPBOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE. U.S.

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected Continued

Locality U.S. Geol.

No. Survey

(fig. 1) Mesozoic

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assignment

D4193

D4194

28______ D4198

30.

D4199

6053

31______ D3312

32______ 23477

33_ 23478

D1847

D4181

D4182

D4185

38______ 22821

J. R. Gill and W. R. Vaughn, 1962. Alkali 

anticline, in the NJ4SE}4 sec. 9. T. 54 N., R. 

95 W., Big Horn County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 

1,630 ft above base.

J. R. Gill and W. R. Vaughn, 1962. West 

flank of Alkali anticline, about 12.5 miles 

southeast of Lovell, in the NKSE}£ sec. 9, 

T. 54 N., R. 95 W., Big Horn County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, from sandy limestone 

concretions 1,780 ft above base.

W. D. Greene, R. E. Burkholder, N. H. 

James, and W. A. Cobban, 1963. Nine 

miles southeast of Lovell, in the SEJ4 

sec. 29, T. 55 N., R. 95 W., Big Horn 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, from zone of 

large brown calcareous sandstone concretions, same stratigraphic level as D4194.

W. D. Greene, R. E. Burkholder, N. H. 

James, and W. A. Cobban, 1963. Eight 

miles southeast of Lovell, in the SW}4 sec. 

20, T. 55 N., R. 95 W., Big Horn County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, same bed as at D4198.

T. W. Stanton and R. W. Stone, 1909. Pass 

Creek, 2 miles northeast of Slack, Sheridan 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, from sandstone 

900 ft below top.

J. R. Gill, L. G. Schultz, and W. A. Cobban, 

1960. About 4.5 miles west of Parkman, in 

the NW#NW}$ sec. 30, T. 58 N., R. 87 W., 

Sheridan County, Wyo. Cody Shale, from 

a glauconitic ridge-forming sandstone bed.

W. A. Cobban, 1941. Head of Owl Creek, in 

the NEJ4NEK sec. 13, T. 9 S., R. 61 E., 

Carter County, Mont. Pierre Shale, from a 

gray limestone concretion in the Gammon 

Ferruginous Member about 165 ft below 

top of Groat Sandstone Bed.

W. A. Cobban, 1941. Same locality as 23477. 

Pierre Shale, from, a ferruginous concretion 

in the Gammon Ferruginous Member about 

130 ft below top of Groat Sandstone Bed.

J. R. Gill, 1958. Three miles north of Bear 

Butte, in the NE%NE>4 sec. 6, T. 6 N., 

R. 6 E., Meade County, S. Dak. Pierre 

Shale, from lens of marlstone in lower part 

of Gammon Ferruginous Member.

J. R. Gill and W. R. Vaughn, 1962. Nine 

miles southeast of Manderson, in the 

NE#NW#NW>i sec. 20, T. 49 N., R. 91 

W., Big Horn County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 

from an orange-brown sandy limestone 

concretion 160 ft above top of Niobrara 

Shale Member.

J. R. Gill and W. R. Vaughn, 1962. About 8 

miles southeast of Manderson, in the 

NWKNW^NWtf sec. 2Q, T. 49 N., R. 91 

W., Big Horn County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 

from sandy limestone concretions 395 ft 

above top of Niobrara Shale Member.

J. R. Gill and W. R. Vaughn, 1962. West 

flank of Manderson anticline, 8 miles southeast of Manderson, in the NW^NE^NE^ 

sec. 19, T. 49 N., R. 91 W., Big Horn 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, from ridgeforming sandstone bed 665 ft above top 

of Niobrara Shale Member.

R. K. Hose and W. J. Mapel, 1950. Elgin 

Creek, in the NE#NW# sec. 13, T. 49 N., 

R. 83 W., Johnson County, Wyo. Cody 

Shale, about 365 ft below Shannon Sandstone Member.

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected Continued

Locality U.S. Geol.

No. Survey

(fig. 1) Mesozoic

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assigrment

39.

40.

41.

42.

22822

22825

22828

22830

D4681

D4682

45______ D4685

46. D4243

D4248

48______ D4249

49

51.

52.

D3244

D3197

D3200 

D416S

53______ D4474

54____._ 23110

R. K. Hose and W. J. Mapel, 1950. Same 

locality as 22821. Cody S" ale, from limestone concretions 748 ft below base of 

Shannon Sandstone Member.

R. K. Hose and W. J. Mapel, 1950. Same 

locality as 22821. Cody Shale, from a 

ferruginous layer 213 ft below base of 

Shannon Sandstone Msmber.

R. K. Hose and W. J. Mapel, 1950. Same 

locality as 22821. Cody Shale, from a limestone concretion 278 ft below base of 

Shannon Sandstone Member.

R. K. Hose and W. J. Mapel, 1950. Same 

locality as 22821. Cody Shale, from limestone concretions 268 ft below base of 

Shannon Sandstone Member.

J. R. Gill and R. C. Givenr, 1964. Zimmerman Butte area, in the NE}£NE}4 sec. 26, 

T. 44 N., R. 93 W., Hot Springs County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, from limestone concretions 1,665 ft below top.

J. R. Gill and R. C. Givens, 1964. Zimmerman Butte area, in the SE#NE#SE# 

sec. 28, T. 44 N., R. 92 W., Washakie 

County, Wyo. Cody Shah, 1,560 ft below 

top.

J. R. Gill and R. C. Givens, 1964. Zimmerman Butte area, in the center of sec. 23, 

T. 44 N., R. 93 W., Hot Springs County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, 1,465 ft below top.

J. R. Gill and others, 1963. About 3.5 miles 

northwest of Kaycee, in the NWKNWJ4 

sec. 26, T. 44 N., R. 82 W., Johnson 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 480 ft above 

top of Niobrara Shale Member.

J. R. Gill, 1962. About 3.5 miles northnorthwest of Kaycee, in the SWJ4SEJ4 

sec. 23, T. 44 N., R. 82 W., Johnson 

County, Wyo. Cody Shah, 1,050 ft above 

top of Niobrara Shale Member.

W. A. Cobban, 1963. Same locality as D4248. 

Cody Shale, from gray limestone concretions 1,210 ft above top of Niobrara Shale 

Member.

W. A. Cobban, 1960. Nine miles northwest 

of Midwest, in the NEK sec. 35, T. 41 N., 

R. 80 W., Natrona County, Wyo. Cody 

Shale, 35 ft below bed "A" of Richardson 

(1957).

J. R. Gill, 1961. Salt Creel- oil field, in the 

N}£ sec. 34, T. 40 N., R. 79 W., Natrona 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 75 ft above 

Fish-tooth sandstone.

J. R. Gill, 1961. Same locality as D3197. 

Cody Shale, from limestone concretions 

385 ft above Fish-tooth sandstone.

J. R. Gill and W. R. Vaughn, 1962. About 16 

miles southwest of Midwest, in the SE>4 

sec. 34, T. 39 N., R. 81 W., Natrona 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, top of bed "A" 

of Richardson (1957).

W. A. Cobban, 1964. Two miles west of 

Powder River, in the SW# sec. 34, T. 36 

N., R. 85 W., Natrona, County, Wyo. 

Cody Shale.

J. B. Reeside, Jr., W. R Keefer, M. L. 

Troyer, and R. J. Burn'ide, 1950. East 

Sheep Creek, in the NW#SEJ4NE# sec. 

23, T. 6 N., R. 2 E., Fremont County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, about 1,275 ft below 

top.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected -Continued

Locality U.S. Geol.

No. Survey

(fig. 1) Mesozoic

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assignment

55...- 23113 J. B. Reeside, Jr., W. R. Keefer, M. L. 

Troyer, and R. J. Burnside, 1950. West 

Dry Creek, in the SE#SE#NW# sec. 24, 

T. 6 N., R. 2 E., Fremont County, Wyo. 

Cody Shale, 65 ft below top.

56______ 21550 J. B. Reeside, Jr., J. D. Love, R. M. Thompson, and M. L. Troyer, 1949. Three miles 

south of Hudson, in the NW#SW# sec. 4, 

T. 33 N., R. 98 W., Fremont County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, about 1,035 ft below top.

57______ 21544 Keith Yenne and G. N. Pipiringos, 1949.

Near Alkali Butte, in the SE#NE}£SW# 

sec. 23, T. 34 N., R. 95 W., Fremont 

County, Wyo. Cody Shale, about 200 ft 

below top (Yenne and Pipiringos, 1954).

58_ . . _. _ 21753 J. B. Reeside, Jr., J. D. Love, and K. Yenne, 

1949. Near Alkali Butte, in the 

NE>iSE^SE>i sec. 23, T. 34 N., R. 95 W., 

Fremont County, Wyo. Cody Shale, 

about 200 ft below top (Yenne and 

Pipiringos, 1954).

59____ D4592 M. W. Reynolds, J. R. Gill, and R. C. 

Givens, 1964. About 5 miles west of 

Muddy Gap, in the east center of the 

SWJ4SEJ4 sec. 26, T. 28 N., R. 90 W., 

Fremont County, Wyo. Cody Shale, about 

1,100 ft below top.

60-_____ D5164 M. W. Reynolds, 1965. Ten miles northnorthwest of Lamont, in the SW>iNE%S WK 

sec. 5, T. 27 N., R. 89 W., Carbon County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, about 300 ft below Cody 

Sandstone of Weimer and Guyton (1961).

61___-_- 10455 A. E. Fath and G. F. Moulton, 1920. About 

3 miles west-northwest of Lamont, in the 

SW cor. NW}£ sec. 12, T. 26 N., R. 90 W., 

Sweetwater County, Wyo. Cody Shale.

62______ 10456 A. E. Fath and C. Y. Hsieh, 1920. About 4

miles east-northeast of Lamont, in sec. 7, 

T. 26 N., R. 88 W., Carbon County, Wyo. 

Cody Shale, same stratigraphic level as 

10455.

63_ _____ D5169 M. W. Reynolds, 1965. About 4.5 miles northeast of Lamont, in the SW#SE#SE# 

sec. 36, T. 27 N., R. 89 W., Carbon 

County, Wyo. Code Shale, about 2,675 

ft above base.

64______ D5171 M. W. Reynolds, 1965. About 6 miles eastnortheast of Lamont, in the SWtfN W#SE>£ 

sec. 5, T. 26 N., R. 88 W., Carbon County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, about 2,500 ft above 

base.

65-_____ D6035 J. R. Gill, 1967. Nine miles northwest of 

Rawlins, in the NEJ4SE>£SE}i sec. 19, 

T. 22 N., R. 88 W., Carbon County, 

Wyo. Cody Shale, 3,240 ft below base of 

nonmarine Mesaverde Formation.

66______ D5554 J. R. Gill, 1966. Eight miles northeast of

Rawlins, in the NWXNW}iSWtf sec. 7, 

T. 22 N., R. 86 W., Carbon County, Wyo. 

Cody Shale, 3,350 ft below base of the 

nonmarine Mesaverde Formation.

67_ _____ D3053 J. H. Smith, 1961. Ten miles south-southwest

of Rawlins, in the NWJ4 sec. 14, T. 19 N., 

R, 88 W., Carbon County, Wyo. Steele 

Shale, 1,468 ft above base.

68______ D3095 J. H. Smith, 1961. Twelve miles south of

Rawlins, in the center of the NJ^ sec. 23, 

T. 19 N., R. 88 W., Carbon County, Wyo. 

Steele Shale, 1,053 ft above base.

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected Continued

Locality U.S. Geol.

No. Survey

(fig. 1) Mesozoic

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assignment

69______ D2221 J. H. Smith, 1959. About 1 mile southeast of

Winton, in the SEtfSEtf sec. 5, T. 20 N., 

R. 104 W., Sweetwater County, Wyo. 

Blair Formation, from sandstone 100-125 

ft below top (Smith, 1961, p. 107).

70_-___- D2413 J. H. Smith, 1959. Four miles south of Rock 

Springs, in the SE# sec. 13, T. 18 N., 

R. 105 W., Sweetwater County, Wyo. 

Blair Formation, from sandstone 150-200 

ft below top.

71- . __ D2598 J. H. Smith, 1960. Near Rock Springs in 

the NWJ4 sec. 6, T. 18 N., R. 104 W., 

Sweetwater County, Wyo. Blair Formation, 140-160 ft below top (Smith, 1961, 

p. 108). 

72______ D3420 A. D. Zapp and W. A. Cobban, 1961. Five

miles east of Linwood, in the SWJiSV^iNEJ4 sec. 22, T. 3 N., R. 21 E., Daggett 

County, Utah. Baxter Shale, from thinbedded sandstone in upper part. 

73____ D3421 A. D. Zapp and W. A. Cobban, 1961. Twelve

miles east of Linwood, in the SWJ4NE% 

sec. 23, T. 3 N., R. 22 E., Daggett County, 

Utah. Baxter Shale, same stratigraphic 

level as D3420. 

74______ 11709 J. B. Reeside, Jr., W. H. Bradley, and J. D.

Sears, 1923. Vermilion Creek [sec. 1, 2, or 

12] T. 10 N., R. 101 W., Moffat County, 

Colo. Mancos Shale, 1,324 ft below top, 

75_ _ __ D2418 J. H. Smith, 1959. Vermilion Creek, in the

SWJ4 sec. 7, T. 10 N., R. 100 W., Mofat 

County, Colo. Mancos Shale, 1,065 ft 

below top.

76__--_- D3785 A. D. Zapp, 1962. Six miles north of Gr^en 

River, in the NW#SE# sec. 17, T. 20 S., 

R. 16 E., Emery County, Utah. Mancos 

Shale, about 1,600 ft below top.

77_---_- D2513 A. D. Zapp and W. A. Cobban, 1960. Half a 

mile northeast of Thompson, in the 

NWJiNE #NE# sec. 21, T. 21 S., R. 20 E., 

Grand County, Utah. Mancos Shale, 

from a long brown-weathering limestone 

concretion in upper part.

78 _ D3678 C. H. Dane, R. E. Burkholder, and W. A. 

Cobban, 1961. East side of U.S. Highway 

84, 3.5 miles south of Tierra Amarilla, Rio 

Arriba County, N. Mex. Mancos Shale, 

from limestone concretions about 175 ft 

below top. 

79______ D4075 G. R. Scott and family, 1963. On top of low

ridge about 3 miles west of Gallina, in the 

SE#SE#NEK sec. 11, T. 23 N., R. 1 W., 

Rio Arriba County, N. Mex. Manoos 

Shale, from a limestone concretion about 

590 ft below top.

__ D4076 G. R. Scott and family, 1963. Same locality 

as D4075. Mancos Shale, from limestone 

concretions about 560 ft below top. 

4453 J. H. Gardner, 1907. Three-quarters o* a 

mile north of Copper City, T. 20 N., R,. 1 

W., Sandoval County, N. Mex. Mesave-de 

Formation, near base. 

82__ __ 16796 C. B. Hunt, 1933. East of Senorita in the

NWJ4SEK sec. 11, T. 20 N., R. 1 W., 

Sandoval County, N. Mex. Mancos Shple, 

from upper 350 ft.

6778 W. T. Lee, 1910. Hagan coal field, T. 13 N., 

R. 6 E., Sandoval County, N. Mex. 

Mesaverde Formation, near base. 

7165 W. T. Lee, 1911. One mile southwest of 

Waldo, Santa Fe County, N. Mex. Manoos 

Shale, upper 200 ft.

80.

81.

83.

84.

318-642 O - 69 - 2
6 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

TABLE 1. Localities at which fossils were collected Continued

Locality U.S. Geol. 

No. Survey 

(fig. 1) Mesozoic 

locality

Collector, year of collection, description of locality, 

and stratigraphic assignment

85_ _____ 7180 W. T. Lee, 1911. Omera mine on east flank of

Ortiz Mountains, Santa Fe County, N. 

Mex. Mancos Shale, uppermost part.

86______ 8352 W. T. Lee, 1913. About 2.5 miles southeast

of Clifton House and about 10 miles southeast of Raton, Coif ax County, N. Mex. 

Pierre Shale.

87 __. D4835 G. R. Scott, 1965. Gully west of road, in 

the SEtfSE# sec. 31, T. 30 N., R. 24 E., 

Coif ax County, N. Mex. Pierre Shale, from 

ironstone concretions in lower part.

88_ _ D4836 J. R. Gill, G. R. Scott, and W. A. Cobban, 

1965. Beside road in the NE#SE# sec. 31, 

T. 30 N., R. 24 E., Colfax County, N. Mex. 

Pierre Shale, from conspicuous bed of large 

orange-weathering limestone concretions 

81 ft stratigraphically above D4835.

SEQUENCE OF FOSSILS

The sequence of scaphites of late Santonian and early 

Oampanian Age in the western interior region was determined as follows in regard to a study of the genus 

Haresiceras (Cobban, 1964, p. 110-111).

Early Campanian:

Haresiceras natronensc and a fine-ribbed form of Scaphites

hippocrepis

H. placentiforme and a coarse-ribbed form of 8. hippocrepis 

H. montanaense (late form) and a coarse-ribbed form of

8. hippocrepis 

H. montanaense (early form) andS. leei

Late Santonian:

Haresiceras (Mancosiceras) mancosense (late form), 8. leei,

and Desmoscaphites bassleri 

H. mancosense (early form), AS', leei, and D. erdmanni

In the present study, Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis 

were found to change gradually as they were traced 

upward through the rocks. These changes might warrant the introduction of formal inf raspecific names, but 

the use of Roman numerals seems just as useful and 

certainly easier to handle (Jeletzky, 1950, p. 24-25). 

Accordingly, the two species are interpreted in a broad 

sense and six chronological subspecies are recognized 

which are as follows:

Scaphites hippocrepis____ III (youngest)

II 

I

Scaphites leei_____________ III

II 

I (oldest)

In the sequence of Haresiceras presented in the preceding paragraph, 8. leei I occurs with the early form of 

H. mancosense. A', leei II occurs with the late form of 

H. mancosense^ and S. leei III is found with the early 

form of H. montanaense. S. hippocrepis I occurs with 

H. placentiforme and the late form of H. montanaense,

S. hippocrepis II also occurs with H. placentiforme^ and 

8. hippocrepis III is found with H. natrotiense.

The specimens representing each of these subspecies 

occur as dimorphic pairs.

DIMORPHISM IN AMMONITES 

AMMONITES OTHER THAN SCAPFITES

Makowski (1962a, 1962b), Callomon (195T, 1963), 

and Westermann (1964a), have recently revived the 

arguments for the recognition of sexual dimorphism in 

ammonites. Makowski (1962a) and Gallcmon (1963) 

have presented excellent summaries of the literature 

concerning dimorphism in ammonites. They noted that 

as far back as 1840, European authors, chiefly French, 

had observed that many adult ammonites occurred as 

large and small forms in the same stratum. Both forms 

had identical early stages, but the adult v^horls of the 

large form tended to be more inflated thai those of the 

small form. Most of the ammonites reported on were 

Jurassic, and the small form of many of tl ?se was provided with lateral lappets, a feature absent from the 

large form. Several of the earlier authors suggested 

that these differences in size and form were due to sexual 

differences and, by analogy with most extent invertebrates, the large form was probably the female and the 

small one the male.

Callomon, Makowski, and Westermann verified many 

of the conclusions of earlier authors and, in addition, 

they described and illustrated numerous examples of 

dimorphism, especially among Jurassic ammonites. 

Makowski and Westermann agreed that tr« large form 

probably represented the female and the small form the 

male. In this respect, Makowski (1962a, p. 58) stated, 

"In the organic world, wherever sexual dimorphism becomes strong enough to be expressed by notably smaller 

dimensions of one sex (occasionally many tens of times 

smaller), the dwarfism invariably affects the male individuals. Not a single case of opposite morphological 

conditions has so far been reported * * * it is maintained that all these analogies in dimorphism within the 

living animal world supply conclusive evidence that 

small ammonite forms represent the males and that true 

gigantism occurs among the female forms only." On the 

other hand, Callomon (1963, p. 47) stated, "The question of which of a dimorphic pair should be identified 

with a particular sex received considerable attention in 

the past, but as the answer lies wholly with the unobservables it can never rise above speculation." Callomon (1955, p. 238; 1957, p. 62) earlier referred to the 

large forms as tnacrocotwhs and to the snail forms as 

m.icroconchs. Later (1963, p. 29), he used tl«, letters "M" 

for macroconchs and "m" for microconchs. Westermann 

(1964a, p. 51) modified this usage a little by adding the
DIMORPHISM IN AMMONITES

zoological symbols for male ( $ ) and female ( 9 ) to 

abbreviations for Makrokonch and Mikrokonch thus 

creating the signs Ma. ? and Mi. $ . Makowski (1962a, 

p. 61) referred to the large forms as females and the 

small ones as males, and he applied the zoological symbols 9 and $ to them as advocated earlier by Glangeaud (1897, p. 106).

Makowski considered a dimorphic pair to be a single 

species and, accordingly, he 'applied to the pair the 

oldest available specific name. As an example (Makowski, 1962a, p. 24), Lissoceratoides erato (d'Orbigny) 

[ ? ] and Glochiceras comutum Ziegler [ $ ] were regarded as one species L. erato (d'Orbigny). On the 

other hand, Callomon (1955, 1963), Arkell and Callogave the members of a dimorphic pair separate specific 

mon (1963), and Westermann (1964a, 1964b, 1966) 

rank and even separate subgeneric rank. A more recent 

trend in the study of Jurassic ammonites is to agree with 

Makowski and regard the members of a dimorphic pair 

as the same species (Howarth and Donovan, 1964, p. 

286, 291-292; Lehmann, 1966; Palframan, 1966, p. 308- 

310; 1967, p. 84-87; Cope, 1967, p. 14-18,24-63).

Two kinds of dimorphism were determined in the 

Mesozoic ammonites studied by Makowski (1962a, p. 

16). One kind, which he called type A, consists of adults 

in which the small form ( $ ) has five to six whorls, 

whereas the large form (?) has at least seven whorls. 

The other kind, which he termed type B, has seven to 

nine whorls in the small form and at least eight whorls 

in the large form. A morphological hiatus of one whorl 

separates the sexes.

Housa (1965), in a preliminary note, suggested a different classification. He recognized two kinds of 

dimorphism which he termed Type I and Type II. In 

Type I, which includes Scaphites, the sexes differ only 

in size, and the peristome is simple and is the same in 

both males and females. In Type II, the sexes differ not 

only in size, but the male has apertural outgrowths such 

as lateral lappets or a ventral rostrum.

SCAPHITES

Oallomon, Makowski, Westermann, Palframan, and 

others dealt with dimorphism in Jurassic ammonites, 

but Makowski (1962) also presented observations on 

some Devonian goniatites and oneXate Cretaceous ammonite. The Cretaceous ammonite investigated was 

Scaphites constrictus (Sowerby) from the Maestrichtian rocks near Kazimiez, Poland. Makowski had 22 

large forms of this species which he considered to be 

females and 10 small forms which he believed to be 

males. He also reported on two adult scaphites, 62 and 

68 mm (millimeters) in length, from the "Emscherian 

deposits of North Dakota" (presumably from the upper

part of the Pierre Shale on the Cedar Creek anticline in 

the southwest corner of the State). These two specimens, 

identified as 8. nodosus var. plenus Meek, were found to 

have seven whorls each and to fall in his type A.

The present study of Scaphites hippocrepis and 

closely related species revealed the presence of two forms 

in almost every collection. One form is larger and more 

involute than the other and usually has an umbilical 

swelling (fig. 2). Changes in size and ornamentation 

affect both forms simultaneously, that is, if one form 

becomes larger and finer ribbed in the younger rocks, 

the other form, likewise, becomes larger and finer ribbed. 

I see no way to interpret these forms other than as male 

and female, and in conformance with the interpretation 

of Makowski, the larger form is herein interpreted to be 

the female and the smaller more evolute form is assumed to be the male. The standard zoological symbols 

for male ( $ ) and female ( 9 ) are used where 

applicable.

Possibly all species of scaphites occur in two forms, 

but these have received different treatment by different 

authors. Some authors, such as Wolansky (1932) and 

Miiller and Wollemann (1906), placed both forms in 

the same species but considered the smaller forms as 

specimens less mature than the larger. Wolansky (1932, 

p. 10, pi. 1, figs. 10, 12) figured two specimens, a large 

adult and a small adult, which she assigned to Hoploscaphites constrictus (Sowerby). The small specimen is 

more evolute than the large one and has a more slender 

body chamber; it could be a male. The large specimen, 

which has a very small umbilicus, is probably a female. 

Miiller and Wollemann (1906, pi. 9, figs. 4, 5; pi. 10, 

fig. 4) illustrated three specimens that they assigned to 

Scaphites binodosus Roemer. One is a large form that 

has a broad body chamber and an umbilical swelling at

B

FIGURE 2. Drawings of a female (A) and <a male (B) based 

on Scaphites hippocrepis III from USGS Mesozoic loc. 

21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17). L, length of shell; W, width of the 

shell as well as the width of the body chamber; a, area in 

which the body chamber begins; 6, area of interruption in 

the spacing of the ventral ribs.
8 SCAPHITES LEET AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE. WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE, U.S.

its base which nearly covers the umbilicus. This specimen, which was described by Miiller and Wollemann 

as a "sehr alter Exemplar," is herein considered a female. 

The two smaller specimens could well be males inasmuch 

as they have a much wider umbilicus and narrower body 

chamber with concave umbilical wall.

Many authors also have treated both the large involute form and the smaller more evolute form as a 

single species without giving subspecific names to one 

or the other. This is especially well shown by the treatment of Scaphites constrictus (S'owerby) in the following publications (with my interpretation of males 

and females) : Favre (1869, pi. 5, figs. 1 ( 3 ), 2,3 ( 9 9), 

4(5)), Binckhorst (1873, pi. Vd, figs. 6a, d ( $ 5 ), 6b, 

c ( 9 9 )), Bohm (1891, pi. 1, figs. 10 ( $ ), lOa ( 9 )), 

Grossouvre (1893, pi. 31, figs, la-c ( 9 9 ), 2a-c ($ $}, 

7(9), 8a, b (9 9 )), Grossouvre (1908, pi. 11, figs. 3 

( 9 ), 5-7 ($ 5 )). Makowski (1962a, text pi. 4, figs. 3, 

4) has also shown by sketches his interpretation of the 

male and female of this species.

Some authors have considered as one species both 

the large and the small forms of scaphites but have 

given formal varietal names to one or the other. A few 

examples of this treatment are shown in the following 

publications: Meek (1876, Scaphites nodosus var. brevis, 

pi. 25, figs, la-c ( 9 ) , S. nodosus var. quadrangularis, 

pi. 25, figs. 2-4(5^)), Reeside (1927b, JS. leei, pi. 21, 

figs. 1-7 ( 9 ) , 8. leei var. parvus, pi. 21, figs. 8-16 

($ $ )), Oobban (1951, many examples but particularly 

S. impendicostatus, pi. 11, figs. 1-8 ( 9 ), 11-13 ( 9 ), 

8. impendicostatus var. erucoides, pi. 11, figs. 17-22 

( 5 ), 23-24 ( $ ), 25-28 ( $ )), and Mikhailov (1951, 

S. constrictus, pi. 17, figs. 77-80 (9 9 ), 8. constrictus 

var. niedzwiedzkii, pi. 15, fig. 65 ( $ ) , pi. 17, figs. 81-82

($ 5),pi.i8,fig.85(4)).

Several authors either restricted the scope of the species to one or the other of the forms or had only one of 

the forms available for study. I interpret as females 

all six of the specimens of Scaphites planus illustrated 

by Yabe (1910, pi. 15, figs. 11-18) and all four of the 

specimens of 8.. geinitzi figured by Geinitz (1872, pi. 35, 

figs. 1-4). The inflated specimen described by Riedel 

(1931, p. 701, pi. 79, figs. 3,4) as the new species 8. bartlingi is probably a female, whereas both slender specimens described by Riedel (1931, p. 704, pi. 79, figs. 5, 6) 

as the new species 8. fischeri could be interpreted to be 

males of 8. ~bartlingi.

SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS

The early illustrations of Scaphites hippocrepis by 

DeKay (1827, pi. 5, fig. 5) and Morton (1829, pi. 7, fig. 

1; 1834, pi. 7, fig. 1) were based on two stout adults 

which I interpret to be females. Nearly all specimens

assigned to S. hippocrepis by authors later than DeKay 

and Morton applied the name to the feminine form. 

Noteworthy among these specimens are the two figured 

by Whitfield (1892, pi. 44, figs. 8-12), the two specimens figured by Schluter (1876, pi. 42, figs. 1-3), the 

four specimens figured by Grossouvre (1893, pi. 32, figs. 

2, 3a, b; pi. 35, figs. 6a-c; pi. 37, figs. 3a, b), the two 

specimens of Weller (1907, pi. 107, figs. 3-6), and the 

19 specimens illustrated by Reeside (1927b, pis. 14-20; 

some specimens included under 8. sttmtoni and S. levis). 

I interpret as the male of /Scaphites hippocrepis the 

following forms: S. reniformis Morton (1833, p. 291; 

1834, p. 42, pi. 2, fig. 6), 8. aquisgranensis Schluter 

(1872, p. 81, pi. 24, figs. 7-9), S. simttis Whitfield (1892, 

p. 267, pi. 44, figs. 1, 2), and S. aqwlaensis Reeside 

(1927b, p. 25, pi. 18, figs. 15-27; pi. 19, figs. 1-21; pi. 20, 

figs. 1-6) . Reeside's S. aquilaensis is associated with the 

larger and stouter feminine form of S. hippocrepis, has 

the same type of sculpture, and shows the same changes 

in size and sculpture according to locality and stratigraphic level. The type of Whitfield's 8. similis, which 

seemingly is lost (Reeside, 1962, p. 126), consisted of the 

septate coil and the older part of the body chamber. It 

came from the Merchantville Formation of New Jersey. 

Complete specimens from the Merchantville associated 

with the large feminine S. hippocrepis (pi. 5, figs. 36- 

40) show that 8. similis is the same as S. aquilaensis, 

and both are herein considered males of 8. hippocrepis. 

The type of Morton's S. reniformis is a small distorted 

septate coil readily matched with phragmocones of similar size from the Merchantville. I regard the latter and 

Morton's specimen as males of 8. hippocrepis. Whitfield (1892, p. 264) considered 8. reniformis to be a 

valid species, and Gabb (1861, p. 88) and Reeside (1962, 

p. 125) regarded it to be a juvenile of JS. hippocrepis.

SIZE

Each of the larger collections of adults shows a considerable range in size of the males and females. The 

range in size is such that the largest males are larger 

than the smallest females but not as large as the largest 

females. This overlap in the size range is shown in 

table 2, which summarizes data for the four largest 

collections.

TABLE 2. Range in length and number of measurable male and 

female scaphites

Fossil US OS Mesozoic 

fossil locality

Number of Sex Length, in 

specimens millimeters

Scaphites hippocrepis III ___ 21206 

hippocrepis I.._______ ._ D4194, D4198, D4199

leei TIL D4075

15 

9 

21

13 

16

16 

37

26

rf1 

9 rf1

9 rf1

9 rf1

9

10. 0-38. 7 

16. 9-18. 8 

15. 7-35. 1

20.4-52.2 

11. 7-22. 6

13. 5-27. 5 

12. 5-21. 8

18. 2-28. 9
DIMORPHISM IN AMMONITES 9

The collection of Scaphites hippocrepis III (pi. 3 

figs. 1-14) is from several limestone concretions (at the 

same stratigraphic level) distributed along half a mile 

of outcrop (fig. 1, loc. IT). One of the collections of S 

hippocrepis I (pi. 2, figs. 1-17) is from many limestone 

concretions more or less from the same stratigraphic 

level but distributed along several miles of outcro]: 

(fig. 1, Iocs. 27-29). The other collection of S. hippocrepis I (fig. 1, loc. 35; pi. 1, figs. 32-47) and the collection of S. leei III (fig. 1, loc. 79; pi. 1, figs. 19-31) are 

each from a single limestone concretion; the range in 

size of the adults from these two concretions is shown in 

figure 3.

Makowski (1962a, p. 31, 73) did not have this overlap 

in size of male and female in his collection of Scaphites 

constrictus (Sowerby) from the Maestrichtian rocks of 

Poland. His collection consisted of 22 females ranging 

in length from 47 to 68 mm and 10 males ranging in

15 r A

10

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS

B

0 2 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 

LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS

FIGURE 3. Histograms showing the range in size of male 

(heavy line) and female (shaded) specimens of (A) Scaphites leel III from USGS Mesozoic locality D4075 (fig. 1, 

loc. 79) and (B) 8. Mppocrepis I from USGS Mesozoic 

locality D4181 (fig. 1, loc. 35).

length from 22 to 35 mm. Makowski pointed out that 

the lack of overlap in size was also apparent from the 

Polish specimens of S. constrictus illustrated by Nowak 

(1912), which consisted of seven females, 47 to 53 mm 

long, and seven males, 22 to 34 nun long. Birkelund 

(1965, p. 141, text fig. 121) did not find this separation 

between the large and small forms in her scaphites from 

West Greenland. She noted, however, a tendency for 

some of her Campanian species to peak twice on histograms showing the range in size, and this led her to 

consider the cause to possibly be sexual differences.

The Jurassic ammonites investigated by Callonon, 

Makowski, and other authors show a much better separation into two size groups for each species. This is 

especially well shown by Callomon (1955, p. 225, figs. 

3, 4) in his treatment of Gulieltnites ( $ ) and Gulielmiceras ( $ ) and in a histogram by Palframan (1966, 

text, fig. 6).

The ratio of the lengths of the largest and smallest 

adults of each sex in most collections of the Scaphites 

leei-S. hippocrepis group of ammonites is commonly 

from 1:1.5 to 1:2.5. However, rare individuals of extraordinary large or small size suggest that the maximum ratio is more like 1:4. The ratios of size for the 

largest collections are shown in table 3. Wherever the 

largest or smallest specimen was incomplete or damaged, an estimate was made of the original size.

TABLE 3. Ratios of lengths of largest and smallest male and female

scaphites

Fossil USGS Mesozoie 

fossil locality

Size ratio Siz^ ratio 

of males of females

Scaphites hippocrepis IIIhippocrepis II, 

hippocrepis I..

leei III. 

leei II..

21206 

D2413 

D4185

D4194, D4198-99 

9625

22822 

D4243 

D4181 

D4075 

D4280

1:3.9 

1:1.4 

1:1.5 

1:2.3 

1:2.2 

1:2.3 

1:2.0 

1:2.0 

1:1.7 

1:1.3

1:3.6 

1:2.5 

1:1.9 

1:2.5 

1:3.2 

1:2.7 

1:2.3 

1:2.8 

1:1.6 

1:1.5

Ratios of size of large and small adults of the same 

species have been recorded as ranging from 1: 2 to 1:4 

for scaphites of the Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian (Cobban, 1951, p. 3) and from 1:4 to 1:6 for 

two late Campanian species (Birkelund, 1965, p. 140). 

Birkelund's figures are a little high compared to those 

for /Scaphites l-eei and 8. hippocrepis because the males 

and females are not differentiated.

Considerable variation occurs in the size of the wl orls 

within the sexes (fig. 4). The protoconch and the first 

two whorls are nearly the same in size on all specimens 

on which they are preserved, but the subsequent wl orls 

vary greatly in size. The larger specimens may even 

have one more whorl than the smaller (fig. 5).
10 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

FIGURE 4. Cross sections, x 2,y2 , at base of body chambers 

of a small (USNM 160319) and a large female (USNM 

160320) of ScapJiites hippocrepis III from USGS Mesozoic 

locality 21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17).

FORM

The specimens herein assumed to be females visibly 

differ from those believed to be males in that they have 

a much smaller umbilicus in the adult growth stage. 

The females of 8caphites leei and /S. hippocrepis have 

an umbilical swelling at the base of the body chamber, 

which causes the umbilicus to be much smaller than 

that of the preceding whorl (pi. 5, figs. 28, 29). According to the classification of Spatli (1923, p. 8), the last 

whorl is perangustmnbilicate, whereas the penultimate 

whorl is angustumbilicate.

The umbilical swelling is characteristic of many 

scaphites and reoccurs again 'and again in the Cretaceous. It is especially well shown in the following illustrations: late Albian, Scaphites hiUi Adkins and 

Wintoii (1919, pi. 7, fig. 4; Adkins, 1918, pi. 2, figs. 4, 

5, 7, 8,12; Clark, 1965, pi. 21, fig. 4, pi. 22, figs. 6, 8), 8. 

bosquensis Bose (Clark, 1965, pi. 4, fig. 2), 8. meriani 

Pictet and Campiche (Wiedmann, 1965, pi. 54, fig. 6b; 

pi. 57, fig. 4), 8. oUiquus Sowerby (1813, pi. 18, fig. 5; 

Pervinquiere, 1907, pi. 4, figs. 27a, c), S. simplex JukesBrowne (Spath, 1937, pi. 57, fig. 16; Wiedmann, 1965, 

pi. 54, figs. 1, 7a; pi. 55, figs. 4c, 5b), K. colUgnoni 

Wiedmann (1965, pi. 57, fig. 5b) ; Cenomanian, 

,Sy . dailyi Wright (1963, pi. 81, fig. 6a), S. bassei Collignon as figured by Sornay (1955, pi. 1, figs. 7, 11), 

and the species from the Malagasy Republic figured by 

Collignon (1928, pi. 19, figs. 9,13,14) as the new species 

8. bassei, /S. decaryi* and S. falloti, as well as the specimens shown by Collignon (1928, pi. 19, figs. 1, 6, 12a) 

as 8. aequaJis-obliquus Sowerby and 8. hugardianus 

cVOrbigny; Turonian, /?. aequalis mut. turonensis 

Roman and Mazeraii (1920, pi. 4, figs. 12,13), S. delicatuhtx Warren (1930, pi. 4, fig. 7; Cobban and Gryc, 1961,

FIGURE 5. Cross sections, X 5, at base 

of the body chamber of a small 

(USNM 160268) and a large female 

(USNM 160269) of ScapJiites hippocrepis I from USGS Mesozoic 

locality D4181 (fig. 1, loc. 35).

pi. 37, figs. 18, 22, 23), S. xubdelicatiilux Cobban and 

Gryc (1961, pi. 37, figs. 3,12,14), 8. geinitzi d'Orbigny 

(numerous illustrations but particularly these of Schliiter, 1872, pi. 23, figs. 17, 22; Geinitz, 1872, pi. 35, figs. 

1-3; Fritsch and Schlonbach, 1872, pi. 13, f gs. 10, 12a; 

Woods, 1896, pi. 3, fig. 6a), the 'specimens f gured as S. 

lamberti Grossouvre by Leonhard (1897, pi. 6, fig. 7) 

and Frech (1915, text figs. 3a, b), the species described 

from Japan by Yafoe (1910, pi. 15, figs. 9, 12a, 13a, 14-a, 

15a, 16) as 8. planus and 8. gracilis, and th°, species described from Oregon by Anderson (1902, pi. 2, figs. 

58, 64, 67) as 8. eondoni and S. roguensis; Coniacian, 

fS. itnpendicostatv* Cobban (1951, pi. 11, figs. 1, 13) ; 

Santonian, S. led Reeside (1927b, pi. 20, fig. 17; pi. 21,
DIMORPHISM IN AMMONITES 11

fig. 3), Clioscaphites montanemi-s Oobban (1951, pi. 16, 

figs. 1, 9, 12; pi. 17, fig. 1), and G. novitnexicanus 

(Reeside) (Cobban, 1951, pi. 21, fig. 1); Oampanian 

8. infiatw Romer (Schliiter, 1872, pi. 24, fig. 1), anc 

the new species described by Birkelund (1965, pi. 20 

fig. la; pi. 21, figs. 2a, 3a; pi. 22, fig. 2a; pi. 23, figs, la 

2a, 3a; pi. 24, figs, la, 2a, 4a; pi. 25, fig. 2a; pi. 27, figs 

la, 2b, 3a) as 8. cobbam, /S. rosenkrantzi, 8. ikorfatensis, 

and $. ravni; Maestrichtian, 8. plenus Meek and Hayden (Elms, 1933, pi. 37, fig. Ib; Coryell 'and Salmon 

193-4, text fig. 10), 8. const rictus (Sowerby) (numerous 

illustrations but especially those of Binckhorst, 1873, pi 

Vd, fig. 6b; Grossouvre, 1893, pi. 31, fig. 7; 1908, pi. 11, 

fig. 3; Lopuski, 1911, pi. 2, figs. 3, 5; Nowak, 1912, pi. 

33, figs. 8-11; Mikhailov, 1951, pi. 17, fig. 79; and Naidin 

and Shimanskii, 1959, pi. 6, figs. 5, 6, 12, 13), and Discoscaphites iris (Morton) (Stephenson, 1955, pi. 23, 

fig. 25).

The body chamber of the female scaphites is more 

inflated than that of the male, and it has a tendency to 

have an umbilical swelling. As a result the umbilical 

wall of the older half of the body chamber is ordinarily 

convex (pi. 2, figs. 11-17) in contrast to that of the male 

which is concave (pi. 2, figs. 1-10).

In addition to the presence of an umbilical swelling, 

the form of the female tends to be more robust than 

that, of the male (fig. 6). All but the innermost whorls 

are commonly more depressed in the females (fig. 7).

SCULPTURE

The male and female specimens of Sca'.pMtes leei and 

8. hippocrepis have the same general sculptural features. All specimens are characterized by well-defined

FIGURE 6. Outline drawings, X 2, of the phragmocones 

of a male (A) (USNM 160288) and female (B) (USNM 

160289) Scaphites hippocrepis I from USGS Mesozoie 

locality D4199 (fig. 1, loc. 29).

FIGURE 7. Cross sections, X 4, at the base of the body chamber 

of a male (A) (USNM 160290) and female (B) (USNM 

160291) Scaphites hippocrepis I from USGS Mesozoie locrlity 

D3312 (fig. 1, loe. 31).

primary (umbilical) and secondary (ventral) ribs on 

the septate whorls, some sort of a weakening or interruption in the ribbing near the base of the older or 

straight part of the body chamber, and, on the younger 

or curved part, more or less uniformly spaced ventral 

ribs and a row of ventrolateral nodes separated from a 

row of umbilical nodes by a smooth or nearly smooth 

lateral area (fig. 2). The males differ from the females 

mainly in the number of nodes and ribs on the body 

chamber and the degree of interruption in ribbing n ear 

the base (fig. 2).

The adapical end of the area of ventral rib interruption begins either at the base of the body chamber or a 

little farther up, depending upon the length of the body 

chamber (for example, pi. 1, figs. 25-31). The adoral 

end of the interrupted area lies about half a whorl b^.ck 

from the aperture. The interrupted area assumes several 

forms. It may be smooth (pi. 4, figs. 20, 23, 41) and, on 

rare specimens, even slightly constricted (pi. 3, fig. 12). 

More commonly it is represented by ribs more widely 

spaced than those on the rest of the body chamber and 

septate coil (pi. 2, figs. 11, 14, 15) ; these ribs may be 

conspicuously stronger (pi. 5, figs. 36, 37) or irregular 

(pi. 4, fig. 48).

Interruption of the normal ventral ribbing at or ii?ar 

the base of the body chamber is present on many species other than 8caphites leei and 8. hippocrepis. 8.
12 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE, U.S.

eqiwlis Sowerby of Cenomanian Age may show wider 

spacing of ribs (pi. 5, fig. 3) (Adkins, 1928, pi. 24, figs. 

4, 5) or a smooth and somewhat constricted area as it is 

shown in the illustration by d'Orbigny (1840, pi. 129) 

and as it is reproduced in such standard work as that 

of Roman (1938, pi. 39, fig. 371), Basse (1952, pi. 24, 

fig. 4), and Wright (1957, text fig. 256.3a). These features are also apparent on the specimen figured by Cieslinski (1959, pi. 3, figs. 4a, b). S. dailyi Wright (1963, 

pi. 81, figs. 6a, b), also of Cenomanian Age, has a smooth 

venter but it is farther back and, according to Wright, 

it actually lies on the last part of the phragmocone. 

Ribbing seems to be lacking at the base of the body 

chamber of one of the Cenomanian specimens of 8. 

ba~ssei. Collignon figured by Sornay (1955, pi. 1, fig. 7). 

Some specimens of the Turonian S. geinitzi d'Orbigny 

seem to be smooth near the base of the body chamber 

(Dacque, 1939, pi. 14, fig. 30b) or weakly ribbed 

(Sc.hliiter, 1872, pi. 23, figs. 12, 14, 21, 22). The Coniacian species described by Grossouvre (1893, pi. 32, figs. 

8a, b) as S. amaudi appears to be smooth near the base 

of the body chamber. Species that show a conspicuous 

increase in the spacing of the ventral ribs at. or near 

the base of the body chamber include the following 

forms: Turonian, 8, warreni Meek & Hayden (Cobban, 

1951, pi. 3, figs. 16-18; pi. 4, figs. 1-15); Coniacian, 8. 

potieri Grossouvre (1893, pi. 22, figs. 3a, b), S. tneslei 

Grossouvre (1893, pi. 32, figs. 4a, b), 8. lamberti Grossouvre as figured by Andert (1934, pi. 19, figs. 4a, b), j$. 

fetonensis Cobban (1951, pi. 14, figs. 1-8), and 8. binneyi Reeside (1927a, pi. 6, figs. 1-8); and Santonian, 

Clioscaphites vermiformis (Meek & Hayden) (Meek, 

1876, pi. 6, fig. 4a) and C. saxitonianus (McLearn) 

(McLearn, 1929, pi. 18). Loss of ventral ribbing at or 

near the base of the body chamber is 'apparent on some 

examples of the Maestrichtian 8. coiistrictu«s (Sowerby) 

figured by Schliiter (1872, pi. 28, figs. 5-7), Binckhorst 

(1873, pi. Vd, figs. 6e, f), Grossouvre (1893, pi. 31, figs, 

la, c, 8a, b), and Mikhailov (1951, pi. 17, figs. 77-80). 

The ribs on Scaphites leei and S. Mppocrepis are 

rather straight. They are well differentiated into primaries and secondaries on the phragmocone in typical 

scaphitid manner, such 'as that of the genotype 8. 

equal is Sowerby (pi. 5, fig. 1). The primary ribs are 

absent from the body chamber of /S. leei and most specimens of 8. Mppocrepis. They are present sparingly on 

a few specimens of 8. hippocrepis II (pi. 5, figs. 13, 22) 

and more commonly on S. hippocrepis III (pi. 3) where 

they grade into incipient nodes. The secondary or ventral ribs are conspicuous on the body chamber. They 

arise rather abruptly along the row of ventrolateral 

nodes and extend straight across the venter without 

forward arching. They are more numerous on /S.

pocrepis III than on the older forms. Usually there are 

three or four more ribs on the male than on the female, 

but 8. hippocrepis III reverses this trend (fig. 8).

Ribbing on the inner whorls was examined closely in 

only one collection (ScapMtes Mppocrepis I from 

USGS Mesozoic loc. D4181, fig. 1, loc. 35). Most of these 

specimens have the innermost whorls preserved. Sections cut through the plane of symmetry repealed a lack 

of ribs on the first four to 4% whorls of both the males 

and the females. Inasmuch as the larger specimens have 

up to one whorl more than the smaller, tl ?, phragmocones of the larger have considerably more ribs than 

the smaller (fig. 9).

40 r

= 30

>20

10

III 111

Scaphites leei Scaphites hippocrepis

FIGURE 8. Average number of ventral ribs of uniform height 

and spacing on the younger part of the body chambers of 

male ( $ ) and female (?) specimens in the largest collection 

of each of the. three forms of Scaphites leei (I, 21419; II, 

D4280; III, D4075) and in the largest collections of the three 

forms of 8. Mppocrepis (la, D4181; Ib, D4194, D4198, D4199; 

II, D4185; III, 21206).

FIGURE 9. Cross sections, X 2y2 , through the plane of symmetry of the entire phragmocones of a large (USNM 

160266) and a small female (USNM 160267) of Scaphites 

hippocrepis I from USGS Mesozoic locality F4181 (fig. 1, 

loc. 35).
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 13

Umbilical and ventrolateral nodes are present on the 

younger half of the body chambers of nearly all specimens of Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis] they are 

absent only from the smallest adults of both sexes (pi. 

1, figs. 37, 47). The nodes may be bullate, as on most 

specimens of S. hippocrepis I (pi. 1, figs. 32-36, 38^6), 

or round, as on many specimens of S. leei (pi. 1, figs. 

1-31). Clavate nodes are present on the males of S. 

hippocrepis III (pi. 3, figs. 1-6, 15-17; pi. 5, figs. 39, 

 40). An incipient row of bullate nodes is present between 

the umbilical and ventrolateral rows on most specimens 

of /S. hippocrepis III (pi. 3).

Nodes are present on the end of the primary ribs on 

the phragmocone of the oldest form of Scaphites leei 

(I) (pi. 1, figs. 2, 4, 6). They are small, round, and 

number about 15 011 the last septate whorl. Nodes are 

absent from the phragmocone of S. leei II and III and 

S. hippocrepis I and II, but they reappear on a few individuals of 8. hippocrepis III, such as the splendid 

specimen figured by Morton (1834, pi. 7, fig. 1) and a 

few specimens from the western interior (this report, 

pi. 3, figs. 10,14,18).

Umbilical nodes are confined to the body chamber 

where they commonly number two or three, but they 

may be absent (pi. 1, figs. 45,46) or they may number as 

many as five or six (pi. 2, figs. 2, 7). The male usually 

has about one more mode than the female. The umbilical 

nodes tend to be subequal in size on the males, whereas 

on many females one node may be much larger than the 

others (pi. 3).

Ventrolateral nodes are usually present only on the 

body chamber where they are largely confined to the 

younger half the half that has the uniformly spaced 

ventral ribbing. The row of ventrolateral nodes may 

extend down past the area of ventral rib interruption to 

or beyond the base of the body chamber on some specimens of Scaphites hippocrepis III (pi. 3, figs. 5, 15-17, 

19) and on most individuals of S. leei II (pi. 1, figs. 9, 

10). The ventrolateral nodes tend to extend farther 

down toward the base of the body chamber on males than 

on females (compare figs. 19-24 on pi. 1 with figs. 25-31; 

also see pi. 3). The row of ventrolateral nodes on the 

body chamber represents the same line of nodes as those, 

on the phragmocone of S. leei I (pi. 1, fig. 2) as well as 

those on the phragmocone of some individuals of 3. 

hippocrepis III (pi. 3, fig. 14). The ventrolateral nodes 

on the body chamber usually number from five to seven, 

but there may be as many as 12.

On the three forms of /Scaphites leei and on 8. hippocrepis I and II, the distance separating the umbilical 

nodes from the ventrolateral nodes of both sexes is much 

less than the distance across the venter separating the 

opposite rows of ventrolateral nodes. On the males of

3. hippocrepis III these distances become more ecual 

(fig. 10).

The sutures of Scaphites leei and 8. hippocrepis are 

rather simple and typical of the genus. Reeside (1927b, 

pis. 15-21) has shown many examples. The complete 

suture of an adult 8. hippocrepis III is presented in 

figure 11.

The total number of chambers in the adult shell may 

be between 50 and 60, as indicated by the few sectioned 

specimens. The last chamber is usually crowded.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

SCAFHITES LEEI REESIDE

Reeside (1927b, p. 26) characterized Scaphites leei 

by its stout whorls, convex umbilical shoulder, nibquadrate cross section of the body chamber, coarse ribs, 

and conspicuous umbilical and ventrolateral nodes. He

FIGTJBE 10. Cross sections, X 2, through 

the body chambers of a male (A) 

(USNM 160275) and a female (B) 

(USNM 160289) of Scaphites hippocrepis I from USGS Mesozoic locality 

D4199 (fig. 1, loc. 29) and a male (C) 

(USNM 160309) and female (D) 

(USNM 160316) of S. hippocrepis III 

from USGS Mesozoic locality 21206 

(fig. 1, loc. 17).

FIGURE 11. Second from last suture, X 5, of an adult 

female Scaphites hippocrepis III from USGS Mesozoic locality 21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17). USNM 160321.

318-642 O - 69 - 3
14 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

observed that the ribbing was weak and widely spaced 

on the older part of the body chamber and strong on the 

younger part. He also noted that S. leei differed from 

/S. Mppocrepis in its sharpness of sculpture, its subquadrate cross section, and the presence of four subequal 

evenly spaced umbilical nodes. He figured two stout 

specimens as S. leeli and two smaller and more slender 

specimens as the variety parvus. The two larger specimens (holotype and paratype) came from the upper 

part of the Mancos Shale at different localities in Santa 

Fe County, N. Mex. I interpret these two specimens to 

be females. The holotype closely resembles the form 

herein referred to as /S. leei II, whereas the paratype 

seems more assignable to S. leei I. The two smaller 

specimens (var. parvus) came from the lower part of 

the Mesaverde Formation at separate localities in 

Sandoval County, N. Mex. I consider these to be males 

of the youngest form of S. leei (III).

Scaphites leei Reeside I 

Plate 1, figures 1-7; text figure 12

1927. 8capMt.es leei Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, 

p. 26, pi. 21, figs. 1-7 (9).

?1929. /Scaphites Mppocrepis (DeKay). Dane, Arkansas Geol. 

Survey Bull. 1, p. 52, pi. 9, fig. 3 ( $ ).

1951. ScapMtes leei Reeside. Cobban, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 239, p. 34, pi. 21, figs. 24-26 ( $ ).

1955. ScapMtes leei Reeside. Cobban, Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 6th Ann. Field Conf., p. 202, pi. 1, fig. 8 ( $ ).

1960. ScapMtes leei Reeside var. parvus Reeside. Easton, Invertebrate Paleontology, text fig. 11.27-lb only ( $ ).

This form is characterized by the presence of nodes 

on the phragmocone 'and by coarse ribbing on the body 

chamber. It is the most coarsely ribbed scaphite in the 

Scaphites leei-S. Mppocrepis group.

The specimen described by Reeside (1927b, p. 26, pi. 

21, figs. 1-7) is a large female about 36 mm long that 

has a body chamber 26 mm wide and 19 mm thick. It has 

about 16 evenly spaced strong ventral ribs on the curved 

or younger part of the body chamber although an exact 

count cannot be made because the adapical part is incomplete. Four umbilical nodes are present, but the total 

number of ventrolateral nodes cannot be determined.

The largest collection, consisting of only four specimens, is from a bed of limestone concretions 10 feet 

below the top of the Marias Eiver Shale at USGS 

Mesozoic locality 21419 near Shelby, Mont. (fig. 1, loc. 

2). This bed of concretions produced the types of DesmoscapMtes erdmanni Cobban (1951, p. 38, pi. 21, figs. 

10-23), two plesiotypes of OlioscapMtes navimexicanus 

(Reeside) (Cobban, 1951, pi. 21, figs. 4-7), two plesiotypes of Scaphites leei Reeside (Cobban, 1951, pi. 21, 

figs. 24-26; 1955, pi. 1, fig. 8), and a plesiotype of Baculites thomi Reeside (Cobban, 1955, pi. 2, fig. 4). Of the

four specimens of 8. leei, only two are complete body 

chambers. One, a female, is 19.5 mm wide pud 12.8 mm 

thick. It has 13 evenly spaced ventral ribs on the younger 

part of the body chamber. The other, a male (Cobban, 

1951, pi. 21, figs. 24-25), is 17.9 mm wide end 11.9 mm 

thick and has about 17 evenly spaced ventral ribs on the 

younger part of the body chamber. Th«^ published 

restoration (Cobban, 1955, pi. 1, fig. 8), bised on this 

specimen, is incorrect in that it does not si ow the row 

of ventrolateral nodes continuing on to tr^ phragmocone, and the umbilicus is drawn too small. The largest 

specimen, a female approximately 34 mm long with a 

body chamber 21.5 mm thick and possibly 31 mm wide 

(estimate), consists of part of the younger end of the 

body chamber and most of the phragmocone (pi. 1, figs. 

4-7). This individual and another female (pi. 1, figs. 1, 

2) from the same locality clearly show that the ventrolateral nodes extend entirely around the last septate 

whorl where they number about 15.

Umbilical node counts are not possible on any of the 

females, and the number of ventrolateral nodes can be 

determined on only one specimen which has about seven 

on the body chamber. The only complete body chamber 

of a male has four umbilical nodes and seven ventrolateral nodes. A small crushed incomplete male from 20 

feet lower stratigraphioally (fig. 1, loc. 1) is of interest 

in that the umbilical nodes probably number more than 

four and extend a little way down on the phragmocone 

(pi. 1, fig. 3). The primary ribs are unusially strong 

on this individual and seem to persist onto the older 

part of the body chamber.

Sutures of two females are shown in fig-ire 12.

FIGURE 12. Sutures of Scaphites leei I. A. Foiirth from last 

suture (X 5) of a female (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, USNM 160231) 

from USGS Mesozoic locality 21419 (fig. 1, l<xi. 2). B. Sixth 

from last suture (X 6) of a female (pi. 1, fi?s. 4-7, USNM 

160232) from the same locality.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 15

Scaphites leei I is easily distinguished from the 

younger forms of the species by the row of ventrolateral 

nodes on the phragmocone. In this respect, it resembles 

the female phragmocone from the Browns-town Marl of 

southwestern Arkansas illustrated by Stephenson (in 

Dane, 1929, p. 52, pi. 9, fig. 3) as 8. hippocrepis.

Types. Plesiotypes USNM 160231-160233.

Occurrences. /Scaphites leei I is known with certainty only from the uppermost part of the Marias 

River Shale in northwestern Montana (fig. 1, Iocs. 1-2), 

from the upper part of the Niobrara Shale Member of 

the Colorado Shale in east-central Montana (fig. 1, loc. 

10), and from the uppermost part of the Mancos Shale 

in north-central New Mexico (fig. 1, loc. 85).

Scaphites leei Reeside II 

Plate 1, figures 8-18

1927. Scaphites leei Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, 

p. 26, pi. 20, figs. 17-22 ( 5 ).

This form of Scaphites leei is characterized by coarse 

ribbing and, on the female, by the presence of as many 

as four umbilical nodes and a tendency for the ventrolateral nodes to extend back as far as the base of the 

body chamber.

Scaphites leei II includes the holotype of the species 

(pi. 1, figs. 8, 9), a small female 'about 23.2 mm long, 

19.3 mm wide, and 13 mm thick (measurements from a 

plaster cast). The body chamber has four umbilical 

nodes and nine ventrolateral nodes; each row extends 

down to the base of the body chamber. As observed by 

Reeside, the space on the flank between the rows of nodes 

is almost smooth, the two rows being connected by "obscure elevations." The older or straight part, of the body 

chamber has weak irregularly spaced ventral ribs, 

whereas the younger or curved part has 18 strong evenly 

spaced ribs.

The largest collection of Scaphites leei II consists of 

nine adults (four males, five females) from the Telegraph Creek Formation at USGS Mesozoic locality 

D4280 in south-central Montana (fig. 1, loc. 15). The 

range in length of the males is 13.5 to 17.7 mm and that 

of the females is approximately 21 to 32 mm. The males 

have two to four umbilical nodes and five to seven ventrolateral nodes; the females have two to three umbilical 

nodes and five to eight ventrolateral nodes. The body 

chambers of the males have 24 to 30 ventral ribs of 

which 18 to 24 are on the part characterized by uniform 

ribbing. Rib counts can be made on only two of the 

female body chambers; the ribs number 19 of which 16 

are evenly spaced on one chamber, and 17 are evenly 

spaced on the other.

Types. Holotype, USNM 73354; plesiotypes, USNM 

160234-160236.

Occurrences. Scaphites leei II is known from orly a 

few localities. The holotype is from the uppermost part 

of the Mancos Shale in north-central New Mexico (fig. 

1, loc. 84). This form of the species has been foun-1 at 

only one locality in Wyoming on the north side of the 

Wind River Basin (fig. 1, loc. 54,5 $ 5,1$ ; Keefer and 

Troyer, 1964, p. 88). In Montana, this form has been 

found at three localities in the Telegraph Creek Formation (fig. 1, Iocs. 3, 1 9 ; 20, 1 9 ; 15, 4 $ 5,55 9 ) and 

questionably from the basal part of the Gammon Shale 

(fig. 1, loc. 9, 1 $ , 3 2 5 ). The small female figured by 

Reeside (1927b, pi. 15, fig. 18) as S. hippocrepis from 

the Telegraph Creek Formation near map locality 15 

is probably S. leei II. The specimens at map localit: 3s 3 

and 15 in Montana and at map locality 54 in Wyoming 

are associated with Desmoscaphites bassleri Reeside. 

The scaphite recorded as /S. hippocrepis by Pike (1947, 

p. 43) that is associated with D. ba^sleri in the Mancos 

Shale in southwestern Colorado is probably S. leei II.

Scaphites leei Reeside in 

Plate 1, figures 19-31; text figure 15

1927. Scaphites leei Reeside var. parvus Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 27, pi. 21, figs. 8-16 ($ $).

1960. Scaphites leei Reeside var. parvus Reeside. Easton. Invertebrate Paleontology, text fig. 11.27-la ( $ ).

Scaphites leei III differs from S. leei II in that it has 

denser ribbing on the body chamber and it rarely has 

more than two umbilical nodes on the female. The ventrolateral and umbilical nodes on the female are confined to the younger part that has the uniform ventral 

ribbing.

Reeside figured two males from separate localities in 

north-central New Mexico (fig. 1, Iocs. 81, 83). The 

slightly larger and better preserved specimen is the 

holotype of his variety parvus. This specimen is aVout 

16.4 mm long, 14 mm wide, and 7.6 mm thick (measurements from a plaster cast). It has two umbilical 

nodes and six ventrolateral nodes. The uniform ventral 

ribs on the body chamber number 20, and the interruption in ribbing below them is very distinct (Reende, 

1927b, pi. 21, fig. 12).

An outstanding collection of Scaphites leei III consists of 75 adults from a single limestone concretion 

from the upper part of the Mancos Shale at U!?GS 

Mesozoic locality D4075 near Gallina, N. Mex. (fig. 1, 

loc. 79). Forty-five are males ranging in length from 

12.5 to 21.8 mm (pi. 1, figs. 19-24), and 30 are females 

ranging in length from 18.2 to 28.9 mm (pi. 1, figs. 25- 

31). Most males have two to four umbilical nodes (average 3.2) on the body chamber 'and four to nine ventrolateral nodes (average 6.6). One female has a single 

umbilical node, another has three nodes, and the rest 

have two; the ventrolateral nodes number five to eight
16 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

(average 6.2). Node counts are shown in figure 13.

All nodes are confined to the younger half of the 

body chamber the part characterized by uniform 

ventral ribbing. The adapical umbilical node on the 

female is much larger than the adoral node. In the row 

of ventrolateral nodes, the second or third node from 

the adapical end is usually the largest, and the rest decrease progressively in size away from it. On males the 

nodes of both rows are more uniform in size. The evenly 

spaced ribs on the body chamber number 17 to 29 (average 23.5) on males and 15 to 25 (average 19.4) on 

females. Their distribution is shown in figure 14.

The collection from locality D4075 shows the greatest 

range in size for the females of Scaphites leel III (fig. 

3), but >a collection from the same locality (fig. 1, loc. 

80) but 30 feet higher stratigraphically includes an 

adult male only 11.1 mm in length and another male as 

much as 26.9 mm in length.

30 r

25 -

20

u. 15 

o

10

30 r

25 -

20 -

u. 15 -

10

012345 

UMBILICAL NODES

12345 6789 

VENTROLATERAL NODES

FIGURE 13. Histograms showing node counts on the entire 

body chamber of male (heavy line) and female (shaded) 

specimens of Scaphites leei III from TJSGS Mesozoic 

locality D4075 (fig. 1, loc. 79).

30

25

5 20

u. 15

10

5 10 15 20 

WIDTH OF BODY CHAMBER, IN MILLIMETERS

25

FIGURE 14. Scatter diagram showing nunber of 

ventral ribs of uniform height and spacing on the 

younger part of the body chambers of male ( $ ) and 

female ( 2 ) specimens of Scaphites leei III from 

TJSGS Mesozoic locality D4075 (fig. 1, loc. 7-?).

The external sutures of 'a male and a female from 

locality D4075 are shown in figure 15.

Most internal molds of either sex from locality D4075 

have a small shallow pit on the umbilical wall at or very 

near the base of the body chamber (pi. 1, figs. 19-23). 

The pit is either circular or elliptical with the elongation 

in the direction of shell growth. The pits range in size 

from 1.0 by 1.5 mm to 2.0 by 2.0 mm. They are present 

on both sides of a scaphite. The pits reflect >a localized 

thickening inward of the shell material; no thickening 

is visible on scaphites that retain their original shell.

FIGURE 15. Sutures of Scaphites leei III. A. Last 

suture (X 6) of a male (pi. 1, fig. 21, TJSNM 

160239) from USGS Mesozoic locality D4075 (fig. 1, 

loc. 79). B. Penultimate suture (X 6) of a female 

(pi. 1, fig. 31, USNM 160249) from the same 

locality.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 17

This local thickening of the shell was probably caused 

by a parasite.

Types. Holotype, USNM 73356; pa.ratype, USNM 

73357; plesiotypes, USNM 160237-160249.*

Occurrences. Scaphites l-eei III has been found sparingly in Montana and Wyoming and more commonly in 

New Mexico. In Montana, it is known best from a collection of four females and two males from the lower 

part of the Gammon Shale on Porcupine dome (fig. 1, 

loc. 12) where the specimens were associated with an 

early form of Haresiceras m-ontanaense (Reeside) (Cobban, 1964, p. 16). The body chamber of the male figured 

by Reeside (1927b, pi. 19, figs. 8, 9) as 8. aquilaen&is var. 

costatus from the Telegraph Creek Formation in southcentral Montana (fig. 1, loc. 18) seems to be assignable 

to S. leei III. In Wyoming, 8. leei III has been found 

associated with H. tnonianaense in the Cody Shale in 

the northern part of the Bighorn Basin (fig. 1, Iocs. 21, 

1 $ , 2 $ $ ; 26, 2 $ $ , 2 $ $ ). In New Mexico, this 

scaphite has been found on the east side of the San Juan 

Basin (fig. 1, Iocs. 79, 45 $ $ , 30 2 $ ; 80, 6 $ $ , 5 $ $ ;

82. 3 $ $ , 4 $ $ ; 81, 1 $ ) and in the Ortiz Mountains 

area between Santa Fe and Albuquerque (fig. 1, loc.

83. 1 $ ). The female from the Ortiz Mountains area 

(fig. 1, loc. 85) figured by Reeside (1927b, pi. 17, figs. 

14, 15) as S. hippocrepis var. crassus is probably 8. leei 

III.

Scaphiies leei III may be present in the Austin Chalk 

of Texas. Two of the three females described by Young 

(1963, p. 48, pi. 2, figs. 1-4, 6-9; text fig. 7g) as S. kippocrepis crassvs from his Dessau Limestone have welldefined ventrolateral nodes and a large umbilical node. 

A plaster cast of one of the specimens (Young, 1963, 

pi. 2, figs. 6-9) shows the presence of a much smaller 

umbilical node nearer the aperture. On this cast the 

ventrolateral nodes number five and the uniformly 

spaced ventral ribs on the body chamber number 15 or 

16. The body chamber of a female described by Young 

(1963, p. 49, pi. 20, figs. 5, 6) as 8. sp. cfr. leei parvus 

from his slightly younger Burditt Marl may also be 

8. leei III. It has six well-defined ventrolateral nodes, a 

large umbilical node, and a much smaller umbilical 

node nearer the aperture. About 16 or 17 evenly spaced 

ventral ribs are present on the body chamber.

SCAPHITES HIPPOCREPIS (DeKAY)

The holotype, part, of an adult body chamber, is apparently lost (Reeside, 1962, p. 126). In the illustration 

by DeKay (1827, pi. 5, fig. 5), the specimen is oriented 

in such a manner that the viewer sees a cross section of 

the adapical end of the body chamber and little else. 

The stoutness of the specimen and the great involution 

of the base of the body chamber indicates a female. The

conspicuous lunate cross section of the base of the 1 

chamber suggests a horseshoe and, hence, the origin 

of the species name hippo (Greek, "hippos," Inrae), 

crepis (Greek, "krepis," shoe). DeKay's description is 

as follows:

Externally smooth, with slight transverse elevations, which in 

the smaller whirls are very distinct; each whirl envelopes one 

half of the internal contiguous whirl, and this gives to the 

septum a peculiar lunated appearance. This is supposed to be 

the last chamber, and a considerable prominence on each side 

near the outer lip, may be considered as analogous to corresponding parts in the Nautilus, where the lips fold round in 

order to be connected with the sides. The septum irregular, with 

tubercles on its surface, which towards its junction, wit!*! the 

sides of the shell, assume a branched appearance, similar to the 

divisions of the Baculite. The outline of the septum, as may be 

seen by reference to the figure, is semilunated, with the horns 

produced and somewhat approximated. Thickness one inch. Conjectured diameter of the whole shell two inches.

Morton (1829, p. 109, pi. 7, fig. 1) described a wellpreserved complete female that he named /Scaphites 

cuvieri, but he (1833, p. 290) later pointed out that his 

species was the same as DeKay's Ammonites hippocrepis. Morton's specimen, which is in the collections of 

the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, has 

been illustrated by several authors (Whitfield, 1892, pi. 

44, fig. 8; Richards, 1953, fig. 224 on p. 286; Reeside, 

1962, pi. 71, figs. 1-5).

Reeside (1927b, p. 22) summarized Scaphites hippocrepis as follows: "The characteristic features of the 

species are the broad, stout whorls and the swollen living chamber with its flanks smooth except for the two 

prominent primary nodes and with its row of seven to 

nine low rounded nodes bordering the venter * * *. 

Variations from the typical form are common. The 

height of the tubercles and the distinctness of the obscure primary ribs on the living chamber, the relative 

coarseness of the ribs, the smaller details of the suture, 

and other characters vary with different individuals."

Reeside included in Scaphites hippocrepis only forms 

that I believe are females. Forms that I consider riales 

were assigned to 8. aquiJaensis and S. sitnilis by Reeside. With the inclusion of these in 8. hippocrepis, the 

definition of 8. hippocrepis has to be broadened. Accordingly, /Sy. hippocrepis is herein considered as a rapidly evolving species that has bullate nodes in the older 

forms and more rounded nodes and denser ribbing in 

the later forms. The umbilical nodes ordinarily number one to three on females and one to four on irales, 

and the ventrolateral nodes commonly number four to 

10 on females and six to 10 on males. The species evolved 

from 8. leei from which it differs chiefly by its having 

weaker ribbing and attaining a larger size. The three 

forms of 8. leei are characterized by strong rounded
18 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

ventrolateral nodes, whereas the oldest form of /S. 

pocrepis has weaker nodes that tend to be bullate.

Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) I

Plate 1, figures 32-47; plate 2, figures 1-17; plate 4, figures 13- 

34; plate 5, figures 28-32; text figures 5-7, 9,10,17

1927. ScapJiites hippocrepis (DeKay). Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 151, p. 22 [part], pi. 14, figs. 17, 19, 20

(22); pi. 15, figs. 1-17 ( 2 5 ) ; pl. 16, figs. 5-9 ( 5 ). 

1927. Scaphites Jiippoerepis (DeKay) var. pusilhis Reeside, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 23, pi. 17, figs. 1-5 ( 5 ). 

1927. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) var. crassus Reeside, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 23, pi. 17, figs. 6-13

(29). 

1927. Scaphites aquilaensis Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 151, p. 25 [part], pi. 18, figs. 15-23, 26, 27 ( $ $ ) ;

pi. 19, figs. 6, 7 ($). 

1927. Sca-pJiites aquilaensis Reeside var. costatus Reeside, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 25, pi. 19, figs. 10-13

($). 

1927. Scaphites aquilaensis Reeside var. nanus Reeside, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 26, pi. 19, figs. 14-21

($ $ ); pi. 20, figs. 1-6 ($). 

1927. ScapJiites tevls Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151,

p. 26, pi. 20, figs. 7-16 ($2). 

1927. ScapJiites similis Whitfield. Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 151, p. 24 [part], pi. 18, fig. 11 ( $ ). 

1944. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Shimer and Shrock, Index fossils of North America, p. 591, pi. 244, figs. 4, 5

(2). 

1952. ScapJiites Jiippocrepis (DeKay). Basse, in Piveteau, Traite

de Paleontologie, v. 2, fig. 16 on p. 539 (2). 

1960. Scaphites Jiippocrepis (DeKay). Easton, Invertebrate

Paleontology, text fig. 11.27-4b only (2 ).

1964. Scaphites cf. 8. hippocrepis (DeKay). Cobban, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 454-1, p. 18, pi. 1, figs. 28-30 ( 2 ).

1965. ScapJiites (ScapJiites) hippocrepis (DeKay). Wiedmann, 

Palaeontology, v. 8, pt. 3, text fig. 15 on p. 447 ( 5 ).

/Scaphites hippocrepis I is characterized by weak bullate ventrolateral nodes on almost all females and on 

most males. The umbilical nodes number two to four on 

most of the males and one to two on most of the females. 

Most of the males have five to 10 ventrolateral nodes, 

and most of the females have five to eight. The interruption in the uniformity of the ventral ribs on the older 

part of the body chamber is poorly defined on the males 

and on many of the females. The evenly spaced ribs on 

the younger part of the body chamber average about 25 

for the males and about 22 for the females.

This form differs from its immediate ancestor S. 'leei 

III in that it, has denser ribbing and weaker nodes which 

tend to be elongated. (Contrast pi. 1, figs. 19-31 with 

pi. 1, figs. 32-47.)

ScapJiites hippocrepis I is represented by several collections of very well preserved specimens. One of the 

best collections is from a silty limestone concretion in 

the Cody Shale at USGS Mesozoic locality D4181 near 

Manderson, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 35). The collection contains 38 adults suitable for measurements, ^wenty are 

males 11.7 to 22.6 mm in length (pi. 1, figs. T2-37), and 

18 are females 13.5 to more than 27.5 mm in length (pi. 

1, figs. 38-47). The larger males have two to four umbilical nodes, whereas the smaller males commonly have 

none. The larger females have one or two umbilical 

nodes, 'and the smaller females may have non°,. The ventrolateral nodes number five to 10 on the la,rger specimens, but they may be absent from some of the smaller 

specimens. The number of ventrolateral nodes ranges 

from four to seven on the females. The evenly spaced 

ventral ribs on the curved part of the boc'y chamber 

ranges from 20 to 34 on the males and from 17 to 26 on 

the females (fig. 16).

The specimens from locality D4181 near Manderson 

are associated with a late form of Haresiceras tnontanaense (Reeside). Another large lot of scaphites that 

seems best 'assigned to Scaphites hippocrepis I was collected from a zone of sandy limestone concretions in 

the Cody Shale along several miles of outcrop near 

Lovell, Wyo. (fig. 1, Iocs. 27-29; pi. 2, figs. 1-17; pi. 4, 

figs. 25-34). Associated fossils include H. placentifo'rme 

Reeside, a younger species than H. montanaense. The 

Lovell collection contains 38 scaphites suitab1 ^ for measurements; 25 are males 15.7 to 35.1 mm long and 13 

are females 20.4 to 52.2 mm long. The large** size of the 

specimens makes comparisons with the scaphites from 

locality D4181 difficult. All but one of the females have 

two or three umbilical nodes, whereas those from locality D4181 have one or two nodes or none. Ventrolateral

10 15 20 25 30 35 

WIDTH OF BODY CHAMBER, IN MILLIMETERS

40 45

FIGURE 16. Scatter diagram showing number of ventral ribs of 

uniform height and spacing on the younger part of the body 

chambers of male (open $ ) and female (open 2 ) specimens 

of ScapJiites Jiippocrepis I from USGS Mesozoic locality D4181 

(fig. 1, loc. 35) and on male (solid symbol) and female (solid 

symbol) specimens of S. Jiippocrepis I from localities D4194, 

D4198, and D4199 (figs. 1, Iocs. 27-29).
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 19

nodes on the females number five to nine compared to 

four to seven on those from loc. D4181. The males have 

two to six umbilical nodes compared to four to nine on 

those from the Manderson locality. The ventrolateral 

nodes on the males seem to be more rounded although 

they number about the same (five to 10). The uniform 

ribs on the body chamber number 17 to 22 on the females 

and 20 to 29 on the males which is fewer than those on 

the scaphites from the Manderson locality (fig. 16). 

These differences are probably due in part, to the 

younger age of the Lovell locality and in part, to the 

larger size of the Lovell specimens.

The external sutures of four males and four females 

are shown in figure 17.

A shallow pit on the umbilical wall at the base of the 

body chamber like that on specimens of Scaphites leei 

III is present on a few individuals of 8. hippocrepis I 

(pi. 2, fig. 4).

D

V ^

E

H

FIGURE 17. Sutures of Scaphites hippocrepis I. A. Penultimate 

suture (X 3) of a male (pi. 1, fig. 32, USNM 160250) from 

USGS Mesozoic locality D4181 (fig. 1, loc. 35). B. Second from 

the last suture ( X 6) of a male (pi. 1, fig. 34, USNM 160252) 

from the same locality. C. Second from the last suture ( X 3) 

of a female (pi. 1, fig. 40, USNM 160258) from the same 

locality. D. Second from the last suture (X 3) of a smaller 

female (pi. 1, fig. 43, USNM 160261) from the same locality. 

E. Penultimate suture (X 2) of a male (pi. 2, fig. 1, USNM 

160270) from USGS Mesozoic locality D4194 (fig. 1, loc. 27). 

F. Fourth from last suture (X 2) of a large female (pi. 5, 

fig. 28, USNM 160287) from USGS Mesozoic locality D4198 

(fig. 1, loc. 28). G. Sixth from last suture (X 2) of another 

large female (pi. 2, fig. 11, USNM 160280) from the same locality. H. Second from the last suture (X 2) of a male (pi. 2, 

fig. 2, USNM 160271) from the same locality.

Types. Plesiotypes, USNM 160250-160291.

Occurrences. Scaphites hippocrepis I is known from 

many localities in Wyoming and from a very few localities in Montana, Utah, and New Mexico. In the Bighorn 

Basin of Wyoming, several large collections have been 

made from the Cody Shale in the northern part (fig. 1, 

Iocs. 35, 30 $ $ , 83 5 5 ; 36, 4 $ $ , 26 5 5 ; 27, 5 $ $ , 

25 5 ; 28, 21 $ $ , 22 5 5 ; 29, 8 $ 5,85 5 ) and from 

the Elk Basin Sandstone Member of the Telegraph 

Creek Formation (fig. 1, Iocs. 22, 8 $ 5,85 5 ; 24, 1 $ , 

45 5 ; 25, 6 5 5 ; 23, 1 $ , 2 5 5 ). In the southern part 

of the Bighorn Basin, this scaphite has been collected 

east of Thermopolis (fig. 1, Iocs. 43, 2 $ 5,55 5 ; 44, 

65 5; 45, 25 5,15). On the west side of the Ponder 

River Basin, several collections have been made in a ddition to those listed by Reeside (1927b, p. 4, Iocs. 108- 

115). The best collections are from Elgin Creek, south 

of Buffalo (fig. 1, loc. 39, 15 5 5,75 5 ; Hose, 1955, 

p. 96), and from the Kaycee area (fig. 1, loc. 46, 8 5 5 , 

85 5 ). In the Wind River Basin of Wyoming, S. hippocrepis I has been found in the Cody Shale near 

Lander (fig. 1, loc. 56, 5 5 5,55 5 ) and in the Shotgun 

Butte area (fig. 1, loc. 55, 15, 555; Keefer and 

Troyer, 1964, p. 114). Two poorly preserved collections 

from the Steele Shale in south-central Wyoming suggest the presence of the species there (fig. 1, Iocs. 68, 

45 5,35 5; 67, 15,55 5 ).

The record for this form of Scaphites hippocrepis 

outside of Wyoming is rather poor. A single large 

female from near Warren, Mont., reveals the presence 

of this scaphite in the Montana part of the Bighorn 

Basin (fig. 1, loc. 19). In east-central Montana this 

scaphite has been found in the lowest sandstone unit of 

the Eagle Sandstone near Winnett (fig. 1, loc. 4, 7 5 5 , 

10 5 5 ) and below the lowest sandstone farther east 

near Cat Creek (fig. 1, Iocs. 5, 4 5 5 , 1 5 ; 6,1 5 , 1 5 ). 

Specimens from Utah are rare and not well preserved 

in thin-bedded sandy strata. The scaphite has been 

found on the north side of the Uinta Mountains (fig. 

1, Iocs. 72, 1 5 ; 73, 2 5 5 ) and near Green River (fig. 1, 

loc. 76, 4 5 5,25 5 ). In New Mexico, the scaphite has 

been found near the top of the Mancos Shale on the west 

side of the San Juan Basin (fig. 1, loc. 78,2 5 5,25 5 ).

Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) II

Plate 2, figures 18-37; plate 5, figures 5-18, 24-27, 33-35; text 

figure 18

1927. Scaphites stantoni Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

151, p. 23, pi. 17, figs. 16-21 ( 5 ) ; Pi. 18, figs. 1-4 ( 5 ). 

1927. Scaphites aquilaensis Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 151, p. 25, pi. 19, figs. 1-5(5). 

1927. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) var. tennis Reeside, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 23 [part], pi. 16 figs.

14,15 (5), 17-19 (5).
20 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

This form of Scaphites hippocrepis ordinarily has 

well-defined ventrolateral nodes and rather dense ribbing. The ventral ribbing on the body chamber of small 

adults tends to be very weak or absent. The form differs 

from its immediate ancestor S. hippocrepis I by most 

specimens having round ventrolateral nodes instead of 

bullate nodes and by having denser ribbing. Most, males 

have only two umbilical nodes, whereas most, of those of 

S. hippocrepis I have three to five.

Scaphites hippocrepis II is not common, -and none of 

the collections is large. One of the largest lots consists 

of three males and seven females from a limestone concretion in the Cody Shale at, USGS Mesozoic locality 

D3244 near the Salt Creek oil field in east-central 

Wyoming (fig. 1, loc. 49). Four of the specimens are 

shown on plate 2, figures 18-30. The males have two or 

three umbilical nodes and about seven ventrolateral 

nodes. The females have seven to 10 ventrolateral nodes 

and two umbilical nodes of which the adapical one is 

much the larger. With one exception, ventral ribbing 

on the younger part of the body chamber is moderately 

dense, and weak or even lacking from the internal molds. 

The exception is the largest individual, a female that has 

a body chamber 37 mm wide crossed by 23 evenly spaced 

ribs (pi. 2, figs. 28-30). A smaller female, 21 mm wide, 

has 35 evenly spaced ribs, and two incomplete female 

body chambers of about this size have similar dense 

ribbing. Ventral ribbing is lacking from the body 

chamber of the male shown on plate 2, figures 18-21. An 

incomplete body chamber of a slightly larger male has 

very weak dense ribbing.

Another of the larger collections from the zone of 

Scaphites hippocrepis II consists of five males and 15 

females from the Cody Shale at USGS Mesozoic locality 

D4185 near Manderson, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 37). (See pi. 

2, figs. 31-37; pi. 5, figs. 19-21.) An unusual specimen 

in this lot is a male (pi. 5, figs. 19-21) that has a coarsely 

ribbed venter and noclelike ribs between the umbilical 

and ventrolateral nodes. The flank is wider than that 

of the associated males, and the ventrolateral nodes are 

elongated parallel to the direction of coiling of the body 

chamber. A similar specimen (pi. 5, figs. 22, 23) was 

collected from the upper part of the Mancos Shale at 

Vermilion Creek in northwestern Colorado (fig. 1, loc. 

75). The wide flank, midflank nodelike ribs, and clavate 

ventrolateral nodes are features found on the males of 

S. hippocrepis III, but the coarse ventral ribbing is 

unusual. The presence of this advanced type of scaphite 

at the Manderson and Vermilion Creek localities su£-

&

gests that these localities lie high in the zone of 8. 

hippocrepis II. Another of these peculiar coarse-ribbed 

scaphites was collected near Lament, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 

60), possibly in the zone of 8. hippocrepis III.

A collection that should be considered here consists 

of nine males and three females from the Cody Shale 

at USGS Mesozoic locality D4243 near Kaycee on the 

west flank of the Powder Kiver Basin in Wyoming 

(fig. 1, loc. 46). Three males and one female from this 

locality are shown on plate 5, figures 5-18. The largest 

male (pi. 5, figs. 13,14) has distinct ventral ribs on the 

body chamber and a few primary ribs as well, but most 

of the other males either lack ribs or have very faint 

ribs. The males have two to four umbilical nodes and five 

to nine ventrolateral nodes. The only female with a complete body chamber has two umbilical nodes and six 

ventrolateral nodes (pi. 5, figs. 5-8). The smoothness of 

the venter on many of the specimens recalls similar individuals in the Manderson and Salt Creek collections. 

The presence, however, of as many as four umbilical 

nodes on a male is a character more like that of 8. hippocrepis I. The collection from locality D4243 probably 

occupies a position low in the zone of 8. hippocrepis II. 

Similar scaphites were also collected at a locality in the 

Wind River Basin (fig. 1, loc. 53).

Sutures of two females and a male are shown in figure 18.

The holotypes of Scaphites stantoni Reeside (1927b, 

p. 23, pi. 17, figs. 16-21) and S. aquilaemis Reeside 

(1927b, p. 25, pi. 19, figs. 1-5) seem to be 8. hippocrepis 

II. Reeside's types were collected by T. W. Stanton in 

1903 and were said to have come from near the base of 

the Eagle Sandstone along "Willow Creek, 6 miles above 

old Fort Maginnis-Junction City road, Fergus County, 

Mont." (fig. 1, loc. 11). This road is shown on the U.S. 

Post Office Department's "Post Route map of the States 

of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming" (June 1906). The 

Eagle Sandstone crops out along Willow C~eek on Big 

Wall dome (Dobbin and Erdmann, 1955) about 10 miles 

upstream from the crossing of the old For^ MaginnisJunction City road and, presumably, that is where the 

types were collected.

Reeside's /Scaphites stantoni is a female that has a 

large umbilical node and a much smaller one nearer the 

aperture. The smaller one is not shown on Reeside's 

illustration. The seven ventrolateral node? are round 

and moderately conspicuous. The evenly sprced ventral 

ribs on the body chamber are very weak s.nd number 

about 30.

Reeside's /S'capkites agit-ilaemis is 'a male that is missing the 'adoral end of the body chamber. Tl a, venter of 

the body chamber is almost smooth; trace? of closely 

spaced very weak ventral ribs indicate a fairly high rib 

count. The side view presented by Reeside has been retouched incorrectly. Two umbilical nodes should be
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 21

FIGURE 18. Sutures Scaphites hippocrepis II. A. Second 

from the last suture (X 4) of a large female (pi. 2, figs. 

34-37, USNM 160297) from USGS Mesozoic locality 

D4185 (fig. 1, loc. 37). B. Penultimate suture ( X 6) of a 

small female (pi. 5, figs. 5-8, USNM 160298) from 

USGS Mesozoic locality D4243 (fig. 1, loc. 46). C. Second 

from last suture ( X 6) of a male (pi. 5, figs. 9-12, USNM 

160299) from the «ame locality.

shown instead of three, and six weak ventrolateral 

nodes should be indicated instead of four, and they 

should be more circular.

Types. Plesiotypes, USNM 160292-160301, 160304- 

160305.

Occurrences. Scaphites hippocrepis II is known 

from Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Aside from 

Stantoirs locality (fig. 1, loc. 11), the scaphite has been 

found in Montana in the Eagle Sandstone near Billings 

(fig. 1, Iocs. 13, 1 $ , 6 9 $ ; 14, 5 $ $ ) and near Cat 

Creek (fig. 1, Iocs. 7, 3 $ $ ; 8, 19 $ $ , 24 9 $ ). In addition to the localities near Manderson (fig. 1, loc. 37) 

and near the Salt Creek oil field (fig. 1, loc. 49), the 

scaphite seems to be represented in Wyoming by only 

a few specimens from the Cody Shale on the west side 

of the Powder River Basin (fig. 1, Iocs. 38, 1 9 ; 30, 

35$) and near Rawlins (fig. 1, Iocs. 64,1 5 ; 63,2 $ $ ). 

In Colorado, the scaphite has been found only in the 

northwestern corner of the State (fig. 1, Iocs. 75, 2 $ $ , 

4 $ $ ; 74, 3 $ £ , 4 5 $ ; Reeside, 1955, p. 86).

Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) HI

Plate 3, figures 1-25; plate 4, figures 35-49; plate 5, figures 36- 

40; text figures 2, 4, 10, 11

1827. Ammonites hippocrepis DeKay, Lyceum Nat. History 

New York Annals, v. 2, p. 273, pi. 5, fig. 5 ( 9 ).

1829. Ammonites hippocripes DeKay. Morton, Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia Jour., 1st ser., v. 6, p. 88, pi. 7, fig. 1 ( 9 ).

1829. Scaphites cuvieri Morton, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., 1st ser., v. 6, p. 109, pi. 7, fig. 1 ( 9 ) 

1830. Scaphites cuvieri Morton. Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., 1st: ser.,

v. 17, p. 280 ( 9 ) - 

1834. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Morton, Synopsis of the

organic remains of the Cretaceous group of the United

States, p. 41, pi. 7, fig. 1 ( 9 ). 

1834. Scaphites reniformis Morton, Synopsis of the organic

remains of the Cretaceous group of the United g'^tes,

p. 42, pi. 2, fig. 6 ($). 

1872. Scaphites aquisgranensis Schliiter, Palaeontographica,

v. 21, p. 81, pi. 24, figs. 7-9($). 

1876. Scaphites cuvieri Morton. Schliiter, Palaeontographica,

v. 24, p. 162, pi. 42, figs. 1-3(99). 

71885. Scaphites cfr. aquisgranensis Schliiter. Moberg, Sv^riges

geol. undersokning, ser. C, no. 73, pt. 2, p. 26, pi. 3,

figs. 2a, b ($). 

1888. Scaphites aquisgranensis Schlfiter. Holzapfel, Paleontographica, v. 34, pt. 1, p. 62, pi. 5, figs. 3a, b ( 9).

1888. Scaphites aquisgranensis Schliiter. Holzapfel, PaHontographica, v. 34, pt. 1, p. 61, pi. 5, figs. 2a, b ($).

1889. ScapJiites cuvieri Morton. Griepenkerl, Palaeont. Abb..,

v. 4,110. 5, p. 103 (405). 

1892. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Whitfield, U.S. Geol.

Survey Mon. 18, p. 262, pi. 44, figs. 8-12 (99). 

1892. Scaphites reniformis Morton. Whitfield, U.S. Geol. Survey

Mon. 18, p. 264, pi. 44, fig. 3 ( $ ). 

1892. Scaphites similis Whitfield, U.S. Geol. Survey Men. 18,

p. 267, pi. 44, figs. 1-2(3). 

1894. ScapJiites hippocrepis (DeKay). Grossouvre, Recherches

craie superieure, pt. 2, p. 244, pi. 32, figs. 2, 3a, b ( 9 9 ) ;

pi. 35, figs. 6a-c ( 9 ) ; pl. 37, figs. 3a, b ( 9 ). 

1894. Scaphites aquisgranen-sis Sehliiter. Grossouvre, Recherches craie superieure, pt. 2, p. 246, pl. 31, figs. 3, 4a,

b, 6a, b ($ $). 

1907. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Weller, New Jersey

Geol. Survey, Paleontology ser., v. 4, p. 826, pl. 107,

figs. 3-6(99). 

1910. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Grabau and SI irner,

North American index fossils, v. 2. p. 178, fig. 1431 ( 9 ). 

1916. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Gardner, Maryland

Geol. Survey, Upper Cretaceous, p. 382 ( 9 ) 

1927. Scaphites hippocrepis [part] (DeKay). Reeside, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 22, pl. 14, fig. 18 ( 9 ) ;

pl. 16, figs. 1-^(9).

1927. Scajyhites hippocrepis [part] (DeKay) var. tenuis Reeside, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 23, pl. 16,

figs. 11-13,16 ( $ 9 ). 

1927. Scaphites similis [part] Whitfield. Reeside, U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 151, p. 24, pl. 18, figs. 8-10 ( $ ). 

1931. Scaphites aquisgranensis Schliiter. Riedel, Preuss. Geol.

Landesaastalt Jahrb., v. 51, pt. 2, p. 703 ( $ ). 

1943. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Van der Weijden, Geol.

Stichting Med., ser. C-IV-2, no. 1, p. 124, pl. 13, fig. 8

($).

318-642 O - 69 - 4
22 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE, WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

1943. Scaphites aquisgranensis Schluter. Van der "Weijden,

Geol. Stiehting Med., ser. C-IV-2, no. 1, p. 124, pi. 13,

figs. 6-7 ($ $). 

1953. Scaphites Mppocrepis (DeKay). Richards, Record of the

Rocks, fig. 224 (?). 

1960. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Easton, Invertebrate

Paleontology, fig. 11.27-4a ( ? ). 

1962. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Reeside, New Jersey

Geol. Survey Bull. 61, pt. 2, p. 124, pi. 70, figs. 11-12

( $ ) ; pi. 71, figs. 1-7 ( 5 5).

1962. Scaphites similis Whitfield. Reeside, New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Bull. 61, pt. 2, p. 126, pi. 70, fig. 7 ( $ ).

1963. Scaphites sp. cfr. 8. aquisgranensis Schliiter. Young, 

Texas Univ. Pub. 6304, p. 49, pi. 80, figs. 3-4 ( $ ).

1964. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay). Cobban, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 454-1, p. 18, pi. 1, figs. 33-36 ( 5 ).

/Scaphites hippocrepis III is featured by numerous 

ventral ribs on the body chamber and by the presence of 

weak nodelike ribs on the middle of the flank between 

the umbilical and ventrolateral rows of nodes. On some 

individuals the ventrolateral nodes extend onto the 

phragmocone. The males have flattened flanks and clavate ventrolateral nodes.

Cross sections through the body chambers of males 

and females are quite different. Those of the male are 

rather squarish whereas those of the female are more 

rounded. On the male the distance between the umbilical and ventrolateral rows of nodes is nearly equal to 

the distance between the rows of ventrolateral nodes 

(fig. 10#). On the female the ventrolateral rows of 

nodes are more widely separated than the rows of umbilical and ventrolated nodes (fig. 10Z>; also fig. 19).

Two large collections have been made. One, at USGS 

Mesozoic locality 21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17) from the Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Cody Shale of southcentral Montana (Kichards, 1955, p. 60), contains 16 

males and 12 females suitable for measurement (pi. 3, 

figs. 1-14). These specimens were collected from several 

limestone concretions at the same stratigraphic level 

along about 'a quarter of a mile of outcrop. The other 

collection (pi. 3, figs. 15-25), containing four males and 

11 females suitable for measurement, is from 'a bed of 

sandstone in the Blair Formation near Rock Springs, 

Wyo. (fig. 1, loc, 70) at USGS Mesozoic locality D2413 

(Smith, 1961, p. 107, loc, D2341 [D2413]).

The smallest male in the Montana collection (USGS 

Mesozoic loc. 21206) lacks nodes; the other males in this 

lot have two to four (average 2.9) umbilical nodes on 

the body chamber and five to ten (average 8.2) ventrolateral nodes. The umbilical nodes on the males are 

ordinarily circular, but one or more may be somewhat 

clavate on a few individuals. On specimens that have 

two or three umbilical nodes, the adapical node is generally the largest, but the second one from the adapical 

end may be the largest on specimens having four nodes.

65 r

60 -

55

50

45

40

35

30

10 15 20 25 30 35 

WIDTH OF BODY CHAMBER, IN MILLIMETER

40 45

FIGURE 19. Scatter diagram showing ratios in percent of the 

surface distance between opposite ventrolateral nodes and the 

surface distance (across both flanks and the venter) between 

opposite umbilical nodes on male (open $ ) and female (open 

? ) specimens of Scaphites hippocrepis III fron^ USGS Mesozoic locality D2413 (fig. 1, loc. 70) and male (solid symbol) 

and female (solid symbol) specimens from UFGS Mesozoic 

locality 21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17).

In the row of ventrolateral nodes, the largest nodes are 

clavate and located near the adapical end of the row. 

Away from the largest one or two nodes, the rest of the 

nodes become progressively smaller and circular in outline. Between the two rows of nodes an incipient third 

row is ordinarily present. It consists of v^eak bullate 

nodes on some specimens and weak nodelike ribs on 

others. One node or rib is present for each ventrolateral 

node. The females from locality 21206 have one to three 

(average 2.0) umbilical nodes which are commonly bullate. The adapical one is the largest. The ventrolateral 

nodes are small, number five to 10 (average 7.7), and 

are mostly bullate. Like those on the male, the largest 

ventrolateral nodes are near the adapical end of the row, 

and away from them, the nodes become progressively 

smaller. A midflank row of very weak bullate nodes or 

ribs is present as on the flank of the male. The evenly 

spaced ventral ribs on the body chambers of the males 

and females are numerous on most specimens. They 

number 22 to 45 (average 33.6) on the males and 22 to 

52 (average 38.2) on the females. In generrl, the larger 

specimens have the most ribs. Differences between the 

number of ribs on a male and a female are not obvious 

(fig. 20).
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 23

60

50

0 40

30

20

10

10 20 30 40 

WIDTH OF BODY CHAMBER, IN MILLIMETERS

50

FIGURE 20. Scatter diagram showing number of ventral ribs of 

uniform height and spacing on the younger part of the body 

chambers of male (open $ ) and female (open ? ) specimens 

of Scaphites hippocrepis III from TJSGS Mesozoic locality 

D2413 (fig. 1, loc. 70) and male (solid symbol) and female 

(solid symbol) specimens from TJSGS Mesozoic locality 

21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17).

The large collection from Wyoming (USGS Mesozoic loc. D 2413) differs from the one from Montana by 

having more large specimens and fewer small specimens. The larger specimens have rib counts as high as 

58 (pi. 3, fig. 22). One unusual male has a very sparsely 

ribbed phragmocone (pi. 3, fig. 17).

The entire suture is shown in figure 11. External sutures of several males and a female are shown in figure 

21.

Types. Plesiotypes, USNM 131465, 160306-160334.

Occurrences. /Scaphites hippocrepis III is widely 

distributed in North America and Europe. In the western interior region, the scaphite has been found in 

Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, and New 

Mexico. The Montana occurrences are in the southern 

part of the State (fig. 1, Iocs. 17, 20 $ $ , 27 5 5 ; 16,1 $ , 

25 5 ; 32, 1 $ ; 33, 1 5 ). In Wyoming, the scaphite has 

been found in the Cody Shale in the Powder River Basin 

(fig. 1, Iocs. 40, 1 5 ; 41, 1 5 ; 42, 2 9 5 ; 47, 1 $ ; 48, 

1 5 ; 50, 5 $ $ , 10 5 5 ; 51, 1 5 ; 52, 1 $ , 5 5 5 ), in the 

Cody Shale in the Wind River Basin (fig. 1, Iocs. 57, 

1 $ ; 58,1 9 ), in the Cody Shale in the Rawlins-Lamont

FIGURE 21. External sutures of ScapMtes hippocrepis III. All 

specimens from USGS Mesozoic locality 21206 (fig. 1, loc. 17). 

A. Third from last suture (X 4) of a large male (pi. 3, fig. 1, 

USNM 160306). B. Last suture (X 8) of a smaller male (pi. 

3, fig. 4, USNM 160309). 0. Third from last suture (X 12) 

of a still smaller male (pi. 3, fig. 6, USNM 160311). D. Last 

suture (X 12) of a very small male (pi. 3, fig. 7, USNM 

160312). E. Fourth from last suture (X 6) of a medium-sized 

female (pi. 3, fig. 12, USNM 160316).
24 SCAPHITES LEEI AND S. HIPPOCREPIS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF THE U.S.

area (fig. 1, Iocs. 61, 1 ? ; 62, 1 ? ; 59, 1 $ ; 65, 6 $ $ , 

7? 9 ; 66, 4:$ 5,5? ?; 60, 15,1?), and in the Blair 

Formation near Rock Springs (fig. 1, Iocs. 70, 4 $ $, 

16 9 9 ; 71, 2 $ $ , 1 ? ; 69, 1 9 ). The scaphite may be 

in some of the collections from the Gammon Ferruginous 

Member of the Pierre Shale on the west flank of the 

Black Hills uplift in eastern Wyoming (Robinson and 

others, 1964, p. 78-79). It has been found in this member at one locality on the east flank of the Black Hills 

uplift in South Dakota (fig. 1, loc. 34, 2 $ $ , 2 ? ? ; 

Cobban and others, 1962, p. B59). In Utah, the scaphite 

has been found in the upper part of the Mancos Shale 

along the Book Cliffs (fig. 1, loc. 77, 3 ? ? ). In New 

Mexico, it has been found in the lower part of the Pierre 

Shale near Raton (fig. 1, Iocs. 86, 1 ? ; 87, 2 $ $ ; 88, 

15, 3? 9).

Outside the western interior region, Scaphltes hippocrepis III has been found in the United States in the 

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. The specimen from 

the Austin Chalk near Austin, Tex., described by Young 

(1963, p. 49, pi. 80, figs. 3-4) as Scaphites sp. cfr. S. 

aquisgranemis, is herein interpreted as a large male of 

S. hippocrepis III. The midflank row of nodelike ribs 

is clearly visible in one of Young's photographs. A very 

fine collection of 8. hippocrepis III has recently been 

made by Mr. James P. Conlin, Fort Worth, Tex., from 

just above the Gober Tongue of the Austin Chalk in 

Lamar County, Tex. This collection includes several 

complete uncrushed male and female adults. All show 

the obscure midflank elevations, 'and all have the ventrolateral nodes continued on to the phragmocone. They 

differ, however, from most specimens from the western 

interior region by having fewer and coarser ribs 

and more conspicuous ventrolateral nodes on the 

phragmocone.

A single crushed female suggests the presence of 

Scaphifes hippocrepis III in the Blufftown Formation 

in Russell County, Ala. (USGS Mesozoic loc,. 27893). 

Two crushed females from the Blufftown Formation of 

Chattahoochee County, Ga. (USGS Mesozoic loc. 

28443) may represent either 8. hippocrepis III or 8. 

hippocrepis II.

Scaphites hippocrepis III is represented in the 

Atlantic Coastal Plain by well-preserved specimens 

from the Merchantville Formation of New Jersey and 

Delaware. The specimens are dominantly fine ribbed as 

in the western interior region (pi. 5, figs. 36-40).

Several good illustrations clearly show the presence 

of 8caphites hippo,crepis III in Europe. 8. aquisgranensi-s Schliiter (1872, p. 81, pi. 24, figs. 7-9), the type 

of which was apparently lost during World War II 

(Dr. Hans Mensink, Geologisch-palaeontologisches Institut und Museum, Bonn, written commun. 1958), is

herein interpreted as a fairly large male from West 

Germany. Schliiter's lateral view shows a densely 

ribbed scaphite with obscure riblike elevations on the 

flank of the body chamber between the rows of umbilical and ventrolateral nodes. His drawing shows three 

umbilical nodes and eight more or less clavate ventrolateral nodes. The two specimens described and illustrated as S. ouvwri Morion by Schliiter (1876, p. 162, 

pi. 42, figs. 1-3) are herein interpreted ae females of 

8. hippocrepis III. Both specimens have umbilical 

swellings, dense ribbing, and noding as in American 

examples. Other specimens from West Germany which 

I consider to be 8. hippocrepis III have been described 

and illustrated by Holzapfel (1888, p. 61-62, pi. 5, figs. 

2a,b,3a,b).

The presence of Scaphites hippocrepis III in France 

is revealed by the excellent, illustrations of Grossouvre 

(1893), especially his figures 3a and 3b on plate 37. The 

specimen illustrated is a large densely ribbed female 

that clearly shows the incipient third row of nodes. 

Three other large females illustrated by Grossouvre 

(1893, pi. 32, figs. 2, 3a, b; pi. 35, figs. 6a-c) are more 

coarsely ribbed than American examples, but the presence of ventrolateral nodes on the phragmocones is a 

8. hippocrepis III character. The three males, illustrated by Grossouvre (1893, pi. 31, figs. 3, 4a, b, 6a, b) 

as examples of 8. aquisgran-ensis Schliiter, likewise, are 

very coarsely ribbed and recall rare coarse-ribbed individuals from the zones of 8. hippocrepis III and S. 

hippocrepis II (pi. 5, figs. 19-23).

The presence of Scaphites hippocrepis III in the 

Netherlands is shown by the illustrations of van der 

Weijden (1943, pi. 13, figs. 6-8) of fine-ribbed specimens that he assigned to S. hippocrepis and 8. aquisgranensis. The species may also be present in Sweden 

(Moberg, 1885, p. 26, pi. 3, figs. 2a, b).

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82 pis.

INDEX

[Italic page numbers indicate major references]

Page 

aequalis-obliquus, Scaphites.................... 10

aegualis turonenis, Scaphites...----.--.--..--.- 10

Ammonites hippocrepis........................ 17,21

aguilaensis, Scaphites................. 8,17,18,19,20

costatus, Scaphites......................... 17,18

nanus, Scaphites......................... 18

aquisgranensis, Scaphites................. 8,21,22,24

arnaudi, Scaphites-........................... 12

Baculites thomi............................... 14

bdrtlingi, Scaphiies........................... 8

basset, Scaphites............................... 10,12

bassleri, Desmoscaphites....................... 6,15

Bibliography. __ ____..

binneyi, Scaphites.------.

binodosus, Scaphites......

bosquensis, Scaphites.....

brei'is, Scaphites nodosus.

Callomon, J. H., on dimorphism.------------

Clioscaphites montanensis _ -_ _- - _____

nosimexicanus..-----------------..-.---__

saiitonianus..............................

eermiformis...............................

cobbani, Scaphites.............................

collignoni, Scaphites.--........................

condoni, Scaphites...-.........................

constrictus, Hoploscaphites....................

constrictus, Scaphites.......-......---.--.- 7,9,

niedzwiedzkii, Scaphites...................

cornutum, Olochiceras.........................

costatus, Scaphites aguilaensis.................

crassus, Scaphites hippocrepis-................

cuvieri, Scaphites........................... 17,

6

11

11,14

. 12

12

11

10

10

7

11,12

8

7

17,18

17,18

21,24

dailyi, Scaphites............................... 10,12

delicatulus, Scaphites.......................... 10

Desmoscaphites bassleri........................ 6,15

erdmanni................................. 6,14

Dimorphism...__-.-_-__--......._-_-..... 6

Discoscaphites iris... -------------------------- 11

egualis, Scaphites. ---.--- - - -- _ 12, pi.5

erato, Lissoceraioides........-..-......---..... 7

erdmanni, Desmoscaphites...--................ 6,14

erucoides, Scaphitesimpendicostatus........... 8

falloti, Scaphites........................

fischeri, Scaphites......................

Form, Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis.

10

10

geinitzi, Scaphites........................... 8,10.12

Glochiceras cornutum.......................... 7

gracilis, Scaphites............................. 10

Gulielmiceras................................. 9

Gulielmites................................... 9

Haresiceras................................... 6

mancosense...-.-........-.-.----.----.--- 6

(Mancosiceras) mancosense................ 6

montanaense............................ 6,17,18

natronense................................ 6

placentiforme.-...-........---------___ 6,18

Page 

hitti, Scaphites................................ 10

hippocrepis, Ammonites....................... 17,21

crassus, Scaphites. __ ____-_- ___ 17,18

pusillus, Scaphites.----.-.---..---------.. 18

tenuis, Scaphites.......................... 19

Hoploscaphites constrict us--------------------- 7

hugardianus, Scaphites........................ 10

ikorfatensis, Scaphites......

impendicostatus, Scaphites.

erucoides, Scaphites---.

inflatus, Scaphites...----.-.

iris, Discoscaph ites.. -_____.

lamberti, Scaphues..........-......---.-... 10,12

leei parvus, Scaphites.-................... 8,14,15,17

levis, Scaphites----------.----.------...-----.. 8

Lissoceratoides era.o........................ 7

Makowski, Henryk, on dimorphism -------- 6

Makrokonch.--------------------------------- 6,7

mancosense, Haresiceras-...------------------- 6

Haresiceras (Mancosiceras)..-------------- 6

(Mancosiceras) mancosense, Haresiceras....--. 6

meriani, Scaphites.-........................... 10

meslei, Scaphites.--------..................... 12

Mikrokonch..-....------. ---- .------.-.- 6,7

montanaense, Haresiceras.------------------ 6,17,18

montanensis, Clioscaphites.-....---------.----- 11

nanus, Scaphites aguilaensis.......

natronense, Haresiceras..... _ .

niedzwiedzkii, Scaphites constrictus. 

nodosus brevis, Scaphites............

plenus, Scaphites...............

quadrangularis, Scaphites-......

...... 18

...--- 6

----- 8

...... 8

..-.-- 7

.-.--. 8

noeimexicanus, Clioscaphites....--------------- 11,14

obliquus, Scaphites-.-.-......--.-.----.-.....- 10

parvus, Scaphites leei..................... 8,14,15,17

placentiforme, Haresiceras---------.---.------- 6,18

planus, Scaphites-............................ 8,10

plenus, Scaphites-.-.-.-------.---.------------ 11

Scaphites nodosus......................... 7

potieri, Scaphites..--..----..------------------ 12

pusillus, Scaphites hippocrepis......-.....-.-.. 18

quadrangularis, Scaphites nodosus............. 8

raoni, Scaphites...----........................ 11

reniformis, Scaphites.......................... 8,21

roguensis, Scaphites.--.----------------------- 10

rosenkrantzi, Scaphites. 11

saiitonianus, Clioscaphites...... ._-____ 12

Scaphites aequalis-obliquus.................... 10

aequalis t uro nensis ______.__.__.___._______ 10

aguilaensis....-...--....-......-.. 8,17,18,19,20

costatus. ---------------------------- 17,18

7WWM8-------------------------------- 18

aquisgranensis. ...................... 8,21,22,24

arnaudi................................... 12

barttingi......................___..._ 8

Scaphites bassei..-.---------------- - ...

binneyi...................................

binodosus.--------------------------------

6o«9Men«/«-------------------------------

co&fianf------------------------ --------

collignoni.................................

condoni.--.-.- --------.._----------.--.

constrictus-...... _.- _ -- - 7,9,

constrictus niedzwiedzkii...-------- .....

cutieri-.......................------... 17,

dailyi..-----------------------------------

dg/.coiuZiw-.------------------------------

equalis.........-----....................12

falloti-----------------------------

y/scA erL.----------------------------------

geinttzi.-..-----------.----------------- 8,

gracilis....................................

hitti.......................................

hippocrepis crassus..----------------------

pusillus ----------------------------------

-erauis------------------------------------

Auffard/ajms------------------------------

ikorfatensis-.... ---------------------------

impendicostatus. --------------------------

erucoides...---------------------------

z'n^a.MS-----------------------------------

lamberti.....-------------------------- -

Zeei parffus.-------------------------- 8,14

Zeeia--------------------------------------

meriani-----------------------------------

mesfei-----------------------------------

nodosus brevis.----------------------------

plenus.. ------------------ ---------

quadrangularis.. ----------------------

obliquus.. --------------------------------

planus.... --------------------------------

plenus..-----. ----------------------------

poHeri.-----------------------------------

reniformis... 

rosenkrantzi. 

simplex...-.

8,17,18

Page 

10,12 

12 

7

10

11 

10 

10

11,12 

8

21,24

10,12 

10

, pi. 5 

10 

8

10,12 

10 

10

17,18

18

19

10

11

10

8

11

10,12

15,17

8

10

12

8

7

8

10

8,10

11

12

11

8,21

10

11

21,22 

10

19,20 

10 

12 

12 

11 

10 

S

19,20 

10

subdelicatulus..---------------------------

tetonensis.................................

warreni -_.. .---.-- -

Sculpture, Scaphites leei and <S. hippocrepis....

simplex, Scaphites... ..........................

Size, Scaphites leei and S. hippocrepis---------

stantoni, Scaphites--...--------------------- 8

subdelicatulus, Scaphites.......................

Systematic descriptions - ._- 18

thomi, Baculites.......".......-......... ----- 14

tenuis, Scaphites hippocrepis .. ___ - 19

tetonensis, Scaphites. ...--------------------- 12

turonensis, Scaphites aequalis . --------------- 10

vermiformis, Clioscaphites---.-.....-.-------.. 12

warreni, /ScapAz.e« -------------------------- 12

29

PLATES 1-5
PLATE 1

[All figures natural size. Arrows point to base of body chambers]

FIGURES 1-7. Scaphites leei Reeside I (p. 14).

1, 2. Rear and side views of a female from 10 ft below top of Marias 

River Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. 21419, 8 miles west of 

Shelby, Toole County, Mont. (fig. 1, loc. 2). USNM 160231. 

3. Side view of a small crushed male from 29.5 ft below top of Marias 

River Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. D692, 9 miles west of Shelby, 

Mont. (fig. 1, loc. 1). USNM 160233.

4-7. Side and top views of a large incomplete female, and side and 

rear views of the phragmocone. From the same locality as 

figs. 1, 2. USNM 160232. 

8-18. Scaphites leei Reeside II (p. 15).

8, 9. Rear and side views of the holotype from upper part of Mancos 

Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. 7165, 1 mile southwest of Waldo, 

Santa Fe County, N. Mex. (fig. 1, loc. 84). USNM 73354. 

10-13. Side, rear, front, and top views of a male from a limestone 

concretion 43 ft above base of Telegraph Creek Formation 

at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4280, 17 miles southeast of Billings, 

Mont. (fig. 1, loc. 15). USNM 160234. 

14-16. Side, rear, and front views of a female from the same locality

as figs. 10-13. USNM 160235. 

17, 18. Side and top views of part of the body chamber of a large female

from the same locality as figs. 10-13. USNM 160236. 

19-31. Scaphites leei Reeside III (p. 15).

From 590 ft below top of Mancos Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4075,

3 miles west of Gallina, Rio Arriba County, N. Mex. (fig. 1, loc. 79).

19-24. Side views of six males. USNM 160237-160242. See pi. 4,

figs. 1-6 for other views of figs. 20, 21. 

25-31. Side views of seven females. USNM 160243-160249. See pi. 4,

figs. 7-12 for other views of figs. 30, 31. 

32-47. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) I (p. 18).

From a limestone concretion in the Cody Shale 160 ft above top of 

Niobrara Shale Member at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4181, 9 miles 

southeast of Manderson, Big Horn County, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 35). 

32-37. Side views of six males. USNM 160250-160255. See pi. 4,

figs. 13-15, for other views of fig. 32.

38-47. Side views of 10 females. USNM 160256-160265. See pi. 4, 

figs. 16-24, for other views of figs. 42, 44, 45.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619 PLATE I

12 13

19 21 22 23 24

. t

30 31

34 35

£«H

36 37 38

X r - <U\-"- ~**Krw~

41 42 43 44

SCAPHITES LEEI AND SCAPHITES HIPPOCREPIS

.u 

45

 ' *

46

f 

47
PLATE 2

[All figures natural size. Arrows point to base of body chambers]

FIGURES 1-17. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) I (p. 18).

From limestone concretions in the upper part of Cody Shale at Alkali 

anticline 8-12.5 miles southeast of Lovell, Big Horn County, Wyo. 

(fig. 1, Iocs. 27-29). Figs. 1 and 5 from USGS Mesozoic loc. D4194; 

figs. 14-16 from loc. D4199; rest from loc. D4198.

I-10. Side views of 10 males. USNM 160270-160279. See pi. 4, figs. 

25-32, for other views of figs. 1, 2, 4, 6.

II-17. Side views of seven females. USNM 160280-160286. See pi.

4, figs. 33, 34, for rear views of figs. 11, 16. 

18-37. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) II (p. 20).

18-21. Side, front, rear, and top views of a male from the Cody Shale

at USGS Mesozoic loc. D3244, 9 miles northwest of Midwest,

Natrona County, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 49). USNM 160292. 

22-24. Side, rear, and top views of a small incomplete female from the

same locality as figs. 18-21. USNM 160293. 

25-27. Side, rear, and top views of a small complete female from the

same locality as figs. 18-21. USNM 160294. 

28-30. Side, top, and front views of a large female from the same

locality as figs. 18-21. USNM 160295. 

31-33. Side, front, and top views of a small female from a sandstone

bed in the Cody Shale 665 ft above top of Niobrara Shale

Member at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4185, 9 miles southeast of

Manderson, Big Horn County, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 37). USNM

160296. 

34-37. Side, top, front, and rear views of a large female from the same

locality as figs. 31-33. USNM 160297.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619 PLATE 2

X

34 35 

SCAPHITES HIPPOCREPIS

17
PLATE 3

[All figures natural size. Arrows point to base of body chambers]

FIGURES 1-25. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) III (p. 21).

1-7. Side views of seven males from limestone concretions in the Cody 

Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. 21206, 7 miles east of Hardin, Big 

Horn County, Mont. (fig. 1, loc. 17). USNM 160306-160312. 

See pi. 4, figs. 37, 38, 43, 44, for other views of figs. 2, 3. 

8-14. Side views of seven females from the same locality as figs. 1-7. 

USNM 160313, 131465, 160314-160318. Negative of fig. 13 

reversed for easier comparison. See pi. 4, figs. 39-42, 45-47, 

for other views of figs. 9, 12, 14.

15, 16. Side views of two males from a sandstone bed 150-200 ft below

top of Blair Formation at USGS Mesozoic loc. D2413, 4

miles south of Rock Springs, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 70). USNM

160322-160323. See pi. 4, fig. 35 for rear view of fig. 15.

17. Side view of a rubber cast of a coarsely ribbed male from the same

locality as figs. 15-16. USNM 160324.

18-25. Side views of eight females from the same locality as figs. 15-16. 

USNM 160325-160332. Negatives of figs. 18 and 21 reversed 

for easier comparison. See pi. 4, figs. 36, 48, 49, for rear views 

of figs. 21, 23, 24.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619 PLATE 3

22

SCAPHITES HIPPOCREPIS
PLATE 4

[All figures natural size. Arrows point to base of body chambers]

FIGURES 1-12. Scaphites leei Reeside III (p. 15).

1-3. Front, rear, and top views of the male shown on pi. 1, fig. 21.

USNM 160239. 

4-6. Front, rear, and top views of the male shown on pi. 1, fig. 20.

USNM 160238. 

7-9. Front, rear, and top views of the female shown on pi. 1, fig. 31.

USNM 160249. 

10-12. Front, rear, and top views of the female shown on pi. 1, fig. 30.

USNM 160248. 

13-34. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) I (p. 18).

13-15. Front, rear, and top views of the male shown on pi. 1, fig. 32.

USNM 160250. 

16-18. Front, rear, and top views of the female shown on pi. 1, fig. 45.

USNM 160263. 

19-21. Front, rear, and top views of the female shown on pi. 1, fig. 44.

USNM 160262. 

22-24. Front, rear, and top views of the female shown on pi. 1, fig. 42.

USNM 160260. 

25, 26. Front and rear views of the male shown on pi. 2, fig. 6. USNM

160275. 

27, 28. Front and rear views of the male shown on pi. 2, fig. 4. USNM

160273. 

29, 30. Front and rear views of the male shown on pi. 2, fig. 2. USNM

160271. 

31, 32. Front and rear views of the male shown on pi. 2, fig. 1. USNM

160270.

33. Rear view of the female shown on pi. 2, fig. 16. USNM 160285.

34. Rear view of the female shown on pi. 2, fig. 11. USNM 160280. 

35-49. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) III (p. 21).

35. Rear view of the male shown on pi. 3, fig. 15. USNM 160322.

36. Rear view of the female shown on pi. 3, fig. 21. USNM 160328.

37. 38. Rear and top views of the male shown on pi. 3, fig. 3. USNM

160308. 

39-41. Front, top, and rear views of the female shown on pi. 3, fig. 12.

USNM 160316.

42. Rear view of the female shown on pi. 3, fig. 14. USNM 160318.

43. 44. Rear and top views of the male shown on pi. 3, fig. 2. USNM

160307. 

45-47. Front, rear, and top views of the female shown on pi. 3, fig. 9.

USNM 131465.

48. Rear view of the female shown on pi. 3, fig. 23. USNM 160330.

49. Rear view of the female shown on pi. 3, fig. 24. USNM 160331.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619 PLATE 4

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SCAPHITES LEEI AND SCAPHITES HIPPOCREPIS
PLATE 5

[All figures natural size. Arrows point to base of body chambers]

FIGURES 1-4. Scaphites equalis J. Sowerby (p. 12).

Side, front, rear, and top views of a specimen from Cenomanian 

rocks near Rouen, France, showing change in spacing of the 

ventral ribs on the older part of the body chamber. USNM 

160335. 

5-18. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) II (p. 20).

From the Cody Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4243, 3.5 miles

northwest of Kaycee, Johnson County, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 46).

5-8. Side, top, rear, and front views of a female. USNM

160298.

9-12. Side, rear, front, and top views of a male. USNM 160299. 

13, 14. Side and top views of a male body chamber. USNM

160300. 

15-18. Side, front, rear, and top views of a male. USNM

160301. 

19-23. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) (p. 20).

19 21. Side, top, and front views of a coarsely ribbed male 

from the Cody Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4185, 

8 miles southeast of Manderson, Big Horn County, 

Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 37). USNM 160302.

22, 23. Side and top views of a smaller but similar male from 

the Mancos Shale at USGS Mesozoic loc. D2418 near 

Vermilion Creek, Moffat County, Colo. (fig. 1, loc. 

75). USNM 160303. 

24-27, 33-35. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) II (p. 19).

From the lower part of the Eagle Sandstone at USGS Mesozoic 

loc. D4220, about 16 miles east-southeast of Billings, Mont, 

(fig. 1, loc. 13).

24-27. Side, front, rear, and top views of a male. USNM 

160304.

33-35. Side, rear, and top views of a female. USNM 160305. 

28-32. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) I (p. 18).

28, 29. Side views of the phragmocone and the basal part of the 

body chamber of a large female from the Cody Shale 

at USGS Mesozoic loc. D4198, nine miles southeast 

of Lovell, Big Horn County, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 28). 

In fig. 29, the fragment of body chamber has been 

removed to show the larger size of the umbilicus prior 

to its cover by the body chamber. USNM 160287.

30-32. Side, rear, and front views of a large female that has 

nearly circular nodes from the Elk Basin Sandstone 

Member of the Telegraph Creek Formation at USGS 

Mesozoic loc. D3295, in the Elk Basin oil field, Big 

Horn County, Wyo. (fig. 1, loc. 25). USNM 131464. 

36-40. Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) III (p. 24).

From the Merchantville Formation along Pensauken Creek 

near Lenola, N.J.

36-38. Side, rear, and top views of a large female. USNM 

160333.

39, 40. Side and rear views of a large male. USNM 160334.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 619 PLATE 5

36 39 40

SCAPHITES EQUALIS AND SCAPHITES HIPPOCREPIS

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 318-642