NUREG-0783 

Suppression Pool Temperature 

Limits for BWR Containments 

Generic Technical Activity A-39 

u.s. Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission 

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation 

T. M. Su 
Available from 

GPO Sales Program 

Division of Technical Information and Document Control 

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

Washington, DC 20555 

Printed copy price: $3.00 

and 

National Technical Information Service 

SpriQgfield, VA 22161 
Suppression Pool Temperature 

Limits for BWR Containments 

Generic Technical Activity A-39 

Manuscript Completed: July 1981 

Date Published: November 1981 

T. M. Su 

Division of Safety Technology 

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation 

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

Washington, D.C. 20555 

NUREG-0783 

ABSTRACT 

Boiling water reactor (BWR) plants are equipped with safety/relief valves 

(SRVs) to protect the reactor from overpressurization. Plant operational 

transients, such as turbine trips, will actuate the SRV. Once the SRV opens, 

steam released from the reactor is discharged through SRV lines to the suppression pool in the primary containment. Steam is then condensed in the 

suppression pool in a stable condition. Extended steam blowdown into the 

pool, however, will heat the pool to a level where the condensation process 

may become unstable. This instability of steam condensation may cause severe 

vibratory loads on containment structures. Current practice in dealing with 

this phenomenon restricts the allowable operating temperature envelope of the 

pool in the Technical Specifications so that this instability will not occur. 

This restriction is referred to as the pool temperature limit. Task Action 

Plan (TAP) A-39, IIDetermination of Safety/Relief Valve (SRV) Pool Dynamic 

Loads and Temperature Limits for BWR Containment,1I was established to resolve, 

among other things, the concern about steam condensation behavior for the 

Mark I, II, and III containments. This report presents the resolution of this 

issue and includes: (1) the acceptance criteria related to the suppression 

pool temperature limits; (2) events for which a suppression pool temperature 

response analysis is required; (3) assumptions used for the analysis; and 

(4) requirements for the suppression pool temperature monitoring system. This 

report completes the subtask related to the suppression pool temperature limit 

in TAP A-39. 

iii 

CONTENTS 

Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii 

Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i x 

Acknowl edgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 

1 

2 

3 

4 

INTRODUCTION ................................................ . 

REVIEW OF FIELD EXPERIENCE .................................. . 

1 

2 

2.1 Foreign Plants.......................................... 2 

2.1.1 Germany.......................................... 2 

2.1. 2 Switzerl and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

2.2 Domestic Plants......................................... 4 

2.2.1 Summary of Field Data Survey..................... 4 

2.2.2 Plant A..... ..................................... 4 

2.2.3 Plant B...... ................ ............ .... .... 5 

2.2.4 Plant C.......................................... 6 

2.2.5 Plants D and E................................... 6 

2.3 Discussion of Field Experience.......................... 6 

2.3.1 SRV Di scharge Devi ceo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

2.3.2 Operator Actions................................. 8 

REVIEW OF TEST PROGRAM ...................................... . 8 

3.1 Small-Scale Screening Tests................... .... ...... 8 

3.2 Large-Scale Model Tests........................ ......... 9 

3.3 German Inplant Tests.................................... 10 

3.3.1 KKB Inplant Tests................................ 10 

3.3.2 KKP Inplant Tests.. .......................... .... 11 

3.4 Monticello Inplant Tests................................ 11 

3.5 Mark II Test Program.................................... 13 

3.5.1 KWU T-Quencher Tests............................ . 13 

3.5.2 Caorso Inplant Tests............................. 14 

3.6 Future Test Program..................................... 14 

EVALUATION OF DATA BASE. .................................... . 15 

4.1 Operating Limits During Steam Blowdown.................. 15 

4.2 Local-to-Bulk Temperature Difference.................... 16 

4.3 Local Pool Temperature.................................. 18 

v 
5 

6 

7 

CONTENTS (Continued) 

RESOLUTION OF THE ISSUE. ..................................... . 

Page 

19 

5.1 Suppression Pool Temperature Limit.. .... ......... ........ 19 

5.2 Local-to-Bulk Pool Temperature Difference................ 20 

5.3 Local Pool Temperature................................... 20 

5.4 Bul k Pool Temperature.................................... 21 

5.5 Local Subcool ing.......... ........................ ....... 21 

5.6 Events for the Analysis of Pool Temperature Transients... 21 

5.6.1 Stuck-Open SORV During Power Operation. ........... 21 

5.6.2 SRV Discharge Following Isolation/SCRAM........... 21 

5.6.3 SRV Discharge Following Small-Break LOCA.. ........ 22 

5.7 Assumptions Used in the Analysis....... ........... ....... 22 

5.7.1 General Assumptions............................... 22 

5.7.2 Assumptions for Specific Events .................. 23 

5.7.2.1 SORV at Power.......... ... ......... ...... 23 

5.7.2.2 SRV Discharge Following 

I so 1 at ion/Scram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

5.7.3.3 SRV Discharge Following a Small-Break 

Acci dent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

5.8 Suppression Pool Temperature Monitoring System........... 24 

IMPLEMENTATION ............................................... . 25 

6.1 Implementation of the Resolution for Mark I, II, and 

III Plants............................................... 25 

6.2 Recommended Changes to Standard Review Plan ............. 25 

6.3 Recommended Development of Regulatory Guide.. .... ........ 26 

REFERENCES ................................................... . 26 

Appendix A - Description of GKM Large-Scale Perforated-Arm 

Quencher Test Program 

vi 
Figure 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Li st of Fi gures 

Title 

Wurgassen Power Plant, Cross-Section Through the Primary 

Contai nment ............................................. . 

Wurgassen Reactor Suppression Pool ...................... . 

Ramshead Schematic ...................................... . 

Plant A SRV Blowdown Data ............................... . 

Plant C SRV Blowdown Data ............................... . 

KWU Cross-Quencher ...................................... . 

Mark I T-Quencher ....................................... . 

KWU T -Quencher .......................................... . 

Locus of Points at Which Quencher Steam Condensation 

Performance Has Been Observed Experimentally ............ . 

Comparison of a Typical Plant Transient with the WT-GS 

Map ..................................................... . 

Schematic Representation of Flow Pattern During 

Quencher Steam Discharge ................................ . 

vii 

2 

3 

5 

7 

7 

10 

11 

13 

15 

17 

18 

FOREWORD 

NUREG-0783 is being issued to provide acceptance criteria for the BWR 

suppression pool temperature limit during safety/relief valve discharges to 

meet the requirements of General Design Criteria 16 and 29 in Appendix A to 

10 CFR Part 50. These criteria are not intended as a substitute for the 

regulations, and compliance with them is not required. However, an approach 

or method different from these criteria will be acceptable to NRC only if it 

provides a basis for determining that these regulatory requirements have been 

met. 

ix 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

A-39 REVIEW TEAM 

The following individuals participated in Generic Technical Activity A-39, 

"Determination of Safety/Relief Valve (SRV) Pool Dynamic Loads and Temperature 

Limits for BWR Containment," and contributed substantially to this report: 

T. M. Su, USNRC, Division of Safety Technology (A-39 Task Manager) 

A. Sonin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

C. Economos, Brookhaven National Laboratory 

C. C. Lin, Brookhaven National Laboratory 

C. Graves, USNRC, Division of Systems Integration 

xi 

1 INTRODUCTION 

Boiling water reactor (BWR) plants are equipped with safety/relief valves 

(SRVs) to control primary system pressurization. Small pressure variations 

can be controlled by changing power level and/or load. However, more rapid 

transients, such as a turbine trips, cannot be handled by such means. For 

these transients, SRVs mounted on the main steam line are actuated to divert 

either a portion or all of the steam into the suppression pool. These valves 

are actuated at individual preset pressure levels or by an external signal 

(ADS*). The series of SRVs are individually set at pressures over a range so 

that only the number of valves required to control the pressure transient 

actuate. Upon SRV actuation, the air column within the SRV discharge line is 

compressed by the high pressure steam and, in turn, accelerates the water 

column in the partially submerged line into the suppression pool. 

After the water clears from the SRV discharge line, the compressed air also is 

accelerated into the suppression pool and forms high-pressure air bubbles. 

These bubbles oscillate between expansion and contraction a number of times 

before rising to the suppression pool surface. 

Following air clearing, essentially pure steam is injected into the pool. 

Experimentsl indicate that the steam jet/water interface at the discharge line 

exit during this phase is relatively stationary when the local pool temperature 

is low. Thus, the condensation proceeds in a stable manner, and no significant 

hydrodynamic loads are experienced. Continued steam blowdown into the pool 

will increase the local pool temperature. The condensation rates at the 

turbulent steam/water interface are eventually reduced to levels below those 

needed to readily condense the discharged steam. At this threshold level, the 

condensation process may become unstable; for example, steam bubbles may be 

formed and shed from the pipe exit, and the bubbles oscillate and collapse, 

giving rise to severe pressure oscillations which are imposed on the pool 

boundaries. Current practice for dealing with this phenomenon in BWR plants 

is to restrict the allowable operating pool temperature envelope via the 

Technical Specifications so that the threshold temperature is not reached. 

This restriction is referred to as lithe pool temperature limit.1I 

Task Action Plan A-39, IIDetermination of Safety/Relief Valve (SRV) Pool 

Dynamic Loads and Temperature Limits for BWR Containment,1I was established to 

resolve, among other things, the concern about steam condensation behavior in 

the suppression pool of Mark I, II, and III containments. Progress in the 

resolution of this issue has been reported in NUREG-06612 and NUREG-0487. 3 

Criteria for the pool temperature limit were established and included in these 

reports. However, the staff also indicated that the evaluation of this issue 

would continue in an attempt to improve the criteria, and that further 

progress would be reported. 

This report presents the results of the staff evaluation of the safety issue 

of suppression pool temperature limits. Acceptance criteria for the pool 

temperature limits, the events and associated assumptions used to analyze pool 

temperature response, and the suppression pool temperature monitoring systems 

are included. The resolution applies to all Mark I, II, and III containments 

using the SRV quencher devices specified in this report. 

* ADS: automatic depressurization system. 
• 

z 

Drywell 

Suppression Chamber 

Downcomer 

Main Steam Line 

Safety Valve 

Suppression Pool 

Safety Valve Discharge Line 

Check Valve 

Feedwater Turbine Exhaust 

PiDe 

Figure 1 Wurgassen Power Plant. Cross Section 

Through the Primary Containment 

2 REVIEW OF FIELD EXPERIENCE 

2.1 Foreign Plants 

2.1.1 Germanyl,4,5 

In April 1972, an incident related to relief valve operation occurred at the 

Wurgassen Power Plant (KKW) in Germany. KKW is a BWR plant with a pressure 

suppression containment (see Figure 1) and is equipped with eight relief valves. 

Each valve is vented into the suppression pool by a vertical pipe approximately 

16 inches in diameter that is submerged in 6.5 feet of water. 

2 
Steam Discharge _ 

Leakage Path 

Through 

Bolt Holes 

Figure 2 

Relief Valve 

Discharge Pipe 

Suppression Pool 

Metal Liner 

Suppression Pool 

Reinforcing Beam 

Bolts Fixing Beam 

to Liner 

Support 

KKW Suppression Pool 

During a startup test, relief valves were actuated with the reactor at about 

60% of power. One of the relief valves failed to close after being activated 

for a short period of time. The operator decided to reduce power slowly. 

During this slow depressurization of the primary system, the suppression pool 

was gradually heated by the steam released through the stuck-open relief 

valve. For the first 20 minutes after the valve opened, steam condensation 

occured smoothly. However, after this initial period when the pool temperature exceeded 160°F, condensation became unstable and the containment 

structure vibrated severely. The vibration became so severe that the suppression pool metal liner (see Figure 2) separated from the reinforcing beams 

that had been bolted to the liner. As a result, water leaked through the 

separation and flowed into the drywell sump. 

3 
At the signal initiated by the water leakage, the operator initiated a fast 

shutdown of the reactor to reduce the pressure of the primary system. The 

open relief valve closed about 32 minutes after the event was initiated. The 

reactor then depressurized to ambient conditions, and no further damage to the 

containment structure occurred. Although the local pool temperatures reached 

205°F during this event, the steam condensed completely. 

2.1.2 Switzerland 

Relief valve tests were performed in July 1972 at a nuclear power plant 

designed by General Electric (GE) in Switzerland; the plant was at 40% of 

rated power. Each relief valve had a capacity of about 20% of rated plant 

power. One relief valve was opened for 5 minutes, at which time an adjoining 

relief valve was opened. The straight-down discharge pipes were about 47 feet 

apart. Seven minutes after the opening of the first relief valve, suppression 

pool vibration was observed. At 8 minutes the test was terminated by closing 

both valves. Total energy discharged to the pool was 2.6 full reactor power 

minutes. The pool vibration caused displacement of catwalk sections and the 

failure of an instrument line, which broke from the suppression pool shell 

allowing water to flow out. 

The estimated local pool temperature between the two relief valve discharges 

was about 140°F at a discharge mass rate of about 385 lb /sec-ft. 2 Steam 

condensation was complete during the entire event. Thismtest indicated that 

pool vibration may be expected when steam condensation occurs with a pool 

temperature in excess of 140°F and high (400 lb /ft2-sec) SRV discharge rate. 

m 

2.2 Domestic Plants 

The operating experience of domestic BWR safety/relief valves involving 

elevated pool temperatures has been summarized in a General Electric report.6 

The following sections, summarized from that report, demonstrate distinct 

differences between domestic and foreign plant experiences. 

2.2.1 Summary of Field Data Survey 

A survey of data for SRV discharge events involving elevated pool temperatures 

was undertaken on operating BWR plants which used ramshead devices (see Figure 3). 

Of the 11 responses received, five indicated that plants had experienced SRV 

discharges into suppression pools with temperatures in excess of 100°F with no 

reported instabilities. These events were as follows: 

Plant 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

2.2.2 Plant A 

Highest Local Pool Temperature, of 

165 

150 

146 

129 

122 

In Plant A, an SRV stuck open at a reactor pressure of 980 psia, which produced 

an estimated steam mass flux of 200 lb /ft2-sec to the 10-inch, schedule 

m 

4 
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I : 

\ I 

\ I 

\ 

_. _. -:--~-.!.-.,.L-. --: ._- : , I )' : 

~ , ~ ~-~--~ ~--~--~ 

Ramshead 

Figure 3 Ramshead Schematic 

Water Height From 

Ramshead Centerline 

t 

80 ramshead. Under these conditions, the rams head discharge mass flux would 

exceed 40 lb Ift2-sec at reactor pressures in excess of 199 psia (184 psig). 

The pool tem~erature, measured deep in the water 90° around the torus from the 

discharging ramshead, peaked at 165°F before the reactor pressure dropped 

below 184 psig. The valve eventually reseated at a reactor pressure of 87 psig. 

A history of the pressures and temperatures is shown in Figure 4. Upon noticing that the SRV tailpipe temperature was 400°F, the operators attempted to 

close the valve. When this proved unsuccessful, torus cooling was initiated 

with one residual heat removal (RHR) pump and two service water pumps operating. 

The reactor was manually scrammed when the suppression pool temperature reached 

100°F. When the suppression pool temperature reached 165°F, a high-drywellpressure trip (2 psig) was received, causing the RHR system, standby gas 

treatment (SBGT) system, and the diesel generators to actuate. A low-water 

level 2 signal tripped the recirculation pumps and closed the main steam 

isolation valves (MSIVs). The suppression pool temperature was reduced to 

< 95°F. When the reactor pressure decreased, emergency core cooling systems 

(ECCS) were de-activated. The SRV reseated, the RHR torus cooling and torus 

spray were activated, and the drywell was vented through 2-inch isolation 

valves to the SBGT system. The reactor then was brought to cold shutdown. No 

vessel injection by RHR or core spray occurred. Following plant shutdown, 

visual inspection of the torus exterior revealed no damage. 

This blowdown demonstrates that a full-size rams head device has been operated 

at a pool temperature higher than 165°F and combined with mass fluxes of more 

than 40 lbm/ft2-sec without observable damage to the torus. The increase in 

local temperature at the rams head over that measured 90° around the torus is 

not known because of the RHR mixing of the pool, but the temperature at the 

rams head would not have been less than 165°F. This constitutes the best 

full-scale evidence to date that the rams head is capable of operating near 

170°F without condensation instability. 

2.2.3 Plant B 

For Plant B, four separate stuck-open SRV events occurred, producing maximum 

suppression pool temperatures of 150, 118, 107, and 90°F. During the first 

5 
event, an SRV failed to reseat during startup tests at 55% of rated reactor 

power, whereupon the reactor was shut down and depressurized to 350 psig where 

the SRV reseated. The pool temperature measured 150°F and was 67.5° around 

the torus from the ramshead. As in Plant A, the local temperature at the 

rams head probably was higher than the 150°F at 67.5° around the torus. 

2.2.4 Plant C 

At Plant C, a SRV stuck open at a reactor pressure of 1005 psia, which caused 

an estimated steam mass flux of 200 lb Ift2-sec to the ramshead. The reactor 

was manually scrammed. The suppressio~ pool temperature rose until temperatures located at points 22.5° and 158.5° around the torus from the ramshead 

reached 140 and 135° F, respectively, as shown in Figure 5. At this time, the 

reactor pressure dropped below 196 psia (the pressure at which a 10-inch, 

schedule 80 rams head would pass a flow rate of 40 lb Ift2-sec). As the pool 

temperature continued to rise, the reactor pressure ~ropped to 175 psia, then 

rose to over 196 psia again before the maximum pool temperature reached 146°F. 

The SRV reseated at approximately 175 psia reactor pressure 4 hours and 

25 minutes after the start of the blowdown. The maximum difference between 

the two measured temperatures was 10°F, and the difference was 4°F when the 

temperature peaked. 

The torus, inspected visually both externally and internally after this event, 

showed no evidence of damage. 

The local pool temperature at the discharging rams head was probably slightly 

higher than the temperatures at the measuring locations but not much more than 

4°F higher than the 146 and 142°F peaks measured. 

2.2.5 Plants D and E 

The responses from Plants D and E contained only statements of the maximum 

pool temperatures (129 and 133°F) experienced during SRV blowdowns. No data 

were specifically requested for events involving pool temperatures under 

140°F. 

2.3 Discussion of Field Experience 

A review of the field experience reveals the following distinct differences 

between the foreign plants and the domestic plants: 

2.3.1 SRV Discharge Device 

The two foreign plants, which had experienced severe vibration of the 

containment structures during SRV extended blowdown, used straight-down pipes 

into the suppression pool as the SRV discharge device. The domestic plants, 

however, employed rams head devices. Experimental results 1 ,6 show that the 

rams head device provides a much better steam condensation process than the 

straight-down pipe. 

As shown in Figure 3, the rams head consists of two elbows welded back-to-back 

at the end of the SRV discharge line, forming a modified lIyll or IITII junction. 

At each exit plane, the discharge area is equal to that of the supply pipe. 

Therefore, the discharge area is increased to twice the supply area. 

6 
-....J 

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A170 

160 

150 

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. 

1 r. 

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TIME 01' DAY 

• "I 

-. 

7:00 

.... 

.. 

'" ..J 

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Figure 4 Plant A SRV Blowdown Data 

1000 

900 

100 

700 

600 • '. .. SOD '" "-

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Figure 5 Plant C SRV Blowdown Data 
Furthermore, the discharge points are opposite each other along the same axis. 

This physical arrangement of the rams head provides better contact between the 

discharging steam and the pool water. In particular, the horizontal discharge 

from the rams head allows rising convection currents and induced secondary 

flows to circulate cooler water around the steam plumes. This feature of 

promoting secondary flow results in a higher threshold temperature of condensation instability. Because of this higher threshold, severe vibration has 

not been observed in the domestic plants which experienced elevated pool 

temperature during SRV discharge. 

2.3.2 Operator Actions 

The operators of the Wurgassen power plant intentionally allowed the reactor 

to remain at power for about 30 minutes while the operators attempted to close 

the relief valve. During this period, the suppression pool reached the threshold temperature and caused the structural damage. The operators of the 

domestic plants, on the other hand, had taken prompt action by following the 

Technical Specifications to scram the reactor and thus the suppression pool 

temperature rise was minimized. Because the operators complied with the 

Technical Specifications, the threshold temperature for condensation 

instability has never been reached at domestic plants. 

The Technical Specifications stipulate limiting conditions for operating a BWR 

plant with a pressure-suppression containment structure. These limiting 

conditions include the following: 

(1) With the reactor at power, the operator shall scram the reactor when the 

suppression pool temperature exceeds 110o F. 

(2) When the suppression pool temperature reaches 1200 F following an 

isolation/scram, the operator shall depressurize the primary system to 

less than 200 psig at normal cool down rate. 

The Technical Specifications also specify the maximum pool temperature for 

continuous power operation. In general, this is 95°F, which is considerably 

below the temperature experienced in the Wurgassen Power Plant. 

In summary, the rams head device with its improved steam condensation 

capability, combined with the operator actions required by the Technical 

Specifications, results in improved operation in the domestic plants. However, subscale tests 6 did show that a threshold temperature does exist for the 

rams head device. To improve the safety margin, the staff has recommended that 

all BWR plants with Mark I, II, and III containments use the quencher device 

(Figures 6, 7, and 8) for SRV discharge. A detailed evaluation of the 

quencher is presented in the following section. 

3 REVIEW OF TEST PROGRAM 

3.1 Small-Scale Screening Testsl 

Results of the Wurgassen incident clearly indicated that the instability of 

steam condensation during SRV discharge needed further investigation. As a 

result, a testing program of model discharge devices was initiated at the 

Mannheim Power Station (GKM) in Germany. 

8 
The objective of this test program was to develop a discharge device which 

would greatly reduce or eliminate excessive containment loads during condensation of steam at elevated pool temperatures. Several versions of discharge 

devices--mainly of perforated pipe arranged in different geometries--were 

tested. Results of the tests showed a sUbstantial improvement in steam condensation capability, although the results also indicated that a temperature 

threshold exists for some versions of the perforated pipe. The tests suggest 

that the hole pattern of the perforated pipe influenced steam condensation and 

that optimization of the hole pattern was needed to further improve the steam 

condensation capability. 

As a result of this conclusion, tests were performed in the GKM model tank to 

study the inflow of cooling water for various hole configurations in perforated pipes. By varying the distance between the holes and the diameter of 

the holes, the effect of the hole pattern was studied. On the basis of this 

investigation, the hole pattern was optimized for steam condensation. 

Because the scaling ratio (1:100 volumetric) is rather large, large-scale 

tests were needed to substantiate the test results. This phase of quencher 

device development is discussed in the following section. 

3.2 Large-Scale Model Tests 1 ,7 

This phase of development of the quencher device involved testing various 

versions of the perforated pipe nozzle under approximate reactor operational 

conditions. This phase was conducted by large-scale (1:4 volumetric) model 

tests. These tests were also conducted at the GKM test facilities. 

The tests described in References 1 and 7 were subscale in the sense that 

horizontal and flow-wise cross sections were reduced by a linear factor of 2. 

The submergence was maintained full scale at about 18.5 feet. The steam flux 

per unit area was also full scale. The tests were of the IIsingle-cell ll type. 

That is, the quencher was immersed in a water pool of limited area, corresponding to the smallest pool surface which would occur in the prototypical 

suppression pool. The total perforation area was also reduced by roughly a 

factor of 4, but the diameter of each hole, as well as the hole spacing, was 

full scale so as to reproduce the hydrodynamics of the steam/water condensation process near each hole. 

The tests of the quencher device with optimized hole pattern1 ,7 showed that at 

high steam mass flow rates (about 95 lb /ft2-sec based on total perforation 

area), s~ooth steam condensation was obWerved with pool temperatures up to 

about 203°F. This corresponds to a subcooling of 30°F (difference between 

pool temperature and saturation temperature at the quencher submergence). 

Tests were also performed at lower mass flow rates (less than or equal to 

40 lb /ft2-sec). Again, smooth steam condensation was observed even when the 

pool ~emperature reached 214°F. This corresponds to a subcooling of 20°F. 

Results of the large scale tests demonstrated that the quencher device 

performed satisfactorily, with complete condensation of steam for a wide range 

of conditions anticipated in full-scale plant operations. Because the hole 

pattern is exactly the same as that being used by the Mark I, II, and III BWR 

plants, results of the tests can be considered to have direct application for 

9 
A TO DISCHARGE LINE I 

HUB / ARl1 

j 

I TIE ilOIiN 

PERFORATiONS 

\ ELEVATION 

\ 

, 

PlJ\N 

Figure 6 KWU Cross-Quencher 

these plants. The data base from these tests forms the base for establishing 

the acceptance criteria, which are described in Section 5.1 of this report. 

3.3 German Inplant TestsS,g 

After extensive development tests of the perforated-pipe quencher at GKM (as 

described in previous sections), inplant tests were performed in Germany at 

the Brunsbuttel Nuclear Power Plant (KKB) in 1974 and the Philippsburg Nuclear 

Power Plant (KKP) in 1976. Results of these tests are presented in References 8 

and 9. 

3.3.1 KKB Inplant TestsS 

A full-scale version of the KWU X-quencher (see Figure 6) was installed in the 

KKB plant. A total of about 100 vent-clearing and condensation tests were 

performed with three safety/relief valves. The quenchers were tested over a 

wide range of reactor pressure and suppression pool temperatures which 

encompassed the plant operating conditions. 

Quencher submergence for this plant is 13 feet. The highest tested pool 

temperatures ranged from about 150°F at high reactor pressure to about 170°F 

at lower reactor pressure. Tests were also conducted at low pool temperature 

(about 100°F) throughout the entire range of reactor pressure (75-1100 psi). 

Smooth steam condensation was observed. 

10 
10.1 ..... SCHEDULE 80 riPE - SRV DISCHARGE LINE 

HOLESIV_TIIICAL"'\. :-

AIIOUT HOIlIZONTAL tv' 

Figure 7 Mark I T-Quencher Shell Discharge Device 

The temperature distribution in the suppression pool was nearly uniform, even 

in longer condensation tests. Thermocouple sensors distributed over the 

circumference and height of the suppression pool showed that the maximum 

temperature difference between the highest and lowest reading was about gOF. 

3.3.2 KKP Inplant Tests 9 

The tests conducted in the KKP nuclear plant were similar (except that 

submergence was 15 feet) but had a somewhat more limited scope than the KKB 

tests (Section 3.3.1). Specifically, only the low pool temperature range 

(below 100°F) was examined. 

Approximately 70 vent-clearing and condensation tests were performed. The KKP 

inplant tests demonstrated that the KKB tests are reproducible. KWU personnel 

concluded, therefore, that further tests with the SRV would not provide 

new information concerning the loads on the containment and the quencher 

capability of steam condensation. 

3.4 Monticello Inplant Tests 10 ,ll 

In December 1977, the Mark I Owners Group initiated SRV inplant tests at the 

Monticello Nuclear Generating Station of Northern States Power. The objective 

of the tests was to evaluate the loads and pool thermal mixing characteristics 

resulting from SRV discharge through the T-quencher device (see Figure 7). 

11 
Two extended SRV discharge tests through the T-quencher device were performed 

at a reactor pressure of about 1000 psia. The first test was performed 

without the residual heat removal (RHR) system in operation. The second test 

was similar to the first test except that one loop of the RHR system was in 

operation throughout the test. The RHR system was in the recirculating mode 

(no cooling) for this test to determine the possible effect of pool motion 

induced by RHR operation on the thermal mixing characteristics of the 

T-quencher. The duration of SRV discharge was about 7 minutes. 

Results of the tests show that the maximum bulk to local temperature 

differences* were 43°F for the test without RHR and 38°F for the test with 

RHR operation. This represents substantial thermal stratification inside the 

suppression pool. Because of this significant difference between bulk and 

local temperature, the Mark I Owners Group decided to perform additional tests 

with modifications on the T-quencher and RHR discharge. 

In February 1978, additional tests of pool thermal mixing were performed at 

the Monticello plant. The T-quencher device was modified by adding holes to 

the end cap of one arm of the device. In addition, a 90° elbow with a reducing 

nozzle was installed at the end of the RHR discharge line. These modifications 

were made to increase thermal mixing in the pool. 

Two tests were performed at conditions similar to those in the previous tests, 

that is, one with RHR operation and the other without. Evaluation of the test 

results leads to the following conclusions: 

(1) Holes drilled into one end cap of a T-quencher device did induce some 

pool circulation to enhance thermal mixing. The improvement in the 

difference between bulk and local temperature, however, is insignificant. 

(2) Operation of the RHR system with a modified discharge nozzle resulted in 

a marked improvement in thermal mixing. The maximum difference in bulk 

to local temperature was reduced to 15°F, in comparison with 38°F from 

previous tests without this modification. 

(3) The credit for RHR system operation to enhance pool mixing required 

justification. The test with the RHR system was conducted by having RHR 

in operation before the SRV was activated. This caused the pool water to 

move initially at some velocity. Once the SRV activated, the steam 

released through the SRV was discharged into a swirling rather than a 

still pool. In actual plant operation, the SRV will initially discharge 

into a still pool. Only later (about 10 minutes after the pool is heated 

to the maximum operating temperature) would the RHR system be brought 

into the pool cooling mode. Additional experimental or analytical 

justification is needed to confirm the effect. of RHR operating time on 

the bulk-to-local temperature difference. 

* See Section 4.2 for the definition. 

12 
o 0 I SCHflRGE LI tiE 

ELEVATION 

PLAN 

Figure 8 KWU T-Quencher 

(4) Because of limitations on pool temperature (105°F) required by the 

Technical Specifications, it is not possible to test the effect of 

RHR operation by following actual operational procedures.* 

3.5 Mark II Test Program 

3.5.1 KWU T-Quencher Tests 13 

In 1977, Pennsylvania Power & Light Company retained KWU to develop an SRV 

discharge device to suit the particular geometry of the Mark II containment. 

A two-arm T-quencher (see Figure 8) was subsequently developed and tested at 

the Karlstein test facilities in Germany. Detailed evaluation of these tests 

will be reported in an NRC staff report which is currently scheduled to be 

issued in the third quarter of 1981. 

The scope of the steam condensation tests performed is similar to that of tests 

conducted in the KKB plant. That is, the reactor pressure and pool temperatures were varied in a way which encompassed the plant operating conditions. 

* The staff has established acceptable testing procedures that are reported in 

Reference 12. 

13 
The results from this program are somewhat more useful in that the conditions 

encompassed are significantly larger and the test results are reported in more 

detail. The submergence of the tested device was 21 feet. 

The highest tested pool temperature ranged from about 140°F at high reactor 

pressure (1100 psi) to 196°F at low reactor pressure (30 psi). Blowdown 

tests were also conducted at low pool temperatures (70 to 90°F) over the 

entire range of reactor pressures. Smooth steam condensation was observed for 

the entire test matrix. 

3.5.2 Caorso Inplant Tests 14 ,15 

Inplant safety/relief valve discharge tests were performed at the Caorso 

Nuclear Station in Italy in late 1978 and early 1979. Detailed evaluation of 

the tests will be presented in an NRC staff report to be issued late in 1981. 

This report will address the SRV loads for the Mark III containments which use 

the Caorso inplant test results as the supporting data base. 

The Caorso plant is equipped with an X-shaped quencher similar to the KWU 

X-quencher (Figure 6), with the exception that there are no holes on the end 

cap. The quencher was submerged to about 18 feet. There was one extended 

blowdown test to evaluate the characteristics of pool mixing during SRV 

discharge. 

The test was performed with a uniform initial pool temperature of 60°F. The 

SRV was actuated and steam was discharged to the suppression pool for about 

13 minutes, with the highest pool temperature recorded at about 102°F. The 

average temperature in the vicinity of the quencher was about 5°F above the 

calculated bulk temperature at the end of the SRV discharge. 

During SRV discharge, the RHR system was not operated in the suppression pool 

cooling mode. However, the RHR system was activated approximately 5 minutes 

after the SRV was closed. The data show that pool mixing was accelerated once 

the RHR was in operation. The temperature measurement indicated that the 

maximum temperature difference within the pool was about 2°F after 20 minutes 

of RHR operation. This once again confirms the Monticello inplant test results, 

which showed a significant improvement of pool mixing by operating the RHR. 

3.6 Future Test Program 

There are several SRV inplant test programs which are currently underway or 

are being planned. These include the SRV inplant tests for the Kuosheng 

Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, in Taiwan; LaSalle County, Unit 1; and Grand 

Gulf, Unit 1. SRV extended blowdown tests are included in all test programs. 

Both Kuosheng and Grand Gulf are BWR plants with Mark III containment. The 

SRV tests for the Kuosheng plant are scheduled to be performed in the third 

quarter of 1981. This plant is to be the world's first Mark III plant in ~peration. Because all domestic Mark III plants currently have or plan to 

lnstall the X-shaped quencher, results of the tests should provide valuable 

information for the assessment of X-quencher performance for Mark III 

containments. 

14 
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~ 160 JL[~L[Co--~---~_--o--~J .-

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GS-STEAM MASS FLUX (lB/FT2/SEC) 

Figure 9 Locus of Points at Which Quencher Steam Condensation 

Performance Has Been Observed Experimentally 

LaSalle County, Unit 1, is a BWR plant with a Mark II containment. It is 

equipped with the KWU-designed T-shaped quencher. Because LaSalle could be 

the first Mark II plant in operation in this country, results of the tests 

should confirm the T-quencher characteristics as demonstrated at the KWU unit 

cell tests. Furthermore, the LaSalle inplant test results will demonstrate 

T-quencher performance in a full-size suppression pool rather thnn in a unit 

cell. This includes suppression pool mixing and performance of the temperature 

monitoring system during an extended SRV blowdown. 

4 EVALUATION OF DATA BASE 

The objective of this evaluation is to establish limits on plant operation 

during steam blowdown through SRV discharge lines. The limits to be 

established can be developed only from the data base discussed in Section 3. 

4.1 Operating Limits During Steam Blowdown 

Figure 9 summarizes the various tests which were discussed in Section 3. 

Because the tests were performed with considerable variation in submergence, 

15 
the corresponding values of saturation temperature also vary widely (from 

about 213 to 237°F). Accordingly, subcooling (~T) has been used as the 

ordinate so that all the tests can be meaningfully grouped. That is, in 

view of the mechanism associated with condensation instability at high steam 

flux, ~T rather than the local pool temperature is considered the more appropriate parameter for characterizing the limits of stable quencher performance. 

The information shown in Figure 9 is intended to depict those regions in the ~T vs steam flux (GS) map where quenchers were actually tested. Within the 

envelope traced out by the data, it can be anticipated that quencher operation 

will lead to smooth steam condensation without imposing significant loads on 

the containment. Quencher operation outside this envelope (that is, at higher 

values of GS and lower ~Ts) could, in principle, lead to loading conditions 

significantly more severe than those already observed. However, the actual 

behavior of SRV discharge operating beyond this envelope is currently unknown 

because of the lack of experimental evidence. 

In the staff's judgment, moderate excursions beyond the envelope are not 

likely to result in dramatic load increases. Accordingly, quencher operation 

at the limits of the envelope defined by the existing data base is permfssible. 

In order to provide a perspective on the adequacy of this operation envelope 

margin, a typical plant temperature transient has been superimposed on the 

envelope in Figure 10. In making the transposition, the staff has assumed the 

use of a Mark II T-quencher, a local-to-bulk temperature difference of 10°F, 

and a submergence of 13 feet, which corresponds to the shallowest pool among 

Mark II plants. The correlation between GS and reactor pressure was estimated 

from GS = 0.28 RP, where RP is reactor pressure in psia. This correlation 

agrees with the conditions observed during the Caorso tests. Note that uniform application of this linear relation introduces some conservatism at lower 

values of reactor pressure because the flow rates are overestimated. The 

comparison shows that a substantial margin exists throughout the transient. 

Of course, for higher values of local-to-bulk ~T, this margin could be reduced 

substantially, particularly at the low end of the GS spectrum. : ~se considerations emphasize the need for applying some judgment in the development 

of operational limits. For example, the current acceptance criteria for 

Mark II plants restrict operation to local pool temperatures not greater than 

200°F. This limitation is imposed regardless of submergence or steam mass 

flux. Although this limitation is supported by the data base, it tends to be 

too restrictive for plants with deep submergence and, in general, for lower 

steam flux rates. In particular, for values of GS no greater than 42 lb /ft2 -sec, 

a subcooling as low as 20° F can be justified by test data. This would ~rans­ late into a local pool temperature restriction of 210°F with a 14 ft submergence, 

thereby providing significant relief in terms of permissible operating transients. 

4.2 Local-to-Bulk Pool Temperature Difference 

Based on the evaluation presented in Section 4.1, a set of Acceptance Criteria 

for limiting plant operation has been established to preclude the occurrence 

of condensation instability dynamic loads. These criteria are presented in 

terms of limitations on the local pool temperature. In plant transient analyses, however, the bulk pool temperature is used to characterize pool heat-up. 

Accordingly, the difference between the bulk and local values needs to be 

specified so that the analysis can demonstrate operation within the prescribed 

limits. 

16 
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40 

. Plant Pool 

Temperature Transient 

(Caorso) 

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80 120 160 200 240 

GS-STEAM MASS FLUX (LB/FT2/SEC) 

Figure 10 Comparison of a Typical Plant Transient 

With the ~T-GS Map 

Tests 

~ Caorso I npl ant 

? Monticello Inplant 

KWU Sin 9 1 e C e 11 

L.l German Inplant 

In the development of the staff criteria, use was made of the data base 

obtained from the unit cell tests performed at the GKM facility. In such a 

facility, the volume of water associated with a single discharge device is, of 

course, only a small fraction of the volume which would exist under prototypical conditions. Because it is a confined pool, differences between local 

and bulk conditions are minimal and the temperature recorded by the sensors 

can generally be interpreted as local temperatures.* Under inplant conditions, the thermal mixing characteristics will be considerably different. 

Thus, some clarification is required regarding the interpretation of local 

pool temperature to ensure the correct application of the supporting data base. 

This clarification is provided in the next section. 

* A detailed description of how local temperatures were developed from the GKM 

tests is given in Appendix A. 

17 
QUfNClI~R 

77771771717' TTTTff7..7777//// /777 /~ 

" BMEIiAT 

CONMINMEHT 

BOUHOARY 

Figure 11 Schematic Representation of Flow Pattern 

During Quencher Steam Discharge 

4.3 Local Pool Temperature 

Local pool temperatures denotes an average water temperature in the vicinity 

of the discharge device and represents the relevant temperature which controls 

the condensation process occurring at the quencher exit. In general, this will 

differ from both the temperature of the water in contact with the steam and 

from the bulk pool temperature. 

To define the local pool temperature, a qualitative picture of the flow pattern 

during quencher discharge can be evolved by a combination of physical reasoning and experimental evidence. From the data provided by the extensive 

temperature array employed in the Monticello SRV tests,10'11 the general 

pattern shown in Figure 11 can be developed. Assuming that this flow pattern 

is a reasonable representation of the actual situation, it is apparent that 

the temperature which controls the condensation process (that is, the IIl oca lli 

temperature) is best characterized by that which would occur at a point 

directly above and below the quencher arms (perhaps one or two arms diameters 

distant), with the former providing a more conservative measure of this 

parameter. 

For a variety of practical reasons, temperature sensors cannot always be 

located in these optimum locations. However, the temperature field data 

developed from the Monticello tests indicate that, in regions near the boundaries of the containment directly opposite the quencher arms, the temperatures 

tend to be somewhat higher than those in the vicinity of the quencher arm. 

This is probably the result of the heated plume impinging on these boundaries. 

Thus, if local temperatures were defined in terms of such measurements, a 

conservatively high value would be deduced. 

Some care in applying the local pool temperature defined above is required if 

significant pool mixing occurs as a result of RHR operation. In principle, 

this could cause the plume to be swept away from the boundaries thereby 

eliminating the conservatism identified above. Therefore, for plants which 

18 
intend to take credit for the effect of RHR operation on local-to-bulk 

temperature difference, the staff will require that additional temperature 

sensors be installed on the downstream side (relative to the RHR discharge) of 

the quencher centerline. The local pool temperature is defined as the average 

of these values measured at locations directly opposite the quencher arms that 

are downstream of the RHR discharge. 

An averaging of the temperature readings on the boundaries may also be used to 

define local pool temperature in the absense of the RHR effect. This position 

is appropriate to ensure that excessive conservatism is not introduced because 

one particular sensor is directly impinged on by the heated plume. 

In applying these averaging techniques, however, certain restrictions will be 

imposed. These arise from the asymmetry which is exhibited by the temperature 

field measurements obtained during the Monticello tests. This asymmetry is 

actually of two types. First there is a clear indication of radial asymmetry, 

with the highest temperatures consistently recorded in the region between the 

quencher and the reactor side of the containment. It is the staff's judgment 

that this is caused by the smaller heat sink capability represented by the 

water pool which participates in the condensation process on that side (refer 

to Figure 11). The second type of asymmetry is associated with RHR operation. 

In this case, the data indicate that the temperatures tend to be higher on the 

downstream side (relative to the RHR discharge) of the quencher centerline. 

This is simply a manifestation of the fact that the bulk pool motion has 

transported water which has been heated by the steam injected through the 

upstream arm to the vicinity of the downstream arm, where it is heated once 

again. 

In summary, the staff concludes that during quencher operation a bias in the 

pool temperature field will be created as a result of the annular geometry of 

the containment. In general, the highest temperature will occur in the region 

between the quencher and the reactor side of the containment. A temperature 

bias will also occur during combined RHR and quencher actuation. In this 

case, the region of the highest temperature will occur on the side of the 

quencher station downstream of the direction of the RHR discharge. 

The acceptance criteria for determining local pool temperatures during inplant 

testing given in Section 5.0 are based on the considerations outlined above. 

5 RESOLUTION OF THE ISSUE 

This section presents the technical resolution of the issue regarding 

suppression pool temperature limits, including the acceptance criteria for the 

suppression pool temperature limits. The local and bulk pool temperatures are 

defined. Events which will result in the most severe pool temperature transients also are defined, and the acceptability of the assumptions used to 

analyze these events is given. Finally, requirements for monitoring the 

suppression pool temperature are provided. 

5.1 Suppression Pool Temperature Limit 

The suppression pool temperature limits specified below were established on 

the basis of the data base discussed in Section 4.1. These limits are 

19 
applicable only for the quencher device with the exact hole pattern described 

in Reference 10, 13, or 14. For plants using a discharge device with different 

hole patterns, applicants and licensees shall provide supporting data to 

justify the suppression pool temperature limits. To ensure smooth steam 

condensation without the imposition of significant loads on the containment, 

the following suppression pool temperature limits shall be used: 

(1) For all plant transients involving SRV operations during which the steam 

flux through the quencher perforations exceeds 94 lb /ft2 -sec, the 

suppression pool local temperature shall not exceed 200°F. 

(2) For all plant transients involving SRV operations during which the steam 

flux through the quencher perforations is less than 42 lb /ft2 -sec, the 

suppression pool local temperature shall be at least 20oFmsubcooled. 

This is equivalent to a local temperature of 210°F with quencher 

submergence of 14 feet. 

(3) For plant transients involving SRV operations durin~ which the steam flux 

through the quencher perforations exceeds 42 lb /ft -sec but is less than 

94 lb /ft2 -sec, the suppression pool local tempWrature can be established 

by liWearly interpolating the local temperatures established under 

items (1) and (2) above. 

5.2 Local-to-Bulk Pool Temperature Difference 

(1) The local-to-bulk* pool temperature difference shall consider the 

plant-specific quencher-discharge geometry and RHR suction and discharge 

geometry. 

(2) Determination of the plant-specific local-to-bulk pool temperature 

difference shall be supported by existing pool temperature data or by 

additional inplant tests. 

(3) Where inplant tests are used to establish the local-to-bulk pool 

temperature difference, the test procedures and instrumentation shall be 

in accordance with the guidelines specified in NUREG-0763. 12 

5.3 Local Pool Temperature 

The local pool temperature is defined as the fluid temperature in the vicinity 

of the quencher device during steam discharge. For practical purposes, the 

average water temperature observed within the region subtended by the quencher 

arms on the reactor side of the containment and at the same elevation as the 

quencher device can be considered the local temperature. For plants for which 

credit is to be taken for the effectiveness of the RHR to mix the pool, local 

temperature can be defined by using the average temperatures measured by only 

the sensors downstream of the quencher (relative to the RHR flow). However, 

in this case also, temperatures directly above the downstream quencher arm 

shall be included in the averaging. 

* See Section 5.4 for definition. 

20 
5.4 Bulk Pool Temperature 

The bulk pool temperature is the temperature calculated by plant transient 

analyses assuming that the suppression pool acts as a uniform heat sink. Bulk 

temperature is calculated on the basis of mass and energy released from the 

primary system through the SRVs after plant transients. 

5.5 Local Subcooling 

Local subcooling is defined as the difference between the local pool temperature 

and the saturation temperature, corresponding to the hydrostatic pressure at 

the quencher elevation and atmospheric pressure. Pressurization of the containment atmosphere above normal atmospheric pressure shall not be considered for 

determining local subcooling. 

5.6 Events for the Analysis of Pool Temperature Transients 

The operational temperature limit established for the suppression pool is 

described in Section 5.1. To meet this limit, applicants and licensees are 

required to provide an analysis for suppression pool temperature response to 

various SRV events. These events can be analyzed on the basis of mass and 

energy balance on the suppression pool during SRV blowdown. Results of the 

suppression pool temperature transient will demonstrate the history of the 

bulk temperature of the suppression pool for all the events analyzed. Whether 

the plant meets the limit can be clearly demonstrated by the difference between 

local and bulk temperatures as described in Section 5.2. The events required 

to be analyzed in accordance with assumptions prescribed in Section 5.7 are as 

follows: 

5.6.1 Stuck-Open SRV (SORV) During Power Operation 

This event postulates that an SRV is inadvertently actuated while the plant is 

operating at power, as defined in Section 5.7.1. After to the activation, the 

SRV fails to r"seat and remains open. As a result of this malfunction, steam 

from the primary system is discharged through the SRV and released to the 

suppression pool. The following two cases shall be analyzed for this event: 

(1) Loss of one RHR heat exchanger 

(2) Initiation of the main steam isolation valve (MSIV) closure signal at the 

time of scram 

5.6.2 SRV Discharge Following Isolation/Scram 

This event postulates that a sudden closure of the MSIVs and subsequent scram 

occur in response to plant operational transients. SRV discharge is required 

to depressurize the reactor. The rate of reactor depressurization shall 

follow the assumption specified in Section 5.7.2.2. Note that this case is 

equivalent to the scenario that postulates a stuck-open SRV following the 

isolation and scram with loss of one RHR heat exchanger. This results since 

the peak pool temperature occurs late in the transient, typically 2 to 3 hours 

after reactor scram, and an equivalent amount of energy is transferred to the 

suppression pool for both cases. 

21 
5.6.3 SRV Discharge Following a Small-Break Loss-of-Coolant Accident (SBLOCA) 

This event postulates that a small-break accident occurs in the primary system. 

SRV discharge is required to depressurize the reactor coolant system and then 

remains open. Loss of one RHR heat exchanger shall be assumed. 

5.7 Assumptions Used in the Analysis 

5.7.1 General Assumptions 

The following general assumptions should be used for all cases described in 

Section 5.6: 

(1) The power level, decay heat, service water temperature, RHR heat exchanger 

capability, and suppression pool initial temperature are consistent with 

those used for the analysis of containment pressure and temperature 

response to a loss-of-coolant accident. These values are specified in 

Chapter 6.2 of PSARs or FSARs. 

(2) The initial water level of the suppression pool is at the minimum level 

indicated in the Technical Specificiation. 

(3) Main Steam Isolation Valve (MSIV) closure is complete 3.5 seconds after 

the isolation signal for transients where isolation occurs. 

(4) The water volume within the reactor vessel pedestal (Mark II) or within the 

weir wall (Mark III) is not included in the calculation of pool temperature 

response. 

(5) Feedwater pumps supply feedwater to the reactor until the feedpumps trip on an 

automatic signal. The applicant or licensee is required to provide information regarding the history of feedwater mass and energy addition to the reactor. 

(6) Offsite power is not available for isolation/scram and small Jreak loss-ofcoolant accidents, except that offsite power is available for feedwater pumps. 

(7) The high-pressure core injection (HPCI) or high-pressure core spray (HPCS) 

systems are terminated at the specified high pool temperature. This temperature may be a plant-unique specification and should be provided by the 

applicant or licensee. 

(8) The applicant or licensee provides information to demonstrate that no 

single failure, either in the system design or power source, will result 

in the loss of one RHR heat exchanger and the RHR shutdown cooling mode. 

(9) Calculation of mass and energy release to the suppression pool through 

SRV shall follow the methodology described in Reference 17. 

(10) There are no heat losses to the containment atmosphere and structures. 

(11) The RHR operates in the suppression pool cooling mode 10 minutes after TS1* 

is exceeded. However, the operation of pool cooling may be interrupted by 

* TS1 is the Technical Specification maximum pool temperature for continued 

power operation. 

22 
other requirements. For instance, high drywell pressure may automatically 

terminate the RHR pool cooling mode. Provide instructions in the operating 

procedures to reinstate the pool cooling mode. Identify the duration of 

this interrupted pool cooling mode and include it in the analysis for 

suppression pool temperature response. 

5.7.2 Assumptions for Specific Events 

This section discusses the specific assumptions used for the events described 

in Section 5.6. It also provides restrictions and guidance for justification 

for the assumptions. 

5.7.2.1 SORV at Power 

(1) Case 1.a 

Assume that manual scram can be accomplished when the suppression 

pool temperature reaches 110°F as indicated in the Technical Specifications. To justify this assumption, the applicant or licensee 

shall meet the following requirements: 

(a) Install alarms/displays in the control room to give the operator 

immediate and unambiguous indications of a stuck-open SRV. 

(b) Provide alarms/displays to alert the operator about the 

suppression pool temperature. Set the alarm at TS1 and T53.* 

(c) Provide clear instructions in operating procedures to prohibit the 

operator from prolonging the initiation of manual scram. For 

example, the operational procedures should specify the maximum 

number of attempts the operator will be allowed to use to reclose 

a stuck-open SRV. 

If the applicant or licensee does not meet all of these requirements, 

manual scram shall be assumed to be accomplished 10 minutes after 

the pool temperature reaches 110°F. 

Assume the main condenser is available as an alternative heat sink. 

The use of the main condenser as a heat sink requires that the 

bypass system be available, that the circulating water system function, and that the main steam isolation valves remain open. The 

applicant or licensee, therefore, is required to provide information 

that demonstrates the availability of these systems. Furthermore, 

the applicant or licensee is required to justify that containmentstructure isolation is not required for the event. 

(2) Case 1.b 

* 

Assumptions used for Case 1.a above are applicable for this case, with 

the following exceptions: 

Assume the main condenser is not available because of spurious M5IV 

closure. 

TS3 is the Technical Specification pool temperature limit for reactor scram. 

23 
Assume two RHR heat exchangers are available. 

5.7.2.2 SRV Discharge Following Isolation/Scram 

(1) Assume the loss of one RHR heat exchanger. 

(2) Assume the RHR is operating in the suppression pool cooling mode 

10 minutes after isolation or scram is initiated. Meet the requirements 

specified in Section 5.7.1(11) for operational procedures and the 

duration for interruption of RHR operation. 

(3) Following reactor isolation or scram, assume that manual depressurization 

can be initiated at a pool temperature of 1200 F, which is the plant 

Technical Specification for reactor depressurization. 

(4) Assume the rate of manual depressurization can be controlled at the 

normal rate of 1000 F per hour. If higher cool down rates are to be used, 

justification shall be provided. 

5.7.2.3 SRV Discharge Following a Small-Break Accident 

(1) Apply the assumptions described in Section 5.7.2.2. 

(2) Perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of the loss-ofshutdown-cooling mode on the suppression pool heatup rate. 

(3) Assume the reactor is scrammed on high drywell pressure. 

(4) Assume the MSIV closure signal is activated at the onset of the accident. 

5.8 Suppression Pool Temperature Monitoring System 

The suppression pool temperature monitoring system is required to ensure that 

the suppression pool is within the allowable limits set forth in the plant 

Technical Specifications. The system shall meet the general design requirements 

listed below. It should be noted that specific criteria provided in Reference 3 

shall be used for the Mark II plants. 

(1) Each applicant or licensee shall demonstrate adequacy of the number and 

distribution of pool temperature sensors to provide a reasonable measure 

of the bulk temperature. Alternatively, redundant pool temperature 

monitors may be located at each quencher, either on the quencher support 

or on the suppression pool wall, to provide a measure of local pool 

temperature for each quencher device. In such cases, the limits for pool 

temperature shall be derived from the calculated bulk pool temperature 

and the bulk to local pool temperature difference transient. 

(2) Sensors shall be installed sufficiently below the minimum water level, as 

set forth in the plant Technical Specifications, to ensure that the 

sensor properly monitors pool temperature. 

(3) Pool temperature shall be indicated and recorded in the control room. 

Where the suppression pool temperature limits are based on bulk pool 

temperature, operating procedures or analyzing equipment shall be used to 

24 
minimize the actions required by the operator to determine the bulk pool 

temperature. Operating procedures and alarm set points shall consider 

the relative accuracy of the measurement system. 

(4) Instrument set points for alarms shall be established so that the plant 

will operate within the suppression pool temperature limits discussed 

above. 

(5) All sensors shall be designed to seismic Category I, Quality Group B 

standards, and shall be capable of being energized from onsite emergency 

power supplies. 

6 IMPLEMENTATION 

The staff's recommendations for implementing the technical resolution 

described in Section 5 are summarized in the paragraphs below. 

6.1 Implementation of the Resolution for Mark I, II, and III Plants 

The staff recommends that a generic letter and a copy of this report be sent 

to licensees and applicants with Mark I, II, and III containments requesting 

the information described in Section 5. For a response to be acceptable to 

the staff, it must conform to the requirements specified in Section 5. 

It should be noted that acceptance criteria for the suppression pool 

temperature limits have been issued and presented in NUREG-06613 (Mark I) and 

NUREG-04874 (Mark II), and licensees or applicants may follow those criteria. 

However, those criteria are more restrictive than the criteria specified in 

this report. Specifically, NUREG-0661 and NUREG-0487 specify a fixed pool 

temperature limit (200°F) for all operating conditions. The pool temperature 

limits presented in this report have taken plant-specific geometries (quencher 

submergence) and plant operating conditions (steam flux through the quencher 

device) into consideration. As a result, the pool temperature limits can be 

relaxed for certain plants. 

The resolution of the pool temperature limit issue has been developed to be as 

generic as possible. Plant-specific review, however, is still required. 

Those areas which require plant-specific review are identified in Sections 5.6 

and 5.7. 

6.2 Recommended Changes to Standard Review Plan 

The following changes to SRP Section 6.2.1.1c are recommended: 

I. Areas of Review: 

11. Suppression pool temperature limit during safety/relief operation, 

including events to analyze suppression pool temperature response, 

assumptions used for the analysis, and the suppression pool 

temperature monitoring system. 

25 
II. Acceptance Criteria 

9. For Mark I, II, and III plants, the suppression pool temperature 

should not exceed 200°F or the acceptance criteria specified in 

Section 5.1 of NUREG-0783. 

III. Review Procedure 

9. The Containment System Branch (CSB) will review the information 

related to the suppression pool temperature limit during safety/ 

relief valve operation involving either normal plant transients 

and LOCA of small line breaks (those events specified in Section 5.6 of NUREG-0783). The CSB will evaluate the difference 

between bulk and local temperatures defined in Section 5.3 of 

NUREG-0783 and the suppression pool temperature monitoring 

system described in Section 5.8 of NUREG-0783. With respect to 

the assumptions used to analyze the events, the CSB will coordinate its review with the Reactor Systems and Auxiliary Systems 

Branches to review the assumptions related to the emergency 

core cooling and residual heat removal systems, and main-condenser-related systems, such as the main-condenser cooling 

system. Acceptability of the suppression pool temperature 

limit shall be based on conformance with the resolution of the 

issue specified in Section 5 of NUREG-0783. 

6.3 Recommended Development of Regulatory Guide 

A Regulatory Guide should be developed to provide guidance for applicants and 

licensees to deal with the issue related to safety/relief valve dynamic load 

and pool temperature limits. With respect to suppression pool temperature 

limits, Sections 5.1 through Section 5.8 of this report should be included in 

the Regulatory Guide. 

7 REFERENCES 

References cited in this report are available as follows: 

Those items marked with one asterisk (*) are available for inspection in the 

NRC Public Document Room, 1717 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20555; they 

may be copied for a fee. 

Material marked with two asterisks (**) is not publicly available because it 

contains proprietary information; however, a nonproprietary version is available 

in the NRC Public Document Room for inspection and may be copied for a fee. 

Those reference items marked with three asterisks (***) are available for 

purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 

Washington, DC 20555, and/or the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia 22161. 

All other material referenced is in the open literature and is available through 

public technical libraries. 

26 
1. Fukashima, T. Y., et al., "Test Results Employed by General Electric for 

Boiling Water Reactor Containment and Vertical Vent Loads," GE 

Report NEDE-21078P, October 1975.** 

2. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Safety Evaluation Report: Mark I 

Containment Long-Term Program, Resolution of Generic Technical 

Activity A-7," USNRC Report NUREG-0661, July 1980.*** 

3. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Mark II Containment Lead Plant 

Program Load Evaluation and Acceptance Criteria, "USNRC Report 

NUREG-0487, October 1978, and Supplement No.1, September 1980.*** 

4. General Electric, "Suppression Pool High Temperature Steam Quenching 

Vibrations," December 1975.* 

5. Voigt, 0., et al., "Consequences drawn from a Stuck Rel ief Valve Inc; dent 

at the Wurgassen Power Plant," presented at the 2nd International 

Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, 

September 10-14, 1973, in Berlin. 

6. General Electric Company Memorandum Report, "1700 F Pool Temperature 

Li mi t for SRV Ramshead Condensation Stabil ity, II September 1977. ** 

7. KWU, "Condensation and Vent Clearing Tests in GKM with Perforated Pipes," 

KWU Technical Report KWU/E3-2594, May 1973.** 

8. KWU, "Results of the Non-Nuclear Hot Tests with the Relief System in The 

Brunsbuttel Nuclear Power Plant," KWU Technical Report KWU/R 113-3267, 

December 1974.** 

9. KWU, "Results of the Non-Nuclear Hot Test with the Relief System in the 

Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant," KWU Working Report R142-38/77, 

March 1977.** 

10. Asai, R. A., and others, "Mark I Containment Program Final Report, 

Monticello T-Quencher Test," GE NEDE-21864-P, July 1978.** 

11. General Electric Company, "Mark I Containment Program - Monticello 

T-Quencher Thermal Mixing Test Final Report," GE NEDE-24542-P, April 

1979.** 

12. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Guidelines for Confirmatory Inplant 

Tests of Safety-Relief Valve Discharges for BWR Plants," USNRC 

Report NUREG-0763, May, 1981.*** 

13. Pennsylvania Power and Light Company, "Design Assessment Report, 

Susquahanna Steam Electric Station, Unit 1 and 2, Section 8.0," 

Revision 1. March, 1979.** 

14. General Electric Company, "Mark II Containment Supporting Program - Caorso Safety Relief Valve Discharge Tests - Phase II Test Report," GE 

NEDE-24757-P, May 1980.** 

27 
15. General Electric Company, IIMark II Containment Program - Caorso Extended 

Discharge Test Report,1I GE NEDE-24798-P, July 1980.** 

16. KWU, IIInvestigation of Condensation with the Perforated-Pipe Quencher 

with Small Water Coverage of the Quencher Arms,1I KWU Technical Report 

KWU/E3-2840, December 1973.** 

17. Letter report, R. H. Bucholz to Karl Kniel dated March 12, 1981, IIMark II 

Containment Program Method for Calculating Mass and Energy Release for 

Suppression Pool Temperature Response to Safety Relief Valve Discharges. lI* 

28 
Appendix A - Description of GKM Large-Scale PerforatedArm Quencher Test Program 

The steam-condensing performance of perforated-pipe quenchers to be used for 

mitigation of SRV loads was evaluated during a series of tests performed at 

the GKM facility by KWU.l The primary objective was development of an optimum 

hole pattern for the perforations which would ensure stable steam condensation 

at elevated suppression pool temperatures. 

The test facility used during this investigation simulated a small sector of a 

BWR wetwell (see Figure A-I). The facility consisted of cylindrical tank 

9 feet in diameter and 60 feet high, partially filled with water. A single 

SRV discharge line 8 inches in diameter was concentrically installed in the 

tank. The perforated arms forming the quencher were attached to the end of 

this discharge line approximately 4 feet above the pool bottom. The arms were 

arranged in a generally cruciform manner but were inclined at 45° below the 

horizontal. The depth of the pool was varied from a minimum of 15 feet to a 

maximum of 23 feet. 

The test procedure consisted of continuous blowdown of steam through the 

discharge line into the suppression pool at a fixed flow rate until the pool 

water temperature approached saturation conditions. Twenty-six such blowdowns 

were performed with steam flux rates ranging from 2 to 128 lb /ft2 -sec, based 

on total perforation area. The 26 blowdowns were performed w~th seven different versions of perforations. Typical parameters varied were the hole 

diameters and the vertical and horizontal spacing between the rows and columns 

of holes. An additional variation included the use of perforations on the 

discharge line itself. In some cases these perforations were located as far 

as 9 feet above the quencher arms where the bulk of the perforations were 

located. During the blowdowns, the pressure and fluid temperature at the pool 

boundaries were monitored continuously by means of sensors installed for that 

purpose. In particular, the onset of instabilities in the condensation process was determined by noting if the pressure amplitudes exhibited a tendency 

to increase in a more or less discontinuous manner as the pool water approached 

saturation conditions. These observations formed the criteria by which the 

suitability of any particular quencher design was established. 

Of the seven versions which were tested, only three performed acceptably in 

the sense indicated above. All of these had an identical arrangement of 

perforations on the quencher arms themselves. They differed only with respect 

to the perforations on the discharge line. Twelve blowdowns were performed 

with these optimized versions. The submergence during these blowdowns (that 

is, the vertical distance between the center perforations on the quencher arms 

and the pool surface) was fixed at about 18-~ feet. This corresponds to a 

local saturation temperature of 234°F. 

Pressure and temperature data are reported for eight of these blowdowns. The 

pressure data, presented graphically, show the variation of peak pressure 

amplitude with pool temperature. The former are characterized by the peak 

pressures recorded by two sensors located at the tank bottom. One of these 

was coincident with the tank axis (sensor P5) and was approximately 4-~ feet 

below the center of the perforations. 

A-I 
OUTER SHEL.L. \.. T8 <? ~ I ApI /CORE SPRAY SYSTEM 

CONTAINMENT ~ T _. rI_ 

r-__ ~F~l~O~~~ll_M~IT_E~R ____ I_____ <;s~~ ," 

DRYWEll 

PRESSURE 

SUPPRESSION 

CHAMBER 

NOTE: 1. DIMENSION IN MILLIMETERS 

2. P - PRESSURE TRANSDUCER 

3. T - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 

o MAIN-STEM 

PIPE 

HIGH·PRESSURE 

INJECTION SYSTEM 

SIMUL.ATED WET WELL 

Figure A-I Large-Scale Test Facility 

A-2 
The other sensor was located at a radial distance 1-~ feet from the tank axis; 

it was in the symmetry plane passing between adjacent arms (Sensor P71). 

Although other pressure sensors were available, only the pressures recorded by 

these sensors were reported because they were the only ones with an external 

sensing diaphragm and, therefore, free of fluid structure interaction effects. 

The pool temperature was characterized in the graphical results by the output 

from sensor TIl, which was on the tank wall 6-~ feet above the tank bottom. 

Sensor TIl coincided with a plane passing through the tank axis forming an 

angle of 15° with a plane passing through the axis of the quencher arms. 

The temperatures recorded by sensor TIl at the beginning and end of each 

blowdown are also reported in tabular form by test number. For five blowdowns, additional temperature data are also presented graphically.l,2 These 

plots show both the time and spatial distribution of the temperature field 

throughout the submerged boundaries of the test tank. 

A total of 14 sensors made up the array which defined this temperature field. 

Of these, seven were on the tank bottom, and the remainder on the tank walls 

in two distinct planes. One of these planes was coincident with a symmetry 

plane passing between the quencher arms. Three sensors (T52, 53, 55) were 

located here, 5.7, 7.4, and 9.8 feet above the pool bottom. The remaining 

four sensors included sensor TIl whose location is described above. The other 

three sensors (T10, T12, and T13) were located 3.3, 9.8, and 13.1 feet above 

the pool bottom in the same plane as TIl. 

In Section 5.1 of NUREG-0783, operational limits for the T-quencher were 

established in terms of a local subcooling (~T), defined as the difference 

between saturation temperature at the quencher location and local pool 

temperature. Local pool temperature was defined (Section 4.3 of NUREG-0783) 

as lithe relevant temperature which controls the behavior of the condensation 

process occurring at the quencher exit. 11 In this context, the establishment 

of ~T for the 12 blowdowns under consideration here will be described. It 

should be noted that these blowdowns are the most relevant for the present 

purpose becaus~ they provide the basis for determining the outermost boundary 

of the operating envelope. 

Despite the fact that these blowdowns were performed in a small cell where 

very efficient mixing might be expected to occur, some evidence of temperature 

nonuniformity was exhibited by the data. For the five blowdowns for which 

this information was available, the maximum temperature differences indicated 

by the sensor array varied from a minimum of about 10°F to as much as 27°F. 

This variability makes it difficult to characterize the local pool temperature 

unambiguously, as was done by use of Sensor TIl in Reference 1. Adding to the 

difficulty is the fact that different values for the same temperature can be 

deduced from the several sources which are available. (See the values given 

in Table 6.7 of Reference 3, Figures 8.1 and 8.5 of Reference 1, and Figures 17 

and 18 of Reference 2). Two specific examples illustrate these inconsistencies: 

for Test 223, the values 212°F, 214°F, and 217°F can be deduced as the maximums 

recorded by Sensor TIl from the three respective sources; in the same test, 

the peak temperature recorded by Sensor T56 can be found to be either 225°F or 

216°F. Thus, the staff and its consultants at Brookhaven National Laboratory 

concluded that the most appropriate way to resolve these difficulties would be 

by spatial averaging. 

A-3 
In forming this average, the readings from Sensors T52, T53, T55 were excluded 

because they are directly between two quencher arms and thus are likely to . .. sense nonconservatively high temperatures. The inclusion of the readlngs from 

the tank bottom was also considered to be a conservatism. 

The average values obtained essentially eliminated the differences exhibited 

by the graphical data given in References 3 and 4. That is, for any given run 

the spatially averaged temperatures from the two sources differed by less than 

2°F. Comparison of these averages with the tabular values given for Sensor TIl 

showed that the latter was on the average about 4°F higher. Thus, in those 

tests for which only the tabulated values of TIl were available, the local 

temperature was taken to be that value minus 4°F; this provided some additional 

conservatism. For the remaining tests, the average values, as defined above, 

were used as the local pool temperature. 

References 

*Nonproprietary version available for inspection and copying, for a fee, in 

the NRC Public Document Room, 1717 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20555. 

1. KWU, IICondensation and Vent Clearing Tests in GKM With Perforated Pipes,1I 

KWU Technical Report KWU/E3-2594, May 1973* 

2. KWU, IIConstruction and Design of the Relief System With Perforated Pipe 

Quencher,1I KWU Technical Report KWU E3/E2-2703, July 1971.* 

3. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, IIMark II Containment Lead Plant 

Program Load Evaluation and Acceptance Criteria,1I USNRC Report NUREG-0487, 

October 1978, and Supplement 1, September 1980 (available from NRC/GPO 

Sales Program, Washington, D.C. 20555). 

4. o. Voight and others, IIConsequences Drawn From a Stuck Relief Valve 

Incident at Wurgassen Power Plant," presented at Second Int?rnational 

Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, S ptember 10-14, 

1973, in Berlin (available through public technical libraries). 

A-4 


NRC FORM 335 

U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION I. REPORT NUMBER (Assigned bV DOC) 

(777) 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG-0783 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE (Add Volume No., if appropriate) 2. (Leave blank) 

Suppression Pool Temperature Limits for BWR Contai nment 

3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO. 

7. AUTHOR(S) 5. DATE REPORT COMPLETE 0 

MONTH I YEAR 

T. M. Su and others ,111' v 1981 

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (Include Z,p Code) DATE REPORT ISSUED 

U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission MONTH I YEAR 

Office of Nuclear Reactor RegUlation N()lIPmhpr 1 QAl 

Division of Safety Technology 6. (Leave blank) 

Washington, D. C. 20555 8. (Leave blank) 

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAl LING ADDRESS (Include Z,p Code) 

10. PROJECTITASK/WORK UN IT NO. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation 11. CONTRACT NO. Division of Safety Technology Washington, D. C. 20555 

13. TYPE OF REPORT I PERIOD COVERED (IncluSive dates) 

Regulatory Report 

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. (Leave olank) 

16. ABSTRACT (200 words or less) Boiling water reactor plants are equipped with safety/relief valves 

(SRVs) to protect the reactor from overpressurization. Operational transients, such as 

turbine trips, will actuate the SRV. Once the SRV opens, steam released from the reactor 

discharges through SRV lines to the suppression pool in the primary containment. Steam is 

condensed in the suppression pool in a stable condition. Extended steam blowdown into the 

pool, however, wi 11 heat the pool to a 1 evel where the condensati on process may become unstable. This instability of steam condensation may cause severe vibratory loads on containment structures. Current practice restricts the allowable operating temperature envelope of the pool in the Technical Specifications so this instability will not occur. This 

restri cti on is referred to as the pool temperature limit. Task Action Plan A-39, "Determination of Safety-Relief Valve (SRV) Pool Dynamic Loads and Temperature Limits for 

BWR Containment," was established to resolve, among other things, the concern about steam 

condensation behavior for the Mark I, I I , and III containments. This report pres ents the 

resolution of this issue including ( 1) acceptance criteria related to suppression pool temperature limits; (2) events for which a suppression pool temperature response analysis is requi red; (3) assumptions used for the analysis; (4) and requirements for the suppress; on pool temperature monitoring system. This report completes the subtask related to the supppession pool temperature limit in Task Act;on Plan A-39. 

17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 17a. DESCRIPTORS 

17b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN·ENDED TERMS 

Suppression Pool Temperature Limits 

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS (This report) 21 NO. 0 F PAGES 

Unl imited Unclassified 

20. SECURITY CLASS (Thnpage) 22. PRIC E 

Iln,..'''<"<"~+~,,~ S 

NRC FORM 33517·771 


UNITED STATES 

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 

WASHINGTON, DC 20555-0001 

OFFICIAL BUSINESS 

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