UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. C. Mendenhall, Director 

Professional Paper 189-1 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER 

OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 

AND ADJACENT STRATA 

BY 

ROLAND W. BROWN 

Shorter contributions to general geology, 1937 

(Pages 239-275) 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1939 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - - - - - Price 15 cents 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 239 

Introduction__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 239 

Colgate member of Fox Hills sandstone___________________________________________________________________________ 239 

Fossil plant localities in the Fox Hills sandstone _________________________________ -__________________________________ 242 

Summary of the flora of the Fox Hills sandstone____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 243 

Hell Creek formation__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 244 

Changes of name ________________________________________________________________________ ·- _________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

Systematic descriptions _______________________________ ·________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

Index________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 273 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE 47. Views of the Colgate member cf the Fox Hills sandstone and Hell Creek formation in southeastern Montana and 

southwestern North Dakota: A, Erosion remnant of Colgate sandstone 5 miles southwest of Glendive, Mont.; 

B, Outcrop of white Colgate sandstone overlain by somber-hued Hell Creek strata 4miles southwest of Glendive, 

Mont.; C, Hell Creek forlllationnorth of the station of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad at. 

Page 

Marmarth, N. Dak _______________________________________________________________________________ -·- 244 

48-63. Fossil plants from the Colgate member of the Fox Hills sandstone and adjacent strata_______________________ 256 

FIGURE 30. Index map showing distribution of the Fox Hills sandstone_______________________________________________ 241 

II 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 

AND ADJACENT STRATA 

By RoLAND W. BROWN 

ABSTRACT 

The Colgate member, uppermost unit of the Fox Hills sandstone, has yielded 19 species of well-preserved fossil plants at the 

type locality, southwest of Glendive, Mont. Small collections 

have been obtained from other localities in equivalent or related 

Fox Hills strata, making a total of 37 species now known from 

the Fox Hills sandstone. These species indicate that the flora 

is intermediate between the floras of the Mesaverde and Laramie 

formations and that it lived in a mesophytic, warm temperate 

environment. 

Significant collections from a number of localities in the overlying Hell Creek formation have yielded, besides other plants, 

a characteristic species of cycad, Nilssonia gibbsii, hitherto unreported from these strata. It confirms the testimony of the 

Triceratops dinosaur fauna as to the Upper Cretv.ceous age of 

the Hell Creek formation. 

INTRODUCTION 

Plant fossils, although relatively scarce, have been 

reported occasionally from the continental and shore 

facies of the Fox Hills sandstone. Few of these came to 

public notice before Knowlton 1 in 1916 described a 

small collection, comprising 13 species, from the vicinity 

of Milliken, Colo. Previous to that publication, 

A. G. Leonard and M. R. Ca1npbell, in 1906, collected 

some fragn1entary leaves from the lower beds of the 

Fox Hills sandstone exposed at Iron Bluff, 8 miles 

southwest of Glendive, Mont. Knowlton identified 

6 species in that collection.2 Knowlton and A. C. Peale, 

in 1907, discovered the locality in the Colgate member 

1% miles southwest of Glendive, Mont., that yielded to 

thern and subsequent collectors, including T. W. 

Stanton, C. E. Dobbin, J. B. Reeside, Jr., and the 

writer, a variety of well-preserved specimens. Knowlton did not describe any of these plants. Another small 

collection was made by M. A. Pishel in 1909 from the 

Fox Hills sandstone in sec. 7, T. 17 N., R. 24 E., S.Dak. 

Knowlton tentatively identified 11 species in this collection in an unpublished report to W. R. Calvert. 

With all these collections now at hand it is the purpose 

of this paper to report upon the composition of the 

flora of the Fox Hills sandstone and to show the relation 

of that flora to other floras from equivalent or adjacent 

strata. It is hoped that this information will fill a gap 

1 Knowlton, F. H., The flora of the Fox Hills sandstone: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

98-H, pp. 85-93, pis. 15-18, 1916. 

2 Calvert, W. R., Geology of certain lignite fields in eastern Montana: Geol. Survey 

Bull. 471, p. 195, 1912. 

in our knowledge of plant history during the Upper 

Cretaceous sequence in the western interior region of 

the United States. 

The collection of plants frorn the Colgate rnember 

was incidental to the study of the Cretaceous-Eocene 

boundary question that I have been making in recent 

years. In the course of this work I have also made 

significant collections from the overlying Hell Creek 

formation. In order that, pending the con1plete report, 

there n1ay be no undue delay in making known some 

of the pertinent inforrnation I have assembled in regard 

to the Hell Creek flora, I am including in this paper a 

record of some important localities together with 

observations on several diagnostic species. 

For valuable assistance in connection with the studies 

here reported I gratefully acknowledge indebtedness 

to K. J. Murata, F. S. MacNeil, C. E. Dobbin, and 

J. B. Reeside, Jr., of the Geological Survey; to Erling 

Dorf, of Princeton University; and to many friends 

living in the region where the fossils were collected. 

All the types of new species herein described are 

deposited in the United States National Museum. 

COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 

The Colgate rnember of the Fox Hills sandstone was 

defined by Calvert 3 and named from its typical exposure for several miles along the base of the bluffs on 

the south side of the Yellowstone River in the vicinity 

of Colgate station, southwest of Glendive, Mont. 

Seen frorn a distance the Colgate member at this 

locality is a white band of sandstone, averaging 35 

feet in thickness, and in striking contrast with the 

underlying and overlying somber-colored strata. (See 

pl. 47, B; also pls. 4 and 5, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

158-B, and pl. 23, Geol. Soc. An1erica Bull., vol. 35.) 

It emerges from the general valley level about 1% 

miles southwest of Glendive, then rises gently west· 

ward to the crest of the Cedar Creek anticline, 11 }~ 

miles southwest of Glendive, beyond which it dips 

steeply and disappears into the west flank of that 

anticline. 

On closer inspection the Colgate member is found 

to be a massive, locally cross-bedded sandstone, but 

a Calvert, W. R., Geology of certain lignite fields in eastern Montana: Geol. Survey 

Bull. 471, pp. 194, 195, 1912. 

239 
240 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

usually not well bedded. It is friable, with a rough but 

fine-grained texture, and weathers into an intricately 

ornamental channeled surface where steep slopes of it 

are exposed. (See pl. 47, A.) It consists chiefly of 

angular quartz and feldspar grains, with a few scattered 

flakes of mica and other minor constituents, all held 

together loosely by white interstitial material composed of sericite and clay. 

Although tbis band of white sandstone appears to be 

a distinct unit, it is in reality not so sharply demarked 

from the preceding and succeeding strata as the conspicuous difference in color might at first suggest. 

Neither the base nor the top of the sandstone is 

separated fron1 the adjacent strata by other than n1inor 

local erosional discordances. 4 At 1nany outcrops the 

Colgate member is an undivided, fairly homogeneous 

unit, but at other exposures it has a parting consisting 

of a thin seam of in1pure coal, in places 2 feet thick, or 

several feet of reddish-brown carbonaceous shale containing fossil plants. 

At Iron Bluff,5 the first high point south of the 

Northern Pacific Railway tracks after crossing Sand 

Creek, 8 n1iles southwest of Glendive, the white color 

of the Colgate sandstone is obscured by weathering 

products fron1 the brown and somber-colored overlying 

strata of the Hell Creek formation. The section at 

Iron Bluff is as follows: 

Section at I ron Bluff, 8 miles southwest of Glendive, ltf ont. 

Feet 

Hell Creek formation: Sandstone, brown and platy at 

top; light gray, rusty, and cross-bedded below________ 41 

Fox Hills sandstone: 

Colgate member; white, massive, partly stained 

sandstone____________________________________ 44 

Lower member; brown and yellow sandstone and 

gray and brown sandy shale ____________________ 101 

Pierre shale: Dark-colored marine shale with fcssiliferous 

concretions_______________________________________ 75+ 

The n1ost recent map of this area, by Erdmann and 

Larsen, 6 is at variance with the foregoing section in 

that it shows the upper strata at Iron Bluff as consisting entirely of the Fox Hills sandstone. However, as 

pointed out by Dobbin and Reeside 7 and as verified 

by Dobbin, Brown, and 1facNeil in 1936, Iron Bluff 

and its imn1ediate neighboring high points to the south 

are eapped by the basal ferruginous sandstones of the 

Hell Creek formation. 

Outside the type area on the northern half of the 

Cedar Creek anticline, the Colgate member has been 

• Dobbin, C. E., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., The contact of the Fox Hills and Lance 

formations: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 158-B, pp. 9-29, 1929. 

fi It appears that the rugged ridge formed by the steeply dipping strata of the west 

flank of the Cedar Creek anticline has also sometimes been called Iron Bluff. Under 

this locality name Lester Ward, for example, reported Fort Union plants occurring 

there in the red, clinkered sandstones and shales overlying burned coal beds. (Geol. 

Survey 6th Ann. Rept., p. 542, 1886.) 

6 Erdmann, C. E., and Larsen, R. M., Geologic and structure contour map of the 

northern half of the Cedar Creek anticline, Dawson, Prairie, Wibaux, and Fallon 

Counties, Mont., Geol. Survey, 1934. 

7 Dobbin, C. E., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., op. cit., pp. 16, 17. 

recognized as a lithologic unit along the southern half 

of that antirline, 8 and along the Missouri River in the 

area between the mouths of Hell Creek and the Musselshell River. White or grayish-white sandstones 

suspected of being the stratigraphic equivalents of the 

Colgate member occur near the top of the Fox Hills 

sandstone in the Standing Rock and Cheyenne Indian 

Reservations, North and South Dakota; in the region 

surrounding the Porcupine uplift west of Forsyth, 

Mont.; and also in the neighborhood of Pompey's 

Pillar, Mont. Only the locality in sec. 7, T. 17 N., R. 

24 E., S. Dak., has yielded identifiable fossil plants, 

whieh, while not conclusive as to correlation of that 

sandstone with the type Colgate, are at least indicative of approximately the same age-namely, late Fox 

Hills. Eastward from the type locality the Colgate 

sandstone changes in color from white to grayish brown 

and in character from a fresh-water to a brackish-water 

deposit. 

The general distribution of the Fox Hills sandstone 

is shown in figure 30. 

Calvert, as stated above, originally defined the 

Colgate as a member of the Lance formation. The 

term was applied to 175 feet, more or less, of arenaceous 

strata overlying the Cretaceous marine Pierre shale, 

this unit being based upon a section measured by A. G. 

Leonard at Iron Bluff and vicinity. 9 Leonard, however, while standing on Iron Bluff and pondering the 

surrounding geologic situation, did not suspect that 

the top of the 35-foot white sandstone, which is "the 

most prominent stratum in the region," was 40 feet 

below him and not above the brown sandstone that 

"forn1s the summit of Iron Bluff." As is now known, 

there are at Iron Bluff about 100 feet of yellowishbrown and gray shales and sandstones between the 

top of the Pierre shale and the base of the Colgate. 

It was within this unit, 75 feet above the Pierre shale, 

that Leonard and Campbell in 1906, as reported by 

Calvert, n1ade a collection of fragmentary fossil leaves 

that Knowlton identified as follows: 

Sequoia nordenskioldi Heer. 

Populus cuneata Newberry. 

Populus amblyrhyncha? Newberry. 

Viburnum newberryanum? Ward. 

Viburnum sp.? (no margin). 

Platanus sp., probably P. haydenii Newberry. 

On the basis of these identifications Knowlton pronounced the age to be Tertiary. Calvert, therefore, 

speculating as to the probability of the Fox Hills 

sandstone being present in the region at all, states 

that it may be represented by the 70-foot interval 

between the top of the Pierre shale and the horizon at 

which the fossil plants were found. 

8 Dobbin, C. E., and Larsen, R. M., Geologic and structure-contour maps of the 

southern half of the Cedar Creek anticline, Fallon County, Mont., and Bowman 

County, N.Dak., Geol. Survey, 1934. 

9 See Dobbin, C. E., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., op. cit., p. 16. 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 241 

In 1924 Thorn and Dobbin 10 redefined the term 

"Colgate sandstone" to include only the conspicuous 

35 feet, more or less, of white sandstone, the base of 

which is about 100 feet above the Pierre shale, and to 

beds immediately underlying the Colgate on Sand Creek, 

just east of Iron Bluff, contain Fox Hills marine fossils. 

(2) The somber-colored beds overlying the Colgate 

contain abundant remains of Triceratops dinosaurs and 

106° 102. 0 

49°r=================~~~========~==========~==========~9494 

0 o Rawlins 

Rock Springs ~ IS' 

La 0 .· CHEYENNE. 

ram1e - tl 

0 

Outcrop of Fox 

Hills sandstone 

X 

Locality of 

section 

FIGURE 30.-Index map showing distribution of the Fox Hills sandstone. Reproduced from Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 158-B, p. 12, 1929. 

he regarded as the upper men1ber of the Fox Hills 

sandstone. 

That the 145-foot section of arenaceous beds (which 

includes the Colgate member) overlying the n1arine 

Pierre shale at Iron Bluff is not Eocene but Cretaceous 

in age is demonstrated by at least four facts: (1) The 

10 Thorn, W. T., Jr., and Dobbin, C. E., Stratigraphy of Cretaceous-Eocene transition beds in eastern Montana and the Dakotas: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 35, 

p. 490, 1924. 

a flora that includes characteristic Cretaceous cycads. 

(3) The Colgate is gradational eastward into the 

marine facies of the Fox Hills on Little Beaver Creek 

south of Baker, Mont. (4) The fossil flora is a Cretaceous flora having somewhat the same aspect as 

that of the Lara.mie of the Denver Basin. 

The latter statement, it will be observed, is at vari. 

ance with Knowlton's quoted opinion regarding the 

age of the collection made at 7 5 feet above the Pierre 
242 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

shale at Iron Bluff and other fragn1entary collections 

from horizons not far removed in the san1e general 

region. Three of I{nowlton's species, however, are 

questioned, and one is compared but not identified 

with a Tertiary species. Only two species are unquestioned, but these, Sequoia norden8kioldi Heer and 

Populu8 cuneata Newberry, together with the other 

fragn1ents in the list, can now be assigned confidently 

to Upper Cretaceous species. 

FOSSIL PLANT LOCALITIES IN THE FOX HILLS 

SANDSTONE 

Iron Bluff, Nlont.: Geological Survey locality 4143. 

As already noted, A. G. Leonard and M. R. Campbell 

in 1906 made what is probably the first recorded collection of fossil plants fron1 the Fox Hills sandstone at a 

horizon 25 feet below the Colgate member at Iron Bluff, 

8 miles southwest of Glendive, Mont. These fossils are 

fragmentary and poorly preserved in a hard, ferruginous, 

irregularly bedded sandstone. The list has been given 

above (p. 240) and has there received comment. 

Glendive, JJ1ont.: Localities 4269, 4969, 7655, 8194, 

8515. (These numbers refer to the same locality in 

the Colgate but to different tin1es and collectors. 

No. 4269 will be used in subsequent parts of this paper 

for this locality.) F. H. Knowlton and A. C. Peale 

made the next collection fron1 the Colgate member 

itself. Knowlton's notebook for July 18, 1907, reads: 

Today visited the bluffs at the north end of Eagle Bluff, about 

2 miles southwest of the town of Glendive, and at the point near 

the first cut on the Northern Pacific Railroad and just west of 

the dry creek crossing the railroad. The basal member exposed 

here is a white coarse-grained friable sandstone above which is a 

bed of yellowish sandstone with numerous irregular lenses and 

concretions. At this place the white sandstone is almost 10 

feet thick, and from the upper 5 or 6 feet obtained a good collection of beautifully preserved leaves, representing the following 

genera: Platanus, Quercus, Launts, Rhamnus, and probably 

Salix. This flora is unlike any seen thus far and may be Laramie. 

This quotation is interesting as a record that Knowlton's first impression, reversed in 1909, pointed toward 

the Cretaceous, not Eocene age of the flora. 

Collections from this sa1ne locality were made by 

T. W. Stanton, July 1, 1908; C. E. Dobbin and J. B. 

Reeside, Jr., in 1923; R. W. Brown and I{. J. Murata 

in 1931; and C. E. Dobbin, R. W. Brown, and F. S. 

MaeN eil in 1936. 

Locality 8564. R. W. Brown and F. S. MacNeil, 

also in 1936, made a small collection from a carbonaceous lens within the Colgate men1ber on the east 

side of Sand Creek in sec. 27, T. 15 N., R. 55 E., 67~ 

miles southwest of Glendive. 

These two localities, I;~ n1iles and 6~6 miles respectively southwest of Glendive, are the only fossiliferous 

localities reported in the Colgate member in the type 

region. Southeastward toward Marmarth the problematic fossil Halyrnenites major Lesquereux, supposed 

by Lesquereux to be a seaweed, appears in the shore 

phase of the Colgate. 

Because the Colgate sandstone is unevenly bedded 

the fossil leaves are likely to occur at any angle in the 

Inatrix. To get good specimens it is necessary to remove large blocks of the sandstone, preferably a foot or 

more on a side, and then split as indicated by the black 

streaks on the broken faees that suggest the presence 

of leaves and other plant remains. The black leaves 

against their white background possess unusual attractiveness, and one who finds entire specimens feels rewarded for the hard labor required to excavate them. 

The species recorded in this paper from the Colgate 

n1ember are as follows: 

Asplenium tenellum Knowlton. 

Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Thuja colgatensis Brown, n. sp. 

Pistia corrugata Lesquereux. 

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Trochodendroides sp. 

Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux. 

Laurus lanceolata Knowlton. 

N elumbo dawsoni Hollick. 

Liriodendron sp. 

Magnolia lakesii Knowlton. 

Magnolia nervosa (Knowlton) Brmvn, n. comb. 

Cissites colgatensis Brown, n. sp. 

Vitis stantcni (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. 

Cornus praeimpressa Knowlton. 

Diospyros berryana Knowlton. 

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Brown, n. sp. 

Phyllites sp. 

Carpolithus sp. 

Milh:ken, Colo.: Loealities 6810, 6920, 6921. The eollections from the vicinity of Milliken were made by T. E. 

Williard and T. W. Stanton in 1914 and 1915 and came 

from a yellowish-brown, rather eoarse sandstone about 

100 feet below the top of the formation. Previously this 

horizon had been prospected by J. J. Stevenson in 1873 

and 1878, by Junius Henderson in1906, and by W. T. 

Lee in 1910. Their collections, however, did not con1e 

to prominent, formal notice until Knowlton integrated 

the1n and described the following 13 speeies in 1916: 

Halymenites major Lesquereux. 

Aneimia sp. 

Equisetum sp. 

Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. 

Sequoia magnifolia Knowlton. 

Cephalotaxus? coloradensis Knowlton. 

Podocarpus? stantoni Knowlton. 

Myrica torreyi Lesquereux. 

Ficus speciosissima Ward. 

Rhamnus? williardi Knowlton. 

Aristolochia? coloradensis Knowlton. 

Viburnum vulpinum Knowlton. 

Phyllites cockerelli Knowlton. 

All but four of these species were said to be new, but the 

flora was regarded as intermediate between the older 

floras of the Montana group and the overlying Laran1ie. 

One species, Viburnum vu,lpinum, is synonymized in the 

present paper with Vit,i8 8tantom:. A few other species 

in the list need further study before they can be placed 

satisfactorily. Only Tlit,is stantoni and l-lalymenites 

majo'r are also found in the Colgate n1ernber. The 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 243 

general aspect of this flora suggests a somewhat different 

and probably older ecologic facies than that found in the 

ColgatE·. 

Sou,th Dakota: Locality 5436. The type locality of 

the Fox Hills sandstone is near Fox Ridge, between 

the Cheyenne and Moreau Rivers, S. Dak., but the 

sandstone there carries only abundant marine fossils. 

Few loealities have yielded plant fossils other than the 

problen1atic seaweed, Halymenites major. The principal plant-fossil locality so far reported is in the 

Standing Rock and Cheyenne Indian Reservation, in 

the northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 17 N., R. 24 E. A 

collection made there by M. A. Pishel in 1909 frmn a 

hard gray sandstone contains the following six species: 

Nilssonia gibbsii (Newberry) Hollick. 

Pistia corrugata Lesquereux. Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. Paranymphaea hastata Brown, n. sp. Platanus sp. Phyllites sp. 

The first three species in the list occur in the type 

Colgate at Glendive, Mont., but the flora is obviously 

too small to permit a statement claiming correlation 

of the two sandstones. 

SUMMARY OF THE FLORA OF THE FOX HILLS 

SANDSTONE 

From the localities in the Fox Hills sandstone listed 

above there are, ineluding those forms not specifically 

Hamed, 37 species now known. The accompanying 

table of distribution shows the outside occurrence, if 

any, of the Fox Hills species so far as these have 

been published and have been recognized in other 

formations. Although they have genera in common, 

the Fox Hills flora and the Upper Cretaceous floras 

of the eastern United States have few identical 

species. 

Of the Fox Hills flora, apparently only six species 

survive in the overlying Hell Creek formationNilssonia gibbsii, Ginkgo laramiensi", Sequoia reichenbachi, Dryophyllum subfalcat,um, Afagnolia nervosa, 

and r1:t1:s stantoni. The following characteristic and 

readily identifiable species seen1 to have vanished from 

this region near the end of Fox Hills tin1e: Pistia corrugata, Nel?tmbo dawsoni, Paranymphaea hastata, and 

Cis sites colgatensis. 

According to the distribution table the flora of the 

Fox Hills sandstone shows a marked relationship to 

those of the Mesaverde, Vermejo, Laramie, and Hell 

Creek. If our knowledge of the latter floras were on a 

sounder basis it would most likely be possible to state 

definitely to which of these floras the Fox Hills flora is 

most closely related, but n1uch remains to be done with 

these floras before specific and satisfactory comparisons 

can be made. In general, however, the Fox Hills 

flora appears to be intermediate between the floras of 

the Mesaverde and Laramie formations. 

Distribution of recognizable species from the Fox Hills sandstone and Hell Creek formation 

(I) ~ li:: "' '!j"' ,.!:<1 '!j 

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~:~~~~: Sequoia reichenbachL ~:akg~;i~~ff~========================================= ______________________________________ -X-====================================-~-======== X ____ X X X ________ X X ____ X ____ ? Podocarpus? stantonL ______________________________________ X _______________________________________________ _ Cephalotaxus? coloradensis __________________________________ X _______________________________________________ _ Thuja colgatensis __________________________________________ X ________________________________________________ _ Pistia corrugata_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ___________________________ _ Myrica torreyL ____________________________________________ X Y ____ X X _______________________________ _ Dryophyllum subfalcatum __________________________________ X X ________________________________ X _______ _ Ficus ceratops _____________________________________________________________________________________ X _______ _ Ficus preartocarpoides_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ _ Ficus speciosissima_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _ _ _ _ X ___________________________________ _ Aristolochia? coloradensis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________________________ _ Cinnamomum affine ________________________________________ X X ____________________________________ X ___ _ 

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~:a~~{J:t~~~~~if_a~~~~~~~=-=-------------------------------- X ------------------------------------------------

Ma~nolia nervosa ________ = _ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = -X- = = = = = = = = = = ~- = = = = = = = = = = = = = -X- _ ~ _ = = = = 

Sapindus ~~~~~o~~fsu:!~~~t~~l~= cretaceus_ _ _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ _ 

= = 

_ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ = _ _ 

= = 

_ ~ X -_______ ~- = = = = _ 

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244 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

It is impossible, .in my judgment, because of our limited 

knowledge, to do more than guess as to the climatic implications of the Fox Bills flora. That the flora lived 

in a fairly moist or mesophytic environment is obvious 

from the fact that maidenhair trees (Ginkgo), sequoias, 

water lettuce (Pistia), broad-leaved oaks (Dryophyllum), figs, water lilies (Nelumbo, Paranymphaea), 

magnolias, grapes (Cissites, Vitis), dogwoods, and 

persimmons were associated. Unless these ancient 

species had environmental requirements different from 

those of their modern relatives, the climate must have 

been at least warn1 temperate. 

HELL CREEK FORMATION 

The strata immediately overlying the Fox Hills 

sandstone are somber-hued sandstones and carbonaceous shales with a few thin coal sean1s. The na1ne 

Hell Creek formation, lOa from typical exposures on Hell 

Creek, a small tributary of the Missouri River, 20 miles 

north of Jordan, Mont., is applied to these beds. 

They are noted for carrying rather abundant Triceratops bones and only rarely the teeth, jaws, or skulls 

of primitive mammals. Fossil plants are also abundant but for the most part are not well preserved. 

Occasionally, however, a shale lens contains excellent 

plant remains. 

The new or significant species described here are 

chiefly those collected during my investigation of the 

Cretaceous-Eocene boundary problem in the Rocky 

Mountain and Plains region. Although a complete 

discussion of the flora from the Hell Creek formation is 

not yet practicable, it nevertheless seems opportune to 

publish such important information as I have assen1bled. 

The localities yielding fossils from this formation 

are as follows: 

Southwest of Glendive, lvlont.: Locality 8197. The 

brown sandstone overlying the Colgate member 1 ~~miles 

southwest of Glendive and in the mesas just south of 

the railroad trestle over the dry wash at that point 

yielded some of the best material. 

Locality 4004. The label accompanying the specimens collected from locality 4004 reads: "Bluffs of 

Yellowstone, 0~ miles from Glendive, Mont. Beds 

lying about 400 feet above the Pierre shale and 200 feet 

above the river. Collected by Campbell, Leonard, and 

Holgate, August 6, 1906." The horizon is evidently 

high in the bluffs between localities 8197 and 8531 over-

' looking the site at the base of the bluffs where most of 

the plants from the Colgate member were collected. 

Locality 8531. About 1 mile west of locality 8197, in 

the steep bluffs and 125 feet above the level of the railroad tracks, the carbonaceous sandy shales are packed 

with fragmentary ferns and dicotyledonous leaves, but 

the best-preserved fossil is the fruit Carpolithus hirsutus. 

lOa Brown, Barnum, The Hell Creek beds of the Upper Cretaceous of Montana: 

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 23, pp. 823-845, 1907. 

Locality 4144. This locality is 8 miles southwest of 

Glendive, embracing the vicinity of Iron Bluff and the 

heights surrounding the basin of Sand Creek, from the 

upper strata of which came some of the earlier "somberbed" collections made by Leonard and studied by 

Knowlton. 

Ea8t of Glendive, Mont.: Locality 8518. About 

3 miles east of Glendive along the old road to Wibaux 

gray sandstones 100 feet below the top of the Hell 

Creek formation carry principally Viburnum marginatum in abundanee and beautifully preserved. 

Northwest of Circle, Mont.: Locality 8514. About 

40 1niles northwest of Circle, Mont., the Big Dry Creek 

and its tributaries have cut badlands in the terrane of 

their drainage basin, thus exposing steep bluffs of 

Hell Creek and overlying strata. In the slopes overlooking Bug Creek and about 75 feet above the level of 

Big Dry Creek is the bed that yields the fossil fruits 

called Ficus ceratops. It is a hard gray sandstone, 

weathering buff, and has a rough external surface 

caused by the differential erosion of small soft clay 

boulders, impressions of carbonized twigs and branches, 

casts of "figs," and deformed leaves included in the 

matrix. Triceratops and turtle ren1ains are abundant 

in the adjacent strata. 

Locality 8260. This locality is about 1 mile south 

of locality 8514, and the horizon is 30 feet above the 

level of Big Dry Creek. 

I am particularly indebted to George Fountain, proprietor of the Gladstone Hotel, Circle, Mont., for his 

valuable assistance as guide and collector in the region 

including localities 8260 and 8514, northwest of Circle. 

Alarmarth, N. Dak.: Localities 8242, 8555. To the 

north of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific 

Railway station at Marmarth is a low bluff (pl. 47, C) 

of Hell Creek strata, in which, near the top, a conspicuous channel sandstone and shale is exposed. These 

beds yielded a large variety of well-preserved leaves and 

fruits. 

Cannonball River, N. Dak.: Localities 6600, 8219. 

The somber-colored beds of the Hell Creek formation 

may be seen in the drainage basins of Cedar Creek and 

the Cannonball River west of the Missouri River in 

south-central North Dakota, and again along the Little 

Missouri River in the region about Marmarth in the 

southwestern part of the State. 11 Localities 6600 and 

8219 in these beds are the same-namely, 1 mile southwest of the Wade farm, in sec. 36, T. 131 N., R. 86 W. 

Here cones of Sequoia dakotensis and fragments of 

dicotyledonous leaves weather out of a ferruginous 

layer. 

Locality 8221. This locality is 30 miles south of 

Mandan, in the badlands a short distance east on the 

highway toward Solen, in sec. 32, T. 134 N., R. 86 W. 

uSee Stanton, T. W., The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance: 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 128-A, fig. 1, 1921. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 47 

A. EROSION H.EMNANT OF COLGATE SANDSTONE 5 MILES SOUTHWEST OF GLENDIVE, MONT. 

B. OUTCROP OF WHITE COLGATE SANDSTONE OVERLAIN BY SOMBER-HUED HELL CREEK STRATA 4 MILES SOUTHWEST OF GLENDIVE, MONT. 

C. HELL CREEK FORMATION NORTH OF THE STATION OF THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE, ST. PAUL & PACIFIC RAILROAD AT MARMARTH, N. OAK. 

VIEWS OF THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND HELL CREEK' FORMATION IN 

SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA AND SOUTHWESTERN NORTH DAKOTA. 

26287- 39--2 
FOSSIL PLAN'l'S FROM COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 245 

A ferruginous stratu1n, sin1ilar to that at locality 6600, 

here also yields cones of Sequoia dakotensis and fragments of other plants. 

Glenrock, Wyo.: Locality 8551. About 6}~ n1iles 

north of Glenrock, Wyo., the highway going north 

crosses a bridge over Sand Creek. Half a mile east of 

the bridge and on the north bank of the creek is a coal 

mine (operated by Roy 1fullinix1 Parkerton, Wyo., 

September 5, 1936). The carbonaceous shale above 

the coal carries abundant though frar;mentary fossil 

plants, of which the most interesting stratigraphically 

are the portions of fronds and seeds of a eycad, probably an advanced forrn of the Cretaceous Podozamites 

latipennis. As these strata occur ahove those carrying 

the latest Triceratops fauna, it is likely tha.t they are 

later than the highest Hell Creek beds and are of early 

Tertiary age. At present they are designated Lance 

(Tertiary?). 

The species from the localities in the Hell Creek formation described or referred to here are as follows: 

Nilssonia gibbsii (Newberry) Hollick. 

Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Sequoia dakotensis Brown. 

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Trochodendroides sp. 

Ficus ceratops Knowlton. 

Ficus preartocarpoides Brown, n. sp. 

Sassafras montana Brown, n. sp. 

Magnolia nervosa (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. 

Anona robusta Lesquereux. 

Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux. 

Sapindus cretaceus Brown, n. sp. 

Cissites panduratus Knowlton. 

Vi tis stan toni (Knowlton) Brown, r. comb. 

Viburnum marginatum Lesquereux. 

Phyllites sp. 

Carpolithus hirsutus Newberry. 

Coniferous seed. 

Carpolithus sp. 

So far as the species of this list are characterized in 

the systen1atic portion of this paper, and so far as the 

records show, few survived as such into Fort Union 

time. (See distribution table, p. 243.) It is of particular interest to report the characteristic Upper Cretaceous cycad, Nilssonia gibbsii, the presence of which 

in the Hell Creek formation should reinove any remaining doubts as to the age of those beds. 

CHANGES OF NAME 

Castalia stan toni Knowlton= Yitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown, 

n. comb. 

Dryophyllum aquamarum Ward=Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Dryophyllum bruneri Ward=Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Dryophyllum falcatum Ward= Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Fra.xinus leei Berry= Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer [part]=Ginkgo laramiensis 

Ward. 

Ginkgo crenulata Hollick=Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Ginkgo dawsoni Knowlton= Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Ginkgo minor Hollick= Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Ginkgo pseudadiant'Jides Hollick= Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Ginkgo pseudadiantoides major Hollick= Ginkgo laramiensis 

Ward. 

Ginkgo renijorrnis Hollick [not Heer]=Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Ginkgo sp. Hollick=Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. 

Nilssonia lata Dawson=Nilssonia gibbsii (Newberry) Hollick. 

Nilssonia yukonensis Hollick =Nilssonia gibbsii (Newberry) 

Hollick. 

Ottelia americana Lesquereux=Pistia corrugata Lesquereux. 

Pterospermites nervosum Knowlton= lll agnolia nervosa (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. 

Quercus turbulenta Hollick=Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Quercus whitmani Knowlton= Dryophyllurn subfalcatum Lesquereux. 

Thuja cretacea? (Heer) Newberry= Thuja colgatensis Brown, n. 

name. 

Vitis dakotana Berry= Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown, n. 

comb. 

Vitis vulpinum Knowlton= Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown, n. 

comb. 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

PTERIDOPHYTA 

POLYPODIACEAE 

Asplenium tenellum Knowlton 

Plate 48, figure 1 

Asplenium tenellum Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 19, pl. 

3, figs. 1, 2, 1900. 

The fragment figured here represents a slender, delieate fern and is apparently the san1e as Knowlton's. 

species. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 8564, Glendive, Mont. 

SPERMATOPHYTA 

CYCADACEAE 

Nilssonia gibbsii (Newberry) Hollick 

Plate 49, figures 5, 6; plate 52, figure 6b 

'Taeniopteris gibbsii Newberry, Boston Jour. Nat. History, vol. 7, 

p. 512, 1863. 

Nilssonia johnstrupi Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 

44, pl. 6, figs. 1-6. 1882. 

Nilssonia lata Dawson, Royal Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 1, sec. 

4, p. 24, pl. 4, figs. 15 bis, 15a, 1882 [1883]. 

Nilssonia yukonensis Hollick, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 159, p. 

42, pl. 3, figs. 1-7a; pl. 7, fig. 4, 1930. 

Hollick distinguished Nilsson1~a yv,konensis frorn N. 

g,ibbsii chiefly by the faet that his specimens had what 

he thought was an apical sinus. A reexamination of the 

speei1nens having this supposed sinus shows that the 

sinus is merely the result of damage to the tip of the 

leaf. It appears, therefore, that all the forms here 

synonyn1ized probably represent a single Upper Cretaceous species. 

The specimen shown in plate 49, figure 5, has had an 

interesting history. It was included with fragmentary 

material eollected, according to the label, by Campbell, 
246 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

Leonard, and Holgate August 6, 1906, along the bluffs 

of the Yellowstone River 1)~ miles southwest of Glendive, Mont., from beds lying 400 feet above the Pierre 

shale and 200 feet above the river. In 1909 l{nowlton 12 

published the identifications of species in this collection 

as follows: 

Onoclea sensibilis fossilis Newberry. 

Sequoia nordenskioldi Heer. 

Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer. 

In 1935 I checked this collection, finding three species 

labeled in Knowlton's handwriting, but failing to find a 

single specimen of Onoclea sensibilis fossil is or any other 

fern. The Sequoia and Ginkgo specimens with their 

labels are unmistakable. I conclude, therefore, that 

Knowlton n1ade a hasty identification, erroneously 

calling the Nils sonia specin1en Onoclea sensibilis fossil·is, 

which is a well-recognized Fort Union species but unreported from earlier strata; hence Knowlton's predilection for assigning an Eocene age to this collection. 

Had Knowlton recognized this speci1nen for what it 

is-namely, an Upper Cretaceous cycad-would he 

have insisted that it, like some of the Triceratovs 

dinosaurs, was a relic fron1 the Cretaceous in Eoce~e 

strata, or would he have modified his position to admit 

that the Hell Creek formation with the last of the 

Triceratops dinosaurs and older types of cycad represented the last lithologic chapter of the Upper Cretaceous 

story of the Western Interior? 

Occurrence: Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436, S. Dak. (pl. 49, 

fig. 6; pl. 52, fig. 6b). Hell Creek formation, locality 4004, Glendive, Mont. (pl. 49, fig. 5). 

Podozamites latipennis Heer 

Plate 49, figures 1-4 

Podozamt:tes latipennis Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, 

p. 42, pl. 14, figs. 1-9; pl. 15, figs. 2a, 3b, 1882. 

Berry, Canada Nat. Mus. Bull. 58, p. 59, 1929. 

This species differs from the generalized Jurassic and 

Lower Cretaceous fonn, Podozamites lanceolatus (Lindley and Hutton) C. F. W. Braun, in having longer and 

broader pinnae and veins that bifurcate or anastomose 

more frequently at a greater distance fron1 the point of 

attachn1ent of the pinna. In the specimens of P. 

lanceolatus that I have examined in which I could see the 

venation clearly the veins are more closely spaced, 

and 111ost veins fork only once, and that within a short 

distance of the point of attachment of the pinna. 

The frag1nents of Podozamites lat·ipennis are very 

abundant in the carbonaceous shale at locality 8551 

and are associated with species of Sequoia or Taxodium, 

Oreodaphne or Oinnamornum, Oelastrinites, Trochodendroides, and Ficus. Scattered through the 1natted leaf 

remains in the shale are numerous irregularly rounded, 

compressed, and striated bodies (figs. 3, 4) partly ein12 Knowlton, F. H., The stratigraphic relations and paleontology of the "Hell Creek 

beds", "Ceratops beJs" and equivalents, and their reference to the Fort Union 

formation: Washington Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 11, p. 198, 19::19. 

bedded in the carbonized remains of what appear to 

have been shells or rinds. These, I am convinced, are 

the more or less crushed fruits of P. latipennis, for they 

are of the size and appearance that one would postulate 

in the light of con1parable living cycad fruits. They are, 

so far as I know, the first fossil cycad fruits of the 1nore 

advanced types to be reported from strata in North 

America proper. Heer 13 has figured somewhat larger 

fruits as those of Nilssonia johnstrupi from Upernivik, 

Greenland. 

Heer's types of Podozamites latipennis were collected 

on the peninsula of Atanekerdluk, west Greenland. 

They were associated with ferns, horsetails, sequoias, 

Williamsonia cretacea, and fragmentary dicotyledonous 

leaves-a Cretaceous flora. Berry's material came from 

the upper part of the Blairmore forn1ation, Alberta 1 

Canada. 

The strata yielding the fossils reported here are depicted on the 1925 geologic map of Wyoming as near the 

top of the Lance for1nation (Tertiary?). These strata 

lie above the highest reported occurrenc-es of Triceratops 

remains and at a level that, after a long barren interval, 

marks the resumption of lignite deposition-criteria 

that at approximately the same horizon in Montana 

indicate, in my opinion, the transition from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic. It is possible that I have misidentified this cycad, or it may be an advanced form 

of the Cretaceous Porlozamites latipennis that crossed 

the Mesozoic-Cenozoic boundary. 

Occurrence: Lance formation, locality 8551, Glenrock, Wyo. 

GINKGOACEAE 

Ginkgo laramiensis Ward 

Plate 48, figures 12-18; plate 59, figures 1-3 

Ginkgo laramiensis Ward, Science [2d ser.], vol. 5, p. 496, fig. 7, 

1885; Geol. Survey 6th Ann. Rept., p. 549, pl. 31, fig. 4, 

1886; Geol. Survey Bull. 37, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1887. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 31, pl. 4, figs. 7-10; 

pl. 5, fig. 5, 1900. 

Hollick, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 159, p. 49, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, 

1930. 

Ginkgo dawsoni Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 696, p. 302, 1919 

[formerly G. zmsilla Dawson]. 

Ginkgo reniforrnis Hollick [not Heer], Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

159, p. 49, pl. 12, figs. 5-7, 1930. 

Ginkgo crenulata Hollick, idem, p. 49, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2. 

Ginkgo pseudadiantoides Hollick, idem, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 7b; pl. 13, 

figs. 8-12; pl. 28, fig. 4a. 

Ginkgo pseudad£antoides major Hollick, idem, p. 50, pl. 13, fig. 13. 

Ginkgo minor Hollick, idem, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 4b; pl. 13, figs. 1-7; 

pl. 19, figs. 6b, 7b; pl. 29, figs. 2c, 4c, 6a. 

Ginkgo sp.? Hollick, idem, p. 49, pl. 11, fig. 9. 

Ginkgo adiantoides (Unger) Heer. [Parts of the following citations:] 

Knowlton, Washington Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 11, pp. 197, 

198, 1909. 

Berry, Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 182, p. 17, 1935. 

Shaparenko, Philippine Jour. Sci., vol. 57, no. 1, p. 12, 1925. 

(See included bibliography, pp. 22-25.) 

13 Re.er, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 44, pl. 6, figs. 4c, 6, 1882. 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM COLGATE MEMBEH OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 247 

Shaparenko, after stating the difficulties attending 

the separation of fossil species of G-inkgo from one 

another and these, especially the post-Jurassic species, 

fron1 the only living species, G. biloba Linnaeus, synonymizes nearly all the post-Juras,:;ic species with G. 

adiantm'des (Unger) Heer. His synonymy includes 

G. laramiensis Ward and several other species reported 

fron1 Cretaceous strata. He stresses the point, observed by many other students, that all the leaves of 

Ginkgo found in strata younger than Jurassic can be 

n1atched by leaves fron1 the living species; but he is 

also careful to state that the leaves of young trees are 

most likely to resemble the ancient fossil species in 

form and lobing. Older trees when damaged or heavily 

pruned 1nay put forth vigorous young shoots low on 

the trunk, and these may also produce the ancient 

types of foliage. In other words, the living species 

may occasionally exemplify the generalization that 

"ontogeny repeats phylogeny." 

The effect of Shaparenko's proposal to unite all the 

post-Jurassic species with Gi.nkgo adiantm:des is to deny 

that fossil remains from the long line of Ginkgo can be 

of n1uch assistance to the stratigra.pher. Is a more 

helpful view possible? I think there is, and the basis 

for it lies in determining the characters of the average 

mature type of leaf in abundant n1aterial fron1 the 

same geologic horizon and from a number of localities. 

Thus, in the abundant 1naterial from the Jurassic of 

Douglas County, Oreg., the average type of mature 

leaf is the n1uch and deeply lobed cuneate form, G. 

digitata. During Upper Cretaceous time the average 

form was still cuneate, but the tendency was to be 

entire, undulate, or only slightly bilobate, as in G. laramiensis. From the Eocene onward the average type 

was reniform and bilobate and is typified by G. adiantoides. However, as one swallow does not make a sumIner, so one fossil Ginkgo leaf does not always provide 

certain identification of the species-a disadvantage in 

this method, because abundant material from any one 

locality is usually the exception rather than the rule. I 

conclude, therefore, that, although many species of 

Ginkgo n1ay have existed, at least three forrn species, 

G. d1'gitata, G. lararm:ensis, and G. adiantoides, can be 

distinguished and may be used as indices of large 

Mesozoic and Cenozoic time intervals. The application of this method obviously requires the exercise of 

discrimination, a quality that cannot be communicated 

by keys or printed descriptions. 

I should add that the type specimen of Ginkgo la1·amiensis is, besides being fragmentary, not typical. As 

examples of typical n1aterial I may cite several specimens figured here (pl. 48, figs. 14, 17; pl. 59, figs. 2, 3), 

also G. minor Hollick (his pl. 13, figs. 3, 6) and G. 

pseudadiantoides Hollick (his pl. 13, fig. 11; pl. 28, fig. 

4a). One specimen of Knowlton's G. laramMnsis (his 

pl. 4, fig. 8) is a reversion toward the Jurassic G. digitata, and several speci1nens of Hollick's G. minor (his 

pl. 13, figs. 1, 4) are prophetic of the living G. b·iloba. 

Florin 13a has separated some species of fossil Ginkgo 

by noting differences in epidermal structures. A readable account of the fossil and living ginkgos by 

Seward 13b was published recently. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

(pl. 48, figs. 13-18). Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, Mont. (pl. 48, fig. 12); locality 4144 (pl. 59, figs. 1-3). 

TAXODIACEAE 

Sequoia dakotensis Brown 

Plate 48, figures 6-10 

Sequoia dakotensis Brown, Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 25, 

p. 447, figs. 1-4, 1935. 

These Upper Cretaceous cones were distinguished 

frmn others on the basis of their having an average 

of 30 scales. It has not been determined what foliage 

belongs with this species, although numerous Upper 

Cretaceous species have been identified on the basis of 

twigs and foliage. It will be the good fortune some 

day of someone to find foliage and cones on the same 

branch. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 6600, Cannonball 

River, N. Dak. (figs. 6-8); locality 8242, Marmarth, N. Dak. 

(fig. 10); locality 8260, Circle, Mont. (fig. 9). 

CUPRESSACEAE 

Thuja colgatensis Brown, n. name 

Plate 48, figures 2-4 

Thuja cretacea? (Heer) Newberry. Knowlton, Geol. Survey 

Bull. 257, p. 133, pl. 16, figs. 3, 3a, 1905. 

As Knowlton pointed out, this species is apparently 

distinguished from ThuJa interrupta Newberry, which 

is very common in the Fort Union formation, by its 

more slender form, an effect created by the long, smooth 

internodes between the points where the upper expanded 

portion of the leaves becomes decurrent on the branch. 

It does not seem to me that this species is identical 

with T. cretacea, from the Magothy formation of the 

Atlantic Coastal Plain. It seems to be related to several 

species described by Heer from the Cretaceous of Alaska 

and Greenland, but without the type specimens for 

compariEon it is almost hopeless to attempt correlation. 

Figure 2 illustrates a transverse portion of a cone, 

showing three faintly striated scales. If this cone-no 

other coniferous remains were found at this localitybelongs with the foliage it casts some doubt on the 

identification of the foliage as ThuJa, for the cone has 

characters that suggest Chamaecyparis instead. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 8564, Glendive, Mont. 

J3a Florin, Rudolf, Die fossilen Ginkgophyten von Franz Joseph Land: Paleontographica, Band 82, Abt. B, pp. 1-72, 1936. 

I3b Seward, A. c., The story of the maidenhair tree: Sci. Progress, vol. 32, pp. 

420-440, 1938. 
248 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

ARACEAE 

Pistia corrugata Lesquereux 

Ptate 49, figures 7-9; plate 56, figure 6a 

p~·stia corrugata Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., 

vol.~p. 103,pl. 61,figs. 1, 3, ~ 6, ~9-11, 1878. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 31, 1900; Gem. Survey Prof. Paper 98-S, p. 334, pl. 85, fig. 4, 1916. 

Ottelia americana Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., 

vol. 7, p. 98, pl. 61, fig. 8. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 32, 1900. 

Lemna scutata Dawson. Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 

Rept., vol. 7, p. 102, pl. 61, fig. 5, 1878 [not fig. 2, which is 

Nelurnbo dawsoni Hollick]. 

The types of this species, from Point of Rocks, Wyo., 

are represented as somewhat smaller than the specimens here figured. However, on the back of the block 

containing specin1en 547, there is an unillustrated specimen that approximates the size of figure 9. In Knowlton's discussions of both Pistia corrugata and Ottel-ia 

americana he considers the suggestion of uniting these 

species, but refrains from doing so. Ottel-ia americana 

is only a distorted, imperfectly preserved specimen of 

Pistia corrugata. One of Lesq uereu.x' s specimens of 

Lemna scutata, as cited, belongs with Pistia corrugata., 

being only a small leaf of that species. 

Pistia. corrugata is a larger species than P. nordenskioldi (Heer) Berry, 14 from the Cretaceous Black Creek 

formation of North Carolina, and is distinguished by 

the presence of a conspicuously corrugated border that 

surrounds the smooth central portion. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

(pl. 49, figs. 7-9; pl. 56, fig. 6a). Fox Hills sandstone, locality 

5436, S. Dak. 

FAGACEAE 

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux 

Plate 50, figures 1-8; plate 51, figures 1-7, Sb; plate 52, figures 1-3, 

plate 54, figure 1 

Dryophyllurn subfalcaturn Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

Survey Terr. Bull., vol. 1, p. 379, 1875 [1876]; U. S. Geol. 

Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 7, p. 163, pl. 63, fig. 10, 1878. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 41, 1900. 

Dryophyllum bruneri Ward, Geol. Survey Bull. 37, p. 27, pl. 10, 

figs. 5-8, 1887. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p. 259, pl. 53, fig. 5, 

1917. 

Hollick, Geol. Smvey Prof. Paper 159, p. 70, pl. 38, figs. 2, 

1930. 

Dryophyllurn aquarnarurn Ward, Geol. Survey Bull. 37, pl. 10, 

figs. 2-4, 1887. 

Dryophyllumjalcatum Ward, idem, p. 27, pl. 11, fig. 1. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 42, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1900. 

Quercus gracilis Newberry, Geol. Survey Mon. 35, p. 75, pl. 67, 

fig. 4, 1898. 

Quercus whitmani Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 155, p. 52, 

pl. 17, fig. 5, 1930. 

Quercus tu,rbulenta Hollick, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 159, p. 70, 

pl. 38, fig. 3, 1930. 

u Berry, E. W., Contributions to the Meso:wic flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, 

V, North Carolina: Torrey Bot. Cluh Bull., vol. 37, p.189, pl. 21, figs.1-15, 1910. 

Fmxinus leei Berry, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 185-F, p. 132, pl. 

25, figs. 1-5, 1934; Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 182, 

p. 55, pl. 15, fig. 4, 1935. 

The nu1nerous new figures given here amend the 

eoncept of this species by illustrating variations of 

size, shape, and venation. Figures 2 and Sb of plate 51 

illustrate forms with entire margins and accompanying 

dislocation of the secondary venation, which becomes 

strongly camptodrome and includes a number of intermediaries that do not reach the margin. These leaves 

are very abundant in the Colgate member and Hell 

Creek formation at the locality n~ miles southwest of 

Glendive, Mont. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, .1\!Iont. 

(pl. 50, figs. 1-8; pl. 51, figs. 1-7; pl. 54., fig. 1). Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436, S. Dak. (pl. 51, fig. Sh). Hell Creek 

formation, locality 8197, Glendive, Mont. (pl. 52, figs. 1-3). 

MORACEAE 

Ficus ceratops Knowlton 

Plate 61, figures 1-14 

Palmocarpon sp. Stanton and Knowlton, Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., vol. 8, p. 136, 1897. 

F1:ws ccra.tops Knowlton, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 38, p. 

389, figs. 1-4, 1911. 

Berry, Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 182, p. 28, 1935. [See 

discussion.] 

Ficus ntsselli Knowlton, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 38, p. 392, 

1911. 

These specimens are remarkably figlike in appearance. Unfortunately they are casts composed of sand 

and clay, and cross sections (fig. 2) therefore show no 

internal structure. Only external characters are available as aids to identification. In the best-preserved 

specimens the striations around the neck are especially 

prominent and regular, and in some there appear to 

be remains of a eollar or sheath around the neck. 

These facts excite in me the suspieion that, although 

figlike leaves have been found with the "figs," these 

fossils may belong to an entirely different group. For 

example, fossils not greatly dissimilar in size and appearance have been correctly identified as the underground 

tubers of horsetails (Equisetum). Thus Heer 15 reeords 

Equisetum arcticum, with large tubers, from Spitsbergen. It seems difficult, without Heer's specimens 

in hand, to distinguish between them and some of the 

specimens figured here. Berry 16 also reports E. 

arcticum, with large tubers, from the Cretaceous of 

Saskatchewan and suggests that these tubers may have 

been on the bill of fare of Triceratops and other 

dinosaurs. 

With this problem in mind I searched the beds 

yielding "figs" for evidence as to probable relationship of 

the "figs" to Equisetum. I found no "figs" grouped in 

Is Heer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 1-15; pl. 2, figs. 

1-4, 1870. 

16 Berry, E. W., The food value of an Equisetum from the Lance formation of 

Saskatchewan: Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 38, pp. 131, 132, fig. I. 1924. 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 249 

a whorl around a stem or in a chain; all were detached. 

I found several striated impressions (pl. 61, fig. 14) 

that may be underground Equisetum stems, but, as no 

sheaths are present, this identification must be considered tentative. 

The tubers of Eocene and later equisetums are 

much more finely striated than the Cretaceous species. 

Living species may be covered with fine hairs. 

The spee.imens figured here were colleeted from a bed 

in the Hell Creek formation exposed halfway up the 

bluffs overlooking Bug Creek, a tributary of Big Dry 

Creek, 40 n1iles northwest of Cirele, Mont. Dinosaur 

and turtle bones a.re especially abundant in these 

strata. Other loealities yielding "figs" in the Hell 

Creek formation or its equivalents are Converse 

County, Wyo., the bluffs opposite (south of) Forsyth, 

Mont., and Graveyard Coulee, opposite (south of) 

Glendive, 1-font. This species, therefore, appears to 

have been widespread, but limited in vertical geologic 

range. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8514, Circle, Mont. 

Ficus preartocarpoides Brown, n. sp. 

Plate 53, figures 3-5 

Ficus artocarpoides Lesquereux. Knowlton, Washington Acad. 

Sci. Proc., vol. 11, p. 185, 1909. 

Leaves small to large, as much as 18 centi1neters or 

more long, elongated ovate with pointed apex and 

subeordate or somewhat auriculate base. Margins 

entire or with scattered short blunt lobes or stout 

acute lobes entered by strong secondary veins (fig. 3), 

thus giving the leaves the appearance of being related 

to those ealled Artocarpus pungens (Lesquereux) 

Hollick 17 from Golden, Colo. Secondary venation 

pinnate, the veins being somewhat undulate, abruptly 

·can1ptodrome close to the margin unless entering a 

large tooth or lobe, and much branched in the lower 

half of the leaf, some branches leaving the secondary 

halfway between the midrib and the margin. Tertiary 

venation composed of numerous evenly spaced diagonal 

veinlets. 

These are the leaves identified by Iillowlton as 

Ficus artocarpoides in the collection made by Barnmn 

Brown frmn Hell Creek strata on Big Dry Creek in 

northeastern Montana. They differ, however, frmn 

Lesquereux's types of that species in having more 

attenuate apexes, longer and n1ore acute marginal lobes 

when these are present, and more undulatory, branched 

secondaries, as well as in originating from an earlier 

formation. Nevertheless the two species are so sin1ilar 

that a close relationship is indicated. 

The comparison of Ficus preartocarpoides with F. 

artocarpoides developed the following preliminary 

synonymy for the latter species, the types of whieh, 

aecording to Lesquereux's statement of occurrence, 

11 Lesquereux, Leo, The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras: U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 

.Rept., vol. 8, p. 123, pl. 19, figs. 3, 4, 1883. 

eame from "Badlands, N. Dak."-a somewhat indefinite reference but evidently the Fort Union formation, to judge by the associated species collected by 

Prof. "W~illiam Denton from the same general area. 

Ficus artocarpoides Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., 

vol. 8, p. 227, pl. 47, figs. 1-5, 1883. 

Quercus platania Heer. Dawson, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., 

vol. 7, p. 72, pl. 11, 1889. 

Quercus dawsoni Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 152, p. 191, 1898. 

Protophyllum sp. Berry, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 20, 

sec. 4, p. 194, fig. 1, 1926. 

Protophyllum canadensis Berry, Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 

182, p. 31, pls. 4 B, 5, 1935. 

Pterospermites penhallowi Berry, idem, p. 49, pl. 13. 

That Ficus preartocarpoides and F. artocarpoides are 

figs or even related to figs is doubtful but not improbable, inasmuch as supposed figlike fruits called 

F. ceratops, described above, have been found in the 

san1e strata. Whatever their true botanic affimties 

may be, these leaves are readily identifiable, and 

F. preartocarpoide8, found at nearly every fossil-plant 

loeality in the higher strata of the Hell Creek formation in North Dakota and Montana, is an indicator 

for that horizon in that area. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8242, Marmarth, 

N. Dak. (figs. 3-5); locality 8514, Circle, Mont.; bluffs opposite 

(south of) Forsyth, Mont. 

PLATANACEAE 

Platanus sp. 

Plate 59, figures 4J 5 

These specimens are referred with son1e hesitation to 

Platanus, but provisionally they 1nay be so assigned, 

until a thorough revision of the Cretaceous and Eocene 

species of Platanus has been made. 

Occurrence: Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436, S. Dak. 

TROCHODENDRACEAE 

Trochodendroides sp. 

Plate 48, figures 19-22 

These lanceolate or elliptic leaves with serrate margins 

are a species of Trochodendroides, but I am not prepared 

to nan1e the species now, it being my purpose to review 

the entire genus at length in another place. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 8564, Glendive, Mont. 

(figs. 20-22). Hell Creek formation, locality 8242, Marmarth, 

N. Dak. (fig. 19). 

Trochodendroides sp. 

Plate 48, figure 23 

This, like the preceding species, will receive specific 

treatment in another plaee. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, 

Mont . 
250 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

LAURACEAE 

Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux 

Plate 53, figures 1, 2 

Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux. Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 

696, p. 168, 1919. (See synonymy and note.) 

The fragmentary condition of these leaves raises 

doubts as to whether they should be assigned to 

Ginnamomum affine, G. lanceolatum, or G. laramiense. 

Pending a restudy of the Cretaceous species of Ginnamomum and related lauraceous genera, they may as 

well remain as G. affine. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Laurus lanceolata Knowlton 

Plate 53, figure 6 

LaunLs lanceolata Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130, p. 

143, pl. 21, fig. 7, 1922; Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 155, 

p. 85, pl. 38, fig. 9, 1930. 

Knowlton unwittingly described this species twice as 

a new species; but, regardless of this lapse, it is a testimony to his recognition of identical characters that he 

should have given the sa1ne specific nan1e to the two 

type specimens. They came from different localities 

in the Laramie and Denver formations, in the Denver 

Basin, Colo. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Sassafras montana Brown, n. sp. 

Plate 52, figure 4; plate 55, figure 4b 

Leaves 8 centin1eters or more wide, three-lobed, the 

lobes relatively short, blunt-rounded; sinuses narrow, 

rounded; base cuneate; petiole 5 centimeters long. 

The lateral primary veins depart from the midrib 0.5 

centimeter above the top of the petiole and after running a fairly straight course pass into the two lateral 

lobes. The secondary venation is camptodrome. 

The chief difference between this and the well-known 

Sassafras cretaceum Newberry and its many forn1s from 

the Dakota sandstone is that the sinuses of S. montana 

are sn1aller and sharper, and there js a tendency for the 

lateral lobes to show an incurving toward the top of the 

middle lobe. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, 

Mont. (pl. 52, fig. 4); locality 8242, Marmarth, N. Dak. (pl. 55, 

fig. 4b). 

NYMPHAEACEAE 

Nelumbo dawsoni Hollick 

Plate 48, figure 11 

Brasenia antiqua Dawson, Royal Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 3, 

sec. 4, p. 15, text fig., 1885 [1886]. 

Nelumbo dawsoni Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 

309, 1894. 

Berry, Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 182, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 1, 

1935. (See synonymy and discussion.) 

Lemna scutata Dawson. Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 

Rept., vol. 7, p. 102, pl. 61, fig. 2, 1878. 

Nelumbo laramiensis Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, 

p. 307, text fig., 1894. 

Nelumbo intermedia Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 53, 

pl. 13, figs. 3-5, 1900. 

In Knowlton's discussion 18 of the several fossil species 

of Nelumbo cited in this synonymy, he was disposed to 

regard them as separate species, chiefly on the basis of 

differences in the number of radial veins. Nelumbo 

dawsoni from the Belly River series at Medicine Hat, 

Alberta, has 18 veins; N.laramiensis from "the Laramie 

group at Florence, Colo.," has 12 veins; N. intermedia 

from the Montana group at Point of Rocks, Wyo., has 

12 to 17 veins; and the specimen figured here from the 

Colgate sandstone at Glendive, Mont., has 11 veins in 

the preserved portion, the total for the entire leaf 

probably having been 17 or 18. 

After counting the veins in numerous leaves of the 

American lotus, Nelumbo lutea, and of the East Indian 

lotus, N. nucifera, in the U. S. National Herbarium, I 

conclude that the number of veins is not significant for 

identifying a single specimen. InN. lutea the number 

varies from 18 to 25, with 22 as an average; in N. 

nucifera the average is 20. If an abundance of n1aterial 

were available so that an average might be ascertained, 

such average would probably have specific significance. 

As the fossil material is scanty, and as the variation in 

number of veins is of the same order as that in living 

species, I think there is justification in regarding these 

small leaves as a single Upper Cretaceous species. 

Brasenia, now a monotypic genus, has elliptic, pel tate 

leaves with an average of 15 radial veins. It is not 

improbable that Nelumbo dawsoni may have been a 

species of Brasenia. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Paranymphaea hastata Brown, n. sp. 

Plate 52, figures 5, 6a 

Leaves sagittate, the basal lobes rounded; apex not 

preserved in these specimens; venation pinnate, the 

secondaries camptodrmne, with few intermediaries; 

lowest secondaries to the basal lobes branched. 

These leaves resemble some species of Aristolochia, 

Polygonum, and other genera, but I suspect that they 

belong to a water-lily species that was perhaps a forerunner of the well-known Fort Union species, Paranymphaea crassifolia (Newberry) Berry. 

Occurrence: Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436, S. Dak. 

18 Knowlton, F. H., The flora of the Denver and associated formations of Colorado: 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 155, pp. 88-91, 1930. 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 251 

MAGNOLIACEAE 

Lirwdendron sp. 

Plate 52, figure 7 

This leaf has a pinnate venation somewhat resembling 

that in Liriodendron marcouanum (Heer) Knowlton 19 

and other Upper Cretaceous species. Unfortunately 

the tip is not preserved, so that reference of the specimen to any named species does not seem appropriate. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Magnolia lakesii Knowlton 

Plate 54, figure 5 

Afagnolia lakesii Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130, p. 142, 

pl. 13, fig. 2, 1922. 

This specimen appears to be a very close match to the 

type, but its reference to Afagnolia is not entirely satisfactory. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Magnolia nervosa (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. 

Plate 54, figures 3, 4 

Pterosperrnites nervosurn Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, 

p. 27~ pl. 4~ fi~ ~ 191~ 

Except for what appears to be an abnormality in the 

secondary venation near the base of the type specimen 

from the Vermejo forn1ation, there seems to be little 

difference between that specin1en and those figured 

here. The secondary venation in these leaves is characterized by its conspicuous forking. The reference to 

Magnolia is unsupported by fossil fruits. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, Mont. (figs. 3, 4). 

ANONACEAE 

Anona robusta Lesquereux 

Plate 54, figure 2 

Anona robusta Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 8, 

p. 124, pl. 20, fig. 4, 1883. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130, p. 143, pl. 17, 

fig. 7, 1922. 

It is with considerable hesitation that I assign the 

leaf figured here to this species. The speci1nen might, 

with equal propriety, have been called Ficus uncata 

Lesquereux, as reported by Knowlton 20 from the Raton 

formation, or Ficus arenacea Lesquereux, as reported 

by Knowlton 21 from the Laramie of the Denver Basin; 

but as all these leaves are fragmentary and poorly preserved it is doubtful whether they can be elassified 

botanically with any satisfaction. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, 

Mont. 

1s Knowlton, F. H., A catalogue of Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants of North America: 

Geol. Survey Bull. 696, p. 360, 1919. (See synonymy.) 

2o Knowlton, F. H., Fossil floras of the Vermejo and Raton formations of Colorado 

and New Mexiro: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p. 300, pl. 76, fig. 2, 1917. 

21 Knowlton, F. H., The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the 

Laramie problem: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130, p. 140, pl.lO, fig. 2, 1922. 

TILIACEAE 

Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux 

Plate 55, figures 1-3, 4a 

Aleurites eocenica Lesquereux, U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 

6th Ann. Rept., p. 397, 1872 [1873]. 

Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., 

val. 7, p. 257, pl. 50, figs. 10-12, 1878. 

Grewiopsis ficifolia w-ard, Geol. Survey Bull. 37, p. 92, pl. 41, 

figs. 1, 2, 1887. 

Grewiopsis eocenica (Lesquereux) Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 

152, p. 114, 1898. 

The longer leaves of this species tend to be lanceolate, 

and the smaller ones elliptic or ovate. Margin denticulate or serrate with glandular mixed hooked teeth, 

the spaces between the teeth being conspicuously 

sealloped. Venation pinnate, the curving secondaries 

entering marginal teeth or sending branches to those 

teeth. There is a tendency toward palmateness in 

that the lowermost secondaries are generally strongest 

and have numerous lateral branches to adjacent marginal teeth. The tertiary venation consists of evenly 

spaced more or less diagonal veinlets. Base cuneate. 

Petiole 3-5 centimeters long. 

The specimens described by Lesquereux and Ward 

came from Black Buttes, Wyo.; those figured here came 

from Marmarth, N. Dale The latter differ from the 

former chiefly in having more conspicuously toothed 

margins. 

These leaves are not to be confused with somewhat 

similar leaves called Celastrus. The latter have dentate nonglandular teeth and the interspaces are not 

scalloped; they are widest medianly; their secondary 

veins are about equally spaced and the lowermost show 

no tendency toward palmateness. 

The original name for this species was eocenica, but in 

1878 Lesquereux changed the name to saportana 

because he thought eocenica was inappropriate "as all 

the species of Grewiopsis known until now are Eocene." 

There are three reasons why the name eocenica should 

not be used: (1) The original description of the species 

was not accompanied by an illustration, (2) Lesquereux 

desired and made a substitution, and (3) the term eocenica is n1isleading because the specimens come from 

Cretaceous strata. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8242, Marmarth, 

N.Dak. 

SAPINDACEAE 

Sapindus cretaceus Brown, n. sp. 

Plate 55, figures 9, 10; plate 57, figure 7b 

Leaflets lanceolate, more or less unsymmetrical, with 

entire margins; secondary venation pinnate, camptodrome; petioles 3 to 4 millimeters long. 

These leaves are referred with considerable hesitation 

to Sapindus, but they seem to belong to the same category as the leaves from succeeding formations called 

Sapindus affinis and S. grandifoliolus and may be 

ancestral to them. They resemble the Upper Cre-
252 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

taceous species S. morrisoni (Lesquereux) Heer, that we are here dealing with a single Upper Cretareported by Hollick 22 from Alaska. ceous speCies. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, 

Mont. 

VITACEAE 

Cissites colgatensis Brown, n. sp. 

Plate 55, figures 5-7 

Leaves broadly ovate, small, lobed; lobes ovate, with 

elongated tips; sinuses rounded, open; base horizontal; 

margin en tire. A pair of prirnary veins, rising from 

the top of the petiole, flanks the midrib; secondaries 

branch from the prilnaries to the lobes; petiole at least 1 

centimeter long. 

This species is distinguished by its smaller size and 

less deeply cut lobes fr01n the Vermejo species, C1'ssites 

pand1tratus J{nowl ton. 23 

I have some suspicion that these leaves may be 

merely lobed forn1s of Dombeyopsis colgatensis, described 

elsewhere in this paper. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Cissites panduratus Knowlton 

Plate 55, figure 8 

Cissites pandumtus Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, 

p. 274, pl. 49, fig. 10, 1917. 

This specimen differs fr01n the type chiefly in having 

a slightly auriculate base. It rnay be identical with 

Cissites formosus Heer, from Atanekerdluk, Greenland. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, 

Mont. 

Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. 

Plate 56, figures 1-5, 6b; plate 57, figures 1-6, 7a; plate 58, 

figures 1-4; plate 59, figure 6 

Castalia stantoni Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 257, p. 147, 

pl. 19, fig. 4, 1905. 

V"itis dakotana Berry, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 185-F, p. 130, 

pl. 26, figs. 4-6; pl. 27, 1934. 

Berry, Canada Geol. Survey Mem. 182, p. 47, pl. 12, figs. 

1, 2, 1935. 

Yitis vulpinurn Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98-H, p. 92, 

pl. 18, fig. 1, 1916. 

The Judith River specimen, Castalia stantoni Knowlton, is patently not a Castalia. It has, however, the 

characters of Vitis, and is therefore combined as such. 

The specimens here reproduced from the Colgate sandstone and the Hell Creek formation just above show 

great variation in size, form, and development of marginal dentition. In the last-named character the margins may be merely undulate-toothed, as in the type 

and in the specimen shown in plate 56, figure 5, or the 

teeth may be strongly developed, as shown in plate 58, 

figure 4, and in Berry's plate 27. I consider, therefore, 

22 Hollick, Arthur, The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska: Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 159, p. 100, pl. 78, fig. 1, 1930. 

23 Knowlton, F. H., Fossil floras of the Vermejo and Raton formations of Colorado 

and New Mexico: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 101, p. 274, pl. 49, fig. 10, 1917. 

Occurrence: Fox Hills sandstone, locality 4143, Glendive, 

Mont. (pl. 58, figs. 3, 4; pl. 59, fig. 6). Colgate member, locality 

4269, Glendive, Mont. (pl. 56, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6b; pl. 57, figs. 1-5). 

Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, Mont. {pl. 56, 

fig. 3; pl. 57, figs. 6, 7a; pl. 58, figs. 1, 2). 

CORNACEAE 

Cornus praeimpressa Knowlton 

Plate 55, figure 11 

Cornus praeirnpressa Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130, 

p. 159, pl. 14, fig. 5; pl. 19, fig. 2a, 1922. 

The leaf figured here appears to represent the species 

described by Knowlton fron1 the Laramie of the 

Denver Basin. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

EBENACEAE 

Diospyros berryana Knowlton 

Plate 55, figure 12 

Diospyros berryana Knowlton, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130. 

p. 161, pl. 17, fig. 5, 1922. 

Except that the leaf figured here is smaller than the 

type there seems to be little difference between them. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

Viburnum marginatum Lesquereux 

Plate 59, figure 7 

l'"iburnurn marginatunt Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. 

Rept., vol. 7, p. 223, pl. 38, fig. 1, 1878. [No other figures 

or citations are given here, pending a revision of this 

Upper Cretaceous species.] 

The specimen figured here matches the type almost 

exactly. This appears to be one of the diagnostic 

species of the late Upper Cretaceous in this area. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8518, Glendive, 

Mont. 

BIGNONIACEAE 

Dombeyopsis colgatensis Brown, n. sp. 

Plate 60, figures 1-4 

Mature leaves broadly ovate, almost deltoid, with 

elongated blunt apex and subcordate base; other 

leaves ovate, with rounded, narrow apex and cuneate 

base; petiole 1 centirneter long. Flanking the midrib 

is a pair of primary veins rising from the top of the 

petiole and curving sharply upward toward the apex. 

The first secondary veins of consequence depart from 

the midrib in the upper third of the leaf; those from the 

primaries form conspicuous loops in the outer lateral 

portions of the leaf. Margins are entire but in some 

specimens appear undulate. 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM COLGATE MEMBER OF FOX HILLS SANDSTONE 253 

The fossil species most closely resembling DornbeyopS'is colgatensis appears to be D. obtusa Lesquereux/4 

which, however, has a much rounded apex. Superficially, these leaves also resmnble described fossil species 

of AristolocMa, Ficus, and Populus, but the reference 

of them to any of these genera would probably be no 

more satisfactory than to Dornbeyops1:s. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

FOSSILS OF UNCERTAIN BOTANIC AFFINITY 

Calycites sp. 

Plate 61, figures 20, 21 

These are apparently calyces with fringed borders. 

Somewhat similar fossils from the Fox Hills sandstone 

near Milliken, Colo., were described by Knowlton as 

Phylh'tes cockerelli. 25 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Phyllites sp. 

Plate 51, figure 8a; plate 60, figure 8 

Leaves ovate-elliptic, with entire margins and cuneate bases; venation pinnate, rather closely spaced, 

can1ptodrome. 

I have no suggestion as to the botanic affinity of 

these leaves. 

Occurrence: Fox Hills sandstone, locality 543B, S. Dak. (pl. 

51, fig. 8a). Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, 

Mont. (pl. 60, fig. 8). 

Phyl1ites sp. 

Plate 60, figures 5-7 

Leaves apparently ovate, with entire margins and 

cordate bases; venation pinnate, camptodrome. 

I have no suggestion as to the botanic affinity of these 

leaves. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

Carpolithus hirsutus Newberry 

Plate 61, figures 17-19 

Carpolithus hirsutus Newberry, Geol. Survey Mon. 26, p. 134, 

pl. 146, figs. 14, 14a, 1895 [1896). 

Hollick, Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 110, pl. 7, figs. 3-8, 1906. 

Carpolithus spinosus Newberry. Hollick, Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., vol. 7, p. 13, 1895. 

The only apparent difference between the specimens 

figured here and the specimens from the Cretaceous at 

Woodbridge, N.J., and Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard, 

is that the Montana specimens are somewhat larger. 

They occur in a carbonaceous shale with the comminuted fragments of ferns and dicotyledonous plants. 

I have no suggestion as to their botanic affinity. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8531, Glendive, 

Mont. 

u Lesquereux, Leo, The Tertiary flora: U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 7, 

p. 255, pl. 47, figs. 4, 5, 1878; Knowlton, F. H., The Laramie flora of the Denver 

Basin: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 130, pl. 162, pl. 13, fig. 4; pl. 20, fig. 11; p. 27, figs. 1-4, 

1922. 

2s Knowlton, F. H., The flora of the Fox Hills sandstone: Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 98-H, p. 93, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6, 1916. 

Coniferous seed 

Plate 48, figure 5 

In the absence of confirmatory foliage it is a matter 

of conjecture whether the seed figured here should be 

referred to Pinus, Ab1:es, Picea, or smne other coniferous 

genus. The only coniferous foliage associated with it 

is that of Sequoia, to which obviously the seed does not 

belong. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8242, Marmarth, 

N.Dak. 

Carpolithus sp. 

Plate 61, figures 22-25 

Casts of fruits, 3 to 4 centimeters long, smooth, 

ovate, pointed, at least 2- if not 4-valved, somewhat 

compressed and presenting a rounded rectangular 

transverse section. The section shows no internal 

structure, being merely the ferruginous mud filling of 

the cavity formerly occupied by the fruit. Figure 22 

shows remains of truncated, lateral flanges on both 

sides of the apex. 

I have no suggestion as to the botanic affinity of 

these fruits, although somewhat similar fossils have 

been called Palrnocarpon. They resemble the seeds of 

Artocarpus in shape but are apparently much too large. 

Occurrence: Hell Creek formation, locality 8260, Circle, Mont. 

Carpolithus sp. 

Plate 61, figures 15, 16 

These irregularly rounded casts of fruits are not uncommon. That they are the seeds of Ginkgo is one 

possibility, but they do not have the shape of modern 

Grt:nkgo seeds. 

Occurrence: Colgate member, locality 4269, Glendive, Mont. 

(fig. 15); Hell Creek formation, locality 8197, Glendive, Mont. 

(fig. 16). 

Halymenitt-s major Lesquereux 

Plate 62, figures 1-7; plate 63, figures 1, 2 

Halymenites major Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey 

Terr. Ann. Rept., 1872, p. 373, 390, 1873; U. S. Geol. 

Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 7, p. 38, pl. 1, figs. 7, 8, 1878. 

Knowlton, Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 17, 1900; Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, p. 87, 1916; Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 101, p. 243, 1918. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, p. 303, 1916. 

Halymenites minor? Fischer-Ooster. Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. 

and Geog. Survey Terr. 6th Ann. Rept., p. 373, 1872 

[1873); U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 7, p. 39, pl. 1, 

fig. 9. 1878. 

The outstanding fact about this supposed fossil seaweed is that it occurs in near-shore brackish-water or 

marine deposits and may be associated with n1arine 

fossils. Instead of being a diagnostic fossil of the Fox 

Hills sandstone, as was once believed, it is now known 

to occur in both older and younger formations and to 

have a widespread distribution, not only in the western 

interior but also in the Atlantic and GulfCoastal Plain 

and South America. Its only stratigraphic significance 

is that it is indicative of a nearby shore zone. 
254 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1937 

Other geological objects s01newhat resembling Halymenites are ferruginous pipes and concretions that are 

produced by inorganic processes and weather out of 

sandstones; and tuberculated hot spring deposits around 

sticks, blades of grass, and the like, that can now be 

seen in process of formation in such run-off streams as 

those from the Mamnwth Hot Springs in Yellowstone 

National Park. However, the pipes are generally simple, lacking the tubercles and extensive branching displayed by Flalymenites. Moreover, when in place in 

their enclosing matrix, they are for the most part vertical, not horizontal or lying in every other conceivable 

position as does Halymenites. The occurrence of Halymenites in marine or brackish water deposits showing no 

other evidence of hot spring or similar action excludes 

such an explanation for its origin. 

Comparison of Halymenites may also be made with 

the treelike alcyonarian corals called gorgonias, such as 

Gorgonia, Paragorgia, Prirnnoa) and 111u.ricea. This 

group includes species that have branched, horny, or 

calcareous axes whose surfaces are studded with the 

raised or pitted calyces holding the polyps. They 

inhabit the relatively shallow waters in the vicinity of 

theW est Indies and Florida Keys, but some species also 

occur in the deeper, cold waters of the Newfoundland 

Banks and Arctic seas. It is conceivable that the chitin 

or lime of a gorgonicl axis, after burial in sediments, 

might be dissolved' and sand or mud fill the cavity, 

the ultimate result being a cast of the original. If such 

was the origin of Halymenites, only fragments of an 

original coral colony have so far been collected, for no 

con1plete specimen showing the thickened "rootstock" 

has yet appeared. Furthermore, the tubercles of Halymenites do not show pits as they should if they represent 

the casts of gorgonid polyp calyces. 

That Halymenites is a seaweed has not been proved 

by convincing evidence. On the contrary, information 

is accumulating to support the view that it may be 

the branching burrow of some marine animal. This 

information is as follows: 

1. Transverse sections of a piece of Halymenites 

from the Fox Hills sandstone 3~~ miles southwest of 

Marmarth, N. Dak. (pl. 62, figs. 6, 7), and one from the 

Nanjemoy formation near Popes Creek, Mel., wharf 

(pl. 62, fig. 5), show that, when well preserved, these 

fossils consist of a central core filled with light--colored 

irregular pellets, which on analysis yield from 2 to 13 

percent of phosphate raclieal (P04). This suggests that 

the pellets may be the droppings of an animal that 

inhabited the burrow. Surrounding the central core 

is a concentric erust of material, the outer surfaee of 

which may be strongly verrucose or tuberculated (pl. 

62, figs. 1, 3, 4). This tubereulation may have been 

proclueed by pressure of an animal from within a burrow 

or by direct emplaeement of worked pellets. There is 

son1e indication that these surface tubercles were added 

row upon row as the structure developed. 

2. The branching of Halymenites is most irregular, so 

that sometimes thick branches come off from thinner 

ones (pl. 62, fig. 3). Sueh deviations, although they 

n1ay oceur, are considered abnormalities in the plant 

kingdom. In Halymenites, however, they appear normal and suggest that it is not a plant. 

3. If a seaweed were large and substantial enough 

to resist crushing until the surrounding matrix in whieh 

it was buried beeame indurated, there should be some 

earbonizecl remains left. Thin leaves have left black 

carbonized imprints in the Colgate sandstone. Why 

should not large seaweeds have clone likewise? Leaching, of eourse, may be called upon as the eliminating 

factor; or scavengers of one sort or another may have 

eaten out the seaweed, leaving the cavity to be filled 

with sand. 

4. These branching forms may occur in the strata 

in any position-along the bedding planes, or vertically 

through the bedding planes, or diagonally in any direction (pl. 63, figs. 1, 2). The general impression these 

fossils give me in the field is that they were not originally o b j eets at the mercy of the waves and sedimentary 

processes, as seaweeds would be, but that a purposeful 

bnilder was at work going in whatever direction seemed 

best. 

The possibility that Halymenites may be the burrows 

made by erustaeeans is not to be entertained lightly. 

Hayasaka 26 figures plaster of paris easts of erab burrows fron1 the beaches of northwestern Formosa 

(Taiwan) that seem to me very suggestive. 

No animal remains of a sort that would identify the 

construetor of these postulated burrows have been 

found, but the possibility of finding such evidence 

should be kept in mind by field geologists and collectors. 

Occurrence: Fox Hills sandstone (Cretaceous), 3}f miles south~ 

west of Marmarth, N. Dak. (figs. 1, 6, 7). Ripley formation 

(Cretaceous), near Enon, Bullock County, Ala. (fig. 4), collected 

by L. W. Stephenson. Nanjemoy formation (Eocene), Popes 

Creek, Md., wharf (figs. 2, 5), collected by F. S. MacNeil. 

26 Hayasaka, I., The burrowing activities of certain crabs and their geologic significance: Am. Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, pp. 99-103, 3 text figs .• 2 pls., 1935. 
PLATES 48-63 

255 
PLATE 48 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Asplenium tenellurn Knowlton. Colgate member, locality 8564_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

2-4. Thuja colgatensis Brown, n. name. Colgate member, locality 8564 __ --------------------------------------- 247 

5. Coniferous seed. Hell Creek formation, locality 8242____________________________________________________ 253 

6-10. Sequoia dakotensis Brown. Hell Creek formation, locality 6600 (figs. 6-8); locality 8242 (fig. 10); locality 8260 

(fig. 9)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 247 

11. Nelumbo dawsoni Hollick. Colgate member, locality 4269 _________ --------------------------------------- 250 

12-18. Ginkgo lararniensis Ward. Colgate member, locality 4269 (figs. 13-18); Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 (fig. 

12)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 246 

19-22. Trochodendreides sp. Colgate member, locality 8564 (figs. 20-22); Hell Creek formation, locality 8242 (fig. 19) _ _ _ _ 249 

23. Trochodendroides sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197_________________________________________________ 249 

256 
GEOLOGI CAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 48 

13 

12 

8 

FOSSIL PLANTS FHOM THE COLGATE MEMDEH OF_THE J<OX HILLS SANDSTONE Al\D ADJACENT STRATA 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 49 

9 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 49 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 4. Podozamites latipennis Heer. Figures 3, 4 are seeds. Lance formation, locality 8551_ __ _____ _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 246 

5, 6. Nilssonia gibbsii (Newberry) Hollick. Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436 (fig. 6); Hell Creek formation, 

locality 4004 (fig. 5)-------------------------------- ----- ------- ------ ----------- ·------ -------- 245 

7- 9. Pistia corrugata Lesquereux. Colgate member, locality 4269_______ ________ ____________ _____ _______ ____ 248 

257 
PLATE 50 

FIGURES 1- 8. Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesqucrcux. Colgate member, locality 4269 ____________ . ______ ___ ___ _ 

258 

Page 

248 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 50 

2 3 

4 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX IIILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAP~ R 18\l PLATE 51 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 51 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 7, Sb. Dryophyllum subfalcalum Lesquereux. Colgate member, locality 4269 (figs. 1- 7); Fox Hills sandstone, 

locality 5436 (fig. Sb) _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ 248 

Sa. Phyllites sp. Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436 __ _______ ___ --------------------------- ------------ 253 

259 
PLATE 52 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 3. Dryophyllum subjalcatum Lesquercux. H ell Creek formation, locality 8197_______________________________ 248 

4. Sassafras montana Brown, n. sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 __ _____ ___________ __ . _________ .. _ _ _ _ 250 

5, 6a. Paranymphaea hastata Brown, n. sp. Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 250 

6b. Nils sonia gibbsii (l\ ewberry) Hollick. Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

7. Liriodendron sp. Colgate member, locality 4269.------------------- -------------- - ------------ ------- 251 

260 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 52 

1 

2 

l'OSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX IliLLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRO~ ESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 53 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 53 

Page 

FIGURES 1, 2. Cinnamomum affine Lesquereux. Colgate member, locality 4269 _____ ______________ - _- _____ __ ---- 250 

3- 5. Ficus preartocarpoides Brown, n. sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8242 ________________ _______ _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ 249 

6. Laurus lanceolata Knowlton. Colgate member, locality 4269-- - - --------------------------------------- 250 

261 

26287-39--3 
PLATE 54 

Puge 

FIGURE 1. Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lesquereux. Colgate member, locality 4269 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 248 

2. Anona robusta Lcsquereux. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197---------------- - - ----·------- ---- ---- -- - - - 251 

3, 4. Magnolia nervosa (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 _____ ____ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ 251 

5. Magnolia lakesii Knowlton. Colgate member, locality 4269-- ------------- - - -- -- ---------- --------- - ---- -- 251 

262 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRCFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE M 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE:_MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA, 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 55 

10 

3 7 

4 8 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE l'OX HILLS ,SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA, 
PLATE 55 

Pag" 

FIGURES 1-3, 4a. Grewiopsis saportana Lesquereux. Hell Creek formation, locality 8242 __ ____________ ·---------------- 251 

4b. Sassafras montana Drown, n. sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8242 ___ _______ _____ ___ ____ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 250' 

5-7. Cissites colgatensis Drown, n. sp. Colgate member, locality 4269_______ _____________ ____ _________ ___ _ 252 

8. Cis sites panduratus Knowlton. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 252 

9, 10. Sapindu.s cretaceus Drown, n. sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 251 

11. Cornus praeimpressa Knowlton. Colgate member, locality 4269______ _____ _____ ____________ ___ ______ 252 

12. Diospyros berryana Knowlton. Colgate member, locality 4269 _______ __________ ___ ·- -- ---------- ---- 252 

263 
PLATE 56 

Page 

FIG ORES 1-5, 6b. Vilis stantoni (Kno\Ylton) Brown, n. comb. Colgate member, locality 4269 (figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6b); Hell Creek 

formation, locality 8197 (fig. 3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25~ 

6a. Pistia corrugata Lcsqucrcux. Colgate member, locality 4269 ___ . ___ _________ _____ ___ __ __ __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24E 

264 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 56 

5 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX IIILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 57 

7 6 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 57 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 6, 7a. Vitis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. Colgate member, locality 4269 (figs. 1- 5); Hell Creek formation, 

locality 8197 (figs. 6, 7a) _____ _ _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 252 

7b. Sapindus cretaceus Brown, n. sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 251 

265 

26287-39--4 
PLATE 58 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 4. Vitis stanloni (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. Fox II ills sandstone, locality 4143 (figs. 3, 4); Hell Creek formation, 

locality 8197 (figs. 1, 2)------------- -------------------------------------------------·--- -------- 252 

266 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 58 

1 

3 

2 4 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SA~DSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 181l PLATE 59 

1 

3 

4 

5 

FOSSIL PLANTS l'ROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX JliLLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 59 

[Drawings by Miss Frances Wieser] 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 3. Ginkgo laramiensis Ward. Hell Creek formation, locality 4144________________________________ _____ ____ 246 

4, 5. Platanus sp. Fox Hills sandstone, locality 5436 ------------------------------------------------------ 249 

6. 11itis stantoni (Knowlton) Brown, n. comb. Fox Hills sandstone, locality 4143_____ _______ _______________ 252 

7. 11iburnum marginatum Lcsquercux. Hell Creek formation. locality 8518 ________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 252 

267 
PLATE 60 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 4. Dombeyopsis colgatensis Brown, n. sp. Colgate member, locality 4269 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 252 

5- 7. Phyllites sp. Colgate member, locality 4269 ______________ __ __ ___________ ------------- --------------- · 253 

8. Phyllites sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8197_____ _ ___ _______________ ___________________ ___ _ ______ _ 253 

268 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER. l89 PLATE 60 

3 

1 

2 

4 

7 

6 8 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 61 

5 

3 

2 

4 

6 

7 8 9 

10 11 12 

13 

14 

23 

22 

15 17 

19 

16 20 

25 

21 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 61 

Page 

FIGURES 1- 13. Ficus ceratops Knowlton. Hell Creek formation, locality 8154-------------------------------- --------- 248 

14. Probably the impression of a stem of Equiselum. Hell Creek formation, locality 8154______ ______________ 248 

15, 16. Carpolithus sp. Colgate member, locality 4269 (fig. 15) ; Hell Creek formation, locality 8197 (fig. 16)__ __ __ 253 

17-19. Carpolithus hirsutus Newberry. Hell Creek formation, locality 8531_________ __ ____ ____________________ 253 

20, 21. Calycites sp. Colgate member, locality 4269--------------- -------------------------------------- -- - 253 

22-25. Carpclithus sp. Hell Creek formation, locality 8260 ______________________ __ _ . _______________ ___ --- __ . 253 

269 
PLATE 62 

FIGURES 1-7. Halymenites major Lesquereux. Fox Hills sandstone, Marmarth, N. Dak. (figs. 1, 6, 7); Ripley formation, 

Enon, Ala. (fig. 4); Nanjemoy formation, Popes Creek, Md., wharf (figs. 2, 3, 5). Figures 6 and 7 are radial 

and transverse sections, respectively, of figure 1, showing the phosphatic pellets of the core, and the outer 

Page 

crust. Figure 5 is a transverse section of figure 2, showing similar structures _______________ _____ __ .. __ 253 

270 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 62 

3 

4 7 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF TilE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 189 PLATE 63 

1 

2 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE COLGATE MEMBER OF THE FOX HILLS SANDSTONE AND ADJACENT STRATA. 
PLATE 63 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Showing habit of Halymenites major Lesquereux. Fox Hills sandstone, 3 miles west of Fort Yates, along road to 

Selfridge, N. Dak _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 253 

2. Under side of block of Fox Hills sandstone showing Halymenites major disposed along bedding plane. Same locality 

as figure 1---·----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 253 

271 

INDEX 

A l'agt~ 

Abies _________________ ------__________________________________________________ 253 

Abstract_ _____________ ---------_______________________________________________ 239 

Arknowledgments for aid ___________________ ------------______________________ 239 

adi9.ntoides, Ginkgo ______________ -------------------------------------- 245, 246,247 

affine, Cinnamomum ____________________________________________ 242,243,250, pl. 53 

affinis, Sapindus______ __ __ __ _ __ _ ____ _ ___ ____ _______ ____ _____ __ ____ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ 251 

Aleurites eocenica ________________________________________________________ ... __ 251 

amblyrhyncha, Populus______________________________________________________ 240 

americana, Ottelia __________________________ ---------------------------- ____ 245,248 

Aneimia sp ___________________________________________________ -------------- _ _ 242 

Anona robusta ___________________________________________________ 243,245,251, pl. 54 

Anonaceae ________________________________ ---------------- ____ __ _ ___ ____ _ _ __ __ 251 

antiqua, Brasenia______ _ __ ____ _ ___ ____ ____ _ _______ _____ _______ ___ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ 250 

aquamarum, Dryophyllum _________________________________________________ 245,248 

Araceae _____________________ ----------------- _ __ ____ __ _ ___ ___ ____ _ __ _ ____ _ __ __ 248 

arcticum, Equisetum ____________ ------------- __ __ ________ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 248 

arenacea, Ficus _______________ --------------------____________________________ 251 

Aristolochia ______ ---------------------------------- ________________________ 250, 253 

coloradensis ______ ------------ __________________________________________ 242, 243 

artocarpoides, Ficus.-------------_-----------________________________________ 249 

Artocarpus ___________ ---------- ____ _ ____ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ ____ __ __ _ _ __ 2."3 

pung-ens _____ ----------------------- ____ ___ ___ __ ___ ____ _____ __ ____ __ ___ _ __ 249 

Asplenium tenellum_ ------------------------------------------ __ 242,243, 245, pl. 48 

B 

berryana, Diospyros _____________________________________________ 242,243,252, pl. 55 

Bignoniaceae _________ ---------- ____________ ------------ ____________________ 252-253 

biloba, Ginkgo ______________ -------------------------------------____________ 247 Brasenia ____________ ------------ __ __ ________ _ ___ __________ ____ ________ ____ _ ___ 250 

antiqua _________ ------------ __________ ___ _ ______ __ ______ ____ ______ __ __ _ ___ 250 

bruneri, Dryophyllum ___ ----------------------------------- ________________ 245, 248 

c 

Calyrites sp ________ --------------- ___ ---------------- ____________________ 253, pl. 61 

canadensi'l, Protophyllum _______________________________________________ ·----- 249 

Caprifoliaceae ________ -------------------------------------- ___________ _ ____ _ _ 252 

Carpolithus hirsutus _________________________________________ 243,244,245, 2.53, pl. 61 

spinosus. ___________________ ------------ ____ ------------ ________ _ ___ __ __ __ 253 

SP------------------------------------------------------------ 242,245, 253, pl. 61 Castalia______________________________________________________________________ 252 

stan toni ________________________________________________________________ 245, 252 

Celastrinites__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 246 

Celastrus _________________________ ---------------- _ ___ ____ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ __ __ 251 

Cephalotaxus coloradensis __________________________________________________ 242, 243 

ceratops, Ficus ___________________________________________ 243,244, 24.5, 248-219, pl. 61 

Chamaecyparis_________ ___ _ ___ _____ __ ____ _____ ___________ _____ ___ ____ _ _ ___ _ __ 247 

Cinnamomum __________________________ ---------------- ____________________ 246, 250 

affine __ ------------------------------------------------------ 242,243,250, pl. 53 lanceolatum. ------------ _ __ _ _ ___ _ ____ __ ____________ ____ _ ___ _ _______ _ ___ _ _ 2.50 

laramiense •• _________________________________ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 250 

Cissites ____ --------- __________ ____ ___________ _ ________ ________ _ ___ ____ __ __ _ ___ 244 

colgatensis ___________________________________________________ 242,243,252, pl. 55 

formosus_____ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 252 

panduratus __________________________________________________ 243,215,252, pl. 55 

cockerelli, Phyllites ______________________ --------------------------- ____ 242, 243, 253 

Colgate member, character and relations of. ____________________________ 239-240, 2!1 

correlation of._-- ___ -------------------------- _____ ---------______________ 240 

previous collections from ______________________ ----------------____________ 239 

colgatensis. Cissites ______________________________________________ 242,243, 2.'i2, pl. 55 

Dombeyopsis·----------------------------------------- __ 242,243,252-253, pl. eo Thuja ____________________________________________________ 242,243,2415.247, pl. 48 

coloradensis, Aristolor:hia __________ ----------- ______________________________ 242, 243 

Cephalotaxus ___________ ----------·------------------·---------- ________ 242, 243 Coniferous seed ______________________________________________________ 245, 253, pl. 48 

Cornaceae ______ ------------ _ ----------- __________ ---------- ______ __ __ _ _ ______ 252 

Cornus praeimpressa ____________________________________________ 242,243,252, pl. 55 

corrugata, Pistia·----------------------------------------242, 243, 245, 248, pls. 49, 56 crassifolia, Paranymphaea ___ ------------ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ___ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ 250 

crenulata, Ginkgo_----------------------------------------------- __________ 245. 246 

cretacea, Thuja __ ------------------- ______ ----------- _______________________ 245, 247 

'Villiamsonia_ ------ ____ -------- ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ ___ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ 246 

Page 

cretaceum, Sassafras__________________________________________________________ 250 

cretaceus, Sapindus _______ . _________ ---------------------- 243, 245,251-252, pis. 55, 57 

cuneata, Populus _____________ ---------------------_------------------------ 240, 242 

Cupressaceae.________________________________________________________________ 247 

Cycadaceae _______________________ . _________________________________________ 245-246 

D 

dakotana, Vitis _____________________________________________________________ 245, 252 

dakotensis, Sequoia __________________________________________ 243,244,245,247, pl. 48 

dawsoni, Ginkgo ____ ------------------------------------------------------- 245, 246 Nelumbo ________________________________________________ 242,243,248,250, pl. 48 

Quercus ____ -------- ________________ -------- ______________ --------------__ 249 

digitata, Ginkgo __________________________ ------------- ____________ -------____ 247 

Diospyros berryana ____________________________________________ 242, 243, 252, pl. 55 

Dom beyopsis ____________________________ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 253 

colgatensis _______________________________________________ 242, 243, 252-253, pl. 60 

obtusa______ _ ___ ____ ___ _ __ ____ ____ ____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ __ 253 

Dryophyllum ______________ -------------------------------------------------- 244 

aquamarum ______________________________________________ -------------- 245, 248 

bruneri_ ________________________________________ ------------ ____________ 245, 248 

falcatum _____________________________________ ----------------------- ____ 245, 248 

subfalcatum_ ---------------------------------- 242, 243, 245,248, pis. 50, 51, 52, 54 

E 

Ebenaceae ______________________________ ---------- ______ _ ___ ____ __________ _ ___ 252 

eocenica, Aleurites ____________________ --------- __________ ----------- ______ ____ 251 

Grewiopsis __ ------------- ____ ___ _ ________ ____ ____ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ ____ ____ __ 251 

Equisetum __ --------------- ________ ----------- _____________________________ 248-2i9 

arcticum __________ ------------ __________________________ ----------- ___ __ __ 248 

sp_ _____ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ 242 

F 

Fagaceae ___________________________________________________________ --------__ 248 

falcatum, Dryophyllum __ -------------------------------------------------- 245,248 

ficifolia, Grewiopsis_____ _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ _______ _____ 251 

Ficus _______________________________________________________________ -------- 246, 253 

arenacea. ________________________________________________ - _- _____________ - 251 

artocarpoides. ________________________ ---- _______________________ --- _ ___ __ 249 

cera tops_------------------ ______ --------------------- 243, 244,245, 248-249, pl. 61 preartocarpoides ______________________________________________ 243,245,249, pl. 53 

russellL _ _ _ ___ ____ __________ _ ___ ___ _ _______ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ ____ _ __ _ __ ____ __ 248 

speciosissima. __________________________________________________________ 242, 243 

uncata______ ____ ____ ______ ______ ___ _ ____ __ ____ _ __ _ __ _ _ ____ __ _ ___ ________ __ 251 

formosus, Cissites _________________________________________________ ---- ____ -- __ 252 

fossilis, Onoclea sensibilis ____________ ----------------------- ______ ------------ 246 

Fox Hills sandstone, fossil plant localities in ______ -------------------------- 242-243 previous collections from ________________________________________________ 239, 24li 

relations oL ______ ---------- _________________ - _________ -- ____ - ______ ---- __ 241 

section of.________________________________________________________________ 240 

summary of flora from __________________________________________________ 243-244 

Fraxinus leei ____ ------------------- _____________________ ----------- ________ 245, 248 

G 

gibbsii, Nilssonia ____ ------------------------------ _______ 2J9, 243,245-246, pis. 49,52 

Taeniopteris _______________________________________________ --- _ --- _ ----- __ 245 

Ginkgo ___________________________ ---------------------------------- 244, 246,247, 253 

adiantoides _____________________ -------------- ________ -------------- 245,246, 247 biloba_ _ ___ _ __ ____ __________ ___ _ ____ ____ __ ____ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ ____ ___ _ __ __ __ 247 

crenulata _______________________________________________________________ 245, 246 

dawsonL _____________ ------------------ ________________________________ 245, 246 

digitata___________ __ ____ _________ _ _ ___________ ____ ________ ____ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ 247 

laramiensis _______________________________________ 242,243,245,246-247, pls. 48,59 

minor __________________________________ --------- ___________________ 245, 248, 247 

pseudadiantoides ________ ------------- ______________________________ 245, 246, 247 

major------------------- ________ ------------ ______ -------- __________ 245, 246 

pusilla ___________________________ -------- _______________ -------------- _ ___ 216 

reniforntis ________ -------------- ________________________________________ 245, 246 

sp ______________________________________________________________________ 245, 246 

Ginkgoaceae _________________________________________________________________ 246-247 

gracilis, Quercus______________________________________________________________ 248 

grandifoliolus, Sapindus_ _ _____ _ ____ ____ _______ ___ ______ ___ __ __ ____ ____ ____ _ _ :!.51 

273 
274 IXDEX 

Page Grewiopsis __________________________________________________________________ _ 2!'i1 

eocenica_ ------------- ________ ___ ___ _ __ _______ __ ____ _____ ___ ____ ________ __ 2.'il 

ficifolia_ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 251 

saportana ____ --------- _________________ ---------------- ______ 243,245,251, pl. 55 

H 

Halymenites. ___________________________ ------------------------------ ___ ____ 254 

major ____ - _______ --- ________________ ----------- ______ 242, 243, 253-254, pis. 62, 63 

minor __ ----------- _____________ ------------ ________ --------------________ 253 

hastata, Paranymphaea ______________________________________________ 243,250, pl. 52 

baydenii, Platanus. _____________________ -------------- ____ __________ __ ______ 240 

Hell Creek formation, character oL___________________________________________ 244 

collections from___________________________________________________________ 2:>!l 

flora oL ____________________________________________________________ 2·13, 244-24.5 

fossil plant localities in __________________________________________________ 244-245 

relations oL _____________________________________ ------------- ___ ____ ____ __ 240 

birsutus, Carpolithus.------------------------------- ________ 243,244,245,253, pl. 61 

I 

intermedia, Kelumbo_____ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ ______ __________ _ ___ _ _______ ___ _ __ 250 

interrupta, Thuja_ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ ______ _____ _ __ _ _ __ _ ______ 247 

J 

johnstrupi, Nilssonia __ ----------------------------------------------------- 245, 24f 

K 

Knowlton, F. H., quoted----------------------------------------------------- 242 

L 

lakesii, Magnolia _________________________________________________ 242,243,251, pl. 54 

Lance formation, relations oL.________________________________ ____ ______ ______ 240 

lanceolata, Laurus _______________________________________________ 242,243,250, pl. 53 

lanceolatum, Cinnamomum__________________________________________________ 250 

lanceolatus, Podozamites. ________ __ __ _ _ __ __ _____ _______ __ ____ ______ ____ __ _ ___ 246 

Laramie formation, equivalent oL -------------------------------------------- 241 laramiense, Cinnamomum______ __ ___ _____ ______ ______ ____ ____ ____ __ _______ _ __ 250 

laramiensis, Ginkgo_--------------------------------- 242,243, 245, 246-247, pis. 48,59 

Nelumbo___________________ _ ___ __________ _______ _ __ _____ ___ ______ ______ __ 250 

lata, Nilssonia____________ ____ __ _ _______ __ ____ ____ ____ ______ ____ __ ____________ 245 

latipennis, Podozamites ______________________________________________ 245,246, pl. 49 

Lauraceae. ------------------------- __________ -------- ______ ____ ____ ______ __ __ 250 Laurus. _ _ __ __ ____ __ ____ ___ ____ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 242 

lanceolata. ----------- ____________________ -------------------- 242, 243, 250, pl. 53 

leei, Fraxinus _______________________ ----------------------- _________________ 245, 248 

Lemna scutata ______ ---------- ______________________________ ---------------- 248, 250 

Liriodendron marcouanum. ______________________ ---------- __ -------------- __ 251 

sp .• -------------------------------------------- __________________ 242, 251, pl. 52 

lutea, N elumbo _________________________________ ---------- _______ ___ ____ ______ 250 

M 

magnifolia, Sequoia .. ·---- ____________________ ---------- ____________________ 242, 243 

Magnolia ________ ---------------------------------------------________________ 251 lakesiL ______________________________________________________ 242,243,251, pl. 54 

nervosa_ ------------------------------------------------- 242,243,245,251, pl. 54 Magnoliaceae ... _ ___ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 251 

major, Ginkgo pseudadiantoides ____________________________________________ 245,246 

Halymenites _________________________________________ 242,243,253-254, pis. 62,63 

marcouanum, Liriodendron _____________ ---------------- ___ ___ __ ________ ___ _ __ 251 

marginatum, Viburnum __________________ -------------------- 243, 244,245,252, pl. 59 

minor, Ginkgo _____________________ --------------- ______________________ 245, 246, 247 

Ralymenites ________ --------- ___________ --------- ______ ___ ____ __ __ __ ______ 253 

montana, Sassafras.------------------------------------------ 243,245, 250, pis. 52,55 Moraceae ___________________________________________________________________ 248-249 

morrisoni, Sapindus. ___ ______ ____ __ ___ _ ________ _____ _ __ ___ _ ____ __ _ __ _ ____ __ __ 252 

Myrica torreyL ______________________________ ------------------------------ 242,243 

N 

Nelumbo ___________ ------------ ______ -------------- ________________________ 244, 250 

dawsonL _ ---- __ ------------ ______________________________ 242, 243, 248, 250, pl. 48 

intermedia________ __ ______ _ _ ____ __ ____ _______ ___ _ _ __ ___ _ __ ____ __ ____ ___ _ __ 250 

laramiensis_ _ _______ ______ __ ___ _ __ ____ ____ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ ____ __ ____ __ __ ___ ___ 250 

lutea. __ • ___ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 250 

nucifera. ___________________________ -------------- ____ ___ _ __ __ __ ___ ____ _ __ 250 

nervosa, Magnolia ____________________________________________ 242,243,245,251, pl. 54 

nervosum, Pterospermites. _________________________________________________ 245, 251 

newberryanum, Viburnum___________________________________________________ 240 

Nilssonia. __ ---------------. ______________ ------------ ___ ___ __ __ __ _ __ _________ 246 

gibbsiL ______________________________________________ 239,243, 245-246, pis. 49,52 

johnstrupL _____________________________________________________________ 245, 246 

lata_______________________________________________________________________ 245 

yukonensis.______________________________________________________________ 245 

nordenskiOldi, Pistia______ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ ________ __ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ____ __ 248 

Sequoia ________________________________ ----------------- ____________ 240, 242. 246 

nucifera, Nelumbo .•.. ______________________ -------------- __ _ ______ _ _ _ ____ ____ 250 

N ympbaeaceae. __ ------ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ 250 

0 ~~ 

obtusa, Domheyopsis ___________________ -------- ______ ______ __ __ _ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ __ 253 

Onoclea sensibilis fossilis__________________________ ______ ____ __ _ __ _ __ ____ __ ____ 246 

Oreodaphne •• ------------------------------------------ __ ____ _____ _ ____ __ ___ _ 246 

Ottelia americana _______ ---------------- ____________________________________ 245, 248 

p 

Palmocarpon. ______ -------------------------------- ______ ------------ ____ ____ 253 sp _________________________________ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 248 

panduratus, Cissites .. -------------------------------------------- 243,245,252, pl. 55 Paranymphaea. __________________________________________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 244 

crassifolia _____________ -------------------------- ____ --------- _ ______ __ ____ 250 

hastata·--------------------------------------------------------- 243,250, pl. 52 penhallowi, Pterospermites ____________ --------- ______ _ ___ ____ __________ __ ____ 249 

Phyllites cockerelli. _____________________________________________________ 242, 243, 253 

sp_ ------------------------------------------------- 242, 243, 245, 253, pis. 51, 60 Picea ______ • ___ _ ___ _____ _ _ __ __ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 253 

Pierre shale, age oL ______ -------------------------- ______ ------- ___ ____ __ __ __ 241 

relations oL __ -------------------------- ________________ ---------- ______ 240, 241 

Pinus ___________________________ -------_______________________________________ 253 

Pistia_____ _ _ __ __ __ ___ ___ ____ ____ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ ____ ____ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 244 

corrugata .. ----------------------------------------- 242,243,245,248, pis. 49, 56 nordenskiOldL____ ___ _ __ ___ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 248 

Platanaceae. __ -------------------------------------------------- ___ __ __ __ __ __ 249 

platania, Quercus _______________________ --------------________________________ 249 

Platanus. __ -------------------------·----------- ___ -------- ________________ 242, 249 haydeniL ... _ __ _ ____ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _ 240 

SP----------------------------------------------------------- 240, 243, 2<19, pl. 59 Podocarpus stantonL ______________________________________________________ 242, 243 

Podozamites lanceolatus________________________________ __ ____ __ __ ______ __ _ _ __ 246 

latipennis ___________________________ ---------------- ____ ---------- 245, 246. pl. 49 

Polygonum ______________________ ------------- ______ __ _ ___ ______ ________ __ ____ 250 

Polypodiaceae. ___________________ ------ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

Populus. ________ .____________________________________________________________ 253 

am blyrhyncba____ __ ____ _ _ __ __ _ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 240 

cuneata _________________________________________________________________ 240, 242 

praeimpressa, Cornus.------------------------------------------- 243,243,252, pl. 55 

preartocarpoides, Ficus.---------------------------------------·- 243,245,249, pl. 53 

Protophyllum canadensis----------------------------------- _______________ .• _ 249 

sp ___ - ____ -------------- __ ------------ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 249 

pseudadiantoides, Ginkgo __ -------------------------------------------- 245, 246,247 Pteridophyta___ __ _ _ ___ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

Pterospermites nervosum ___________________________________________________ 245, 251 

penballowL ••.•. ______ ------ ________ ------ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 249 

pungens, Artocarpus __ ----------- ____ ------- ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ 249 

Purpose and scope of the reporL-------------------------------------------- __ 239 

Q 

Quercus. ___________________________________ --------__________________________ 242 

dawsonL _ ------------------------------------------ ___ ___________ ____ __ __ 249 gracilis _____________ ------________________________________________________ 248 

platania_. __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ 249 

turbulenta ________________________________ -------- ______________________ 245, 248 

whitmanL ____________ ------------------ ________________ -------- ________ 245, 248 

R 

reicbenbachi, Sequoia _______ ---------------------------- ____________________ 242, 24:3 

reniformis, Ginkgo _____ ------------------------------------- _______ --------- 245, 241\ 

Rhamnus_____________________________________________________________________ 242 

williardL _______ ------------------------------------------------ ________ 242, 243 

robusta, Anona ___________________________________________________ 243,245,251, pl. 54 

russelli, Ficus _______________________ ------------ __________ ----________________ 248 

s 

f:lalix ______________________________________________________ .• _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 242 

Sapindaceae ______________________________________________ - _______ -_ __ _ _ _ _ __ 251-2.52 

Sapindus. _______________ ---------------------------------------- ___ ____ ____ __ 251 

affinis_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 251 

cretaceus ______________________________________________ 243, 245,251-252, pls. 55,57 

grandifoliolus _________________________ ---------------------------- ____ __ __ 251 

morrisonL. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 252 

saportana, Grewiopsis. _ ------------------------------------------ 243,245,251, pl. 55 

Sassafras cretaceum _________________ ---------------- __ ------------------------ 250 montana __________________________________________________ 213,245,250, pis. 52,55 

scutata, Lemna ________ ----------------------------- ______ ------- ___________ 218, 250 

sensibilis, Onoclea ________________ -------------------------------------------- 246 

Sequoia _____________________________ ---------------------------------------- 246, 253 

dakotensis ________________________________________________ 243,244,245,247, pl. 48 

magnifolia _____________ ----------------- ________ ---------------- ____ --- _ 242, 243 

nordenskiOldL. __________________________ ------------------ ________ 240, 242. 246 

reichenbacbL ____________________________________ ---------------------- 242, 243 

speciosissima, Ficus _______________________ --------------------------------- 242, 243 

Spermatophyta ... _______________________________ --------------------------- 245-253 

spinosus, Carpolithus ___________________________ ------------------------------ 253 
INDEX 275 

Page U Page 

stan toni, Castalia _____ --------------------------- ___________________________ 245, 252 uncata, Ficus ___ -------------- ________________________________ ------ ______ .___ 251 Podocarpus _____________________________________________________________ 242, 243 

Vitis ____________________________________________ 242,243,245,252, pls. 56, 57, 58,59 v 

suhfalcatum, Dryoph-sllum _________________________ 242,243,245,248, pis. 50, 51, 52,54 Viburnum marginatum _____________________________ ---------- 243,244, 245, 252, pl. 59 

newberryanum_ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 240 

T vulpinum. _ ---------------- ____________________________ ------------ ______ 242 

Taeniopteris gibbsiL _____________ -------------------------------------- __ __ __ 245 

Taxodiaceae__________________________________________________________________ 24 7 

Taxodium. _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 246 

tenellum, Asple:::~ium ___ ---------------------------------.. -------- 242, 2'13, 245, pl. 48 

Thuja __ ---------------------- _ ------------------------------- ___ ----------- __ 247 colgatensis ________________________________________________ 2-12,243,245,247, pl. 48 

cretacea. _______ -------------------------------------- __________________ 245. 247 interrupta_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 247 

sp _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 240 

Vitaceae .. _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 252 

Vit.is ________________________________________________________________________ 244, 252 

dakotana _______________ -------------------------------------------- ____ 245, 252 

stantonL _ -------------------------------- ______ 242, 243,245,252, pls. 56, 57, 58,59 

vulpinum __________________________________ ---------------------- ______ 245, 252 

vulpinum, Viburnum. _________________________________ --------------________ 242 

Vitis __________________________________________________ ----------- _______ 245, 252 

Tiliaceae. _____ -------- ______________ ----------- __ ____ _ ___ ____ ______ ________ 251 w 

torrey i, Myrica ___________ ------------ ______________________________________ 242. 243 

Triceratops _________________________________________________ 239,241,244,245,246,248 

Trochodeo draceae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 249 

Trochodendroides __ ------------ ____ ---------- _________ ----------- ________ ____ 246 

whitmani, Quercus.---------------------------- ____________________________ 245, 248 

Williamsonia cretacea. _________ -------- ____ ______ ____ ____ __________ _ ___ ____ __ 246 

williardi, Rhamnus _________________________________________________________ 242,243 

SP------------------------------------------------------------ 242,245,249, pl. 48 y 

turbulenta, Quercus ______________ -------------- ____________________________ 245, 248 yukonensis, Nilssonia_______ ______ ____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ ____ ____ ______ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 245 

0 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. C. Mendenhall, Director 

Professional Paper 189 

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO 

GENERAL GEOLOGY 

1937 

G. F. LOUGHLIN, CHIEF GEOLOGIST 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OF:FICE 

WASHINGTON: 1939 

CONTENTS 

[The letters in parenthe~es preceding the titles are those used to designate the individual papers] 

Page 

(A) Species and genera of Tertiary Noetinae, by F. Stearns MacNeil (published in July 1938) --------------------------- 1 

(B) Igneous geology and structure of the Mount Taylor volcanic field, Ne'"' Mexico, by Charles B. Hunt (published in October 

1938)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 

(C) Pliccene diatoms from the Kettleman Hills, California, by K. E. Lohman (published in July 1938)------------------- 81 

(D) Oligocene Foraminifera from Choctaw Bluff, Alabama, by Joseph A. Cushman and Winnie McGlamery (published in 

August 1938)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 

(E) The force required to move particles on a stream bed, by William W. Rubey (published in August 1938) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 

(F) The Fenericardia planicosta group in the Gulf province, by Julia Gardner and Edgar Bo"\Vles (published in May 1939)__ 143 

(G) ForaminHera, diatoms, and mollusks from test wells near Elizabeth City, North Carolina, by L. G. Henbest, K. E. 

Lohman, and W. C. Mansfield (published in--- 1939) ________________________________ --------- __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 217 

(H) Pleistocene diatoms from Long Island, New York, by K. E. Lohman (published in April 1939)--------------------- 229 

(I) Fossil plants from the Colgate member of the Fox Hills sandstone and adjacent strata, by Roland W. Brown (published in 

PLATE 

September, 1939)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 239 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

ILL USTRA_ TIONS 

Tertiary and Recent species of Scapularca, Sheldonella, Paranoetia, and Eontia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 

Miocene and Pliocene species of Eontia _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 

Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent species of Eontia________________________________________________________ 44 

Eocene species of Protonoetia, Noetiopsis, Arginopsis, Arginella, and Noetia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 

Miocene species of N oetia _________________________________________________________________ ,.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent species of Noetia_______________________________________________ 47 

Map showing structure and reconnaissance areal geology of the volcanic rocks of the Mount Taylor field, N. Mex. 

In pocket 

A, View of Mount Taylor; B, View looking northeast across erosion surface in Lobo Canyon___________________ 54 

Map showing drainage in Mount Taylor volcanic field____________________________________________________ 54 

A, Porphyritic andesite flows near base of north flank of Mount Taylor; B, V -shaped valley cut in porphyritic 

andesite___________________________________________________________________________________________ 54 

A, Cross section of basaltic neck exposed by erosion in Grant Ridges; B, Cliff face exposing basaltic breccia on 

rhyolitic tuff near the volcanic neck__________________________________________________________________ 54 

A, Basaltic lava and cinder cone on the sheet basalt capping Horace Mesa; B, View looking northeast from top of 

volcanic neck east of La Abra de los Cerros; C, View looking south from Cerro de los Cuates_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 62 

A, Cabezon Peak viewed from the bluffs above the village of Cabezon; B, Closer view of south side of Cabezon 

Peak showing fairly uniform vertical columns capped with a layer of scoriaceous basalt_____________________ 62 

A, Volcanic neck east of La A bra de los Cerros; B, Xenolith of fossiliferous Cretaceous sandstone in basaltic breccia 

in neck in Gonzales Canyon___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70 

A, B, Views of Evans Peak____________________________________________________________________________ 70 

A, View looking southwest toward Seboyeta Peak; B, Xenoliths of sedimentary rock in breccia along east side of 

Seboyeta Peak_____________________________________________________________________________________ 70 

A, Dike of basalt and basaltic breccia intruding Cretaceous shale; B, Banded basaltic breccia lying at outer contact 

of large breccia mass; C, D, Angular unconformity between Santa Fe formation and underlying Cretaceous 

rocks_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 70 

A, Block diagram showing structural surface of part of Antonio Sedillo Grant at southwest corner of the area; B, 

Block diagram showing structural surface of most of north half of Basin and Range part of Mount Taylor volcanic 

field______________________________________________________________________________________________ 78 

19. A, Flat-lying unbroken Santa Fe formation crossing a normal fault in Cretaceous shale; B, Basaltic lava in Santa 

Fe formation tilted and broken by small fault_ _______________________________________________________ _ 

20. Diatoms from the Etchegoin formation of South Dome, Kettleman Hills ___________________________________ _ 

78 

96 

21, 22. Diatoms from the Neverita zone and overlying tuffaceous sandstone and clay of the San Joaquin formation, KettleUlan Hills _______________________________________________________________________________ -_-_-_----

23. Diatoms from the Tulare formation, Kettleman Hills ____________________________________________________ _ 

2·1. Valvulinidae, Miliolidae, Lagenidae, Polymorphinidae, and N onionidae ____________________________________ _ 

III 

97, 98 

99 

114 
IV ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

PLATE 25. N onionidae and Buliminidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 115 

26. Buliminidae and Rotaliidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 116 

27. Rotaliidae___________________________________________________________________________________________ 117 

28. Amphisteginidae, Cassidulinidae, Anomalinidae, and Planorbulinidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 118 

29. The occurrence of species of the Venericardia plam"costa group in the Eocene of Alabama_____________________ 148 

30. The occurrence of species of the Venericardia planicosta group in the Eocene of the Atlantic and Gulf seaboard exclusive of Alabama___________________________________________________________________________________ 148 

31. Areas of outcrop of marine beds of probable early Eocene age_____________________________________________ 164 

32. Diagrammatic representation of diagnostic characters of the American species of the Venericardia planicosta group_ 164 

33-46. Fossils of the Venericadria planicosta group______________________________________________________________ 198 

47. Views of the Colgate member of the Fox Hills sandstone and Hell Creek formation in southeastern Montana and 

southwestern North Dakota: A, Erosion remnant of Colgate sandstone 5 miles southwest of Glendive, Mont.; B, 

Outcrop of white Colgate sandstone overlain by somber-hued Hell Creek strata 4 miles southwest of Glendive, 

Mont.; C, Hell Creek formation north of the station of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad at 

Marmarth, N. Dak ___________________ -------------------------------------------------------------- 244 

48-63. Fossil plants from the Colgate member of the Fox Hills sandstone and adjacent strata_______________________ 255 

FIGURE 1. Diagrams showing relation of adult sculpture to nealogic sculpture________________________________________ 6 

2. Diagram showing supposed relationships of North American species of Eontia_______________________________ 25 

3. Index map of New Mexico showing location of Mount Taylor volcanic field_________________________________ 52 

4. Diagrammatic view of part of Mount Taylor volcanic field_______________________________________________ 54 

5. Sketch showing topographic relations in Lobo Canyon___________________________________________________ 55 

6. Pedestal of alluvium about 50 feet high left standing in Chico Arroyo, 3 miles west of Cerro de los Cuates_ _ _ _ _ 56 

7. Arroyo of Rio Puerco 2 miles north of Ojito ranch_______________________________________________________ 56 

8. Sequence of late Tertiary and Quaternary events in Mount Taylor volanic field_____________________________ 57 

9. Hypothetical profile of Mount Taylor__________________________________________________________________ 58 

10. Geologic sketch map of amphitheater and surrounding rim of Mount Taylor volcano________________________ 59 

11. Sketch map showing intrusive basaltic breccia in Gonzales Canyon________________________________________ 69 

12. Diagrammatic section through north side of Juan Tafoya Peak___________________________________________ 71 

13. Diagram of columnar jointing in intrusions 4 miles east-northeast of La Senora Peak_______________________ 71 

14. Sketch from photograph showing fault relations half a mile west of San Ysidro and 1,000 feet north of State 

Highway 44-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 

15. Diagrammatic section illustrating faulting east of Mesa Lucero___________________________________________ 77 

16. Impact of moving water against particle on a stream bed________________________________________________ 122 

17. The "critical tractive force" ... proportional to the depth slope product__________________________________ 123 

18. Typical vertical velocity curve of a stream_____________________________________________________________ 124 

19. Mean velocities, depth-slope products, and movement of debris of grade G_________________________________ 128 

20. Mean velocities and depth-slope products at which debris of grades B, D, E, F, G, and H begins to move________ 128 

21. Roughness ratios, inverse measures of "bed" velocity and coefficient of resistance, and movement of debris of 

grade G------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131 

22. "Bed" velocities, shearing stresses, and movement of debris of grades E, G, and H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 132 

23. Portion of Hjulstrom's diagram of the fields of erosion, transportation, and sedimentation for well-sorted sediment_ 133 

24. Dependence of coefficient in impact equation upon the particle-laminar film ratio____________________________ 134 

25. Idealized velocity gradient very near a stream bed______________________________________________________ 135 

26. Mechanical composition of samples collected in 1881 from the bed of the Mississippi River at Hannibal, Mo_____ 136 

27. Distribution of species of the Venericardia planico.sta group in the Eocene of the Gulf Embayment and eastern 

Atlantic slope_____________________________________________________________________________________ 160 

28. Index map of North Carolina, showing location of Elizabeth City area_____________________________________ 217 

29. Map of Elizabeth City and vicinity, showing location of test wells _______ ---------------------------------- 218 

30. Index map showing distribution of the Fox Hills sandstone_______________________________________________ 241 

INSERTS 

CHART 1. Correlation of east coast and Gulf Eocene formations in the United States___________________________________ 144 

2. Stratigraphic distribution of east coast and Gulf species of the Venericardia planicosta group___________________ 144 

3. Possible phylogenetic relationships in the east American Venericardia planicosta group________________________ 144 
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