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FGD ICP/MS Standard Operating Procedure: Inductively Coupled 

Plasma/Mass Spectrometry for Trace Element Analysis 

in Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewaters 

1.0 Scope and Application

1.1 This document describes procedures used to measure elements in Flue Gas 

Desulfurization (FGD) wastewaters. Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry 

(ICP/MS), as described in EPA Methods 200.8 and 1638, was used with a 

collision/reaction cell to mitigate the effects of interferences in the samples. These 

procedures are intended for use by analysts experienced with applying ICP/MS to 

complex wastewater samples. 

1.2 These procedures are applicable to the analysis of acid digested FGD wastewater, 

and have been evaluated for the analysis of 13 elements of interest. These are Al, As, 

Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se, Ag, Tl, V and Zn. Additional elements may be included 

provided that the performance criteria presented in Sections 9 and 12 are met. 

1.3 Flue Gas Desulfurization wastewaters frequently have very high levels of calcium, 

sodium, magnesium, manganese, chloride, and sulfate (up to thousands of ppm). The 

use of instrument configurations and/or accessories designed to accommodate 

samples with high dissolved solids levels is highly recommended. This method was 

developed on an Agilent 7700 ICP/MS using the High Matrix Interface and discrete 

sampling with the ISIS system, but other systems designed to allow the analysis of 

high matrix samples are acceptable. 

2.0 Summary

2.1 Digestates are nebulized in a spray chamber where a stream of argon carries the 

sample aerosol through the quartz torch and injects it into an RF plasma. There the 

sample is decomposed and desolvated. 

2.2 The ions produced are entrained in the plasma gas and by means of a water-cooled, 

differentially pumped interface, introduced into a high-vacuum chamber that houses a 

quadrupole mass spectrometer capable of providing a resolution better than or equal 

to 0.9 amu peak width at 10% of the peak height. The ions are separated according to 

their mass-to-charge ratio and measured with a detector, such as an electron 

multiplier. 

2.3 A collision/reaction cell utilizing He and (optionally) H2 gases is used to remove 

molecular interferences. 

2.4 Interferences not eliminated by the collision/reaction cell must be assessed and valid 

corrections applied, or the data flagged to indicate problems. Interference correction 

must include compensation for interferences not removed by the collision/reaction cell. 

Recommended elemental equations are listed in Attachment 1. Use of the internal 

standard technique is required to compensate for suppressions and enhancements 

caused by sample matrices. 
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3.0 Definitions

3.1 Batch – A group of samples which behave similarly with respect to the sampling or 

the testing procedures being employed and which are processed as a unit. For QC 

purposes, if the number of samples in a group is greater than 20, then each group of 

20 samples or less will all be handled as a separate batch. 

3.2 Dissolved Metals - Those elements which pass through a 0.45-m membrane filter 

(sample is acidified after filtration). 

3.3 Suspended Metals - Those elements which are retained by a 0.45-m membrane 

filter. 

3.4 Total Recoverable Metals - The concentration determined on an unfiltered sample 

following treatment with hot, diluted mineral acids, as described in this procedure. 

3.5 Instrument Detection Limit (IDL) - See Section 12.2. 

3.6 Sensitivity - The slope of the analytical curve (i.e., the functional relationship between 

raw instrument signal and the concentration). 

3.7 Tuning Solution - This is a multi-element solution containing analytes which are 

representative of the entire mass range capable of being scanned by the instrument. 

It is used to optimize the sensitivity of the instrument and to verify the mass resolution 

meets method criteria. 

3.8 Initial Calibration Verification / Quality Control Standard (ICV/QCS) - A multielement standard of known concentrations prepared to verify instrument calibration. 

This solution must be an independent standard prepared near the mid-point of the 

calibration curve, and at a concentration other than that used for instrument 

calibration. 

3.9 Continuing Calibration Verification (CCV) - A multi-element standard of known 

concentrations prepared to monitor and verify the instrument daily continuing 

performance. 

3.10 Laboratory Control Sample / Laboratory Fortified Blank (LCS/LFB) - A multielement standard of known concentrations that is carried through the entire sample 

preparation and analysis procedure. This solution is used to verify method 

performance in an ideal sample matrix. 

3.11 Matrix Spike / Laboratory Fortified Sample (MS/LFS) – A sample to which known 

concentrations of the elements of interest are added. The fortified sample is taken 

through all preparation and analytical steps of the procedure. The results are used to 

determine the effect of the sample matrix on analyte recovery efficiency. 

3.12 Laboratory Reagent Blank / Method Blank (LRB/MB) – Reagent water containing 

the same acid matrix as the calibration standards that is carried through the entire 

digestion process. The reagent blank is used to determine the concentrations of trace 

metals in the reagents used to prepare and analyze the samples. 

3.13 Calibration Blank – Reagent water acidified with the same acid concentrations 

present in the standards and samples. Also referred to as the Initial Calibration Blank 

(ICB) and Continuing Calibration Blank (CCB). 
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3.14 Reporting Limit (RL) – The minimum concentration that can be reported with a 

specified degree of confidence. The RL can be no lower than the concentration of the 

lowest initial calibration standard. 

3.15 Method Detection Limit (MDL) – Refers to the instructions in Appendix B to 40 CFR 

Part 136. Also see Section 12.1 of this document. The MDL is determined from 

analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte. 

3.16 Individual FGD Interference Check Solutions – Single element solutions at 

concentrations similar to those found in flue gas desulfurization wastewaters. 

3.17 Synthetic FGD Wastewater – A mixed solution of elements at typical concentrations 

found in flue gas desulfurization wastewaters. 

4.0 Interferences

4.1 Isobaric Interferences 

4.1.1 Isobaric interferences in the ICP/MS are caused by isotopes of different 

elements forming ions with the same nominal mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). 

4.1.2 Except for a very small interference from krypton on 78Se, which can be 

avoided by using argon free of krypton, the recommended ions used for the 

elements in this procedure do not have elemental isobaric interferences.. 

4.2 Isobaric Molecular Interferences 

4.2.1 Isobaric molecular interferences are caused by ions consisting of more than 

one atom. These molecular interferences are minimized by use of the 

collision/reaction cell utilizing He and/or H2 gases. Common examples are 

potential interferences from 40Ar35Cl or 40Ca35Cl on 75As, or 35Cl16O on 51V, or 

40Ar12C on 52Cr. 

4.2.2 Collision/reaction cell interference removal works both by causing the 

interfering molecular ion to dissociate and by reducing the kinetic energy of the 

ion. The latter is termed Kinetic Energy Discrimination (KED), and is the 

primary mechanism for interference removal. Polyatomic ions are larger than 

elemental ions and so collide with the helium atoms in the collision/reaction cell 

more frequently than the smaller elemental ions. Each collision/reaction 

reduces the energy of the ion, so the molecular ions lose energy more quickly. 

At the end of the collision cell a positive voltage plate prevents passage of the 

now low energy molecular ions. Thus, the interference is eliminated because 

the molecular ions do not reach the detector. 

4.3 Doubly Charged Ion Interferences 

4.3.1 Doubly charged elemental ion interferences are possible in cases where the 

second ionization potential of the element is significantly below the first 

ionization potential for argon (15.7eV). If a doubly charged ion is formed, it will 

cause a response at half of its elemental mass, potentially causing 

interference. Fortunately, most elements have high enough second ionization 

potentials that formation of doubly charged ions is not an issue. 

4.3.2 For the target analytes in this procedure, a significant potential for interference 

is from 150Nd and 150Dy (potential interference on 75As and from 156Gd (potential 

interference on 78Se). To check for these potential interferences, monitor the 
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response for mass 150 and 156. If the cps for these masses is > 5 times the 

cps for the quantitation limit for arsenic (in the case of mass 150) or selenium 

(in the case of mass 156), interference is possible. In this case, analyze a 

100 ppb standard of Nd and Dy (if mass 150 is observed) or Gd (if mass 156 is 

observed), and measure the response at 150 and 75 (or 156 and 78). This 

ratio can then be used to create an interference correction equation. 

4.3.3 For example, if the response for a 100 ppb Gd standard at mass 156 is 10,000 

cps, and the observed response for the same standard at mass 78 is 1,000 

counts, then the equation for 78Se would be: 

ܵ݁ ଻଼ ൌ ܵ݁ ଻଼ െ ܩ݀ ଵହ଺

10

4.4 Physical Interferences 

4.4.1 Physical interferences are associated with the transport and nebulization 

process. Internal standards are used to compensate for these types of 

interferences. 

4.4.2 Internal standards should be added at a level to give approximately 50,000 - 

800,000 counts of raw signal intensity. The mass of the internal standard 

should ideally be within 50 amu of the mass of the measured analyte. 

Consideration should also be given to matching internal standards to analytes 

with similar ionization potentials. 

4.4.3 Matrix effects are monitored by comparing the internal standard intensity in the 

sample to the internal standard intensity of the calibration blank. The internal 

standards must be between 60% and 125% of the calibration blank. If they are 

outside this window the sample is diluted by a factor of 2 (1:1) and is 

reanalyzed. 

4.4.4 Memory effects are dependent on the relative concentration differences 

between samples and/or standards which are analyzed sequentially. The rinse 

period between samples must be long enough to eliminate significant memory 

interference. See Section 10.3.6 

5.0 Safety

5.1 This procedure may involve hazardous material, operations and equipment. This 

procedure does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its 

use. It is the responsibility of the user of the method to follow appropriate safety, waste 

disposal and health practices under the assumption that all samples and reagents are 

potentially hazardous. Safety glasses, gloves, lab coats and closed-toe, nonabsorbent 

shoes are required.

5.2 Specific Safety Concerns or Requirements 

5.2.1 Eye protection that satisfies ANSI Z87.1, laboratory coat, and non-powdered 

nitrile or latex gloves must be worn while handling samples, standards, 

solvents, and reagents. Disposable gloves that have been contaminated must 

be removed and discarded; non-disposable gloves must be cleaned 

immediately. 
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5.2.2 The ICP plasma emits strong UV light and is harmful to vision. All analysts 

must avoid looking directly at the plasma. The RF Generator produces strong 

radio frequency waves, most of which are unshielded. People with 

pacemakers should not go near the instrument while in operation. 

5.3 Primary Materials Used 

The following is a list of the materials used in this method, which have a serious or 

significant hazard rating. Note: This list does not include all materials used in the 

method. The table contains a summary of the primary hazards listed in the MSDS for 

each of the materials listed in Table 1. 

Table 1. Primary Materials with a Serious or Significant Hazard Rating 

Material1 Hazards Exposure 

Limit2 Signs and Symptoms of Exposure 

Nitric Acid Corrosive 

Oxidizer 

Poison 

2 ppmTWA 

4 ppmSTEL 

Nitric acid is extremely hazardous; it is 

corrosive, reactive, an oxidizer, and a poison. 

Inhalation of vapors can cause breathing 

difficulties and lead to pneumonia and 

pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Other 

symptoms may include coughing, choking, 

and irritation of the nose, throat, and 

respiratory tract. Can cause redness, pain, 

and severe skin burns. Concentrated solutions 

cause deep ulcers and stain skin a yellow or 

yellow-brown color. Vapors are irritating and 

may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may 

cause severe burns and permanent eye 

damage. 

Material1 Hazards Exposure 

Limit2 Signs and Symptoms of Exposure 

Hydrochloric 

Acid 

Corrosive 

Poison 

5 ppmCeiling Inhalation of vapors can cause coughing, 

choking, inflammation of the nose, throat, and 

upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, 

pulmonary edema, circulatory failure, and 

death. Can cause redness, pain, and severe 

skin burns. Vapors are irritating and may 

cause damage to the eyes. Contact may 

cause severe burns and permanent eye 

damage. 

1 – Always add acid to water to prevent violent reactions. 

2 – Exposure limit refers to the OSHA regulatory exposure limit. 
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6.0 Equipment and Supplies

6.1 Instrumentation 

6.1.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometer (ICP/MS) capable of providing 

resolution, less than or equal to 0.9 amu at 10% peak height from 6-253 amu 

and 1.0 amu at 5% peak height from 6-253 amu with a data system that allows 

corrections for isobaric interferences and the application of the internal 

standard technique. The ICP/MS must be equipped with a collision/reaction 

cell for the removal of molecular interferences. This procedure was developed 

using an Agilent 7700 instrument equipped with a high matrix interface (HMI). 

The interface extends the amounts of total dissolved solids that may be 

measured into the percent concentration range. Any collision/reaction cell 

instrumentation that meets the specifications in this procedure may be used. 

6.1.2 A discrete sample introduction system enables the use of only the exact 

amount of sample volume required for data acquisition. 

6.1.3 Accessories and configuration that are designed to accommodate samples 

with high levels of dissolved solids should be used. 

6.1.4 The HMI sampling system results in less matrix being deposited in the system 

during analysis and minimizes the rinse times normally needed for difficult 

matrices. 

6.1.5 Autosampler with autosampler tubes. 

6.1.6 Appropriate water cooling device. 

6.1.7 Block digester with tubes. 

6.2 Supplies 

6.2.1 Argon gas: High purity grade (99.99%). 

6.2.2 Helium gas: High purity grade (99.99%). 

6.2.3 Hydrogen gas: High purity grade (99.99%). 

6.2.4 Calibrated automatic pipettes or Class A glass volumetric pipettes. 

7.0 Reagents and Standards

7.1 Storage and Shelf-Life 

7.1.1 Stock standards are purchased high purity grade solutions obtained from 

reputable commercial sources. Standard solutions must be traceable to 

national or international standards measurement, such as NIST. All standards 

must be stored in glass, FEP fluorocarbon or previously unused polyethylene 

or polypropylene bottles at room temperature. Standards stored at 

concentrations as received from the vendor and mid-level dilutions must be 

replaced prior to the expiration date assigned by the vendor. If no expiration 

date is provided, the stocks and mid-level standards may be stored for up to 

one year. They must be replaced sooner if verification from an independent 

source indicates a problem. See Section 10.3.5 for initial calibration 

verification acceptance criteria. 
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7.1.2 Working standards, i.e., all standards at concentrations ready to analyze on 

the ICP/MS (all except tuning mixes, ICSA and ICSAB mixes, which are 

received at ready-to-use concentrations), are prepared fresh daily. 

7.2 Standards 

7.2.1 Tuning Solution, 10 ppb

7.2.1.1 The tuning solution stock is purchased as a custom multi-element 

mix. The concentrations of the constituents are shown in 

Attachment 5. 

7.2.1.2 Prepare the Tuning Solution as detailed below. 

7.2.1.2.1 Obtain a clean 100-mL volumetric flask. 

7.2.1.2.2 Place 50 mL of reagent water and 2 mL of conc. HNO3

and 0.5 mL of conc. HCl in the flask. 

7.2.1.2.3 Swirl to mix. 

7.2.1.2.4 Pipette 0.1mL of the Tuning Solution Stock into the flask. 

7.2.1.2.5 Dilute to volume with reagent water. Stopper and mix. 

7.2.2 Tuning Solution

7.2.2.1 The dual detector solution may be commercially purchased as a 

custom multi-element mix. See Attachment 5. 

7.2.2.2 Prepare and use the tuning solution as recommended by the 

instrument manufacturer. 

7.2.3 Calibration Standards 

7.2.3.1 Stock calibration standards are purchased as custom multi-element 

mixes or as single element solutions. 

7.2.3.2 Each day of analysis, the standards are diluted to working levels 

using 2% nitric acid and 0.5% HCl acid matrix, to match the acid 

strength of the digestates. Suggested concentrations are given in 

Attachment 8, but the laboratory may adjust calibration standard 

concentrations as appropriate for the instrument and samples. At a 

minimum, a 3 point curve must be used. 

7.2.4 Individual FGD Interference Check Solutions 

7.2.4.1 All individual FGD interference check solutions should be made up 

in the same acid matrix as the calibration standards. 

7.2.4.2 Chloride, 10,000 mg/L 

7.2.4.3 Calcium, 5,000 mg/L 

7.2.4.4 Sulfate, 4,000 mg/L 

7.2.4.5 Magnesium, 3,000 mg/L 

7.2.4.6 Sodium, 2,000 mg/L 

7.2.4.7 Boron, 500 mg/L 
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7.2.4.8 Iron, 500 mg/L

7.2.4.9 Nitrate, 250 mg/L 

7.2.4.10 Manganese, 200 mg/L 

7.2.4.11 Bromide, 100 mg/L 

7.2.4.12 Fluoride, 100 mg/L 

7.2.4.13 Selenium, 20 mg/L

7.2.4.14 Vanadium, 10 mg/L

7.2.4.15 Zinc, 2 mg/L

7.2.4.16 Chromium, 1 mg/L

7.2.4.17 Copper, 1 mg/L

7.2.5 Mixed Interference Check Solution (Synthetic FGD Wastewater) 

7.2.5.1 Chloride, 5,000 mg/L 

7.2.5.2 Calcium, 2,000 mg/L 

7.2.5.3 Magnesium, 1,000 mg/L 

7.2.5.4 Sulfate, 2,000 mg/L 

7.2.5.5 Sodium, 1,000 mg/L 

7.2.5.6 Butanol, 2000 mg/L 

7.2.6 Initial Calibration Verification (ICV) Standard 

7.2.6.1 The ICV stock is from a source different than the source for the 

calibration standards. 

7.2.6.2 Each day of analysis, the ICV standard is prepared in 2% HNO3 and 

0.5% HCl acid to the concentrations shown in Attachment 8. 

7.2.7 Continuing Calibration Verification (CCV) Standard 

7.2.7.1 The CCV standards are prepared from the same source as the 

calibration standards. 

7.2.7.2 The CCV standards are prepared fresh each day of analysis in 2% 

HNO3 and 0.5% HCl. The concentrations are shown in Attachment 

8. 

7.2.7.3 Prepare the CCV standard as detailed below. 

7.2.7.3.1 Dilute by 2X a known volume of the CCV standard in the 

2% HNO3 and 0.5% HCl acid matrix. 

7.2.8 Internal Standards 

7.2.8.1 Internal standards are required, and are specified in Attachment 2. 

7.2.9 Spiking Stock Solution 

7.2.9.1 The spike stock solution is prepared from the same stocks as the 

calibration standards using the 2% HNO3 and0.5% HCl acid matrix.
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7.2.9.2 Spike concentrations are listed in Attachment 8. 

7.3 Reagents 

7.3.1 Reagent Water – ASTM Type I or equivalent for the elements of interest, free 

of the elements of interest at the levels of interest. 

7.3.2 Blank Matrix 2% HNO3 and 0.5% HCl.

8.0 Sample Collection, Preservation, Shipment and Storage

8.1 Sample container, preservation techniques, and holding times may vary and are 

dependent on sample matrix, method of choice, regulatory compliance, and/or specific 

contract or client requests. 

8.2 Table 2 lists the holding times and the references that include preservation 

requirements. 

Table 2. Holding Times 

Matrix Sample 

Container 

Min. 

Sample 

Size 

Preservation Holding Time Reference 

FGD 

wastewater 

HDPE 50 mL HNO3, pH < 2 180 Days 40 CFR Part 136.3

9.0 Quality Control 

9.1 Quality control requirements are also summarized in Attachment 7. 

9.2 Ongoing data quality checks are compared with established performance criteria to 

determine if the results of analyses meet the performance characteristics of the 

method. Any QC result that fails to meet control criteria must be documented. 

9.3 Individual Interference Check Solutions 

The individual interference check solutions listed in Section 7.2.4 are analyzed prior to 

initiating sample analysis, and at least once per quarter while FGD wastewaters are 

being analyzed, and after any major changes to instrument operating conditions. 

Concentrations of target elements observed should be less than their reporting limits. 

In some cases it may not be possible to obtain interference check solutions that are 

completely free of contamination. In this case, results up to 5X the reporting limit are 

acceptable if it is confirmed that the elements are actual contaminants. This 

confirmation can be accomplished by determining that the isotopic ratios correspond 

to natural abundances. For example, the natural abundances of zinc isotopes are 64Zn 

48.6%; 66Zn 27.9%; 67Zn 4.1%; 68Zn 18.8%; 70Zn 0.6%. The measured ratios are not 

expected to be exact, especially for low abundance isotopes, and some isotope may 

be masked by other elements in the solution, (for example 70Zn in the above example 

will be masked by 70Ge) but it must be possible to explain the observed ratios. 

Because arsenic, manganese and aluminum are monoisotopic, this demonstration is 

not possible and the level of interference observed must be less than the reporting 

limit.
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9.4 Synthetic FGD Interference Check Solution 

9.4.1 The synthetic FGD matrix solution listed in Section 7.2.5 is analyzed prior to 

initiating sample analysis. The synthetic FGD matrix solution must be ran at 

least once per day (immediately after calibration) while FGD wastewaters are 

being analyzed, and after any major changes to instrument operating 

conditions. 

9.4.1.1 Internal standard recovery must meet method criteria (Section 9.9) 

and concentrations of target elements observed should be less than 

their reporting limits. 

9.4.1.2 In some cases it may not be possible to obtain interference check 

solutions that are completely free of contamination. In this case, 

results up to 5X the reporting limit are acceptable if it is possible to 

demonstrate that the isotopic ratios correspond to natural 

abundances. For example, the natural abundances of zinc isotopes 

are 64Zn 48.6%; 66Zn 27.9%; 67Zn 4.1%; 68Zn 18.8%; 70Zn 0.6%. The 

measured ratios are not expected to be exact, especially for low 

abundance isotopes, and some isotope may be masked by other 

elements in the solution, (for example 70Zn in the above example 

will be masked by 70Ge) but it must be possible to explain the 

observed ratios. Because arsenic, manganese and aluminum are 

monoisotopic, this demonstration is not possible, and the level of 

interference observed must be less than the reporting limit. 

9.4.1.3 If the Synthetic FGD solution has to be diluted in order to analyze it 

effectively on the ICP/MS, then all samples and QC (including the 

MDL replicates) must be diluted by at least the same factor. 

Example FGD solution results are given in Attachment 10. 

9.4.2 Laboratory Fortified Synthetic FGD solution 

9.4.2.1 The synthetic FGD solution is spiked with 40 ug/L of each of the 

target elements (400 ug/L for zinc and 4000 ug/L for aluminum) and 

analyzed once per day, immediately after the synthetic FGD check 

in Section 9.4. All target elements must be recovered within 70-

130% of the true value. 

9.4.2.2 If the Laboratory Fortified Synthetic FGD solution has to be diluted 

in order to analyze it effectively on the ICP/MS, then all samples 

and QC (including the MDL replicates) must be diluted by at least 

the same factor. 

9.5 Linear Range Determination 

9.5.1 The linear range for each element is determined prior to initiating sample 

analysis and at least once per year thereafter. The linear range must also be 

determined subsequent to changes that will have a major effect on instrument 

sensitivity, such as changing the detector. The linear range is established 

using a single element standard at the desired linear range. The result of the 

analysis must be within 10% of the true value. 
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9.6 Method Blank / Laboratory Reagent Blank (MB/LRB) 

9.6.1 The method blank consists of reagent water that has been processed in the 

same manner as the samples. One method blank must be processed with 

each preparation batch. 

9.6.1.1 Acceptance Criteria: Method blank results are acceptable if the 

concentration for each analyte of interest is less than the reporting 

limit. 

9.6.1.2 Corrective Action: If the method blank does not meet the 

acceptance criteria, the source of contamination should be 

investigated to determine if the problem can be minimized or 

eliminated. Samples associated with the contaminated blank shall 

be reprocessed for analysis, or under the following circumstances, 

may be reported as qualified (qualifier flags or narrative comments 

must be included on report): 

9.6.1.2.1 The same analyte was not detected in the associated 

samples; 

9.6.1.2.2 The method blank concentration is less than 1/10 of the 

measured concentration of any sample in the batch; 

9.6.1.2.3 The method blank concentration is less than 1/10 the 

specified regulatory limit; or 

9.6.1.2.4 The analyte is a common laboratory contaminant 

(copper, iron, lead, calcium, magnesium, potassium, 

sodium, or zinc) less than 2 times the RL. 

9.6.1.2.5 If the above criteria are not met and reanalysis is not 

possible, then the sample data must be qualified. This 

anomaly must be addressed in the project narrative and 

the client must be notified. 

9.7 Laboratory Control Sample / Laboratory Fortified Blank (LCS/LFB) 

9.7.1 The LCS consists of reagent water that is spiked with the analytes of interest 

as summarized in Attachment 8. One LCS must be processed (digestion and 

analysis) for each preparation batch. 

9.7.1.1 Acceptance Criteria: LCS control limits are based on three 

standard deviations of past laboratory results. These limits are not 

to exceed 85-115% recovery. The control limits are maintained in a 

LIMS or other appropriate system. 

9.7.1.2 Corrective Action: If the LCS % recovery falls outside of the 

control limits for any analyte, that analyte is judged to be out of 

control. All associated samples must be reprocessed for analysis. 

One possible exception is a recovery for a given element above the 

upper control limit with no detection for the same element in the 

samples. 
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9.8 Matrix Spike / Matrix Spike Duplicate / Laboratory Fortified Sample Matrix / 

Laboratory Fortified Matrix Duplicate (MS/MSD/LFSM/LFMD) 

9.8.1 MS is prepared by taking a second aliquot of a selected sample and spiking it 

with the analytes of interest as summarized in Attachment 8. 

9.8.2 An MSD is prepared by taking a third aliquot of a selected sample and spiking 

it with the analytes of interest as summarized in Attachment 8. 

9.8.3 The MS and MSD are processed in the same manner as the samples. One 

MS/MSD pair must be processed every 10 samples. 

9.8.4 Additional Discharge specific MS/MSD requirements should be specified in the 

sampling and analysis plan and communicated to the laboratory. 

9.8.4.1 Acceptance Criteria: Control limits are based on three standard 

deviations of past laboratory results. These limits are not to exceed 

70-130% recovery, and 20% relative percent difference (RPD). The 

control limits are maintained in the LIMS system. If the sample 

concentration for a specific analyte in the sample selected for 

spiking is greater than the concentration added by the spike, then 

recovery accuracy will be reduced. In this case a dilution test may 

be performed. A 1:5 dilution should agree within 20% of the original 

determination. If not, a physical or chemical interference is 

suspected, and must be discussed in the sample narrative. 

|ሻܦܵܯሺܥ െ ሻܵܯሺܥ| ൌ ܦܴܲ

1

ሻሿܦܵܯሺܥ ൅ ሻܵܯሺܥሾ 2

ൈ 100%

Where C(MS) is the concentration observed in the MS 

 C(MSD) is the concentration observed in the MSD 

9.8.4.2 Corrective Action: If MS/MSD results and any applicable dilution 

tests do not meet the acceptance criteria and all other quality 

control criteria have been met, then a matrix interference is 

suspected. Failed matrix spikes are flagged, and are discussed in 

the final report case narrative. 

9.9 Internal Standards Evaluation for Samples 

9.9.1 The internal standards (IS) in samples and QC (including the synthetic FGD 

solution) must be between 60 and 125% of the intensity in the calibration 

blank. 

9.9.2 If the sample intensities fall outside this range, the calibration blank is 

reanalyzed to confirm the instrument has not drifted out of control. If the 

criteria is met, the sample is diluted by a factor of 2 (1:1) and reanalyzed. 

9.9.3 IS limits and corrective actions for standards and blanks are described in 

Section 10. 

10.0 Procedure

10.1 One-time procedural variations are allowed only if deemed necessary in the 

professional judgment of the supervisor to accommodate variation in sample matrix, 
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radioactivity, chemistry, sample size, or other parameters. Any variation in procedure 

shall be completely documented. Any unauthorized deviations from this procedure 

must also be documented as a nonconformance, with a cause and corrective action 

described. 

10.2 Sample Preparation 

10.2.1 EPA Method 1638 was used as the reference for the digestion of the samples 

in which section 12.2.8 describes Closed Vessel digestion. 

10.2.2 Transfer a 50mL (± 0.5 mL) aliquot from a well mixed acid preserved sample to 

a 50mL digestion tube. 

10.2.3 Add 0.5mL of concentrated nitric acid and 0.25 mL hydrochloric acid. (If 

samples are received unpreserved, add 1% nitric acid and store for at least 16 

hours before preparation). 

10.2.4 Spike the LCS and MS/MSD samples per spiking protocols. 

10.2.5 The total volume of the solution in the tube is now greater than 50 mLs. The 

final volume will be 50 ml following the procedure to eliminate the discrepancy 

in the initial and final volumes. 

10.2.6 Tightly cap each digestion vessel. 

10.2.7 Place the digestion tube into a block digester adjusted to achieve a 

temperature of approximately 85°C. 

10.2.8 Heat for 2 hours after 85°C is obtained. 

10.2.9 Remove from the block and allow to cool. 

10.3 Calibration 

10.3.1 Instrument Start Up 

10.3.1.1 Setup the instrument according to manufacturer’s operating 

instructions. 

10.3.1.2 Allow the instrument to become thermally stable for at least 30 

minutes before tuning. 

10.3.2 Instrument Tuning / Mass Calibration 

10.3.2.1 Tune the instrument with a solution containing elements 

representing all of the mass regions of interest. The relative 

standard deviations must be less than 5% for a minimum of 4 

integrations of the solution. 

10.3.2.2 Mass calibration and resolution checks using the tuning solution 

must be completed at the beginning of every day. 

10.3.2.2.1 Mass Calibration Check: The mass calibration results 

must be within 0.1 amu from the true value. If this 

criterion is not met, the mass calibration must be 

adjusted before running samples. 

10.3.2.2.2 Mass Resolution Check: The resolution must be 

verified to be less than 0.9 amu full width at 10% peak 

height. 
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10.3.3 Mass 75 Interference Check 

10.3.3.1 The concentration determined for arsenic (mass 75) must be less 

than 0.25 x the reporting limit when the blank matrix (2% nitric acid / 

0.5% hydrochloric acid) is infused (using the collision/reaction gas 

mode used for arsenic). 

10.3.4 Initial Calibration 

10.3.4.1 The ICP/MS is calibrated each day of operation using a blank and 

at least 3 standards. See Section 7.2.3. Report the average of at 

least three integrations. 

10.3.4.2 The validity of the calibration is determined by the subsequent 

calibration verifications, which are performed at concentrations as 

described in the next sections. 

10.3.5 Second-Source Initial Calibration Verification (ICV) 

10.3.5.1 An ICV standard (see Attachment 8) is analyzed immediately after 

the initial calibration. This is a standard obtained from a different 

vendor than the standard used for calibration. 

10.3.5.1.1 Acceptance Criteria: The ICV recovery must be within 

90-110%. Additionally, the internal standard recoveries 

must fall between 60-125% of true values. The ICV can 

be reanalyzed, but must be successful twice in 

succession or corrective action must be taken. 

10.3.5.1.2 Corrective Action: If the ICV results are outside of the 

acceptance limits, investigate the accuracy of the 

standards, correct as necessary, and recalibrate. 

10.3.6 Calibration Blank 

10.3.6.1 Checks for the memory effects described at Section 4.4 may be 

accomplished by analysis of an initial calibration blank (ICB) after 

the ICV. Continuing calibration blanks (CCBs) are analyzed after 

each continuing calibration verification. 

10.3.6.1.1 Acceptance Criteria: Results for the calibration blanks 

must be less than the RL. 

10.3.6.1.2 Corrective Action: If the calibration blank exceeds 

acceptance limits, then the possibility of instrument 

contamination should be examined, particularly the 

possibility of carry-over from samples containing high 

solids. The blank can be reanalyzed, and if successful, 

analysis can continue. However, samples tested after 

high-level samples should be retested. If the reanalysis 

is not successful, then the analysis should be 

terminated. After the problem is corrected, recalibrate 

and reanalyze all samples tested since the last 

acceptable CCB. 
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10.3.7 Reporting Limit (RL) Verification Standard 

10.3.7.1 An independent standard is analyzed after the ICV to monitor the 

lab’s ability to produce reliable results at RL-level concentrations. 

The RL verification standard is analyzed after the daily ICB. 

10.3.7.1.1 Acceptance Criteria: For project reporting limits at or 

above two times the MDL, the results should be within 

50% of the expected value. Some programs may 

require tighter control, in which case the RLs will need to 

be three or more times the MDL concentration. 

10.3.7.1.2 Corrective Action: If the RL verification fails to meet 

acceptance limits, data for the associated samples must 

be assessed. For example, if the results are high, 

consider blank contamination, and if the results are low, 

consider MDL verifications. At a minimum, sample 

results must be qualified in the final report. 

10.3.8 Continuing Calibration Verification (CCV) Standard 

10.3.8.1 A CCV standard (see Attachment 8) is analyzed after every set of 

ten samples and at the end of the analytical sequence. 

10.3.8.1.1 Acceptance Criteria: The CCV recovery must be within 

85-115%. In addition, the IS recovery must be within 60-

125%. If CCV results are not within these limits, the 

CCV can be reanalyzed, but it must be successful twice 

in succession or further corrective action must be taken. 

10.3.8.1.2 Corrective Action: If the CCV fails acceptance criteria, 

then the analysis should be terminated. Recalibrate and 

reanalyze all samples tested since the last acceptable 

CCB. 

10.4 Sample Analysis 

10.4.1 Report the average of at least three integrations for all field and QC samples 

analyzed. 

10.4.2 Flush the system with the rinse blank for at least 30 seconds between samples 

and standards during the analytical run. Evaluate the effectiveness of this time 

and increase the flush time, if needed. 

10.4.3 It may be valuable to monitor additional isotopes for elements that are 

potentially susceptible to interferences. In particular, monitoring additional 

isotopes for selenium may help data analysis. 
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10.4.4 Dilute and reanalyze samples that are more concentrated than the highest 

calibration standard for an analyte or specific isotope of interest. No analyte 

may be reported from an analysis of a diluted sample in which the analyte 

concentration is less than 5 times the RL. 

The analytical run sequence should be performed as follows to meet all quality 

control criteria: 

Instrument initialization 

Warm-up 

Tune instrument 

Perform mass calibration 

Perform resolution check 

Validate tuning criteria 

Calibration blank 

Calibration standard 1 

Calibration standard 2 

Calibration standard 3 

ICV 

ICB 

RL verification standard 

Synthetic FGD matrix 

Spiked synthetic FGD matrix 

CCB (carryover check) 

CCV 

CCB 

10 Samples 

Ending CCV 

Ending CCB 

11.0 Calculations / Data Reduction

11.1 LCS Percent Recoveries are calculated according to the following equation: 

%ܴ ൌ ൬

݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݊݀ݑ݋ܨ ܤܴܮ െ ݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݊݀ݑ݋ܨ ܵܥܮ

100% ൈ ൰ ݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݁ݑݎܶ ܵܥܮ

Repeat for all samples 

with 10% CCV/CCB 

frequency
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11.2 ICV Percent Recoveries are calculated according to the following equation: 

%ܴ ൌ ൬

݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݊݀ݑ݋ܨ ܸܥܫ

100% ൈ ൰ ݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݁ݑݎܶ ܸܥܫ

11.3 CCV Percent Recoveries are calculated according to the following equation: 

%ܴ ൌ ൬

݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݊݀ݑ݋ܨ ܸܥܥ

100% ൈ ൰ ݁ݑܸ݈ܽ ݁ݑݎܶ ܸܥܥ

11.4 Matrix Spike Recoveries are calculated according to the following equation: 

%ܴ ൌ ൬

ܴܵܵ െ ܴܵ

ܵܣ ൰ ൈ 100%

Where: 

SSR = Spike Sample Result

SR = Sample Result

SA = Spike Added 

NOTE: When the sample concentration is less than the detection limit, use SR 

= 0 for the purpose of calculating %R. 

11.5 The Relative Percent Difference (RPD) between sample duplicates is calculated 

according to the following equation: 

|ܷ2ܦ െ ܷ1ܦ| ൌ ܦܴܲ

1

ሻܷ2ܦ ൅ ܷ1ܦሺ 2

ൈ 100%

Where: 

DU1 = Sample result 

DU2 = Sample duplicate result 

11.6 The final concentration for an aqueous sample is calculated as follows: 

ൌ ݐ݈ݑݏܴ݁

ܥൈܸଵ ൈ ܦ

ܸଶ

Where: 

C = Concentration from instrument readout, ppb

D = Instrument dilution factor

V1 = Final volume in liters after sample preparation

V2 = Initial volume of sample digested in liters
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12.0 Method Performance 

12.1 Method Detection Limit Study (MDL) 

12.1.1 An initial method detection limit study must be performed on each instrument 

before samples can be analyzed. MDL studies are conducted annually as 

follows: 

12.1.1.1 Prepare seven samples at three to five times the estimated MDL 

concentration. The MDL samples are prepared in the Synthetic 

FGD wastewater matrix and in reagent water. 

12.1.1.2 Prepare and analyze the MDL standards as described in 

Section 10. 

12.1.1.3 Calculate the average concentration found in μg/L, and the 

standard deviation of the concentration(s) in μg/L, for each analyte. 

12.1.1.4 The MDL is calculated as Students t for the 99th percentile times the 

standard deviation of the MDL replicate results, following the 

procedure at 40CFR Part 136, Appendix B. 

12.1.2 Example MDLs are given in Attachment 9. 

12.1.2.1 NOTE 1: Perform the MDL study in the synthetic FGD wastewater 

matrix. Spiking this matrix provides detection limits that are better 

matched to the complex matrix typical of FGD wastewater. These 

limits can be significantly higher than those obtained in a reagent 

water matrix. In some cases (zinc in particular), the level of 

contamination in the synthetic FGD solution may be high enough to 

result in somewhat elevated MDLs. 

12.1.2.2 NOTE 2: An FGD-MDL may be less than the concentration 

observed in method blanks. If this occurs frequently, the FGD-MDL 

should be elevated to the mean of the method blanks plus the 

Student t factor times the standard deviation of the method blanks. 

12.2 Instrument Detection Limit Study 

12.2.1 Instrument detection limit (IDL) studies are conducted quarterly for each 

instrument and each mass used for analysis. 

12.2.1.1 Prepare ten blanks. 

12.2.1.2 Analyze the IDL blanks on three non-consecutive days. 

12.2.1.3 The IDL is equal to three times the standard deviation of the blank 

results. 

12.3 Demonstration of Capabilities

12.3.1 All personnel are required to perform an initial demonstration of capability 

(IDOC) on the instrument they will be using for analysis prior to testing 

samples. On-going proficiency must be demonstrated annually. IDOCs and 

on-going proficiency demonstrations are conducted as follows. 
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12.3.2 Analyst Instrument Proficiency - Four aliquots of the ICV are analyzed using 

the same instrumental conditions and procedures used to analyze samples. 

The analyst must employ ICV’s from four distinct analytical sequences. Using 

these four ICV’s demonstrates the analyst’s ability to optimize and calibrate the 

instrument and to prepare analytical solutions. Calculate the average recovery 

and standard deviation of the recovery for each analyte of interest. 

12.3.2.1 If any analyte does not meet the acceptance criteria, (85-115% 

recovery, unless other criteria are established) the test must be 

repeated. Only those analytes that did not meet criteria in the first 

test need to be evaluated. 

12.3.2.2 Repeated failure for any analyte indicates the need for the 

laboratory to evaluate the analytical procedure and take corrective 

action. 

12.3.3 Analyst Preparation Proficiency 

12.3.3.1 Each analyst performing the method must complete a 

demonstration of capability (DOC) by successfully preparing and/or 

analyzing four consecutive LCSs, or a blind performance evaluation 

(PE) sample, or other acceptable QC samples. 

12.3.3.2 Analysts who continue to perform the method must successfully 

complete a demonstration of capability annually. 

13.0 Pollution Control 

13.1 For information about pollution prevention that may be applicable to laboratory 

operations, consult “Less is Better: Laboratory Chemical Management for Waste 

Reduction” available from the American Chemical Society’s Department of 

Government Relations and Science Policy, 1155 16th Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 

20036, or online at http://www.ups.edu/x7432.xml. 

14.0 Waste Management

14.1 All waste must be disposed of in accordance with Federal, State, and local 

regulations. 

15.0 References / Cross-References

15.1 EPA Method 200.8, “Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by 

Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry”, Revision 5.4, EMMC Version. 

15.2 EPA Method 1638, “Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by 

Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry, January 1996. 

15.3 This method was developed at TestAmerica Laboratories Inc., Denver laboratory. 

16.0 Attachments

Attachment 1: Recommended Elemental Equations 

Attachment 2: Internal Standards and Corresponding Metals 

Attachment 3: Sample Preservation and Holding Times 
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Attachment 4: Suggested Mass Choices 

Attachment 5: Tuning Solution 

Attachment 6: Suggested Tuning and Response Factor Criteria 

Attachment 7: Summary of Quality Control Requirements 

Attachment 8: Calibration, Calibration Verification, and Spike Concentrations 
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Attachment 1: Recommended Elemental Equations 

Element 

Isobaric 

Correction Mathematical Equation 

Pb None ሺ1.0000ሻሺ208ܯሻ ൅ ሺ1.0000ሻሺ207ܯሻ

൅ ሺ1.0000ሻሺ206ܯሻ

6

Li Li (natural) ሺ1.0000ሻሺ6ܯሻ െ ሺ0.0813ሻሺ7ܯሻ

In Sn ሺ1.0000ሻሺ115ܯሻ െ ሺ0.0149ሻሺ118ܯሻ

The 6

Li correction equation is only needed if 6Li is used as an internal standard for low mass 

elements. 

Attachment 2: Internal Standards and Corresponding Metals 

Internal Std. Associated elements1,2

Sc Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn 

Ge Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se 

In Ag, Cd 

Ho Tl, Pb 

Footnotes: 

(1) Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe are included in the synthetic FGD wastewater but their analytical 

determination is optional – the interferences caused by these elements are more 

important than the determination of their exact concentration. 

(2) Other internal standards may be used. For example, 6

Li, Ga, Rh, Bi, Ho and Tb may 

be considered for use as internal standards. 
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Attachment 3: Sample Preservation and Holding Times 

Measurement 

Parameter

Container1 Preservative2 Maximum Holding 

Time3

FGD Waters: 

Metals4 P,G HNO3 to pH < 2 6 months 

Footnotes: (1) Polyethylene (P) 

 (2) Sample preservation is performed by the sampler immediately upon 

sample collection or shipped to the laboratory unpreserved for preservation 

at the laboratory. If preserved at the laboratory, then the sample must be 

held for at least 16 hours prior to digestion. 

 (3) Samples must be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. The times 

listed are the maximum times that sample may be held before analysis and 

still considered valid. Holding times are calculated from the date when the 

sample was collected. 

 (4) Samples are filtered immediately on-site by the sampler before adding 

preservative for dissolved elements. 
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Attachment 4: Suggested Mass Choices 

The isotope in bold is recommended as the most appropriate mass for quantitation. Additional 

masses listed are recommended for use as confirmation and to monitor for interferences. 

Mass Element of 

Interest 

Analysis 

mode 

27 Aluminum No gas 

75 Arsenic He 

111 114 Cadmium He 

52 53 Chromium He 

63 65 Copper He 

208, 207, 206 Lead No gas or He 

24 Magnesium No gas 

55 Manganese He 

60 62 Nickel He 

39 Potassium No gas or He 

78 82 Selenium He (H2) 

107 Silver He 

23 Sodium No gas or He 

205 203 Thallium No gas or He 

51 Vanadium He 

66 Zinc He 

NOTE: It is strongly recommended that elements other than those of interest be 

monitored to indicate other potential molecular interferences which could 

affect the data quality. 
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Attachment 5: Tuning Solution 

A tuning solution containing elements representing all of the mass regions of interest must be 

analyzed. Below is a suggested solution covering a typical mass calibration range. Instrument 

manufacturer recommendations should be followed for tuning solutions. 

Element Concentration (g/L) 

Mg 10 

Rh 10 

Ba 10 

Be 10 

U 10 

Ce 10 

Y 10 

Pb 10 

Li 10 

Co 10 

In 10 

Tl 10 
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Attachment 6: Suggested Tuning and Response Factor Criteria 

No Gas Mode 

Li7 >2000cps 

Tl205 >3000cps 

CeO/Ce 156/140 1% 

Ce++/Ce+ 70/140 <3% 

He Mode 

ArAr 78 2-3 counts/sec 

ArCl 75 2-3 counts/sec 

 
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Attachment 7: Summary of Quality Control Requirements 

QC Parameter Frequency Acceptance Criteria Corrective Action 

ICV/QCS Beginning of every 

analytical run. 

90 - 110% recovery 

IS, 60-125% recovery 

Terminate analysis; correct 

the problem; recalibrate. 

ICB/CCB Immediately after 

each ICV. 

Result is < RL 

IS, 60-125% recovery 

Terminate analysis; correct 

the problem; recalibrate. 

Synthetic FGD 

interference 

check 

Prior to initiating 

analysis and at least 

quarterly. 

Result for target 

elements is < RL, 

unless actual presence 

of target element can be 

demonstrated, in which 

case result is 

< 5X RL. 

IS 60-125% recovery 

Correct the problem prior to 

sample analysis. 

Individual element 

interference 

checks 

Prior to initiating 

analysis and at least 

quarterly. 

Result for target 

elements is < RL, 

unless actual presence 

of target element can be 

demonstrated, in which 

case result is 

< 5X RL. 

IS 60-125% recovery 

Correct the problem prior to 

sample analysis. 

CCV Beginning and end 

of run and every 10 

samples OR every 2 

hours, whichever is 

more frequent. 

Beginning and end 

of each analytical 

sequence. 

90 - 110% recovery 

IS, 60-125% recovery 

If unacceptable, terminate 

analysis; correct the 

problem; recalibrate the 

instrument, re-verify 

calibration and rerun all 

samples since the last 

acceptable CCV. 

CCB Immediately 

following each CCV. 

The result must be 

< RL 

IS, 60-125% recovery 

If unacceptable, terminate 

analysis; correct the 

problem, recalibrate the 

instrument, re-verify 

calibration and rerun all 

samples since the last 

acceptable CCB. 
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Attachment 7: Summary of Quality Control Requirements (continued) 

QC Parameter Frequency Acceptance Criteria Corrective Action 

Method 

Blank/Laboratory 

Reagent Blank 

One per lot of 20 

field samples or 

fewer. 

The result must be less 

than the RL. 

Sample results greater 

than 10x the blank 

concentration or 

samples for which the 

contaminant is < RL, do 

not require re-digestion 

or reanalysis. 

Re-run once. If > than the 

RL, re-digest and reanalyze 

samples. 

Note exceptions under 

criteria section. 

See Section 9.6 for 

additional requirements. 

LCS/LFB One per preparation 

batch of 20 samples 

or fewer. 

Not to exceed 85-115% 

recovery. 

See Section 9.7. 

Matrix 

Spike/Laboratory 

Fortified Matrix 

One every ten 

samples or fewer. 

Must be within 

laboratory control limits. 

See Section 9.8 for 

additional requirements. 
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Attachment 8: Calibration, Calibration Verification, and Spike Concentrations 

Element 

Initial Calibration 

(g/L) 

ICV 

(g/L) 

CCV 

(g/L) 

LCS 

(g/L) 

MS/MSD 

(g/L) 

Aluminum 100, 1,000, 10,000 4000 5000 4000 4000 

Arsenic 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Cadmium 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Chromium 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Copper 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Lead 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Manganese 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Nickel 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Selenium 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Silver 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Thallium 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Vanadium 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Zinc 1, 10, 100 40 50 40 40 

Additional elements may be included in the calibration solution at the above levels. Levels may 

be adjusted to meet specific requirements – in particular, higher spiking levels for selenium and 

manganese may be needed to be able to reliably determine the spike above the sample 

concentration. 
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Attachment 9: Typical Method Detection Limits 

Mass/Element 

Int. Time 

(sec) ORS Mode 

Internal 

Standard MDL (μg/L) 

51V 0.05 He Sc 0.42 

52 Cr 0.05 He Sc -- 

55 Mn 0.05 He Sc 0.68 

60 Ni 0.05 He Sc 0.45 

63 Cu 0.05 He Sc 0.48 

66 Zn 0.05 He Ge 2.04 

75 As 0.10 He Ge 0.61 

78 Se 0.05 H2 Ge 0.31 

107 Ag 0.05 He In 0.29 

111 Cd 0.05 He In 0.59 

121Sb 0.05 He In 0.36 

205 Ti 0.05 He Ho 0.23 

208 Pb 0.05 He Ho 0.36 

MDLs were determined using 2 ug/L spikes in the synthetic FGD solution. Note that these values 

are examples, and not method requirements. 

Chromium was not determined due to a high level of contamination in the synthetic FGD solution. 

 
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Attachment 10: Typical results for the synthetic FGD solution 

Analyte 

Synthetic 

FGD 

solution 

Spiked 

FGD 

solution 

Spike 

Recovery 

50 ug/L 

CCV CCB 

51 V -0.187 20.259 102.2% 48.885 0.101 

52 Cr 12.699 32.013 96.6% 48.851 0.117 

55 Mn -0.101 18.765 94.3% 48.435 0.100 

60 Ni 0.247 17.926 88.4% 48.535 0.154 

63 Cu 0.094 18.405 91.6% 47.316 0.115 

66 Zn 3.181 20.404 86.1% 49.804 -0.100 

75 As 0.107 22.107 110.0% 48.205 0.009 

78 Se 0.538 24.586 120.2% 49.605 -0.186 

107 Ag 0.145 19.006 94.3% 47.632 0.003 

111 Cd 0.039 19.810 98.9% 48.695 -0.017 

114 (Cd) -0.003 19.772 98.9% 50.311 0.014 

121 Sb 0.181 19.857 98.4% 50.806 0.031 

205 Tl 0.021 18.077 90.3% 48.108 -0.008 

208 Pb 0.436 18.848 92.1% 48.381 0.008 

Chromium presence in the synthetic FGD solution was verified using the 53Cr isotope. 

Note that these values are examples and not method requirements.