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Appendices Part 2 

Nancy J. Currie-Gregg/NESC 

Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 

Michael L. Gernhardt 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

Charles Lawrence 

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 

Jeffrey T. Somers 

KBRwyle, Houston, Texas 
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	 	!"	#$	#% $	

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Appendices Part 2 

Nancy J. Currie-Gregg/NESC 

Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 

Michael L. Gernhardt 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

Charles Lawrence 

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 

Jeffrey T. Somers 

KBRwyle, Houston, Texas 
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Table of Contents 

Appendix D. WPAFB Model Parameter Peak Value Comparison ........................................................ 1

Appendix E. THUMS Wright-Patterson Sled Test Comparison Results ............................................ 23
+	

Nomenclature 

:6	 	:"	6&	

:14	 	:"	1&"!	4-		

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88	 8 	'	8' &	

8%:	 8)	'	:(	

81	 8- "	1& &	 (	

81	 F&	8- "	1& &	

81-	 G&	8- "	1& &	

8	 8"	-&	 	

85	 8&-	5 	

8F	 8 )-	F-	& "	

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Appendix D. WPAFB Model Parameter Peak Value Comparison 

D.1 Head X Translational Acceleration 

Figure D-1: Head X Translational Acceleration 

D.2 Head Y Translational Acceleration 

Figure D-2: Head Y Translational Acceleration 

0 10 20 30 40 50 0

10

20

30

40

50

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Head Gx

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Head Gy

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

	

D.3 Head Z Translational Acceleration 

Figure D-3: Head Z Translational Acceleration 

D.4 Head Resultant Translational Acceleration 

Figure D-4: Head Resultant Translational Acceleration 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Head Gz

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Head Gres

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
B	

D.5 Head X Translational Velocity 

Figure D-5: Head X Translational Velocity 

D.6 Head Y Translational Velocity 

Figure D-6: Head Y Translational Velocity 

0 5 10 15 0

5

10

15

Model Results [m/s]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [m/s]

Head Vx

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Model Results [m/s]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [m/s]

Head Vy

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
?	

D.7 Head Z Translational Velocity 

Figure D-7: Head Z Translational Velocity 

D.8 Head Resultant Translational Velocity 

Figure D-8: Head Resultant Translational Velocity 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Model Results [m/s]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [m/s]

Head Vz

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Model Results [m/s]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [m/s]

Head Vres

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
=	

D.9 Head Y Rotational Acceleration 

Figure D-9: Head Y Rotational Acceleration 

D.10 Head Y Rotational Velocity 

Figure D-10: Head Y Rotational Velocity 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Model Results [rad/s2]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [rad/s2

]

Head y

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 50 100 150 200 250 0

50

100

150

200

250

Model Results [rad/s]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [rad/s]

Head y

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

	

D.11 Head X+ Movement 

Figure D-11: Head X+ Movement 

D.12 Head X- Movement 

Figure D-12: Head X- Movement 

0 50 100 150 200 0

50

100

150

200

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Head Dispx+

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Head Dispx-

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear
<	

D.13 Head Y Movement 

Figure D-13: Head Y Movement 

D.14 Head Z+ Movement 

Figure D-14: Head Z+ Movement 

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Head Dispy

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Head Dispz+

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear
>	

D.15 HIC 15 

Figure D-15: HIC 15 

D.16 HIC 36 

Figure D-16: HIC 36 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Model Results

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results

HIC 15

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Model Results

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results

HIC 36

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
@	

D.17 Neck X Shear 

Figure D-17: Neck X Shear 

D.18 Neck Y Shear 

Figure D-18: Neck Y Shear 

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Upper Neck Shear (Fx)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Upper Neck Shear (Fy)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
	

D.19 Neck Axial Tension 

Figure D-19: Neck Axial Tension 

D.20 Neck Axial Compression 

Figure D-20: Neck Axial Compression 

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Upper Neck Tension (+Fz)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Upper Neck Compression (-Fz)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
	

D.21 Neck Flexion 

Figure D-21: Neck Flexion 

D.22 Neck Extension 

Figure D-22: Neck Extension 

0 10 20 30 40 50 0

10

20

30

40

50

Model Results [N-m]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N-m]

Upper Neck Flexion Rotation (+My)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Model Results [N-m]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N-m]

Upper Neck Extension Rotation (-My)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

	

D.23 Neck Lateral Moment 

Figure D-23: Neck Lateral Moment 

D.24 Neck Rotation 

Figure D-24: Neck Rotation 

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Model Results [N-m]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N-m]

Upper Neck Lateral Rotation (Mx)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Model Results [N-m]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N-m]

Upper Neck Rotation (Mz)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
B	

D.25 Nij 

Figure D-25: Nij 

D.26 Nkm 

Figure D-26: Nkm 

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Model Results

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results

Upper Neck Nij

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Model Results

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results

Nkm

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
?	

D.27 Chest X Acceleration 

Figure D-27: Chest X Acceleration 

D.28 Chest Y Acceleration 

Figure D-28: Chest Y Acceleration 

0 10 20 30 40 50 0

10

20

30

40

50

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Chest Gx

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Chest Gy

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
=	

D.29 Chest Z Acceleration 

Figure D-29: Chest Z Acceleration 

D.30 Chest Resultant Acceleration 

Figure D-30: Chest Resultant Acceleration 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Chest Gz

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 20 40 60 80 100 0

20

40

60

80

100

Model Results [G]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [G]

Chest Gres

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

	

D.31 Chest X+ Movement 

Figure D-31: Chest X+ Movement 

D.32 Chest X- Movement 

Figure D-32: Chest X- Movement 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Chest Dispx+

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Chest Dispx-

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal
<	

D.33 Shoulder Y Movement 

Figure D-33: Shoulder Y Movement 

D.34 Chest Z+ Movement 

Figure D-34: Chest Z+ Movement 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Chest Dispy

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Model Results [mm]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [mm]

Chest Dispz+

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear
>	

D.35 Lumbar X Shear 

Figure D-35: Lumbar X Shear 

D.36 Lumbar Axial Tension 

Figure D-36: Lumbar Axial Tension 

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 104

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

x 104

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Lower Lumbar Shear (Fx)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Lower Lumbar Tension (+Fz)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal
@	

D.37 Lumbar Axial Compression 

Figure D-37: Lumbar Axial Compression 

D.38 Lumbar Flexion 

Figure D-38: Lumbar Flexion 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

x 104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

x 104

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Lower Lumbar Compression (-Fz)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Model Results [N-m]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N-m]

Lower Lumbar Flexion Rotation (+My)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

	

D.39 Lumbar Extension 

Figure D-39: Lumbar Extension 

D.40 Left Lap Belt Force 

Figure D-40: Left Lap Belt Force 

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Model Results [N-m]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N-m]

Lower Lumbar Extension Rotation (-My)

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Left Lap Belt Force

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

	

D.41 Right Lap Belt Force 

Figure D-41: Right Lap Belt Force 

D.42 Left Shoulder Belt Force 

Figure D-42: Left Shoulder Belt Force 

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Right Lap Belt Force

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Left Shoulder Belt Force

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal


	

D.43 Right Shoulder Belt Force 

Figure D-43: Right Shoulder Belt Force 

D.44 Crotch Belt Force 

Figure D-44: Crotch Belt Force 

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Right Shlouder Belt Force

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Model Results [N]

Wright-Patterson Sled Test Results [N]

Crotch Belt Force

+30%

+20%+10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

FTSS Frontal

FTSS Rear

FTSS Lateral

FTSS Spinal

MADY Frontal

MADY Rear

MADY Lateral

MADY Spinal

CCIP Frontal

CCIP Rear

CCIP Lateral

CCIP Spinal

THUMS Frontal

THUMS Rear

THUMS Lateral

THUMS Spinal

B	

Appendix E. THUMS Wright-Patterson Sled Test Comparison 

Results 

?	

Table of Contents 

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 24

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 24

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 25

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 31

,, & )	(&	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B

,
,  7-	"&	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B

2. Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 32


,,  	(	 ') 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B



,
, "" &	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	BB


,B, : 	(	 ') &	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B?


,?,  7-	"	" &	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B=


,?,, 3(	"&	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B=


,?,
, ".	"&	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B=


,?,B, !&	"&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B



,?,?, 4	 	"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B>


,?,=, 4	-	"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B>

3. Results ........................................................................................................................................... 39

B,, & 	'	!	35	 (	!	3-(		& &	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B@

B,,, &	& 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B@

B,,
, & 	'	1& )	"" &	 (	:"&	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?


B,
, 35	 7-	"	1&&	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=

B,B, 8&"&& 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=@

B,?, 4 &	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	


4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 61

5. References ..................................................................................................................................... 62

4&	'	&	

	2		&		'	!	& &	" ("(	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B?

	
2		(	3(	"" 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<<

	B2		(	3=	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	><

	?2		(	3B
	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@<

	=2		(	7	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<

	
2		(	 	8'" 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<

	<2		(	1)!	(	!&	8'" 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
<

	>2		(	4'	(	!&	8'" ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B<

	@2		(	!&	"" 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?<

	2		(	4	 	:"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=<

	2		(	1)!	:	:"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
<

	
2		(	4'	:	:"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<<

	B2		(	1)!		:"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	><

	?2		(	4'		:"	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@<

=	

List of Figures 

:)	2		&(	35&	(			 ) 	!	!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	BB

:)	
2			" ') 	'	 &	 (	 '&	( )	&&,	,,,,,,,,,,,	BB

:)	B2			" ') 	'		( )	& &,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	BB

:)	?2		"" 	 (	+"-	(	'	A	(	&	>

,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B?

:)	=2		& 	'	&	(" &	'	"!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B=

:)	
2		4" 	'	!	 (	&(		"(	!(	"" 	 	!	35	(,	,,,,,,,,,,,	B=

:)	<2		".	&" 	 	" 	'	4&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B


:)	>2		8'" 	& 	 	 	!	35	!,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B


:)	@2		8'" 	'	!		")	( )		& ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B


:)	2			'	!	 7-	&.	)+ 		 )	'	& 	('" 	+&	DBE,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B<

:)	2		1	8'" 	& 	 &	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B<

:)	
2		4" 	'	&" 	 	&(		&	!		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B>

:)	B2		4" 	'	'	 (		&" 	 &	'	)	'"	& ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B@

:)	?2		35				 )) 	'	(	"&	>

,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	=2		3-(					 )) 	'	(	"&	>

,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	
2		35				 )) 	'	(	"&	>
>,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	<2		3-(					 )) 	'	(	"&	>
>,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	>2		35				 )) 	'	(	"&	>

,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	@2		3-(					 )) 	'	(	"&	>

,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	
2		35				 )) 	'	(	"&	>
?=,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	
2		3-(					 )) 	'	(	"&	>
?=,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	

2		&	>

	#' $	&	"" *	F&	,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?


:)	
B2		&	>
>	#& $	&	"" *	L&	,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?B

:)	
?2		&	>

	#$	&	"" *	F&	,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	??

:)	
=2		&	>
?=	#$	&	"" *	G&	,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	??

:)	

2		&	>

	#' $	!(	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?=

:)	
<2		&	>
>	#& $	!(	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?


:)	
>2		&	>

	#$	!(	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?


:)	
@2		&	>
?=	#$	!(	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?<

:)	B2		&	>

	#' $	"!&	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?>

:)	B2		&	>
>	#& $	"!&	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?>

:)	B
2		&	>

	#$	"!&	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?@

:)	BB2		&	>
?=	#$	"!&	"" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?@

:)	B?2		3(	"" 	+	'	"!	& 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=

:)	B=2		3	+&	'	"!	& 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=

:)	B
2		7	+	'	"!	& ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=

:)	B<2		!&	"" 	+&	'	"!	& 	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=


:)	B>2		!&	('" 	+&	'	"!	& ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=


:)	B@2		4	'"	+	'	"!	& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=B

:)	?2		4)	'"	+&	'	"!	& ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=B

:)	?2		1&.	'	!(	 7-	&(	 	3=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=?

:)	?
2		1&.	'	!(	 7-	&(	 	3B
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	==


	

:)	?B2		1&.	'	!(	 7-	&(	 	7,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=


:)	??2		1&.	'	"!&	 7-	&(	 	& 	('" ,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=<

:)	?=2		1&.	'	"!&	 7-	&(	 	,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=>

:)	?
2		1&.	'	"!&	 7-	&(	 	"!&	"" *	B&	",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=@

:)	?<2		&	>

*	' 	",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
B

:)	?>2		&	>
>*	& 	",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
B

:)	?@2		&	>

*		",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
?

:)	=2		&	>
?=*		",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
?

:)	=2		&	>

*	' 	",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
=

:)	=
2		&	>
>*	& 	",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
=

:)	=B2		&	>

*		",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	



:)	=?2		&	>
?=*		",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	



:)	==2		&	>

*	4'	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
<

:)	=
2		&	>

*	1)!	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
<

:)	=<2		&	>

*	4'			'",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
>

:)	=>2		&	>

*	1)!			'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
>

:)	=@2		&	>

*	"!		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
@

:)	
2		&	>
>*	4'	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
@

:)	
2		&	>
>*	1)!	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<

:)	

2		&	>
>*	4'			'",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<

:)	
B2		&	>
>*	1)!			'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<

:)	
?2		&	>
>*	"!		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<

:)	
=2		&	>

*	4'	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<


:)	

2		&	>

*	1)!	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<


:)	
<2		&	>

*	4'			'",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<B

:)	
>2		&	>

*	1)!			'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<B

:)	
@2		&	>

*	"!		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<?

:)	<2		&	>
?=*	4'	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<?

:)	<2		&	>
?=*	1)!	&!(		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<=

:)	<
2		&	>
?=*	4'			'",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<=

:)	<B2		&	>
?=*	1)!			'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<


:)	<?2		&	>
?=*	"!		'",	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<


:)	<=2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<>

:)	<
2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<@

:)	<<2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,	>

:)	<>2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,	>

:)	<@2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,	>


:)	>2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>B

:)	>2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>?

:)	>
2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>=

:)	>B2		3(	"" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>


:)	>?2		3=	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>>

:)	>=2		3=	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>@

:)	>
2		3=	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@

:)	><2		3=	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@

:)	>>2		3=	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@


<	

:)	>@2		3=	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@B

:)	@2		3=	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@?

:)	@2		3=	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@=

:)	@
2		3=	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@


:)	@B2		3B
	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@>

:)	@?2		3B
	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@@

:)	@=2		3B
	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	

:)	@
2		3B
	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	

:)	@<2		3B
	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	


:)	@>2		3B
	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B

:)	@@2		3B
	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	2		3B
	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=

:)	2		3B
	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	


:)	
2		7	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>

:)	B2		7	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@

:)	?2		7	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	

:)	=2		7	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	

:)	
2		7	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	


:)	<2		7	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B

:)	>2		7	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	@2		7	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=

:)	2		7	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	


:)	2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	>

:)	
2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	@

:)	B2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,	


:)	?2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,,	


:)	=2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,,,	



:)	
2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
B

:)	<2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
?

:)	>2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
=

:)	@2		 	8'" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	



:)	
2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
>

:)	
2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
@

:)	

2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	

)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B

:)	
B2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	

)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B

:)	
?2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	

)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B


:)	
=2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	BB

:)	

2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B?

:)	
<2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B=

:)	
>2		1)!	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B


:)	
@2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B>

:)	B2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	B@

>	

:)	B2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	

)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	B
2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	

)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?

:)	BB2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	

)+-,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?


:)	B?2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?B

:)	B=2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	??

:)	B
2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?=

:)	B<2		4'	(	!&	8'" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?


:)	B>2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?>

:)	B@2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	?@

:)	?2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,,,,,,,	=

:)	?2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,	=

:)	?
2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,	=


:)	?B2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=B

:)	??2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=?

:)	?=2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	==

:)	?
2		!&	"" 	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=


:)	?<2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=>

:)	?>2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	=@

:)	?@2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,	


:)	=2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,	


:)	=2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,	



:)	=
2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
B

:)	=B2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
?

:)	=?2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
=

:)	==2		4	 	:"	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	



:)	=
2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>

	#: $*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
>

:)	=<2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>

	#: $*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	
@

:)	=>2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	F&	)+-,	,,,,,,	<

:)	=@2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>
>	# $*	&!	&*	L&	)+-,	,,,,,,	<

:)	
2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>
>	# $*	 )	&*	F&	)+-,,,,,,,,	<


:)	
2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>

	#1$*	&!	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<B

:)	

2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>

	#1$*	 )	&,	,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<?

:)	
B2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>
?=	#4$*	&!	&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,	<=

:)	
?2		1)!	:	:"	'	& 	>
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:)	
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:)	<2		4'	:	:"	'	& 	>

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@	

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:)	<@2		1)!		:"	'	& 	>

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B

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B	

Abstract 

!	&	'	!&	&(-	&		( 	!	&-	 	!	& &	'	!	

35	(	 (	!	3-(		 !"	&	8+"	#8$	)+ 	& )	A)!

& 	#A$	&(	&&,		!		'	&&	&"(	'	!&	"& 	!	' *	& *	

*	 (		( ),		!	35	&	"(	 		&(	" ') 	!	"(	!	A	

" ') 	 (	!	"((	&	"" 	'	"!	&	&	(		(	&,		% "	

!	( )	& &		"*	!-		"(		!	A	&&	& )		

!(&,		!	'&	&		+&	 &" 	'	!	&(	&	+(&	"(		!	35	

(B	'&,		!&	"& 	&(	 	 	&&&& 	'	!	+	. "&	'	!		

&&,		!	!	"& 	&		"& 	'	!	(	(	"((	'	!	&&,		!	

"&	&"(	'	"& 		&	"" *		'"&*	!(	"" 	 (	"!&	

"" ,		!&	"&		"((	 		A	&&	 (		&	'	!	35	

(,		% "	!	"& 	'	!	35		!	A	&&	&	"*	!	35	(	

	&	&	 (	'	&&	 7&	 	!&	&" &,		!&	&	 "((	

"&	'	 7-	&.		!	!(*	 ".*	!*		& 	 (		&,		!	"&	

	+	!(	& &		.	!(	"" *	3=*	 (	3B
,		:	!	 ".*	7	&	

""(,		!	!	& &	&	+(	!	.	"!&	"" *	!	 (	

!""	 (	#$*	& 	('" *	"!&	('" *	 (	"!&	"" 	B	&	",		!	

	& 	& &	&	+(	!		& 	'",		: -	!		-	

& &	&	+(	-	'	 (		'",		!	&&	'	!	& 	"& &	

 ("	!	35	(	!(		&	& &		!	3-(		(-	)+ 	!	&	

 ,		!	-	('' "	& 	 	!		&			'	& &	'	!	

35	"(		!	3-(	,		!&	'-	&	&	  "(	 	!	 ".	' *	

&!(	('" 	 (	"!&	('" ,		8		!	'-	'	!	35*	!	& )	!(	

 (	"!&	"" &	 ((		)	!	3-(		"" 	"	 (	!+			.	

+,		!	&&	'	!	 7-	"	"& 	( '(	&&	 7-	 (&	 	

& &,		1&.	'	!(	 7-	&	!)!&	'	!		& &,		!	&.	'	"!&	 7-	

&	!)!&	'	!		",		3+*	 ".	 7-	&.	&	-	!	&	'		

& &,		!	 7-	"	+	'		& 	'"	&	!)!&	'	!	& 	",		

!	)	'"&		!)!&	'	!		 (		"&,		!	&&	'	!&	"& 	

 ("	!	35	(	'&	 		&	 	&	!	3-(		8,		!	

('' "&	 	!	& &&	'	(	 (	!	8		-	(		!	'-	'	!	

35,		!&	'-	'	!	35	(				! 	.	& &,		6&(	 	!	

&-	 	!		(&*	!	35	&!(		&(	 	'!	& )		&&&&	&.	'	

 7-		!	"" ,	
B	

 Introduction 

, Existing Models 

: 	 	(&	#:&$	!+	 	&(	 &+-		&	"&		("	

!	.!(	'	 7-	 	!&	&" &,		!		&+		(-	(&	 	&	(-M	

!+*	'	!&	&(-	!		35 	(	'	'-	#35$	&	&(,		!&	(	&	

(+(	'	&	 	+	& )	 (	!&	 	 &+-	+((	) &	&		

! 	&7"	#3$	(	DE,		 	+&	+ &	'	!	%1%	"	(*	35	

&	&	&(		+	&&	 7&	 	&+		 (	/(" 	( ),		 	(+ )	'	

!	35	(	&	!	 7-	&.	&&&& 	"&		 	(	-	(	"	

" ,		!'*	!	&	" 	 		(-	) 	'	 &	'	&&	 7-	&"&,	

,
 Injury Metrics 

!	 	'"&	'	!&	&(-	&		"	!	& &	'	!	35		!	'		

3-(		#3B$	 !"	&	8+"	#8$	)+ 	!	&	& )	" ') &,		

+	 7-	"&		&"(	 (	 (		"	!	&&	'	!	35	

& &		!	(	""(	( )	!	A)!& 	#A$	&(	&&,		!&	 7-	

"&		&"(	"&	!-		"((	( )	!	A	&&	 (	"(		+(	

&(	 	!	& &	'	!	35,		!	"&	&"(		&	"" *		'"&*	

"!&	"" *	 (	!(	"" ,	

'	!	& &	'	!		(&		"(*	!	35		&	+(	

'	(( 	 7-	"&		+	&.	'	 7-		!	"" ,		!	7	(-	) &	

"+(		!	!(*	 ".*	!*		& *	 (		&,		!	!(	"&	

+(		.	!(	"" *	3=*	 (	3B
,		3(	"" 	&	&(		

""	!	+&	'	!	3(	 7-	 	#3$*	!	3=	 (	3B
,		!&		

"&		(+(	&(	 	!	&.	'	&.	'"	)+ 	!(	"" 	 		(((	

	 (((	&'"	D
*	BE,		!	"+	 )	!	3	+		&.	'	 7-	&	!	&	'	

3=	 (	3B
,			

!	 	(-	) 	 (	&	!	 ".,		!	&"(	 7-	"		&&&&	&.	'	

 7-		!	 ".	&	!	7,		7	&	""(	&(	 	(&	 (	 &	&+(	 	!	

 ".,		!	 7-	"	 "(	!	'	 7-	"! &&	'	 ".	 7-2	 &  & *	

 & ' *	"&&  & *	 (	"&& ' 	DB*	?E,		

!	"&	&"(		&&&&	!	 7-		"!&	('" *	& 	('" *	

"!&	"" *	!	 (	!""	 (	#$*	 (	"!&	"" 	B	&	",					

!&	"" 	&	&(		""		 (	"!&	"" 	B	&	",		!	&.	'	

 7-	""(	'	*	"!&	"" 	 (	& 	('" ,		(( -*		& 	

'"&		+(	'	"!	& ,	

!	' 	(-	) 	+(	&	!		-,		 		"&&*	!	'"&	 	!	

'&	 (	&		+(,			 7-	"&		 "((	 	!	(-	'	!	(" 		

 	 	'	!	 ("&	'	" &&,	
B
	


 Methods 

!	" ') 	'	!	:	'	!	& &	'	 &	 ++(	!	 ) 	'	

	"  &	 (	(&,		!&	&" 	(&"&	"!	'	!	 (+(	"  &	'	

!	' 	(	 (	!	& &	" ("(	!	!&	:,		:&*	!	 	:	(	

" ') 			 (,		!	 	&" 	 &	!	"" 	&&	((	'	

"!	A	&(	&,		'	!&*	!	' 	(	" ') 	&	&(	 (		&		&	

 "((	!"!	(&	!	& &	"(,		!	' 	&" 	 &	!	(	""(	

'	 7-	"	"& &	"&&	& &,	


, Initial Model Configuration 

!	:	'	!	"" 	&(	 	!&	 -&&	&		('(	+& 	'	!	35	

+& 	,
",		!&	(	!(	 	+&-	('(	'		& &		&/	!	

(	& &	 	L( )	" ') &,		!	('" &	 (	 "(	('' 	

& &	"+&	'	!	+&	'&!	 (	 )	&&,		(( -*		 	'	"	

	+(		&&&&	( )	+&	 		!	 &	'	!	 	& ,			

& &		" ("(	 		4 	"&	"	 	48G	+& 	@<	#4*	

4+*	' $	!			&	'	
,
<<	&" (&,	

!	&	" ') 	&(	&	!	&	&	" ') 	 (		&	&	

!	A	&(	&	&,		!&	(	&	+((	-	0&	&.	)	 ,		!&	&	" &&(	

'		)(	".	!		"&! (	!(	&	 (		"&! (	&	,			'(	&	

 "((	 (	!	'	'	!	35		& (		!&	"  ,		!	'(	&(	

!	!	35	(	&	 &(	 	!	F(" 		""(	!	) 	. 	

 (	'	!	35	(,		!	A	& 	&-&	&		'+	 	! &&	" ') ,		

:)		&&	!	 	35	(	'	" 	 	!	&	 (	:)	
	 (	

:)	B	&	!	A	&	" ') &,		
BB	

Figure 1: Isolated THUMs 

model prior to integration with 

the seat.

Figure 2: Seat configuration 

for anterior/posterior and 

inferior/superior loading pulses.

Figure 3: Seat configuration 

for lateral loading 

simulations.


,
 Accelerations 

!		'	 ( )	&" &	((	 	!	& &	!	"& ( )	&&	

" ("(		A)!& 		:"	6&,		!	'	&&	&"(		>

*	>
>*	>

*	

 (	>
?=,		!&	&&		&"(		& 	( )	 	!	' 	#>

$*	& 	#>
>$*		

#>

$*	 (		#>
?=$	(" &,		!	 	'	!	35	& &	&	!	"" 	

'	!	&,		!&	"" 	&	(	("-		!	((	&,		6'	& &		

" ("(*	!	"" 	(	'	!	A	&(	& )	&	&)!-	('(,	

		&	 	!	& *	!	&	"" 	&	'(*	/(	 (	 "(,			

' )	&	" (" )	& )	:	
	D
E,		'	!	(	&	 -	'(*	!	(	&	

/(,			/	!	(*	!	'&		&" (&	'	(		. 	&	!	" 	(	'	

!	 (	'	!	&,		!&	&" 	'	!	(	&	+)(	 (	!	& 	+	&	

&"(	'	!	 (	'	!	(,		 )			&" (&	 	!	&*	!	(	

&	"(	".(&	 	!	'&		!	"" 	"&&(	!	&,		!&		 	&	

. 	&	!		/	'	!	& ,		: -*	!	(	&	 "(		 /	!	 	

'		9(		 	!	& ,		!	 (		'	!	& 	&	. 	&	
	

&" (&	'	!		+"-	'	!	&,		!	"" 	 (	+"-	(	'	!	

' 	& 	#>

$	&	&! 	 	:)	?,		'	  )	&	 	& &*		&	

( (	!	!	 " 	&	&&(	&	"" 	&.&	 	!	& )	(	

&,		!'*	(( 	& &		" ("(		 &	!&	&.&		 "((	

 	!	' 	( )	,		!	('(	 (	 "(	"" 	(	&	 "((	 	

 (	,		!	 )	& 	"" 	(	#('(		 -	 "($	&	

 "((	 	 (	
,	
B?	

Figure 4: Acceleration and velocity data from WP Sled test 8202. 


,B Final Model Configurations 

!	'	A	&(	&&	&"(	'	&	!	!	35	(		'!	(&"(	 	

!	&		&! 	 		,	!	"& ( )	(" &	'	( )	'	"!	& 		

&(	 	:)	=,	

Table 1: Test Matrix for the simulations conducted 

 	

	 "" 	#)0&$	 8	#&$	 &	  		#&$	

>

 	 	 NF	#' $*	&!	 >	

NF	#' $*	 )	 

	

>
> 	 =	

NL	#& $*	&!*	

F	)+-	

<	

NL	#& $*	&!*	

L	)+-	

<	

NL	#& $*	 )*	

F	)+-	

?	

>

 
	 	 F	#$*	&!	 
=	

F	#$*	 )	 
	

>
?= 	 	 G	#$*	&!	 <	

G	#$*	 )	 

	
B=	

Figure 5: Illustration of seat directions for each pulse. 


,? Injury Metric Calculations 

!		&+	"&	&"(		+	!	(-	& &	 	"& 		!	3B	8	

 (	!	 	'	 7-	 	+&	) &	!)!	!	(-,		!	) &	'	 &		

!	!(*	 ".*	!*		& *	 (		-,		(( -*	!	 & 	 		&	

 (	!	"" 	'	!	&		+(	'	"!	& ,	


,?, Head Metrics 

!	"&	&"(		+	!	&.	'	 7-		!	!(		.	!(	

"" *	3=	 (	3B
,	.	!(	"" 	&	&(	-	!	 (	"" 	'	

	& )	 (	"(		!	" 	'	!	!(	# (	>>@$	&	&! 	 	:)	
,		3=	 (	

3B
		""(	'	!	"" 	"((	-	!&	 (,	

Figure 6: Location of the node used to record head acceleration in the THUMS model. 


,?,
 Neck Metrics 

!	"	&"(		+	&.	'	 7-		!	 ".	&	!	7,		!&	"	.&	 	

"" 	!	'"&	 (	 &	 	!	 ".	( )	!	& ,		!&	"	&	&(	
B
	

& )	!	&" 	 	" (	 	4&,		:)	<	&&	!	" 	'	!	 ".	

&" 	 ,	

Figure 7: Neck section plane location from LS-PrePost. 


,?,B Chest metrics 

+	 7-	"&		&"(		+	!	& &	'	!	"!&,		!-	 "(	

& 	('" *	"!&	('" *	 (	.	"!&	"" ,		1&.	'	 7-		!	"!&	&	

""(	& )	!	"!&	"" 	B	&	"	 (	,		!	'&	"!&	"	+(	&	

& 	('" ,		8'" 	&	!	"! )	 	!	(& "	'	!	& 		!	  !	

!""	+,		!&	(& "	&	&(	 	 (&	 	!	35	(,		!	(	

 	 	:)	>	&&	!	(& "	 	!		 (&	&(		&	('" ,		:)	

@	&&	!	&	& 	'	('" 		!		'		"&& 	( )	!	

& ,		H+ 	!	(	&&*		"&		"(	""&	!	('" 	'	!	

& 	 )	!&	 	&	!	& 	)&&&,			 )+	+	'	('" 	 ("&		

"&&+	(,		!		('" 	+	&	!	+	"(	"&&	& &,		

!&	+	" 	&		"(		!	 7-	&.	"+&	&! 	 	:)	,	

	 	

Figure 8: Deflection measurement line in the 

THUMS thorax.

Figure 9: Deflection of the rib cage during a 

simulation.
B<	

Figure 10: Plot of the injury risk given a range of sternal deflection values [3]. 

 !	"		(&"	!	"&& 	'	!	"!&	&	!	"!&	('" 	",		

!&	"	&&	!	('" 	'	&+ 	&	 )		 	'	!	& 		!	& ,		

"!	 	&	!/ M	!'*	!	' 	 (	&	 	 	!	&		&	!		 (,		!&	

('" &		&(		&&&&	!	+	& &	'	!	!,	:)		&&	!	

 (&	"(	 (	!	 &	&(	'	!&	",	

Figure 11: Rib Deflection measurement lines 

 	8'" 	+&,	1&.	'	 7-

O

O


O

BO

?O

=O


O

<O

>O

@O

O

 =  = 
 
=

 	8'" 	#$

1&.	'	 7-

	
N

	BN

	?N

	=N
B>	


,?,? Lumbar Spine Metric 

4	& 	'"&		!	 7-	"	+(	'	!		& ,		!&	'"	

&	&(	!		&" 	 	 	
	 (	4,		:)	
	&&	!	" 	'	!	

&" 	 	&(		&		'"&,	

Figure 12: Location of section plane used to measure the lumbar force. 


,?,= Lower Extremity Metric 

!	'"&	 	!	'&	 (	&		+(	'	"!	& 	& )	!	&" 	

'"	" (,		!	&" 	'"	&	(' (	!)!	"!	 	 	!	" &	!)!)!(	 	

:)	B,	
B@	

Figure 13: Location of femur and tibia section planes for leg force measurement. 

B Results 

!	&&	'	!&	&(-	" 		(+((	 		&" &2	& 	'	!	35	

(	& &	!	!	3-(		& &*	 (	 7-	"	&&	'	!	35	(	

'	"!	( )	&" ,			

B, Comparison of the THUMS and the Hybrid III response 

	"	!		&&*		!(&		&(,		!	'&	&		9+	+&	

&&&& 	'	!	35	+ 		!	3-(		-	& )	!	&	+(&	 (	" )	

!		!	35	(B	,		!	 	!(	'	"& 	&	 )	!	!(	

"" *	"!&	"" *	&	"" *	 (	'"&	 	!	&	'	!	!	&&	 (	!	

& &		( &	!	&&	 (	('' "&	 	& &,	

B,, Visual Comparison 

	9+	+&	&&&& 	'	!	35	& &	 (	!	3-(		& &	&	

!	'&	&	 	(  )	!	('' "&	 	!	& &	'	!&		& &	'	!	

 ( )	" ( &,		"&	'	!	(B	'&	'	!	(	 (	!	3-(		&	+(&	

	. 		!		'		 )) 	'	!	"" 	!	!	& 	&-&,		

	 )) 	&	(' (	&	!		!	!	"" 	!(	'-	((	!	&		

!	&	&"	 (	'	 (	""(,	&*	&" 	"&	'			)&& 	'	

"!	& 		 "((	 	 (	<,		!	'&	(	"&*	>

	#' $*	&	&! 	 	

:)	?	 (	:)	=,		!&	')&	&(	!		'	& &	'	35	 ".	

 (	".	! 	"(		!	3-(	,	
?	

Figure 14: THUMS at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8202.

Figure 15: Hybrid III at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8202.

!	 	( )	" ( 	&		& 	"	#>
>$,		!	35	 "(		)	

( (	(&" 	'	!	!(	(		!	".	'		!(	& 	 (	!		'	 ".	

 (		".,		 	!&	&*		&	 		 	!	(		!	" ') 	'	!	&(*	

)+-	&	" )	 )	!	F&	# 		&$	 &(	'	!	L&	#&		

 '$	 	!	A)!& 	&,		:	!	35	& &*	)+-	&	(	 	!	

!	F	 (	L	(" &		"	!	&&,		:)	
	 (	:)	<	&		

 )) 	!	!	&	'	!	!	& 	 (	!	&	"&,	

Figure 16: THUMS at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8208.

Figure 17: Hybrid III at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8208.

!		"	#>

$	( &(	&&	'		('' "	 	!	(&	"&	!	

&	 ))&	!	&	&"	'	!	"" ,		!&	)(	&	 )) 	(&	 		&	

"!	+ 	-	!	"" M	!'*	!	'-	('' "&	 	!		

"" &		 	&	 ,		!	 	('' "	'	 	&	!	 "&(	"!&	"&& 	
?	

'	!	35	(	(		!		'	"!&,		:)	>	 (	:)	@	&	!&	

('' ",	

Figure 18: THUMS at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8212.

Figure 19: Hybrid III at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8212.

!	' 	"&	&			"	#>
?=$	'	!	"" 	 	!	&	&"	'	!	

&,	 	!&	"&*	!	'-	'	!	35	(	(	'		!(	 		!	

	!(	&*		&!(	('" 		!	+	'	!	&!(	& 	(*	 (	 	 + 	

( )	'	!	! &&	&-&	(		!	& )	'	!	"" ,		!&	('' "&		

&(	 	:)	
	 (	:)	
,	

Figure 20: THUMS at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8245.

Figure 21: Hybrid III at maximum belt 

engagement for load case 8245.
?
	

B,,
 Comparison of Resulting Accelerations and Forces 

	'!	 	!	('' "&	 	!	& &	'	!	35	 (	!	3-(	

	8*	'	&(	9 &		"(	 	!	& &,		!&	 "((	!(	

"" *	"!&	"" *	&	"" *	 (	'"	 	!	&,		:	!	35	(*	

!	&	"" 	'	!	A)!& 	&&	&	!	 	&(		 	!	 	'	

!	35	(,		!&	&	"(			!	&	&	!	A)!& 	&&M	!+*		

&	 "((		( &	!	!	(	&	!(	!	&	 	&	!	&	&,		:	"-*	

!	!(*	"!&	 (	&	"" 	&			 "(	 	!		 (	!		'"	&		

	 "((	&	 (	B,	

Seat Acceleration 

!	&	"" 	&	"(			!	&	&	!	A)!& 	&	&&	

& "	!	&	"" 	&	!	 	&(	'	!	& &,		:)	

		:)	
=	

&(	!	&	"" 	'	!	&	 	!	-	(" 	'	!	& ,		:	+-*	

 -	!	 )	&	"& &		 "((,	

Figure 22: Test 8202 (frontal) seat acceleration, X-axis plot.
?B	

Figure 23: Test 8208 (spinal) seat acceleration, Z-axis plot.
??	

Figure 24: Test 8212 (rear) seat acceleration, X-axis plot.

Figure 25: Test 8245 (lateral) seat acceleration, Y-axis plot.
?=	

Head Acceleration 

!	'&	(-	) 	& 	"(	 	!	& &	 (	!	&(	&&	

&	!	!(	"" 	'	!	"" ,		!&	"" 	&	&(	 	!	35	-	

". )	!	"" 	'		 (		!	" 	'	)+-	'	!	!(,		 		3-(		(-*	

!(	"" 	&	&(	!			""	"(	 	!	!(,		:)	

	

!)!	:)	
@		!	&	'	!	!(	"" 	'	!	!	& 	 (	!	&,		% 	

"!	"& 		'		"& &*	!	35	"" 		'"	&	&! 	 		 (	

!	"! )	3-(		& 	&	&! 	 	(,		!	!(	"" 	'	!	35	

(	)&	!	"" 	'	!	3-(		8	!(	"" ,		!&	)	&	"(	(	

	!		" 	 ".	'	!	35	(,	

Figure 26: Test 8202 (frontal) head acceleration.

		
?
	

Figure 27: Test 8208 (spinal) head acceleration.

Figure 28: Test 8212 (rear) head acceleration.
?<	

Figure 29: Test 8245 (lateral) head acceleration.

Chest Acceleration 

*	!	"!&	"" 	'	!	35	 (	3-(			"(,		!	&	 	

:)	B		:)	BB	( &	!	&-	 	!	,		 	) *	!	35	

(	!(	!	&	.&	&	!	3-(	,	
?>	

Figure 30: Test 8202 (frontal) chest acceleration.

Figure 31: Test 8208 (spinal) chest acceleration.
?@	

Figure 32: Test 8212 (rear) chest acceleration.

Figure 33: Test 8245 (lateral) chest acceleration.
=	

B,
 THUMS Injury Metric Results 

 	(( 		" )	!	&&	'	!	35	( )		!	A)!& 	

& )	&&*	 7-	"&	'	+&	(-	) &		&	""(,		!&	&&		

 &+	!	!		+&	 (	&	 "((	 	 (	?		
,			&/	

!&	&&*	!		+	'	"!	"	&	(	'	"!	(-	) ,		:	!&	

&*	 (&	 	!	 7-	"	+&	( ( )	 	!	& 	" 		 (,		!&	

&		&! 	 	:)	B?		:)	?,	

	"	&&	 7-	"! &&	"&&	& &*		&"	)	'	 7-	

"&		+(		 		" 	&.	'	 7-,		:	!	!(	& &*	!&	&	

3=	 (	3B
	&! 	 	:)	?	 (	:)	?
,		:	!	 ".*	!	7	&	""(	 (	

&! 	 	:)	?B,		!&	 7-	&	&&&&(	!)!	!		 (	"!&	"" 	!		B	

&	",		!	"!&	 7-	&.&		&! 	 	:)	??		:)	?
,	

!		"	& 	#>
?=$	&(	 	!	!)!&	&.	'	!(	 7-	'(	

-	!	& 	"	#>
>$,		6!	'	!&	& &	!(		!(	&.		!	&	& )	 	

!)!	!(	"" &,		:	!	&.	'	"!&	 7-*	!		"	& 	#>

$	!(	!	

!)!&	&.	'	 7-	(		"&& 	'	!	"!&	-	!		'	!	&,			'	!	

& &	!(		&	&.	'	 ".	 7-,	

Figure 34: Head acceleration value for each simulation 
=	

Figure 35: HIC values for each simulation 

Figure 36: Nij value for each simulation. 
=
	

Figure 37: Chest acceleration values for each simulation 

Figure 38: Chest deflection values for each simulation. 
=B	

Figure 39: Lumbar force value for each simulation. 

Figure 40: Leg force values for each simulation. 
=?	

Figure 41: Risk of head injury based on HIC15.
==	

Figure 42: Risk of head injury based on HIC36.
=
	

Figure 43: Risk of head injury based on Nij.
=<	

Figure 44: Risk of chest injury based on sternal deflection. 
=>	

Figure 45: Risk of chest injury based on CTI. 
=@	

Figure 46: Risk of chest injury based on chest acceleration, 3-ms clip. 

B,B Discussion 

!		&+	 (&	 	!	+&	'	!	 7-	"&	 (	'	!&	

& &,		!	!(	 7-	"&	#!(	"" *	3=	 (	3B
$		 ("(	!	!	

 )	& 	&*	!		"	&*	 (	!		&		&(	 	!)!	!(	"	

+&,		!&	& &		!(		!(	&.			&	"  	!"!	&(	 	!)!	

!(	"" 	+&,		:	 ".	 7-*	 -	!	7	+&		 (,		:		

& &*	!	7	+&		&M	!'*	!	&	 	 (" 	 -	'	!	( )	

&" &	(			.-		"&	 ".	 7-,			

	

:	!	"!&	 7-	"&*	"" 	 (	('" 		"(,		:	"!&	

"" *	!	& 	"	!(		+&	! 		'	!	!	& &,		!	' *	

*	 (	& 	&&	!(	&	"" 	+&,		!	!	"	 (	&	!	

('" 	'	!	"!&,		!&	&	&(	!		!	& 	 (	 )	!	&,	:	!	& *	

	 (		"&*	!	+&	'	"!	'	!	"&		"&		"!	!,		(( -*	

 -	!		"	!(	!	)&	('" 	 	"&& 	'		"&,		!	' 	"	

& 	&!(		('' 	 (,		!	)&	& 	('" 	&	 	"&& 	 (	!	

)&		('" 	&	 	 & ,		 	!&	& *	!	")	&	 -	"&&(	

-	!		&-&*	 (	! 		 ((	( )	 (,	

!		(-	"&	"(			'"	& &	 "( )	!		

& *	!	'&*	 (	!	&,		&	"(*	!		'"	& &		!)!&	

( )	!	& 	( )	& ,		!	)	'"&	+(	&(	 	!	 	 (	!	& ,		

!	' 	 (	& 	"&	!(		)	'"	+&	! 	!		 (		"&,		!&	

&	(		+-		 )) 	'	!	)	!	!	&	&-&,		 	!		 (		

"&*	!	)&	!(	!)!	(&,		 	!		"	& &*	!	'&	 "(	!)!	

(&	! 	!	&,		 	!		"	& &	!	'		 "	!)!	(&	! 	

 -	'	!	!	 &,		!&	&	&	.-	(		!	. 		. 	"	( )	!	

& ,	

8		!	" ') 	'	!	A	&	&(*	!	& 	"	&" 	&	'(	&	

!	)+-	&	" )	 	!	F(" 	 &(	'	!	L(" ,		 "	!	&	'	!&	

&(-	&		"	!	35&	& &		!	"	&	(*	)+-	&	&	(	 	!	

F(" 	'	 )	 (	&!	35	& &,		3+*	 	 	"	& 	( )	+ *	

)+-	(		" )	 	!	L(" ,		 	(( 	&!	& 	&	" ("(	!	

L&	)+-		( 	&&	('' "&	 	!	 7-	"	+&,		:	!	7-	'	

!	"&*	!	&		('' "	 	!&		& &,		3+*	!		

'"	&	!)!	 (	!	7	&		 	!	L)+-	& ,	

!	)&	"!&	('" 	+&			"&& 	'	-	?	"	( )	!	

	"	( )	&" &,		(( -*	!	&		+ 	 	!	!	"!&	

"&& 	& 	"! 9&	'	!&	& ,		!&	+	&	&) '" -	!)!	! 	

"!&	('" 	+&	& 	 	!	3B	8,		 		+&		 		( )*	!	& &	'	

	3B	"!&	( )		&(	"(	&	"(		!	'		"!(	3	&	" ("(	

	%!		5 +&-	#%5$,		!	3B	&	&&	( &(		&)!	"&& 	!	

-	,>B	"	'	"&& ,		!	"& 	3	&	!(	-	B	"	'	

"&& ,			?	"	'	"&& *	!	A	&	&&		"&-	"!	!	3	&	

&&,			

B,? Limitations 

% 	 	'	!&	&(-	&	!	+	".	'	"! "	(	 	 -	'	

&	'	"" &	&(		 )		/)+-,		!&	&	!&	!		

(" (	''"	'	!	(" 	 	 	 	( &-	D>E,		!	"& ( )	("&	 	

	

"! "	& )!	&	 .  ,		3+*	"!	'	!	! 	 "	(	 	

"! "		&	(+(	'	3	& ),		H -*	!	&7"&	&(	 	!	

&(&	 (			(	 (+(&	!	"& ( )	)	(	 	& )!	(" ,		 	

!&	&"*	!	3	(	&		.	!	  )	"	&	! 	!	"	&	

'	 "!,	

? Conclusions 

!	&&	'	!&	"& 	 ("	!	35	(	'&	 		&	 	

&	!	3-(		8,		!	('' "&	 	!	& &&	'	(	 (	!	8		-	

(		!	'-	'	!	35,		!&	35	'-	&		&		!	& &	'	

	! 	"" ,		6&(	 	!	&-	 	!		(&*	!	35	&!(		&(	

 	'!	& )		&&&&	&.	'	 7-		!	"" ,	


	

= References 

DE	 ,	*	G,	C& .*	,	A  *	C,	:&*	C,	.*	 (	J,	3&)*	

P8+ 	'		: 	 	(	'	!		3 	(	'	'-	#35$	 (	

" 		 7-	1" &" *P	 	IRCOBI*	 "!*	H -*	

,	

D
E	 ,	&(	 (	3,	/*	P!	& 	'	!	5 (	&	8) 		!	%	

A. )	H	
	 	!	5&	'	3	 	!	+	 +  *P	 	SAE 

Government/Industry Meeting and Exposition, SAE Paper no. 851246*	@>=,	

DBE	 1,	 )*	,	 *	:,	6 (.*	,	3'' *	,	C! )*	,	&*	,	C*	,	

)- *	,	.! &*	1,	 &*	,	L! )*	 (	1,	*	P8+ 	'	+(	 7-	

	'	!	&&&& 	'	(+ "(	+	1& 	-&&		*P	3*	(,*	

@@@,	

D?E	 ,	&(	 (	1,	8 *	P	6"! "	 -&&	'	3(*	".*	 (	&	 7&	

	!(	)&	8		(( 	&	"" *P	SAE Paper no. 841656, @>?,	

D=E	 *	P+(	 7-	"*	@@>	1+& 	#@>$*P	&&" 	'	!	

(+ " 	'	+	(" *		 	 7-	" ),	*	8&	 &*	4	@@>,	

D
E	 *	P'"	!"	1" ((	""*		J
*P	J54	
<,	

D<E	 ,	C,	C	 (	8,	,	"! (*	P"	 "	 (	1& &	'	!	3 	

!*P	 	15th Stapp Car Crash Conference*	@<*	,	>?B?,	

D>E	 ,	8,	46 "*	,	1,	"*	3,	J,	+ &*	 (	J,	8,	 )*	P.	& &&		

&"	')!	 (	!	(	&	 )2		+*P	J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, +,	<*	,	BB

?<*	J 	
<,	

B	

Appendix 1: Modified and truncated acceleration data. 

Figure 47: Pulse 8202, frontal impact. 

Figure 48: Pulse 8208, spinal impact. 

?	

Figure 49: Pulse 8212, rear impact. 

Figure 50: Pulse 8245, lateral impact. 

=	

Appendix 2: Modified and truncated acceleration data, longer pulse. 

Figure 51: Pulse 8202, frontal impact. 

Figure 52: Pulse 8208, spinal impact. 


	

Figure 53: Pulse 8212, rear impact. 

Figure 54: Pulse 8245, lateral impact. 

<	

Appendix 3: Seat belt force comparisons for all simulations. 

Figure 55: Pulse 8202, Left shoulder belt force. 

Figure 56: Pulse 8202, Right shoulder belt force. 

>	

Figure 57: Pulse 8202, Left lap belt force. 

Figure 58: Pulse 8202, Right lap belt force. 

@	

Figure 59: Pulse 8202, Crotch belt force. 

Figure 60: Pulse 8208, Left shoulder belt force. 
<	

Figure 61: Pulse 8208, Right shoulder belt force. 

Figure 62: Pulse 8208, Left lap belt force. 
<	

Figure 63: Pulse 8208, Right lap belt force. 

Figure 64: Pulse 8208, Crotch belt force. 
<
	

Figure 65: Pulse 8212, Left shoulder belt force. 

Figure 66: Pulse 8212, Right shoulder belt force. 
<B	

Figure 67: Pulse 8212, Left lap belt force. 

Figure 68: Pulse 8212, Right lap belt force. 
<?	

Figure 69: Pulse 8212, Crotch belt force. 

Figure 70: Pulse 8245, Left shoulder belt force. 
<=	

Figure 71: Pulse 8245, Right shoulder belt force. 

Figure 72: Pulse 8245, Left lap belt force. 
<
	

Figure 73: Pulse 8245, Right lap belt force. 

Figure 74: Pulse 8245, Crotch belt force. 
<<	

Appendix 4: Head Injury, Peak Head Acceleration 

Table 2: Tabulated Head Acceleration 

Simulation Head Acceleration (g’s)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 
,<?	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 <,
?
	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 ?,B=?	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ?,@
	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 ?>,<<	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 
@,??	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 
@,B
?	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 =,><	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 <
,B>?	
<>	

Figure 75: Head acceleration for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
<@	

Figure 76: Head acceleration for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
>	

Figure 77: Head acceleration for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
>	

Figure 78: Head acceleration for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
>
	

Figure 79: Head acceleration for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
>B	

Figure 80: Head acceleration for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
>?	

Figure 81: Head acceleration for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
>=	

Figure 82: Head acceleration for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
>
	

Figure 83: Head acceleration for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
><	

Appendix 5: Head Injury, HIC15

Table 3: Tabulated HIC15

Simulation HIC15

>

*	: *		

!	&	 =,<??	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 <,?@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 
,>@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ,<	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 @,
>
	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ?,<=?	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 ??,B	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 <=,@>	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 
,?<?	
>>	

Figure 84: HIC15 for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
>@	

Figure 85: HIC15 for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
@	

Figure 86: HIC15 for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
@	

Figure 87: HIC15 for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
@
	

Figure 88: HIC15 for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity 
@B	

Figure 89: HIC15 for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
@?	

Figure 90: HIC15 for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
@=	

Figure 91: HIC15 for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
@
	

Figure 92: HIC15 for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
@<	

Appendix 6: Head Injury, HIC36

Table 4: Tabulated HIC36

Simulation HIC36

>

*	: *		

!	&	 BB,
B	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 B=,
?	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 
,@
<	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 >,@
?	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 @,
>
	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 <B,
==	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 <
,?
	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 <=,@>	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 
,?<?	
@>	

Figure 93: HIC36 for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
@@	

Figure 94: HIC36 for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
	

Figure 95: HIC36 for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
	

Figure 96: HIC36 for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 

	 	

	

Figure 97: HIC36 for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
B	

Figure 98: HIC36 for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
?	

Figure 99: HIC36 for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
=	

Figure 100: HIC36 for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 

	

Figure 101: HIC36 for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
<	

Appendix 7: Neck Injury, Nij

Table 5: Tabulated Nij

Simulation Nij

>

*	: *		

!	&	 ,B
?	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 ,B?@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 ,=	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ,B
?	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 ,B?@	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ,B
?	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 ,B?@	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 ,@	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 ,B?@	
>	

Figure 102: Nij for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
@	

Figure 103: Nij for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
	

Figure 104: Nijfor simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
	

Figure 105: Nijfor simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 

	

Figure 106: Nijfor simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
B	

Figure 107: Nij for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
?	

Figure 108: Nij for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
=	

Figure 109: Nij for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 

	

Figure 110: Nij for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
<	

Appendix 8: Thorax Injury, Sternal Deflection 

Table 6: Tabulated Sternal Deflection 

Simulation Sternal Deflection (cm)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 ,>=?	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 ,B	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 ,
=	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ,BB?	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 ,@@
	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ?,

	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 ?,B	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 ,<<	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 ,@@	
>	

Figure 111: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
@	

Figure 112: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 

	

Figure 113: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 

	

Figure 114: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 


	

Figure 115: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 

B	

Figure 116: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 

?	

Figure 117: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 

=	

Figure 118: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 


	

Figure 119: Sternal Deflection for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 

<	

Appendix 9: Thorax Injury, Right Side Chest Deflection 

Table 7: Tabulated Right Side Chest Deflection 

Simulation Right Side Chest Deflection (cm)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 ,
=
	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 ,
<?	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 ,<	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ,@>>	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 ,=>	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ?,=<	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 ?,?<	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 ,>=
	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 ,>	

>	

Figure 120: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 

@	

Figure 121: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
B	

Figure 122: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
B	

Figure 123: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
B
	

Figure 124: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
BB	

Figure 125: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
B?	

Figure 126: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
B=	

Figure 127: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
B
	

Figure 128: Right Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
B<	

Appendix 10: Thorax Injury, Left Side Chest Deflection 

Table 8: Tabulated Left Side Chest Deflection 

Simulation Left Side Chest Deflection (cm)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 ,
=
	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 ,
<?	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 ,<	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ,<	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 ,=>	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ?,=<	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 ?,?<	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 ,>=
	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 ,>	
B>	

Figure 129: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
B@	

Figure 130: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
?	

Figure 131: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
?	

Figure 132: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
?
	

Figure 133: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
?B	

Figure 134: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
??	

Figure 135: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
?=	

Figure 136: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
?
	

Figure 137: Left Side Chest Deflection for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
?<	

Appendix 11: Thorax Injury, Chest Acceleration 

Table 9: Tabulated Chest Acceleration 

Simulation Chest Acceleration (g’s)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 @,?B=	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 

,==B	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 B,>
@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 =,=<>	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 B,?=>	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 
@,?	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 
@,
?	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 
@,>
@	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 B,B	
?>	

Figure 138: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
?@	

Figure 139: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
=	

Figure 140: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
=	

Figure 141: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
=
	

Figure 142: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
=B	

Figure 143: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
=?	

Figure 144: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
==	

Figure 145: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
=
	

Figure 146: Chest Acceleration for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
=<	

Appendix 12: Lumbar Spin Injury, Lumbar Spine Force 

Table 10: Tabulated Lumbar Spine Force 

Simulation Lumbar Force (N)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 =,?=	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 @@
,@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 <>?,@@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 
@<,<<	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 <@=,=	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ?=,?>	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 B>>,=	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 >
,

	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 @?=,?<	
=>	

Figure 147: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
=@	

Figure 148: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 

	

Figure 149: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 

	

Figure 150: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 


	

Figure 151: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 

B	

Figure 152: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 

?	

Figure 153: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 

=	

Figure 154: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 


	

Figure 155: Lumbar Spine Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 

<	

Appendix 13: Lower Extremity Injury, Right Femur Force 

Table 11: Tabulated Right Femur Force 

Simulation Right Femur Force (N)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 =>
,
>	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 =>B,>
	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 =,@B	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ?@,
	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 <,><	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 
?,
	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 
?>,?	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 ?
<,?	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 ?>
,><	

>	

Figure 156: Right Femur Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 

@	

Figure 157: Right Femur Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
<	

Figure 158: Right Femur Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
<	

Figure 159: Right Femur Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
<
	

Figure 160: Right Femur Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
<B	

Figure 161: Right Femur Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
<?	

Figure 162: Right Femur Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
<=	

Figure 163: Right Femur Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
<
	

Figure 164: Right Femur Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
<<	

Appendix 14: Lower Extremity Injury, Left Femur Force 

Table 12: Tabulated Left Femur Force 

Simulation Left Femur Force (N)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 =@=,B@	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 =<
,<	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 =,?@	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 ??,?
	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 =,<?	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 
=>=,	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 
B>>,=	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 >==,
	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 ><?,=B	
<>	

Figure 165: Left Femur Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
<@	

Figure 166: Left Femur Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
>	

Figure 167: Left Femur Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 
>	

Figure 168: Left Femur Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 
>
	

Figure 169: Left Femur Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 
>B	

Figure 170: Left Femur Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
>?	

Figure 171: Left Femur Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
>=	

Figure 172: Left Femur Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
>
	

Figure 173: Left Femur Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
><	

Appendix 15: Lower Extremity Injury, Right Tibia Force 

Table 13: Tabulated Right Tibia Force 

Simulation Right Tibia Force (N)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 ?=,<	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 ?
,><	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 B
,
B	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 
>=,

	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 B

,
@	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 
>,=	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 
B>,<	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 
,>	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 

,?
	
>>	

Figure 174: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
>@	

Figure 175: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 
@	

Figure 176: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis loading. 
@	

Figure 177: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis loading. 
@
	

Figure 178: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis loading. 
@B	

Figure 179: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 
@?	

Figure 180: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 
@=	

Figure 181: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 
@
	

Figure 182: Right Tibia Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse. 
@<	

Appendix 16: Lower Extremity Injury, Left Tibia Force 

Table 14: Tabulated Left Tibia Force 

Simulation Left Tibia Force (N)

>

*	: *		

!	&	 ??,=>	

>

*	: *		

4 )	&	 ?
B,<<	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	F&	)+-	 
>
,
<	

>
>*	 *		

!	&*	L&	)+-	 
>,B
	

>
>*	 *		

4 )	&*	F&	)+-	 B<,@	

>

*	1*		

!	&	 ?
@,B	

>

*	1*		

4 )	&	 ?
,	

>
?=*	4*		

!	&	 

<=,
	

>
?=*	4*		

4 )	&	 
B=,	
@>	

Figure 183: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), short pulse. 
@@	

Figure 184: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8202 (Frontal), long pulse. 

	

Figure 185: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, X-axis gravity. 

	

Figure 186: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), short pulse, Z-axis gravity. 


	

Figure 187: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8208 (Spinal), long pulse, X-axis gravity. 

B	

Figure 188: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), short pulse. 

?	

Figure 189: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8212 (Rear), long pulse. 

=	

Figure 190: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), short pulse. 


	

Figure 191: Left Tibia Force for simulation 8245 (Lateral), long pulse.

<	

Appendix 17: Images from each simulation result. 

Figure 192: Resultant images from simulation 8202, frontal impact. 

>	

Figure 193: Resultant images from simulation 8208, spinal impact. 

@	

Figure 194: Resultant images from simulation 8212, rear impact. 

	

Figure 195: Resultant images from simulation 8245, lateral impact. 
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