AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPERCULINA AND HETEROSTEGINA AND THEIR 

FAUNAL RELATIONS. 

By JosEPH AuGusTINE CusHMAN. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Almost nothing is known of the American 

fossil species of Operculina and Heterostegina. 

In the Ocala limestone, next to the larger 

Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina, these genera 

are the most conspicuous members of the 

foraminiferal fauna. That there are several 

species, well marked in .their characteristics, 

and that they have definite stratigraphic 

positions seems very clear from a study of the 

material. 

Most of the localities at which the material 

here described was obtained are in the Ocala 

limestone of Florida; a few are in Georgia and 

Alabama. 

STRATIGRAPIDC RELATIONS OF THE SPECIES. 

The oldest beds in which Operculina occurs, 

so far as is shown by the material studied, are 

on Flint River, Ga., at the locality represented 

by stations 7116 and 7117, in a bluff on the 

west bank of the river about 1! miles above 

the bridge of the Georgia Southwestern & Gulf 

Railroad near Oakfield. The section at this 

locality is as follows :

1 

Section on Flint River, near Oakfield, Ga. 

Feet. 

S. Covered slope to top of hill....................... 22 

2. Hard ledges of compact white semicrystalline 

limestone (station 7117) ..•.•••••••••••••. ..,. . • • 3 

1. Compact white limestone, mostly soft but with 

harder places (station 7116). To water level at 

4-foot stage................................... 20 

At both these stations (Nos. i and 2 of the 

. section) Orthophragmina jlintensis Cushman 

occurs, and at each of them there is a different 

species of Operculina. The basal member of 

the section contains Operculina cookei Cushman, n. sp., and the member directly above 

1 Cooke, C. W ., The stratigraphic position and faunal associates of the 

orbitoid Foraminifera of the genus Orthophragmina from Georgia and 

Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, p. 110, 1917. 

has the allied Operculina vaughani Cushman, 

n. sp. 

As stated by Cooke,2 this material comes 

from a horizon low in the Ocala formation. 

A similar white compact limestone containing Operculina vaughani Cushman and 

Orthophragmina jlintensis Cushman occurs at 

station 7115, on the east bank of Flint River 

at the bend to the west 6 miles below Burke 

Ferry and about 6 miles above the bridge of 

the Georgia Southwestern & Gulf Railroad 

near Warwick, Worth County, Ga., and at 

station 7119, on the east bank of Flint River 

about 16 miles above Albany, in Worth 

County, near the Dougherty County line. At 

station 7237, a small quarry on the Averitt 

property, 300 or 400 yards southwest of the 

corner of lots 26 and 27, half a mile east of 

Huguenen Ferry and 1 mile south of Daphne 

station, Crisp County, Ga., Operculina vaughani 

occurs in company with Orthophragmina jlintensis in a soft, white limestone. 

Specimens apparently of Operculina vaughani 

occur at U.S. G. S. station 7192, Marianna, Fla., 

near the base of the following section: 

Section on the west bank of Ghipola River at the wagon 

bridge half a mik east of Marianna, Fla. 3 

Marianna limestone: Feet. 

5. Alternating hard and softer beds of light- . 

colored limestone, very hard and compact 

in places, locally semicrystalline. The 

lower portion contains a considerable amount 

of glauconite. The floor of the bridge is 9 

feet above the base of this bed ............. 33 

Ocala limestone: 

4. Concealed................. . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

3. Hard creamy-white semicrystalline limestone, 

apparent!)" a more indurated phase of bed 

No. 1..................................... 1! 

2. Concealed................................... 4 

1. Soft cream-colored porous limestone or marl, 

composed largely of Foraminifera loosely 

packed together. Extends beneath water 

in the river............. . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

2 Cooke, C. W., op. cit., p. 109. • Idem, pp. 109-110. 

125 
126 SHORTER CONTRffiUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1920. • 

There is then a definite zone which is characterized by Orthophragmina jlintensis and 

which on the basis of its contained specimens 

of Operculina can be subdivided into a lower 

member with Operculina coolcei and an upper 

one with Operculina vaughani. 

Stratigraphically somewhat above these beds 

is the horizon characterized by Operculina 

ocalana. Beds at this horizon are widely distributed in Florida and Georgia, and at most 

places the Operculina is associated with Orthophragmina georgiana, the only species of 

Orthophragmina which seems to be found in the 

Oc8la limestone south of the extreme northern 

part of Florida. 

Operculina ocalana occurs rarely with Heterostegina ocalana and with Lepidocyclina ocalana 

and L. fioridana, as the accompanying table 

shows, but this association is not characteristic, 

and more abundant material may show that 

the forms of Operculina in the two groups 

should be distinguished from one another. 

Operculina ocalana occurs in association with 

Lepidocyclina georgiana at several stations. 

These three species of Operculina seem to 

have a definite relation to one another in development. The lowest and oldest of the 

three, Operculina coolcei, has 28 to 32 chambers 

in the typical adult coil. The somewhat 

higher and younger Operculina vaughani has 

20 to 22 chambers in the typical adult coil. 

· The still younger Operculina ocalana has typically but 16 to 18 chambers in the adult coil, 

and its ornamentation is much more distinct 

than that of the other two species. These 

three then seem to show a definite evolution, 

at least in the progressive reduction in the 

number of chambers. 

The zone that is characterized by. the several 

species of Lepidocyclina, of which Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman and L. fioridana Cushman are the most common, also has Operculina 

willcoxi (Heilprin) Cushman and Heterostegina ocalana Cushman. This zone is exposed 

in the region of Levy and Marion counties, 

Fla. The species of Lepidocyclina mentioned 

also occur in the upper part of the Ocala limestone at Marianna. 

Operculina jloridensis does not show so 

definite a relation to the other forms, but it 

seems to be related to Operculina willcoxi and 

perhaps is a derivative from that species. 

The three large species of Operculina occur 

with Orthophragmina and seem to justify a 

definite correlation of the Ocala limestone of 

the Flint River region, the Brito formation of 

Nicaragua, and the St. Bartholomew formation 

of the Leeward Islands. These formations are 

apparently in the lower portion of the upper 

Eocene, as in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama 

there seems to be another horizon above these 

characterized by Operculina ocalana and associated species. The Heterostegina occurs both 

in the upper Eocene and the middle Oligocene; 

the middle Oligocene form is found especially 

in the eastern group of the West Indies, in 

Santo Domingo, the Virgin Islands, and 

Antigua. 
OPERCULINA AND HETEROSTEGINA AND THEIR FAUNAL RELATIONS. 127 

DiBtr_ibution of Operculina, Heterostegina, and some associated Foraminifera in Georgia and Florida. 

X .••••••• ? X? ••..••••••...••......•...... X ••.• X ••••••••..•.••••••••.•..•••••••.•••. X ••••..•.•••..•••.••..•••.••.•••..••••••• X X .....•...........•.• -....... · · · · •• • · 

X X ...•.•....•.••.. ···· ·--~ ···· ··•• ·••· 

X X-··································· X ........••..••••..••.....•...•....•••••• 

X X .... -··· ........ -··· ···· ···· ···· ••·· X .....................••..•.......••••••• 

X .... X ........ ---- -··· ··•· •••. X X ---- .......• -··· .... ···• •••. 

X ---- .... X ---- -··· X X •... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X ........ X ........ ·••• •••. 

X X .... -··· ---- ···· ···· •·•· 

X X .... ---- ···· ·•·· ···• ••·· X X .... --·· ···· ···· ·••· ••·· -··· ---- X ---- .... X ....•••. 

------------ X X ............ X ........... . -------- -·-· X X ............ X X X ... . 

---- .... --·- X X X .... ------------ --·· -··· ------------ X X X?---------------------··· ------------ .... X X .... X .... ---· -··· ···- ························X X .... X ....... . -----···················X ........ X X 

---·····················X X .... X X 

------------------------X ........ X X 

------------------------X X .... X X -------- .... ---- ........ X X .... 1 X X 

---- -··· ------------ .... X X X X ---- ........ ---- ............ X .... X ....... . ---- ........ ~--- ---- ---- .... X ---- X ....... . •... .... ..•. .... .... .... ---- X .......•......•. 

---- ........ ---- ............ X ---- X ..•..••. •··· -------- .... ---- .... ---- X .... X --·- -··· .... .... .... ---- ............ X ---- ........... . 

------------ ............ ---- X X X ............................ X X X ............................ X X ·X 

----························X X X ---------------- .... -------- X X X •... .... .... .... .... .... .... X X X 

••.. .... .... .... ---- ---- ---- X X ---· .... 

H < /iE //1/ :} ;~; :~: 3; :~: -------- ---+--- ---- ----1----~---- ------------ X 

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS. 

Operculina cookei Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XVIII, figures 1, 2. . 

Station. 

[For fuller descriptions of localities, see systematic descriptions of species.) 

3626. 4! miles southwest of Philema, Ga. 

7116. Flint River above Oakfield Ga. 

3617. Muckafoonee Creek near Albany, Ga. 

7115. Flint River near Warwick, Ga. 

7117. Flint River above Oakfield, Ga. 

7119. Flint River 16 miles above Albany, Ga. 

7120. Albany, Ga. 

7237. Crisp County, Ga., near Huguenen Ferry. 

7192. Mananna, Fla., bed 3. 

3390. Bainbridge, Ga. 

3760. Tivola, Ga. 

4965. Fort White Fla. 

6747. Steamboat Point, Sepulga River, Ga. 

6785. Dutton's phosphate spur, Columbia County, Fla. 

7097. Bainbridge, Ga. 

7123. Flint RiverJ. 9! miles below Albany, Ga. 

7126. Dry Bread ~:Shoals, Flint River, Ga. 

7127. Normans Ferry, Flint River, Ga. 

7337. Florida Railway (Seaboard Air Line) bridge, Suwannee 

River, Fla. 

7348. Troy Springs, Suwannee River, Fla. 

7349. Fort McCombz Suwannee River, Fla. 

3887. Red Bluff, Flint River, Ga. 

8259. 12 miles northwest of Marianna, Fla. 

7098. Red Bluff, Flint River, Ga. 

322. Newmansville, Alachua County, Fla. 

329. Wells at Padlock, Suwannee County, Fla. 

6817. Fort White, Fla. 

6790. Alachua, Fla. 

6804. Ocala, Fla. 

6805. 2 miles southeast of Ocala, Fla. 

6808. Martin station, Fla. 

365. Johnson's sink, Levy County, Fla. 

380. Alachua County, Fla. 

3174. Well in Putnam County, Fla . 3685. Martin station, Fla. 

5030. Ocala, Fla. 

6787. New Sink, Alachua County, Fla . 6789. North Alachua, Fla. 

6810. Newberry, Fla., Cummer No. 10 . 6812. Newberry, Fla., Cummer No.6 . 6814. Newberry, Fla., Franklyn phosphate. 

7338. Dowling Springs, Fla. 

7341. Branford, Fla . 7365. Pineola, Citrus County, Fla . 7367. Willow Sink, Levy County, Fla. 

7345. Suwannee River 21 miles above Branford, Fla. 

362. Fort White, Fla. 

3636. Spring Hill schoolhouse, Alachua County, Fla. 

3684. Pemberton Ferry, Hernando County, Fla. 

3686. Martin station, Fla.(?). 

Test coiled, planospiral, very thin, composed of 2! to 3 coils rapidly increasing in 

breadth, chambers very numerous, 28 to 32 

in the last-formed coil, fairly oon.Stant in size 

and shape, in the adult the length of the 

chamber 10 to 12 times the height, each chamber gradually widening toward the center or 

s_lightly beyond the center, sutures starting 

in a slightly tangential curve which rapidly 

increases in convexity toward the periphery, 

near which it bends back at a sharp angle, 

joining the peripheral margin of the test. 
128 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 19m. 

Surface of the test in the central region with 

numerous rounded bosses irregularly placed, 

the sutures in the last-formed coil ornamented 

by raised ridges, in the earlier part broken into 

separate knobs or bosses, toward the later part 

fused into continuous raised ridges. Surface 

of the chan1bers between the sutures somewhat 

concave, smooth, translucent. Length of adult 

specimens as much as 10 millimeters. 

Geologic occurrence, Ocala limestone and 

Jackson formation. 

Type specimen from U.S. G. S. station 7116, 

bluff on west bank of Flint River 1 i miles 

above the Georgia Southwestern & Gulf Railroad bridge near Oakfield, Lee County, Ga., 

bed No. 1 of section' (base of bluff); C. W. Cooke, 

collector; Ocala limestone. 

This species occurs stratigraphically below 

0. vaugkani, which is found in bed No. 2 of the 

same section. Both are found in considerable 

numbers and seem to be very constant in their 

characters. 

A single, very beautifully preserv·ed specimen 

showing the exterior was obtained at U.S. G. S. 

station 6458, in the Moodys calcareous marl 

member of the Jackson formation, at Moodys 

Branch, Jackson, Miss.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

A specimen from lT. S. G. S. station 3626, 

though not well preserved, seems to be 0. 

cookei, but its occurrence with Orthophragmioo 

georgiaoo and perhaps Operculioo ocalaoo makes 

this identification seem rather doubtful. 

The occurrence of this species near the base of 

the Ocala of Georgia and in the Moodys calcareous marl member of Mississippi shows that 

these two portions of the lower part of the 

Jackson formation at these widely separated 

localities are to be correlated. At Jackson it 

also occUrs with 0. ocalana var. and Lepidocyclinafragilis Cushman, both of which are known 

higher up in the Ocala, in Florida especially. 

Operculina vaughani Cushman, n.. sp. · 

Plate XIX, figures 6, 7. 

Test coiled, planospiral, very thin, composed 

of about three ooils rapidly increasing in 

breadth; chambers numerous, 20 to 22 in the 

last-formed coil, fairly constant in size and 

shape, in the adult the length of the chamber 

5 to 6 times the height, each chamber gradually 

increasing in height from the proximal end to 

the maximum height near the distal end; 

sutures usually starting fron1 the proximal end 

in a nearly straight radial line and keeping 

so for about one-third the length, then gently 

rounded backward toward the periphery, near 

which the rate of curvature is abruptly increased. Length of adult specimen 7 to 8 

millimeters. 

Geologic occurrence, Ocala limestone and 

Brito formation. 

Type specimen from U. s~ G. S. station 3617, 

Muckafoone~ Creek, Albany, Ga.; T. Wayland 

Vaughan, collector. Other specimens were 

obtained at the following U. S. G. S. stations: 

7115. East bank of Flint River at bend to west 6 miles 

below Burke Ferry and about 6 miles above Georgia 

Southwestern & Gulf Railroad bridge near Warwick, 

Worth County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7117. Bluff on west bank of Flint River li miles above 

Georgia Southwestern & Gulf Railroad bridge near Oakfield, Lee County, Ga., upper bed, No. 2 of section; 

C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7119. East bank of Flint River about 16 miles above 

Albany, Worth County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7237. Small quarry on Averitt plantation, 300 or 400 

yards southwest of comer of lots 26 and 27, half a mile 

east of Huguenen Ferry, Crisp County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke 

andJ. E. Brantley, collectors. 

This species, with Orthophragmina jlintensitJ 

Cushman, seems to characterize this particular 

horizon, being replaced directly · below by 

Operculina cookei, which differs from 0. vaugkani 

in the relative number of chambers in the coils 

and also in the general shape of the chambers. 

Specimens apparently identical with this species 

were found with Orthophragmina jlintenriB 

Cushman and 0. georgiana Cushman at U.S. 

G. S. station 6408, in the Brito formation on 

the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 2 miles northwest of Brito Harbor; C. W. Hayes, collootor. 

Operculina antUlea (Cuslurum) Cushman. 

Plate XIX, figure 3; Plate XXI, figure 20. 

Nummulite8 antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 51, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1919. 

Test complanate, much compresSed, partly 

involute in the earlier portion, the last coil 

broad and thin, with 30 or more chambers in 

the final whorl; sutures raised, the length of 

the chamber.s about eight times the height, the 

backward curve of the sutures beginning at less 

than one-half their length from the inner 

margin. Diameter 15 to 18 millimeters or 

more. 
OPERCULINA AND H.ETEROSTEGINA AND THEIR FAUNAL RELATIONS. 129 

Geologic occurrence, St. Bartholomew limestone (Eocene). 

The typelocality for this species is U.S. G. S. 

station 6924, in bed of limestone at top of 

section, at point on northwest side of St. Jean 

Bay. St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands; T. W. 

Vaughan, collector. Here specimens are abundant. The sectioned specimen (Pl. XXI, 

fig. 20), which seems to represent a young individual or the central portion of this species, 

came from U. S. G. S. station 6895, spur on 

southwest side of cay northwest of St. Jean Bay, 

St. Bartholomew, 170 feet above sea level; 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

This species, on account of its partly involute 

character first assigned to Nummul·ites, seems 

on further study to be a species of Operculina 

closely related to 0. cookei and 0. vaughani. 

Like both those species, it occurs in association 

with Orthophragmina and seems to indicate that 

the St. Bartholomew limestone is very closely 

correlated with the lower portion of the Ocala. 

Operculina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XIX, figures 4, 5. 

Test complanate, muc compressed, composed of two to three coil , the last with 16 to 

18 chambers; sutures rai ed, confluent in the 

center, somewhat rounde , the area between 

concave and smooth; ch mbers three to four 

times as long as wide; ce tral area of the test 

umbonate; periphery so ewhat raised by a 

thickening in which the raised sutures temlinate. Length as much as 6 millimeters. 

Geologic occurrence, Ocala limestone and 

Jackson formation. 

Type specimen (U. S. N. M. catalogue 

No. 328249) from U. S. G. S. station 6747, 

Steamboat Point, on west side of Sepulga River 

at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 N., 

R. ~3 E., EscambiaCounty, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. The species has also been found at 

the following stations: 

3626. 4% miles southwest of Philema, Lee County, 

Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3760. Half a mile south of Tivola, Ga.; S. W. McCallie, 

collector. 

3387. Red Bluff, on Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3390. Below Plant System railroad wharf, Bainbridge, 

Ga. ; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia 

County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6785. Dutton's phosphate spur, on Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad, west side of track, at head of culvert, one-half 

to three-fourths mile south of Herlong's station, Columbia 

County, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

7097. East bank of Flint River at bar three-fourths mile 

northeast of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad station at Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7123. Eastbankof Flint River, 9~ miles below Albany, 

and 4~ miles below Blue Spring, Dougherty County, 

Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

8! or 9 miles below Newton, Mitchell County, Ga.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

7127. East bank of Flint River one-fourth mile below 

Norman's Ferry, Mitchell County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and 

J. E. Brantley, collectors. 

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This species is more characteristic of that 

part of the Ocala limestone in which Orthophragmina georgiana occurs than of that 

marked by Lepidocyclina ocalana and its associated species. It seems to be related to Operculina vaughani and Operculina cookei but is 

more definitely ornamented, has fewer chamhers, and occurs stratigraphically above those 

species. The decrease in number of chambers 

in each whorl is continued from the greater 

number in 0. cookei through the lesser number 

in 0. vaughani to the still.fewer in 0. ocalana. 

The species occurs in the Moodys calcareous 

marl member at Moodys Branch, Jackson, 

Fla., with 0. cookei and Lepidocyclina fragilis. 

These came to me as loose specimens, apparently from the same horizon. The specimen 

referred to 0. ocalana is not typical, however, 

as it has 24 chambers in the final whorl, whereas 

the typical form has only 16 to 18. 

A similar form also occurs at station 6747, 

with the typical form of the speciPs. A figure 

of this form is given on Plate XX, figure 8. 

Operculina willcoxi (Hellpr.n) Cushman. 

Plate XX, figures 9-11. 

Nummulites willcoxi Heilprin, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 1882, p. 191, text figs. 1, 2; idem, 1884, 

pp. 321, 322, text figs. 1, 2. 

Test regularly rounded, tumid (more especially in the 

earlier stage), and me~uring in the largest specimen about 

one-third inch in diameter; external surface distinctly 

marked by the arcuate and somewhat wavy outlines of the 

septal prolongations; volutions about 5, completely 
130 SHORTER CONTRmUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1920. 

enveloping; septa close set, about 35 to 45 in the last whorl, 

and well flexed; central initial chamber distinctly visible. 

The above description is that given by Heilprin. I have studied material evidently representing this species from numerous stations, and 

it seems questionable whether the species 

should be considered as belonging to Operculina 

or Nummulites. All the whorls except the last 

are involute but very thin, the line of the coiling 

being easily visible for one or two coilS in many 

specimens. The test is not thick, and the fact 

that the megalospheric proloculum is ·usually 

visible, as noted by Heilprin, shows that the 

test, although involute, is but very slightly 

built over in the central portion. 

The species seems to be characteristic of that 

portion of the Ocala which is characterized by 

certain species of Lepidocyclina but not of that 

portion in which Orthophragmina is the predominating orbitoid genus. It occurs usually 

in company with Heterostegina. 

It has been collected in the Ocala limestone 

at the folloffing station..": 

322. Newmansville, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

329. Padlock, Suwannee County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, 

collector. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia 

County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6790. 300 feet south of Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s 

plant at south edge of Alachua, Alachua County, Fla.; 

H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6804. Quarry No.1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest edge 

of Ocala, Marion County, .Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6805. Quarry of Oakhurst Lime Co., south of Atlantic 

Coast Line Railroad, 2 miles southeast of Ocala, Marion 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth mile southeast of Martin station, 

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of Ocala, Fla.; 

H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6817. Old phosphate mine one-fourth mile southeast of 

Fort White, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

Operculi.na ftoridensis (Heilprin) Cushman. 

Plate XX, figure 12. 

Nummulites jloridensis Heilprin, A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 1884, pp. 321, 322, text fig., 1885. 

Test coiled, planospiral, very thin, composed 

of three or four coils, gradually increasing in 

breadth, chambers very numerous, 30 or :inore 

in the last-formed coil of the· adult, the length 

about five times the height, somewhat irregular 

in size, each chamber very gradually increasing 

in size toward the greatest height, which is 

near the periphery; sutures slightly curved at 

first but gradually increasing in convexity, not 

so strongly recurved at the periphery as in 

some of the other species; in the adult specimen the height of the coil does not increase, 

and in some specimens there is actually a 

decrease, indicating senescence toward the end 

of the development. Length as much as 8 

millimeters. 

Geologic occurrence, Ocala limestone. 

Heilprin's specimens were from Pemberton's 

Ferry (now Croom), Hernando County, Fla.; 

Joseph Willcox, collector. Specimens from 

this material are here figured. The species has 

also been obtained at station 3636, 6 miles 

north of Spring Hill schoolhouse, Alachua 

County, Fla., by T. W. Vaughan, and is said 

to have been found at station 3686, Martin 

Station, Fla., by Joseph Willcox ( n. 

Beterostegina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, figures 15-18. 

Test broadly complanate, central portion 

thickest, biconvex, rapidly thinning to the 

periphery, which is rounded; central portion 

with irregularly radial costae fusing near the 

base of the convex portion with the raisedribs 

of the sutures; in well-preserved specimens the 

lines between the chamberlets often marked by 

raised ribs, giving that portion of the test a 

reticulate appearance. Length as much as 

8 millimeters. 

Geologic occurrence, Ocala limestone. 

Type specimen (U.S. N. M. catalogue No. 

328250) from U. S. G. S. station 6812, Cummer 

Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, ll miles 

south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. 

W. Cooke, collector. 

In some ways this species resembles H. reticulata Riitimeyer, but it differs in the general 

proportions and in the shape, size, and angle of 

the subdivisions. 

Heterostegina ocalana has been found at the 

following U. S. G. S. stations: 

322. Newmansville, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

365. Johnson's Sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, 

collector. 

380. Vicinity of Gainesville and Arredonda, Alachua 

County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

3174. Edgar kaolin works, Edgar, Putnam County, Fla.; 

halfway from St. Augustine to Cedar Key at a depth of 

130 feet. 
OPERCULINA AND HETEROSTEGINA AND THEIR FAUNAL RELATIONS. 131 

3685. Martin station, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector. 

5030. Quarry, Ocala, Marion County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, 

collector. 

6785. Dutton's phosphate spur on Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad, west side of track, at head of culvert, one-half 

to three-fourths mile south of Herlong's station, Columbia 

County, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6787. New Sink, 2 miles north of High Springs, Alachua 

County, Fla.; T. W, Vaughan and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6789. North side of Alachua and High Springs public 

road, 1 mile west of North Alachua station, Atlantic Coast 

Line Railroad, Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s plant, south 

edge of Alachua, Alachua County, Fla.; H. Gunter and 

C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6804. Quarry No.1, Florida Lime Co., onsouthwestedge 

of Ocala, Marion County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6805. Oakhurst Lime Co. (plant No. 2, Florida Lime 

Co.), south of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 2 miles southeastof Ocala, Marion County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth mile southeast of Martin station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of Qcala, 

Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 10, 

1 mile northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; 

C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6. 

ll miles south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklyn Phosphate Co., 1! miles 

northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

· Cooke, collector. 

6817. Old phosphate mine one-fourth mile southeast of 

Fort White, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7098. Red Bluff, Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, 

Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7341. Left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7365. Pineola, 5 miles south of Floral City, Citrus 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7367. Willow Sink, 1! to 2 miles west of Chiefland, Levy 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

The variety described below seems distinct 

at a few stations. It usually accompanies 

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman. 

Heterostegina ocalana Cushman var. glabra Cushman, 

n. var. 

Plate XXI, figure 19. 

Variety differing from the typical form 

mainly in the smoother surface of the test. 

Geologic occurrence, . Oc~a limestone. 

Type specimen (U. S. N. M. catalogue No. 

328251) from U. S. G. S. station 7348, left 

bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. It 

has also been obtained at the following U. S. 

G. S. stations: 

7345. East bank of Suwannee River 2-l miles above 

Branford, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Heterostegina antilles Cushman. 

Plate XX, figures 13, 14. 

HeterosUgina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 49, pl. 2, figs. 1, 6; pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, 

1919. 

Test compressed, unequally lenticular; umbo 

excentric, somewhat thicker than the remainder 

of the test; surface over the septal lines slightly 

raised in a series of somewhat papillate ribs; 

area between ribs granular; chambers regularly curved, divided into numerous chamberlets. Diameter 6 millimeters or more. 

The type locality for this species is U.S. G. S. 

station 6869, Antigua formation, Long Island, 

Antigua, Lesser Antilles; T. W. Vaughan, collector. The sections figured came from U. S. 

G. S. station 6854, Rifle Butts, Antigua. At 

this station the specimens are very numerous, 

making up a large proportion of the rock. 

This species occurs in the middle Oligocene, 

and seems to be characteristic of that horizon. 

It has been found in the Virgin Islands at 

station 864 7, St. Croix, 1.4 miles in a straight 

line from Christiansted lighthouse, on south 

side of North Shore Road at Evening Hill, T. 

W. Vaughan, collector; and in Santo Domingo 

at station 8557 (lower bed), Baitoa. 

PLATES XVIII-XXI. 

1~3 
PLATE XVIII. 

Operculina cookei Cushman, n. sp. 

FIGURE 1. Sectional view of specimen, X 15, less finely developed than that shown in figure 2. U. S. G. S. 

station 7116. 

FIGURE 2. Sectional view of large, adult specimen, X 15, dwwing the proloculum or initial chamber and sections 

of all the other chambers of the whole test. U. S. G. S. station 7116. 

134 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 128 PLATE XVIII 

1 

2 

OPERCULINA COOKEI CUSHMAN, N. SP. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 128 PLATE XIX 

3 

6 7 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPERCULINA. 
PLATE XIX. 

Operculina antillea (Cushman). 

FIGURE 3. Exterior view of type specimen, X 5, somewhat eroded and showing traces of the chamber walls. U. S. 

G. S. station 6924. 

Operculina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

FIGURE 4. Surface view of specimen, X 15, showing ornamentation of the exterior. U. S. G. S. station 6747. 

FIGURE 5. Surface view of type specimen, X 15. The angular condition of the border on the left is due to the breaking away of the later h:~mbers. U. S. G. S. station 6747. 

Operculina vaughani Cushman, n. sp. 

FIGURE 6. Sectional view of type specimen, X 15, showing proloculum or initial chamber and the general characterof later chambers. U. S. G. S. station 3617. 

FIGURE 7. Sectional view of younger specimen, X 15. U. S. G. S. station 7115. 

135 
PLATE XX. 

Operculina ocalana Cushman, n. sp., var. 

FIGURE 8. Surface view, X 15. The test thinner and the sutures less marked than in the typical form. U. S. G. S. 

statJ:i.on 6747. 

Operculina willcoxi (Heilprin) Cushman. 

FIGURE 9. Partly broken specimen, X 15, showing the sligh t thickness of the wall, the early chambers, and the 

involute character. U. S. G. S. station 6790. 

FIGURES 10, 11. Surface view of two specimens, X 15, showing the wide revolving edge and the surface mark· 

ings. U. S. G. S. station 6790. 

Operculina floridensis (Heilprin) Cushman. 

FIGURE 12. Surface view, >: 15. U. S. G. S. station 3684. 

Heterostegina antillea Cushman. 

FIGURE 13. Oblique section, X 20, showing some of the cbamberlets. U . S. G. S. station 6869. 

FIGURE 14. Vertical sections, X 20, one through theproloculum. U.S. G. S. station 6869. 

136 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 128 PLATE XX 

13 

11 12 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPERCULINA AND HETEROSTEGINA. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1~8 PLATE XXI 

16 20 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPERCULINA AND HETEROSTEGINA. 
PLATE XXI. 

Heterostegina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

FIGURES 15, 16, 17. Surface views, X 15, eho"ing the characters of the exterior. U. S. G. B. station 6808. 

FIGURE 18. Surface view of type specimen, X 15. U. S. G. S. station 6812. 

Heterostegina ocalana Cushman, n. sp., var. glabra Cushman, n. var. 

FIGURE 19. Surface view of type specimen, X 15. U. S. G. S. station 7348. 

Operculina antillea (Cushman) Cushman. 

FIGURE 20. Section, X 20. U. S. G. S. station 6924. 

137 

A NE'V SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA FROM LOUISIANA. 

By JosEPH AuGusTINE CusHMAN. 

The National Museum collections from the from the matrix, showing the great numbers 

Eoeene of Louisiana eontain abundant speei- that oeeur at this horizon. 

n1ens of a small discoid foraminifer. These 

specimens are very uniform in size, and those 

that are well preserved show a definitely coneave eenter on the two sides. Horizontal 

seetions of a number of the tests show that 

they belong to the genus Orthophragmina, 

whieh is eharacteristic of the Eocene. The 

group of Orthophragmina possessing sueh concave-centered sides has hitherto been found 

chiefly in the East Indian region. This speeies 

from Louisiana, whieh has been named 0. 

advena, may be eompared with the young of 

0. omphalus Fritseh,t figured by H. Douville 

from the Eocene of Borneo. It is still eloser 

to 0. umbilicata Deprat,2 of New Caledonia. 

The Louisiana speeies is smaller, however, 

and is especially different in the eharacter 

of its embryonic chambers, whieh in 0. umbilicata, are more or less angular, espeeially the 

smaller one. In 0. advena the embryonie 

chambers are both circular and exeentrie, so 

that the outer and larger ehamber makes a 

complete eirele with the smaller one. The 

speeies is found with Lepidocyclina mortoni 

Cushman at one of the stations. 

The great abundance of specimens of this 

speeies at this horizon should make it easily 

distinguishable if it occurs to any extent outside of this small area in Louisiana. I have 

not seen it, however, in the large quantity of 

material whieh I have had from other parts 

of the Coastal Plain, Central Ameriea, and the 

'¥est Indies. There are hundreds of specinlens in the National Museum eollections free 

l Soc. geol. France Bull., 4th ser., vol. 5, p. 440, fig. 1, 1905. 

2 Idem, p. 497, pl. 16, figs. 2-11. 

Orthophragmina advena Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, figures 1-5. 

Test circular, compressed, center depressed, 

surrounded by a thicker excentric area, beyond 

which toward the periphery the test again 

becomes thinner; unequally biconvex, one side 

usually being flatter than the other; the surface comparatively smooth, slightly granular, 

representing the peripheral ends of slender 

pillars. Diameter 5 to 7 millimeters. 

Vertical sections show the general form of 

the test, with a concave thin center, thickening 

and then thinning again toward the periphery, 

and the very narrow band of equatorial chambers, which increase but slightly toward the 

periphery. The numerous vertical chambers 

are largest in the thickest portion of the test, 

where they are separated by numerous small 

pillars. 

Horizontal sections show the equatorial 

chambers, two in number, both circular, 

excentric, the wall of the smaller coinciding 

with the wall of the larger, so that the larger 

chamber forms with it a complete circle; 

equatorial chambers rectangular, nearly square, 

annuli being very numerous but elose together, 

much more so than in other American species 

of Or·thophragmina. 

Type specimen, U.S.N. M. No. 328252, from 

Natchitoches, La; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

At this station the species is very abundant. 

Large numbers of this species were collected 

by T. W. Vaughan at U.S. G. S. stations 2914, 

near Provencal, Natchitoches Parish, La., and 

3570, "Foraminifera horizon" of the Ostrea 

sellaeformis zone, Natchitoches, La. 

Geologic occurrence, St. Maurice formation. 

139 

PLATE XXII. 

141 
PLATE XXII. 

Orthophragrnina advena Cushman, n. sp. 

FIGURES 1, 2. Surface view of two specimens, X 5, showing the circular form and the concave center. U. S. G. S. 

station 2006. 

FIGURE 3. Embryonic chambers in section, X 100. 

FIGURE 4. Section through the equatorial band of chambers, X 20. U. S. G. S. station 2914. 

FIGURE .5. Outline of vertical section showing the central depressed area, X 2.5. U. S. G. S. station 29140 

142 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 128 PLATE XXII 

1 3 2 

4 

5 

ORTHOPHRAGMINA ADVENA CUSHMAN, N. SP. 
INDEX. 

[Names of fossils in italic are synonyms; figures in bla.ck face indicate description; figures in italic indicate Ulnstrations.) 

A. Page. 

Aero-photographs, use of, in mapping.·........................... 110 

American Expeditionary Force, drilling of wells by. . . . . . . . . . • 115, 116 

geologistsin, first employment of............................ 92 

maps and reports by ••.•.................•..... 110-111,114-115 

maps and reports on water resources by................ 117-119 

organization of. . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-95 

reports on surface waters by.............................. 116 

Amphistegina Iessonii............................................ 72, 7 4 

Anatina subgracilis ..............•............................ 26-27,54 

Anatinidae ........................ · ......................• " . . • . . . . 26-27 

Anchura (Drepanochllus) americana............................. 37,57 

americana var. pusilla... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 38, 57 

perveta ........•................•.........................•.. 38,58 

var. gracilis .......•.........•.•.••....................... 39,58 

.A nomalina wullerstorfi . ..•••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 •• 0 • 70 

Anticlines in the Mid-Continent.oi:l field, ·origin of ...... : . ..... ~. 84 

Aporrhaidre .....•••...••..•••.•.•.•...•• ~ ••................. : •... 37-39 

AporrlaaiBamerlcana... ...••••••••.•••••••••••..••••••.••.•••••••• 37 

A rca ( C'ucullaea) shumardi........................ . . . . . • • . • . • . • . • 22 

Arcidae ....•...•.•••..•.............•................... ,........ 23-24 

Arctica ovata ..............•................................•• 27-28,5~ 

.A&tarte evami............. •• • • • • • . • . • • • . . • • . . • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • •• • 28 

Astartidae . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . • 28 

Austria, employment of geologists by............................ 93 

Aviculalinguaeformis ..•••••••••••••••••••••• :-.................... 24 

.Axinaea subtmbricata................. •• . • • . . . . • . . . • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • 23 

B. 

Bajocian limestone, suitability of, for construction offieldworks. 103,104 

Barrages, ground made impassable by........................... 114 

Barre, 0., work by, onmilitaryuseoftopographyandgeology.... 90 

Barrois, Prof. Charles, information supplied by................... 95,96 

Becker, Dr. George F., geologic service by, in the Philippine Islands 91 

Belgium, employment of geologists by............................ 93 

mineral resources of, examined by Germans.................. 123 

Bore holes, use of, to determine depth to ground water........... 104 

British Army, geologists in, first employment of...... . • . . . . . • . . . 92 

geologists in, maps and reports by............................ 110 

organization of. ..••...•••••....••...•••..• ; . . . . . . . . . • . . . 93-94 

use of, for finding water supplies............................. 115 

British military schools, teaching of geology at ................... 90-91 

Brooks, Lieut. CoL Alfred H., geologic military service of ......•. 92,95 

The use of geology on the western front ...............•..... 85-124 

Bryan, Lieut. Kirk, geologic military service of. . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95 

Buccinidae .....••....•.••.•.•.••...•.•••..•.•••.......•.....•.... 40-42 

c. Callista (Dosiniopsis?) deweyi ...................•...•............ 31,56 

nebrascensis ...........•.....•...................•...•...• 3G-31,56 

Calyptraphorus septentrionalis................................ 31-40,58 

Camoufiets, meaning of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 

Camps, location of, application or geology to... . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

Cannonballmarinemember,chara.cteristicsof ......•......... 7-9,15-18 

deposition of................................................. 9 

earlyworkon................................................ 1-3 

fauna. of, age of ........••.••.•.•••••••.•....•.....•••....•.... 13-15 

comparison with Cretaceous faunas....................... 11-12 

comparison with Tertiaryfauna."l ........•.......••....... 12-13 

species collected.......................................... 10 

mapping of ..•..•......•••••..•..•............... ~........... 1,3 

sections of.. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Cantharus (Cantharulus) Vaughani. .•...•.•....•.•.....••.•....• 40,58 

Caryophylliidae •••..••.••••..••.••..• : •. : ••...• ; •.....••••..••••• 61-&.l 

Cave shelters, meaning of. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • • . . 103 

use of, limited by-ground water ............. :................ 104 

Cerithium sp. . • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • . . . • . • . . . • . • • • . . . . . • • . • • 34 

43595°--21----12 

Page. 

Chipola marl, Foraminifera in.................................... 67 

Cinulia sp ...................................................... ; 47 

Clay, excavation and draining in ............................••• 101-102 

Concrete, materialfor, location of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

material for, transportation of, through Holland.............. · 122 

Construction, application of geology to........................... 122 

Corals from the Lance formation, descriptions of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-66 

Corbicula berthoudi.. . . . . • . . . • • • • • • • . • •• • • • . • • • . • .. . . . . . . . . . . . • 29-30, 66 

cytheriformis. . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . • . • • . • . • . • . . . . • . . . . • . . • • 29,68 

Corbula mactriformis ..........•.......•....................... · .. 32,51 

Corbulidae.. • • • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • • . • • • • • • • • . . . . • • . • • . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . 32 

COtes de Meuse, intrenchment impracticable on.................. fft 

Orassatella eva mi ••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ; ._. • . • 28 

evamii. ....................................................... 28 

Cristellaria americana var. grandis. . . . . • . . . . . • • • . . . • . . • . • . . • . . . . . a, 7 4 

sp ............................................................ 18-19 

Crassatellites evansi ..•.•.•.•.•.•.............•..••....•......... -.· 18,64 

Crassatellitidae...................................... .• • . . . . . . . . . . 28 

Crenellacedrensis ••••.••...•...•....•••.••.•.••••.•••.....•...••• 15,68 

elongata ..••.••.•••....••••••••••••••• ~ •••••.... ;·. . • . . . . . • 16-18,68 

Crooks, Lieut. Harold F., geologic military service of ............. M, 95 

Cucullaea nebra.scensis ...•••••••.••••.••..••••••••.. ; ••... ·•• .. .. . Ill 

:!1:::·. --~ ~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. ;;..::: 

Cucullaea jibr08a. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 

Cushman, Joseph Augustiile, A new species of Orthophra.gmina 

from Louisiana •••.•.....•..•••.•••••••••••••• .-•••• 139-142 

American species of Operculina and Heterostegina and their 

. f~unal relatio~ .........•... : ••..••.•••••••••.•••.• · 125,1.37 

Lower Miocene Foraminifera of Flonda ••••.•••..•••..••..••. fd-74 

Cut and cover shelter, meaning of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . • . • . . • 104 

Cylichna scitula ....•••••.•••..••............•.•...•...•.......•.• · ts,60 

Cylichnella dak:otensis. . . • • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 48,60 

Ogprinacompressa. •.••••••••••••••••...•.•.•.•.•••••••••.•.••••• 27 

ovata......................................................... 27 • 

Cyrena ( Oorbicula ?) eytherlformiB. . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 

Cyrenidae ......................................................... 29-30 

OgtAerea deweyi. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 

missouriana •••...• ~ . . . . • • • . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • • . • . • . . . • • 28 

nebrascensis ...........•.......••.....•..••..•.•..••.......• :. 30 

D. 

David, Lieut. Col. T. Edgeworth, geologic service of, in the 

British Army ••..•....••••.••.•......•.•.. ffl, 93-94,105,108 

Deformation, forces of, how transmitted .•..•••..••..•.••........• 78-80 

Dentaliidae...... . • . • • • . . . . . . . • • • • • • • . • . . . • • • . . • • . . • . • . . . . • . • . • . . . 34 

Dentalium pauperculum .•.•.•.•.•••••••.•••..••.....•.•.••.••..• 34,51 

Dikes, mine galleries may be blocked by .........•..•...••..•. ; . . 106 

Dione deweyi. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 

nebrtUCensis. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 

Dip of strata, influence of, on distribution ofsoils................. 112 

Discorbina bertheloti •••. ••• ,. • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • tiS) 

vilardeboana ••••• •.•••.•••••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~. 60 

Discorbis bertheloti. .•.••.••.......•..•..•.....•..••..•.......•..• 88; 74 

vilardeboa.na .•••••••.••••••.•..•....•.••••••.•• ~ ............. 0, 74 

Diston, Lieut. A. W .,·geologic military serviee of................. 95 

D08inia missouriana .... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 

Drainage of field. works by tunnels................................ 108 

of wet areas.................................................. 113 

Dugouts, flooding of .................... ·••••••..•....•.....•...•.• fft 

kinds and construction of .....•...•...•••....•.•.•.••..••... 103-105 

E. 

Eckel, Maj. E. C., geologic military service of .• · •••••••• · ••••••••••• 92,95 

Elasmobranchii... • . • . . • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • .. • • . • • • • • • . • . . . • • . . . . • . • 49 

Electricity, uriderground transmission of......................... 123 

143 
144 INDEX. 

Page. 

Enemy, territory held by, information on ..•.•• 109,110,115,117-119,121 

Engineers, Army, employment of geologists supported by........ 88 

civil, lack of appreciation of geology by.. . • . • . . . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 88 

EntaZi8 pauperculum............................................. 34 

Epitoniidae...................................................... 35 

Epitonium dakotense" •••..••.........•.......•...•.•••.•.•.•..••• 35,67 

Eriphyla? mandanensis .......................................... 18,66 

Exogyra costata zone, relations of, to the Midway formation •••••• 13-16 

F. 

Fasciolaria lloydi. ...•.•••.•••.•.••.•• , . . • • • . • . . • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • 411-G, 69 

Fasciolaria? cordensis •••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• f.3,59 

mandanensis •.•••••••••.••••.••..................•.....•..••• fl,69 

(Mesorhytis) dakotensis .••••••••...••..........•..•.•....• 43-4&,69 

.Faadolaria buccifi.Oidu. ... ••••• •••• •• •• • ••• •••• .• ••••••• •• ••••.• •• 42 

Fath, A. E., The origin of the faults, anticlines, and buried 

"granite ·ridge" of the northern part of the Mid• 

Continent oil and gas field..... • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • • . . • . • • 75-84 

Faults, in the Mid-Continent oil field, origin of................ 77-80,84 

mine galleries may be blocked by............................. 106 

water-bearing, flooding from................................ 10'l-103 

Fieldworks, importance of geology in siting and constructing. Ds-100, 109 

kinds of ••••.•••••••••.••••.•••••••.••.• ----·.................. 99 

Flanders, drainagein..................... .•.....•....•.•••••.•••• 113 

Flooding of field works, causes and prevention of................ 101-103 

Foraminifera, descriptions of ••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.•••• 1s-19,67-74 

Forests, distribution of, maneuvers a1fected by .•.•.•••.•••...•• 111,115 

Fort Union formation, nature and deposition of.................. 9-10 

rocks overlying............................................... 10 

Fortifications, importance of geology in constructing..... . • . • . • • • • 99 

Fox Hills sandstone, nature and fauna of........................ 4-6 

France, northeastern, simple geology of.......... . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • • 97 

French Army, attitude of, toward geologists •••......•.•..•..•.•• 87,93 

knowledge and use of geology in ........................... 90,92-93 

mining done by.............................................. 105 

study of topography by...................................... 89 

water-supply information issued by •.• ."...................... 120 

water-supply work in ...................................... 116--117 

Frost, inftuence of, on the passability of ground. . . . • • • • • • • • • . . • • • 113 

Fusidre • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 42-44 

.Fu8u8 contortus.. . . • . • • . . . . • • . . . . • . . . • • • • • . • . • . • . • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • 47 

newberryi. ••••. .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 

vaughani. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .. . . 40 

G. 

Geologic military service, training needed for..................... 98 

Geologists, American, efficiency of, in military emergencies....... 85 

American,reliance of American Expeditionary Force on..... 88 

war work of, publications concerning ••••••••.•.• :........ 85-86 

Geology, application of, to military operations. ................... 88-93 

knowledge of, in the French Anny........................... 90 

training of military offi.cersin, advocated in Germany........ 91 

German Army, application of geology to transportation by....... 121 

attitude of, toward geologists................................. 87-88 

geologic maps issued by .................................... 114-115 

geologistsin,firstappointment of............................ 92 

low rank of ............................................. ,. 96 

maps and reports made by............................... 110 

organization of. .......................................... 95-96 

plans for withdrawalof...................................... 113 

use of witch-hazel stick in.. • . • • • . • . . • • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . 87 

work on waterresourcesin................................... 117 

German geologic sections, equipment of offices of................. 96 

German military geologic manual.. ........................... 114,123 

Germany, geologists employed to find water supplies in. . . . . . . . . . 91 

military use of geology advocated in.......................... 92 

mineral resources of occupied area investigated by.. . . . . . . . . . • 123 

Globigerina bulloides ............................................ a, 74 

Globigerinidae.. .. ..•. •••••..•• ................. .•......•.•.••... 00 

Glycimeris subimbricata ...................................... 23-24,63 11Graniteridge," buried, of the Mid-Continent oilfield, origin of .. 83,84 

Granite wells, meaning of name.................................. 75,77 

Greindle, Gen., geologic serviceof,in the Belgian Army......... 93 

Ground, passability of......................................... 111-115 

Ground water. See Water. 

Guyot, Arnold, topography for military use by................... 89 

H. 

Hancock, E. T., work of, on theCannonballmarinemember..... 1,3 

Page. 

. Hares, C. J'., work of, on the Cannonball marine mem~ .• ••••••• 1,3 

and Lloyd, E. Russell, cited ............................ 3,6-9,9-10 

Harvey, Brig. Gen. R. N., testimony of, to value of geologic 

services.,............................................ 87 

Helicaula:t sp... . . . . .. .. . .. • .. .. . • . • .. • .. .. • • .. • .. . • .. . • . • . . • . • • . 39 

Heterostegina, distribution of, in Georgia and Florida.. • • • . . . • . • • 127 

stratigraphic relations of................................... 125-127 

antilles .................................................... 131, 1S6 

oealana ......................... :....................... ~131,.137 

var. glabra.... . • • • . • . . . • • • • • . • . . • • • • • • . . . • . . • • • • • • • • • • • 131, 137 

Hospitals, location of, application of geology to...... . • • . • • • . • • • • 123 

I. 

Imbeaux, Dr. Edouard, publications by, on the ground waters 

of France............................................ 117 

Intrenchment, impracticable orders for... . . • . .. . .. • . . .. • • . .. . . . • 87,101 

Inundation, areas of, aid of geologists in determining............ 128 

Investigation, time for, not allowed to geologists................ 88 

1; 

Japan, geologic survey of Chosen by.............................. 91 

Johnson, Maj. D. W., bookby,onmilitaryuseoftopography.... 89 

K. 

Kansas,eastern, section in...................................... 7& 

King, Capt. W. B. R., geologic military service of •••••.••• 92, 93,94:,116 

Knappen, Lieut. R. S., geolOgic military service of ••••••.•.••.. rK,96 

Kranz, Capt. W ., geologic military service of. . . . . • • • • • • . • • . • . • • • . 95 

recommendations of, on the training of military geo}oglata.. 91 

L. 

Lacroix, Maj. Morris F., geologic military service of. . • • • • • . . • • • • • M, 86 

Lagenidae ..................................................... ls-19,68 

Lamnidae.......................................... ... .. • . . . . .. • • 49 

Lamnacuspidata ................................................ 8,60 

Lance formation, age and members of. .. . • . . . • • . . .. • . .. • . • .. . • .. • 6-9 

faunal relations of ........................................... 11)-16 

paleogeographic relations of................................. 15 

stratigraphic relations of..................................... 3-10 

Leda mansfieldi. .............................................. 10,11,61 

Leda. evami....................................................... 21 

scitula........................................................ 21 

Ledidae .......................................................... 20-211 

Lee, capt. Charles H., geologic military service of.............. 95 

Lee, Lieut. Wallace, geologic military service of. •••••..•.••....• 94,95 

~~A. G., mapping ofthe Lance formation by............. 3 

Leppla, Dr. August, geologic military service of................ 95 

Levifusus tormentarius....... • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • .. • • • • . . • . U-41, 69 

Lia.sformations,tuitability or, for construction offieldworks...... 108 

Liddell, Brig. Gen., on the finding of ground water by geologists.. 116 

Limestone, fractured, suitability of, for construction offieldworks 

in .................................................. 103,104 

Limon deposits, suitability of, for construction offieldworks . .•• 108 

Lloyd, E. Russell, wotkof,ontheCannonballmarinemember.... 1 

and Hares, C. J'., cited ................................. 3,6-9,9--10 

Lorraine sector, geologic features in. ........................ 102,108,104 

Lucinacedrensis ................................................. 30,6-f. 

Lucina. occidental is.. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. • . . . . . 30 

Lucinidae....................... .• . . • • .. . • . • • • • • • .. • . • • . .. .. . • . • . 30 

Ludlow lignitic member, distribution and sections of............ &-7 

Lunatia obliquata ........................ ~ .................... 35-38,67 

subcrassa .................................................. 38-3'7,67 

" Lunatia concinna................................................. 35 

moreatunai8. • • • • • . • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • .. • 35 

M. 

Maneuvering, relation of ground to............................. 111-115 

Maps, geologic,issued by belligerent armies ....•.•..•.• 109-110,114-115 

geologic, necessity for......................................... 98 

of France, ground waters located by...................... 116 

lack of precision in ................................... 92-93 

revised editions of. . . . . • . . • .. . • • • . . . • . • • • • • . • • • • . . • • . .. • • • 110 

soil, introduction of.......................................... 114 

topographic, absence of, makes geologist mOl'e necessary. , . • • 100 

water-supply, issued by British Army. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 119, 120 

issued by German Army................................. 120 

Marga, Commandant A., work by, on military use of topography. 89-90 

Materials, excavated, camouflaging of............................ 107 

mineral, available supplies or, found by geologists............ rr 

Meretrb;iletoe¢ ............... ".................................... 31 

) 
INDEX. 145 

Page. 

Mid-Continent oil fteld, antiellnes in... . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • . 80-83, 84 

faults in.... . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • . . • •.• . • • . • • • . • • . • • • • . . • • . 77-80, 84 

geology of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-77 

graniteridgeunder •..•••••.•..••.•••••••••.•.•••.••..••••••.• 83,84 

lftdway formation, relations of, to the Exogyra oostata zone ..•• 13-15 

Mineral industries, location of, for attack....... . . . • • • . • . • • . . • . • . 123 

Mineral resources, needed investigations of ..••.•.•.•.•.•.•.•. 122-123 

Mlnes, Charges for . • • . . . • . . • . . . . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 107 

Mining, military ,conditions governing......................... 105-109 

military, geologicin.fQrmation needed for................... 100,109 

reports on British practice in............................ 111 

Modiolusschallerensis. .•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••.•••.•••• I&,.S4 

:Mollusca • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19-48 

MoselleRivervalley, France, water-bearingstratain........... 102 

Munition -dumps, location of, application of geology to............ 123 

MytWdae ...••.•••••.•.•••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25-26 

N. 

Napoleon, scientific exploration originated by.................. 91 

Nfltica morer&Uen~i& • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 

. obUqt&ala. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 

aubenJIBtJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 

Naticidae ....•••••.•.•••.••••••••••••••••••..•.•••••.•.•...•••••• 35--37 

Nautilm becearii... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70 

crllptu....................................................... 71 

ltriatopunetata..... • • . • • . . • • . • • . • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 71 

Nodosariasp ..•••••...••.•.....•.••..•..••••••.•••••.•••••••••••• 18,61 

Nueula planimarglnata ....•..••..••.•••••.•••.•.....•.•••••.•• 19-10,61 

subplana: ..•..••••..•.•.••.....•.••..•............••••••••..• 10,61 

Nucula evatui.................................................... 21 

pltlnomarginata......... .•.•••.• •••••••.•••••.••••.••.•••••••• 19 

aeitula.................... .................................... 21 

Nuculldae. •. • • • • . • . • . • • • . • . . . • • . • . . • . • . • • . • . . • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . . 19-20 

Nummulite~ antillea •..••••••••••••••••••••• ~..................... 128 

jloritleft&i& •••• .II. ••••••••• ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 130 

toilleorl.. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • . ... . . • • • • . • • 129 

Nummulltidae.................................. •• • • • • • • • • •• . • . • • 71-T.I 

o. 

Oak Grove marl, Foram.lnlfera in. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 

Odotatalpll crupidi:&ta..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 

Operculina,dlstribution of, in Georgia and Florida.............. 121 

stratigraphic relations of. . . . . . . . . • • • . • . . • • • • . • . • • . • • . . . • • • • 125-127 

antlllea. . • . • . • . . . • . . . • . • . • . • . • . . • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • . • . 111-llt, 186, 1S7 

cookel .••••••.•••••••••••.•••.••.••••••••••••••••.••••• 187-U8,1S4 

floriden,sis. . • • • • • . • . • • . • • • • . . • . • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 130, UJ8 

ocalana •...•.•••.•••..••.•.•••••.•••.•..••••••..•••.••••.•• 189, 186 

vaughan!. ..•.•.••..••••••••..•..•..•.•••••••••.••••...•...• 118,186 

willcoxi. . • . . • . . . • • . • . • • • . • . • • . . • • • • • • • . . • • . . • • • . . • . . • • • 129-130, 186 

Ortbophragmb;1a advena •.•••..• .-..••....•.•••••.•••••••..••••• 138,142 

Otodus obliquus .....•.•.••..•••.•...•.•••••••...•••.•••.•.•••••• 48,80 

Otodm Zanceolatum • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 

Osark uplift, formation of........................................ 77 

P. 

Paracyathus kayserensis .....•••...•••.•.•••••••.•••••••••••••• 83-1&,66 

lloydi. •...•••.•.•••.•.••..•••••..••.•..•..•.•••••••.•••••• 62-63,86 

thomi .••.••.•.••••••••••••..••..•..•••.•.•••.••.•••••••••.••• 83,66 

Parallelodontidae ..••...•••.•.•.•.•.•.•••.•••.•••••••.•.•••••••.•• 22-23 

Pectutle'Ulmrubimbrlcattu.. •••.••.••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 

Pedalion Uoydi. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• M,66 

Pelecypod a • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . • • • . • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • 19-34 

Penaasp....................... .................................. 24 

Pernidae.. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . • . • . • • • • 24 

fhilippine Islands, use of geology in .•..•.•••••.•.•.•.•.•..•..... ; 91 

Phillipp, Prof. Hans, geologie military service of................. 95 

Pholadomya haresi. .............................................. 18,64 

Pholadomyacidae................................................ 26 

Pierre shale, distribution and fauna of............................ 3-4 

Plsees............................................................ 49 

Pleurophoridae .•.•.•••••••••••••.••..•••.•.•••.•.•• ~. • . . • • • • . • • • . 27-28 

Pleuroto maria eontorta.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

Polymorphina communis ........................................ 18,14 

lactea •••••••.•••••.••..•••.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 88,74 

Page. 

Polystomella chipolensis. • . . . • • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • '71, 14 

orispa •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '71,'14 

lanieri. .•...•••...•.••••••..•. ·. . • • . • • • . • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 71,14 

sagra • • • • • • . • . • . . . • . . • • • . . • . • . . . . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • '71-71, 14 

striatopunctata.... . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • '71, 7 4 

subnodosa •.•••• .-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 71,74 

Portlock, J. E., Maj. Gen. R. l!l., on thevalueofgeology •••••••••• 88-88 

Precipitation. Bee Rainfall. 

Preparation for geologic war work............ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • 124 

Problems, geologic, military, solution of. ......................... 97-98 

Protozoa ......................................................... 18-19 

Psilocochlis occidentalis? •.....•••••••..••••.••••••••.••••.••.••• 6&,69 

Pterlalinguaeformis ...•••.••••.•.•••••.........••••..•••...•.• 14-15,64 

Pteria linguiformis........ • • • . • • • • • . • . • . • . • . . • . . • . • • • . • • • . • . . • • . • • 24 

pel;roBa. • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24. 

Pteriidae.. . • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • . . • • • . • . • • • . • • • • • 24-25 

Pumping, removal of ground water by..................... 101,104,108 

· Pyramidellidae.... . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 34 

Pyrifusus {Neptunella) gracJlis ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 61,69 

newberry! .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40-41,68 

Pyropsis hancock! .•..•••• -~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41,69 

Q. 

Quicksand, sinking of shafts through..................... . . . • • • 108-109' 

R. 

Rainfall, influence of, on the passabillty of ground.............. 113-118 

Renier, Dr. A., i.nform&tionsupplled by ....•••.••••••• 93,95,96,114,116 

Rhizopoda •••..•..•.•.••••.•••••.....•..•••••....•••••••••••••••• 18-19 

Rlnglcula dubia ............................................... t7-U,60 

Ringloulidae.. • ................................................. 47-48 

Rood metal, needless transportation of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 87 

sources of, need of maps showing............................. 122 

Robulina ~---·· ••••••••••• ••••• •• •••••. ••••• •••••••• ••••• 71 

Rook, trenching in.... • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 101 

Rooks, fracturing of ............................................ 107-108 

igneous, mining Impracticable in........ . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 106 

nature of, mining governed by ......................... ~ 100, 106, 107 

physlealoondition of, affects facility ofexoavatlng............ 106 

spllntering of, by artlllery ftre ~-............................ •• 112 

RoaalinCJ bertAelotj •••••••••••••••••• •• • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • 88 

vilardeboana.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 

R08'tdlaf'ia americana............................................. rr 

Rotalla beoearii. •• • . . • • .. . • • . • • . . . • • . • . • . • • • . • • • • • .. .. • • .. • • • • .. • 70,7 4 

Rotaliidae ....................................................... 68-70 

s. 

St. :Mihielsector, geologiofeaturesin. ......... ................... 102 

plans of Allles for attack and of Germans for withdrawal in. 113-114 

Sand, ftlter, available sources of, found by geoJogists •...•..•••••• f!T, 123 

8cala,sp............ ............................................ 35 

Scapbandridae .• . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . • • . . • . . . . • • . • • . . • . . . • • . . .. . . . • • • . . 48 

Scaphopoda...................................................... 34-48 

Sebastopol, finding of shale bed at ...••.•••.••••.•..•.•••••.. ·. • • • . 105 

Berpultl lactta • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • .. • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • .. 68 

Shafts, sinking of, through wet ground......................... 108, 109 

Shell craters, advance of troops hampered by. . . . . . . . . . • •• . . . . • 112, 114 

Shoal River marl, Foraminifera in. • • • • • • • • . • . • • • . . . • . • • • • • • • • . • • f/1 

Smithers, Lieut. T. M., geologie military service of............... 95 

Boll, relation of, to military maneuvers.......................... 111-115 

Solemya bilix .•••••••••••••.•••.•••.•••.•••...••..••••.•••.•••.•. 11,61 

Solemyacidae................................ .. • . • • . • • • . • • . • • ... • • 19 

Sound, transmiasi9n of, through rooks.... . . . . .. . • . . . . . . . • • • . . . . • 106, 1C11 

Spllnter proofs, meaning of.. . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • 103 

Stanton, Timothy W., The fauna of the Cannonball marine member oftbe Lance formation........................... 1-66 

Stephenson, L. w., cited ......................................... 13-14 

Steriphonotrochuslelthensis ..................................... U,86 

Streams, orosslng of............................................ 113-115 

Strombidae ....................................................... 39-40 

T. 

Tanks, maneuvering of, importance of knowledge of soil for •••• 1~114 

Telegraphy, earth, geologic information on....................... 123 

Teredinidae •...••..•.•.••••..•..•...•••.••••• -. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 33-34 

Teredo globosa ............................................ · •••• Ja.-31,11 

selliformis. . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31,17 

Textulariidae •..•.•••••• : •................................... ~... 08 
146 INDEX. 

Page. 

ThrOcla aubgracilis.... •• • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 

Timbering, quantity required in various materials. . • • • . . . . . . . . 105, 107 

Toareian formations, suitability of, for constructing fteldworks. 103,104 

Topography, military use of, in America......................... 89 

military use of, in France.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . • 89 

Transportation, application of geology to ...•.................•• 121-122 

Trenches, communicating, construction of........................ 102 

draining of................................................... 101 

errors in locating ............................................ 87,101 

feasibility of constructing, in different materia1s.............. 101 

revetment for .............................................. 101-102 

Trigonarca? hancocki ............................................ 23,53 

Trochocyathus dakotaenis.... . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . • . 61-62,66 

Trochocyathus? neumani.. ..................................•...• 62,66 

Truncatulina americana ............................................ 70,7 4 

sp.?.............. ............................................ 70 

wuellerstorfi ................................................. · 70,74 

Turbonilla? cordensis .......................................... ~. 34.,57 

Turricula bacata .................................. · ............... 48,60 

cincta ..................................................... ~1,60 

janesburgensis.... . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . 45--48,60 

textilis ....................................................... 46,60 

Turricula? contort a ............................................... 47,60 

T~~c:~~:~~:~ ~ ~:: ~ ~: ~::::: :::: ~ ~ ~ ~::: ~ ::::: :·~ ~:: ~ ~:::::::::: :;;: Turris? tormentaria .................... , ......................... 45,60 

Turria conwrtua... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. • • • .. • • .. .. . .. • • .. .. .. • .. • .. • 47 

minor........................................................ 45 

sp ...................................................... :..... 41 

Turritella haresi... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. • 37,57 

Turritellida·e ........................................ ~. .. . . . . . • • . . 37 

Turritidae ....................................... ,. ................... 45-47 

0 

V. Page. 

Van Strachan, Dr., geologic service of, in theBelglanArmy...... : • 

Vasidae .......................................................... 4t-45 

Vaughan, Thomas Wayland, Corals from the Cannonball marine 

member of the Lance formation ...................... 61-66 

Veneridae ........................................................ »-31 

Vertebrata....................................................... 49 

Virgulina fioridana ................................ " ............. -tl, 14 

Vosges Mountains, geologic character of.. .................... 97-98,100 

military mining in. . •• .. • • . .. • • • .. .. .. .. .. • .. . .. . .. • .. .. .. .. • 107 

w. 

War, application of geology to................................... 96-124 

Water, ground, attempts to find, with witch-hazelstick.......... 81 

ground, construction of dugouts made impracticable by...... f!1 

depth of excavation limited by. . . • • • . . . . • . • . • • • • • • 102, UM:, 108 

flooding offteldworks from strata offault planes bearing. 102, 108 

mining hampered by................................... 108--100 

relat1on of, to fleldworks, report on....................... 111 

supplies of, for army must be large. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

geologists needed for finding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . • . . . . .. . . 115-117 

important for military plants............................. 87 

information on, needed at beginning of campaign....... 120--121 

locating of, should be separated from development of.... 120 

surface, difficulties caused by..... . . . . • • • • . • • • • • • • . . • . • • • . . . . . 108 

Water-supply terms, English, French, an<~ German, glossary of.. 119 

Wells, location of, atrandom ............................... -~. .. . 115 

location of, by geologists ........ ~............................ 87,116 

West Point, teaching of geology at.:............................. 90 

Witch-hazel stick, use of, by Germans............ . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . 87 

Y. 

Yoldiaevansi. ............................................ • ....... 21,62 

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