UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE 

ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

PART III. LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142-C 

Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no further use 

for it write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask for a frank to return it 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Hubet"t Work, Secretary 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

George Otis Smith, Director 

Professional Paper 142-C 

THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF TfiE ALUM BLUFF GROUP 

OF FLORIDA 

BY 

JULIA GARDNER 

PART III. LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 

Published September 18,1926 

(Pages 101-149) 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1926 

:For sale hy the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governnwnt Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 101 

Systematic descriptions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 103 

Order Teleoclcsmacea _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 103 

Superfamily Lucinacea_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 103 

Fatnily Lucinidae_________________________________________________________________________________ 103 

Family Diplodontidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 117 

Superfamily Leptonacea ___________________________________________________________________ ~----------- 121 

Family Leptonidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 

Family Sportellidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 125 

Family Kelliellidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 128 

Position uncertain________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 129 

Superfamily Cardiacea_ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _____ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ____ __ __ ____ __ ___ _ _____ __ 130 

Family C:udiidae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 130 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

PLATES XVIII-XXIII. Lucinacea, Leptonacea, and Cardiacea of the Alum Bluff grOUP----------------------------- 143-149· 

II 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAUNA 

The following list shows the localities cited by 

number in the text and tables: 

75. 6 miles west of Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla. 

322b. Nigger Sink, 8 miles north of Newmansville, Alachua 

County, Fla. 

323. Near Hawthorn, Alachua County, Fla. 

356. Sullivan's field, Levy County, Fla. 

359. Chimney Rock Quarry, half a mile north of Gainesville, 

Alachua Countv Fla. 

360. Preston;s marl bed, 372 miles north of Waldo, Alachua 

County, Fla. 

361. Hogtown Creek, at old mill 2 miles northwest of Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla. 

365. Johnsons Sink, 4 miles northwest of Hawthorn, Levy 

County, Fla. 

369. Hammock west of Magnesia Springs, near Hawthorn, 

Alachua County, Fla. 

373. Phosphate rock of the Devil's Mill Hopper, 5 miles 

northwest of Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla. 

395. 50-foot well in Tallahassee, Leon County, Fla. 

2116. Lapenotiere's Hammock, on Sixmile Creek, 172 miles 

so~th of Orient Station, Hillsborough County, Fla. 

2211. Lower bed, Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Ha. 

2212. Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

2213. 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

2214. Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

2238. Flournoy's mill race, 2 miles east of Argyle, Walton 

County, Fla. 

2302. 2 miles west of Tallahassee, Leon County, Fla. 

2322. Sopchoppy Creek, V{akulla County, Fla. 

2324. 'White Sulphur Springs ('Vhite Springs), Suwannee 

River, Hamilton County, Fla. 

2380. Clay Springs, Orange County, Fla. 

2564. McClelland farm, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

2566. Upper bed at Rock Bluff, Apalachicola River, Liberty 

County, Fla. 

2568. Lower or "Chipola" bed at Alum Bluff, Apalachicola 

River, Liberty County, Fla. 

2611. West bank of Suwannee River, SW. 7.1' NW. 7.1' SE. ~ 

sec. 8, T. 4 S., R. 11 E., near Dell, Lafayette County, and 15 

miles south of Ellaville, Madison County, Fla. 

2612. West bank of Suwannee River just below a sulphur 

spring 272 miles below 2611, Lafayette County, 17 miles south 

of Ellaville, Madison County, Fla. 

2645. McClellan farm, Shoal River, 5 miles west of Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla. 

2646. Oak Grove, Yellow River, Okttloosa County, Fla. 

2652. Horse Creek, 1 Yz miles south of Oak Grove, Okaloosa 

County, Fla. 

2653. "Otaheite berl.s," on east Blackwater Creek, 15 miles 

\vest of Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

2675. 1 mile south of railroad bridge at Milligan, Okaloosa 

County, Fla. 

2823. West bank of Suwannee River just below sulphur 

spring 272 miles below 2612, 19Yz miles south of Ellaville, 

Madison County, Fla. 

2868. Fuller's earth bed, Quincy, Gadsden County, Fla. 

....3173. "Fuller's earth" mines of Chesebrough Co., Quincy, 

Gadsden County, Fla. 

3385. Gastropod Gulch, 4 miles southeast of Bainbridge, 

Decatur County, Ga. 

3386. Roseland Plantation, 372 miles southeast of Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga. 

3396. Sam Dickens's field, 7 miles southeast of Bainbridge, 

Decatur County, Ga. 

3415. "Rock Bluff," east bank of Apalachicola River, 12 

miles below railroad, Liberty County, Fla. 

3417. Alum Bluff, 35 miles below railroad bridge over 

Apalachicola River, Liberty County, Fla. 

3419. McClelland farm 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

3424. J. C. Henderson's well, western limits of Tallahassee, 

Leon County, Fla. 

3704. Quincy, Gadsden County, Fla. 

3731. Near Mossyhead, sec. 6, T. 3 N., R. 21 W., Walton 

County, Fla. 

3732. Dave Adams Mill Creek, sec. 2, T. 3 N., R. 21 W., 

Walton County, Fla. 

3733. Three-fourths mile west of Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 

\Valton County, Fla. 

3742. Shell Bluff, Shoal River, \Valton County, Fla. 

3747. 8 miles south of Lake DeFuniak, Walton County, Fla. 

37 48. Summerville mill race, 1 mile east of Argyle, Walton 

County, Fla. 

37 49. Allen Senterfeit's mill, 3 or 4 miles north of Campton, 

Walton County, Fla. 

3856. 6 miles west-northwest of Mossyhead, Walton County, 

Fla. 

4966. 1,000 feet above Georgia, Florida & Alabama Railroad 

bridge over Ochlockonee River, \Vakulla County, Fla. 

4976. White Springs, Hamilton County, Fla. 

4977. W. C. Rose's farm, 'Vest Sopchoppy, Wakulla County, 

Fla. 

4978. Rose's Mill Creek, 3 miles west of Sopchoppy, Wakulla 

County, Fla. 

4986. Miller's quarry, 1 mile from Ellenton, Mana tee County, 

Fla. 

4991. Ochlockonee River, 1 mile north of Holland, Leon 

County, Fla. 

5079. One-half mile below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County ,Fla. 

5080. First ravine below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla. 

5184. First ravine below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla. 

5192. Folk's Creek, 4 miles south of Argyle, \Valton County, 

Fla. 

5193. Crowder's Crossing, 1Yz miles below Shell Bluff, Shoal 

River, Walton County, Fla. 

5194. 1% miles below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla. 

5195. First ravine below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla. 

5613. Coronet phosphate mine, 5 miles southeast of Plant 

City, Hillsborough Cuunty, Fla. 

5618. 3Yz miles southwest of De Funiak Springs, Walton 

County, Fla. 

5629. Coronet phosphate mine, 5 miles southwest of Plant 

City, Hillsborough County, Fla. 

5630. 100 yards below Oak Grove Bridge, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

5631. Oak Grove Bridge, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, J.i'la. 

5632. Oak Grove, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

5633. Oak Grove, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

6175. Left bank of Suwannee River three-fourths mile above 

White Springs, Columbia County, Fla .. 

6196. Rock stratum lying immediately above fuller's earth 

at Ellenton, ·Manatee County, Fla. 

III 
IV THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

6197. Limestone underlying fuller's earth at Ellenton, 

Manatee County, Fla. 

6208. Marl underlying phosphate of Pierce Phosphate Co., 

Pierce, Polk County, Fla. 

6209. 2~ miles southwest of Phosphate Mining Co.'s pit No. 

4, Mulberry, Polk County, Fla. 

6769. East bank of Suwannee River at wagon bridge at White 

Springs, Hamilton County, Fla. 

6775. Spring on left bank of Suwannee River about 100 yards 

above Rock Island and about half a mile above White Springs, 

Columbia County, Fla. 

6776. Spring on left bank of Suwannee River about 100 

yards above Rock Island and about half a mile above White 

Springs, Columbia County, Fla. 

6778. Spring on left bank of Suwannee River about 100 

yards above Rock Island and about half a mile above White 

Springs, Columbia County, Fla. 

6783. Langston's Sink, about 4 miles northwest of Lake 

City, on road to White Springs, Co:umbia County, Fla. 

6800. Preston Sink, 3 miles north of ·waldo, Alachua County, 

Fla. 

6801. Lochloosa Creek, near Magnesia Spring, about 3 miles 

west of Hawthorn, Alachua County, Fla. 

7054. 400 feet below bridge, Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, 

Fla. 

7055. Old Senterfeit mill, 4~ miles southwest of J..,aurel 

Hill, ·walton County, Fla. 

7148. Gastropod Gulch, 5~ miles southeast of Bainbridge, 

Decatur County, Ga. 

7151. Tenmile Creek, Calhoun County, Fla. 

7183. Alum Bluff (lower bed), Liber",y County, Fla. 

7256. Look and Tremble Shoals, Chipola River, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

7257. Sexton's marl bed, sec. 11, T. 1 N., R. 10 W., Tenmile 

Creek, Calhoun County, Fla. 

7261. Upper Alaqua Lethu (?) Bluff, near De Funiak 

Springs, Walton County, Fla. 

7264. De Funiak Cardiurn beds, Alaqua Creek, Walton 

County, Fla. 

7468. Sopchoppy, Wakulla County, Fla. 

7847. Lake Butler, Bradford County, Fla. 

7893. Boynton Landing, Choctawhatchee River, Washington County, Fla. 

9957. Gully south of the road and east of the bridge over 

White's Creek, on road from Eucheeanna to Knox Hill, 6.7 

miles south of Argyle, 1. 7 miles southeast of Eucheeanna, 

Walton County, Fla. 

9958. Site of Flournoy's old mill, about 1~ miles northeast 

of Argyle, Walton County, Fla. 

9959. One-fourth mile west by north of Pleasant Ridge 

Church, 5.2 miles southwest of De Funiak Springs, Walton 

County, Fla. 

9960. Folk's Creek, sec. 21 or 22, T. 3 N., R. 18 W., 6 miles 

south of Argyle and 1.7 miles from Eucheeanna, Walton County, 

Fla. 

9961. Horse Creek, 1~ miles south of Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

9994. John M. P. McC elland's farm, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

10596. Waldon Bridge over Bruce Creek, 5 miles west of 

Red Bay, Walton County, Fla. 

10603. Gully south of the road and east of the bridge over 

White's Creek, on road from Eucheeanna to Knox Hill, 6.7 miles 

south of Argyle, 1.7 miles southeast of Eucheeanna, Walton 

County, Fla. 

10608. White's Creek, half a mile below bridge on Eucheeanna-Knox Hill road, 'Valton County, Fla. 

10609. The 'Voodyard, three-fourths mile above Shell Landing, Holmes Creek, Washington County, Fla. (lower bed). 

10610. The 'Voodyard, three-fourths mile above Shell Landing, Holmes Creek, 'Vashington County, Fla. (upper limestone.) 

10611. White's Creek near water's edge, half a mile below 

bridge over creek on road from Eucheeanna to Knox Hill, 

6.7 miles south of Argyle, 1.7 miles southeast of Eucheeanna, 

'Valton County, Fla. 

10612. Chester Spence's farm, 5 miles southwest of De 

Funiak Springs, at head of Cconter's l\iill Creek, Walton 

County, Fla. 

10658. Shell B~uff, Shoal River, 6 miles west-northwest of 

1\fossyhead, "Talton County, Fla. 

10659. Tanner's mill (Old Senterfeit mill), 4 miles southwest of Laurel Hill, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

10660. Lower bed, Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. 

10661. Godwin Bridge over Shoal River, 5 to 6 miles nortnwest of Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla. 

10662. Lower bed, Shoal River, between Godwin Bridge and 

Shell Bluff, 5 to 6 miles west-northwest of Mossyhead, \Valton 

County, Fla. 

10663. Crowder's Crossing, 1~ miles below Shell Bluff, 

Shoal River, Walton County, Fla. 

10860. Boynton Landing, 4 miles east of Miller's Ferry, 

Washington County, Fla. 

10869. Folk's Creek, 6 miles south of Argyle, Walton County, 

Fla. 
THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

By JuLIA GARDNER 

PART III. LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 

INTRODUCTION 

The species included under the three superfamilies 

Lucinacea, Leptonacea, and Cardiacea number an 

even hundred. 

The general characters of the faunas of the three 

divisions of the Alum Bluff group have been discussed 

in Parts I and II. The fauna of the Chipola formation, the lowest of these divisions, is subtropical, frmn 

moderately shallow water, and remarkably diversified. 

The fauna of the succeeding formation, the Oak 

Grove sand, gives evidence of a lower temperature 

and even more shallow water. There is a decided 

decrease in the number of species and an increase in 

the number of individuals. In the uppermost formation of the group, Shoal River, the conditions prevailing during the Oak Grove epoch are in the main, 

continued with probably an increasing emergence of 

the sea bottom and possibly a slight rise in temperature. The number of species recognized in the Shoal 

River formation is decidedly less than half the number listed from the Chipola, whereas the Oak Grove 

fauna occupies an intermediate position. 

Local distribution of species of Lucinacea, Leptonacea, and C ardiacea 

[pr, prolific; a, abundant; c, common; p, present; r. rare. The localities within each formation are listed in geographic order from north to south and from west to east] 

Chipola formation Oak Grove sand 

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101 
102 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Local distribution of species of Lucinacea, Leptonacea, and Cardiacea-Continued 

Chipola formation Oak Grove sand 

Shoal Hiver formation 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 103 

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS 

Phylum MOLLUSCA 

Class PELECYPODA 

Order TELEODESMACEA 

Superfamily LUCINACEA 

Family LUCINIDAE 

Genus CODAKIA Scopoli 

1777. Codakia Scopoli, Introductio ad historiam naturalem, 

p. 398. 

Type: Chama codolc Adanson. (Recent off the 

coast of Senegal.) 

Shell suborbicular or obliquely oval, reticulately 

sculptured; ligament covered with a calcareous coating 

and inset with the resiliu1n or entirely external and 

mounted on a narrow nymph; hinge normal, though 

the tendency toward obsolescence is commonly seen 

both in the cardinals and laterals. 

The Tertiary representatives of this genus are rather 

restricted both in the number of species and of individuals. The Recent n1embers are chiefly tropical 

and inhabit the Pacific and Indian oceans and the 

Caribbean Sea. 

The genus has a meager representation in the 

Chipola and Oak Grove formations. No determinable n1ember of the group has yet been noted in the 

Shoal River formation. 

Subgenus JAGONIA Recluz 

1869. Jagonia Recluz, Melanges malacologiques: Soc. linneenne Bordeaux Actes, vol. 27, p. 37. 

Type: Pectunculus jagon Adanson = Lucina pecten 

Lamarck. (Recent off the west coast of Africa.) 

Dall 1 described this subgenus as follows: 

Shells small, light, frequently tumid, and very inequilateral; 

beaks more prominent and lunule relatively often larger; 

ligament and resilium external, on a narrow n}"mph, not coated 

with shelly matter; posterior laterals distinct; margins usually 

crenulate; foot differing little from the ordinary pelecypod 

type. * * * In these forms the radial part of the sculpture 

is usually more pronounced than in Codakia. 

Outline subcircular: 

Dorsal areas not differentiated; radial sculpture not incised, 

undulatory in character, evanescing toward the ventral 

margin __________________ Codakia (J agonia) erosa Dall. 

Dorsal areas feebly differentiated; radial sculpture incised, 

usually more distinct toward the ventral margin: 

Valves relatively compressed. 

Codakia (J agonia) chipolana Dall. 

Valves relatively inflated. 

Codakia (J agonia) actinoides Maury. 

Outline transversely elliptical. 

Codakia (? J agonia) magnolioides Maury. 

1 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary faune of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1345, 1903. 

Codakia (Jagonia) erosa Dall 

Plate XVIII, Figure 1 

1903. Codakia (Jagonia) erosa Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1348, pl. 52, fig. 7. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, slightly inequilateral, moderately plump, suborbicular; beaks small and prominent; surface sculptured with 

a dozen or less obscure, hardly elevated, broad, flattish radials, 

corresponding to fascicles of radial threads in C. vendryesi, 

crossed by incremental lines and near the base by somewhat 

more widely spaced concentric grooves; lunule lanceolate, 

moderately i~pressed; hinge well developed, anterior right 

lateral present, the other laterals obsolete; margins rather 

strongly crenulate. Height 6.5, length 7.0, diameter 3.5 

millimeters. 

If this species grows to a larger size it is probable that the 

additional surface will be distinctly concentrically sulcate. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114688. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The radial sculpture is very obscure and irregular 

and least feeble upon the umbone. With the initiation 

of the concentric sculpture toward the ventral margin 

it becomes obsolete altogether. The species is apparently restricted to the single horizon. 

A closely allied but not specifically identical form 

occurs in the environs of De Funiak Springs in Walton 

County. 

Occurrence: Chipola fonnation, localities 7257r, 

2213P, 3419r. 

Codakia (Jagonia) chipolana Dall 

Plate XVIII, Figure 2 

1903. Codakia (Jagonia) chipolana Dall, "\Vaguer Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1349, pl. 52, fig. 9. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell rounded, slightly inequilateral, the posterior side shorter, 

moderately convex, with small, pointed, distinct, but not 

elevated beaks; sculpture of close-set, flattish, narrow, concentric ridges more distinct on the umbones and below the 

middle of the disk, crossed by numerous, even, nonbifurcate, 

radial grooves, whose interspaces are about as 1vide as the concentric ridges; the posterior area is set off by a 'vide, shallow 

sulcus, beyond which there are several radials, and the concentric sculpture becomes more or less lamellose; anteriorly, too, 

the radials become more pronounced, and there is a small 

lanceolate anterior dorsal area; the lunule is subglobular, small, 

and deeply impressed; the hinge and marginal crenulations are 

strong, the anterior cardinals are effaced by the lunule and the 

scars are normal. Height 7.5, length 8.2, diameter 5.0 millimeters. 

The well-defined dorsal areas and stronger distal sculpture 

throw a doubt on the proper place of this species, which in some 

respects recalls Lucinisca. It is a well-defined form and not 

uncommon in the Chipola marl. 
104 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114691. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla. 

This species seems to be :restricted to the type 

locality. The specimens listed from Chipola River 

are filled with the characteristic Alum Bluff matrix, 

whereas the valve from Oak Grove passing under this 

name is quite worn and certainly represents a more 

· inflated and more sharply sculptured species. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2211 c, 

10660 °. 

(?) Codakia (Jagonia) actinoides (Maury) 

1910. Phacoides aciinoides Maury, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 

4, No. 21, p. 35, pl. 9, fig. 4. 

Miss Maury described this species as follows: 

Shell resembling P. actinus Dall from the Oligocene of Bowden, Jamaica, but larger, more incquilateral, and with more 

strongly recurved beaks than that species, from which it also 

differs in sculpture. The Oak Grove species is a plump, fairly 

solid shell, with the anterior end longer than the posterior but 

compressed as though pinched, lunule cordate, distinct; shell 

with three types· of sculpture-namely, very near the beak are 

about three concentric lame1Iae, which form the only sculpture 

for a distance of about half a millimeter; beyond this radial 

ribs begin to appear and form with the succeeding half dozen 

concentric lamellae a beautiful cancellation like that over the 

whole disk of the Pliocene P. waccamawensis Dall. This cancellation continues for a distance of about 1 millimeter, after 

which the concentric lamellae become fainter and more irregular 

and the six or seven primary ribs continue only faintly to the 

ventral margin of the shell; a large number of interstitial, radial 

lines appear (about 32 in the margin of the shell) and cover the 

larger part of the disk, replacing the earlier cancellation. It is 

an interesting fact that this species began but almost immediately 

abandoned the style of ornamentation which in the Miocene and 

Pliocene became so characteristic of shells of the Bellucina type. 

Hinge with well-developed teeth; inner margin of shell finely 

crenulated. 

Length of shell 7, height 6.5, diameter of one valve 2 millimeters. 

Oak Grove, Santa Rosa [now Okaloosa] County, Fla. 

Cornell University collection. 

Type locality: Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

This is probably the same form as that listed by 

Dall under the name Codalcia (J agonia) chipolana 

Dall. It differs frorn the young of that species in its 

more inflated outline and more sharply defined 

sculpture. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand. 

Codakia (?Jagonia) magnolioides Maur" 

1910. Codakia magnolioides Maury, Bull. Am. Paleontology, 

vol. 4, No. 21, p. 34, pl. 9, fig. 2. 

Miss Maury described this species as follows: 

"Shell small, fragile, very inequilateral, mode~ately inflated; 

general outline elliptical; beaks low but prominent; sculpture 

of very fine, even, radial ribs, extending from the beak to the 

margin, and crossed by equal, fine, rounded concentric threads. 

A delicate and beautiful cancellation is thus made which, however, can scarcely be seen without the aid of a lens. Inner 

margin crenulate; the ribs of the exterior are more or less visible 

in the interior of the shell; hinge delicate, but teeth very distinct. Length of largest shell 9, height 7, diameter of one valve 

2 millimeters. The usual size is, however, much smaller. 

Chipola marls, Baileys Ferry, Fla. 

Cornell University collection. 

This very elegant species resembles C. magnoliana Dall from 

the Upper Miocene of Magnolia, N. C., but the Chipola species 

can be distinguished at a glance by its much more inequilateral 

form. 

Type locality: Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The species has not been observed in any of the 

available collections. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Codakia (Jagonia) sp. indet. 

1903. Codakia (Jagonia) sp. indet. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1349. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Several specimens of a nepionic J agonia, distinct from any 

of the described species and resembling the delicately scupltured 

forms of C. orbiculata but too young for positive identification 

were obtained. 

Locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, Liberty 

County, Fla. 

The shell is transversely ovate in outline, the 

umbones set far back of the median horizontal. It 

may be the young of 0. magnolioides Maury, though 

it is only one-third the size of Miss Maury's species 

and does not exhibit the marks of youth. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2211P. 

Genus LUCINA (Bruguiere) Lamarck 

1798. Lucina Bruguiere, Tableau encyclopediqueetrnethodique, 

vol. 1, pis. 284-286 (name only). 

1799. Lucina Lamarck, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification 

des coquilles: Soc. hist. nat. Paris Mem., p. 84. 

Monotype: Venus edentula Linnaeus. (Recent in 

the Indian Ocean?) 

Dall 2 described this genus as follows: 

Shell inflated, thin, concentrically striated, anterior and 

posterior dorsal areas obsolete; lunule deep and narrow, no 

visible escutcheon; ligament and resilium deeply inset but not 

occluded; margins entire, anterior adductor scar long, hinge 

wholly edentulous. * * *. 

Lucina, in the strict sense, appears at least as early as the 

Eocene, is very abundant in the Oligocene, retreated before 

the colder Miocene waters, and increased again in the warmer 

climate of the Pliocene. The southern Pleistocene included, 

like the recent fauna, one or two species. The bullet-like 

internal casts of this genus are among the most characteristic 

fossils of the southern Tertiaries, their rounded form seeming 

to preserve them better than the more irregular and thinner 

casts of other genera. 

Lucina, by reason of its rather large size and 

relative abundance, is one of the more prominent 

genera in the Alum Bluff faunas, particularly in the 

Oak Grove sand and the Shoal River formation. 

2 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1352, 1903. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 105 

Posterior and anterior dorsal margins obscurely or not at all 

differentiated by the elevation of the concentric lamellae: 

Diameter approximately three-fourths the altitude of the 

shelL _______ ----- __ --------- _Lucina corpulenta Dall. 

Diameter decidedly less than three-fourths the altitude of 

the shelL ______ --------------- ___ _ Lucina janus Dall. 

Posterior and anterior dorsal margins rather sharply differen: 

tiated by the elevation of the concentric lamellae. 

Lucina santarosana Dall. 

Lucina corpulenta Dan 

Plate XVIII, Figures 3-4 

1903. Lucina corpulenta Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1354, pl. 51, figs. 7, 8. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

This form resembles the L. janus, but is more inflated, with 

more elevated and incurved beaks, a shorter and smaller 

lunule, and no anterior alation. Height 35, length 42, diameter 

30 millimeters. A fragment of a specimen, probably of this 

species, is 80 millimeters in length. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114719. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The large specimen mentioned, which is no more 

than a fragment of a cast, lacks the turgid outline so 

characteristic of corpulenta. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2213P. 

Lucina janus Dall 

Plate XVIII, Figure 5 

1903. Lucina janu.~ Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 6, p. 1353, pl. 51, fig. 9. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell orbicular, plump, nearly equilateral; beaks low, slightly 

prosogyrate over a small, deeply impressed, narrowly lanceolate lunule; anterior hinge line somewhat ascending, suddenly 

rounding into the curve of the anterior end, forming an illdefined wing, which has irregular marks of compression where it 

joins the body of the shell; the posterior dorsal [margin] descends 

slightly in a right line, meeting the curve without any angle or 

alation; base nearly semicircular; surface, when perfect, somewhat shining, with very fine, rather irregular concentric wrinkles 

and incremental lines, which cross fine, microscopic, slightly 

vermicular, radial striation all over the shell; hinge edentulous; 

posterior adductor scar lucinoid but rather short. Height of 

an average specimen 37, length 42, diameter 25 millimeters. 

This species is very abundant in the Chipola formation. The 

radial sculpture is less evident than in L. subvexa, the surface 

is smoother, and the shell less inflated. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114718. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Adult specimens of Lucina corpulenta have a dialneter equal to approximately three-fourths the altitude, 

whereas the diameter of L. janus is but little more 

than two-thirds the altitude. This higher inflation 

is especially noticeable in the Ulnbonal region. There 

is also a more decided wrinkling of the surface toward 

the distal margins in corpulenta, the anterior and 

posterior areas are quite obsolete, and there is a sug- 8fiiHHi 0 --.'i0-2 (142-(') 

gestion of a radial sculpture upon the disk which is 

absent in janus. The fonns from the Sopchoppy are 

doubtfully referred to L. janus Dall. They occur 

only as casts and seelll rather more compressed and 

relatively lower than the no:rlllal representatives of 

the species. 

Occurrence: Chipola forlllation, localities 1 059W, 

1061QP, 2212°, 2213°, 9994P, 2211P, ~23Q2P, ~2322P7 n468P. 

Lucina santarosana Dall 

Plate XVIII, Figure 6 

1903. Lucina santarosana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1354, pl. 51, fig. 6. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell much resembling L. janus, but with the beaks slightly 

more anterior, the posterior dorsal area distinct, the anterior 

more emphatic, the concentric striation stronger, the lunule 

shorter and wider, and the surface retaining traces of four 

or five color zones alternately lighter and darker. The scar of 

the posterior adductor is also rather longer. Height 36, length 

41, diameter 25 millimeters. A large fragment is 65 millimeters 

long, and the interior, except in the middle of the disk, is rather 

conspicuously radially striate. The best preserved specimens 

show a fine, even, concentric lamellation on the dorsal area-s. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135858. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yell ow River, 

Okaloosa (fonnerly Santa Rosa) County, Fla. 

Lucina santarosana Dall is one of the more conspicuous elelllents both in the Oak Grove and in the 

Shoal River faunas. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7893°; Oak 

Grove sand, localities 2646Pr, 5630P, 5633P, 7054P, 

7055r, ?374gr; Shoal River fortnation, localities 3856P, 

10658r, 5079P, 5193r, 3748°, ?3747r, H0603r. 

Genus MYRTAEA Turton 

1822. Myrtaea Turton, Conchylia insularum britannicarum, 

p. 133. 

Type: Venus spinifera Montagu. (Recent off the 

western coast of Europe.) 

Dall 3 described this genus as follows: 

Shell elongate-oval or subrectangular, moderately convex or 

compressed, dorsal areas obsolete, the sculpture of the disk 

chiefly concentric and lamellar; the sculpture less pronounced 

in the middle of the disk and frequently exhibiting a serrate 

appearance when the lamellae cross the bounding carina of 

lunule or escutcheon; internally with the left laterals usually 

obsolete and only one right cardinal tooth; cardinals entire; 

ligament and resilium deep-set but not internal; interior adductor scar lucinoid but rather short; inner margins entire. 

This group is paralleled in Phacoides by several others which 

want the anterior right cardinal in the adult, but in Myrtaea 

the single right cardinal seems to be normal, while in the subdivisions of Phacoides its absence is due to degeneration during 

the growth of the individual or to the dynamic results of the 

inthrusting of the lunule, which occupies the space where the 

anterior cardinal would otherwise develop. 

a Dall, w. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1357, 1903. 
106 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

The genus has a limited distribution from the Oligocene to the Recent. Only a single species has been 

reported from the Alum Bluff. 

Myrtaea waltonensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XVIII, Figures 7-9 

Shell of normal dimensions for the genus, thin, inflated, transversely ovate in outline. Umbones low, 

rounded, the tips acute, prosogyrate and almost contiguous. Lunule elongate, cordate, almost twice as 

wide in the right valve as in the left, extending the 

length of the concave anterior dorsal margin. Escutcheon not developed. Posterior dorsal margin oblique, 

very gently sloping. Both the anterior and posterior 

lateral margins truncate. Base line strongly and 

evenly rounded. Anterior area vaguely defined by a 

slight undulation of the valve, the truncation of the 

margin, and a slight strengthening of the concentric 

sculpture. Posterior area similarly but more distinctly 

defined. Surface sculpture very fine and faint; concentric laminae least faint and most regular upon the 

umbones and the anterior and posterior dorsal areas, 

abruptly elevated along the posterior and lunular 

margins, thus giving to the dorsal portion of the valve 

the serrate aspect characteristic of the genus; a microscopically fine radial lineation also developed, least 

faint toward the margins. Ligament linear, extending 

a little more than half the length of the posterior 

dorsal margin. A single small, sharp, delicate cardinal developed in each valve. Dorsal margins nlodified to function as laterals, the margins of the left 

valve being received in short, shallow grooves near 

the extremities of the dorsal margins of the right 

valve .. Muscle scars and pallial line rather obscure. 

Anterior adductor linguiform, about two-thirds the 

length of the scar being contained within the pallial 

line; posterior adductor scar very srnall, reniform. 

Pallial line remote from the basal margin. Inner margins en tire. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 7.1 millimeters; latitude, 8.2 

millimeters; semidiameter, 2.4 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352501. 

Type locality: No. 3856, .3 to 6 miles west-northwest 

of Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla. 

The species is characterized by the elevation of the 

concentric lamellae along the margin of the lunule 

and the posterior dorsal margin into a series of small 

scales with free, sharp edges. The portion of the 

lunule in the right valve is conspicuously wider than 

that in the left. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, locality 3856 P. 

Genus PHACOIDES Blainville 

1825. Phacoides Blainville, Manuel de malacologie, vol. 1, p. 

550. 

Type: Lucina jamaicensis Lamarck. (Recent in 

the West Indies.) 

Shell more or less lenticular; compressed, as a rule, 

or slightly tumid; umbones low, subcentral, erect or 

prosogyrate; sculpture dominantly concentric; anterior and posterior dorsal areas usually differentiated; 

lunule commonly profound; escutcheon obsolete; ligament external, in many specimens deeply sunken; 

normal dentition of right valve consisting of a simple 

anterior cardinal, a bifid posterior cardinal and anterior 

and posterior laterals; normal dentition of left valve 

consisting of a bifid anterior cardinal, a simple posterior cardinal, and anterior and posterior lateral 

grooves; laterals in many specimens and the cardinals 

in some specimens obsolete; muscle impressions 

strongly marked, the anterior elongate, the posterior 

oval; inner margins smooth or crenulated; pallial line 

entire. · 

The genus is abundantly represented in the Tertiary, 

the Mesozoic, and, if it be made to include the Prolucina of Dall, may be traced as far back as the Silurian. 

The living species number more than a hundred, and 

though they are most prolific in the Tropics, they are 

present in the temperate seas as well. 

The Alum Bluff Phacoides number 18 species, including some of the most prolific forms of the entire 

fauna. As in so many of the other groups, the Chipola 

representatives are the most diversified, but those from 

Oak Grove and particularly from the Shoal River formation, while less numerous in species, are apparently more prolific in individuals. Out of the 18 

species, 11, distributed among 6 subgenera and sections, have been recognized in the Chipola marl. 

The same subgenera and sections are represented in 

the Oak Grove by 10 species, whereas in the Shoal 

River the number is reduced to three-a Pseudomiltha, 

the only one of its kind in the Alum Bluff, and two 

prolific Parvilucina. 

Laterals present; adults generally exceeding 7.0 millimeters in altitude; lunule funicular in the smaller forms: 

External sculpture dominantly concentric, with or without a feeble radial lineation: 

Altitude of adult exceeding 10.0 millimeters: 

Altitude usually exceeding the latitude; valves relatively inflated _________________ Phacoides (Linga) glenni Dall. 

Altitude rarely exceeding the latitude; valves compressed __________________ Phacoides (Linga) densatus (Conrad). 

Altitude of adult not exceeding 10.0 millimeters: 

Concentric sculpture and resting stages conspicuously prominent; valves not depressed in front of the dorsal margin. 

Phacoides (Cardiolucina) trisulcatus (Conrad). 

Concentric sculpture and resting stages not conspicuously prominent; valves depressed in front of the dorsal margin. 

Phacoides (Cardiolucina) parawhitfieldi Gardner, n. sp. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA. CARDIACEA 107 

External sculpture reticulate: 

Valves moderately inflated; concentric laminae produced at the intersectiOn with the radials into short, subspinose 

processes____________________________________________________________ Phacoides (Lucinisca) calhounensis Dall. 

Valves compressed; concentric laminae not produced at the intersection with the radials into short, subspinose processes_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P hacoides (Lucinisca) plesioloph us Dall. 

Laterals absent; adults exceeding 15.0 millimeters in altitude: 

Cardinals not altogether obsolete: 

Adult usually exceeding 60.0 millimeters in altitude; surface not warped; external sculpture commonly obsolete upon 

the medial portion of the disk _______________________________________________ Phacoides (Miltha) chipolanus Dall. 

Adult rarely exceeding 60.0 millimeters in altitude; surface warped: 

Posterior dorsal margin squarely truncate; concentric laminae rather prominent, overlapping. 

Phacoides (Miltha) heilprini Gardner, n. sp. 

Posterior dorsal margin obscurely truncate; concentric lamellae fine, sharp, elevated, especially toward the lateral 

margins _________________________________________________________ P/wcoides (Miltha) xustris Gardner, n. sp. 

Cardinals altogether obsolete ______________________________________ Phacoides (Pseudomiltha) paranodonta Gardner, n. sp. 

Laterals .present; adults rarely exceeding 7.0 millimeters in altitude; lunule impressed but not funicular: 

Radial sculpture feeble or absent altogether: 

Radial sculpture feeble: 

Outline normally transversely ovate; concentric sculpture fine but sharp; radials distinct. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus Dall. 

Outline subcircular; both the concentric and radial sculpture obscure: 

Adult rarely exceeding 3.5 millimeters in altitude; shell relatively thin; elevated concentric lamellae rarely 

developed upon the dorsal areas _____________ Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus angaleus Gardner, n. subsp. 

Adult usually exceeding 3.5 millimeters in altitude; shell relatively solid; elevated concentric lamellae commonly developed upon the dorsal areas: 

Valves moderately inflated ____________________________ Phacoides (Parvilucina) vaughani Gardner, n. sp. 

Valves strongly inflated ______________________________________ Phacoides (Parvilucina) piluliformis Dall. 

Radial sculpture obsolete or absent: 

Concentric sculpture obscure: 

Adult rarely exceeding 3.5 millimeters in altitude; shell relatively thin; concentric lamellae rarely developed 

upon the dorsal areas ______________________ Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus angaleus Gardner, n. subsp. 

Adult usually exceeding 3.5 millimeters in altitude; shell relatively solid; concentric lamellae commonly developed upon the dorsal areas ____________________________ Phacoides (Parvilucina) vaughani Gardner, n. sp. 

Concentric sculpture fine but distinct: 

Adult rarely exceeding 5.0 millimeters in altitude: 

Valves inflated _______________________________ -------------_ Phacoides (Parvilucina) pilnliformis Dall. 

Valves compressed ________________________________ Phacoides (Parvilucina) flumenvadosa Gardner, n. sp. 

Adult exceeding 5.0 millimeters in altitude. ________________________ Phacoides (ParviluC'ina) pr-unoides Maury. 

Radial sculpture well developed: 

Radials not exceeding 12 in number; valves moderately inflated. 

Phacoides [Parvilucina (Bellucina)] eupheus Gardner, n. sp. 

Radials exceeding 12 in number; valves compressed __________ Phacoides fParvilucina (Bellucina)} nereidideditus Maury. 

Subgenus LINGA De Gregorio 

1884. Linga De Gregorio, Soc. mal. ital. Boll., vol. 10, p. 217 = Here Gabb of authors, not Here Gabb, California 

Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 28, 1869. 

Type: Lucina columbella Lamarck. (Miocene of 

southern France and northern Italy.) 

Shell solid, inflated, with strong concentric sculpture, 

well-defined dorsal areas, and impressed lunule; the 

right anterior cardinal small and rude, the other teeth 

usually well developed. 

The subgenus is well represented in the Chipola and 

occurs in the Oak Grove. Not even fragments, 

however, of these rather striking forms have been 

observed in the Shoal River. 

Phacoides (Linga) glenni Dall 

Plate XVIII, Figure 10 

1903. Phacoides (Here) glenni Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1366, pl. 50, fig. 17. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell of moderate size and convexity, solid, polished, with 

small prosogyrate rather elevated beaks, rounded or subovate 

outline, and strongly marked dorsal areas; the young begin with 

a subrhomboidal shell, in which the projecting anterior and 

posterior ends recall P. cariniferns; the exterior is elegantly 

and rather closely concentrically rippled; the lunule is deep 

and cavernous, much more excavated in proportion than in the 

adult, and the dorsal areas are larger in proportion to the whole 

shell. In the course of growth the concentric sculpture becomes feebler and more distant, the strong, cordlike carina 

below the centrally convex anterior dorsal area becomes less 

conspicuous, and the outline of the valve c-hanges to subovate, 
108 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

rather higher than long, and the lunule is so obscured by the 

gyrate beaks that it is no longer noticeable. An average 

specimen measures: Altitude 32, longitude 30, diameter 16 

millimeters. 

The margins are elegantly minutely crenulate. The shell 

is named in honor of Prof. L. C. Glenn, who has done much 

work on the Tertiaries of Maryland and Virginia. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114613. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla. 

The species is peculiarly characteristic of the sands 

at Alum Bluff: 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities ~7893r, 

2212 r, 2213 P, 2564 r, 3419 r, 2211 a, 7183 a, 10660°, 

7468r. 

Phacoides (Linga) densatus (Conrad) 

1856. Lucina pennsylvanica Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene 

fossils of South Carolina, p. 56, pl. 18, fig. 3. 

Not Venus pennsylvanica Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 

lOth ed., p. 688, 1758. 

1867. Lucina densata Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, 

p. 13. 

1903. Phacoides (Here) densatus Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1367. 

Tuomey and Holmes described this species as 

follows: 

Shell subglobose, thick, solid, concentrically ribbed; anal 

side with a conspicuous channel; lunule impressed, oblong, 

cordate. 

This is a well-characterized species. The deep channel on 

the anal side, which produces a notch in the pallial margin, 

the flat concentric ribs on the disks, the well-defined ovate 

lunule, and the angle on the buccal side, are characters that 

distinguish this species from all its congeners. 

With age the shell becomes very thick and the muscular 

impressions deep. Toward· the pallial margin the lines of 

growth become somewhat lamellose. 

Type locality: Darlington district, South Carolina. 

Conrad isolated this species in 1867 as follows: 

The Miocene species is comparatively more elevated than 

L. pennsylvanica. The posterior margin is nearly direct and 

obtusely rounded or abrupt; the sinus has a greater downward 

slope, and the dorsal margins are much more oblique than in 

the Recent L. pennsylvanica. 

Phacoides densatus Conrad is well characterized by 

the heavy lentieular but not globose valves, the dorsal 

areas, so strongly depressed and so sharply delimited 

by the sulcus on the inner boundary that the margins of the valve are abruptly contracted, the external sculpture of about 30 concentric plates overlapping ventrally and more crowded toward the base, 

and by the rude, half obsolete dentition. The anterior 

adductor muscle impression is narrow and obliquely 

descending just within the pallial line. 

The forms of the Alum Bluff group are badly 

worn and are of somewhat doubtful specific identity. 

They may represent a species differing from densatus 

in the higher, less rounded, posterior dorsal margin, 

the greater relative latitude, the shorter, broader 

lunule, and possibly in the more obscure concentric 

sculpture. The Chipola glenni is smaller, as a rule, 

relatively higher and heavier, with a more deeply 

impressed lunule and posterior area and a deeper 

dent at the base. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646P, 

2652r, ~9961 r. 

Outside occurrence: Miocene, Duplin marl of North 

Carolina and South Carolina. 

Phacoides (Linga) sp. indet. 

1903. Phacoides (Here) sp. indet. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1367. 

Dall described this specimen as follows: 

A single immature valve of what appears to be a species of 

Phacoides different from any of which adults have been described was found with the other Oak Grove fossils. The shell 

is rather longer than high, with the nepionic portion of the 

beak closely concentrically ribbed but the rest nearly smooth; 

the anterior dorsal area is small, limited by a rather obscure, 

shallow, but narrow sulcus; the posterior area is set off by a 

broad, well-marked sulcus; the lunule is deep and wide, forming 

an excavation which intrudes across the hinge line between the 

anterior lateral a.nd the cardinals. All the teeth are well 

developed. Altitude 4.0, longitude 4.5, diameter (double) 2.0 

millimeters. 

The sculpture alters so with growth that I think it best not 

to name this species until more material comes to hand. 

Locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

No further material is available for the amolification of these characters. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 2646r. 

Subgenus CARDIOLUCINA Sacco 

1901. Cardiolucina Sacco, I molluschi dei terreni terziarii dei 

Piemonte e della Liguria, pt. 29, p. 89= Cavilucina of 

most American authors, not Cavilucina Fisher, 1887. 

Type: Cardium agassizii Michelotti. (Miocene of 

northern Italy.) 

Shell small, inflated, anteriorly produced; lunule 

small, impressed; anterior and posterior dorsal areas 

obscure; sculpture concentric; two cardinals and 

anterior and posterior laterals developed in each valve. 

Phacoides (Cardiolucina) trisulcatus (Conrad) 

Plate XVIII, Figures 11-13 

1841. Lucina trisulcata Conrad, Am. Assoc. Geologists and 

Naturalists Trans., val. 1, p. 110. 

1841. Lucina trisulcata Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., vo1. 

41, p. 346. 

1845. Lucina trisulcata Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary 

of the United States, p. 71, pl. 40, fig. 5 

1856. Lucina trisulcata Tuomey and Holmes, Pleiocene fossils 

of South Carolina, p. 62, pl. 18, figs. 18, 19. 

1860. Lucina trisulcata Conrad. Holmes, Post-Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina, p. 28, pl. 6, fig. 4. 

1863. Lucina trisulcata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 577. 

1864. Lucina trisulcata Conrad. Meek, Checklist of the invertebrate fossils of North America, Miocene; Smithsonian Misc. Coil., No. 183, p. 8. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 109 

1894. (?) Lucina trisulcata Conrad. Whitfield, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Mon. 24, p. 64, pl. 10, figs. 1-4. 

1903. Phacoides (Cavilucina) trisulcatus Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., val. 3, pt. 6, p. 1369. 

1903. Phacoides (Cavilucina) recurrens Dall, Wagner Free 

lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1369 (part; fig. excluded). 

1904. Phacoides (Here) trisulcatus (Conrad) Glenn, Maryland 

Geol. Survey, Miocene, p. 337, pl. 90, figs. 7-9 (part). 

1915. Phacoides (Cavilucina) recurrens Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 90, p. 138 (part; fig. excluded). 

Conrad described this species in 1841 as follows: 

Obovate, convex; with concentric lines and two or three 

distant concentric furrows; lunule profound. Differs from 

L. alveata of the lower Tertiary in being less ventricose and in 

the much more profoundly imnressed lunule: the cardinal teeth 

are also very different. 

Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, N. C. 

Shell small, rudely circular or ellipsoidal, moderately gibbose. Lunule very srnall but very deeply 

excavated. Escutcheon absent. Umbones usually a 

little behind the median line, acute, prosogyrate, 

thrown into prominence by the profound lunular pit 

in front of them. Anterior end somewhat produced, 

very broadly rounded or obscurely but squarely truncated laterally. Posterior end the shorter; posterior 

dorsal n1argin oblique or slightly convex; lateral 

margin broadly rounded or squarely truncate. Base 

line more depressed, as a rule, toward the anterior 

end. Posterior dorsal area defined by a more or less 

obscure carina. External surface sculptured with 25 

to 35 subequal, concentric lirae separated by linear 

inters paces; numerous strongly defined resting stages 

and radial striation absent in the P. trisulcatu.s sensu 

stricto. Norn1ally a simple anterior cardinal and a 

bifid posterior cardinal in the right valve; a bifid 

anterior and a simple posterior cardinal in the left 

valve; anterior cardinals becoming obsolete with age 

and in some specimens even the posterior cardinals 

affected. Laterals rude but very prominent; short 

anterior and posterior lateral denticles in the right 

valve; anterior and posterior lateral grooves in the 

left valve, the inner margins raised into toothlike 

prominences. Adductor impressions commonly obscure, the anterior linguiform, the posterior oval. 

Pallial line simple. Marginal denticulation very fine. 

The aspect of the interior of the valve of P. trisulcatus is characteristic, the posterior dorsal margin 

ascending with a slight convexity to the acute apices, 

the small but almost semicircular lunule pit in front 

of the urn bones, and the anterior dorsal margin sloping 

gently to the lateral truncation. 

The Bowden species, which has been confused with 

this form, differs in the smaller, less deeply impressed 

lunule and the much more delicate hinge. The 

Chipola specin1ens are not separable from the younger 

Miocene forms. 

Phacoides parawhitfieldi Gardner, n. sp., from the 

Oak Grove, is less strongly sculptured, the valves are 

normally transversely elliptical in outline and depressed directly in front of the posterior margin. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893P, 

2564r, 3419P, 715F, 221F, 10660r, ~7468r. Oak 

Grove sand, locality ~9961 r. 

Outside occurrence: Miocene: Marks Head marl, 

Georgia; Calvert formation, Maryland; Choptank 

formation, Maryland; St. Marys formation, Virginia 

and North Carolina; Yorktown formation, Virginia 

and North Carolina; and Duplin marl, North Carolina 

and South Carolina. Pliocene: Waccamaw formation, North Carolina and South Carolina; and Caloosahatchie marl, Florida. Pleistocene: South Carolina 

and Florida. Recent: Hatteras to Cape St. Roque 

in 0 to 18 fathoms. 

Phacoides (Cardiolucina) parawhitfieldi Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XVIII, Figures 14-15 

1903. Phacoides (Cavilucina) trisulcatus var. whitfieldi Dall, 

Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1370 

(part). 

Shell small, solid, subcircular to transversely elliptical in outline, n1oderately compressed. Umbones 

small, acutely pointed, prosogyrate, thrown into 

prominence by the excavated lunule in front of them. 

Posterior dorsal area defined by a broad, shallow depression wider than the area between it and the dorsal 

margins. Lunule small but very deep. An elongate, 

cordate dorsal anterior area more than twice the length 

of the lunule which it includes, vaguely defined by a 

slight depression, feebly and irregularly incised line, 

and a slight change in the character of the growth 

lines. Surface sculptured with low, closely appressed 

lamellae, comn1only with one or more pro!lounced 

resting stages. Ligarr1ent deep set but not internal. 

Hinge rather heavy. Anterior cardinal of right valve 

obsolete in the adult forms. Posterior cardinal rather 

slender, feebly sulcate. Laterals of right valve small, 

stout denticles, each with a deep pit on the inner 

margin for the reception of the teeth of the opposite 

valve. Anterior and posterior cardinals of left valve 

subequallaminae, somewhat arcuate by reason of the 

invasion of the lunule. Left laterals low, stout, cut off 

from the margins by deep pits which receive the laterals 

of the right valve. Muscle scars distinct, rather small 

for the genus, the anterior extending not more 

than half the distance from the pallial line to the 

n1edial horizontal. Pallial line distinct, ragged, relatively remote from the base line. Inner margin very 

finely crenate from the lunule to the ligament area. 

Dimensions of right valve: Altitude, 8.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 8.2 millimeters; semidiameter, 2.5 millimeters. Dimensions of left valve: Altitude, 8.2 

millimeters; latitude. 8.7 millimeters· semidiameter, 

2.5 millimeters. 
110 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352497. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Phacoides parawhitjieldi was first thought to be a subspecies of the protean P. trisulcatus (Conrad), to 

which it is doubtless intimately related. Like the 

New Jersey subspecies whitjieldi, it differs from the 

type in the less .pronounced concentric sculpture and 

the fewer and much less prominent resting stages. 

The relatively lower altitude and transversely elliptical outline is even n1ore nutrked in the Oak Grove 

species than in the New Jersey forn1. The differences 

in the character of the lunule exclude the possibility 

of uniting the Florida form with the end n1cn1bers of 

P. trisulcatus, which it most closely resen1bles. The 

most characteristic feature of P. parawhitfieldi is 

possibly the shallow depression a little in front of the 

dorsal nutrgin. In P. trisulcatus the dorsal area is 

cut off front the disk by an obtuse keel, but it is not 

undulated. 

Phacoides parawhitfieldi is rather con1n1on at the type 

locality and its environs, but it has not been recognized elsewhere. 

Oecurrence: Oak Grove sand, loealities 2646°, 

5632r, 5633r. 7054r. 

Subgenus LUCINISCA Dall 

1901. Lucinisw Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 23, p. 805. 

1903. Lucinisr:a Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, 

p. 1361. 

Type: Lucina nassula Conrad. (Reeent off the 

southeastern coast of the United States.) 

Dall deseribcd this subgenus in 1901 as follows: 

Shell lentiform, white, with well-marked dorsal areas, the 

sculpture reticulate and muricate, the right a'nterior cardinal 

obsolete. 

The Chipola and Oak Grove have each a single 

rather abundant species, but the group has not been 

reported frmn the Shoal River. 

Phacoides (Lucinisca) calhounensis Dall 

Plate XVIII, Figure 16 

1903. Phacoides (Lucinisca) calhonnensis Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol 3, pt. 6, p. 1371, pl. 52, fig. 16. 

(Forms from Tampa silex bed excluded.) 

1915. Phacoides (Lucinisca) calhounensis Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 90, p. 139, pl. 24, fig. 5 (part).' 

Dall deseribed this species in 1903 as follows: 

Shell resembling P. cribmrius Say in its general features, but 

with the sculpture more dense, the reticulation finer and more 

even, the radial ribs being of about the same strength and 

prominence as the concentric ridges, except near the umbones; 

the umbonal concentric ridges are less distant and prominent 

and those close to the beaks are heavier and broader relatively 

to the size of the shell, the anterior dorsal area is more conspicuous, the lunule proportionately longer and larger, the 

crenulations of the inw~r margins of the valves finer and more 

numerous. Altitude 10.0, longitude 10.0, diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

This is in every way a smaller, finer, and more delicate shell 

than P. cribrarius. The siliceous pseudomorphs from Ballast 

Point appear to have lost nearly all their prominent sculpture 

and were probably consequent upon the fossilization of worn, 

dead valves, which have a very different aspect from the perfect 

shell. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114684. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Not only the seulpture of the Ballast Point individuals differs from those of the Chipola but the 

outline is distinct by reason of the higher posterior 

dorsal n1argin and the more angular posterior extremity. 

The Oak Grove L1winisca. plesiolopha is a larger, 

n1ore compressed shell with a coarRer, n1ore distant 

eoneentric seulpture and relatively less prmninent 

radials. In perfectly preserved specimens of P. 

calhounensis the coneentric lan1ellae in the un1bonal 

region are sharp and prominently elevated. Away 

from the tnnbones they form at the interseetion with 

the radials a very regular series of short subspinose 

proeesses. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, 

7893P, 7257r, 2213P, 3419r, 715F. 

locality ?996F. 

loealities 10609P, 

Oak Grove sand, 

Phacoides (Lucinisca) plesiolophus Dall 

Plate XIX, Figures 1-2 

1900. Lucina plesiolophus Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, pl. 40, figs. 2, 5. 

1903. Phacoides (Lucinisca) plesiolophus Dall, idem, pt. 6, p. 

1371. 

1915. Phacoides (Lucinisca) plesiolophus Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 90, p. 138. 

Dall described this species as follows. 

Shell thin, suborbicular, compressed, with high, pointed, 

prosogyrate beaks and conspicuous dorsal areas; concert~ric 

sculpture of low, rather strong, moderately elevated nbs, 

tending to become obsolete toward the base and on the anterior 

third of the disk; they are also rather distant, more so than in 

any of the other Tertiary species of this group; radial sculpture 

of ·rather close set, rounded, low, even threads increasing by 

intercalation rather than divarication, and stronger toward 

the ends of the valve; the posterior dorsal area is bounded in 

front by a rather strong radial rib; on this the concentric 

ridges rise into little, triangular leaflets, and similarly but less 

conspicuously on the posterior dorsal margin; there is a wider 

shallow sulcus on each side of this rib; the anterior dorsal area 

is very small and narrow ·with one or two radials upon it; the 

lunule is lanceolate, small, and emphatically excavated, larger 

in the left than in the right valve; hinge normal, the internal 

margins of the valve finely crenulate. Altitude 15.5, longitude 5.5 millimeters [error for 15.5 millimeters]. 

This is the largest and most feehly sculptured of the east 

American Ter~iary species of this group. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 107392. 

Type loeality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Lucinisca plesiolopha is one of the most prolific 

species in the entire Oak Grove fauna. Though the 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 111 

variation in the relative prominence of the radial and 

the concentric sculpture is rather wide, the species is, 

on the whole, remarkably well characterized and not 

to be confused with any other of the Alum Bluff forms. 

The individuals from the "silex bed" of the Tampa 

formation are well preserved and apparently identical. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646Pr, 5632a, 

5631 c, 563W, 5633r, 7054c. 

Outside occurrence: Miocene: Tampa formation 

("silex bed"), Hillsborough County, Fla. 

Subgenus MILTHA H. and A. Adams 

1857. Miltha H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, 

vol. 2, p. 468. 

Type: Lucina childreni Gray. (Recent off the coast 

of Brazil.) · 

DalP described this subgenus in 1903 as follows: 

Shell solid, usually compressed, concentrically striate, with a 

conspicuous periostracum, narrow impressed lunule, inconspicuous anterior and posterior dorsal areas, deeply inset ligament and resilium; hinge with two cardinals in each valve, 

the inner pair bifid; margins entire; anterior adductor scar 

prolonged; the valves sometimes diversely convex. 

Only two Recent species of this type are known, but there are 

numerous fossil species. * * * 

This group is very abundant in the Eocene Tertiaries, 

dwindling until it is represented in existing faunas, so far as 

known, only by two living species, one in the Gulf of California 

and one in the Indian Ocean. 

The typical section comprises species in which the cardinal 

teeth are clear-cut and well developed. It again comprises 

three groups of species represented in most horizons down to 

the Pliocene and two of which are known to survive. These 

are: 

A. Species of which the surface sculpture is characterized by 

concentric lamellation like P. (M.) disciformis and hillsboroensis 

of Heilprin. 

B. Species compressed, high, and with fine concentric striation, like P. (M.) childreni Gray and caloosaensis Dall. 

C. Species with sculpture similar to the last but more convex 

and elongated and with a som.ewhat sinuous basal profile, like 

P. (M.) pandatus Conrad and voorhoevii Deshayes. 

The large and rather fragile forms which represent 

this subgenus are quite widely, though by no means 

abundantly, distributed in the Chipola and Oak Grove 

formations. 

Phacoides (Miltha) chipolanus DaU 

Plate XIX, Figures 3-6 

1903. Phacoides (Miltha) chipolanus Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 137 5, pl. 51, fig. 11. 

1903. Phacoides (Miltha) heracleus Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1376, pl. 51, fig. 10 (part). 

1915. Phacoides (Miltha) heracleus Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

90, p. 139 (part). 

Dall described Pha.coides chipolanus in 1903 as 

follows: 

5 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, pp. 1361, 1374, 1903. 

Shell large, rather thin, compressed, with small, pointed, 

recurved beaks, over a small, narrow, rather deeply impressed 

lunule; there is no antCiior dorsal area; the posterior area is 

long, narrow, and divided into two nearly equal parts by an 

impressed line; sculpture of fine, slightly irregular concentric 

raised threads, stronger distally, sublamellose on the dorsal 

area, fainter in the middle of the disk, and rather close-set; 

radial sculpture of faint, obscure, slightly vermicular markings, 

hardly visible except in the middle of the disk; anterior adductor 

scar elongate; posterior short, ovate; cardinal teeth well developed; ligament short, deeply inset. Altitude 75, longitude 

71, diameter about 11 millimeters. 

The figure of this species is restored from a number of fragments which give practically all the characters except in the 

hinge of the left valve. It is a large, very compressed form 

belonging in group B. 

Dall described Phacoides heracleus in 1903 as follows: 

Shell large, convex, suhequilateral, rather thick, with small, 

pointed, prosogyrate beaks over an arcuately impressed, small, 

sublanceolate lunule; anterior dorsal area narrow and rather 

short, defined by a shallow sulcus; posterior area narrow elongate, divided by a second longitudinal sulcus into two parts, 

of which the anterior is \vider; sculpture of fine concentric lines, 

feebler in the middle of the disk, and of faint, nearly ohsolete, 

sparser radial striations; ligament deeply inset, rather long; 

cardinals normal, rather small and slender. Altitude 80, 

latitude 77, diameter 30 millimeters. 

This large species recalls the Pseudomiltha gigantea of the 

Parisian Eocene, but the teeth are developed. Only one right 

valve and a fragment have so far been obtained. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114712. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The species occurs but sparingly at Oak GroYe. 

The material is so perfectly preserved, however, that 

a valve has been figured to supplement the rather 

fragmentary type. Apparently the Chipola and Oak 

Grove fonns are specifically identical and apparently 

chipolanus and heracleus are synon:yms. No double 

valves have been found, but except for the greater 

compression of chi polanus there are no characters, 

even to the finer details of sculpture, by whieh the 

forms may be separated. The type of P. chipolanu.s 

is n1uch worn and the anterior dorsal area obscured. 

It shows up very clearly, however, on the equally thin 

and compressed figured specimen from Oak Grove. 

The relative width of the areas defined by the secondary longitudinal sulcus varies on both the compressed 

and the n1ore conv-ex forms. It is possible that the 

thickening of the shell in this species is a senile charaeter. It is certainly not a character restricted to the 

shells of any one horizon or locality, for both the thin 

and hea"Vier forms are found at Alum Bluff, the type 

locality of P. hera.cleus, and at Oak Grove, the locality 

at which the most perfect specin1en of P. chipolanus 

has been collected. 

Oceurrence: Chipola formation, localities 221~r, 

715lr, 2211r, 2568r. Oak Grove sand, localities 2646r, 

7054r, 26.5~P, 9961P. 
112 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Phacoides (Miltha) heilprini Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XIX, Figures 7, 8 

1903. Phacoides (Miltha) hillsboroensis Heilprin. Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1376. 

Not Lucina hillsboroensis Heilprin, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 1, p. 117, 1887. 

1915. Phacoides (Miltha) hillsboroensis Heilprin. Dall, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 139 (part; figure excluded). 

Dall described Jfiltha hillsboroensis in 1903 as follows: 

This fine species is notable for its rather irregular concentric 

lamellation with the interspaces concentrically striated. The 

teeth are well developed, the lunule quite narrow and deep. 

The specimens from the marl are generally deprived of the 

outer coat, thus removing all the lamellation, and exhibit a 

faint radial striation which makes them hardly recognizable as 

the same species as a complete specimen. The quite young 

shell is thin, convex, more transverse, and has the aspect of a 

young Lucina. 

Shell large, rather thick, moderately compressed, 

strongly rounded ventrally, rudely ovate in outline, 

peculiarly subject to surface irregularities so that the 

form rarely fails to exhibit a warped and somewhat 

pathologic aspect. Umbones small but full, not very 

prominent, prosogyrate, acute at the proximate tips. 

Lunule short but very deep, invading the hinge area. 

Escutchem::. not defined. Anterior dorsal area moderately wide, depressed, the concentric sculpture of the 

disk continuing across it to the anterior margin, though 

changing abruptly in direction. Posterior dorsal area 

defined by a distinct but not conspicuous incised line, 

squarely truncate. External surface covered with 

sharp-edged lamellae, overlapping one another at 

regular intervals, usually rendered n1ore or less obtuse 

by decortication, persisting across both the lunule and 

the posterior area. Radial sculpture manifested in 

an obscure, largely subcutaneous lineation. Ligament submarginal, opisthocletic, the groove coextensive with the posterior dorsal n1argin. Dentition 

normal for the subgenus, rather delicate for so heavy 

a shelL Hinge area invaded in the full adult by the 

lunule, with the consequent partial obliteration of the 

anterior cardinals. Muscle scars and sinus conspicuous. Anterior adductor a ribbon half as long as the 

shell is high, placed almost entirely within the pallial 

line and produced parallel to it. Posterior adductor 

n1uch smaller, irregular in outline. Pallial line simple, 

distinct, parallel, and proximate to the base line. 

Inner 1nargins en tire. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114708. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 56.5 n1illimeters; latitude, 

57.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 17.0 millin1eters. 

Type locality: No. 2212, Tenmile Creek, 1 mile 

west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The Chipola species is higher and more angular than 

that described by Heilprin from the "silex beds," and 

it exhibits a curious warping of the surface not indicated in the individuals from Ballast Point. The 

lunule, furthermore, is shorter and wider in the later 

forms and less deeply impressed. The species is not 

uncommon in the environs of the type locality and is 

preserved almost exclusively in the form of double 

valves. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212r, 

2213P, 2564r, 341gr, 7151r. 

Phacoides (Miltha) xustris Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figures 1, 2 

Shell moderately large and heavy, a little higher 

than wide, warped but rudely discoidal in outline. 

Delimitation of dorsal areas suggested by a slight constriction of the shell cutting off the posterior third; 

shell obviously injured, the anterior portion of the 

right valve depressed. Umbones small, acute, prosogyrate, slightly anterior in position. Lunule very 

small, depressed, elongate cordate, even more narrow 

in the left valve than in the right. Escutcheon not 

defined. External surface sculptured with crowded, 

coneentric lamellae, worn down upon the medial portion of the disk but very fine and sharp toward the 

lateral margins. Ligament and resilium deep set ~ut 

not internal. Hinge delicate. Anterior cardinal of 

right valve and posterior cardinal of left laminar; 

posterior cardinal of right valve broad, deeply grooved 

to its point of origin directly beneath the base of the 

umbones; anterior cardinal of left valve also bifid but 

much more slender. Laterals not developed. Inner 

surface thickened within the pallial line. Anterior 

muscle scar podshaped, its ventral extremity lying 

behind the median horizontal and near to the pallial 

line; posterior muscle scar smaller, irregular in outline, 

set near the dorsal margin, more than half of it lying 

above the median vertical. Pallial line very distinct, 

somewhat ragged very close to the ventral margin. 

Inner margins entire. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 37.0 millimeters; latitude, 

36.5 millimeters; diameter, 15.5 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352496. 

Type locality: No. 7183, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla. 

Phacoides xustris is set off from all the coexistent 

members of the genus by the sharp rasping of the 

surface. In no other congenetic species are the 

lamellae so thin and so closely overlapping. The 

warping of the lunule is doubtless a pathologic character. Phacoides heilprini Gardner, n. sp., exhibits a 

similar general outline and relative proportions excepting for the marked posterior truncation and sinuous 

anterior dorsal margin. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7183r. 

Subgenus PSEUDOMILTHA Fischer 

1887. Pseudomiltha Fischer, Manuel de conchyliologie, p. 1144. 

Type: Lncina gigantea Desha yes. (Eocene of the 

Paris Basin.) 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 113 

Shell rather solid and compressed, concentrically 

striate, with a narrow impressed lunule, inconspicuous 

anterior and posterior dorsal areas, deeply inset 

ligament and resilium; hinge teeth wholly obsolete. 

It is rather remarkable that this subgenus should be 

restricted to the Shoal River formation. The single 

species is, indeed, with the exception of two Parvilucina the only Phacoides reported from the marl. 

Phacoides (Pseudomiltha) paranodonta Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figures 3-5 

Shell of moderate dimensions, rather thin, compressed, subcircular in outline. Posterior dorsal margin feebly arched. Posterior lateral margin obscurely 

truncate. Anterior and dorsal margins smoothly 

rounded. Umbones small, inconspicuous, acutely 

pointed at the tips, prosogyrate and proximate. 

Posterior area rather obscure, feebly depressed. Anterior area small, sharply delimited by an incised 

groove. Lunule minute, somewhat funnel-shaped, 

expanding toward the interior. External surface 

finely and rather irregularly wrinkled and striated, 

the sculpture least feeble toward the distal extremities and upon the anterior and posterior areas; an 

amorphous ridge commonly developed upon the inner 

margin of the anterior area by means of a series of 

puckerings on the shell surface; surface also shugreened with a microscopically fine, irregular radial 

striation. Ligament internal, the groove deep-set 

and extending but little more than half the length 

of the dorsal margin. Dentition obsolete. Anterior 

adductor scar much elongated, though less than half 

as long as the shell i51 high, its outer margin almost 

but not quite fused with the pallial line; posterior 

adductor scar much shorter and broader. Pallial line 

simple, rather remote from the basal margin. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 26.0 millimeters; latitude, 

27.0 millimeters; dian1eter, 10.0 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352484. 

Type locality: No. 5618, 3Yz miles southwest of 

De Funiak Springs, Walton County, Fla. 

This speeies is apparently a preeursor of P. anodonta 

Say, a larger, heavier form of ruder sculpture and characterized constantly by a broader lunule and broader 

adductor scars. Were it not for these differences in the 

character of the lunule and muscle sears the other 

differences would be considered of doubtful specific 

value. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality ~7055r. Shoal 

River formation, localities 5079r, 5193r, 5194r, 3733r, 

7264r, 5618P, ggsgr. 

Subgenus PARVILUCINA Dall 

1901. Parvilucina Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 806. 

1903. Parvilucina Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, 

pt. 6, p. 1362. 

Type: LuC'ina tenuiscu.Zpta Carpenter. (Hecent on 

the west coast from Bering Sea to the Coronado 

Islands.) l-ifJiiHo o-.ri0-3 012-C) 

Dall described this subgenus as follows: 

Shell small, plump, often inequilateral; sculpture more or 

less reticulate but not muricate, teeth small, but all usually 

present. 

In number of individuals Parvilucina is probably 

as well represented in the Oak Grove and Shoal River 

formations as any group in the entire molluscan fauna. 

Parvilucina piluliformis in the Oak Grove and P. 

vaughani and P. jlumenvadosa in the Shoal River are 

exceedingly prolific; P. sphaeriola and its subspecies 

in the Chipola formation are abundant. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus Dall 

Plate XX, Figure 6 

1903. Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., val. 3, pt. 6, p. 1382, pl. 52, fig. 15. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, plump, rounded, subequilateral, with small, 

somewhat prosogyrate beaks; lunule small, lanceolate, moderately excavated; escutcheon linear or none; dorsal areas inclicated by the absence of radial sculpture, hardly impressed; 

disk with 24 or more rounded radial riblets, of variable strength, 

but not bifurcate, crossed by rather sparse, thin, little elevated 

lamellae which are higher on the dorsal areas; hinge normal, 

strong; inner margins strongly crenulate. Altitude 4.0, longitude 4.2, diameter 2.75 millimeters. 

A larger and more solid shell with stronger radials, lar~cr 

lunule, and less close and regular concentric sculpture than in 

P. yaquensis. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114686. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

P. sphaeriola Dall is more strongly sculptured 

radially than any of the other species of Alum Bluff 

Parv·iluc·ina. The limits of individual variation are 

wide and the age variation wider than in any other 

member of the subgenus. The coneentric sculpture 

is relatively strong, as a rule, upon the umbones, 

evanescing toward the ventral margin, whereas the 

radial sculpture commonly does not begin until the 

form is half grown. The end members segregated 

under the subspecies angalea are relatively higher, as 

a rule, and nearly smooth. Young P. sphaeriola are 

similar in outline and general characters to P. prunoides Maury, but the concentric lamellae are finer and 

sharper in P. sphaeriola. P. piluliformis from Oak 

Grove and P. vaughani from Shoal River run larger 

and relatively higher. P. jlumenvadosa has much the 

same general dimensions but does not develop a radial 

sculpture. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 10G09c, 

10610P, 7893°1 2212°, 7257P, 2213\ 2564Pr, 3419°, 

7151P,. 2211 c, 10660P. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus angaleus 

Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate XX, Figure 7 

Shell small, commonly polished, subcircular, moderately inflated. Umbones rather full, subeentral, the 

tips acute and prosogyrate. Lunule elongate-cordate, 
114 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

wider_in the right valve than in the left, impressed and 

bordered by an acute keel, smooth except for incrementals. Escutcheon linear, smooth. Anterior dorsal 

area obscurely defined by a shallow depression; posterior dorsal area obliquely flattened. Posterior 

lateral margin truncate, rounding rather abruptly into 

the arcuate base; anterior lateral margin obscurely 

truncate, in many specimens slightly- indented by the 

depression which defines the anterior area. External 

surface of type sculptured with faint concentric striae 

and a very feeble radial lineation. Ligament deeply 1 

inset. Anterior cardinal of right valve obsolete; right 

posterior cardinal1noderately robust, cuneate; anterior 

and posterior cardinals of left valve laminar. Adductor and pallial scars distinct. Anterior adductor 

scar small for the genus, somewhat reniform in outline, 

the posterior adductor irregularly ovate. Pallial line 

ragged; rather remote from the base line. Inner 

margins finely crenate. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 3.2 millimeters; latitude, 3.2 

millimeters; semi diameter, 0.9 millilneter. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352487. 

Type locality: No. 7257, Sexton's marl bed, Tenmile 

Creek, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The end meh1bers of the species and subspecies are 

widely separated both in outline and sculpture. P. 

sphaeriola Dall s. s. is decidedly produced anteriorly, 

whereas in the subspecies the beaks are subcentral. 

Both concentric and radial sculpture are clearly though 

~ot strongly developed in the typical for'm, but in 

angalea the sculpture is almost entirely obsolete. Both 

forlns are widely distributed in the Chipola but apparently are restricted to it. P. va?.Lghani is very similar 

to the subspecies in outline and surface, but it is a 

larger, 'more solid, and generally 'more inflated shell with 

a more squarely truncate posterior margin and a 

stronger tendency toward the development of elevated 

concentric la'mellae upon the dorsal areas. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 10609P, 

10610P, 7893P, 2212P, 7257P, 2213°, 2564°1 3419°, 

7151P. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) vaughani Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figures 8-9 

Shell small, polished, subcircular, inflated. Umbones central, rather pro'minent, full, incurved, 

prosogyrate. Lunule small, elongate-cordate, impressed, sharply delilnited, slightly wider in the right 

valve than in the left. Escutcheon little more than 

linear, but distinctly impressed and extending the 

length of the posterior dorsal 'margin. Anterior area 

obscurely defined by a shallow sulcus, the posterior by 

an obtuse keel and the oblique flattening of the valve 

behind the keel. Anterior 'margin gently rounded or 

somewhat truncate; posterior margin squarely truncate. Base line strongly arcuate. External ornaInentation obscure; concentric sculpture incremental 

in character, commonly less feeble upon the dorsal area 

than upon the disk; radial lineation exceedingly faint, in 

many specimens obsolete upon the dorsal area. Ligament area linear, deeply inset. Dentition vigorous for 

so small a shell. Anterior cardinal of right valve obsolete, the posterior cuneate and rather stout; anterior 

cardinal of left valve also cuneate but not so stout; 

posterior cardinal of left valve laminar; anterior and 

posterior laterals developed in both valves, stronger 

in the right valve than in the left; the anterior teeth 

conical, the posterior, particularly in the right valve, 

more produced. Adductor and pallial scars commonly 

obscure. Anterior adductor reniforln, very short 

for the genus; posterior adductor small, irregular in 

outline. Pallial line ragged, remote from the base 

line. Inner margins finely but quite sharply crenate. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 4.0 millimeters; latitude, 

4.0 miHimeters; semidiameter, 1.6 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352488. 

Type locality: No. 5079, half a mile below Shell 

Bluff, Shoal River, Walton County, Fla. 

This species is quite similar to P. pil?.Lliformis Dall 

and occupies an analogous position in the fauna 

which it characterizes. It is a more highly polished 

little form than the Oak Grove species and less 

strongly sculptured both radially and concentrically. 

Parvil?.Lcina sphaeriola angalea Gardner, n. subsp., 

from the Chipola formation, runs smaller and thinner. 

The posterior margin is more evenly rounded and the 

concentric sculpture is· less commonly accentuated 

upon the dorsal margins. 

The species is named in honor of Dr. T. Wayland 

Vaughan, who by his extensive collections and his 

stratigraphic and faunal studies has so widely increased our knowledge of the South Atlantic coastal 

plain. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 10658r, 

5079Pr, 10661°1 10662°, 3733°, 9958P, 7261 r, 7264P, 

9960P, 10603a, 10608°, 5618°. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) piluliformis Dall 

Plate XX, Figure 10 

1903. Phacoides (Parvilucina) piluliformis Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1382, pl. 52, fig. 6. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, plump, rounded, with small inconspicuous beaks; 

lunule lanceolate, small, impressed and clearly delimited; 

escutcheon narrow, depressed, elongated, bordered by a sharply 

angular keel; dorsal areas large, distinctly impressed, sinuating 

the margin; radial sculpture faint or obsoiete; concentric 

sculpture irregular, like strong incremental lines, tending to become lamellose over the dorsal areas; hinge strong, marginal 

crenulation rather fine. Altitude 4.0, longitude 4.5, diameter 

4.0 millimeters. 

A convex little shell with almost exactly the sculpture of the 

recent P. tenuisculptus Carpenter. 

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 157633. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 115 

Parvilucina pilul~formis Dall is exceedingly abundant 

in the faqna which it characterizes. It is more highly 

inflated than any other of the Alum Bluff Parvilucinas 

and offers a range of variation in the concentric and 

radial sculpture second only to P. sphaeriola Dall. 

The concentric sculpture is, however, never so sharp 

as that of P. jlumenvadosa nor the radial sculpture so 

pronounced as that of P. sphaeriola Dall. From P. 

vaughani, its closest analog, it may be separated by 

the more inflated valves and the more regularly 

developed concentric sculpture, particularly toward 

the basal margins. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646Pr, 

5632Pr~ 5631c, 5630P,5633P, 7054c 9961a. Shoal River 

formation, locality 9957c. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) flumenvadosa Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figure 11 

Shell small, subcircular, rather compressed. Umbones central, moderately inflated, .acute and prosogyrate. Lunule short, impressed, cordate, possibly ·a 

trifle wider in the right valve than in the left, delimited by an obtuse keel and the abrupt disappear=-

ance of the sculpture of the disk. Escutcheon narrow, lanceolate, extending the length of the dorsal 

margin, smooth and sharply delimited. Anterior area 

almost or entirely obsolete, commonly suggested by a 

faint sulcus. Posterior area defined by an obscure 

flattening of the valve and a change in the character of 

the sculpture. Anterior and ventral margins rounded, 

the posterior squarely truncate laterally. External 

surface sculptured with numerous fine, sharp laminae, 

numbering about 30 in the type, approximately regular in size and spacing from the umbones to the ventral margin, changing in eharacter directly in front of 

the dorsal area, the alternate laminae abruptly elevated, whereas the other laminae become obsolete; a 

similar abrupt elevation of the concentric ridges occurring directly in front of the dorsal margin; the anterior and medial portion of the dorsal area smooth 

except for incrementals; radial sculpture not developed. Ligament attachment linear, deeply inset. 

Dentition normal for the group, rather delicate; a 

single cuneate cardinal in the right valve which fits 

between the cuneate anterior and laminar posterior 

cardinals of the left valve; anterior and posterior 

laterals developed in either valve, cut off from the 

dorsal margins by well-defined sockets. Muscle scars 

and pallial line obscure. Anterior adductor scar short 

for the genus, reniform; posterior irregularly ovate. 

Pallial line entire, ragged, rather remote from the 

base line. Inner margins finely and sharply dentate. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 3.0 millimeters; latitude, 3.0 

millimeters; semidiameter, 1.4 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352486. 

Type locality: No. 3742, Shel1 Bluff, Shoal River, 

Walton County, Fla. 

Parvilucina jlumenvadosa is a smaller and more compressed species than either P. vaughani or P. piluliformis and differs from them both in the relatively 

stronger concentric sculpture. In all these characters 

it approaches P. sphaeriola from the Chipola formation, though it is not so small nor as a rule so compressed and is less produced anteriorly. The concentric sculpture is relatively more flattened upon the 

disk, though more elevated than that of P. sphaeriola 

on the posterior area, and radial sculpture is not developed. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities ~7055r, ~3749r 

(slightly higher than outcrops near Oak Grove). 

Shoal River formation, localities 3856a, 3732r, 3742c, 

9958P, 3748a, 3747P, 9960P, 10612P. 

Phacoides (Parvilucina) prunoides Maury 

1910. Phacoides prunoides Maury, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 

4-, No. 21, p. 35, pl. 9, fig. 3. 

Miss Maury described ~his species as follows: 

Shell resembling P. prunus Dall of the Miocene of Maryland 

but more inequilateral, with-a decided sulcus extending from 

the beak to the margin of the shell, and with more recurved 

beaks. Concentric sculpture of regular, low, flat-topped ribs 

with very narrow interspaces; inner margin of shell finely 

crenulated. 

Height of shell 7, length 7.5, diameter 4 millimeters. 

Chipola marls, Baileys Ferry, Fla. 

Cornell University collection. 

The type of Miss Maury's species has not been 

available for consultation and the form has not been 

recQgnized in the material under study. A few specimens of the young of P. sphaeriola present an outline and sculpture similar to that of P. prunoides, but 

the adults are quite distinct and do not attain the 

dimensions of Miss Maury's species. 

Section BELL UCIN A Dall 

1901. Bellucina Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 23, p. 806. 

1903. Bellucina Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, 

pt. 6, p. 1362. 

Type: Parvilucina eucosmia Dall = Lucina pisum 

Reeve 1850, not Sowerby, 1837. (Recent in the South 

China Sea.) 

Dall characterized this group as follows: " Dorsal 

areas and sculpture strong." 

The presence of this group in the Alum Bluff fauna 

is established by a single rare species in the Oak Grove 

sand and two in the Chipola formation. 

Phacoides [Parvilucina (Bellucina)] eupheus Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figure 12 

Shell small, solid, compressed, transversely ovate 

in outline. Umbones low, central, the tips ~cute and 

prosogyrate. Lunule very small, sharply defined, 

deeply impressed but not funicular, smooth except 

for incrementals. Escutcheon linear. Lateral mar-
116 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

gins obtusely truncate. Base line arcuate. Dorsal 

areas defined chiefly by a change in the character of 

the sculpture. Both radial and concentric ornamentation well developed. Concentric sculpture of strong, 

flattened cords, uniform in size and spacing from the 

umbones to the base and upon the costal and intercostal areas, almost or altogether obsolete upon the dorsa} 

area excepting that directly behind the dorsal margin 

each alternate cord is indicated by a minute node; 

about 12 concentric cords, though probably none of the 

specimens under study have come to maturity; fron1 8 

to 10 radial costals, broadening rapidly away from the 

umbones but not increasing in number either by bifurcation or intercalation, elevated, rounded upon their 

summits, straight sided, separated by angular intercostals, usually narrower than the costals; a very fine 

secondary threading developed on both the radials and 

interradials, the lirae numbering about three upon 

the summits of each of the rnedial radials; radials 

absent upon the posterior dorsal area and feeble upon 

the anterior. Ligament area very short and narrow. 

Anterior right cardinal obsolete; posterior right cardinal cuneate, moderately stout; anterior left cardinal 

more slender, cuneate; posterior left cardinallmninar; 

both anterior and posterior laterals developed in each 

valve, all of them low, obtuse denticles. Interior 

fluted h.Y the radial costae. Muscle and pallial scars 

comrnonly obscure. Anterior adductor elongated, the 

posterior rudely quadrate. Pallial line distant frmn 

the base. Inner rnargins fluted in harmony ·with the 

radial costae and dentated in harmony with the radial 

lira e. 

Dirnensions: Altitude, 3.0 millimeters; latitude, 3.2 

millimeters; semidiameter, 0.8 millimeter. 

Type: U.S. Nat. ~ius. No. 35248.5. 

Type locality: No. 3419, 11cClelland farm, 1 rnile 

below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla. 

In the general outline and character of sculpture 

Parvi.Znf'i.na euphea is more suggestive of the later 

:Wiiocene and Pliocene forms than it is of the Oak 

Grove nere1~didedita, a larger, rnore compressed form 

\vith rnore numerous and less prmninent radials. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 3419P. 

Phacoides [Parvilucina (Bellucina)] nereidideditus Maury 

1910. Phacoides (Bellncina) nereidideditu.s Maury, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology, vol. 4, No. 21, p. 36, pl. 9, fig. 5. 

Miss Maury described this species as follows: 

8hell nearly eirrular, small, resembling P. waccamawensis 

Dall from the Pliocene of South Carolina and Florida but 

smaller, more alate and with an additional set of fine radiating 

riblet~ which alternate with the series of broad ribs similar to 

those of P. !Nlccamawensis. Hinge strong, teeth well-developed, 

interior finted by the exterior ribs, inner margin finely and 

rather <leeply crenulatecl. 

Length of the single specimen found 4, height 4 millimeters. 

Oak Grvve, Fla. 

Cornell University collection. 

The species is remarkable for its compressed outline and the nwnerous unequal and inequispaced radials. The single valve frmn Boynton Landing doubtfully referred to this species is more inflated than those 

from Oak Grove, and the radials are narrower, more 

nwnerous, and more regular. It probably represents 

a closely allied but at least subspecifically distinct 

species. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities H06ogr, 

?7893r. Oak Grove sand, locality 5632r. 

Genus DIV ARICELLA Von Martens 

1880. Divaricella Von Martens, Beitrage zur Meeresfauna 

der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Mollusken, 

p. 321. 

Type: Lucina angul'ifera von 1-fartens = Lucina ornata Reeve. (Recent off Mauritius.) 

Dall 6 described this genus in 1903 as follows: 

This group presents many of the characters of Lucina 

proper, but is well distinguished by its extremely eharacteristl.c sculpture. There are several Recent speeies requiring close 

examination to discriminate. Nearly all these, together with 

most of the Tertiary species, were lumped together by early 

writers under the name of Lucina divaricata. The hinge when 

f · f 1 L.lol.ioY2o.l Th fully developed has the ollowmg ormu a: R.olo.oY2oi.l. e 

laterals are variable, especially the posterior laterals, which in 

some species are obsolete; the anterior laterals are more persistent, though usually feeble, and are situated near the cardinals at the anterior end of the lunule. The anterior and posterior dorsal areas are usually absent; the lunule small and 

deeply impressed, unequal in the valves, as in many Lucinas, 

and larger in the right valve. The adductor scars are lucinoid, 

the internal margins crenulate, the shell more or less orbicular, 

and generally rather convex. The species of the early Tertiary 

very often have the internal margin of the valves entire and 

some of them by their form indicate a transition to,vard the 

Lucinas. 

The genus is conspicuous by reason of its peculiar 

external sculpture-a deep grooving, divergent at a 

somewhat low angle along a line extending from the 

umbones to the ventral margin. 

The genus is rather rare in both the Tertiary and 

the post-Tertiary waters. 

Already in the AlUln Bluff fauna Divaricella had 

~~sun10d the relative position which it has Jnaintained 

to the preseqt day. Never abundant in number of 

species or of individuals, this group of curiously sculptured shells has, nevertheless, a Jnoderate representation at nearly all the Jniddle and later Tertiary warm 

water horiz~ns. In the Chipola and Shoal River 

forn1ations there is a single fairly comlnon species. 

The Chipola fonn D. chipolana Dall occurs also in the 

Oak Grove sand, but it is very rare. This same 

species is very closely allied to a fonn from the 

Cnloosahatchee Plioc~ne and is quite possibly its 

precursor. 

6 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt.. 6, pp. 138i-1388, 1903. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 117 

Width of adult normally exceeding 15.0 millimeters; posterior 

lateral margin rounded __________ Divaricella chipolana Dall. 

Width of adult normally not exceeding 1.5.0 millimeters; posterior lateral margin obtusely truncate. 

Divaricella waltonia Gardner, n. sp. 

Divaricella chipolana Dall 

Plate XX, Figure 15 

1903. Divaricella chipolana Dal1. Wagner Free lnst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1389, pl. 51, fig. 2. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell solid, subcircular, rounded in front and behind, equilateral, with inconspicuous beaks; sculpture of concentric incremental lines and an arcuate excavated sculpture (common to 

the genus and somewhat variable in minor detail in the species) 

as figured, and some obscure irregularly radial impressions on 

the anterior slope; lunule in the right valve short, small, rather 

broad; in the left valve none or hardly any; escutcheon none; 

resting stages variable, not conspicuous; hinge with strong 

cardinals and faint traces of the laterals, of which the right 

anterior lateral is best developed. Altitude 17, longitude 19, 

diameter 10 millimeters. 

This species is especially characterized by its lunule, by the 

rounded, not angular, ends of the hinge line, the absence of 

any denticulation of the margins due to the excavated sculpture, and the extremely fine crenulations of the rather broad 

margins. 

Absent during the cold-water period of the Miocene, this 

form appears to return with the warmer Pliocene waters, again 

to disappear finally with the renewed cooling off of the waters 

in Pleistocene time. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114635. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla. 

The Pliocene species which has later been recognized 

by Dall to be distinct, at least subspecifically, is more 

inflated, obtusely truncate posteriorly, and rather 

more coarsely sculptured. The Shoal River species 

D. waltonia is decidedly smaller, more angular, and 

more coarsely sculptured. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 1061W, 

7893P, 2213P, 2564r, 7151 r, 2211° 1 7183°, 10660°, 

7468P. Oak Grove sand, locality 2646r. 

Divaricella waltonia Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figures 13-14 

Shell smaller than Divaricella chipolana and more 

strongly and evenly inflated; subcircular, the circle 

truncated b,y the nearly straight dorsal margins. 

Umbones small, central, acute at their tips, overtopping the dorsal margins. Posterior lateral margin 

obtusely truncate, the anterior extremity broadly 

rounded, the base line quite strongly arcuate. Concentric lamellae about 40, quite sharply elevated, the 

fine edges dorsally directed, converging in concentric 

angles pointing toward the umbones along a line about 

one-third the distance from the anterior to the posterior extremity. Ligament submarginal, opisthodetic. 

Dentition normal for the genus; two cardinals and 

feeble anterior and posterior laterals in each valve, the 

anterior laterals much nearer to the umbones than the 

posterior. Anterior adductor elongated, arcuate; posterior adductor semielliptical. Pallial line simple. 

Altitude, 11.0 millimeters; latitude, ·11.5 millimeters; diameter, 7. 5 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352491.' 

Type locality: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 

Walton County, Fla. 

Divaricella waltonia is smaller than D. chipolana and 

more convex, with a more angular posterior margin 

and a relatively coarser, more rasping sculpture. 

The species has a wide distribution in the single horizon at which it occurs. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3742°, 

10658r, 5184r, 5195r, 9958r, 374W, 3747r, 7264r, 996W, 

5618P, 9959P. 

Family DIPLODONTIDAE 

Genus DIPLODONTA Bronn 

1831. Diplodonta Bronn, Italiens Tertiar-Gebilde, p. ix. 

Type: Ven1ts lupina Brocchi. (Miocene and Pliocene of the Piedmont of Italy.) 

Shell suborbicular, inequilateral; ·external surface 

smooth or concentrically sculptured; lunule and 

escutcheon not clearly delimited; ligament chiefly external; hinge of right valve armed with a simple anterior and a bifid posterior cardinal; hinge of left valve 

armed with a bifid anterior and a simple posterior 

cardinal; laterals absent; adductor .impressions oval; 

pallial line entire; inner margins of valves· smooth. 

The genus is first noted in the Cretaceous; from 

that time on it has constituted one of the less conspicuous elements in the bivalve faunas. The forty odd 

recept species have a wide distribution in the warmer 

waters of the globe. 

The seven species of Diplodonta which have been 

recognized in the Alum Bluff are rather evenly distributed among the three formations, though individuals are rare in the Oak Grove and common only in the 

Shoal River. It is remarkable that two of the seven 

are apparently identical with later Miocene formsD. nucleiformis vVagner from the Chipola formation 

and D. acclinis Conrad from the Shoal Riverwhereas D. glos Gardner, n. sp., is exceedingly close to 

a species that occurs in the Pleistocene of Simmons 

Bluff, S. C. 

Valves strongly inflated, almost hemispherical; adults not 

exceeding 10.0 millimeters in latitude: 

Adults normally exceeding 5.0 milimeters in latitude; 

shell relatively thin __ Diplodonta nucleiformi.s (Wagner). 

Adults commonly not exceeding 5.0 milimeten; in latitude; 

shell relatively heavy. 

Diplodonta (nucleiformis n. subsp. ?) sphaeromorpha 

Gardner, n. sp. 
118 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Valve compressed or moderately inflated; adults generally 

exceeding 10.0 millimeters in latitude: 

Inner margins of adult lirate: 

Latitude of adult usually exceeding 15.0 millimeters; 

dorsal margins very gently sloping. 

Diplodonta radiata Dall. 

Latitude of adult rarely exceeding 15.0 millimeters; 

dorsal margins quite steeply sloping. 

Diplodonta leptodoma Gardner, n. sp. 

Inner margins of adult not lirate: 

External surface not punctate: 

Shell thin, produced at the posterior basal margin. 

Diplodonta paralta Gardner, n. sp. 

Shell heavy, not produced at the posterior 

basal margin ______ Diplodonta acclinis Conrad. 

External surface punctate. 

Diplodonta glos Gardner, n. sp. 

Section DIPLODONTA s. s. 

Type: Venus lupina Brocchi. (Miocene and Pliocene of the Piedmont of Italy.) 

Dall 7 described this group as follows: 

Shell rotund, equilateral, externally concentrically striated 

or smooth, with inconspicuous epidermis; two cardinal teeth 

in each valve, of which the right posterior and left anterior are 

distally sulcate or bifid; no lateral teeth; the hinge-plate when 

developed is usually excavated distally; there is no circumscribed lunule or es,cutcheon; the adductor scars are subequal, 

continuous with the pallial line, and close to the hinge plate: 

the margin is entire, the pallial line simple, the pallial area 

often radiately striate; anatomically the genus is separated 

from Lucinidae by its double gills and absence of siphon, and 

from Cryptodontidae by its generative and digestive glands 

being contained within the general mass of the body. 

Diplodonta nucleiformis (Wagner) 

Plate XX, Figures 16-19 

1838. Mysia nucleiformis Wagner, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., 1st ser., vol. 8, p. 52, pl. 1, fig. 4. 

1845. Loripes elevata Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary 

formations of the United States, p. 73, pl. 41, fig. 8. 

1845. Cytherea sphaerica H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., 

new ser., vol. 9, p. 241, pl. 34, fig. 22. 

1858. Diplodonta elevata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1857, p. 166. 

1863. Mysia elevata Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 577. 

1864. Mysia elevata Conrad, Meek, Checklist of invertebrate 

fossils of North America, Miocene: Smithsonian 

Misc. Coli., No. 183, p. 8. (Name only.) 

1875. Mysia carolinensis Conrad, in Kerr, W. C., Report of the 

Geological Survey of North Carolina, vol. 1, appendix 

A, p. 21, pl. 4, fig. 5. 

1900. Diplodonta nucleiformis (Wagner). Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1185. 

Wagner described this species as follows: 

Shell suborbicular, ventricose, lines of growth very distinct 

on the inferior half of the disk; posterior margin direct. Locality: Mehering (Meherrin) River, N. C. 

1 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p, 1180, 1900. 

This is the smallest of the Diplodontas within the 

area and the most globose. The shell is moderately 

heavy, the altitude and the latitude are approximately 

equal, the umbones inflated and central, the anterior 

and posterior ends evenly rounded and subequal, the 

anterior a little the broader. The incremental 

sculpture is usually microscopic. The ligament is 

external, the groove deep, the nymph short and inconspicuous. The hinge is very much concentrated, 

the dentition normal, the teeth short but rather rude 

and strong. The adductor impressions and simple 

pallial line are usually indistinct. 

A single valve of a juvenile indistinguishable from 

those occurring in the ·late Miocene has been collected 

in the Chipola formation. The form is, however, too 

young to definitely establish the presence of this 

species in the Alum Bluff. 

The figured specimen is from the Waccamaw 

marl at Neill's Eddy Landing on Cape Fear River, 

N.C. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality ~7151r. 

Outside occurrence: Miocene: Yorktown formation 

Virginia; and Duplin marl, N. C. Pliocene: Waccamaw formation, N. C. Recent: Off Cape Lookout 

in less than 50 fathoms. 

Diplodonta (nucleiformis subsp.?) sphaeromorpha Gardner, 

n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figures 2o-21 

1900. Diplodonta nucleiformis (Wagner). Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1185 (part). 

Not Mysia nucleiformis Wagner, 1838. 

Shell small, subcircular, globose. Umbones inflated, the tips acute and set a little in front of the 

median line. Slope of anterior dorsal margin less 

gentle than that of the posterior. Lateral margins 

and base broadly rounded. External surface smooth 

except for incren1entals, which are least feeble 

toward the anterior dorsal margin. Ligament external, opisthodetic. Dentition normal, a laminar 

anterior cardinal and bifid posterior cardinal in the 

right valve and a bifid anterior and laminar posterior 

cardinal in the left. Adductt>r scars small, obscure. 

Pallial line entire, at some little distance from the base. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 4.7 millimeters; latitude, 

4.6 millimeters; sen1idiameter, 1.5 millimeters. 

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 135865. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Diplodonta sphaeromorpha seems to be distinct from 

D. nucleiformis 'Vagner, but the material is so meager 

that its relation to the later species can not be conclusively determined. Apparently it is a smaller, 

heavier, higher, and more nearly circular shell. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646r, 996lr. 
LUCIN ACEA, LEPTON ACEA, CARDIACEA 119 

Diplodonta radiata Dall 

Plate XX, Figures 22-23 

1900. Diplodonta radiata Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1184, pl. 44, fig. 11. 

Dall says: 

Shell large, very thin, finely concentricallv sculptured with 

minutely wrinkled silky striae; antenor end shorter and narrower, slightly produced below, posterior end wider, rounded; 

hinge plate narr~w, channeled in front, cardinals small, short, 

normal; ligamentary groove very short, beaks low, inconspicuous; adductor scars and pallial line normal; pallial area 

smooth, with, toward the base, numerous obscure lirae which 

appear on the basal margin as short elevated lines with abrupt 

terminations, somewhat as in Propeamusium. Altitude 18, 

latitude 20, diameter 10 millimeters. 

This is a peculiar species and, so far as the lirae are concerned, appears to be unique. They are entirely distinct from 

the radiating striae not uncommon on the pallial area of lucinoid 

bivalves, being most elevated at their distal termination, and 

found in both the young and mature shells. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135864. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The young are more compressed and more elOngated 

transversely than the coexistent juveniles allied to 

D. paralta. D. leptodoma from the Shoal River 

formation, another eJ:ceedingly thin shell reinforced 

by lirae along the inner margins, is smaller and n1ore 

trigonal in outline than D. radiata Dall. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 2646P. 

Diplodonta leptodoma Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figures 25-26 

Shell thin and exceedingly fragile, of moderate 

dimensions, rather compressed, rounded trigonal. 

Posterior area obliquely flattened. Umbones full, 

prominent, subcentral, the tips slightly prosogyrate, 

acute, and proximate. Dorsal margins rather steeply 

sloping, the anterior more so than the posterior. 

Anterior lateral margin rounding into the base; 

posterior lateral margin obscurely truncate. External surface smooth except for incrementals, which 

are least feeble anteriorly. Traces of the original 

color pattern probably preserved in the darker bands 

of irregular width that per~ist on most of the specimens. 

Ligament inset, opisthodetic, seated upon a rather 

short and slender nyn1ph. Dentition normal for the 

genus but very delicate. A laminar anterior and 

deeply bifid posterior cardinal in the right valve and a 

deeply bifid posterior and slender laminar anterior 

cardinal in the left valve. Adductor scars small and 

very obscure. Pallial line sin1ple. Inner surface 

lirate toward the base, the lirae increasing in prominence to their pustulose terminations at the margin. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 12.0 ± millimeters; latitude 

12.5 millimeters; dia1neter, 6.8 millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352502. 

Type locality: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 

Walton County, Fla. 

In the thin and delicate shell, the character of the 

external surface, and the peculiar liration of the inner 

surface Diplodonta leptodoma is closely allied to D. 

radiata Dall. It is, however, a smaller and more 

compressed shell with a decidedly trigonal outline. 

The lirate inner margins doubtless serve in both 

species to reinforce the unusually thin and fragile 

shells. 

D. leptodoma is rather abundant in the Shoal River 

formation, though perfect specimens are exceedingly 

difficult to obtain. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 38564 , 

3742°, 5080r, 5184r, 5195r, 5079r, 2238r, 3748r, 5192P. 

Diplodonta paralta Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XX, Figure 24 

1900. Diplodonta alta Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1183, pl. 44, fig. 19 (part). 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell large, thin, concentrically striated, beaks small, not 

elevated; anterior end short, rounded, posterior end longer, 

larger, more· arcuate above, the lower portion near the base 

produced; groove for the ligament very narrow; hinge plate 

narrow, slightly excavated; teeth and adductors normal; 

margin simple. Altitude 27, latitude 26, diameter 12.5 millimeters. 

The specimen figured from the silex beds being defective at 

the posterior margin, a much finer specimen from the Chipola 

beds, subsequently acquired, has been figured to show the 

normal form of the species. A form from the sands at Oak 

Grove seems to be the same, but differs by the presence of a 

minute lunule or incised line in front of the beaks as in 

Sphaerella; the adductor scars, however, are normal. As the 

Oak Grove specimens are all young, I prefer to regard them as 

a variety of D. alta until more information is available. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114717. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The Chipola species is produced along the diagonal 

from the umbones to the posterior basal margin and 

has a peculiar lop-sided appearance, which the Ballast 

Point individuals do not present. The Oak Grove 

juveniles are quite certainly distinct, but as no adults 

have yet appeared their true relationships can not 

be determined. Diplodonta acclinis Conrad is much 

heavier and thickened in the adults along the adherent 

mantle surface. The incremental sculpture is much 

more conspicuous in the later species, and the posterior 

basal Jnargin is not produced. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213P, 

2211P. 

Diplodonta sp. indet. 

Under this caption are included those juveniles to 

which reference has already been Jnade under the 

discussion of Diplodonta paralta Dall. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 2046°. 
120 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Diplodonta acclinis Conrad 

1832. L1tcina acclinis Conrad, Fossil shells of the Tertiary 

formations of North America, p. 21, pl. 6, fig. 2. 

1838. M ysia americana Conrad, Fossils of the medial Tertiary 

formations of the United States, p. 30, pl. 16, fig. 2. 

Not Lucina americana Defrance, Dictionnaire des sciences 

naturelles, vol. 27, p. 276, 1823. 

1858. Diplodonia acclinis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1857, p. 166. 

1863. Mysia acclinis Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc. for 1862, p. 577. 

1864. M ysia acclinis Conrad. Meek, Checklist of the invertebrate fossils of North America, l\Iiocene: Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 183, p. 8. (Name only.) 

1894-. Lucina acclin·is? Conrad. Whitfield, U. S. Geol. Survey 

1\:Ion. 24, p. 62, pl. 10, figs. 5, 6. 

1898. Diplodonta acclinis Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 4, pl. 28, figs. 2, 13. 

1900. Diplodonta accl1:nis Conrad. Dall, 'Vagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1186. 

1904. Diplodonta acclinis Conrad. Glenn, Mar~·land Geol. 

Survey, Miocene, p. 334, pl. 89, figs. 6a, 6b. 

1909. Diplodonta acclinis Conrad. Grabau and Shimer, North 

American index fossils, vol. 1, p. 558, figs. 763, a, b. 

Conrad described this species in 1832 as follows: 

Suborbicular, or lentiform, a little oblique, with strong lines 

of growth; hinge with two diverging teeth in each valve; posterior 

tooth of the right valve bifid; anterior muscular impression 

not profoundly elongated. 

Type locality: Yorktown, Va. 

Shell heavy, moderately compressea, subcircular. 

Un1bones rather low and flattened, su bcentral, pointed 

and prosogyrate at the tips. Dorsal margins slightly 

oblique, the anterior a little the shorter and higher. 

Anterior lateral margin broadly and obscurely truncated; posterior lateral margin somewhat produced 

and rounded. Base line strongly arcuate. Incremental sculpture strong, uneven, conspicuous. Ligan1ent mostly external. Ligamentary groove oblique 

and very deep. Nymph rather heav-y, elongated. 

Dentition normal, the posterior right cardinal and the 

anterior left cardinal deeply sulcated; simple cardinals 

rather thin and laminar. Adductor impressions 

prmninent, irregular, elongated, the anterior obscurely 

reniform. Pallial line simple, distinct. Area of the 

adherent mantle usually thickened. 

D1~plodonta acclinis Conrad, the most 'videly distributed and most abundant representati·ve of the 

genus in the later 11ioccne and Pliocene of the 1niddle 

and south Atlantic coasts, is represented in the Alum 

Bluff collections by only a few valves frmn the Shoal 

River forn1ation. The closest analog in the lower 

Almn Bluff faunas is D1~plodonta. paralta frmn the 

Chipola formation, a quite similar shPll in generul 

proportions and irregularity of outline but n1ueh 

thinner, both externally and internally, 1nore delicately 

sculptured incrmnentally, and invariably n10re or 

less produced at the posterior basal margin. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3733 r, 

2238r, 5618r, 9959r. 

Outside occurrence: Miocene: Calvert formation, 

New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia; Choptank formation, 

Maryland; St. Marys formation, Maryland, Virginia, 

North Carolina; Yorktown formation, Virginia, North 

Carolina; and Duplin marl, North Carolina, Georgia'. 

Pliocene: Waccamaw formation, North Carolina, 

South Carolina; Caloosahatchee marl, Florida. 

Section PHLYCTIDERMA Dall 

1899. Phlyctiderma Dall, Jour. Conchology, Leeds, vol. 9, 

p. 224. 

Type: Diplodonta semiaspera Philippi. (Recent 

frmn Cape Hatteras, N. C., to Rio Janeiro, Brazil.) 

Dall characterized tllis group as follows: "Shell like 

Diplodonta, but with the surface more or less punctate 

or pustulate." 

Diplodonta (Phlyctiderma) glos Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, Figure 22 

Shell of n1oderate dimensions for the group, 

moderately compressed, thin and somewhat polished. 

Umbones subcentral, well rounded, acute and prosogyrate at their tips. Dorsal margins gently sloping, 

the posterior the more produced and rounding more 

abruptly into the lateral margin; lateral 1nargins 

rounding smoothly into the feebly arcuated base. 

External surface crowded with microscopically fine 

and silky incre1nentals; the n1edial and ventral 

portions of the valves of the adults and adolescents 

minutely punctate. Internal surface highly polished. 

Ligmnent deeply inset, opisthodetic. Dentition delicate; anterior cardinal of right valve and posterior 

cardinal of left very thin and laminar; posterior 

cardinal of right valve and anterior cardinal of left 

deeply sulcate; anterior dorsal and lateral margins 

reinforced by shallow grooves. Adductor scars distinct, placed at the extremities of the dorsal margins, 

irregular in outline, the anterior the more elongated. 

Pallial line distinct, minutely ragged. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 15.0 millimeters; latitude, 

16.0 millin1eters; semidiameter, 4.0 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352499. 

Type locality: No. 7257,· Sexton's marl bed, Tenmile Creek, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Diplodonta glos is very closely allied to D. soror C. 

B. Adams of the late Tertiary and Cenozoic faunas 

and its probable precursor. The Recent Jarrtaican 

species is, however, a heavier, more convex, and less 

evenly rounded shell with mote steeply sloping 

dorsal n1argins. Son1e of the Pleistocene forms from 

Sinnnons Bluff, S. C., are with difficulty distinguishable from the type of D. ylos. 

They are, however, n1ore dongatPd transversely, 

as a rule, with even more gently sloping dorsal margins. 
L UCIN ACEA, LEPTON ACEA, CARDIACEA 121 

It is probable that the name kiawahensis Tuomey 

and Holmes should be retained for the Pleistocene 

individuals. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7257P, 

2213r, 3419r, 7151P. 

Superfamily LEPTON ACEA 

The latest and most careful work upon this very 

large and difficult group has been done by Willian1 

H. Dall, and I quote at considerable length from his 

monograph of the genera of the Leptonacea: 8 

The Leptonacea form a very interesting and puzzling group. 

Their characters combine features characteristic in other 

teleodonts of immaturity with such as are more probably due 

to environmental modifications. 'Vithout being in themselves 

prototypes, they exhibit features \Vhich \ve may readily suppose might have been characteristic of prototypic teleodonts. 

Groups which are really starting points for numerous subsequently developed genera are usually notable for their 

tendency to vary and interchange characters. In the preser.t 

case perhapi'l the very general habit of commensalism, or parasitism, has produced degeneration or afforded an excessive 

protection, inducing or accompanied by a revival of atavistic 

primary characters. The fact that authors, struck by similarity of dental features to those of immature specimens of 

genera of widely different origin, have too hastily referred 

species of Leptonacea to such families as the Mactridae or 

Cyrenidae is significant in this connection. 

It must be confessed at the outset that our knowledge of 

the anatomy of recent Leptonacea is lamentably deficient. 

vYe have to assume (which is never safe) that forms with similar 

shell characters are generally similar in other points of structure, except where we know to the contrary. 'Ve find, moreover, that the dentition is frequently indistinctly developed 

or some\vhat amorphous, rendering it difficult to make out 

the homologies of the different parts of the hinge. It is 

certainly unsafe to assume, as Bernard has sometimes done, 

that the position of a dental lamina is sufficient to settle its 

homology. The dynamic reactions of teeth upon each other 

are, I am confident, of the utmost importance in the development of the hinge. As in the vertebrate skeleton, pressure 

and friction in localized areas will produce directly a response 

in facets and buttresses. In fact, to the eye trained to take 

such matters into account, every hinge shows more or less 

evidence of the mutability of hinge structure and its responses 

to stress, as well as inherited tendencies of form. In no group 

are these more obvious than in the Leptonacea. 

The prototypic hinge of the group-or that which with 

slight modifications will exhibit any of the various types of 

hinge structure found in the group-is very simple and has 

been figured by Bernard· in his illustrations of a minute form 

which he has named Pachykellya. His invaluable researches 

upon the early features of the hinge have shown that among 

the Teleodesmacea the so-called laterals and cardinals are 

dissevered parts of an originally single lamina sharply bent 

at its proximal, or umbonal, end and having somewhat the 

form of a figure 7. In Pachykellya the hinge is composed of 

an internal resilium not obviously separated from the ligament 

and inclined obliquely backward, as in many nepionic teleodonts. On each side of this in each valve is a pair of the 

t---shaped lamellae, of which most have developed more or less 

distinctly the proximal or cardinal "hook." The lower ones 

are less engaged in the various stresses to which the laminae 

s Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, pp. 1114-1116, 1900. 

Sti7Hiti 0-.'i0-4 lH2-C) 

are subjected in use, and hence, as might be expected, the 

hook is less evident or even undeveloped. 

From this type of hinge all the others can be developed by 

trifling modifications. The laminae may be long or short; 

when the outer limb is short we have a A-shaped tooth; if 

the angle proceeds to that stage of development when its 

continuity is lost, we may have a hinge like that of Cyarniornactra: the severed hook may be modified by pressure to a 

petaloid shape, which again by degeneration may be reduced 

to two obscure minute conical projections, as in some species 

')f Galeomma. Any part or the whole of the hinge may become 

obsolete; the resilium and ligament may separate or continue 

in connection; the latter frequently becomes external and often 

obsolete, though traces of it almost always exist. 

Family LEPTONIDAE 

Genus ERYCIN A Lamarck 

1804. Erycina Lamarck, Mus. hist. nat. Annales, vol. 6, p. 413. 

Type: Erycina pell ucida Lamarck. ( Calcaire grdssier of the Paris Basin.) 

Shell small, thin, elongate-oval, usually subequilateral; external surface smooth as a rule, though 

rarely with a coneentric or more rarely radial sculpture; external liga.rnent feeble; internal ligmnent 

lodged in a triangular resilial pit placed behind 

the umbones and near the dorsal n1argin; cardinals minute, subumbonal, one or two in each valve; 

strong la.rninated laterals developed both in front 

of and behind each umbone; adductor impressions 

small, oval; pallial line entire or slightly sinuated. 

The genus apparently both originates and culJninates in the Eocene. In the Paris Basin alone 

there are 4 7 described species. In North America, 

although Erycina is most abundantly represented in 

the Gulf Eocene, it also occurs throughout the Tertiary section of the east coast. 

The Erycinas form an inconspicuous element in the 

nwlluscan faunas of the Chipola formation and Oak 

Grove sand but have no.t yet been observed in the 

Shoal River formation. Three of the five species of 

Erycina s. s. are restricted to the earlier horizon and 

two to the later horizon, and none of them are abundant. E. (Scacchia) actinophora (Dall) is not at all 

rare at the type locality at Oak Grove but has not 

been reported fr01n any other horizon. 

Subgenus ERYCINA s. s. 

Type: Erycina pellucida La1narek. ( Calcaire grossier of the Paris Basin.) 

Dall 9 described this group as follows: 

Shell small, somewhat compressed or not very convex, 

exterior concentrically striate, smooth, or rarely with partially 

radial sculpture, sometimes punctate or sagrinate; hinge with 

an obsolete external ligament, sometimes hardly traceable, and 

a well-marked internal resilium which is attached to the shell 

in an oblique fossette behind the beaks and close to the cardinal 

border; teeth, normally, one or two minute cardinals and two 

lateral laminae in each valve, the latter near and sometimes 

9 Idem, p. 1141. 
122 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

confounded with the dorsal margin of the valve, usually long, 

low proximally, more elevated distally, and often recurved 

npon themselves, like a segment of a cylinder; in the right 

valve sometimes double with the socket for the laminae of the 

opposite valve between them. Pallial line with a slight insinuation. 

Lateral laminae developed: 

External surface regularly sculptured with numerous, 

closely appressed, concentric lamellae. 

Erycina undosa Dall. 

External surface smooth or sculptured with more or less 

irregular, in some species pustulose incrementals: 

Umbones strongly posterior ___ E-rycina chipolana Dall. 

Umbones subcentral or slightly posterior: 

Adult shell commonly exceeding 6.0 millimeters 

in latitude, faintly lineated radially. 

Erycina scaptera Gardner n. sp. 

Adult shell not exceeding 6.0 millimeters in 

latitude, not linea ted radially: 

Pustulose sculpture commonly developed 

upon~ the anterior ventral portion; hinge 

dissipated _________ _ Erycina fabulina Dall. 

Pustulose sculpture not developed; hinge 

concentrated ______ _ Erycina curtidens Dall. 

Lateral laminae not developed. 

Erycina (Scacchia) actinophora (Dall). 

Erycina undosa Dall 

Plate XXI, Figure 1 

1900. Erycina undosa Dan; Wagner Free Inst. Sci. TJ'rans., vol 

3, pt. 5, p. 1144, pl. 45, fig. 3. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, compressed, polished, Semele-form, anterior end 

rounded, longer; posterior end shorter and more bluntly 

rounded; beaks low but rather pointed; surface with equidistant 

concentric impressed lines separating wider, flattish interspaces; 

hinge strong, teeth normal; adductor scars large, the pallial 

impression wide and slightly irregular. Longitude 3.5, altitude 

2.8, diameter 1.5 millimeters. 

The shell varies somewhat in proportional length and some 

specimens may reach 4.5 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 114677. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Bailey's 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

This small species has the outline of Semele and the 

sculpture of Dos,ini,a. It is further remarkable for its 

delicacy and high polish. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893P, 

7257r, 2213P, 3419r, 7151P, 2211r. 

Erycina chipolana Dall 

Plate XXI; Figure 2 

1900. Erycina chipolana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1144, pl. 45, fig. 17 (not pl. 45, fig. 15, 

=E. scaptera Gardner, n. sp.). 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, compressed, smooth, polished, donaciform; 

posterior end shorter and with more abrupt descent of the 

dorsal margin; beaks rather low, hinge strong, the distal portion 

of the laminae prominent with a marked groove above them; 

posterior adductor scar larger and lower down than the anterior; 

basal margin arcuate. Longitude 4.1, altitude 3.0, diameter 2 

millimeters. 

The principal characteristic of this small species is its trigonal 

shape; the laminae are also more prominent than usual. 

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 114676. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The Chipola River species has been curiously confused with a quite distinct form from the lower bed at 

Alum Bluff-E. scaptera Gardner, n. sp. E. chipolana 

is a highly inflated little shell not much more than half 

as large as the compressed species from Alum Bluff. 

The umbones are relatively more prominent and more 

posterior, the anterior extremity being consequently 

more produced and the anterior dorsal slope relatively 

n1ore gentle. The base line is straighter in E. chipolana 

and more nearly parallel to the anterior dorsal margin. 

This character is much Inore prominent in the specinlen than in the illustration. The dentition of E. 

chipolana is conspicuously robust for so small a shell, 

that of E. scaptera conspicuously delicate. The left 

laterals of E. chipolana are indistinct from the dorsal 

1nargin, whereas in E. scaptera they are cut off frmn it 

by a shallow groove. E. chipolana suggests the 

much more compressed and regularly sculptured E. 

undosa, though it is much more produced anteriorly. 

The species is rare even at the type locality. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2213r. 

Erycina scaptera Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, Figure 18 

1900. Erycina chipolana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, pl. 44, fig. 15 (text excluded). 

Shell of moderate dimensions for the group, compressed, inequilateral, transversely ovate in outline. 

Umbones small, slightly posterior, not inflated, but 

relatively prominent by reason of their overtopping 

the dorsal margin; the minute but solid and highly 

polished prodissoconchs capping the tips of the 

umbones of even the adult conch. Posterior dorsal 

slope much steeper than the anterior, the anterior 

lateral margin broader and more produced than 

the posterior. Base line arcuate. External surface 

sculptured '''ith incrementals, stronger and more regular toward the posterior margin; an exceedingly fine, 

faint, and irregular radial lineation also developed 

upon the adult conch. External ligan1ent attachment obsolete. Resilial pit very narrow, produced 

downward and backward fron1 underneath the umbones. A single delicate, subumbonal cardinal devel1 oped in each valve. Anterior and posterior laterals 

thin and shn.rp, those of the right valve cut off from 

the dorsal margin by a socket for the reception of the 

laterals of the left valve. Adductor and pallial scars 

very obscure, the anterior adductor scar apparently 

elongated, the posterior shorter and placed at the 

extren1ity of the posterior lateral. Pallin.lline simple. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 5.5 millimeters; latitude, 

7.0 millimeters; diameter, 2.1 millinwters. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 123 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114605. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla. 

It seems strange that there should have been any 

confusion between two forms so unlike as those figured 

under the name of E. ch·ipolana. The Alum Bluff 

species is decidedly larger and more compressed 

and has a more produced anterior extremity and a 

straighter base line. There is no trace of a radial 

lineation upon the Chipola River species, and theincrementals, though quite as fine, are more regular. The 

dentition of the smaller form is very much less delicate, and instead of distinct laterals in the left valve 

as in E. scaptera the laterals of E. chipolana are confused with the dorsal margins. 

The species is restricted in its known distribution 

to the type locality. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2211P 

7183r, 1066lf. 

Erycina fabulina Dall 

Plate XXI, Figures 5-6 

1900. Erycina fabulina Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1145, pl. 45, fig. 1. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, ovate, subequilateral, moderately convex, with low 

umbones; surface polished, with numerous faint incremental 

striae; dorsal ma:r:gin and base nearly equally arcuate, ends 

rounded, the anterior slightly longer and higher; hinge normal, 

the laminae rather long and somewhat recurved; adductor 

scars small, subequal. Longitude 5, altitude 3.6, diameter 2 

millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135878. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Perhaps the most peculiar feature of this species is 

the patch of pustulose sculpture developed upon the 

anterior ventral portion of the shell in many adults. 

This feature, together with the relatively delicate and 

dissipated hinge separates it from E. curtidens Dall, a 

congenetic species of very similar general aspect. 

9ccurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646P, 

5632r, 5633r, 7054r. 

Erycina curtidens Dall 

Plate XXI, Figures 3-4 

1900. Erycina curtidens Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1145, pl. 45, figs. 14, 15. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, thin, smooth, polished, moderately convex, with 

ow beaks, rounded ovate varying to suborbicular, slightly 

inequilateral; hinge in the right valve with notably short and 

strong laminae, the dorsal margin above them thickened so as 

almost to form a second pair in some cases; laminae of the left 

valve longer and narrower; adductor scars small, subequal, and 

pretty high up. Longitude 3.66, altitude 3, diameter 1.2 

millimeters. 

This little species is brilliantly polished and the different 

valves vary considerably in rotundity, some being almost 

orbicular. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135877. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Erycina curtidens closely a'pproximates E. fabu.lina 

in general dimensions and outline, but it does not 

develop a pustulose sculpture and differs further in 

the stronger and 1nore concentrated hinge. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646P, 5632r. 

Subgenus SCACCHIA Philippi 

1844. Scacchia Philippi, Enumeratio molluscorum siciliae, 

vol. 2, p. 27. 

Type: Tellina elliptica Scacchia. (Recent off the 

coast of Italy.) 

Dall 10 described this group in 1900 as follows: 

One right and two left cardinals; laminae obsolete; external 

ligament small but distinct; pallial line simple; foot compressed. 

The left anterior tooth may be a concentrated lamina and not 

a cardinal. In the ·right valve the dorsal margins are extended, 

as if to take the place of laminae, functioning, in connection 

with the dorsal margins of the opposite valve, like the grooves 

in Erycina. S. tenera Jeffreys has only one cardinal in each 

valve. This group appears to be represented by a fragment of 

a hinge from the Chipola beds. 1o 

The daintily sculptured little form described under 

the name ? Jfontacuta actinophora Dall seems rather 

to have its true affmities with Erycina. 

Erycina (Scacchia) actinophora (Dall) 

Plate XXI, Figure 7 

1900. 'I Montacuta actinophora Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1172, pl. 44, fig. 2. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, rather compressed, subquadrate, the anterior 

end much the longer; basal and dorsal margins subparallel, 

anterior end evenly rounded; posterior end short, sloping above, 

rounded below; beaks small, low, the nepionic shell conspicuous; 

outer surface marked with somewhat irregular incremental 

lines, smooth near the beaks, elsewhere closely, evenly, sharply, 

radially striate, an obscure ridge extending from the beaks 

backward and downward; hinge plate narrow, in the right valve 

with one prominent slender cardinal tooth, directed obliquely 

forward in front of a narrow elongate sulcus for the resilium 

obliquely directed backward below the dorsal margin; in the 

left valve on each side of the sulcus is a rather obscure lamina, 

the anterior most prominent and longer, the posterior fitting 

under the posterior dorsal margin of the opposite valve, the 

anterior into a socket above the right cardinal; interior of the 

valves smooth or faintly radially striate, the muscular impressions large and rather low down, the pallial line simple and wide. 

Longitude 11, altitude 7.6, diameter 4.5 millimeters. 

This is an elegant shell which has the external aspect of 

Scintilla but a· different hinge. The teeth differ from those of 

typical M ontacuta in the shortness of the shank of the cardinal 

"hook" and in the presence of a posterior lamina in the left 

valve, but traces of the latter may be found in several of the 

other species. But for the absence of any evidence of an external 

ligament this species might be referred to Sportella. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135874. 

10 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1142, 1900. 
124 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove. Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The cardinal tooth of the right valve is merely a 

modification of the cardinal portion of the anterior 

lamella. The dentition of the left valve differs from 

that of typical Scacchia in that the posterior cardinal 

is obsolete as in Scacchia tenera Jeffreys. The dorsal 

margins are modified to function as laterals. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646c, 5632r, 

563F, 5633r, 7054r. 

Genus BORNIA Philippi 

1836. Bornia Philippi, Enumeratio molluscorum Siciliae, vol. 

1, p. 13. 

Type: Bornia corbuloides Philippi. (Recent on the 

Sicilian coast.) 

Dall 11 described this species as follows: 

Shell ovate or subtrigonal, subequilateral, with a more or less 

flattened disk, the periostracum usually brilliant, the surface 

smooth or divaricately more or less plicate; an obsolete amphidetic external ligament present, a short, slightly posterior, subumbonal internal resilium without a lithodesma, the pallial line 

not sinuated, and the pallial area frequently punctate or radially striate; hinge with one moderately long posterior and two 

shorter anterior laminae in the left valve, and in the right one 

anterior and one longer, sometimes remote, posterior lamina; 

one or both the anterior laminae in either valve may have the 

aspect of cardinals; hinge plate usually excavated. 

The genus is known to occur in the Eocene of the 

Paris Basin and in the Tertiary of eastern North 

Alnerica and the Gulf of Mexico. The Recent species 

are chiefly confined to the Mediterranean Sea. 

Bornia is represented in the Alum Bluff by four 

species, one to each horizon and the fourth common to 

the Oak Grove and Shoal River. The Chipola species 

and that peculiar to the Shoal River develop a radial 

sculpture, but no analog has yet been reported from 

the Oak Grove. Most of the shells are small in comparison with the later Tertiary representatives of 

the group. 

Radial sculpture not developed: 

Shell conspicuously trigonal in outline __ Bornia dodona Dall. 

She1l rounded, transversely ovate in outline. 

Bornia·jloridana Dall. 

Radial sculpture developed toward the lateral margins: 

Radial sculpture absent only upon the medial portion of 

the disk _______________ Bornia fluctusculpturata Maury. 

Radial sculpture restricted to the lateral keels. 

Bornia virgata Gardner, n. sp. 

Bornia dodona Dall 

Plate XXI, Figure 12 

1900. Bornia dodona Dall, Wagne:.· Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1150, pl. 65, fig. 16. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, thin, compressed, subtrigonal, smooth, brilliantly polished; anterior end slightly shorter, wider, and more 

rounded, posterior end longer and more pointed; beaks low, 

11 Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1148, 1900. 

the prodissoconch distinguishable, dorsal margins sloping, basal 

nearly straight; right valve with two lamellae bearing knoblike teeth on the umbonal end in front of the beak, a subumbonal 

obliquely directed resiliary scar, and a posterior lamella, separated by a groove from the dorsal margin; left valve with 

two short divaricating lamellae under the beak and a feeble, 

rather distant posterior lamella; adductor scars small, rather 

high up, interior of the valves faintly radially striated. Longitude 5.25, altitude 3.7, diameter 1. 75 millimeters. 

Resembles B. mactroides Conrad, but appears to be uniformly 

of a very much smaller size. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135875. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Bornia dodona is the only member of the genus in 

the Alum Bluff which has been reported from more 

than one horizon. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646P, 5632r. 

Shoal River formation, localities 10658r, 5079c. 

Bornia floridana Dall 

Plate XXI, Figure 11 

1900. Bornia jloridana Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1150, pl. 45, fig. 2. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell thin, compressed, smooth, or with faint incremental 

lines brilliantly polished, the prodissoconch obvious; teeth 

short the anterior left lamella most prominent, the .posterior 

lamella feeble; hinge normal, form as figured. Altitude 5, 

longitude 6.6, diameter 1. 75·millimeters. 

This species is more compressed, less trigonal, and more 

elevated in proportion than B. dodona, as the figure shows. 

The proportional elevation seems to increase with age. All 

the valves obtained were more or less imperfect. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135876. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Unfortunatelv no further material was obtained 

to supplement the fragments from which this species 

was described. 

Occurrenee: Oak Grove sand, locality 2646r. 

Bornia ftuctusculpturata Maury 

1910. Borni(l jluctusculpturata .Maury, Bull. Am. Paleontology, 

vol. 4, No. 21, p. 36, pl. 9, fig. 6. 

Miss Maury described this species as follows: 

Shell oval-trigonal, very thin and fragile, translucent, 

exquisitely sculptured near either end with many radiating 

plications like wavelets which are also apparent on the inside 

of the shell. They do not extend over the center of the valves. 

Under a lens the lines of growth are seen forming a most delicate 

concentric ornamentation over the entire shell on the inner 

as well as the outer side of the valve. Hinge very like that of 

Bornia dodona Dall from Oak Grove and sculpture of the same 

type as that of B. scintillata Dall from the Claiborne Eocene, 

but the plications are closer in that species and extend over the 

ventral margin of the shell. Length of largest specimen 

(imperfect) 9, altitude 6 millimeters; length of younger specimen (complete) drawn 6, altitude 4 millimeters. 

Chipola marls, Baileys Ferry, Florida. 

Cornell University collection. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 125 

No representatives of this interesting species have 

been observed in the material under study. Apparently it is a larger and less angular shell than Bornia 

virgata Gardner, n. sp., with the very obvious difference that the sculpture in the Shoal River form is 

restricted to the area of the anterior and posterior 

keels, whereas in the Chipola species it is present 

upon the dorsal areas as well. 

Occurrence: Chi pol a formation. 

Bornia virgata Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, Figures 9, 10 

Shell small, very thin and fragile, approaching in 

outline an isosceles triangle; . moderately convex, 

obliquely flattened toward the umbones and sharply 

incurved toward the base. Anterior and posterior 

areas flattened, the anterior keel the more obscure. 

Shell quite highly polished and exhibiting a very 

distinct concentric color banding which is probably 

directly related to the original pattern. Umbones 

small, central, proximate and prosogyrate; umbonal 

angle about 90°. Dorsal margins feebly arcuate, 

the posterior slope a little steeper than the anterior 

and the posterior margin rounding a little more 

abruptly into the horizontal base. Concentric sculpture reduced to exceedingly fine and faint incremental 

striae and a few rather pronounced resting stages 

toward the base. Half a dozen or more radial flutings 

also developed, extending from the anterior and 

posterior basal angles well up toward the umbones; 

the inner flutings slightly stronger than those toward 

the dorsal margins; External ligament very much 

reduced, seated on minute nymphae. Resilial pit 

also very small, extending backward from beneath 

the umbones. Dentition concentrated; anterior and 

posterior laminae of right valve elevated near the 

cardinal margin into rather robust laminar hooks, 

the anterior a little shorter and stouter than the 

posterior; left valve with a well-developed anterior 

lamina and behind it a shorter and more delicate 

posterior process; posterior dorsal margin slightly 

reinforced and modified to hold the distal portion 

of the right posterior lamina. Interior of shell 

somewhat thickened and punctate over the area 

of the attached mantle surface; radial sculpture of 

outer surface reflected upon the inner, particularly 

toward the ventral margin. Adductor muscle scars 

small, subequal, and subcircular, usually contained 

within the dorsal half of the shell. Pallial line entire, 

ragged, remote from the base. Inner margin simple 

except for the rather sharp crenulations at the extremities of the radials. 

Dimensions of right valve: Altitude, 5.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 6.0 millimeters; semidiameter, 1.5 millimeters. Dimensions of left valve: Altitude, 5.1 

millimeters; latitude, 6. 7 millimeters; semi diameter, 

1.6 millimeters. 

Co types: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352494. 

Type locality: No. 3856, 6 miles west-northwest of 

Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla. 

Borniavi'¥'gatais the analogue in theShoalRiverformation of Bornia jluctusculpturata Maury in the Chipola. 

From the earlier form it is, however, readily separable 

by the relatively greater altitude, the more angular 

outline, the absence of any concentric sculpture so 

pronounced as that indicated by Miss Maury's description, and the restriction of the radial sculpture 

to the lateral keels. The Shoal River species is remarkable for its bilateral symmetry in form and sculpture, its general angularity, and the horizontal base. 

It is by no means uncommon in the environs of the 

type locality. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856°, 

3742r. 

Family SPORTELLIDAE 

Genus SPORTELLA Deshayes 

1860. Sportella Deshayes, Animaux sans vertebres decouverts 

dans le bassin de Paris, vol. 1, p. 593. 

Type: Psammotea dubia Desha yes. ( Calcaire grossier of the Paris Basin.) 

Shell small, thin, transversely elongate, slightly 

convex, subequilateral in the majority of species; 

umbones low and inconspicuous; neither lunule nor 

escutcheon defined; exterior surface smooth or feebly 

undulated by incrementals, locally sculptured with a 

submicroscopic radial striation; external ligament 

seated on an elongate nymph; internal ligament lodged 

in an oblique, subumbonal, resilial pit; dentition of 

right valve consisting of a strong, often recurved, posterior cardinal and a rudimentary anterior cardinal; 

hinge of left valve with two unequal, divergent cardinals, the anterior of which is the stronger; adductor 

impressions oval, subequal; pallial line entire, commonly punctate; inner margins smooth. 

A genus of small and inconspicuous bivalves inhabiting the near shore waters of Europe and America 

during Tertiary and Quaternary times. 

Sportella is represented in the Al1nn Bluff by five 

species, only one of which is at all common. The 

species in question, Sportella lioconcha Dall, occurs 

not only in the Oak Grove but in the Shoal River as 

well. A closely allied form is peculiar to the Chipola, 

whereas the other three species are all restricted to the 

type locality at Oak Grove. 

Shell transversely elliptical or ovate in outline: 

Posterior area not depressed along a sharply defined keel; 

latitude of adult usually exceeding 7.0 millimeters: 

Shell relatively solid ___________ Sportella lioconcha Dall. 

Shell very thin and delicate. 

Sportella leura Gardner, n. sp. 

Posterior area depressed along a sharply defined keel; 

latitude of adult not exceeding 7.0 millimeters. 

Sportella unicarinata Dall. 

Shell suborbicular or ovate trigonal in outline; latitude of adult 

not exceeding 7.0 millimeters: 

Shell ovate trigonal in outline _____ _ Sportella lubrica Dall. 

Shell suborbicular in outline ________ _ Sportella obolus Dall. 
126 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Sportella lioconcha Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 1 

1900. Sportella lioconcha Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1128, pl. 44, fig. 24. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell oblong, moderately inflated, evenly rounded, the ends 

subequal in outline; surface smooth or with some incremental 

irregularities, sculptured with very fine concentric and obsolete 

microscopic, radial striae; interior polished with faint radiai 

striations; beaks low, inconspicuous, with a' minute, brilliantly 

polished prodissoconch; hinge narrow, cardinals more or less 

duplex in the young, single, straight and prominent in the 

adult? pit for the resilium distinct, triangular, short; ridge for 

the ligament small, short but obvious. Longitude 14, altitude 9.5, diameter 6 millimeters. 

This is a very elegant species with somewhat the aspect of a 

Scintilla but the typical hinge of Sportella. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135869. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Sportella lioconc.ha Dall is by far the most common 

representative of the genus in the Oak Groove sand 

and is even more common in the Shoal River. The 

relatively large dimensions and smoothly rounded, 

transversely elongated outline readily isolate it from 

all congenetic species both in the Shoal River and 

Oak Grove. Sportella leura Gardner, n. sp., from the 

Chipola is very closely allied but is a thinner and 

more delicate shell, more elongated transversely in 

proportion to its height. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646P, 5632r 

5631r, 5633r, 7054r. Shoal River formation, localities 

385W, 3742P. 5079P, 3733r. 

Sportella whitfieldi Dall 

The fragment from Oak Grove referred by Dall 12 

to Sportella whitfieldi is indeterminate but certainly 

not referable to the species from New Jersey and 

Maryland. It is a much larger and thinner shell 

with a well-defined escutcheon. ' 

Sportella leura Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, Figure 4 

Shell thin and delicate, of moderate dimensions for 

the genus and moderately inflated, transversely ovate 

to elliptical in outline. Umbones subcentral, quite 

full, tipped by the highly polished, rounded, trigonal 

prodissoconch. Dorsal margins nearly horizontal, the 

posterior a little higher than the anterior. Anterior 

extremity a little more produced and a little more 

smoothly rounded than the posterior. Base line 

rudely parallel with the dorsal margins. External 

surface shagreened by the incrementals and, in some 

individuals, exhibiting a fortuitous, microscopically 

12 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1128, 1900. 

fine, radial lineation, least feeble posteriorly, together 

with a crowded but exceedingly fine radial striation 

toward the ventral margin. Interior highly polished 

and faintly lineated concentrically and radially. 

Dorsal margins thickened and beveled. N :r,mphae 

short, inconspicuous. Resilial pit small, trigonal, 

deeply inset. Anterior cardinal of right valve rudimentary, the posterior cardinal rather delicate; anterior cardinal of left valve also rather delicate; posterior left cardinal almost obsolete. Adductor scars 

distinct by reason of their high polish, almost entirely 

contained within the dorsal half of the valve; posterior adductor larger than the anterior, both of them 

irregul~r and rounded or rudely quadrate in outline. 

Pallial line entire, qbscure. Basal margins smooth 

and very thin. 

Dimensions. Altitude, 6. 7 millimeters; latitude, 9.5 

millimeters; semi diameter, 2.0 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352489. 

Type locality: No. 7151, Tenmile Creek, Calhoun 

County, Fla. 

Sportella leura from the Chipola is a decidedly 

thinner and more delicate shell than its close analogue 

S. lioconcha from the Oak Grove and Shoal River. 

The outlines are very similar, though the Chipola 

species is generally smaller and a little lower than that 

from the higher horizons. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7151P. 

Sportella unicarinata Dall 

Plate XXI, Figure 17 

1900. Sportella unicarinata Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1127, pl. 44, fig. 13. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, solid, compressed, ovate, with the anterior part 

somewhat more produced and attenuated, interior polished, 

scars distinct; exterior divided into two areas by a single sharply 

defined small thread extending obliquely from the beak to the 

posterior part of the base, the area behind the thread depressed, 

surface smooth or faintly microscopically radially striate, with 

faint irregularly distributed incremental lines; nepionic shell 

smooth, conspicuous; hinge normal, the hinge plate thickened 

in front of the conspicuous right cardinal tooth; left cardinals 

unequal, the anterior most elevated, the left hinge plate with 

the posterior dorsal margin slightly inflected. Altitude 4, 

longitude 5.5, diameter 1.5 millimeters. 

This species is notable for its depressed posterior areas, which 

distinguish it from any of our other ~pecies. 

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 135873. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

A remarkably fine valve 8.5 millimeters high and 

11.0 millimeters wide was later collected by T. W. 

Vaughan. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 264W, 5632r, 

5633r, 9961 r. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 127 

Sportella lubrica Dall 

Plate XXI, Figure 8 

1900. ?Sportella lubrica Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1127, pl. 44, fig. 9. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, thin, polished, ovate-trigonal, sculptured only 

by incremental lines, which are feeble generally but at intervals 

strong; beak low, decurved; hinge plate narrow, right cardinal 

slender, prominent, with a small prominent callus in front of it 

on the dorsal margin; shell moderately convex. Altitude 4, 

longitude 5, diameter 2 millimeters. 

A single right valve, somewhat broken, is all that is known 

of this species. It has not exactly the aspect of Sportella, 

though nearest to that genus, to which until more material is 

received it is provisionally referred. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135871. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The type remains unique. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 264W. 

Sportella obolus Dall 

Plate XXI, Figures 20-21 

1900. Sportella obolus Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1126, pl. 44, fig. 18. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, solid, subcircular and fiattish; interior polished, 

the cicatrices feeble; exterior smooth or faintly marked with 

incremental lines, and, in very perfect specimens, microscopic 

radiating striae; umbones small, polished, conspicuous; dorsal 

margins of the hinge plate inflected in the right valve; hinge 

plate strong; right cardinal stout, prominent; left valve with 

the dorsal margins of the hinge plate slightly beveled, cardinal 

teeth subequal, small. Altitude 4, longitude 4.5, diameter 1.0 

millinteters. 

This is a peculiar little shell whose rounded form does not 

suggest the genus, but it has the typical hinge. The radial 

striae are extremely fine and visible only under magnification 

in perfect specimens. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135872. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

This small form is decidedly higher and ruder than 

any of the congenetic species. It has not been observed in any of the later collections. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 2646 P. 

Genus HINDSIELLA Stoliczka 

1860. =Hind.sia Deshayes, Description des animaux sans vertebres decouverts dans le bassin de Paris, vol. 1, p. 693. 

Not Hindsia H. and A. Adams, 1853. 

1871. Hindsiella Stoliczka, India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, Cretaceous fauna of southern India, vol. 

3, p. 266. 

Type: lfodiola arcuata Defrance. ( Calcaire grassier of the Paris Basin.) 

Stoliczka described this genus in 1871 as follows: 

Shell elongately subtriangular, nearly equivalve, with the 

lower margin insinuated, hinge with one or two (generally one 

in the right, two in the left) minute cardinal teeth in each 

valve; ligament external, supported by thin fulcra; muscular 

impressions narrow, elongated, paUialline rather broad, simple; 

type M odiola arcuata Defrance from the Eocene of the Paris 

basin. 

Dall 13 says: 

The peculiar form of the shell with its median constriction, 

which led to the institution of a genus tor the Parisian fossil, is 

probably due to the commensal habit, and may therefore occur in 

commensal species of different genetic relations. My attention 

was first drawn to the explanation by the discovery of the 

situs of "Pythina '' rugijera Carpenter of the Alaskan fauna. 

This little bivalve is byssiferous and has the same median arcuation as the Hindsiella. It lives attached by the byssus to 

one of the abdominal segments of Gebia pugetensis Stimpson, a 

burrowing crustacean of the northwest coast. The mollusk, 

by means of its arcuate medial sinus, precisely fits the convex 

surface, to which it is attached by its byssus, and it is difficult, after examining one in situ, to doubt that its location and 

form have not a certain relation of cause and effect. By fitting 

closely and thus being able to keep itself hanging symmetrically 

on the abdomen of the crab the mollusk avoids the shocks which 

it would receive if it swung to one side, and is able to maintain 

its position sheltered from the carnivorous gastropods always 

so ready to drill holes in thin-shelled bivalves. Besides this 

the fragments of the crab's food in the burrow probably attract 

many infusoria and other minute organisms which serve as 

food for the bivalve. Such burrows are known to be frequented by various commensal Leptonacea. 

This interesting little genus is well represented in 

the Tertiary of the Paris Basin and of the Gulf and 

east Atlantic coast. The Recent species is largely 

confined to the European seas. 

Strange to say, Hindsiella is known 1n the Alum 

Bluff by only a single valve. 

Hindsiella nephritica Dall 

Plate XXI, Figure 19 

1900. Hindsiella nephritica Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1137, pl. 45, fig. 8. 

Dall's description is here quoted. 

Shell small, short, inflated, subequilateral, with rather 

prominent umbones, near which the valves are smooth, elsewhere with irregular, more or less prominent incremental lines; 

centrally vertically constricted, which produces a shallow 

insinuation in the basal margin; umbones prosogyrate with the 

dorsal margin impressed in front of them; hinge narrow, in the 

right valve a single subumbonal short tooth, behind and below 

the beak a narrow elongate scar for the resilium, and farther 

back a slender posterior lamella separated by a groove from the 

dorsal margin; adductor scars narrow, rather high up; interior 

of the shell polished with entire margins. Longitude 4. 75, 

altitude 3.5, diameter 3 millimeters. 

A single right valve of this species was collected. 

Type: U.S. Nat. 11us. No. 114614. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County; Fla. 

t3 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, pp. 1134-1135, 1900. 
128 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

The type remains unique and the unique representative of the genus in the Alum Bluff group. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2211 r. 

Family KELLIELLIDAE 

Genus ALVEINUS Conrad 

1865. Alveinus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, pp. 10, 

138. 

1900. Alveinus Conrad, Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, PI'· 1165-1167. 

Type: Alveinus minutus Conrad. (Jackson formation of the Gulf.) 

Conrad described this genus as follows: 

Equivalved, smooth; anterior, posterior, and ventral margins 

channeled within; hinge of right valve emarginate under the 

apex, and having one pyramidal tooth anteriorly; hinge of left 

valve with a pit under the apex, and two compressed diverging 

teeth anteriorly; pallial line entire. 

Dall gives the following characters: 

Hinge with a very feeble nymph only noticeable on the largest 

and most fully developed specimens, and under the beaks a deep 

well-marked pit for an internal resilium. Right valve with two 

teeth, parallel with each other and with the hinge line, proximally elevated and with the upper edges bent over and toward 

each other. Left valve with a single tooth bent like a figure 

seven, the proximal arm shorter and with a small projection or 

angular thickening on the ventral side at about the middle; 

above this tooth the subumbonal margin is sometimes thickened 

with a groove between it and the lamina. The posterior shell 

margin for about a third of the circumference is prominent and 

is received in a groove in the corresponding margin of the right 

valve. This grooving is occasionally continued nearly round 

the shell both in Lutetia and Alveinus; at other times the margin 

is flattened or simple. 

The known distribution of the genus is restricted to 

the Eocene and the Alum Bluff Miocene. 

This group of minute forms may readily have been 

overlooked in preparing the collections. At all events 

only three species have been isolated-the type, 

Alveinus minutus Conrad, from the Eocene; Alveinus 

rotundus Dall, rather common at the type locality on 

the ChiJ>ola River but not recognized outside of the 

environs; and Alveinu.s micculus Gardner, n. sp., rare 

even at the single locality on Shoal River at which it 

has been recognized. 

Umbones relatively prominent; anterior end obliquely rounded. 

Alveinus rotundus Dall. 

Umbones relatively inconspicuous; anterior end broadly and 

symmetrically rounded ____ Alveinus micculus Gardner, n. sp. 

Alveinus rotundus Dall 

Plate XXI, Figures 13-14 

1900. Alveinus rotundus Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1167, pl. 65, figs. 25, 28. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell resembling A. minutus Conrad, but smaller, more 

inflated, more elevated, more nearly equilateral, and with a 

proportionately heavier and more solid shell. No trace of 

attachment for an external ligament could be found on any of 

the specimens. Altitude 1.9, longitude 2, diameter 1.2 millimeters. 

At first this species was regarded as merely a local race of 

A. minutus, but the comparison of many specimens showed 

the characters to be constant, and the difference of horizon in 

the geologic column is quite marked, so I have thought it best 

to treat it as a species. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114658. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

A. rotundus is more angular in its outline than A. 

micculus Gardner, n. sp., from the Shoal River formation, and the anterior dorsal margin as well as the posterior is obliquely truncate, whereas in the Shoal River 

species the anterior end is symmetrically rounded. 

The umbones are more prominent in the Chipola 

form, perhaps by reason of their position at the apex 

of the angle, and the incremental striae are, as a rule, 

less faint and more regularly developed than in the 

Shoal River species. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 1061Qr, 

2213°, 3419P 7151P, 

Alveinus micculus Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, Figures 15, 16 

Shell minute, highly polished, transversely ovate in 

outline, moderately inflated. Umbones rather low, 

slightly anterior, acute and prosogyrate at their tips. 

Posterior dorsal margin obliquely truncated, the lateral margin shorter and obtusely truncate; anterior 

end of shell rounding smoothly and strongly from the 

umbones to the basal margin. Base feebly arcuate. 

External surface lustrous, smooth except for faint 

incremental striae. External ligament attached along 

a narrow, corrugated area behind the umbones. 

Resilifer cuneate, subumbonal. Two dental laminae 

in the right valve, one of them attached along the inner 

surface of the anterior dorsal margin directly beneath 

the umbones, the other heavier but parallel to it; 

the distal .extremity of the first in line with the proximal extremity of the second, the second, however, 

cut off from the dorsal margin by a shallow groove; 

left valve with a single subumbonal r-shaped hook, 

the arm parallel to the dorsal margin longer than that. 

at right angles to it; posterior dorsal margin of right 

valve and anterior dorsal margin of left deeply 

grooved to receive the corresponding beveled edge of 

the opposite valve; grooving commonly continued 

along the ventral margin. Adductor scars relatively 

large, distinct, placed rather well up under the dorsal 

margins. Pallial line obscure, simple, relatively 

distant from the hinge. 

Dimensions of right valve: Altitude, 1.8 millimeters;. 

latitude, 1.8 millimeters. 

Dimensions of left valve: Altitude, 2.3 millimeters; 

latitude, 2.3 millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352490. 

• 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 129 

Type locality: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 

Walton County, Fla. 

Alveinus micculus has more flattened and less 

prominent umbones than either A. minutus or A. 

rotundus Dall. The anterior end is more broadly 

and symmetrically rounded in the Shoal River species 

than in the Chipola, and the incremental striae are as 

a rule less regularly developed. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3742r, 

3748r, 10608r, 9957r. 

POSITION UNCERTAIN 

As the difficulties in the assignn1ent of Montacuta 

and Aligena are chiefly anatomical, the problem is 

referred to the biologists. 

Genus MONTACUTA Turton 

1822. M ontacuta Turton, Conchylia insularum Britannicum, 

Dithyra, p. 58. 

Type: 1~fontacuta substriata Montagu. (Recent on 

the British coast.) 

Shell small, thin, equivalve, generally inequilateral, 

trigonal or transversely oblong; umbones incurved, 

low and inconspicuous, somewhat posterior; external 

surface smooth except for incrementals, or faintly 

striated radially; external ligament thin, amphidetic, 

not attached to nymphs; internal ligament lodged in 

a fairly deep resilial pit with more or less thickened 

margins; hinge varying rather widely within the 

limits of the genu~; dentition consisting of two divergent lamellar cardinals in each valve, the posterior of 

which may be almost or altogether obsolete; anterior 

laminae also tending to become obsolete, leaving only 

the delicate subumbonal hooks; anterior adductor 

impression more elongated than the posterior; pallial 

line entire. 

The genus is represented in the Tertiary deposits of 

both Europe and North America, and the general 

distribution of the Recent species i:s similar to that of 

the fossil. 

The representation of this genus in the Alum Bluff 

has been reduced to a single species restricted to the 

Chipola formation. The exquisitely sculptured actinophora Dall, dubiously assigned to Jfontacuta, seems 

more closely allied with Erycina (Scacchia). 

Montacuta chipolana Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 3 

1900. ? Montacuta chipolana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1171, pl. 44, fig. 4. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, very inequilateral, the posterior side very short, 

dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel, straight, passing 

evenly into the bluntly rounded ends; the young have the 

posterior end proportionately less short and the anterior end 

narrower; external surface polished, smooth except for faint 

incremental lines, shell inflated; beaks low, the subtriangular 

prodissoconch conspicuous; hinge with a stout, conspicuous left 

cardinal and a more slender prominent right cardinal; thickening of the margin over the resilium feebly developed in both 

valves, the anterior lamina obsolete in both; scar of the resilium 

large, short, scars of the adductors and pallial line normal. 

Longitude of a medium-sized specimen 8.5, altitude 5, diameter 4 millimeters. A broken specimen still measures 10 millimeters in length. 

This species forms the next term in a series of which in M. 

ferruginosa the laminae are partially obsolete in front, and in 

M. substriata they are distinctly developed though small. It 

recalls Sportella whitfieldi but has a thinner shell and much 

more delicate hinge. Species of this type nearly bridge the 

conchological gap between Montacuta and Sportella. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114675. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1Inile below Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Faint suggestions of nymphae have been observed 

on some specimens. The species is remarkable for the 

regularly oblong outline of the adults and the umbones 

set far back within the posterior quarter. The young 

are more constricted in front of the umbones than the 

adults. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213P, 

2564r, 2211r. 

Genus ALIGENA H. C. Lea 

1845. Aligena H. C. Lea, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., new ser., 

vol. 9, p. 238. 

Type: Aligena striata II. C. Lea = Amphidesma 

aeqttafa Conrad. (Miocene and Pliocene of the east 

coast.) 

Lea described this genus as follows. 

Shell equivalve? subequilateral, closed posteriorly and anteriorly; hinge with one cardinal tooth, and a long shallow 

sulcation under the beaks. 

The cardinal tooth is, in general, rather small. The sulcus 

appears to have received the ligament. It commences at the 

beak, and runs obliquely past the dorsal margin into the cavity 

under the beak. As I possess only odd valves of both the following species, I am unable to determine whether the shell is equivalve or not. * * * 

I have called the genus Aligena, one of the surnames of Venus, 

from its resemblance to Erycina, also an appellation of that 

goddess. 

Dall 14 added the following characters: 

The characteristic of this group is the possession of a rounded 

triangular inflated shell with only a single small anterior tooth 

under the beaks, separated by a gap from the surface of attachment, under the posterior dorsal margin, of an elongate internal 

resilium carrying a lithodesma. The pallial line is simple, and 

the cardinal of the left valve more feeble than the other. 

The genus has representatives in the Tertiary deposits of the east coast and of the Paris and Vienna 

basins and still persists in the cooler waters of the 

Atlantic. 

The Alum Bluff Aligenae are a reJnarkably persistent group of forms. A. pustulosa which has been 

described from the Oak Grove is represented by a 

14 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. 'l'rans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1175, 1900. 
130 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

closely allied or identical species in the Chipola and 

apparently continues to exist through the Shoal River 

and into the Calvert of the middle Atlantic slope. 

A. lineata Dall is fairly common both in the Oak 

Grove and the Shoal River, whereas Aligena sp. from 

the Shoal River certainly has a very intimate genetic 

relationship with A. aequata Conrad of the later 

Miocene and Pliocene. 

Sculpture pustulose _________________ _ Aligena pustulosa Dall. 

Sculpture not pustulose: 

Sculpture subdued and irregular_ _____ Aligena lineata Dall. 

Sculpture of sharply elevated laminae regularly spaced 

with concentrically striated interlaminar areas. 

Aligena sp. 

Aligena pustulosa Dall 

1898. Aligena pustulosa Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 4, pl. 33, figs. 18, 22 (no description). 

1900. Aligena pustulosa Dall, idem., pt. 5, p. 1176. 

Dall described this species in 1900 as follows: 

Shell small, thin, subtrigonal, moderately inflated, subequilateral, with small, pointed, inconspicuous beaks; valves 

with a well-marked carina extending downward and forward to 

the anterior angle of the basal margin, in front of which keel the 

surface is slightly impressed; surface sculptured with feeble 

incremental lines, along which are irregularly distributed small, 

pointed pustular elevations; beaks anteriorly twisted with a 

minute obscure tooth below them on the cardinal margin; 

ligamentary sulcus long and well marked; scars and pallial line 

much as in Diplodonta; margin entire, inner surface faintly 

radially striated. Altitude 6, latitude 5.2, diameter 4 millimeters. 

The peculiar surface sculpture distinguishes this species at 

once from the other species. The Chipola specimen is not in 

very good condition, but shows rather stronger and closer concentric sculpture than the Oak Grove specimens. 

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 135868. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yell ow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The Chipola specimen here considered is also less 

angular and more smoothly ovate in outline than any 

collected at Oak Grove. It n1ay prove to be distinct, 

at least subspecifically. A worn valve from the lower 

Chesapeake at Calvert Cliffs presents no characters 

by which it can be separated from the Oak Grove 

species. At all events A. pustulosa was uresent in the 

Shoal River formation. 

Occurrence: Chipolaforn1ation, locality~ 2213r. Oak 

Grove sand, locality 2646P; Shoal River formation, 

locality 3748r. 

Aligena lineata Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 2 

1900. Aligena lineata Dall, 'Vaguer Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 5, p. 1176, pl. 44, fig. 23. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, thin, inequilateral, moderately convex, the 

anterior side longer, rounded, the posterior side higher, shorter, 

bluntly rounded, the beaks rather elevated, the base evenly 

arcuate; sculpture of fine, rather irregular elevated lines, not 

developed into laminae, stronger near the anterior slope and 

feebler near the posterior slope; hinge and other characters of 

the interior much as in the last species. Altitude 7, latitude 

8, diameter 4 millimeters. 

This species is distinguished by its more elongated form and 

less elevated concentric sculpture from A. aequata, to which of 

all the species it is most nearly allied. 

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 135867. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The figured type is decidedly larger than the normal 

individual and more trigonal in outline. The usual 

form is transversely ovate, the umbones only slightly 

posterior, and the posterior lateral margin obtusely 

truncate. The Oak Grove individuals are on the 

whole more strongly sculptured than those from the 

Shoal River, but the degree of variation in both 

groups is so large that systematic value can not be 

attached to the differences. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646c, 

5632r, 5633r, 7054r. Shoal River formation, localities 

3742r, 5079P, 10661r, 374W, 10603r. 

Aligena sp. 

A single valve from Somerville Mill Race, not fully 

mature and somewhat imperfect, indicates a new 

species or subspecies differing from Aligena aequata 

Conrad in the transversely elongated outline. The 

concentric sculpture of sharply elevated laminae 

with concentrically striated interlaminar areas is 

strong and regular and quite distinct from the subdued 

and irregular sculpture of A. lineata Dall. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, locality 3748r. 

Superfamily CARDIACEA 

Family CARDIIDAE 

Genus CARDIUM Linnaeus 

1758. Cardium Linnaeus, Systema naturae, lOth ed., p. 678. 

Type: Cardium costatum Linnaeus; designated by 

Children, 1822. (Recent in the Indo-Pacific.) 

Shell usually subequilateral, closed or slightly gaping, 

globose, the united valves subcordate laterally. Umbones prominent, almost straight or with a slight 

anterior twist. True lunule and escutcheon absent. 

Sculpture dominantly radial. Ribs commonly granulose, spinose or imbricated. Ornamentation of lateral 

areas, particularly of the posterior, commonly differing from that of the disk. Ligament external, ophisthodetic. Hinge characterized, with a few exceptions, 

by two cardinals, of which the ventral is the stronger, 

and one or two posterior and one or two anterior 

lateral lamellae in each valve; cardinals more or less 

twisted. Muscle impressions subequal. Pallial line 

si1nple or slightly sinuous posteriorly. Internal basal 

margins serrate. 

The Cardiums form a conspicuous element in the 

faunas from the Mesozoic onward. They are gener-
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 131 

ally rather fragile, and not well adapted to preservation. The external sculpture is commonly formed 

from a superficial shelly layer, which readily breaks 

away, leaving no scar upon the polished surface beneath. . For this reason it is difficult to tell a perfectly 

fresh specimen. The recent representatives, the socalled cockles, number about 200 species and are most 

abundant in the warmer waters. 

Cardium is represented in the Alum Bluff by 24 

species. Fourteen, or more than 55 per cent, of 

these species are present in the Chipola, although 

none of the 14 is so prolific in individuals as either 

Gerastoderma taphria of the Oak Grove or G. waltoniana 

of the Shoal River. Curiously enough 13 of the 

14 have not been recognized at any other horizon. 

The single species Laevicardium compressum occurs 

in the Oak Grove as well. There is apparently no 

Cardium common to the Chipola and the Shoal River. 

Two out of the three Acanthocardia are peculiar 

to the Chipola and three out of the four Fragum. 

The single species of Papyridea, Trachycardium, and 

Gerastoderma are also well represented. The most 

widely distributed and eharacteristic of the Chipola 

species are Trachycardium cestum, Gerastoderma 

chipolana, and Fragum simrothi. Trachycardium 

parile, Gerastoderma chipolana alumen, and Fragum 

Shell generally heavy, more or less strongly costate radially: 

aliculum are most elosely assoeiated with the fauna 

from the section at Alum Bluff. 

The Oak Grove Cardiums inelude 8 species, at 

least 6 of which are peculiar to that formation. 

By far the most conspicuous feature is the extraordinary abundance and wide distribution of Gerastoderma taphria Dall. Four of the 8 species are referable 

to Trachycardium, one to Acanthocardia, one to Gerastoderrna, one to Fragum, and one to Levicardium. 

The Shoal River fauna is remarkable for the paucity 

of species, only 4 in all, and for the abundance of the 

individuals. Of these Gerastoderma waltoniana is 

the best represented, although Trachycardium plectopleura is also common. The other forms are minor 

elements. Acanthocardia, Fragum, Papyridea, and 

Laevicardium have none of them been recorded. 

The most interesting feature in the representation 

of the subgenera of the Alum Bluff as a whole is the 

meager number of species and individuals referable 

to Acanthocardia, Papyridea, and Laevicardium. 

Trachycardium ineludes the largest number of species. 

Gerastoderma is represented by a characteristic and 

more or less prolific species at each horizon, whereas 

Fragum is present in great abundance in the Chipola 

but is reduced in the Oak Grove and extremely rare 

in the Shoal River. 

Shell generally rather heavy, rotund-trigonal or ovate-cordate in outline, not conspicuously elongated transversely, usually 

inflated: 

Posterior area rounded, or, if truncated, flattened and angulated only in adult shells exceeding 15 millimeters in altitude: 

Costals more or less nodulated, spinose, or sharply serrate: 

Outline rotund or slightly elongated transversely in the adults: 

Costals not exceeding 28: 

Costals broadly V-shaped, crowned by a nodulated cord; intercostals transversely striated. 

Cardium (Acanthocardia) propeciliare Dan. 

Costals obtusely V-shaped, the minute spines rising directly from the summits of the ribs; intercostals 

sculptured only with microscopically fine incrementals ____ Cardium ( Trachycardium) parile Dall. 

Costals exceeding 28: 

Costals exceeding 40; alternating costals on medial area bearing tubular spines. 

Cardium (Acanthocardia) acrocome Dall. 

Costals rarely exceeding 40: 

Costals usually exceeding 35, studded on the anterior area with lobate or clavate processes. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) virile Dan. 

Costals rarely exceeding 35, studded on the anterior area with cuplike processes, 

Cardium (Trachycardium) malacum Dall. 

Outline ovate-cordate in the adults, inflated; medial costals acutely ridged or crowned with a narrow Trail: 

Medial costals acute, attenuated, crowned with a narrow T rail, which is usually broken away; sides of 

costals granulosec ___________________________________ ________ Cardium (Trachycardium) cestum Dan. 

Medial costals sharply serrate; sides of costals not gr·anulose: 

Normal number of costals 32, those on the anterior area quite evenly nodulated. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) lingualeonis Guppy. 

Normal number of costals 33 or 34, those on the anterior area irregularly corrugated or set with flattened, medially sulcate, lobate processes. ___ Cardium (Trachycardium) plectopleura Gardner, n. sp. 

Normal number of costals 35; those on the anterior area heavily studded with cuplike processes. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) ustrix Gardner, n. sp. 

Medial costals crowned with V-shaped spines dorsally directed ___ Cardium (Trachycardium) delphic·um Dall. 

Outline broadly ovate in the adults, not greatly inflated; costals flattened or obtusely V-shaped: 

Costals rarely exceeding 35: 

Shell not oblique, 6 or 7 costals upon the anterior area ___ Cardium (Traychycardium) delphicum Dall. 

Shell slightly oblique, normally 12 costals upon the anterior area. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) malacum Dall. 
132 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

Costals generally exceeding 35: 

Spinose or nodose processes developed in perfect individuals upon all the primary costals. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) virile Dall. 

Processes developed only upon the secondaries intercalated in the posterior area. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy. 

Costals simple or concentrically imbricated: 

Posterior keel not acutely angulated; posterior area rounded or somewhat flattened, sculptured with more or 

less elevated costals: 

Costals not exceeding 25: 

Costals normally 18, very broad, concentrically striated but not imbricated, separated by broad, 

flattened intercostals ___________________________ ________ Cardium (Acanthocardia) ctenolium Dall. 

Costals normally 21, moderately broad, heavily imbricated, separated by rather narrow, concave 

intercostals __________________________________ __________ Cardium ( Cerastoderma) panastrum Dal1. 

Costals exceeding 25: 

Shell compressed; costals broad and low _____________ Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy. 

Shell inflated; costals narrow and elevated _______________ Cardium (Cerastoderma) waltonianum Dall. 

Posterior keel more or less acutely angulated; posterior area flattened, sculptured with exceedingly low costals 

or impressed sulci: 

Shell transversely elongated, subtrigonal in outline ______________ Cardium (Cerastoderma) druidicum Dall. 

Shell ovate-cordate in outline: 

Anterior area differentiated by the evanescence of the concentric striations: 

Costals upon the anterior and medial areas not exceeding 25. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum Dall, s. I. 

Costals averaging 24, relatively narrow and rounded upon their summits. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum Dall, s. s. 

Costals averaging 21, relatively broad and flattened upon their summits. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum alumen Gardner, n. subsp. 

Costals upon the anterior and medial areas exceeding 25 __ Cardium (Cerastoderma) taphrium Dall. 

Anterior area not differentiated by the evanescence of the concentric striations. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) waltoniannm Dall. 

Posterior area truncated, abruptly flattened, and more or less acutely angulated: 

Costals exceeding 28; outline subquadrate ______________________________ _______ Cardium (Fragum) burnsii Dall. 

Costals not exceeding 28: 

Outline trigonal, the costae defining the posterior keel, conspicuously produced and prominent; nodules usually 

decorticated, rather large and not very numerous; intercostal channels normally very finely cross striated. 

Cardium (Fragum) aliculum Dall. 

Outline subquadrate; intercostal channels quite coarsely cross striated: 

Costals normally 22 to 25; concentric sculpture persistent across the costals. 

Cardium (Fragum) sellardsi Gardner, n. sp. 

Costals normally 18 or 19, usually retaining upon the summits traces of rather small and numerous nodules, the 

two costals in front of the keel perceptibly narrower than those anterior to them. 

Cardium (Fragurn) simrothi Dall. 

Costals normally 22, rarely retaining upon the summits any trace of nodules, the two costals in front of the 

keel not perceptibly narrower than those anterior to them ______________ Cardium (Fragum) apateticum Dall. 

Shell thin, compressed, transversely elongated ______________________________________ Cardium (Papyridea) bulbosum Dall. 

Shell thin, radially linea ted but not costate _______________________________________ Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum Dall. 

Subgenus ACANTHOCARDIA Gray 15 

1851. Acanthocardia Gray, List of British animals in collection 

of British Museum, pt. 7, p. 23. 

Type: Cardium aculeatum Linnaeus. (Recent in 

European waters.) 

Shell of medium size, rotund or rhomboid, slightly 

gaping, ribs spinose, interE)paces striate or granulose; 

two cardinals and anterior and posterior laterals developed in each valve. 

Cardium (Acanthocardia) propeciliare Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 5 

1900. Cardium propeciliare Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1080, pl. 48, fig. 12. 

Not Cardium (Trachycardium) propeciliare Dall, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Bull 90, p. 142; pl. 18, fig. 7, 1900. 

15 Cardium s. s. of those authors who consider C. aculeatum Linnaeus the type of 

the genus. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, thin, inflated, slightly oblique and inequilateral, 

with high, well-rounded beaks, anterior end slightly shorter, 

general outline suborbicular; sculptured with 19 elevated ribs 

of triangular section separated by narrow, cross-striated channeled interspaces, each rib surmounted by a low keel the edge 

of which is periodically produced into short spines each ending 

in a knob, sides of the ribs finely concentrically. striate; near the 

posterior end the whole surface shows a microscopic granulation; internal margins deeply fluted; hinge normal, delicate. 

Altitude 20, longitude 20, diameter 15.5 millimeters. 

This elegant little shell is close to the young of the C. echinatum Linnaeus of Europe, in which, however, the ribs are lo,ver, 

the interspaces wiqer and less sharply cross striated, the keel less 

elevated and continuous, and the spines long and sharp. The 

European shell is more equilateral, with a longer h'inge line and 

not oblique. However, they are so similar as to be very interesting According to Turton and Hanley, the young C. 

echinatum is probably the C. ciliare of Linne. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 133 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114768. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The angle between the smooth-sided trigonal costals 

and the concentrically striated, almost imbricated 

intercostals is very sharp and very clearly defined. 

The low number of ribs, their regular outline, and 

the cordate tuberculate keel which crowns their summits renders this one of the best characterized members of the genus. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213r, 

3419r, 7183r. 

Cardium (Acanthocardia) ctenolium Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 6 

1900. Cardium ctenolium Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1081, pl. 40, fig. 13. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell rounded, a little produced behind, with inflated beaks, 

subequilateral; sculptured with 18 broad, rounded ribs separated by narrower fiat inters paces sharply defined; there are 

posteriorly some fine radial striations and over the whole shell 

fine concentric sculpture which seems stronger where it passes 

over the ribs, espeeially distally, and in some places approaches 

imbrication; there is a small smooth area above the outermost 

anterior rib, but none behind the beaks; internal margins 

deeply fluted and radially striate; hinge normal. Longitude 

19.5, altitude 18.5, diameter 14 millimeters. 

Although not spiny I have placed this species in the typical 

section, as in all other characters this seems closely related to 

the true Cardia, and the latest representative of that group 

known from our Tertiaries. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 107393. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Cardium ctenolium Dall is remarkable for the rotund 

outline, slightly elongated transversely, and the sharp 

definition of the angle between the costals and the 

intercostal channels. The costals suggest broad, 

inverted V's of which the apex has been evenly 

rounded off. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 2646r. 

Cardium (Acanthocardia) acrocome Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 7 

1900. Cardium acrocome Dall, Wagner Free lnst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1081, pl. 48, fig. 2. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell sma.ll, rotund, plump, nearly equilateral, with moderately full umbones; sculpture of about 45 close-set, low, nearly 

flat radial ribs separated by very narrow channeled interspaces; 

the alternate ribs anteriorly surmounted with prominent. 

hollow spines usually truncate at the ends, their alternates 

showing low /\-shaped spines; behind the middle of the shell 

the long-spined ribs are less numerous and on the posterior area 

nearly all the ribs have low spines; there is no smooth area near 

the hinge margin; internally the margins are fluted or serrate 

minutely, and the shell radially sulcate near the margin; hinge 

normal, delicate. Altitude 7.5, longitude 7.5, diameter 6 

millimeters. 

Only a single valve of this very distinct little species was 

obtained. Owing to the alternation in the sculpture it has 

somewhat the aspect of Criocardium. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114759. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The type is unique. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2213r. 

Subgenus TRACHYCARDIUM Morch 

1853. Trachycardium Morch, Catalogus conchyliorum quae 

reliquit D. Alphonso d' Aguirra and Gadea Comes de 

Yoldi, fasc. 2, p. 34, =Granocardium Gabb, 1868, 

Paleontology of California, vol. 2, p. 266; type G, 

sabulosum Gabb. 

Type: Cardium isocardia Linnaeus. (Recent on the 

east coast from Hatteras to Trinidad; fossil in the late 

Tertiary and Pleistocene.) 

Valves closed, rotund or ovate-cordate in outline; 

ribs concentrically sculptured or granulose, many of 

them elaborately i1nbricated or tuberculate; left 

cardinals anterior when interlocked. 

Cardium (Trachycardiurn) cestum Dall 

Plate XXII, Figure 8 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) cestum Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3 pt. 5, p. 1083, pl. 48, fig. 14. 

1915. (?) Cardium (Trachycardium) cestum Dall, U. S Nat. 

Mus. Bull. 90, p. 142, pl. 4, fig. 13. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell moderately large, solid, inflated, slightly oblique, 

subequilateral; beaks high and rounded; sculpture of 34 triangular radial ribs, on the summit of which is developed a thin 

elevated keel of which the summit is somewhat like the top of 

a T rail, overhanging at the sides, when inta.ct, and flattened 

and smooth on top; the sides of the keels and ribs, up to the 

twenty-second, are vertically striated and sparsely sprinkled 

with minute granules; the posterior 12 ribs are asymmetrical, 

the keels being placed behind the summits of their sustaining 

ribs and crenulate or surmounted by obliquely set transverse 

nodules; the first 9 ribs are somewhat similarly imbricate or 

nodulous, and ventrally in adults near the margin are often 

pressed over backward and strongly transversely wrinkled with 

their interspaces flat and rather wide, while over the disk the 

interspaces are chiefly narrow and V-shaped; different individuals show minor modifications of these details of ornament; 

interior with the margins fluted, the posterior margin deeply 

serrate, the internal face with shallow grooves extending upward from the flutings; hinge normaL Altitude 50, longitude 40, 

diameter 36 millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114757. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The T rail summit of the 8 or 9 medial ribs is ornamented with a single series of minute tubercles, most 

commonly visible in the young; the keels on both the 

anterior and the posterior ribs are asymmetric and 

posterior in position, and the number of ribs in some 

specimens falls as low as 30. In Trachycardium lin-
134 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

gualeonis, T. plectopleura, and T. ustrix, forms which 

have a somewhat similar outline, the costals are crowned 

with a sharply serrate keel. 

The specimens from Ballast Point are young and 

very imperfect but quite certainly distinct from the 

T. cesium of the Chipola. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212P, 

2213c, 3419P, 9994P. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) lingualeonis Guppy 

1866. Cardium lingualeonis Guppy, Geol. Soc. London Quart. 

Jour., vol. 22, p. 293, pl. 18, fig. 7. 

1873. Cardium subelongatum Gabb, Am. Philos. Soc. Trans., 

vol. 15, p. 250. 

Not Cardium subelongatum Sowerby, Zool. Soc. London 

Proc., 1840, p. 108. 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) lingualeonis Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1084. 

Guppy described this species as follows: 

Shell elongate, subquadrate; valves deep, ornamented with 

numerous (32) nodosely muricate ribs, which are lower and 

more distant toward the anterior and posterior margins; 

margins coarsely crenulate, the posterior one strongly serrate; 

hinge with three large and stout teeth. 

The nearest ally of this shell is C. rubicundum of Madagascar. 

It is distinguished both from that species and from C. elongatum 

by its deeper valves ~nd by the ribs on the disk being somewhat 

muricate. It is also rather narrower than those species. 

Type: British Museum, Natural History, Geological Department, No. 64090. 

Type locality: "Miocene" of Jamaica. 

The 13 or 14 medial ribs are low with broad, flattened tops separated from one another by narrowly 

V-shaped intercostal channels which are more or less 

granular and transversely striated. The summits 

of the ribs are crowned by a fluted, laminar keel, 

placed upon the posterior margin. The nine or ten 

anterior ribs are asymmetric and more or less inclined 

backward. The fluted keel of the medial costae 

is thickened and modified on the seventh, eighth, 

and ninth ribs into one that suggests twisted candy. 

On the second to the sixth rib it is further modified 

into a series of low, shapeless protuberances set 

upon the anterior margin and side of the costal. 

The extreme anterior rib is submarginal and illdefined. The eight or ten posterior costae are also 

asymmetric but inclined forward. The keel becomes 

gradually twisted and heavier and toward the dorsal 

margin is modified into a series of thickened, rudely 

trigonal plates obliquely disposed. The posterior 

cardinal of the right valve and the anterior cardinal 

of the left are vigorous, but the anterior cardinal 

of the right and the posterior cardinal of the left are 

very small and insignificant. The laterals are also 

strong and placed high up, near the umbones. Traces 

of the marginal flutings persist far within the interior 

of the shell. 

The imperfect fragment from Walton County 

which has been referred to this species is 0. plectopleura. There is no other evidence for its existence 

in the Alum Bluff of Florida. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) plectopleura Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, Figures 10-11 

Shell rather thick and heavy, ovate in external 

outline, broadly elliptical in the internal, inflated cordate in the double valves. Umbones very pron1inent, 

tumid, subcentral in position, orthogyrate, incurved, 

the apices concealed by the reverted hinge plate. 

Lunule and escutcheon not defined. External sculpture ornate; 34 costals in the right valve of the type, 

33 in the left, commonly one more or less; anterior, 

medial, and posterior areas each including about 11 

ribs, not, however, sharply differentiated in character; 

medial ribs narrowly tabulated upon their summits, 

crowned in the young and in the umbonal region of 

the adults by a flattened cord posterior in position, 

which is finely striated transversely; away from the 

umbones on the medial portion of the disk the cord is 

very much compressed and so closely twisted that it 

is cut up into a series of sharply crested laminar wavelets with a slight posterior flexure, headed toward the 

umbones; cords crowning the posterior ribs twisted 

but not compressed nor sharply indented, becoming 

gradually thinner and more serrate toward the medi~l 

portion of the disk; sculpture of posterior area characterized by the vertical compression of the wavelets, 

so that they assume the form of a series of elongated, 

medially sulcate lobes, the broader end directed toward the umbones; in the fully adult specimens the 

lobate sculpture degenerates toward the ventral margin into a heavy corrugation; intercostal areas smoothly 

concave and regularly striated concentrically on the 

medial portion, shallower and smooth or fortuitously 

striated distally; ribs more closely spaced upon the 

medial portion than upon the anterior, less closely 

than upon the posterior, with the exception of the 

two nearest the dorsal margin; area directly in front 

of the umbones smooth. Ligament external, opisthodetic; ligament nymph heavy. Hinge armature rather 

concentrated, a feeble anterior cardinal and a strong 

upcurved posterior cardinal springing from beneath 

the umbone of the right valve; a vigorous anterior 

and a short compressed posterior cardinal in the left 

valve; laterals in the right valve compressed, prominent, with deep sockets dorsal to them for the reception of the less prominent cardinals of the left valve, 

rather small, rounded pits developed just ventral to 

the left laterals for the reception of the laterals of the 

right valve. Muscle impressions large but rather obscure, the posterior the larger and the more sharply 

defined. Inner margins deeply serrate, most deeply 

along the posterior margin, least deeply along the 

anterior; interior striated in harmony with the external sculpture almost halfway from the ventral margin 

to the umbone. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 135 

Dimensions: Altitude of right valve, 45.6 millimeters; latitude of right valve, 35.8 millimeters; diameter 

of right valve, 20.6 millimeters; altitude of left valve 

of another individual, 47.2 millimeters; latitude of left 

valve, 37.5 millimeters; diameter of left valve, 22.0 

millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352495. 

Type locality: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 5 

miles west of Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla. 

Trachycardium plectopleura Gardner, n. sp., suggests 

T. lingualeonis Guppy from the Bowden. It is a little 

larger and heavier, however, somewhat broader relatively, and more smoothly rounded. The costals are 

more numerous and the intercostals on the medial 

portion broader, more s:ymmetrical, and more conspicuously striated concentrically The keel which 

crowns the summits of the ribs is heavier and more 

variously modified than that in the Bowden species, 

and the sculpture, though vaguely suggesting that of 

T. lingualeonis medially, is quite dissimilar upon the 

anterior and posterior areas. 

Trachycardium plectopleura Gardner, n. sp., is with the 

exception of the prolific Oerastoderma waltonianum the 

most common and characteristic Cardium of the Shoal 

River. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856r, 

2645r, 3732r, 3742a, 508lf, 5184P, 9957c, 10603c. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) ustrix Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, Figure 12 

Shell moderately large and heavy, inflated, ovatecordate in external outline, slightly prolate in the 

internal. Umbones set a little in front of the median 

line, gibbous, incurved, orthogyrate, the tips concealed 

by the upturned hinge plate. Lunule not defined, 

although there is a very narrow, smooth area in front 

of the beaks. Dorsal margins short and almost 

straight. Anterior lateral margin very broadly 

rounded, the posterior obscurely truncate vertically. 

External sculpture ornate; 35 costae, asymlnetrically 

A-shaped upon the medial and anterior portions of 

the shell, the posterior slope almost vertical, the 

anterior not so steep; spines upon the posterior portion 

of the shell borne directly from the surface; anterior 

costals, probably the first 13, ornamented with strungconvolvulus cups, which toward the dorsal margin 

and the umbones tend to close and become modified 

into lobate nodes; cups most crowded upon the third 

to the seventh ribs, becoming more distant toward 

the medial portion of the disk, modified on about the 

fourteenth costal into triangular laminar plates which 

overlap one another and are disposed along the 

ridge of the rib in the manner of the plates in 

Stegosaurus; toward the posterior third the plates 

are inclined to be sinuated and discrete and on the 

two or three extreme posterior ribs they are modified 

into thickened petaloid processes set obliquely' to 

the axis of the rib; simple !irate intercalaries introduced on all the interspaces behind the twentysecond costa, the three or four earliest lirae placed 

upon the posterior slope of the channel rather than 

in the bottom of it, the remaining lirae intermediate 

in position between the ribs; intercostal areas narrow, 

A-shaped grooves, microscopically striated by the 

incrementals except posteriorly, where they are 

extremely narrow and almost completely filled by 

the intercalated cord. Ligament external, opisthodetic, mounted on a short, robust nymph delimited 

by a deeply incised sulcus. Hinge rather concentrated; posterior cardinal of the right valve and the 

anterior cardinal of the left vigorous, upcurved, 

acutely pointed; receiving pits correspondingly deep; 

anterior cardinal of the right valve and the posterior 

cardinal of the left incipient. Laterals very strong, 

compressed, cuneate, those of the right valve cut 

off from the dorsal margins by deep grooves in which 

the left laterals are received, the right laterals held 

in small pits just ventral to the laminae. Muscle 

scars large but obscure, the anterior irregular in 

outline, the posterior semielliptical, both of them 

placed well up toward the hinge. Marginal flutings 

gradually increasing in strength along the anterior 

lateral and the ventral margins, sharply serrate 

posteriorly; radial sulci persistent halfway to the 

umbones. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 42.0 millimeters; latitude, 

35.0 millimeters; semidiameter, 15.4 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352492. 

Type locality: No. 3856, 5 to 6 miles west-northwest of Mossy head, Walton County, Fla. 

Trachycardium ustrix is perhaps most closely related to T. plectopleura, a larger, relatively higher, and 

much more inflated shell. The sculpture of plectopleura is more dense, and the differences in details of 

sculpture between the two species are so obvious that 

it is not necessary to emphasize them by enumerating 

them. The ornamentations upon the anterior areas 

are more dissimilar than elsewhere on the shell. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 

3856P, 3742r. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) delphicum DaD 

Plate XXII, Figure Q 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) del,.phicum Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1084, pl. 48, fig. 18. 

1915. Cardium (Trachycardium) delphicum Dall, U. 8. Nat. 

Mus. Bull. 90, p. 142, pl. 25, fig. 12 (ex parte). 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, solid, thick, subovate, with high beaks, nearly 

equilateral; sculptured with 28 to 31 strong, high, triangular 

ribs, with much narrower, hardly channeled interspaces, both 

longitudinally and concentrically feebly striated; the first six 

or seven ribs are furnished with the usual cuplike projections, 

but succeeding ones show the cups narrowing and compressed 

above so as to form strong A-shaped imbrications; at about 
136 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

the nineteenth rib the anterior wing of the A seems to become 

obsolete and the posterior wing, persisting on the posterior 

side of the ribs, more and more oblique and nodulous; interior 

margin with rather small flutings continued as sulci nearly to 

the middle of the shell; posterior margin feebly serrate; hinge 

short, strong. Altitude 33, longitude 28, diameter 24 millimeters. 

This represents in the Oak Grove fauna the C. isocardia 

type. The Ballast Point specimens have only 28 ribs and may 

belong to another species; as they are rather poor siliceous 

pseudomorphs I have preferred to class them here, at least 

temporarily. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 157525. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

T. delphicum commonly presents a superficial resemblance to T. malacum Dall. It does not exhibit, 

however, anything of the obliquity which characterizes T. malacum and differs further in that the 

costals upon the anterior area number only 6 or 7 

instead of 12. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality 2646r. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) virile Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 1 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) virile Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1086, pl. 48, fig. 1. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, solid, strong, rounded, subovate, with about 38 

rather close-set ribs, with narrower channeled interspaces; the 

anterior ribs to the number of about 14 exhibit the strung and 

flattened cup imbrication like Cardium consors in miniature; 

the posterior 14 are asymmetrical, with an undulate or irregularly twisted serrate keel on the anterior side of the rib; those 

in the middle of the disk have a similar keel on the posterior 

side of the rib; the outer posterior ribs are more or less muricate 

or spinulose, and the posteriur margin is serrate, the rest merely 

fluted internally; exceptionally perfect small specimens show 

small and extremely delicate spines on the medial ribs. Altitude 27, longitude 25.5, diameter 18 millimeters. 

The delicacy and fragility of the ornamentation of this little 

shell are such that not a single specimen of many preserved 

its sculpture intact. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114764. 

Type locality: No. 2212, Tenmile Creek, 1 mile 

west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The massing of the lobate in1brications along the 

anterior portion of the shell is very characteristic. 

The umbonal region and the medial portion of the 

entire shell are relatively free from sculpture, and the 

ornamentation upon the posterior area is sharper and 

less crowded than upon the anterior. The small 

spines upon the medial ribs are posterior in position 

and posteriorly inclined. The distant processes upon 

the summits of the ribs in the anterior area in the 

young giv·es them quite a different aspect from the 

adults. The deep serration of the posterior margin 

is a constant character both in the mature and the 

im1nature forms. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893r, 

2212°, 2213°, 2564P, 3419°, 7151r. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) parile Oall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 2 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) parile Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1086, pl. 48, fig. 17. 

1915. '!Cardium (Trachycardium) parile Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 90, p. 143, pl. 4, fig. 6. 

Dall described this species in 1900 as follows: 

Shell small, suborbicular, inflated, nearly equilateral, the 

posterior end slightly more attenuated and produced; beaks 

full but not high; sculptured with 25 ribs having fn section the 

form of a truncated pyramid, separated by narrower channeled 

interspaces, elegantly concentrically closely striated; the 

anterior ten ribs bear A-shaped projections, the anterior wing 

of the A being broad and p:roduced, the posterior narrow and 

appressed; the four ribs next posterior have on their tops 

slender arcuate transverse rather sparse imbrications; behind 

these the projections shift to the posterior side of the summits 

of the ribs, gradually becoming more oblique, losing the anterior 

wing of the arch, and finally appearing as delicate spinules 

nearly parallel with the ribs; interior margin behind strongly 

serrate, below and in front fluted,. the flutings continued to 

the umbonal cavity as shallow sulci; hinge normal, delicate; 

a narrow, smooth area between the most anterior rib and the 

hinge margin. Altitude 15, longitude 15.5, diameter 10 millimeters. 

This little species appears to be rather abundant in the sands. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114647. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed, Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla. 

Trachycardium parile Dall is known by its small 

size, rather distant costals, and subdued ornamentation upon the summits of the costae. Although the 

umbones are quite full the shell flattens both toward 

the ventral and the lateral margins, so that the species 

appears to be less inflated than most of its congeners. 

It is abundant at the type locality but is not very 

common elsewhere. 

The specimens from Ballast Point seem a little 

higher relatively and the costals upon them somewhat narrower and more rounded. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213P, 

341gr, 2211 a, 7183°, 10660°, ~6175r, ~6776r. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) malacum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 3 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) malacum Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1087, pl. 48, fig. 4. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, solid, somewhat oblique, the upper anterior 

and lower posterior margins produced, beaks small and low; 

sculpture of 32 rounded-triangular rather high ribs with very 

narrow channeled interspaces, which, with the sides of the 

ribs, are concentrically striated; the first 12 ribs have cuplike 

imbrications of the strung-convolvulus type, behind which 

they change by the modification of the anterior part to 7-

shaped, and finally to the usual transverse oblique nodulous 
LUCIN ACEA, LEPTON ACEA, CARDIACEA 137 

type; interior margin sharply and deeply fluted, the channels 

continued halfway up the disk, the upper posterior margin 

with seven or eight serrations. Altitude 24, longitude 24, 

diameter 16 millimeters. 

This species has a peculiar obliquity that I have not elsewhere noticed, otherwise its characters are not striking. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 135881. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow 

River, Okaloosa County, Fla. 

In the general aspect of the sculpture Trachycardium malacum suggests T. virile of the Chipola 

fauna. It is, however, relatively broader and less 

inflated, the umbones are less prominent and the 

ribs less numerous. The cups upon the anterior 

costae are not so dense, the spines upon the medial 

costae are less delicate, and those upon the posterior 

more produced. The number of costae upon the 

anterior area is almost double that of T. delphicum, 

a coexistent species to which T. malacum commonly 

bears a superficial resemblance, and th~ obliquity 

which characterizes T. malacum is not shared by T. 

delphicum. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646P, 

5630r, 5633r, 7055r, 1065gr. 

Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy 

1866. Cardium inconspicuttm Guppy, Geol. Soc. London Quart. 

Jour., vol. 22, p. 293, pl. 18, fig. 12. 

1900. Cardium (Trachycardium) inconspicuum Guppy. Dall, 

Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1082. 

Guppy described this species as follows: 

Shell elongate, subtrigonal, ovate, ornamented with numerous 

(38) imbricate radiating ribs broader than their regularly 

squamose interstices; umbones scarcely prominent; margins 

strongly dentate; hinge small, with three teeth. 

Type: British Museum, Natural History, Geological Department, No. 64091. 

Type locality: "Miocene" of Jamaica. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

The present species has from 36 to 42 ribs, which, when they 

preserve their outer coat, have a beautiful close concentric 

threading over the whole shell, except the ribs of the posterior 

area, which are smooth and polished; the loops of the threads 

as they pass over the body ribs (as usual in Cardium) are convex 

toward the umbones. When this coating is removed by wear, 

the tops of the ribs will be fiat and polished while their sides 

show fringing wrinkles. If erosion attack the second surface, 

the structure of the shell will reproduce pretty faithfully the 

reversed loops of the original outer coat. 

0. inconspicuum Guppy is rather narrow and pointed 

in the dorsal region, broadening and flattening toward 

the ventral margin. The costae are unusually low, 

broad, and flattened. None of the primaries are 

nodulated, but threads are introduced in the 8 or 9 

posterior intercostal channels, which bear minute 

knobs at rather short intervals. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212r, 

2213r. 

Subgenus CERASTODER1tiA Morch 

1853. Cerastoderma Morch, Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d' Aguirra and Gadea Comes de 

Y oldi, fasc. 2, p. 34. 

Type: Oardium edule Linnaeus. (Recent along the 

European shores from the North Atlantic to the 

Mediterranean.) 

Valves closed, rotund, transversely or obliquely 

ovate, cordate in outline; anterior and posterior areas 

not defined; radial costae numerous, elevated, smooth 

or obscurely granulated or imbricated; intercostal 

areas simple; left cardinals anterior when interlocked. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) panastrum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 5 

1900. Cardium (Cerastoderma) panastrum Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1093, pl. 40, fig. 14. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, solid, plump, slightly oblique and inequilateral, 

suborbicular, with moderately prominent beaks; sculptured 

with 21 strong, rounded ribs (of which six are smaller and on the 

posterior area) separated by narrower, sharply channeled 

interspaces; concentric sculpture irregular but rather marked, 

cross-striating the channels and forming thickened loops ever 

the backs of the ribs; surface polished, a small, smooth, pseudolunule in front of the beaks, hinge normal, strong for the size 

of the shell, the internal margins deeply channeled, the sulci 

reaching well up on the disk. Altitude 11, longitude 11, 

diameter 9 millimeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 107390. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

This species has much the external aspect of a plump 

Venericardia. Its closest likeness is possibly to 0. 

ctenolium of the Chipola, a larger, more sparsely 

costate shell that lacks the concentric corrugation 

developed upon the anterior half of 0. panastrnm. 

The specimen referred to panastrum from Walton 

County is merely a worn fragment of 0. waltonianu·m 

Dall. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646r, 9961 r, 

7055r, 10659P, 3749f. Shoal River formation localities 1 0603P, 1 0608P. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) druidicum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 4 

1900. Cardium (Cerastoderma) druidicum Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1094, pl. 40, fig. 7. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, rather thin, with moderately high beaks; produced and pointed behind, rounded below and in front; sculptured with about 16 strong, rounded ribs with narrower channeled interspaces; on the posterior area are five flattened; 

smooth ribs separated by narrow sulci; the anterior ribs, 

especially toward the margin, show low transverse ridges rather 

regularly and distantly arranged, as in Dinocardium, the ante-
138 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF .THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

rior four or five ribs, however, are smaller and smooth; transverse sculpture, except that just mentioned, only of incremental 

lines; a small, smooth pseudolunule; hinge small, delicate, 

normal; anterior and basal margins fluted, the sulci ascending 

as high as the lower edges of the adductor scars. Longitude 

25, altitude 22.5, diameter 15 millimeters. 

This is an elegant little shell foreshadowing the characters of 

Dinocardium, but also related intimately to Cerastoderma. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 107383. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yell ow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The anterior and posterior areas are strongly 

differentiated in the adults, ;more so than in the young. 

The 4 or 5 anterior costae are smooth and very low 

and rounded, the 5 or 6 posterior costae are smooth 

and very low and flattened, whereas the 16 or 18 

costae upon the disk are prominently elevated and 

more or less strongly imbricated or striated concentrically. The posterior portion of the shell is ;more 

flattened and angulated in 0. druidicum than in any 

other of the Alum Bluff representatives of the subgenus. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646°, 5632r, 

5633P, 7054r. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 9 

1900. Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1098, pl. 40, fig. 8. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell thin, polished, with large, full beaks; subequilateral, 

rounded in front and below, obliquely subtruncate behind; 

sculptured with about 24 strong ribs, of which the anterior 

five or six are smooth, thence to the middle of the shell with 

thickened adherent scalelike ornaments (which I call !epidote 

for short) especially near the margin, the remainder of the ribs 

smooth, except on their sides, where they are cross-striated, as 

are the narrow channeled interspaces; posterior area smooth 

with obsolete radial grooves, one or two near the hinge 

stronger; no pseudolunule; hinge normal, strong; internal 

margins sharply fluted, sulci reaching well up on the disk. 

'Longitude 34, altitude 36, diameter 24 millimeters. 

This shell in its general characters is a miniature Cardium 

robustum, and is especially characteristic of the Chipola horizon. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114765. 

Type locality: No. 2212, Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west 

of Baileys Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, 

Fla. 

The young are much lower relatively than the 

adults and more conspicuously flattened and truncated behind, suggesting at first glance a multicostate 

0. dru,idicum. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 10596a, 

10609r, 10610a, 7893P, 2212a, 7257r, 2213°, 3419P, 

9994~ 7151~ 10660P, 2653~ 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum alumen Gardner9 n. 

subsp. 

Plate XXIII, Figure 6 

Shell rounded, trigonal, inflated in the umbonal 

region, flattened posteriorly. Anterior lateral margin 

rounding broadly and smoothly into the base; posterior lateral margin truncated a little obliquely; 

posterior keel acute. A smooth ill-defined area in 

front of the beaks. External sculpture simple for the 

genus; anterior and medial portion of the type sculptured with 16 costae, the 5 anterior very low, smooth, 

and obliquely inclined, the 7 or 8 succeeding costae 

adorned, at least toward the ventral margins, with 

regular concentric imbrications, abruptly initiated 

anteriorly but evanescing gradually posteriorly, persisting longer upon the sides of the ribs than upon the 

summits; costae just behind the median line more 

strongly tabulated than those in front of them or than 

the one or two in front of the posterior keel; intercostal channels microscopically striated, becoming increasingly wider posteriorly until in very large individuals they are equal in width to the costals; sculpture upon the posterior area reduced to about half a 

dozen linear grooves, more distant and more deeply 

impressed toward the dorsal margin. Ligament opisthodetic. Nymph narrow, delimited by a deep groove. 

Hinge normal, the posterior cardinal in the right valve 

and the anterior cardinal in the left acute, up-curved, 

subumbonal, separated by deep trigonal pits, the one 

from the incipient anterior cardinal in the right valve, 

the other from the incipient posterior cardinal of the 

left; laterals acutely compressed; laminae symmetrically spaced with respect to the umbone, those of the 

right valve separated from the dorsal margins by deep 

grooves which receive the laminae of the left; the right 

laterals received in small pits ventral to the laterals 

of the left valve. Muscle impressions obscured, the 

anterior higher than the left. Pallial line indistinct. 

Inner margins deeply fluted, the sulci persisting as 

faint radiations almost to the umbones. 

Dimensions of right valve: Altitude, 32.6 millimeters; latitude, 30.7 millimeters; semidiameter, 11.7 

mi1limeters. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352500. 

Type locality: No. 2211, Alum Bluff, Liberty 

County, Fla. _ 

Oerastodermn.. chipolanum alumen is more produced 

and more acutely angulated posteriorly than the typical 

chipolanum and is relatively narrower through the 

umbonal region. Furthermore, in the Alum Bluff 

subspecies the costae run a little lower in number and 

are more strongly tabulated and more widely separated upon the posterior half. A fragment of a very 

imperfect individual implies dimensions double those 

of the figured specimen. The subspecies is abundant 

at the type locality and probably occurs at Boyntons 

Landing on the Choctawhatchee River. None of the 

specimensfromBoyntons Landing are fully mature, but 

they differ from the subspecies developed at Alum 

Bluff in the less marked tabulation of the radials behind the posterior keel. Casts of forms apparently 

identical with the Alum Bluff species occur in considerable abundance at Sopchoppy in Wakulla County. 
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 139 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 10609r, 

10610°, ~7893P, 2211 c, 7183P, 10660P, 17468°. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) taphrium Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 7 

1900. Cardium (Cerastoderma) taphrium Dall, Wagner Free 

lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1098, pl. 40, fig. 9. 

1900. Cardiu.m (Cerastoderma) taphrium Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 90, p. 144, pl. 19, fig. 3 (part). 

Dall described this species as follows: 

This at first sight might be taken for the preceding species, 

but an examination shows that the ribs are one-third more 

numerous, being usually 33 or 34; there is a rather large pseudolunule, the shell is proportionately more produced behind and 

below and actually larger when mature. The specimen 

figured is 35 millimeters long, but a full-grown one, obtained 

later, measures longitude 48, altitude 47, diameter 34 millimeters. 

The radial grooves on the posterior area are usually sharper 

and stronger than in the preceding species. The types come 

from Oak Grove, where the shell seems characteristic of that 

horizon. * * * 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 354046. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

The shell is rather thin and broadly ovate-eordate 

in outline. The posterior area is well differentiated 

both by the obtuse carina and the abrupt disappearance of the elevated costae, but it is less 

flattened and less sharply angulated than in 0. 

chipolanum. The costals are low and tabulated but 

narrower than those of the analogous Chipola species. 

A eount of the ribs on 199 right valves and 178 left 

valves from Oak Grove has yielded the following 

figures: 

Number of ribs on right and left valves of Cardium 

(Cerastoderma) taphrium (posterior area excluded) 

Ribs Right valves Left valves I_Rib_s _ Right valves Left valves 

27 _______ 1 0 33 _______ 39 40 

28 _______ 3 1 34 _______ 26 23 

29 __ ----- 8 10 35 _______ 16 11 30 _______ 18 12 ! 

36 _______ 10 9 31_ ______ 29 30 ! 37 _______ 1 6 32 _______ 47 35 I 

38 _______ 1 1 I 

This count gives an average of 32_7.1 ribs on the 

anterior and medial portions of the right valve and a 

little more than 32Y2 ribs in the left valve. Of this 

number 6 or 7 are generally anterior, though they 

may run as low as 4 or as high as 8. The average 

number of ribs upon the posterior area, a number 

not in eluded in the figures given a hove, is 7 or 8. 

The intercostal areas are narrow and quite sharply 

chiseled and free from any sculpture except faint 

incremental striae. The ligament nymph is rather 

heavy and cut off by a deep suleus. The hinge is 

normal and a little less concentrated than in 0. 

chipolanum. The young are relatively broader and 

more nearly elliptical in transverse outline than the 

adults. In them the anterior and posterior areas are 

less differentiated and the anterior portion of the 

umbonal region is quite bald. 

The speeimens referred to 0. taphrium from Ballast 

Point are finely spinose posteriorly. Some of the 

very young specimens of 0. taphrium from Oak 

Grove retain traces of minute spines, but these are 

completely obliterated before the individuals attain 

anything like the dimensions of the forms from Ballast 

Point. The Shoal River representatives exhibit more 

than the usual number of ribs but not more than the 

extreme end members from Oak Grove. Certain 

very large and imperfect individuals have been tentatively plaeed near this speeies, although they are 

surely distinet, at least subspeeifically. 

Oerastoderma taphrium Dall is perhaps the most 

eonspicuous element in the bivalve fauna of Oak 

Grove. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646Pr, 

5632P, 5631 r, 5630°, 5633°, 705·1°, 2652r, 9961 r, 

7055r, 10659°. Shoal River formation, localities 

I 3856r, ~508W, ~5184r, ~5195r, 5079°, 5193P, m960r, 

10603P, 9959r. 

Cardium (Cerastoderma) waltonianum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 8 

1900. Cardium (Cerastoderma) waltoniannm Dall, Wagner Free 

lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1093, pl. 48, fig. 19. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell solid, co~rse, strong, elevated, short, with about 40 

narrow, flat-topped radial ribs separated by subequal channeled interspaces crossed by lines of growth; a narrow, smooth 

area on the hinge margin on each side of the high, rather pointed 

beaks; hinge very strong; internal basal and anterior margins 

with short flutings. Longitude 45, altitude 45, diameter 28 

millimeters. 

This shell is more trigonal than C. craticuloide and has less 

elevated ribs; it is not so produced at the ends as C. leptapleura Conrad, has narrower and more crowded ribs and a different outline. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 113819. 

Type locality: No. 2238, Flournoy's mill race at 

Somerville, 2 miles east of Argyle, Walton County, 

Fla. 

Oerastoderma waltonianum Dallis possibly the analog 

in the Shoal River fauna of 0. chipolanum of the 

Chipola fauna and 0. taphrium of the Oak Grove. 

At least it is in so far that it is much the most abundant 

member of the subgenus at the horizon at which it 

occurs. It is a larger and heavier shell than either 

of the other two, the anterior area is not at all differentiated, and the posterior area is relatively ill defined. 

The costae are decidedly more nun1erous, narrower, 

and more elevated and are separated by wider and 

more squarely channeled intercostals than in either 

C. chipolanum or C. taphrium. The young have something of the aspect of a Protocardia, as they are bald 
140 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF T'HE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

in the umbonal and medial regions but radially !irate 

laterally. Though slightly less abundant at any single locality than G. taphrium this species is more com· 

monly present throughout the formation, but unlike either its Chipola or its Oak Grove analog it is 

peculiarly susceptible to decortication. 

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856a, 

3742a, 3731r, 10658P, 5080P, 5184c, 5195P, 5194r, 

3733r, 2238c, 9958P, 3748a, 3747r, 7261r, 7264P, 5618a, 

9959c. 

Subgenus FRAGUM Bolten 

1798. Fragum Bolten, Museum Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 189. 

Type: Fragum fragum Linnaeus = Frag·um jlavum 

Bolten; not Fragumjlavum Linnaeus. (Recent in tho 

Indo-Pacific.) 

Shell cordate, inflated, truncated posteriorly; lunule 

and escutcheon not defined; radial costae prominent, 

variously scupltured; intercostal areas usually simple; 

left cardinals anterior when interlocked; pallial line 

relatively near the ventral margin. 

The subgenus has a very meager representation in 

the Shoal River fauna but is con1mon in the rest of 

the Alum Bluff group. 

Section FRAGUM s. s. 

Type: Fragum fragu.m Linnaeus = Fragum jlavum 

Bolten; not Fragum jlavum Linnaeus. (Recent In 

the Indo-Pacific.) 

Dall 16 characterized this group as follows: 

Valves obtusely angular in front of the truncation, ribs numerous, strong, pustular, or imbricate throughout. 

Cardium (Fragum) burnsii Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 13 

1900. Cardium (Fragum) burnsii Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1101, pl. 48, fig. 15. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, subquadrate, moderately inflated, truncate 

behind, rounded in front, with rather low beaks; sculpture of 

on the body 22 to 24 subequal rounded ribs with narrower 

channeled interspaces, sharply cross striated between the ribs; 

on the posterior truncation 12 to 14 similar but smaller ribs, 

a few near the hinge margin wider than the rest with no marked 

smooth area between them and the margin either in front of 

or behind the umbones; an easily detachable outer layer 

covers the ribs with fine concentric threading, rising at intervals 

into semilunar small nodules, all of which is frequently worn 

off when the ribs appear polished; internally, the margin is 

strongly fluted; hinge normal, strong. Longitude 6.5, altitude 

7.0, diameter 6.0 millimeters. A single broken valve reaches 

10 millimeters in height. 

This little shell stands almost midway between typical 

Fragum and Trigoniocardia, having the striated inters paces of 

the latter and the numerous similar subequal ribs of the former. 

It seems abundant in the marls. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114770. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

16 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

lnst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1075, 1900. 

Fragum bu.rnsii is the least inflated and by far the 

most closely sculptured of the Alum Bluff representatives of the subgenus. 

Occurrence: Chipola formatwn, localities 7257r, 

2213c, 2564P, 3419P, 7151 r, 7183P, 10660c. 

Section TRIGONIOCARDIA Dall 

1900. Trigoniocardia Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, 

pt. 5, p. 1075. 

Type: Cardium granijerum Broaerip and Sowerby. 

(Recent from the Gulf of California to Panama.) 

Dall characterized this group as follows: 

Shell small, few ribbed, medial ribs very strong; posterior 

end subtruncate with smaller closer ribs; channels strongly 

concentrically sculptured; shell colorless, periostracum smooth. 

Cardium [Fragum (Trigoniocardia)] aliculum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 15 

1900. Cardium (Trigoniocardia) alicula Dall, '\Yagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1103, pl. 48, fig. 5; 

not pl. 40, fig. 12. 

Not Cardium (Trigoniocardia) alicula Dall, U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Bull. 90, p. 144, pl. 25, fig. 8, 1915. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell obliquely subtriangular, elevated, narrow, truncate 

behind the beaks, rounded above in front and pointed below; 

beaks high, carinated behind the keel defining the posterior 

area; posterior area with eight low, flat ribs, the upper ones 

broader; body with twelve similar but larger ribs separated by 

narrow cross-striated channels deeper near the keel and almost 

obsolete in front; on top of the ribs when perfect are rounded 

pustules, sparse, very fragile, and usually worn off; the pustules 

on the ribs of the posterior area are more elongate, oblique, 

and rarely arcuate; margin fluted internally, hinge strong. 

Altitude when fully mature 19, longitude 14, diameter 14 

millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 157550. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

Fragum aliculum is well characterized by the conspicuously trigonal outline. The costal which defines 

the posterior keel is the most prominent of all and is 

strongly arcuated. There is usually a broad and more 

or less strongly marked depression of the medial part 

of the posterior area and, in the young ones, commonly 

a very feeble constriction in front of the keel. 

The Ballast Point specimens are relatively higher 

and much narrower dorsally, with no trace of a constriction either behind or in front of the posterior keel 

and with fewer and even lower costals. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 106lOP, 

2213c, 2211a, 7183a, 10660a. 

Cardium [Fragum (Trigoniocardia)] sellardsi Gardner, n. sp .. 

Plate XXIII, Figures 11-12 

Shell small, heavy, highly inflated, the interior subquadrate in outline. Umbones flattened toward their 

tips, incurved, prosogyrate. Anterior margin round-
LUCINACEA, LEPTONACEA, CARDIACEA 141 

ing smoothly into the base; basal margin truncate in 

front of the posterior keel; posterior area flattened, 

well differentiated; posterior margin truncate, the 

posterior basal angle approximating 90°. Radial 

sculpture vigorous; radials elevated, somewhat 

flattened upon their summits, separated by broad 

U-shaped interradials of about the same width 

though a little narrower relatively in the adults and 

upon the posterior area of individuals of all ages; 

from 13 to 16 radials on the anterior and medial 

portions of the valve and generally 9 on the posterior 

area; both radials and interradials crossed by crowded, 

concentric, imbricating lamellae, most prominent 

upon the summits, nearly obsolete upon the sides of 

the costals, and rather feeble in the intercostal 

channels; every third or fourth lamella relatively 

strong and developed into a lobate process upon the 

summits of the ribs. Ligament opisthodetic. Dentition normal, the posterior cardinal in the right valve 

and the anterior cardinal in the left robust, acute, 

upcurved, subumbonal, separated by deep trigonal 

pits, the one from the incipient anterior cardinal in 

the right valve, the other from the incipient posterior 

cardinal of the left. Laterals obtuse, the posterior the 

more remote from the umbones, those of the right 

valve separated from the dorsal margins by deep 

grooves which receive the laminae of the left; the right 

laterals received in small pits ventral to the laterals 

of the left valve. Muscle impressions large and distinct for the genus, set high up near the hinge plate 

and close to the lateral margins. Inner margins 

deeply fluted. 

Dimensions of right valve: Altitude, 8.3 millimeters; latitude, 8.3 millimeters; semi diameter, 4.0 

millimeters. Dimensions of left valve: Altitude, 7.6 

millimeters; latitude. 7.5 millimeters· semidiameter, 4.0 

millimeters. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 352493. 

Type locality: No. 7893, Boynton Landing, Choctawhatchee River, Washington County, Fla. 

I have the pleasure of naming this interesting 

species in honor of the collector, Dr. E. H. Sellards, 

formerly State geologist of Florida, now acting director of the Bureau of Economic Geology of Texas. 

Fragum sellardsi Gardner, n. sp., resen1bles in 

general outline and character of ornamentation F. 

simrothi, also from the Chipola, but the posterior 

basal angle is not produced, the costals are more 

numerous, more unifonn, and not so coarse upon the 

medial portion of the disk. The concentric lamellae 

have not been observed upon the C03tals of F. simrothi, 

although the nodules qeveloped from them have 

persisted. As in most of the Cardiums the secondary 

sculpture decorticates readily, leaving the radials 

smooth and shining and exhibiting no trace of mutilation. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities, 7893P, 

7183r. 

Cardium [Fragum (Trigoniocardia)] simrothi Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 10 

1900. Cardium (Trigoniocardia) simrothi Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1104, pl. 48, fig. 8. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell small, oblique quadrate, plump, rounded in front and 

especiallly on the anterior basal margin, truncate and slightly 

alate behind; beaks high, involute and prosogyrate; body with 

11 broad, flat, rapidly widening low ribs separated by narrow 

interspn.ces in which the cross grooves are so wide that their 

interspaces appear as narrow, elevated, concentric threads; ribs 

on the truncation seven or eight, smaller and more crowded; 

when perfect the ribs are surmounted by small pustules, oblong 

in a transverse sense on the body and droplike in a vertical 

sense on the truncation; internal margin fluted, hinge normal, 

strong, with very deep sockets and conical teeth. Altitude 13, 

Jongitude 9.5, diameter 10 millimeters. 

In measuring these oblique species the altitude is taken from 

the point of the valve below to the top of the umbo. This shell 

much resembles the Caloosahatchie species but is squarer, with 

the hinge margin more produced behind and with pustules of a 

more transverse and different shape. 

Cotypes: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114767. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The two ribs directly in front of the posterior keel 

are coJtnmonly a little narrower than those anterior to 

them and seem to lose their ornamentation more 

readily, thus lending to the costal which defines the 

posterior keel a prominence which it would not otherwise possess. In F. sellardsi Gardner, n. sp., the 

posterior basal angle is not produced and the costals 

upon the medial portion of the disk are approximately 

unifo.rltn in prominence and spacing. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 10596°, 

2213°, 2564Pr, 3419Pr, 9994°, 1066W. 

Cardium [Fragum (Trigoniocardia)] apateticum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 14 

1900. Cardium (Trigoniocardia) apateticum Dall, "\Vagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1105, pl. 48, fig. 6. 

Dall described tllis species as follows: 

Shell small, oblique, produced behind at the hinge line, 

obliquely truncate, evenly rounded from in front into the base; 

beaks rather high, carinate behind, and prosogyrate; truncation 

with nine and body with 13 ribs, low, flat, wide on the body 

and rapidly broadening with very narrow interspaces squarely 

channeled; on the truncation the ribs, as usual, are smaller and 

more crowded and decrease in size from within outward; the 

channels are crossed by fine, sharp, evenly spaced elevated 

lamellae which have a punctate appearance in the narrower 

interspaces; these threads rise on the sides of the ribs and pass 

over them as fine concentric threads; internal margin fluted, 

hinge strong, with a small, smooth space on each side of the 

umbones simulating lunule and escutcheon. Altitude 11.5, 

longitude 8, diameter 7 millimeters. 

This is the only species which when perfectly intact is without nodules. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 107384. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. 

Even this species is nodulated when intact. No 

absolutely perfect individual was found, but a few 
142 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA 

specimens have been observed in which small rounded 

nodes are retained on the posterior sides of the ribs of 

the body and similar but rather more prominent nodes 

upon the rib which outlines the keel and upon the 

truncated posterior area. When decorticated they 

leave a fresh polished surface with no trace of a scar. 

Fragum apateticum Dall is rather suggestive of 

F. simrothi in general outline though somewhat less 

inflated and not so heavy, especially in the hinge area. 

Aside from the fact that in F. simrothi the nodular 

sculpture is almost invariably retained in a greater or 

less degree and in F. apateticum almost never, the 

species may be differentiated by the more uniform 

ribbing of F. apateticum. In F. simrothi the two 

costae in front of the posterior keel are perceptibly 

narrower than those anterior to them, but this irregularity if present in apateticum is much less marked. 

The species is characteristic of the Oak Grove and 

abundant in it. 

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646a, 

5632a, 5631P, 5633r, 7054°, 9961P. Shoal River formation, locality 5079P. 

Subgenus PAPYRIDEA Swainson 

1840. Papyridea Swainson, Treatise on malacology, p. 374. 

Type: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiere = Cardium spinosum Meuschen. (Recent from Cape Hatteras to 

Santa Marta, Brazil.) 

Swainson characterized this group as follows: 

Shell heart-shaped or transversely oval; inequilateral; tte 

anterior side almost always gaping. 

The radial costae are numerous and more or less 

nodular or spinose. 

Cardium (Papyridea) bulbosum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 17 

1900. Cardium (Papyridea) bulbosum Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1109, pl. 48, fig. 20. 

Dall described this species as follows: 

Shell ovate, moderately inflated, with about 38 ribs, 9 

anterior with minute spines on the anterior side of each rib 

near the margin; 16 medial, low and rounded,. with narrower 

chaneled interspaces; 13 posterior, low and obliquely flattened, 

with their highest part on the posterior side, the last 3 or 4 

bearing minute spiny pustules; beaks low, pointed, smooth, 

margin crenulate, serrate above behind; hinge normal. Longitude 27, altitude 23.5, diameter 10 millimeters. 

This species is * * * especially notable for the small 

number of anterior ribs and the very sparse muricate sculpture. 

Type: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 114762. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The type is unique and the only member of the subgenus which has yet been detected in the Alum Bluff. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2213r. 

Subgenus LAEVICARDIUM Swainson 

1840. Laevicardium Swainson, Treatise on malacology, p. 373. 

Type: Cardium europaeum Wood. (Recent on the 

west coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean.) 

Swainson characterized this group as follows: 

Shell longitudinally oval, inequilateral, the surface neither 

ribbed nor spired. 

Dall 17 described tlll.s subgenus as follows: 

Shell thin, oval, closed, middle of the valves smooth or feebly 

radially sculptured, ends with a smooth area, hinge normal, 

but with the anterior laterals springing from the umbonal 

cavity; periostracum smooth. 

Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum Dall 

Plate XXIII, Figure 16 

1900. Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1109, pl. 48, fig. 21. 

Dall described this subgenus as follows: 

Shell small, plump, inequilateral, with convex beaks nearer 

the anterior end; surface smooth over a small anterior area, 

and over the posterior area which is compressed so that the 

pinch gives to the lower posterior margin a distinct insinuation; 

between these the disk is covered by minute radii which, though 

conspicuous in eroded shells, hardly interrupt the smoothness 

of the surface when perfect; the outline is rounded in front 

and below and slightly oblique; interior polished, with the 

adductor scars impressed; the margin, except of the anterior 

and posterior areas, finely serrate. Longitude 24, altitude 26, 

diameter 14 millimeters. 

All the species of Laevicardium are very similar shells 

especially when they have .lost color by fossilization, but this 

species is readily recognizable by the small size of the smooth 

areas and the peculiar pinching of the posterior areas, 

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114769. 

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla. 

The young are very thin, almost papyraceous, and 

relatively broader than the adults. They show no 

trace whatever of any radial lineation upon the 

larval shell, which is much more commonly retained 

than in most species. The hinge is unusually delicate. 

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893P, 

2212P, 7257P, 2213°, 3419r, 7151P, 2211°. Oak Grove 

sand, loeality 2646 c. 

Genus PROTOCARDIA Beyrich 

1845. Protocardia. Beyrich, Zeitschrift fUr Malacologie, p. 17. 

Type: Cardium hillanum Sowerby. (Cenomanian 

of Europe.) 

The characters which separate Protocardia from 

Cardium are the sharply differentiated radial sculpture 

on the posterior portion of the shell, the large posterior 

muscle scar, and the incipient pallial sinus. 

The genus is represented in the Shoal River by two 

imperfect individuals, both of them apparently distinct 

from any described species and neither of them 

sufficiently well preserved to be named. One of 

them is very small, smaller even than P. jamaicensis, 

and very similar to that form in general outline and 

in the aspect of the radial sculpture but wanting the 

concentric threading which characterizes the Jamaican 

species. The other vaguely suggests C. nicoleti of 

the upper Eocena but differs conspicuously in the 

rather fine and somewhat irregular concentric undulation of the anterior portion of the shell. 

11 Dall, W. H., Contrioutions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1076, 1900. 
PLATES XVIII -XXIII 

143 
PLATE XVIII 

[The specimen figured is the type unless otherwise stated] 

FIGURE 1. Codakia (Jagonia) erosa Dall (p.103). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 6.5 millimeters; latitude, 6.7 millimeters. (Mter 

Dall.) 

FIGURE 2. Codakia (Jagonia) chipolana Dall (pp. 103-104). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 7.5 millimeters; latitude, 8.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 3·-4. Lucina corpulenta Dall (p. 105). 

3. Apical view of double valves; altitude, 38.5 millimeters; latitude, 42.5 millimeters; diameter, 32.0 millimeters. (After Ds.ll.) 

4. Exterior of left valve of same individual; altitude, 38.5 millimeters; latitude, 42.5 millimeters. (Mter Dall.) 

FIGURE 5. Lucina janus Dall (p. 105). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 30.0 millimeters; latitude, 33.5 millimeters; diameter, 

19.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 6. Lucina santarosana Dall (p. 105). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 33.0 millimeters; latitude, 39.0 millimeters. (After 

Dall.) 

FIGURES 7-9. Myrtaea waltonensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 106). 

7. Exterior of right valve; altitude, 7.1 millimeters; latitude, 8.2 millimeters. 

8. Hinge area of right valve of another individual (not the type). 

9. Interior of right valve; altitude, 7.1 millimeters; latitude, 8.2 millimeters. 

FIGURE 10. Phacoides (Linga) glenni Dall (pp. 107-108). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 32.0 millimeters; latitude, 30.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

Jl'IGURES 11-13. Phacoides (Cardiolucina) trisulcatus (Conrad) Dall (pp. 108-109). 

11. Exterior of right valve (not the type); altitude, 8.0 millimeters; latitude, 8.5 millimeters. (After Glenn.) 

12. Interior of right valve (not the type); altitude, 8.0 millimeters; latitude, 8.5 millimeters. (Mter Glenn.) 

13. Interior of left valve (not the type); altitude, 8.0 millimeters; latitude, 8.5 millimeters. (After Glenn.) 

FIGURES 14-15. Phacoides (Cardiolucina) parawhitfieldi Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 109-110). 

14. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 8.2 millimeters; latitude, 8. 7 millimeters. 

15. Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 8.0 millimeters; latitude, 8.2 millimeters. 

FIGURE 16. Phacoides (Lucinisca) calhounensis Dall (p. 110). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 9.5 millimeters; latitude, 10.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

144 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SUR\"EY l'ROFESS!Ol\AL l'Al'ER 142 PLATE X\"11! 

4 

10 

7 

LUCINACEA OF THE ALUM llLUFF GHOUl' 
v. 8 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER H2 PLATE XIX 

3 

1 

7 

2 

LUCINACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP 
PLATE XIX 

FIGURES 1-2. Phacoides (Lucinisca) plesiolophus Dall (pp. 110-111). 

1. Exterior of left valve; altitude, 15.0 millimeters; latitude, 15.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

2. Interior of left valve; altitude, 15.0 millimeters; latitude, 15.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 3-6. Phacoides (Miltha) chipolanus Dall (p. 111). 

3. Exterior of fragment of right valve. (After Dall.) 

4. Exterior of right valve of type of Phacoides (Miltha) heracleus Dall; altitude, 80.0± millimeters; latitude, SO.O±millimeters. 

(After Dall.) 

5. Exterior of right valve (not the type); altitude, 74.0 millimeters; latitude, 68.0 millimeters. 

6. Interior of right valve (not the type); altitude, 74.0 millimeters; latitude, 68.0 millimeters. 

FIGURES 7-8. Phacoides (Miltha) heilprini Gardner, n. sp. (p. 112). 

7. Interior of left valve; altitude, 56.5 millime+Jers; latitude, 57.5 millimeters. 

8. Exterior of left valve; altitude, 56.5 millimeters; latitude, 57.5 millimeters. 

145 
PLATE XX 

FIGURES 1-2. Phacoides (Miltha) xustris Gardner, n. sp. (p. 112). 

1. Interior of left valve; altitude, 37.0 millimeters; latitude, 36.5 millimeters. 

2. Exterior of right valve of same individua~; altitude, 37.0 millimeters; latitude, 36.5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 3- 5. Phacoides (Pseudomiltha) paranodonta Gardner, n. sp. (p. 113). 

3. Interior of left valve; altitude, 26.0 millimeters; latitude, 27.0 millimeters. 

4. Exterior of left valve; altitude, 26.0 millimeters; latitude, 27.0 millimeters. 

5. Anterior view of double valves; diameter, 10.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 6. Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus Dall (p. 113). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 4.0 millimeters; latitude, 4.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 7. Phacoides (Parvilucina) sphaeriolus subsp. angaleus Gardner, n. subsp. (pp. 113-114). Exterior of r!ght valve; altitude, 

3.2 millimeters; latitude, 3.2 millimeters. 

FIGURES 8-9. Phacoides (Parvilucina) vaughani Gardner, n. sp. (p. 114). 

8. Exterior of right valve; altitude, 4.0 millimeters; latitude, 4.0 millimeters. 

9. Interior of right valve; altitude, 4.0 millimeters; latitude, 4.0 millimeters_ 

FIGURE 10. Phacoides (Parvilucina) piluliformis Dall (pp. 114-115). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 5.0 millimeters; latitude, 4.7 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 11. Phacoides (Parvilucina) fiumenvadosa Gardner, n. sp. (p. 115). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 3.0 millimeters; latitude, 3.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 12. Phacoides [PaTvilucina (Bellucina)] eupheus Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 115- 116). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 3.0 millimeters; latitlhde, 3.2 millimeters. 

FIGURES 13-14. Divaricella waltonia Gardner, n. sp. (p. 117). 

13. Exterior of left valve; altitude, 11.0 millimeters; latitude, 11.5 millimeters. 

14. Interior of right valve; altitude, 11.0 millimeters; latitude, 11.5 millimeters. 

FIGURE 15. Divaricella chipolana Dall (p. 117). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 17.0 millimeters; latitude, 18.5 millimeters. 

(After Dall.) 

FIGURES 16-19. Diplodonta nucleiformis (Wagner) (p. 118). 

16. Exterior of left valve (not the type); altitude, 6.0 millimeters; latitude, 6.3 millimeters. 

17. Interior of left valve (not the type); altitude, 6.0 millimeters; latitude, 6.3 millimeters. 

18. Exterior of left valve (not the type); altitude, 5.3 mill.imeters; latitude, 5.5 millimeters. 

19. Interior of left valve (not the type); altitude, 5.3 millimeters; latitude, 5.5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 20- 21. Diplodonta (nucleiformis subsp. ?) sphaeromorpha Gardner, n. sp. (p. 118). 

20. Interior of right valve; altitude, 4.7 millimeters; latitude, 4.6 millimeters. 

21. Horizontal profile of right valve; latitude, 4.6 millimeters; semidiameter, 1.5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 22- 23. Diplodonta radiata Dall (p. 119). 

22. Interior of left valve; altitude, 18.0 millimeters; latitude, 19.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

23. Profile of hinge of left valve. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 24. Diplodonta paralta Gardner, n. sp. (p. 119). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 27.0 millimeters; latitude, 26.0 millimeters. 

(After Da11.) 

FIGURES 25-26. Diplodonta leptodoma Gardner, n. sp. (p. 119). 

25. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 7.5 millimeters; latitude, 8.0 millimeters. 

26. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude 12.0 ± millimeters; latitude, 12.5 millimeters. 

146 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIO)IAL PAPER 142 PLATE XX 

1 

3 4 

5 

2 

8 

7 

9 

10 

6 

11 

13 

14 

12 15 

16 17 

18 

19 

24 ~~/ "" 25 

21 

23 

20 22 26 

LUCINACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP 
U. S. GEOLOGICAl, SURYEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142 PLATE XXI 

2 

1 3 4 

6 

8 7 

5 

9 11 12 

10 

15 

16 

13 14 

17 

18 19 20 22 

LUCINACEA AND LEPTONACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP 
PLATE XXI 

FIGURE 1. Erycina undosa Dall (p. 122). Interior of right valve; altitude, 2.8 millimeters; latitude, 3.5 millimeters. (After 

Dall.) 

FIGURE 2. Erycina chipolana Dall (p. 122). Interior of right valve; altitude, 3.0 millimeters; latitude, 4.1 millimeter~<. (After 

Dall.) 

FIGURES 3- 4. Erycina curtidens Dall (p. 123). 

3. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 2.9 millimeters; latitude, 3.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

4. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 2.7 millimeters; latitude, 3.4 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 5- 6. Eryc1:na jabulina Dall (p. 123). 

5. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 3.6 millimeters; latitude, 5.0 millimeters. 

6. Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 2.9 milimeters; latitude, 3.6 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 7. Erycina (Scacchia) actinophora (Dall) (pp. 123- 124). Interior of right valve; altitude, 6.2 millimeters; latitude, 8.6 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 8. Sportella lubrica Dall (p. 127). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 4.5 millimeters; latitude, 5.2 millimeters. (After 

Dall.) 

FIGURES 9- 10. Bornia virgata Gardner, n. sp. (p. 125). 

9. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 5.0 millimeters; latitude, 6.0 millimeters. 

10. Interior of left valve of another individual (cotype); altitude, 5.1 millimeters; latitude, 6.7 millimeters. 

FIGURE 11. Bornia floridana Dall (p. 124). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 6.8 millimeters; latitude, 7.5 millimeters. (After 

Dall.) 

FIGURE 12. Bornia dodona Dall (p. 124). Interior of right valve; altitude, 3.7 millimeters; latitude, 5.25 millimeters. (After 

Dall.) 

FIGURES 13-14. Alveinus rotundus Dall (p. 128). 

13. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 1.9 millimeters; latitude, 1.9 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

14. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 1.9 millimeters; latitude, 2.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 15-10. Alveinus micculus Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 128-129). 

15. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 1.8 millimeters; latitude, 1.8 millimeters. 

16. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 2.3 millimeters; latitude, 2.3 millimeters. 

FIGURE 17. Sportella unicarinata Dall (p. 126). Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 2.5 millimeters; latitude, 3. 7 millimeters. 

(After Dall.) 

FIGURE 18. Erycina scaptera Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 122-123). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 5.5 millimeters; latitude, 7.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 19. Hindsiella nephritica Dall (pp. 127-128). Interior of right valve; altitude, 3.5 millimeters; latitude, 4.75 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 20-21. Sportella obolus Dall (p. 127). 

20. Interior of right valve; altitude, 4.0 millimeters; latitude, 4.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

21. Profile of hinge of right valve. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 22. Diplodonta (Phlyctiderma) glos Gardner, n. sp. (op. 120-121). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 15.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 16.0 millimeters. 

147 
PLATE XXII 

FIGURE 1. Sportella lioconcha Dall (p. 126). Interior of right valve; altitude, 8.3 millimeters; latitude, 12.5millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 2. Aligena lineata Dall (p. 130). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 7.0 millimeters; latitude, 8.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 3. M ontacuta chipolana Dall (p. 129). Interior of left valve; altitude, 3. 7 millimeters; latitude, 6.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 4. Sportella leura Gardner, n. sp. (p. 126). Interior of right valve; altitude, 6.7 millimeters; latitude, 9.5millimeters. 

FIGURE 5. Cardium (Acanthocardia) propeciliare Dall (pp. 132- 133). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 20.0 millimeters; latitude, 

20.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 6. Cardium (Acanthocardia) ctenolium Dall (p. 133). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 18.5 millimeters; latitude, 19.5 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 7. Cardium (Acanthocardia) acrocome Dall (p. 133). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 7.5 millimeters; latitude, 7.5 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 8. Cardium ( Trachycardium) cestum Dall (pp. 133-134). Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 32.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 27.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 9. Cardium (Trachycardium) delphicum Dall (pp. 135-136). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 34.0 millimeters; latitude, 29.0 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 1G-11. Cardium (Trachycardium) plectopleura Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 134-135). 

10. Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 47.2 millimeters; latitude, 37.5 millimeters. 

11. Interior of right valve of another individual (cotype); altitude, 45.6 millimeters; latitude, 35.8 millimeters. 

FIGURE 12. Cardium (Trachycardium) ustrix Gardner, n. sp. (p. 135). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 42.0 millimeters; latitude, 

35.0 millimeters. 

148 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESRI0:-1 AL PAPER H2 PLATE XXII 

3 

1 

2 

5 

4 6 

7 8 9 

10 12 

LEPTONACEA AND CARDIACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP 
U . S . GE OLOGICAL SUR\"E Y l'R OFE SSIO N AL PAPE R 142 PLATE XXIII 

2 

1 3 

5 

4 6 

7 8 

9 

10 

14 

13 

16 

CARDIACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GHUUP 
PLATE XXIII 

FIGURE 1. Ca1·dium (Trachycardium) virile Dall (p. 136). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 27.0 millimeters; latitude, 25.5 millimeters. 

FIGURE 2. Cardium (Trachycardium) parile Dall (p. 136). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 15.0 millimeters; latitude, 15.5 millimeters. 

FIGURE 3. Cardi·um (Trachycardium) malacum Dall (pp. 136-137). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 24.0 milli!!leters; latitude, 24.0 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 4. Cardium ( Cerastoderma) druidicum Dall (pp.137-138 ) . Ex~erior of left valve; altitude, 22.5 millimeters; latitude, 25.0 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 5. Card-ium (Cerastoderma) panaslntm Dall (p. 137). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 12.0 millimeters; latitude, 12.0 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 6. Cardium (Cerastoderma) chipolanum subsp. alumen Gardner, n. subsp. (pp. 138-139). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 

32.6 millimeters; latitude, 30.7 millimeters. 

FIGURE 7. Cardium (Cerastoderma) taphri11m Dall (p. 139). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 34.0 millimeters; latitude, 35.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 8. Cm·dium (Cerastoderma) waltonianum Dall (pp. 139-140). Exterior of right valve (cotype) ; altitude, 39.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 40.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 9. Cardium (Cerastoderma) chi7JOlanum Dall (p. 138). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 36.0 millimeters; latitude, 34.0 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 10. Cardium [Fmgttm (Trigoniocardia)] sim1·othi Dall (p. 141). Exterior of right valve (eotype); altitude, 8.5 millimeters; 

latitude, 7.5 millimeters. (.·\fter Dall.) 

FIGURES 11-12. Cardium [Fragum (T1·igoniocardia) ] sellardsi Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 140-141). 

11. Exterior of left valve (eotype); altitude, 7.6 millimeters; latitude, 7.5 millimeters. 

12. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude, 8.3 millimeters; latitude, 8.3 millimeters. 

FIGURE 13. Cardium (Frag·um) burnsii Dall (p. 140). Exterior of right valve; altitude, 7.0 millimeters; latitude, 6.5 millimeters. 

(After Dall.) 

FIGURE 14. Cardium [Fragum (Trigoniocardia)] apateticum Dall (pp. 141- 142). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 11.5 millimeters; 

latitude, 8.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 15. Cardium [Fragum (Trigoniocardia) aliculum Dall (p. 140). Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude, 12.5 millimeters; 

latitude, 8.5 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 16. Cardium (Laevicardium) compressum Dall (p . 142). Exterior of le1t valve; altitude, 26.0 millimeters; latitude, 24.0 

millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 17. Cardium (Papyridea) bulbos11m Dall (p. 142). Exterior of left valve; altitude, 23.5 millimeters; latitude, 27.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

NoTE.-The types of formerly described species have been remeasured, and the dimensions are not all identical 

with those given in the original descriptions. 

149 

INDEX 

A Page 

Acanthocardia (see Cardium)------------------------------------------------ 132 

Aligena H. C. Lea--------------------------------------------------------- 129-130 

aequata Conrad __ ._----------------- ___ -------- _______ ----------------- 130 lineata Dan _____________________________________________________ 130, Pl. XXII 

pustulosa Dall .. _______________________________________________________ 129, 130 

sp ___ ----- _______________________________________________________ -------- 130 

striata H. C. Lea ________________________________ ------------------------ 129 

Alveinus Conrad _________________________________________________ --------___ 128 

micculus Gardner, n. sp_ .. ---------------------------------- 128-129, Pl. XXI 

minutus Conrad .. ____________________________________ ----------------- 128, 129 

rotund us Dan __ ._--------------------------- ________________ 128, 129, Pl. XXI 

Amphidesma aequata Conrad ___ . _________ . ___ . __ . __ . ____ ------------------- 129 

B 

Benucina Dall (see Phacoides>----------------------------------------------- 115 

Bornia Philippi __ ------------ _________________ ------------------------------ 124 

corbuloides Philippi.____________________________________________________ 124 

dodona Dall __________ . _________________________________ . ________ 124, Pl. XXI 

floridana Dan ____________________________________________________ 124, Pl. XXI 

fluctusculpturata Maury __________________________________________ 124-125, 125 

mactroides Conrad __________________________________ -------------------- 124 

scintillata Dan __ ------------_------------ _____________ ------------------ 124 

virgata Gardner, n. SP--------------------------------------- 124, 125, Pl. XXI 

c 

Cardiidae ___ ----------------------- _________________ ---------------------- 13G-142 

Cardiolucina (see Phacoides) ____________ . __ . __ . __ . _______________ . _ _ __ ____ __ 108 

Cardium Linnaeus __ -------- ______________________________________________ 130-132 

Cardium s. s ____ -------------- ________ --------- ______ ----------------------- 132 acrocome Dall ______________________________________________ 131,133, Pl. XXII 

aculeatum Linnaeus ____________________________ ------------------------- 132 

agassizii Michelotti..____________________________________________________ 108 

aliculum Dan _________________________________________ 131, 132, 140, Pl. XXIII 

apateticum Dall _______________________________________ 132, 141-142, Pl. XXIII 

bulbosum Dall ____________________________________________ 132,142, Pl. XXIII 

burnsii Dall _______________________________________________ 132,140, Pl. XXIII 

cestum Dall ____________________________________________ 131, 133-134, Pl. XXII 

chipolanum Dall __________________________________ 131,132,138, 139, Pl. XXIII 

chipolanum alumen Gardner, n. subsp _____________ 131,132,138-139, Pl. XXIII 

ciliare Linnaeus ______ ---------------------- __________ -------------- _____ 132 

compressum Dall _____________________________________ 131, 132, 142, Pl. XXIII 

consors Broderip ------- _______________________________ ------------------ 136 

costa tum Linnaeus _______ . __ . ____ . _______________________________ . ___ _ __ 130 

craticuloide Conrad _______________________________ ------------___________ 139 

ctenolium Dan _____ -------------- __ .------------ _______ 132, 133, 137, Pl. XXII 

delphicum Dall ____________________________________ 131, 135-136, 137, Pl. XXII 

druidicum Dall _______________________________________ 132, 137-138, Pl. XXIII 

echinatum Linnaeus ____________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ ______ _ _ _ 132 

edule Linnaeus __ ----------------- ________________________ ------------- __ 137 

elongatum Bruguiere __ . _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ 134 

europaeum Wood ____ . _________________________________________ . ___ . _ _ _ _ 1-!2 

graniferum Broderip and Sowerby_______________________________________ 140 

hillanum Sower by----------------- ___________________ ------------------- 142 

inconspicuum Guppy _________________________________________________ 132, 137 

isocardia Linnaeus ____________________________________________________ 133, 136 

leptopleura Conrad______________________________________________________ 139 

lingual ennis Guppy ____________________________ ._. ________________ 131, 134, 13.5 

malacum DalL _______________________________________ 131, 136-137, Pl. XXIII 

nicoleti Conrad ____________________________________ ---------- _ ---------- 142 

panastrum Dan __________________________________________ 132,137, Pl. XXIII 

parilc Dall ____________ . __ . ______ . __ . _______________ . ______ 131, 136, Pl. XXIII 

plectopleura Gardner, n. sp ____________________________ 131, 134-135, Pl. XXII 

propeciliare Dall ________________________________________ 131,132-133, Pl. XXII 

robustum Solander __ . _______ ------------------------------------------- 138 

rubicundum Reeve __________________________________ -------------- ____ -· 134 

sellardsi Gardner n. sp ________________________________ 132, 14Q--141, Pl. XXIII 

simrothi Dall ______________________________________ 131, 132, 141, 142, Pl. XXIII 

soleniforme Bruguiere _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ __ _ 142 

spinosum Meuschen ______________________ . _______ . _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 142 

subelongatum G abb _________ . ________________ . ___________________ . ____ . _ 13-1 

taphrium Dall ____________________________ ------------ 131, 132, 139, Pl. XXIII 

ustrix Gardner, n. sp ___________________________________ 131,t34, 135, Pl. XXII 

virile Dall ________________________________________ 131, 132, 136, 137, Pl. XXIII 

waltonianum Dall _______________________ 131, 132,135,137,139-140, Pl. XXIII 

(Cerastoderma) chipolanum DalL _____________________ 132, 138,139, Pl. XXIII 

chipolanwn alumen Gardner, n. subsp _ ------- 131,132, 138-139, Pl. XXIII 

druidicum Dall ____________________________________ 132,137-138, Pl. XXIII 

panastrum Dall ________________________________________ 132, 137, Pl. XXIII 

Cardium s. s.-Continued. Page 

(Cerastoderma) chipolanum DaB-Continued. 

taphrium Dall. ________ ---------------------------- 131, 132,139, Pl. XXIII 

waltonianum Dall _____________________ 131,132,135,137, 139-UO, Pl. XXIII 

(Fragum) burnsii Dall _____________________________________ 132,140, Pl. XXIII 

(Trigoniocardia) aliculum Dan ________________________ 132, 140, Pl. XXIII 

apateticum Dall _______________________________ 132,141-142, Pl. XXIII 

sellardsi Gardner, n. SP------------------------ 132,140-141, Pl. XXIII 

simrothi Dall ____ ~----------------------------- 132,141,142, Pl. XXIII 

(Laevicardium) compressum Dall _____________________ 131,132,142, Pl. XXIII 

(Papyridea) bulbosum Dall _______________________________ 132,142, Pl. XXIII 

(Trachycardium) cestum Dall __________________________ 131,133-134, Pl. XXII 

delphicum Dall. ________________________________ 131,135-136,137, Pl. XXII 

inconspicuum Guppy __________________________ ------------------- 132, 137 

lingualeonis Guppy __ . __ ----------. _________ ------------------ 131, 134, 135 

malacum Dall _____________________________________ 131,136-137, Pl. XXIII 

parile Dan ___ .--------------- _______ ------------------ 131, 136, Pl. XXIII 

plectopleura Gardner, n. sp _________ ---------------- 131,134-135, Pl. XXII 

ustrix Gardner, n. SP----------------------------------- 131,135, Pl. XXII 

virile Dall _____________________________________ 131,132,136,137, Pl. XXIII 

Cavilucina Fischer (see Cardiolucina Sacco)_________________________________ 108 

Cerastoderma Morch (see Cardium) ______________ -------------------------- 137 Chama codok Adanson__ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _____ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ __ ____ _ _ 103 

Codakia ScopolL _________________________________________________ ----------- 103 

actinoides (Maury) ________ . _______ .. ________________ . _________ ._ .. ____ 103, 104 

chipolana Dall ____________________________ .. __ . ____________ 103-104, Pl. X VIII 

erosa Dall _______________________________________ . _____________ 103, Pl. XVIII 

magnoliana Dall _____________ ---------------- _________ ---------------- ___ 104 

magnolioides l\Iaury ___ ------------------ ... -------------------------- 103, 104 orbiculata (Montagu) ___________________ . ______ . _________ . ___ . __ . __ _____ 104 

vendryesi Dall ______ ------------------------------ ______ --------------- 103 (Jagonia) chipolana Dall __________________________________ 103-104, Pl. XVIII 

erosa Dall. __ ---------------------------------------------- 103, Pl. XVIII 

sp. indet _____ ---··---------- _________________________________ -------- 104 

(Jagonia ?) rnagnolioides MaurY--------------------------------------- 103,104 

(?) Codakia (Jagonia) actinoides Maury ___________________________________ 103,104 

Conrad, T. A., cited _______________________________________________ 108,109,120,128 

Cytherea spherica II. C. Lea·------------------------------------------------ 118 

D Dall, W. H., cited ________________________________________________________ 103,104, 

105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 

126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142 

Diplodonta Bronn ____________________________________ --------------------- 117-118 

acclinis Conrad·----------------------------------------------- 117,118,119,120 alta Dall _________________________________________ --------- __ _____ ___ ____ 119 

elevata Conrad _______________________ .--._-. ________ ._ .. --------------__ 118 

glm; Gardner, n. sp __________________________________ 117,118, 12G-121, Pl. XXI 

kiawahensis Tuomey and Holmes ____ ----------------------------------- 121 

leptodoma Gardner, n. SP------------------------------------ 118,119, Pl. XX 

nucleiformis C'Yagner) ________________________________________ 117,118, Pl. XX 

(nucleiformis subsp.?) sphae.romorpha Gardner, n. sp _________ 117,118, Pl. XX 

paralta Gardner, n. SP------------------------------------ 118,119,120, Pl. XX 

radiata DalL _________________________________________________ 118,119, Pl. XX 

scmiaspera Philippi_. ___________________________________ -------_________ 120 

soror C. B. Adams______________________________________________________ 120 

sp. indet __________________________________________ ------------------- _ __ 119 

(Phlyetiderma) glos Gardner, n. sp _________________ 117,118,120-121, Pl. XXI 

Diplodontidae __ . _________________________ ----- ___________ ----- ____________ 117-121 

Divaricclla Von l\Iartens _________________ ------------ ______ ------------ ___ 116-117 

chipolana DalL ______________________________________________ 116,117, Pl. XX 

waltonia Gardner, n. SP------------------------------------------ 117, Pl. XX 

E 

Erycina Lamarck ______ ------------_-------- _______ ----------------------___ 121 

Erycina s. s. ____ ------------ _____________________ ------------ ____ -------- _ 121-122 

actinophora (Dall) ______________________________ 121,122,123-124, 129, Pl. XXI 

chipolana Dall ---------------------------------------------- 122,123, Pl. XXI 

curtidens Dall _______________________________________________ 122, 123, Pl. XXI 

fabulina DalL _____________________________________________ 122, 123, Pl. XXI 

pellucida Lamarck ________________ -------------------------------------- 121 

scaptera Gardner, n. SP-------------------------------------- 122-123, Pl. XXI 

undosa Dall ___________________ . __________________________________ 122, Pl. XXI 

(Scacchia) actinophora (Dall) __ ------------------ 121, 122, 123-124, 129, Pl. XXI 

F 

Fischer, P. II., cited _____________ ------- ___________ ------- ____ ------_________ 108 

Fragum Bolten ________ . _________ -------------------------------------------- 140 

Fragum s. s _. __________________ --------------------------------------------- 140 fragum Linnaeus. ________________________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 140 
II 'INDEX 

G Page 

Granocardium (see Trachycardium) ----------------------------------------- 133 

Granocardium sabulosum Gabb--------------------------------------------- 133 

Guppy, R. J. L., cited---------------------------------------------------- 134,137 

H 

Here Gabb (see Linga de Gregorio)------------------------------------------ 107 

densata Conrad __ ------------------------------------------------------- 108 

trisulcata (Conrad) _______________ ---------------------------------------- 109 

:::!:n~e~t!~~::~c-1~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ nephritica Dall _______________________________________________ 127-128, Pl. XXI 

Holmes, F. S., with Tuomey, Michael, cited __ ------------------------------ 108 

J 

Jagonia R~cluz (see Codakia) ----------------------------------------------- lOS 

K Kelliellidae ________________________________________________________________ 128-129 

L 

Laevicardium Swainson_ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ ___ __ _ _ 142 

Lea, II. C., cited·----------------------------------------------------------- 129 Leptonacea___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 121 

Leptonidae ____ -------- ____________________________________________________ 121-125 

Linga De Gregorio (see Phacoides)------------------------------------------ 107 

Lucina (Bruguiere) Lamarck (see Phacoides) __ ---------------------------- 104-105 

alveata Conrad__________________________________________________________ 109 

anguliiera Von Martens ______________________________ ------------------ 116 

childreni Gray ____ ------------------------------------------------------ 111 

col urn bella Lamarck____________________________________________________ 107 

corpulenta Dall ________________________________________________ 105, Pl. XVIII 

divaricata (Linnaeus) _ -------------------------------------------------- 116 

jamaicensis Lamarck ______ ---------------------------------------------- 106 

janus DalL ____________________________________________________ 105, Pl. XVIII 

na~~sula Conrad__________________________________________________________ 110 

ornata Reeve _______________ --------- ___________________________________ _ 116 

pecten Lamarck_________________________________________________________ 103 

pennsylvanica Linnapus ___ ----------------------- _ ------------ _ --------- 108 

pisa Reeve ___ --------------------------_________________________________ 11.~ 

santarosana Dan----------------------------------------------- 105, Pl. XVIII 

subvexa Conrad ___ ------------------------------------------------------ 105 

tenuisculpta Carpenter __ ---------------------------------------------- 113-114 

Lucinacea, Leptonacea, and Cardiacea, distribution of, by localiti'es _______ 101-102 

stratigraphic distribution oL _______ ------------------------------------- 101 Lucinidae _________________________________________________________________ 103-117 

Lucinisca Dall ____ ---------------------------------------------------------- 110 

M 

Maury, C. J., cited ____ ------------------------------------------------ 104, 115,116 

Miltha H. and A. Adams (see Phacoides) ----------------------------------- 111 

Modiola arcuata Defrance_-------------------------------------------------- 127 Montacuta Turton__________________________________________________________ 129 

actinophora Dall -------------------------------- 121,122,123-124,129, Pl. XXI 

~:~~o~i:~~;~~~t-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~-1-~9~-~~-- X~~ substriata Montagu ____________ ----------------------------------------- 129 

Myrtaea Turton ____ ------------------------------------------------------ 105-106 

waltonensis Gardner, n. SP------------------------------------- 106, Pl. XVIII 

Mysia (ue Diplodonta). 

americana Conrad __________________ -------______________________________ 120 

carolinensis Conrad ______ ------------------------_______________________ 118 

p 

Papyridea Swainson ________________________________________________________ _ 

Parvilucina Dall (see Phacoides) __ ------------------------------------------

142 

113 

eucosmia DalL ----- ____ --------------------------------- 115 

~~~:O~~~~~l~~~~~u!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::::~io6-~~; al'tinoides Maury_______________________________________________________ 104 

=~~~=t~~~;;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ calhounensis Dall __________________________________________ 107,110, Pl. XVIII 

EE~1~~:~J!~~:~:::~~~~::::::~~=~~=~~: =~=~~~::::~:~:::~,~~~~; ~~:;~ eupheus Gardner, n. SP----------------------------------- 107, 115-116, Pl. XX 

flumenvadosa Gardner, n. sp __ ----------------------- 107, 113, 114, 115, Pl. XX 

glenni DalL ------------------------------------------- 106, 107-108, Pl. XVIII 

0 

Page 

Phacoides heilprini Gardner, n. sp __________________________ 107, 112, Pl. XIX 

heracleus Dall ___________________ ---------------------------------------- 111 

hillsboroensis Heilprin___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ ___ 112 

nereidideditus Maury __ --- ____ ----------------------------- __ --------- 107, 118 

paranodonta Gardner, n. SP---------------------------------- 107,113, Pl. XX 

parawhitfieldi Gardner, n. SP-------------------------- 106, 109-:-110, Pl. XVIII 

piluliformis Dan ______________________________________ 107, 113, 114-115, Pl. XX 

plesiolophus Dall ________________________________________ 107, 11D-111, Pl. XIX 

prunoides MaurY-------------------------------------------------- 107,113,115 

prunus Dall_ ----- ____________________________________ ----- ___ --------- __ 115 

recurrens Dan___________________________________________________________ 109 

sphaeriolus Dan ______________________________________ 107,113,114,115, Pl. XX 

sphaeriolus angaleus Gardner, n. subsp. __________________ 107,113-114, Pl. XX 

tenuisculptus Carpenter------------ ______ ----------------------------- 113, 114 

trisulcatus (Conrad) ___________________________________ 106,108-109, Pl. XVIII 

vaughani Gardner, n. SP------------------------------ 107,113,114,115, Pl. XX 

waccamawensis DalL _____ -------------------------------------------- 104, 116 

xustris Gardner, n. SP---------------------------------------- 107,112, Pl. XX 

yaquensis Gabb ______ --------- _______ ------------------------- _ _____ ___ 113 

(Here) densatus (Conrad)----------------------------------------------- 108 

glenni Dan __________________________________________ --------- _____ 107-108 

sp. indet ______ -------------- _ ____ __ _ __ ____ _ ___ ___ __ ___ __ _ ____ ___ ___ _ 108 

(Lucinisca) calhounensis Dan ______________________________ 107,110, Pl. XVIII 

plesiolophus Dan ____________________________________ 107,110-111, Pl. XIX 

(Miltha) caloosaensis Dan __________ ------------------------------------- 111 

childreni Gray ____ ---------- ___________________________ ------------- 111 

chipolanus Dall _________________________________________ 107,111, Pl. XIX 

disciformis Heilprin ___ -------- _____________________ ----------------- Ill 

heilprini Gardner, n. SP---------------------------------- 107,112, Pl. XIX heracleus DalL _________ ---------- __________________ ----------------- 111 

hillsboroensis Heilprin. __________________ ---------- _____ --------- _ 111, 112 

pandatus Conrad ________________ ------------________________________ 111 

voorhoevii Desha yes ___ --------------------------------------------- 111 

xustris Gardner, n. SP------------------------------------ 107,112, Pl. XX (Parvilucina) flumenvadosa Gardner, n. sp ____________ 10i, 113, 114,115, Pl. XX 

piluliformis DalL ____________________________ 107,113,114,114-115, Pl. XX 

prunoides Maury _____ ---------------------------------------- 107, 113, 115 

sphaeriolus Dall ______________________________________ 107,113,115, Pl. XX 

angaleus Gardner, n. subsp _______________________ 107,113-114, Pl. XX 

vaughani Gardner, n. SP-------------------------- 107,113,114,115, Pl. XX (Bellucina) eupheus Gardner, n. sp ___________________ IOi, 115-116, Pl. XX 

nereidideditus Maury_---------------------------------------- 107, 116 

(Pseudomiltha) paranodonta Gardner, n. sp __________________ IOi, 113, Pl. XX 

Phylyctiderma Dan (see Diplodonta) --------------------------------------- 120 

Protocardia Beyrich _____________ ------ ___________________________ ----------- 142 

jamaicensis Dan_________________________________________________________ 142 

Position uncertain ________________________________________________ --------- 129-130 

Psammotea dubia Deshayes_________________________________________________ 125 

Pseudomiltha Fischer (see Phacoides>------------------------------------- 112-113 

gigantea Desha yes ______________________________ ------ ___________ -------- 111 

"Pythina" rugifera Carpenter ______ ---------------------------------------- 127 

s Scacchia Philippi (see Erycina)-------------------------------------------,--- 123 tenera Jeffreys ___________________________________ ----------- ___ -------- 123, 124 

Sportella Deshayes ______________________________________________ ------------ 125 

leura Gardner, n. SP---------------------------------------- 125,126, Pl. XXII lioconcha DalL ____________________________________________ 125,126, Pl. XXII 

lubrica Dall _________________________________________________ 125,127, Pl. XXI 

obolus Dall ------------------------------------------------- 125,127, Pl. XXI unicarinata DalL ___________________________________________ 125,126, Pl. XXI 

whitfieldi DalL ______________ --------- _______ --------------------- ____ 126, 129 

Sportellidae. __ ---------------------- _____ ---- ___ -------------------------- 125-128 

Stoliczka, Ferdinand, cited __________________ ------------------------------- 127 

Swainson, William, cited __ -------------------------------------------------- 142 

T 

Tellina elliptica Scacchia_ ------------------------------------------------- __ 123 

Trachycardium March (see Cardium>--------------------------------------- 133 

Trigonocardia Dall (.~ce Cardium>---------------------------=--------------- 140 

Tuomey, Michael, and Holmes, F. S., cited_________________________________ 108 

w Wagner, William, cited ____ -------------------------------------------------- 118 

v 

Venus edentula Linnaeus. ____ ---------------------------------------------- 104 

lupina BrocchL ____ --------------------------------------------------- 117, 118 

spinifera Montagu ______ ------------------------------------------------ 105