UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE 

ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

PART IV. VENERACEA 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142-D

Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no further use 

for it, write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask for a frank to return it

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Hubert Work, Secretary

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

George Otis Smith, Director

Professional Paper 142 D

THE MOLLUSGAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP

OF FLORIDA

BY

JULIA GARDNER

PART IV. VENERACEA

Published September 20,1926

(Pages 151-184)

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1926

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, I). C.
CONTENTS

Page 

Introduction_______________. _______.______________________________________________________ 151

Systematic descriptions._________________________________________________________________________ 152

Superfamily Veneracea______________________________________________________________ 152

Family Veneridae_____________________________________________________________________________ 152

Family Petricolidae___________________________________________________________ 177

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES XXIV-XXVIII. Veneracea of the Alum Bluff group.___ __________________________________ 179-184 

n
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAUNA

The following list shows the localities cited by 

number in the text and tables:

75. 6 miles west of Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla. 

322b. Nigger Sink, 8 miles north of Newmansville, Alachua 

County, Fla.

323. Near Hawthorn, Alachua County, Fla. 

356. Sullivan's field, Levy County, Fla.

359. Chimney Rock Quarry, ha]f a mile north of Gainesville, 

Alachua County Fla.

360. Preston's marl bed, 3J^ miles north of Waldo, Alachua 

County, Fla.

361. Hogtown Creek, at old mill 2 miles northwest of Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla.

365. Johnsons Sink, 4 miles northwest of Hawthorn, Levy 

County, Fla.

369. Hammock west of Magnesia Springs, near Hawthorn, 

Alachua County, Fla.

373. Phosphate rock of the Devil's Mill Hopper, 5 miles 

northwest of Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla.

395. 50-foot well in Tallahassee, Leon County, Fla.

2116. Lapenotiere's Hammock, on Sixmile Creek, 1J^ miles 

south of Orient Station, Hillsborough County, Fla.

2211. Lower bed, Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla.

2212. Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla.

2213. 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun 

County, Fla.

2214. Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla.

2238. Flournoy's mill race, 2 miles east of Argyle, Walton 

County, Fla.

2302. 2 miles west of Tallahassee, Leon County, Fla.

2322. Sopchoppy Creek, Wakulla County, Fla.

2324. White Sulphur Springs (White Springs), Suwannee 

River, Hamilton County, Fla.

2380. Clay Springs, Orange County, Fla.

2564. McClelland farm, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla.

2566. Upper bed at Rock Bluff, Apalachicola River, Liberty 

County, Fla.

2568. Lower or "Chipola" bed at Alum Bluff, Apalachicola 

River, Liberty County, Fla.

2611. West bank of Suwannee River, SW. % NW. "& SE. H 

sec. 8, T. 4 S., R. 11 E., near Dell, Lafayette County, and 15 

miles south of Ellaville, Madison County, Fla.

2612. West bank of Suwannee River just below a sulphur 

spring 2^£ miles below 2611, Lafayette County, 17 miles south 

of Ellaville, Madison County, Fla.

2645. McClellan farm, Shoal River, 5 miles west of Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla.

2646. Oak Grove, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla.

2652. Horse Creek, 1J^ miles south of Oak Grove, Okaloosa 

County, Fla.

2653. "Otaheite beds," on east Blackwater Creek, 15 miles 

west of Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, Fla.

2675. 1 mile south of railroad bridge at Milligan, Okaloosa 

County, Fla.

2823. West bank of Suwannee River just below sulphur 

spring 2J^ miles below 2612, 19J^ miles south of Ellaville, 

Madison County, Fla.

2868. Fuller's earth bed, Quincy, Gadsden County, Fla.

3173. "Fuller's earth" mines of Chesebrough Co., Quincy, 

Gadsden County, Fla.

3385. Gastropod Gulch, 4 miles southeast of Bainbridge, 

Decatur County, Ga.

3386. Roseland Plantation, 3J^ miles southeast of Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga.

3396. Sam Dickens's field, 7 miles southeast of Bainbridge, 

Decatur County, Ga.

3415. "Rock Bluff," east bank of Apalachicola River, 12 

miles below railroad, Liberty County, Fla.

3417. Alum Bluff, 35 miles below railroad bridge over 

Apalachicola River, Liberty County, Fla.

3419. McClelland farm 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun 

County, Fla.

3424. J. C. Henderson's well, western limits of Tallahassee, 

Leon County, Fla.

3704. Quincy, Gadsden County, Fla.

3731. Near Mossyhead, sec. 6, T. 3 N., R. 21 W., Walton 

County, Fla.

3732. Dave Adams Mill Creek, sec. 2, T. 3 N., R. 21 W., 

Walton County, Fla.

3733. Three-fourths mile west of Shell Bluff, Shoal River* 

\Valton County, Fla.

3742. Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton County, Fla.

3747. 8 miles south of Lake De Funiak, Walton County, Fla3748. Summerville mill race, 1 mile east of Argyle, Walton.t 

County, Fla

3749. Alien Senterfeit's mill, 3 or 4 miles north of Campton, 

Walton County, Fla.

3856. 6 miles west-northwest of Mossyhead, Walton County, 

Fla.

4966. 1,000 feet above Georgia, Florida & Alabama Railroad 

bridge over Ochlockonee River, Wakulla County, Fla.

4976. White Springs, Hamilton County, Fla.

4977. W. C. Rose's farm, West Sopchoppy, Wakulla County, 

Fla.

4978. Rose's Mill Creek, 3 miles west of Sopchoppy, Wakulla 

County, Fla.

4986. Miller's quarry, 1 mile from Ellenton, Manatee County, 

Fla.

4991. Ochlockonee River, 1 mile north of Holland, Leon 

County, Fla.

5079. One-half mile below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County ,Fla.

5080. First ravine below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla.

5184. First ravine below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla.

5192. Folk's Creek, 4 miles south of Argyle, Walton County, 

Fla.

5193. Crowder's Crossing, 1>£ miles below Shell Bluff, Shoal 

River, Walton County, Fla.

5194. \y<t miles below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla.

5195. First ravine below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton 

County, Fla.

5613. Coronet phosphate mine, 5 miles southeast of Plant 

City, Hillsborough County, Fla.

5618. 3J^ miles southwest of De Funiak Springs, Walton 

County, Fla.

5629. Coronet phosphate mine, 5 miles southwest of Plant 

City, Hillsborough County, Fla.

5630. 100 yards below Oak Grove Bridge, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla.

5631. Oak Grove Bridge, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla.

5632. Oak Grove, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla.

5633. Oak Grove, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla.

6175. Left bank of Suwannee River three-fourths mile above 

White Springs, Columbia County, Fla.

0196. Rock stratum lying immediately above fuller's earth 

at Ellenton, Manatee County, Fla.

in
IV THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

6197. Limestone underlying fuller's earth at Ellenton, 

Manatee County, Fla.

6208. Marl underlying phosphate of Pierce Phosphate Co., 

Pierce, Polk County, Fla.

6209. 23^ miles southwest of Phosphate Mining Co.'s pit No. 

4, Mulberry, Polk County, Fla.

6769. East bank of Suwannee River at wagon bridge at White 

Springs, Hamilton County, Fla.

6775. Spring on left bank of Suwannee River about 100 yards 

above Rock Island and about half a mile above White Springs, 

Columbia County, Fla.

6776. Spring on left bank of Suwannee River about 100 

yards above Rock Island and about hah' a mile above White 

Springs, Columbia County, Fla.

6778. Spring on left bank of Suwannee River about 100 

yards above Rock Island and about half a mile above White 

Springs, Columbia County, Fla.

6783. Langston's Sink, about 4 miles northwest of Lake 

City, on road to White Springs, Columbia County, Fla.

6800. Preston Sink, 3 miles north of Waldo, Alachua County, 

Fla.

6801. Lochloosa Creek, near Magnesia Spring, about 3 miles 

west of Hawthorn, Alachua County, Fla.

7054. 400 feet below bridge, Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, 

Fla.

7055. Old Senterfeit mill, 4>£ miles southwest of Laurel 

Hill, Walton County, Fla.

7148. Gastropod Gulch, 5^£ miles southeast of Bainbridge, 

Decatur County, Ga.

7151. Tenmile Creek, Calhoun County, Fla.

7183. Alum Bluff (lower bed), Liberty County, Fla.

7256. Look and Tremble Shoals, Chipola River, Calhoun 

County, Fla.

7257. Sexton's marl bed, sec. 11, T. 1 N., R. 10 W., Tenmile 

Creek, Calhoun County, Fla.

7261. Upper Alaqua Lethu (?) Bluff, near De Funiak 

Springs, Walton County, Fla.

7264. De Funiak Cardium beds, Alaqua Creek, Walton 

County, Fla.

7468. Sopchoppy, Wakulla County, Fla.

7847. Lake Butler, Bradford County, Fla.

7893. Boynton Landing, Choctawhatchee River, Washington County, Fla.

9957. Gully south of the road and east of the bridge over 

White's Creek, on road from Eucheeanna to Knox Hill, 6.7 

miles south of Argyle, 1.7 miles southeast of Eucheeanna, 

Walton County, Fla.

9958. Site of Flournoy's old mill, about 1J^ miles northeast 

of Argyle, Walton County, Fla.

9959. One-fourth mile west by north of Pleasant Ridge 

Church, 5.2 miles southwest of De Funiak Springs, Walton 

County, Fla.

9960. Folk's Creek, sec. 21 or 22, T. 3 N., R. 18 W., 6 miles 

south of Argyle and 1.7 miles from Eucheeanna, Walton County, 

Fla.

9961. Horse Creek, 1J£ miles south of Oak Grove, Okaloosa County, Fla.

9994. John M. P. McClelland's farm, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla.

10596. WaMon Bridge over Bruce Creek, 5 miles west of 

Red Bay, Walton County, Fla.

10603. Gully south of the road and east of the bridge over 

White's Creek, on road from Eucheeanna to Knox Hill, 6.7 miles 

south of Argyle, 1.7 miles southeast of Eucheeanna, Walton 

County, Fla.

10608. White's Creek, half a mile below bridge on Eucheeanna-Knox Hill road, Walton County, Fla.

10609. The Woodyard, three-fourths mile above Shell Landing, Holmes Creek, Washington County, Fla. (lower bed).

10610. The Woodyard, three-fourths mile above Shell Landing, Holmes Creek, Washington County, Fla. (upper limestone.)

10611. White's Creek near water's edge, half a mile below 

bridge over creek on road from Eucheeanna to Knox Hill, 

6.7 miles south of Argyle, 1.7 miles southeast of Eucheeanna, 

Walton County, Fla.

10612. Chester Spence's farm, 5 miles southwest of De 

Funiak Springs, at head of Sconter's Mill Creek, Walton 

County, Fla.

10658. Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 6 miles west-northwest of 

Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla.

10659. Tanner's mill (Old Senterfeit mill), 4 miles southwest of Laurel Hill, Okaloosa County, Fla.

10660. Lower bed, Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla.

10661. Godwin Bridge over Shoal River, 5 to 6 miles northwest of Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla.

10662. Lower bed, Shoal River, between Godwin Bridge and 

Shell Bluff, 5 to 6 miles west-northwest of Mossyhead, Walton 

County, Fla.

10663. Crowder's Crossing, \yz miles below Shell Bluff, 

Shoal River, Walton County, Fla.

10860. Boynton Landing, 4 miles east of Miller's Ferry, 

Washington County, Fla.

10869. Folk's Creek, 6 miles south of Argyle, Walton County, 

Fla.
THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

By JULIA GARDNER

PART IV. VENERACEA

INTRODUCTION

This paper, the fourth of the series upon the Mollusca of the Alum Bluff group, covers the Veneracea 

one of the most highly organized superfamilies of the 

Pelecypoda and one of the most prolific in the tropical 

seas. The recognized Alum Bluff species number 44. 

The general character of the faunas of the three for. 

mations is well exemplified in the venerids. The 

Chipola venerid fauna is subtropical and remarkably 

diversified. Over 60 per cent of the total number of 

species occur in this one formation. The succeeding 

Oak Grove carries only 10 species less than 25 per

cent but the individuals in the Oak Grove probably 

outnumber those in the Chipola. The Shoal River 

shows a decided increase in the number of species 

peculiar to the formation though the total number 

does not greatly exceed that of the Oak Grove. Of 

the 15 species represented (a little less than onethird the total number) 11 are restricted to the Shoal 

River.

The modernity of the Alum Bluff Veneracea is 

striking, with the exception of a few of the less conspicuous genera. The dominant features of the Alum 

Bluff venerids are those which still persist in the 

Floridian faunas to-day.

Distribution of species of Veneracea in the Alum Bluff group of Florida 

[i, rare; p, present; c, common; a, abundant; pr, prolific- 'The localities within each formation are listed in geographic order from north to south and from west to east]

Dosinia (Dosinidia) chipolana Dall ____ ... _ .. __ _ ....

(Dosinidia) liogona Dall.... ________ __ .. __ . _ .

(Dosinidia) dalli Gardner, n. sp_.__ ......................

Clementia grayi Dall _ .. ______ .....................

Grateloupia (Cytheriopsis) alumensis Dall _____ . .... . .

chipolana Dall. .-.-... __ _ _ _ _ _ _ .... ___ ...

dasa Gardner, n. sp. .. ____ -...-..---... _ ......

Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum Dall __ _ _ ... _____ ......

(Gouldia) altum Dall....... ..............................

(Paradione) waltonensis Gardner, n. sp_. __ _ __ .....

Antigona caesarina (Dall).. ________ __________ .

(Lirophora) sellardsi Gardner, n. sp .......................

(Lirophora) trimeris Gardner, n. sp. ......................

Venus langdoni Dall.... _ .. __ .. _ _ ......

Petricola (Rupellaria) sp. undetermined . _..___._____.

GeorgiaOak Grove 

sand

Near Bainbridge, 

Ga.

% 

S3

?c

1

P

00 ^

r~

?C 

?P

Florida Chipola formation

Landing Boynton 7893. 

P

?r

?r

P

r

mile westof1 

Baileys Ferry

C4

§

P

Q

P

P

P

C

f

§

c 

p

marl 7257.Sexton's bedTenmile Creek

?r

?P

P

?P

P

below Bai-mile 1

leys Ferry

n

a

P

p p

c

c

c

c

1

 .

P

c

a

c

c

o

 ^ 

W)

r

P

c

c

a

c

c

?r

P

Tenmile Creek 7151. 

?P

P

P

P

TP

....

P

B

3 

<J

 aW 

© 3

"°n

Ui

0>

§

C

P

a

c

c 

P

c

a

i

c

p

p

?p

p

c

>>o

'3 

Of

&CO

?r

miles 2ofwest 

Tallahassee

8

S3

S

n

1

o

5 § 

J3

a &

r~

?(!

?(!

r

P

Near White 

Springs

"Ot~

3

P

!

c

P

S

a

o t>- £

a

c

FloridaOak Grove 

sand

"3 

^^ 

_fe

<o £'& >

0|

M 

a 

O

i

c

p

p

a

P

r

pr

N

P

r

r

P

Pr

§ o

....

....

a

151
152 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLOKIDA

Distribution of species of Veneracea in the Alum Bluff group of Florida Continued

Dosi

Clen

Qrat 

Trar

c 

< 

c

£

Oafr

Mac 

Call

Pita

i

Anti 

Chic

£

Ano 

Ven

Para 

Petr

nia (Dosinidia) chipolana Dall ________________

Dosinidia) liogona Dall ___ _______ .... __

Dosinidia) dalli Gardner, n. sp _________ .

icntia grayi Dall __ .... _ ... __ . ____________

eloupia (Cytheriopsis) alumensis Dall ___________

isenella utica Dall... _____________________

hipolana Dall... __ ... _ .. _ _ ...

lasa Gardner, n. sp. _ _ .... ___ .. _ ...

lasamakra Gardner, n. subsp... ________ . ___

.antarosaua Dall.. ....... _ _________________

arium (Gouldia) erosum Dall. ______ _________

Gouldia) erosum bolteni Gardner, n. subsp ________

Gouldia) altum Dall-. ................ _ ....... __ .

Gouldia) phacotum Gardner, n. sp _____________

rocallista acuminata Dall ___________________

Paradione) maculata ( Linnaeus).. .. _____ ______

Paradione) waltonensis Gardner, n. sp_. ___ ______

ocardia (Agriopoma) sincera Dall. _ ____________

Florida Oak Grove sand

Oak Grove, Yellow River

!

r

e

"5

P

r

a

N.

P

e

a

?r

a

i

i*sg

sA 03 

.MO

0°

0

W

eo°

£CO

P

r

P

e

Old Mill, 7055. Senterfeit 4% miles 

Laurel Hill southwest of

P

a

| "a

sa 

0

"o 

a 

£ 

o

a

£

a «*< b0 

CO

gr-»

CO

?p

C

Florida Shoal River formation

miles 6northwest ofwest 

Mossyhead

CO*o

00 

CO

?f

c

a

1

r

3732. Dave AdamsMill Creek

P

r

Shell River Bluff, Shoal 

aCO

pr 

P

P

SCO

r 

P

P

First Shell ravine below Bluff

1

P

?P

2 3

P

P

P

P

&rH 

10

P

r

% Shell 5079. milebelow Bluff

e 

?r

0

?c

\y-t Shell milesbelow Bluff

COo>

"5

e

P

35

"5

P

H Shell 3733. mileBluff west of

P

r

?r

a .2

t«

CQ 

a>

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<! 

*o

CD 'a 

1CO

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VP

?p ?p

?c

Q

fl> 

*3

 So

$

a

00

gCO

?r

7261. Upper Alaqua, Lethu (?) Bluff

r

?r

7264. DeFuniak Cardium beds," " 

Alaqua

r

r

r

'r

P

r

S 

>, 

u>

<! 

o 

a

I

£

a

rh

i

"5

r 

?r

?r

"?r~

3H miles ofD5618. southwest 

Funiak Sprngs

r

r

?P 

?r

P

c

e

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Super-family VENERACEA 

Family VENERIDAE Leach

Dall 1 describes this family as follows: 

Valves equal, free, closed, with prosogyrous beaks, variably 

sculptured, with the margins more or less dentate, except in 

the smooth species; adductor scars peripheral, pedal distant; 

pallial sinus more or less sinuated; area very distinct; resilium 

usually external, embraced by the ligament; hinge plate developed; formula of the cardinals usually T> nimni' w^n a

single obsolete lateral in one valve, the cardinals frequently 

bifid, usually radially disposed and subequal in size, except 

the posterior left one, which is often obsolete or obscure; supplementary cardinals or rugosities are present in specialized 

forms.

Jurassic to recent fauna.

1 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 552, 1895.

Subfamily DOSINIINAE Dall

Dall 2 describes this group as follows:

This group is composed chiefly of orbicular shells with concentric sculpture, which have a large arcuate foot and long, 

closely united siphons. The hinge, except in dementia, which 

is somewhat degenerate and has the hinge much reduced in 

relative size, has three left and four right cardinals. There 

are usually no posterior laterals, and the anterior laterals, when 

present, are usually practically obsolete.

The group recedes in time to the Eocene and has never been 

very abundant in species. * * *

The earlier representatives of the subfamily have a corrugated area on the adjacent surfaces of the nymphs and 

posterior lateral teeth, and it is interesting to note that in the 

nepionic young of Dosinidia, sometimes even up to a size of 

10 millimeters, this corrugation is retained, though, as the 

shell grows, it becomes obscure and finally disappears.

' Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1224, 1903.
VENERACEA 153

Genus DOSINIA Scopoli

1777. Dosinia Scopoli, Introductio ad historiam naturalem 

sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium, 

p. 398.

Type: Chama dosin Adanson = Dosinia africana 

Gray. (Recent, off the coast of Senegal.) 

Dall 3 describes this genus as follows:

Animal with a large arcuate foot and closely united siphons. 

Complete dental formula (the posterior right cardinal, being 

extremely thin, is often broken off, eroded, or obsolete) 

L. oioioio.oio ,, ,. . , .,,, ,. , , , . , R i ioioi i i ' thick middle cardinals are often bifid or

excavated. Valves suborbicular, generally compressed, with 

a long and strong ligament seated in a groove and enfolding a 

heavy resilium; lunule small, impressed; escutcheon narrow, 

nearly linear or absent; hinge plate broad and thick; valve 

margins smooth; pallial sinus rather long and usually acute, 

anterior lateral teeth nearly obsolete and usually simple; 

sculpture usually of elegantly concentric grooves and interspaces, sometimes raised into lamellae at the borders of the 

lunule and escutcheon, crossed rarely with weak radial threads; 

coloration of the recent species rarely disposed in patterns 

and usually pale, many species being white. The periostracum 

is usually thin and polished.

These rather large and rotund shells are very much 

in evidence in the Tertiary and Recent faunas. The 

Recent species number about 100 and have an almost 

universal distribution in the temperate and warmer 

inshore waters.

The genus is relatively scarce in the faunas of the 

Alum Bluff group, a single species only having been 

recognized at each horizon. The three species are 

closely related and all referable to the section 

Dosinidia, but the differences which separate them, 

though slight, are constant.

Concentric lamellae sharply elevated toward the posterior 

margin:

Basal margin obscurely truncate.

Dosinia (Dosinidia) chipolana Dall. 

Basal margin evenly rounded.

Dosinia (Dosinidia) liogona Dall.

Concentric lamellae closely appressed toward the posterior margin_______-___-__-_Dosirua (Dosinidia) dalli Gardner, n. sp.

Section DOSINIDIA Dall 

1902. Dosinidia Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 26, p. 347.

Type: Venus concentrica Born. Recent off the east 

coast from Hatteras to Aspinwall.

Dall 4 describes this group as follows:

Valves suborbicular, more or less compressed, white, with a 

sculpture of concentric grooving, the interspaces never lamellose; furnished with an obvious periostracum; lunule small, 

impressed; escutcheon absent; pallial sinus ample, ascending, 

angular in front; middle cardinals broad, sulcate or bifid, 

anterior lateral small, feeble, smooth.

This group is confined to the tropical and warmer temperate 

waters of America, where it replaces all the other sections of 

the genus. The nepionic young have the posterior cardinals 

corrugated and there are obscure traces of a posterior lateral, 

but these characteristics are soon lost and leave no traces in 

the adult.

> Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1227, 1903. 

< Idem, p. 1229.

Dosinia (Dosinidia) chipolana Dall 

Plate XXIV, Figure 1

1903. Dosinia (Dosinidia) chipolana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1229, pi. 54, fig. 4.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell rather small and thin, suborbicular, moderately convex, with full, pointed beaks, with fine, sharp concentric 

grooves having the distal side more abrupt, the interspaces 

flattish and hardly raised toward the ends of the shell; lunule 

lanceolate, impressed; beaks sculptured like the rest of the 

shell; anterior dorsal margin convexly arched; hinge plate 

rather short and wide; teeth normal; the adductor scars large; 

the pallial sinus ample, ascending, acute in front, terminating 

two-thirds the distance forward from the posterior to the 

anterior adductor. Height 36.5, length 39.0, diameter 17.0 

millimeters.

The nepionic young of this species have very much the form 

of the adult and are usually sculptured in much the same way.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114576.

Type locality: No. 2211, Alum Bluff (lower bed), 

Liberty County, Fla.

A few juveniles with the concentric sculpture uniformly developed over the entire valve occur in the 

marl at Tenmile Creek. They probably represent a 

distinct and undescribed species. The Chipola species 

is relatively broader than D. liogona from the Oak 

Grove or D. dalli from the Shoal River. The character of the sculpture and dentition is similar to that of 

the former. Dosinia chipolana Dall is common at 

Alum Bluff and fairly well represented at other localities in the marl. The individuals from Sopchoppy 

are casts but apparently identical with those from 

Chipola River.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893r, 

2212?, ?7257r, 2213?, 3419r, S715P, 2211 C ,7183C,?7468C .

Dosinia (Dosinidia) liogona Dall

Plate XXIV, Figure 2

1903. Dosinia (Dosinidia) liogona Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1230, pi. 54, fig. 11 (in part).

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell much resembling the last, from which it differs by the 

less convex posterior dorsal margin; smooth or feebly sculptured beaks, sculpture rising into sharp, fine lamellae toward 

the ends of the shell, smaller adductor scars, narrower hinge 

plate, and different form of the nepionic young. Height 45, 

length 48, diameter 18 millimeters.

The young shells are proportionately more elevated and 

shorter than the adult and most of them are smooth or very 

sparsely concentrically grooved. At first sight they would 

hardly be recognized as the same as the adults. The posterior 

cardinals are elegantly crenate. In the adult the anterior 

left and posterior right cardinals are grooved on the distal 

edge.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 135891.

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla.

The sharp elevation of the concentric lamellae as 

well as the less evenly rounded umbonal area serve
154 THE MOLLUSCABT FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

to separate the Oak Grove species from D. dalli 

Gardner, n. sp. of the Shoal River.

A new species closely allied to D. liogona but too 

imperfect to describe occurs at Folks Creek, 4 miles 

south of Argyle. It differs from the Oak Grove species 

in the larger, relatively higher, and more inflated 

valves.

« Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646°, 5632 p, 

5633P, 7054P, 2652P.

Dosinia (Dosinidia) dalli Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXIV, Figures 3-5

Shell of moderate dimensions, suborbicular, compressed. Posterior and basal margins evenly rounded. 

Anterior extremity slightly produced. Umbones 

rather full, acutely pointed at the tips, incurved and 

prosogyrate; lunule narrow, cordate, delimited by an 

impressed line, smooth excepting for incrementals. 

Escutcheon not defined. Outer surface sculptured 

with clean-cut, closely appressed lamellae, regularly 

spaced over the medial portion of the valve, irregular 

at the umbones and toward the basal margin of the 

adults. Hinge plate moderately broad and heavy. 

Ligament groove deep. First anterior cardinal laminar, separated from the one behind it by a deep and 

narrow groove; second anterior cardinal flattened 

upon its anterior surface; only one posterior cardinal 

developed and that rather slender and sulcate; the 

other posterior cardinal indicated by the slight elevation of the hinge plate behind the posterior groove. 

Muscle scars large. Pallial sinus broad, angular, ascending, the apex of the angle in a line with the tips of 

the umbones and about halfway from the umbones to 

the basal margin.

Dimensions: Altitude, 31.5 millimeters; latitude.

33.0 millimeters; diameter, 12.5 millimeters.

Type and paratype: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352540, 

Type locality: No. 5193, Crowders Crossing, half a

mile below Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Walton County,

Fla.

Dosinia dalli Gardner, n. sp., is very closely related 

to D. liogona Dall, and the young of the two species 

are practically inseparable; both of them are higher 

relatively and have more prominent umbones than 

the young of D. chipolana Dall. The adult D. dalli 

are more evenly rounded at the posterior margin than 

the adult D. liogona, the sculpture is appressed rather 

than elevated, particularly toward the posterior margin, and the pallial sinus is, as a rule, more steeply 

ascending.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856r, 

3742r, 5079° (young abundant), 5193°, 5194?, 3733p, 

?3748 p, 7264r, 5192r, 5618r, 9959P ; Aldrich collection.

Genus CLEMENTIA Gray, 1847

1840. dementia Gray, Synopses of the contents of the British 

Museum, 42d ed., p. 149 (nomina nuda).

1842. dementia Gray, idem, 44th ed., p. 75. "The Tapes and 

Venerupes have oblong shells with very compressed 

teeth, and the dementia are like the latter but are 

very thin and have a cavity in the margin before and 

behind the teeth." (No type selected.)

1847. dementia Gray, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 1847, p. 184.

Type: Venus papyracea Gray in Wood's Supplement, Index testaceologicus, 1828. (Recent in the 

South Pacific.)

Only two copies of Gray's Synopses are known 

one of them in the possession of the British Museum, 

the other in the South Kensington Museum. The 

Synopsis of 1840 is merely a check list of the contents 

of the cases in the British Museum and certainly gives 

no standing to the names first used in it. In the Synopsis of 1842 no types or examples are given, and the 

short comparative discussion does not seem to be a 

sufficient foundation for the erection of a genus. If 

the second Synopsis is thrown out dementia dates 

from 1847.

Dall5 describes this genus as follows:

Shell thin, inflated, with prominent beaks, a ligament external and enfolding the resilium and extending slightly in front of 

the beaks; the anterior left and two posterior right hinge teeth 

more or less bifid; there are no lateral teeth; the pallial sinus is 

long, angular, narrow, ascending; valve margins entire, and the 

valves delicately sculptured, concentrically striate or undulate, 

sometimes with oblique decussating striae.

The Recent species are restricted to the IndoPacific and west American waters.

There is a single well-established species in the Alum 

Bluff, with possibly a closely allied form represented 

by very imperfect material.

dementia gray! Dall 

Plate XXIV, Figure 6

1900. dementia grayi Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol.

3, pt. 5, p. 1193, pi. 37, fig. 12. 

1903. dementia grayi Dall, idem, pt. 6, p. 1236.

Dall described this species in 1903 as follows:

Shell thin, convex, rude, concentrically coarsely and irregularly striated, near the beaks concentrically undulated, without 

lunule or escutcheon; internal margins smooth, adductor scars 

large, pallial line with a long, narrow, acute sinus extending forward more than two-thirds the way from the posterior to the 

anterior adductor; cardinal teeth entire, the middle cardinal 

strongest. Height 55, length 63, diameter 32 millimeters.

This fine species is not unlike the C. vatheletii Mabille, living 

in Korea. The only recent species now known to inhabit American waters is C. solida Dall, from the west coast of Mexico; the C. 

subdiaphana Carpenter, recent and fossil in California, is not a 

member of this genus, and the C.f gradllima Carpenter is 

unidentifiable and founded on a nepionic shell which has not 

assumed, adult characters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 107381. 

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla. _____

« Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1236,1903.
VENERACEA 155

The type, which, except for a couple of fragments, is 

unique in the Oak Grove sand, is much larger than any 

of the individuals from Sopchoppy (Chipola formation) or from the Shoal River formation, but there are 

no other characters by which they may be separated. 

Apparently, too, the young shells are much thinner, 

for although the interior of the type is smooth the 

fragment of an immature shell from Oak Grove and 

the other forms mentioned are all concentrically undulated in harmony with the external sculpture. The 

casts from Sopchoppy and some of the specimens from 

the Shoal River beds have the typical transversely 

ovate, posteriorly truncate outline, but there are others 

from the environs of Mossyhead which, from the imperfect specimens at hand, appear to be relatively 

higher and less elongated transversely. The specimens are, however, too poorly preserved to warrant 

description.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7468°. Oak 

Grove sand, locality 2646r. Shoal River formation, 

localities ?3856C, «5079r, 5194r, ?5192r.

Subfamily MERETBICINAE Call

Dall 6 describes this group as follows:

This great group contains a large proportion of the Veneridae 

and many of the more elegant and beautiful forms. They are 

characterized in general by a smooth or concentrically sculptured surface, often with a vernicose periostracum; smooth 

inner margins to the valves; a single anterior lateral lamella in 

the left valve, received in a pit or between two less conspicuous 

lamellae in the opposite valve; three cardinal teeth in each 

valve, of which some may be grooved or bifid; the lunule circumscribed and defined by an incised line, the escutcheon not 

defined or circumscribed except sometimes by color markings or 

the absence of surface sculpture; the ligament is external 

though sometimes depressed, the pallial sinus varying from 

almost obsolete to deep and angular; siphons of moderate 

length with papillose orifices, the tubes united for a great part 

of their length; the margin of the mantle largely free, more or less 

papillose; the foot large, hatchet-shaped, not byssiferous. The 

nymphs and adjacent teeth are sometimes corrugated, and the 

posterior right and anterior left dorsal margins of the valves 

beyond the hinge plate are often grooved to receive the beveled 

edge of the valve opposite. The shells are always porcellanous. 

Many names have been given to the different mutations of 

the type, of which some among the most familiar, as Dione, 

Callista, Caryatis, and Cytherea, are preoccupied in other cases.

The forms which are precursors occur as early as the Cretaceous, and even possibly in the Jura, but most of these early 

forms are not typical, and the genera really begin to assume 

typical form only in the Eocene.

It is known from the researches of Bernard that the anterior 

and posterior teeth of the same valve are originally continuous 

laminae; thus the superior lamina of the left valve breaks up 

into the posterior cardinal and the anterior lateral, while the 

inferior lamina divides to form the two other cardinals of that 

valve. Ordinarily, the primary connections are lost sight of 

in the adult, and the cardinal teeth appear to spring from an 

imaginary center under the hinge margin above them. In 

certain groups, such as Callocardia, Atopodonta, or Veneriglossa, 

however, the anterior and posterior right cardinals remain connected as well as the anterior and middle left cardinals, and

 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, pp. 1236-1238,1903.

S(i719fi () 50 2 (142-D)

when the valves are closed the former are inserted above the 

latter and between them and the hinge margin, while the middle 

right cardinal fits in below the united pair of the left valve, thus 

giving an odd look to the hinge, the reason for which requires 

some study to recognize. As a whole the Meretrix group 

represents an earlier type than typical Venus and one with 

somewhat more archaic hinge characters. Of these Callocardia 

is unquestionably the least developed.

Owing to the weight of other characters and the fact that no 

linear arrangement can adequately represent the intricate 

relationship of such a group as the Veneridae, I have not placed 

Callocardia at the head of the subfamily, but rather at the head 

of the portion of the series following Meretrix, to which it seems, 

by other characters, to be allied. It may be well, however, to 

contrast the hinge characters that their features may be clearly 

understood.

The subfamily as a whole is distinguished from the Veneridae 

by the invariable presence of one or more anterior lateral teeth. 

This tooth, when there is but one, is on the hinge plate of the 

left valve and is received into a pit, or between two much more 

feeble anterior laterals in the right valve. In such groups as 

Cytherea Bolten the anterior lateral is degenerate, and in senile 

specimens nearly obsolete, but traces of it may always be detected in youthful or normal adult specimens.

Genus GRATELOUPIA Desmoulins

1828. Grateloupia Desmoulins, Soc. linne'enne de Bordeaux 

Bull., vol. 2, p. 243.

Type: Donax irregularis Basterot. (Miocene of 

Bordeaux.)

Dall 7 defines this genus as follows:

Valves elongate oval, concentrically striate; three cardinals 

in each valve, the posterior right cardinal fused with the 

nymphal rugosities; the pallial sinus long and acute, reaching 

to the vertical of the anterior lateral lamina.

The Tertiary Grateloupia is apparently the precursor of Tivela, a not inconspicuous group in the 

Recent tropical and subtropical seas.

The genus has only a single representative in the 

Alum Bluff and that restricted to the type locality at 

Alum Bluff.

Subgenus CYTHERIOPSIS Conrad

1865. Cytheriopsis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conchology, vol. 1, 

p. 146.

Type: Cytherea Jiydana Conrad = Grateloupia moulinsi Lea. (Eocene (Claiborne group) of Alabama.)

The subgenus is characterized by the trigonal outline, the fusing of the left posterior cardinal with the 

nymphal rugosities, and the short, rounded pallial 

sinus.

Grateloupia (Cytheriopsis) alumensis Dall

Plate XXV, Figure 1

1903. Grateloupia (Cytheriopsis) alumensis Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1239, pi. 52, fig. 14.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell smooth or faintly concentrically striated, subequilateral, 

trigonal, moderately thick, base somewhat produced in the 

middle; beaks pointed, low, subcentral; lunule impressed, 

bounded by a very delicate incised line, lanceolate; a raised

' Dall, W. H., Synopsis of the family Veneridae and of the North American 

Recent species: U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 26, p. 348,1902.
156 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

thread borders the dorsal margin at the side of the ligament; 

valves moderately convex, the posterior slightly more attenuated than the anterior end, base prominently arcuate; hinge 

hardly differing from that of G. hydana, but the pallial sinus 

wider and more rounded in front. Length of adult valve, 

about 38 millimeters, of the younger but better preserved valve 

figured 15, height 12.5, diameter 8.0 millimeters; diameter of 

adult 20.0, height 32.0 millimeters.

This species is easily distinguished from G. hydana by its 

more equilateral, trigonal form, smoother surface, and more 

ample sinus.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114609.

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed at Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla.

The species is restricted in its known distribution to 

the type locality.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 22HP.

Genus TRANSENNELLA Ball

1883. Transennella Ball, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 6, p. 340. 

1903. Transennella Ball, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, 

pt. 6, p. 1240.

Type: Transennella conradina Ball. (Recent from 

Hatteras to Key West.)

Dall describes this genus in 1883 as follows:

The most remarkable feature of this shell is the internal 

grooving of the margins. The ventral margin is deeply scored 

parallel to the long axis of the shell, the grooves turning upward at the ends, while on each side of the beaks the margin is 

closely and deeply groov'ed in a direction nearly parallel to the 

anterior and posterior slopes. I have seen nothing like it in 

any other bivalve. The grooves are not, as might be supposed, 

parallel with the lines of growth, but invariably, except at the 

center of the base, form a more or less acute angle with them. 

The only analog to such sculpture known to me occurs on the 

outside of such Lucinidae as the Lamarckian L. divaricata, 

Woodia, and some Nuculidae and Yoldias. But on the inside 

of any shell such sculpture has not, so far as I am aware, been 

reported, apart from structures appertaining to the hinge. 

Several gentlemen to whom the form in question has been submitted are unanimous in considering it as worthy of more than 

specific rank, and while I am yet in doubt as to the systematic 

value of the structure described, I would suggest for it, in case 

it be deemed worthy of separation, the name of Transennella.

In 1903 Dall adds:

Shell small, trigonal, with lively coloration; smooth and 

polished or concentrically striate; hinge with three cardinals 

in each valve, the middle left cardinal bifid; an elongated anterior lateral in the left valve, received in a sulcus in the right 

valve; lunule defined by an incised line, escutcheon not defined; nymphs without rugosities; pallial sinus angular, free 

below, obliquely ascending; internal margins of the valves 

sharply tangentially grooved with numerous sulci. * * *

This group makes its first appearance in the Oligocene, since 

which it has been a characteristic American type. The welldeveloped typical species, so far as yet known, are all members 

of the Atlantic fauna.

Transennella is rather an inconspicuous genus in the 

faunas of the Alum Bluff group. It has not been 

observed in any of the collections from the Shoal 

River formation, and in the Oak Grove sand it is 

known by only a single and not at all common species. 

Of the four Chipola species and subspecies only one is

common Transennella utica Dall and this is restricted in its known distribution to the environs of 

the type locality at Alum Bluff.

Shell transversely ovate in outline, produced and sharply nasute 

posteriorly; sculpture obsolete on the medial portion of the 

disk...---------------------------Transennella utica Ball.

Shell ovate-trigonal or trigonal in outline, little or not at all 

produced posteriorly; sculpture not obsolete on the medial 

portion of the disk:

Outline ovate-trigonal; concentric sulci fine and sharp over 

the entire disk_______'_____ Transennella chipolana Ball.

Concentric sulci relatively coarse:

Altitude closely approximating the latitude.

Transennella dasa Gardner, n. sp., s. 1. 

Outline conspicuously Chione-form.

Transennella dasa Gardner, n. sp., s. s. 

Outline rounded, trigonal.

Transennella dasa makra Gardner, n. subsp.

Altitude perceptibly lower than the latitude; outline

rounded trigonal- _ _ _ Transennella santarosana Ball.

Transennella utica Dall 

Plate XXV, Figure 2

1903. Transennella utica Ball, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1240, pi. 57, fig. 12.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell small, only moderately convex, subtrigonal, inequilateral, polished, with shallow, concentric sulci, less marked in the 

center of the disk, diminishing in number and increasing in 

strength toward the anterior end of the shell; beaks small, erect, 

acute at the anterior third; lunule narrow, lanceolate, as long 

as the anterior dorsal slope, slightly impressed, smooth, defined 

by an impressed line; escutcheon not defined; hinge compact, 

the anterior left cardinal bifid; the sulcations of the margin well 

marked but not as dense as in the larger species; the sinus deep, 

narrow, rounded in front. Length 6.0, height 4.5, diameter 2.5 

millimeters, but usually smaller.

This is the earliest and smallest species, notable for its acute 

beaks. These shells vary, some being shorter and higher, others 

more beaked and elongate. All the species vary in much the 

same way, but, in spite of the difference in outline, there is a 

recognizable facies to each. Only one or two species occur in 

any single horizon.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114590.

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed (Chipola formation) at Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla.

Environmental conditions at Alum Bluff seem to 

have been peculiarly favorable to this small bivalve. 

At the single locality it is quite abundant and exhibits 

a wide degree of variation. Elsewhere in the Chipola 

formation it is extremely rare.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213 r, 

3419 r, 221 l a, 7183 P.

Transennella chipolana Dall 

Plate XXV, Figure 3

1903. Transennella chipolana Ball, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1241, pi. 57, fig. 6.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell small, short, ovate-trigonal; beaks low, anteriorly 

directed, near the anterior third; anterior dorsal slope short, 

straight, with a narrow, cordate, slightly impressed lunule;
VENERACEA 157

posterior slope convexly arcuate, posterior end rounded, base 

evenly arcuate; surface covered uniformly with fine, close, 

sharp, concentric grooves; hinge and margins normal; pallial 

sinus ample, deep, rounded in front. Length 4.8, height 4.0, 

diameter 2.0 millimeters.

Only a single valve of this species was obtained, but it is 

well distinguished by its fine, even sculpture, CMoneMa-like 

outline, and ample sinus.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 109230.

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys Ferry, 

Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla.

This small form is best characterized by the fineness 

and regularity of the concentric sculpture.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7257r, 

2213 r, 3419 p.

Transennella dasa Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 4-5

Shell small, thick, solid, moderately inflated, trigonal in outline, conspicuously Chione-form. Umbones well rounded, prominent, subcentral in position, the acute tips incurved and prosogyrate. Lunule 

large, elongate cordate, outlined by a shallow sulcus. 

Escutcheon not defined. Anterior margin little or 

not at all bowed in front of the lunule. Posterior 

margin steeply declining, produced and nasute ventrally. Base line straight or feebly arcuate. External suface sulcate from the umbones to the base, 

the sulci finer and closer on the posterior area, more 

distant anteriorly than medially. Hinge heavy, 

normal; anterior and medial right cardinals laminar; 

posterior cardinal feebly sulcate; socket for the reception of the left anterior lateral very deep; anterior 

and posterior left cardinals simple and laminar, the 

middle cardinal feebly bifid; anterior left lateral 

short but very prominent. Adductor scars relatively 

large, subovate, the anterior set higher than the 

posterior. Pallial line distinct, remote from the 

margin; pallial sinus rather short, broad, quite steeply 

ascending. Marginal grooves few in number, running at an angle to the posterior lateral margins, 

subparallel to the basal and anterior margins.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 4.3 millimeters; 

latitude, 4.8 millimeters; semidiameter, 2.0 millimeters. Left valve: Altitude, 4.8 millimeters; latitude, 5.2 millimeters; semidiameter, 1.75 millimeters.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352551.

Type locality: No. 7893, Boynton Landing, Choctawhatchee River, Washington County, Fla.

Transennella dasa is remarkable for its small, heavy 

shell and trigonal outline. The subspecies T. dasa 

makra is larger and less angular, and individuals of 

the same size as T. dasa do not bear the same evidences 

of maturity in the impressed muscle scars and the 

tendency toward a thickening of the shell along the 

area of the attached mantle.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7893 p.

Transennella dasa makra Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate XXV, Figure 6

Shell small, moderately inflated, rounded trigonal in 

outline, the altitude closely approximating the latitude. Umbones full and smoothly rounded, subcentral, the tips acute and prosogyrate. Lunule 

rather large, elongate, cordate, defined by a shallow 

sulcus and the obsolescence of the concentric sculpture. Escutcheon not defined. Anterior extremity 

bowed in front of the lunule. Posterior margin feebly 

arcuate, rounding rather sharply into the base. Ventral margin approximately horizontal posteriorly and 

medially, strongly upcurved anteriorly. External 

surface concentrically sulcated, the sulci finer and 

closer posteriorly. Hinge normal; the anterior and 

medial right cardinals laminar; the posterior right 

cardinal feebly sulcate; the anterior and posterior left 

cardinals laminar; the medial left cardinal feebly 

sulcate. Adductor scars relatively large, distinct. 

Pallial line remote from the margin; pallial sinus 

broad, rather steeply ascending, very obtuse at the 

extremity. Marginal sulci very few in number, subparallel to the margin posteriorly and ventrally, 

oblique to the margin anteriorly.

Dimensions: Altitude, 5.3 millimeters; latitude, 6.0 

millimeters; semidiameter, 1.5 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352552.

Type locality: No. 7893, Boynton Landing, Choctawhatchee River, Washington County, Fla.

Transennella dasa makra Gardner, n. subsp., may 

quite possibly prove to be specifically distinct. In 

spite of its larger size it is not so heavy as dasa and 

much less angular. Some of the individuals very 

closely approach T. santarosana Dall, but they are 

higher relatively and the umbones are more strongly 

and smoothly rounded.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7893 p.

Transennella santarosana Dall 

Plate XXV, Figure 7

1903. Transennella santarosana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1241, pi. 57, fig. 13.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell small, plump, subtrigonal, polished, and sculptured 

with numerous slightly irregular concentric sulci; beak small, 

subcentral, slightly anteriorly directed; lunule cordate, narrow, bounded by an impressed line, striated; hinge with the 

middle cardinals and the anterior lateral large and conspicuous; pallial sinus wide, short, rounded, not reaching the middle 

of the valve. Length 6.5, "height 5.5, diameter 3.8 millimeters.

This is easily distinguished from T. chipolana by its less 

sharp and crowded sculpture and its more convex valves.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 135890.

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla.

Transennella santarosana approaches T. dasa makra 

Gardner, n. subsp., but it is not so high relatively,
158 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

and the umbones are not so full. A single valve 

from Boynton Landing is doubtfully referred to this 

species. The sculpture is much more feeble posteriorly than is normal for the group, and there is a fine 

secondary striation discernible which may or may not 

be fortuitous.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality ?7893r. Oak 

Grove sand, localities 2646P, 5632r.

Genus GAFRARIUM Bolten 

1798. Gafrarium Bolten, Museum Boltenianum, part 2, p. 176.

Type: Venus pectinata Linnaeus. (Recent in the 

Indo-Pacific.)

Shell rather small but heavy, transversely oval or 

subtrigonal, equivalve, subequilateral. Umbones low, 

not conspicuous. External sculpture concentric, 

radial, or reticulate. Lunule and escutcheon fairly 

well differentiated. Ligament external, seated on a 

nymph. Hinge of each valve furnished with three 

simple or feebly sulcated cardinals; anterior lateral of 

left valve received between lamellae of right. Adductor impressions rounded or somewhat elongate. 

Pallial line simple or sinuated; inner margins smooth 

or denticulate.

The genus has been reported from the Mesozoic, 

but the determinations are dubious. It undoubtedly 

occurs, however, in both the American and European 

Tertiaiy. The living species are, in the main, oriental.

The distribution of the genus in the Alum Bluff 

group is unequal. In the Chipola formation there is 

only a single species and subspecies, but they are 

common. In the Oak Grove sand there is a closely 

allied less common form and another species too imperfect to describe but allied to the rare G. phacotum 

of the Shoal River formation, the single representative of Gafrarium at the horizon. The Chipola 

species, G. erosum Dall, is doubtless the forerunner of 

G. metastriatum Conrad, which is so common in the 

later Tertiary of the Carolinas and Florida.

Radial sculpture very fine, commonly obsolete:

Latitude of shell perceptibly greater than the altitude. 

Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum Dall, s. 1. 

Concentric sculpture persistent on the umbonal area 

and the medial portion of the disk.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum Dall, s. s. 

Concentric sculpture obsolete on the umbonal area and 

the medial portion of the disk.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum bolteni Gardner, n. subsp.

Latitude of shell approximately equal to the altitude.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) altum Dall.

Radial sculpture fine but distinct on the lateral areas; concentric sculpture reduced to incrementals.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) phacotum Gardner, n. sp.

Subgenus GOUIDIA C. B. Adams

1847. Gouldia C. B. Adams, Catalogue of genera and species of 

Recent shells in collection of C. B. Adams, p. 29.

Type: Gouldia cerina C. B. Adams. (Recent from 

Hatteras to the Barbados.)

Gouldia is characterized by the reticulate sculpture, 

the greater prominence of the radial striations toward 

the anterior and posterior margins of the valves, the 

simple cardinals, the slightly sinuous pallia! line, and 

the nondenticulate inner margins.

All the recognized Alum Bluff species of Gafrarium 

are referable to the subgenus Gouldia.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum Dall 

Plate XXV, Figure 8

1903. Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1248, pi. 57, fig. 10.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell rounded trigonal, rather thin, subcompressed, the surface finely, evenly, closely, concentrically sulcate, with a few 

almost microscopically minute radial striulae sometimes visible 

under a lens in the sulci near the ends of the shell; most of 

the specimens appear to be without radial sculpture; beaks 

small, pointed, slightly anteriorly directed over a lanceolate 

lunule bounded by an incised line; hinge normal; pallial sinus 

barely indicated; inner margins smooth, the right posterior 

dorsal margin grooved to receive the beveled edge of the margin 

of the opposite valve. Length 7.3, height 6.2, diameter 4.0 

millimeters.

This species is especially characterized by its fine, even, 

concentric sculpture and nearly total absence of radial striae.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114721.

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla.

The larger, less compressed forms, in which the 

concentric sculpture does not persist across the disk 

until the adult stages, have been segregated under the 

subspecies bolteni.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213 p, 

2564 P, 2211°, 7183°.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum bolteni Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate XXV, Figure 9

Shell rather small, moderately compressed, rudely 

trigonal in outline. Posterior dorsal margin more 

produced and more steeply declining than the anterior; 

anterior lateral margin broadly rounding into the 

upcurved base; posterior lateral margin obtusely 

truncate. Umbones small, sharply rounded, and 

feebly prosogyrate at their tips, slightly anterior in 

position. Lunule elongate, lanceolate, delimited by 

an incised line and the abrupt disappearance of the 

discal sculpture. Escutcheon obscurely defined by 

an obtuse ridge and by the partial disappearance of 

the sculpture. External surface finely grooved concentrically toward the lateral and ventral margins, 

smooth in the umbonal region and on the medial portion of the disk; microscopically fine radial striae 

usually developed upon the lateral areas. Dentition 

normal for the group. Laminar anterior and posterior 

cardinals and a cuneate medial cardinal in each valve, 

a well-developed anterior lateral in the left and a 

double socket to receive it in the right; posterior
VENEEACEA 159

dorsal margins grooved and ridged to function as 

laterals. Anterior muscle scar rather small, subcircular; 

posterior muscle scar larger, somewhat oblong. Pallial 

line distinct. Sinus very shallow. Inner margins 

smooth.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 4.5 millimeters; 

latitude, 4.8 millimeters; semidiameter, 0.9 millimeter. Left valve: Altitude, 5.0 millimeters; latitude, 5.3 millimeters; semidiameter, 1.0 millimeter.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352554.

Type locality: No. 3419, McClelland farm, 1 mile 

below Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla.

The subspecies runs smaller and is less compressed 

than G. erosum s. s. The concentric sculpture is not 

developed until the adolescent stages and persists 

across the disk only in the adult. Consequently the 

umbonal region is smooth-and there is a bare patch 

upon the medial portion of the shell.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities ?7257P, 

2213p, 3419°, 7151p.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) altum Dall 

Plate XXV, Figure 10

1903. Gafrarium (Gouldia) altum Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1249, pi. 57, fig. 5.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell small, high, rounded trigonal, the beaks small but 

prominent and rather pustular than pointed; surface with 

faint, irregular, concentric striae and wrinkles; toward the base 

and ends the sculpture is more regular, and, near the ends, cut 

by faint radial striae; lunule lanceolate, impressed; pallial line 

with a broad, shallow wave posteriorly; right posterior dorsal 

margin deeply grooved, the other portions of the margin smooth. 

Length 4.5, height 4.5, diameter 3.0 millimeters.

This species is characterized chiefly by its small size, irregular 

and feeble sculpture, and wide sinuation of the pallial line.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 135892

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla.

The individuals from Boynton Landing are all immature, but in relative dimensions they approach 

much more closely to G. altum than to the common 

Chipola species G. erosum Dall.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality ?7893r. 

Oak Grove sand, localities 2646% 5632r.

Gafrarium (Gouldia) phacotum Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figure 11

Shell small, subequilateral, lentiform, quite highly 

polished within. Umbones well rounded, not very 

prominent, their tips acute and prosogyrate. Lunule 

narrow, elongate-cordate, defined by an incised line. 

Escutcheon not differentiated. Anterior dorsal margin declining a little more steeply than the posterior; 

lateral margins arcuate, rounding smoothly into the 

arcuate base. External surface sculptured anteriorly 

with feeble radials, nine in the type, least feeble 

toward the margin and altogether obsolete toward

the umbones; concentric sculpture developed only in 

the form of incrementals; a well-defined concentric 

color banding also preserved. Cardinals three in 

each vaive, radiating fanlike from beneath the umbones; the anterior and posterior cardinals laminar, 

the medial cuneiform; anterior lateral of left valve 

small, received between the clasping laminae of the 

right. Adductor scars relatively large, the anterior 

more elongated and set a little higher than the posterior. Pallial line remote from the base; pallial sinus 

indicated merely by a dent in the pallial scar. Inner 

margins with a couple of Transennetta-like grooves, 

which are, however, parallel to the margin throughout 

their extent.

Dimensions: Altitude, 3.2 millimeters; latitude, 3.0 

millimeters; diameter, 1.2 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352553.

Type locality: No. 7264, De Funiak ".Cardium 

beds," Alaqua, Walton County, Fla.

These small shells are apparently not fully mature, 

but they are the only representatives of the species in 

rather extensive collections. They are furthermore 

so strongly and uniquely characterized by the subcircular compressed valves and the radial wrinkling 

toward the anterior margin that they can scarcely be 

disregarded in a monographic study. A single valve 

of a new but closely allied species was collected in the 

Chipola formation. It differs from G. phacotum in 

the strong concentric sculpture on the ventral portion 

of the shell.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 7261% 

7264% 5618r.

Genus MACROCALLISTA Meek

1876. Macrocallista Meek, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 

Kept., vol. 9, p. 179.

Type: Venus gigantea Gmelin= Venus nimbosaSolander. (Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Carolinas 

and Florida; Recent on the east coast from Hatteras 

to the Florida Keys and west to Texas.)

Dall 8 describes this genus as follows:

Shell ovate, solid, porcellanous, microscopically radially 

lineated, polished, smooth or concentrically waved, usually 

with a vivid coloration and vernicose periostracum; lunule 

definitely limited, unequally divided, the right portion slightly 

larger, internal margins smooth; pallial sinus ample, pointed in 

front; left anterior and right posterior dorsal margins grooved 

to receive the edge of the other valve; the anterior laterals and 

three cardinal teeth present in each valve, the right posterior 

cardinal more or less distinctly grooved or bifid.

The genus includes a considerable number of large 

and very attractive Tertiary and Quaternary species, 

inhabitants chiefly of the warmer seas.

Macrocallista has three representatives in the Alum 

Bluff group, and one of them, M. maculata (Linnaeus), 

is present apparently at all three horizons and still persists along the east coast from Hatteras to the West

« Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1252, 1903.
160 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

Indies. If. maculata has not been recognized, however, in the typical Shoal River but only in the collection from De Funiak Springs, an assemblage remarkable for its many peculiar features. The characteristic Shoal River species, M. waltonensis, is allied to 

M. maculata and is probably an offshoot from it. 

The remaining species, M. acuminata Dall, is more 

closely allied to a Ballast Point species and is its 

possible descendant.

Altitude approximately two-thirds the latitude; dorsal areas 

outlined by a well-defined keeL _ Macrocallista acuminata Dall. 

Altitude more than two-thirds the latitude; dorsal areas not 

sharply denned:

Posterior dorsal margin feebly arcuate; pallia! sinus angulated at its extremity.

Macrocallista (Paradione) maculata Linnaeus. 

Posterior dorsal margin oblique; pallial sinus broadly 

rounded at its extremity.

Macrocallista (Paradione) waltonensis Gardner, n. sp.

Macrocallista acuminata Dall 

Plate XXIV, Figure 7

1903. Macrocallista acuminata Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans.,

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1255, pi. 57, fig. 3. 

1915. Macrocallista (Paradione) acuminata Dall, IT. S. Nat.

Mus. Bull. 90, pi. 24, fig. 2 (other figures excluded).

In 1903 Dall described this species as follows:

Shell smooth, polished, with faint indications of incremental 

lines, very inequilateral; the beaks at the anterior fourth or 

nearly so; the lunule narrowly cordate, impressed, not sharply 

circumscribed; anterior end rounded, base evenly arcuate; 

shell sometimes a little rostrate near the posterior end; posterior 

dorsal slope slightly arcuate; posterior end elongated, rather 

sharp; hinge normal; pallial sinus nearly horizontal, pointed 

behind, in the young reaching forward more than half the length 

of the shell. Length 27.5, height 16.5, diameter 9 millimeters. 

Fully adult specimens, according to fragments obtained, reach 

a length of 80 millimeters.

This species is not unlike M. reposta Conrad of the Miocene 

but is more inequilateral and more acute behind. It probably 

does not attain the size of the Miocene form, which is often 120 

millimeters in length and appears to have a shorter pallial sinus 

and a more elongate and distant anterior lateral tooth.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114631. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed (Chipola formation) at Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla.

Macrocallista, acuminata is much compressed, as compared with other species of the genus and is strongly 

produced posteriorly. The individuals from the " silex 

beds" of Ballast Point which have been listed under 

this species are smaller, more inflated, and not so 

sharply rostrate behind. The species is restricted in 

its known distribution to the beds at Alum Bluff.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2211°, 

7183P, ?7468C.

Section PARADIONE Dall 

1909. Paradione Dall, Malacological Soc. London Proc., vol. 8,

p. 197. 

1886. Chionella Cossmann, Catalogue illustre des coquilles fossiles de 1'fiocene des environs de Paris, vol. 1, p. 105. 

Not Chionella Swainson, Treatise on malacology, p. 335 

(footnote), 1840.

Type: Cytherea ovalina Lamarck. (Calcaire grossier of the Paris Basin.)

Dall 9 describes this section as follows:

Shell ovate-trigonal, the posterior cardinals short, the pallial 

sinus reaching to the middle of the shell, or nearly. * * *

In the recent species, like Venus chione, the sinus is nearly 

horizontal, its apex pointing below the anterior adductor scar; 

in the Eocene species it is more elevated, and in C. ovalina, 

which Fischer selected as type (Cossmann having mentioned no 

type), it points to the upper margin of the anterior scar. But 

this distinction seems insufficient to base any further subdivision upon. In a general way this section differs from 

Macrocallista proper in being shorter and more trigonal, the 

other characters mentioned being functions of the difference in 

form.

Macrocallista (Paradione) maculata (Linnaeus)

1758. Venus maculata Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 10th ed., p.

686.

1767. Venus maculata Linnaeus, idem, 12th ed., vol. 1, p. 1132. 

1818. Cytherea maculata Lamarck, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, vol. 5, p. 566. 

1838. Chione maculata Gray, Analyst, vol. 8, p. 306. 

1857. Cytherea? (Meretrix) dariena? Conrad, U. S. Pacific R. R.

Expl., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 72, pi. 5, fig. 21. 

Not Meretrix dariena Conrad, Appendix to the preliminary geological report of W. P. Blake, 33d Cong.,

1st sess., Ex. Doc. 129, p. 18, 1855. 

Not Meretrix dariena Conrad, U. S. Pacific R. R. Expl.,

vol. 5, appendix, p. 328, pi. 6, fig. 55, 1855. 

1881. Callista maculata Gabb, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Jour., 2d ser., vol. 8, p. 344. 

1903. Macrocallista (Chionella) maculata Dall, Wagner Free

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1256.

Linnaeus described this species in 1758 as follows: 

V. testa cordata laevi; maculis exoletis sparsis. * * * 

Habitat in O. Americano.

Dall in 1903 says:

This is one of the most elegant species of the group, and after 

careful study I have been unable to find any constant characters which would serve to separate the Oligocene [Miocene] 

from the recent shell. The Chipola specimens average smaller 

than the recent ones, and the Costa Rica fossils are shorter in proportion than the average of those now living, but both features 

may be accidental and are paralleled by recent individuals 

examined. During the cold Miocene epoch this species migrated to more congenial seas but returned with the milder 

Pliocene and has since remained on our coasts. Conrad named 

two species Meretrix dariena, one of which is identified with 

this by Gabb, and I think correctly, the other being a dementia 

already discussed in this memoir. (See p. 1235.)

In M. maculata the pallial sinus is ample and rises more 

from the horizontal than in the species previously mentioned, 

but not as high as in the Parisian forms. It is variable in 

acuteness, some specimens having the anterior part pointed, 

others linguiform, and still others rather blunt, as if obliquely 

truncated.

Shell rather large, transversely ovate-trigonal in 

outline, moderately compressed. Umbones broadly 

rounded, not very conspicuous, the tips acute and prosogyrate, falling within the anterior third. Lunule 

elongate-cordate, wider in the right valve than in the 

left, defined by an impressed line which commonly

» Dall, W. H., op. Cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1252.
VENEEACEA 161

becomes indistinct away from the umbones. Escutcheon not denned. Shell flattened posteriorly but 

without sharply delimited dorsal areas. Anterior 

lateral margin bowed in front of the lunule, rounding 

smoothly into the strongly upcurved base; posterior 

margin arching broadly from the umbones to the 

posterior basal angle; base line straight behind, feebly 

arcuate medially. Ligament and dentition normal 

for the group. Interior of shell in many specimens 

slightly thickened over the area of the attached mantle. Adductor and pallial scars distinct. Pallial sinus 

broad, angular, the dorsal and ventral margins rudely 

parallel, the extremity obliquely truncate or joining 

the ventral margin at an acute angle.

Most of the Shoal River forms are immature or imperfect, but they are apparently identical with the 

Chipola forms, though a little higher relatively. Certainly the outlines of the posterior dorsal margins and 

of the pallial sinus are similar.

The Recent species is a larger and heavier race than 

the Chipola, whereas the Oak Grove specimens are 

intermediate, though running closer to the Chipola. 

All the peculiar features, however the hunched posterior outline and the broad and angular sinus persist from the Chipola on to the Recent, and if a separation be made on the size and weight of the shell 

the Pliocene and Recent forms are involved, and it is 

doubtful if after the erection of a considerable number 

of new species the relationships of this compact group 

would be better expressed.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893P , 

2212°, 7257?, 2213°, 2564°, 3419°, 7151 P. Oak Grove 

sand, localities 2646a, 5632?, 5630r, 5633r, 7054C , 

2652r, 7055p . Shoal River formation, localities 7264 r, 

?5618P.

Macrocallista (Paradione) waltonensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, Figures 8-9

Shell rather large, heavy, moderately compressed. 

Umbones flattened, the tips acute and prosogyrate, 

placed within the anterior third. Lunule well differentiated, elongate cordate in outline, defined by a shallow 

impressed line and the abrupt disappearance of any 

incremental sculpture which may be developed on the 

disk. Escutcheon not delimited. Dorsal areas smooth, 

flattened, defined by an obtuse ridge. Anterior dorsal 

margin oblique along the lunular area, bowing out in 

front of it; posterior dorsal margin feebly arcuate, 

quite evenly declining, rounding smoothly into the 

base, which is strongly upcurved anteriorly. External 

surface smooth except for an obscure growth sculpture. 

Ligament external, lodged in a deep groove which extends almost half the length of the dorsal margin. 

Medial cardinals of right valve flattened and proximate for the reception of the laminar anterior tooth of 

the left valve; posterior cardinal of right valve thin 

but quite deeply striate; medial cardinal of left valve

rather heavy, cuneate; posterior left cardinal laminar, 

produced a little less than half the length of the ligament; anterior lateral of left valve short but prominent, clasped between the laminae of the right. Anterior portion of shell thickened along a line dropped 

from the umbones, the thickness evanescing toward 

the pallial line. Anterior muscle impression prominent, semielliptical in outline; posterior muscle scar 

less conspicuous because of the thinner posterior portion of the shell, slightly larger than the anterior. 

Pallial line distant from the margin; pallial sinus 

moderately deep, linguiform, the dorsal line of the 

sinus approximately horizontal. Basal margin smooth 

within.

Dimensions: Altitude, 51.0 millimeters; latitude, 

71.0 millimeters; semidiameter, 17.8 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352541.

Type locality: No. 5080, first ravine below Shell 

Bluff, Shoal River, Walton County, Fla.

Macrocallista waltonensis runs larger than the Chipola and Oak Grove analogs. The posterior dorsal 

margin declines more smoothly and more rapidly, 

and the extremity of the sinus is evenly rounded instead of angulated, as in M. maculata Linnaeus.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856r, 

3742P, 5184P, 5079C , 3733r, ?5618r.

Genus GALLOGARDIA A. Adams

1864. Callocardia A. Adams, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d 

scr., vol. 13, p. 307.

Type: Callocardia guttata A. Adams. (Recent in 

the China Sea.)

Shell ovate to sub triangular; umbones anterior, involute; lunule circumscribed by a faintly incised line; 

escutcheon not delimited; ligament external, lodged in 

a deep groove; nymphs prominent; exterior sculpture 

concentric; three more or less discrepant cardinals in 

each valve, commonly bifid or cuspid; two lateral 

lamellae in right valve which receive between them 

the anterior lateral tooth of the left valve; pallial sinus 

varying widely within the limits of the genus, angular 

and sharply defined to almost obsolete; inner margins 

of valves entire.

The group is first recognized in the Eocene; since 

that time, it has formed a fairly conspicuous and 

widely distributed factor in the molluscan faunas of 

the warmer seas.

Three out of the four Callocardias represented in the 

Alum Bluff group are members of one of the most 

noteworthy groups of the later Tertiary and Recent 

that of Callocardia sayana Conrad and Callocardia 

morrhuana Linsley. It is interesting that so prominent a group should have been so early established 

and already diversified. The Chipola species, C. sinccra Dall, is well characterized, but the later analogs 

C. prosayana dodona Gardner, n. subsp., from the Oak 

Grove, and C. prosayana Gardner, n. sp., from the
162 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

Shoal River run very close to certain end members 

of C. sayana Conrad, though in the totality of their 

characters they seem quite distinct. The fourth 

species, C. albofonte Gardner, n. sp., is apparently restricted to the environs of White Borings and is remarkable for its mactroid outline.

Shell moderately or rather strongly inflated, not Mulinia-form 

in outline:

Shell relatively short; posterior extremity truncated almost 

at right angles to the base line.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) sincera Dall. 

Shell relatively broad:

Pitting of the external surface little or not at all 

marked in the adult forms.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) prosayana Gardner, n. sp. 

Pitting of the external surface very marked in the 

adult forms.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) prosayana dodona 

Gardner, n. subsp. 

Shell compressed, Mulinia-form in outline.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) albofonte Gardner, n. sp.

Subgenus AGRIOPOMA Ball

1902. Agriopoma Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 24, p. 509.

Type: Cytherea texasiana Dall. (Recent in the Gulf 

of Mexico.)

This subgenus as separated by Dall is characterized 

by the heavy chalky shell, the less involute umbones, 

and especially by the deep and angular pallial sinus.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) sincera Dall 

Plate XXV, Figure 12

1903. Callocardia (Agriopoma) sincera Dall, Wagner Free Inst.

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1260, pi. 55, fig. 12. 

1915. Callocardia (Agriopoma) sincera Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Bull. 90, p. 146, pi. 25, fig. 7 (in part).

Dall described this species in 1903 as follows:

Shell small, short, ovate, very slightly rostrate behind, with 

low, pointed, anteriorly directed beaks and a large lanceolate 

lunule defined by an incised line; surface finely, closely, concentrically wrinkled, with two obscure ridges radiating from 

the beak behind, of which the anterior one forms a slight angle 

where it intersects the base; hinge solid, normal; posterior right 

cardinal bifid; posterior dorsal margin deeply grooved to receive 

the beveled edge of the opposite valve; pallial sinus short, 

angular, ascending. Length 20.75, height 17.5, diameter 10.0 

millimeters.

This species, though much smaller and with the sculpture 

more clean-cut, has the general features of C. sayana, which 

succeeds it in the Miocene and of which it may be regarded as 

the precursor. The slightly pointed and rostrate posterior end 

is peculiar to it.

, Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114747.

Type locality: No. 2212, Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west 

of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla.

The form that occurs at Ballast Point is smaller and 

shorter than that of Chtpola River, the altitude 

and latitude being approximately equal. The dimensions, together with the vertical truncation of 

the posterior portion of the shell of the Ballast Point 

form, give to it a squarish aspect which is quite distinct 

from the cordate outline of the Chipola River form.

C. sincera is shorter, however, and more nearly quadrate in outline than either C. prosayana Gardner, 

n. sp., or the subspecies C. prosayana dodona, the 

analogs at the later horizons.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212°, 

2213°, 7151 P.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) prosayana Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 13-14

Shell rather large and thick but very fragile, transversely ovate-trigonal in outline, strongly inflated. 

Umbones very full, involute, the tips acute and prosogyrate. Lunule large, cordate, circumscribed by a 

shallow .impressed line. Escutcheon not defined. 

Anterior extremity of shell rostrate; posterior dorsal 

margin gently declining, feebly arcuate; posterior 

lateral margin obtusely truncate; base line quite 

strongly arcuate. Earlier stages of shell smooth or 

faintly striated concentrically; adult finely and closely 

wrinkled concentrically away from the umbones, the 

sculpture carried across the lunule, though with diminished prominence. Ligament lodged in a deep 

and angular groove; hinge normal but very delicate, 

the teeth exceedingly thin and fragile; right anterior 

and medial cardinals laminar, the inner surfaces flattened and opposing; posterior cardinal mesially sulcate; anterior and medial cardinals of left valve uniting 

to form an acute V, anteriorly inclined; posterior cardinal laminar, very delicate; anterior lateral short, 

comparatively slender, dentiform. Adductor scars 

distinct; anterior adductor small, crescentic, set rather 

close to the outer margin; posterior adductor scar 

larger but not so distinct. Pallial line distant from 

the base; pallial sinus rather short but very broad, 

steeply ascending, the apical angle not far from 60°. 

Inner margins smooth.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 29.0 millimeters; latitude, 35.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 12.0 

millimeters. Left valve: Altitude, 30.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 38.5 millimeters; diameter of double valves, 

23.1 millimeters.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352547.

Type locality: No. 3856, 6 miles west-northwest of 

Mossyhead, Walton County, Fla.

Callocardia prosayana Gardner, n. sp., follows much 

the same range of variation in size and relative dimensions as the later Miocene species, but the shell is more 

inflated, the umbones more strongly involute, the 

anterior extremity more produced, and the hinge more 

delicate. Callocardia prosayana s. s. runs larger and 

heavier than the subspecies C. prosayana dodona, and 

the pitting of the external surface which characterizes 

the Oak Grove form is less strongly and less uniformly 

developed. Apparently this peculiarity of sculpture 

begins earlier in the Shoal River race but does not 

persist through the adult stages.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856°, 

3742°, 5184?, 3733 r, ? 3748P, ? 5192r, 5618?.
VENEEACEA 163

Callocardia (Agriopoma) prosayana dodona Gardner, n. subsp.

Plate XXV, Figures 15-16

1903. Callocardia (Agriopoma) sayana Conrad. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1261. (Synonymy, figure, and description excluded.)

Shell of moderate dimensions, rather thin, transversely ovate-trigonal in outline, strongly inflated in 

the umbonal region. Umbones full, the tips acute 

and somewhat involute, placed a little in front of 

the median line. Lunule rather large, cordate, defined 

by the abrupt cessation of the concentric lamellae 

which ornament the disk. Escutcheon suggested by 

the flattening of the shell and the disappearance of 

the sculpture. Anterior portion of shell quite strongly 

bowed in front of the lunule, rounding smoothly into 

the almost horizontal base; posterior dorsal margin 

feebly arcuate; lateral margin obtusely truncate. 

External surface sculptured with very fine concentric 

lamellae which are often minutely crinkled or pitted. 

Ligament deeply inset, extending about half the length 

of the posterior dorsal margin. Right anterior and 

medial cardinals laminar, their inner surfaces flattened 

and opposed; posterior cardinal produced, longitudinally sulcate; left anterior and medial cardinals 

uniting in an acute V, the arm formed by the medial 

cardinal the heavier; posterior cardinal laminar, 

produced; anterior lateral short, compresssed, subacute; adductor scars rather small, the anterior the 

smaller of the two, placed at the extremity of the 

anterior lateral, its outer margin slightly elevated; 

posterior adductor placed lower down and very close 

to the outer margin. Pallial line distinct; pallial 

sinus steeply ascending, produced almost but not 

quite to the median vertical, bluntly rounded at its 

extremity. Inner margins simple.

Dimensions: Altitude, 18.0 millimeters; latitude, 

21.0 millimeters; semidiameter, 6.5 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 349444.

Type locality: No. 5630, 100 yards below Oak 

Grove, Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Fla.

Callocardia prosayana dodona- Gardner, n. subsp. t 

is the Oak Grove analog of C. sincera Dall of the Chipola and C. prosayana Gardner, n. sp., of the Shoal 

River. It is relatively broader and more inflated 

than C. sincera, and differs from C. prosayana s. s. in 

the surface ornamentation. It is smaller and less 

trigonal in outline than C. sayana, less acutely rostrate 

both anteriorly and posteriorly, and usually has a more 

produced pallial sinus. The pitting upon the external 

surface of the adult is very marked, much more so 

than in any of the other adult Alum Bluff species.

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646p, 

5630r.

Callocardia (Agriopoma) albofonte Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, Figures 17-18

Shell rather small, heavy, ovate-trigonal in outline, 

moderately compressed. Umbones obtuse, flattened,

8fi7196 O SO - :? (142-D)

moderately conspicuous by reason of their position 

at the apex of an angle of a little more than 90°. 

Lunule rather wide, elongate cordate, defined by an 

incised line. Escutcheon not deliminted. Anterior 

extremity of shell broadly rounded in front of the 

lunule. Posterior dorsal margin declining rather 

steeply, rounding quite sharply into the feebly arcuate 

base. Dorsal areas indicated by an obscure flattening 

of the shell posteriorly. External sculpture restricted 

to concentric lamellae, incremental in character. 

Ligament deeply inset. Hinge normal; in the right 

valve, laminar anterior and medial cardinals, a rather 

slender, cuneate, posterior cardinal and a deep socket 

for the reception of the left anterior lateral; in the 

left valve, the anterior and medial cardinals forming 

an acute V, a laminar posterior cardinal and a subacute, short, compressed anterior lateral. Muscle 

scars small but prominent, particularly the anterior. 

Pallial line distinct; pallial sinus broad, steeply 

ascending, produced almost or quite to the median 

vertical, broadly rounded at its extremity. Inner 

margins smooth.

Dimensions: Altitude, 13.5 millimeters; latitude, 

17.0 millimeters; diameter, 3.5 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352555.

Type locality: No. 6776, half a mile above White 

Springs, Suwannee River, Columbia County, Fla.

The species is preserved chiefly in the form of 

casts that are compressed, and transversely elongated, 

with obtuse, slightly anterior umbones. There is 

usually a shallow medial depression which extends 

from the umbones nearly to the base, and the anterior 

muscle scar is prominently elevated.

Callocardia albofonte is abundant in the environs of 

White Springs on Suwannee River, but it has not 

been recognized elsewhere. It is decidedly the 

smallest and most compressed of the Alum Bluff 

Callocardias and is remarkable for its similarity in 

external appearance to a small Mulinia congesta.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7468r, 

6175P, 6769°, 4976% 6776a.

Genus PITARIA Romer

1857. Pitaria Romer, Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des 

Molluskengeschlechts Venus bei Linne1 und Gmelin, 

Inaug.-Diss., Marburg, p. 15.

Type: Venus tumens Gmelin. (Recent off the 

west coast of tropical Africa.)

Romer describes this genus as follows:

T. trigono-cordata, transversim striata; sinu palliari profundo, 

obtuso-triangulari; dente laterali papilliformi; margine interno 

laevi. C [allista] tumens Gmel. (le Pitar Adans.).

Dall 10 says:

Shell trigonal, plump, concentrically striate or rippled, with 

an inconspicuous periostracum and delicate coloration; lunule 

circumscribed, but the escutcheon not defined; inner margins

10 Dall, W. H., Synopsis of the family Veneridae and of the North American 

Recent species: U. S. Nat. Mus. Proe., vol. 26, p. 353, 1902.
164 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

smooth, pallial sinus ample, elongate, somewhat ascending, 

pointed in front; middle cardinal stout, the others slender; 

the posterior cardinals feebly grooved, the others entire; the 

cardinals of the right valve discontinuous where they touch the 

dorsal margin and not separated from the latter by a groove; 

anterior lateral adjacent, distinct; nymphs and teeth smooth; 

dorsal margins grooved as in Meretrix. Widely distributed in 

the Tropics.

Romer's original name, Pitar, is a vernacular African word, 

not really entitled to be used without Latinization, for which in 

1862, he substituted Caryatis, which is preoccupied in Lepidoptera since 1816. It is probable that a Latinized form as 

above should be adopted for the group.

Pitaria is represented in the Chipola formation by 

two species belonging to very distinct subgenera one 

species the prolific Pitaria floridana Dall and the other 

the very rare Pitaria Jiarrisi Maury, both of them 

restricted in their known distribution to the Chipola. 

The genus has not been recognized in the Oak Grove 

sand, but in the Shoal Eiver formation Pitaria floridana 

is closely paralleled by Pitaria waltonensis Gardner, n. sp.

Shell ovate-trigonal in outline; a fine zigzag sculpture developed 

in the adults_________Pi<ana (Hyphantosoma) floridana Dall.

Zigzag sculpture introduced in the early stages of development, inclined to become obsolete on the summits of 

the concentric ridges.

Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) floridana Dall. 

Zigzag sculpture generally confined to the ventral twothirds of the adult, equally prominent upon the concentric ridges and the interspaces.

Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) u-altonensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Shell Astarte-form in outline and sculpture.

Pitaria (Hysteroconcha [Lamelliconcha]) harrisi Maury.

Subgenus PITARIA s. s.

Type: Venus tumens Gmelin. (Eecent off the west 

coast of tropical Africa.)

Dall 11 describes this group as follows:

Shell subtrigonal or ovate, convex, solid, smooth or concentrically sulcate or waved; pallial sinus ample, deep, reaching the 

middle of the shell, moderately ascending; hinge with a welldeveloped anterior lateral, the posterior cardinals often grooved; 

lunule not deeply impressed, bounded by an incised line, escutcheon not limited or well defined; internal margins entire, 

smooth.

This group includes the majority of the so-called Cythereas, 

which have a subtrigonal solid shell, unpolished, with an 

inconspicuous periostracum and concentric sculpture of lines, 

wrinkles, small waves or sulci, not raised into lamellae or distally elevated. They are nearly all tropical and largely Oriental

shells.

Section HYPHANTOSOMA Dall

1902. Hyphantosoma Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 26, p. 354.

Type: Cytherea carbasea Guppy. (Miocene of the 

Bowden beds, Jamaica.)

The members of this group are characterized by the 

zigzag surface sculpture.

Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) floridana Dall

Plate XXV, Figure 19

1903. Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) floridana Dall. Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1267, pi. 54, fig. 10.

11 Dall, \V. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1265, 1903.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell subtrigonal, solid, nearly equilateral, sculptured with 

fine, close, concentric wrinkles, over and upon which is imposed 

the faint, close, zigzag sculpture of divaricate lines with numerous angles; anterior dorsal slope nearly straight, posterior 

gently arched, with one or two faint radial ridges indicated as 

extending from the umbo to the posterior margin; lunule long, 

rather narrow; hinge delicate, anterior lateral prominent, compressed; posterior right cardinal bifid near the dorsal end; 

grooves of the dorsal margin deep; anterior end rounded; 

posterior end obscurely truncate, base produced a little in the 

middle. Length 29.2, height 25.0, diameter 17.0 millimeters.

Young shells were abundant in the marl, full-grown ones 

comparatively scarce.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114753.

Type locality: No. 2212, Tenmile Creek, 1 mile 

west of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla.

The extraordinarily high rate of infant mortality in 

this species is a source of much difficulty to the 

paleontologist, for the characteristic zigzag rippling 

is not acquired until the earliest stages are past. The 

juveniles are higher relatively than the adults and, 

when very young, are Dosinia-like in outline. By 

reason of the variations in relative dimensions, the 

smooth or concentrically striated surface, and the 

similar hinge characters the young of Pitaria floridana 

Dall are commonly separable with difficulty from the 

young of Callocardia. The characteristic sculpture is 

begun even later in P. waltonensis, and the impressed 

zigzag lines unlike those of P. floridana, which commonly become obsolete in crossing the concentric 

ridges, are equally impressed upon the ridges and the 

interspaces. There is, however, no other described 

species with which the adults may be confused. 

Pitaria carbasea Guppy is a larger, more inflated shell, 

with a more distinctly defined and uniformly developed 

radial sculpture. In the Pliocene species, the characteristic Hyphantosoma sculpture becomes almost or 

entirely obsolete, and in the Recent forms it persists 

in the fresh shells only in the color pattern, though 

the subcutaneous divaricate sculpture is revealed 

on erosion.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212p, 

?7257p, 2213°, 2564a, 3419a, ?715P, 221 l c; ?7183P.

Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) waltonensis Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXV, Figures 20-21

Shell of moderate dimensions for the genus and 

moderately heavy, transversely ovate-trigonal in outline, strongly inflated. Umbones prominent, subcentral or slightly anterior, the tips acute and prosogyrate; umbonal angle not far from 135°. Anterior 

dorsal slope less gentle than the posterior; anterior 

extremity rounding broadly into the upcurved base; 

posterior extremity broad, obtusely truncate; base line 

broadly arcuate. Lunule cordate, rather wide, circumscribed by an incised line. Escutcheon not differentiated. Umbonal region smooth excepting for a fine 

incremental striation; ventral two-thirds of the adult 

sculptured with fine, close-set, concentric ridges,
VENEKACEA 165

which are most prominent toward the basal and lateral 

margins and are continued, though with slightly 

diminished prominence, across the lunule; the characteristic zigzag sculpture developed along with the 

concentric but most prominent upon the medial and 

ventral portions of the disk, becoming obsolete laterally. Ligament sunken in a deep V-shaped groove 

produced about half the length of the posterior dorsal 

margin. Dentition normal, moderately heavy; anterior and medial laterals of right valve laminar, their 

inner faces flattened and proximate; posterior right 

cardinal bifid; anterior and medial cardinals of left 

valve united to form an acute A, the anterior arm of 

the A the thinner and the more laminar; posterior 

left cardinal produced and very delicate; left anterior 

lateral prominent, dentiform, received in the double 

socket of the right valve. Adductor and pallial scars 

distinct; anterior adductor scar smaller than the posterior, rudely semielliptical in outline, the inner margin 

straight and accentuated by the slight thickening of 

the shell behind it; posterior adductor also semielliptical, set a little lower than the anterior. Pallial 

line distant from the margin; pallial sinus short, broad, 

gently ascending, obtusely angulated at its extremity. 

Inner margins smooth.

Dimensions: Altitude, 21.5 millimeters; latitude, 

25.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 9.0 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352549.

Type locality: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, Shoal Kiver, 

Walton County, Fla.

Pitaria waltonensis Gardner, n. sp., is the close 

analog of P. floridana Dall of the Chipola formation. 

The Shoal River species is more inflated, broader and 

less produced posteriorly, with a relatively broader 

lunule. The sculpture of P. floridana Dall is begun 

at an earlier stage in the development of the shell and 

is commonly discontinuous upon the concentric ridges, 

appearing rather as a zigzag series of pits between 

the concentric lamellae. In P. waltonensis, on the 

other hand, the zigzag lines are equally impressed 

upon the concentric ridges and the interspaces. Unlike P. floridana, the Shoal River species is represented 

almost entirely by adult shells.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3742P , 

5080r, 5079r.

Subgenus HYSTEROCONCHA Fischer

1887. Hysteroconcha Fischer, Manuel de conchyliologie, p. 1079.

Type: Venus dione Linnaeus. (Recent in the 

West Indies.)

Shell subtrigonal, plump, concentrically laminate; lunule and 

escutcheon situated in an impressed area and defined by a 

deeply incised line; laminae spinose near the boundary of the 

posterior area; coloration tinted, not in patterns; inner margins 

smooth; pallial sinus linguiform, ample, free, slightly ascending; 

hinge as in Pitaria, the edges of the nymphs finely granular, 

and the stout middle cardinal sometimes obscurely channeled. 

Habitat tropical American seas. 12

w Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1265, 1903.

Section LAMELLICONCHA Dall

1902. Lamelliconcha Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 26, p. 

354.

Type: Cyikerea concinna Sowerby. (Recent on 

the west coast from Magdalena Bay to Ecuador and 

Peru.)

Dall characterized this section as follows:

Shell trigonal, subcompressed, concentrically ribbed or laminate, without spines; the edges of the nymphs smooth; otherwise like Hysteroconcha. Tropical seas, especially in America.

Pitaria (Hysteroconcha [Lamelliconcha]) harrisi Maury

1903. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) astartiformis Conrad. Dall, 

Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1269 

(in part). 

Not Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) astartiformis Conrad, 1848.

1910. Pitaria (Lamelliconcha) harrisi Maury, Bull. Am. 

Paleontology, vol. 4, No. 21, p. 37, pi. 9, fig. 7.

Miss Maury described this species as follows:

Shell nearly orbicular, slightly compressed and inequilateral, 

with regular, close, concentric ribs; beaks not prominent; 

lunule rather small, well defined, cordate; anterior end rounded; 

posterior bluntly angulated; base either rounded or in some 

specimens slightly angulated; hinge strong, the anterior laterals 

and the cardinals well developed; pallial sinus deep, ascending, 

triangular, reaching to the middle of the shell. Length of 

largest specimen 16.5; height 15; diameter of one valve 3 

millimeters. The usual size is, however, much smaller.

This species resembles in general form and sculpture P. 

imitabilis Conrad, but the shell is smaller and the ribbing closer.

Chipola marls, Bailey's Ferry, Fla. Cornell University collection.

The species has not been recognized in the later 

collections.

Pitaria astartiformis Conrad from the Vicksburg 

group is relatively higher and more trigonal in outline 

than the Chipola species.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2213r, 

2211r ; Cornell University collection.

Genus ANTIGONA Schumacher

1817. Antigona Schumacher, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des 

habitations des vers testace's, p. 154, Cytherea Bolten, 

Museum Boltenianum, p. 177, 1798. Not Cytherea 

Pabricius (Diptera), 1795.

Type: Antigona lamellaris Schumacher. (Recent 

in the Indo-Pacific.)

Dall 13 characterizes this genus as follows:

Shell large and rotund, valves convex, with strong sculpture 

in which the concentric element predominates, with wellmarked lunule and escutcheon, the latter unequally divided 

between the valves, larger in the left valve; umbones plump; 

ligament set in a groove; cardinals large, the middle left and 

the posterior two right cardinals bifid, the left anterior lateral 

papilliform, obscure, sometimes obsolete; pallial line with a 

small, short, rounded sinus; inner margins of the valves 

crenulate.

This group of large and striking shells has a meager 

representation in the Alum Bluff and has been recognized only in the Chipola formation. Antigona 

caesarina (Dall) is restricted to the type locality, but

is Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1272, 1903.
166 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

the second species is closely allied to Antigona blandiana (Guppy), of the Bowden beds of Jamaica.

Concentric lamellae crenulated, recurved toward the umbones______ ____ ______________ Antigona caesarina (Dall).

Concentric lamellae simple, not recurved toward the urnbones. _____ _______ Antigona sp. cf. A. blandiana (Guppy).

Subgenus ANTIGONA s. s.

Type: Antigona lamellaris Schumacher. (Recent 

in the Indo-Pacific.)

Dall u describes this subgenus as follows:

Shell large, reticulately sculptured; the portion of the 

escutcheon in the right valve (when not defective) forming a 

thin lamina which projects over the sunken ligament and 

almost completely hides it; pallia! sinus wide, short, and rather 

rounded in front; lateral tooth minute or obsolete.

Antigona caesarina (Dall)

Plate XXV, Figure 22

1903. Cytherea caesarina Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1275, pi. 53, fig. 5.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell ovate, inequilateral, the beaks being in or at the anterior fourth; lunule hardly impressed, concentrically striate, cordate, small; escutcheon long and narrow, wider in the right 

valve, bordered on each valve with a strong sulcus, the ligament 

hidden by the right-hand portion; sculpture of numerous narrow, 

elevated, thickened, concentric lamellae, somewhat reflected 

and with narrower concentrically striate interspaces; these 

cross fine radial riblets, which are distinct and uniform on the 

young shell but rapidly become obsolete, though the broad tops 

of the concentric sculpture are crenulate or, more strictly speaking, articulated by the development on them of channels or 

sulci corresponding to those of the obsolete riblets; hinge strong, 

the larger cardinals deeply bifid, the anterior lateral small and 

pustular; pallial sinus small, ample, short, rounded in front; 

inner basal margins minutely crenulate. Length of figured 

valve 66, height 58, double diameter 40 millimeters; length of an 

internal cast from White Beach 75, height 60, diameter 46 millimeters.

This fine species is quite distinct from any of the others; the 

radial sculpture, contrary to usage, is more distinct in the middle of the disk than on the distal portions of the shell. It much 

more nearly resembles the recent west American C. multicostata 

Sowerby than any species now living on the Atlantic side and 

adds in this way an interesting item to the list of those which 

indicate more or less clearly a tolerably close connection between 

the two faunas in Oligocene [Miocene] times.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114754.

Type locality: No. 2212, Tenmile Creek, 1 mile west 

of Baileys Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla.

The casts from White Beach are probably distinct, 

and the race is larger than that of the Chipola, the 

umbones more inflated, and the outline rudely qu> drangular rather than ovate. The posterior dorsal margin is not far from horizontal and approximately twothirds the width of the shell. The umbones are nearer 

to the anterior extremity than in A. caesarina^ and the 

base is much less obliquely rounded.

A. caesarina (Dall) is characterized not only by the 

large size and obliquely ovate outline, but also by the

" Dall, W. H., op. cit, vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1272, 1903.

numerous concentric lamellae, with their margins expanded and recurved toward the umbones and crinkled like a pie crust.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 2212P.

Section VENTRICOLA Romer

1867. Ventricola Romer, Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 14, 

p. 115.

Type: Chione rugosa (Chemnitz). (Recent in the 

tropical waters of the east coast.)

Dall 15 characterizes this group as follows:

Shell large with strong, recurved, concentric lamellae regularly spaced, between which are smaller concentric threads; 

pallial sinus small, angular; lunule deeply impressed.

Antigona (Ventricola) n. sp.?

1903. Cytherea (Ventricola) blandiana Guppy. Dall, Wagner 

Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1272 (in part). 

Not Venus blandiana, Guppy, 1874.

The Antigona (Ventricola} from the Chipola, which 

has been referred to blandiana, is known from only a 

few fragmentary individuals, but these certainly indicate a species decidedly less inflated and more nearly 

orbicular in outline than the Bowden form. The 

White Beach specimens are more closely allied to the 

Chipola than to the Bowden species, but the material 

is too imperfect to permit definite determination.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212r,

2213 r

Subfamily VENERINAE Dall

Dall 16 characterizes the subfamily as follows:

The present subfamily is characterized by the total absence 

of lateral teeth. The siphons are usually comparatively short 

and more or less separate from each other. The foot is hatchet 

shaped and, in the adult, not byssiferous except among the 

nestlers. The young undergo their development outside of the 

parent shell.

Genus CHIONE Megerle von Muhlfeld

1811. Chione Megerle von Muhlfeld, Magazin Gesell. naturf.

Freunde Berlin, vol. 5, p. 51. 

Not Chione Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera). 

Not Chione Gray, 1838=MacrocaZ^sto.

Type: Venus dysera Chemnitz = Chione cancellata 

(Linnaeus). (Recent off the east coast from Hatteras 

to Trinidad.)

Dall 17 describes this genus as follows:

This group contains solid trigonal shells which have three 

cardinals in each valve and (excepting a few aberrant species) 

have the valve margins entirely crenulate; all have a small 

triangular sinus, a lunule circumscribed by an incised line, an 

escutcheon not limited by any line and defined chiefly by a 

deficiency of coarse sculpture and a more or less pronounced 

ridge radiating from the beak toward the posterior margin. 

The ligament, though inset, is usually visible externally; some 

of the central cardinals may be grooved or bifid; rugosities 

appear on the hinge in a few instances. The sculpture is 

variable, chiefly comprising concentric ribs or lamellae and less 

prominent radials.

» Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1272,1903. 

n Idem, p. 1281. 

»Idem, p. 1287.
VENEEACEA 167

A few, mostly small forms, have the concentric sculpture less 

prominent than the radial. The lamellae are often expanded 

into elegant leaf-like processes distally. In a number of cases 

the right posterior dorsal margin is grooved to receive the 

beveled edge of the opposite valve behind the hinge plate.

The genus is a prominent and very widely distributed group in both the Tertiary and Quaternary seas.

Though not conspicuously numerous in species, 

CJiione probably includes as many individuals as any 

genus of the Alum Bluff bivalves, with the possible 

exception of Phacoides. CJiione s. s. is well represented 

in the Chipola, but it has not been recognized in the 

Oak Grove and is known in the Shoal River from only 

a single juvenile. The group Liropliora, on the other 

hand, is common in the Chipola, abundant in the Shoal 

River, and exceedingly prolific in the Oak Grove. At 

all three horizons there are closely related forms 

specifically or subspecifically distinct, one of them 

characterized by the coalescence of the concentric ribs 

to a greater or less degree, the other by a discrete 

concentric ribbing. CJiione burnsii and its subspecies discrete, are the Chipola forms that bear this 

relation, Cliione glyptocyma and its subspecies daphne, 

those of the Oak Grove, and CJiione trimeris and CJiione 

ceramota, those of the Shoal River. Only at Oak 

Grove is the discretely ribbed form the more 

abundant. All three pairs are restricted to a single 

horizon, though the closely related C. sellardsi occurs in 

both the Chipola and the Oak Grove. CJiione 

(Timoclea) sp. is present in the Chipola and the Shoal 

River, though it is not represented by determinable 

individuals.

Concentric laminae thin, sharp, regular in size and spacing: 

Radial sculpture not uniform over the entire shell.

Chione chipolana Dall. 

Radial sculpture uniform over the entire shell.

Chione sp. indet.

Concentric laminae thickened, commonly confluent, more or 

less irregular in size and spacing:

Latitude of adult shell not exceeding 35.0 millimeters:

Concentric laminae on the umbonal area sharp and 

distant; radial sculpture strongly incised in species 

characterized by the confluence of the concentric 

ribs:

Concentric ribs confluent.

Chione (Lirophord) burnsii Dall. 

Concentric ribs not confluent:

Concentric ribs continued across the dorsal

area in the form of sharply elevated laminae.

Chione (Lirophord) burnsii discreta

Gardner, n. subsp.

Concentric ribs breaking down near margin 

of the dorsal area into fine component 

laminae-_____ Chione (Lirophord) sellardsi

Gardner, n. sp.

Concentric laminae on the umbonal area obtuse and 

in many specimens closely spaced.

Shell rarely exceeding 25.0 millimeters in latitude; 

concentric ribs, few and much thickened, 

breaking down near margin of the dorsal area 

into fine component laminae.

Chione (Lirophord) sellardsi Gardner, n. sp.

Shell normally exceeding 25.0 millimeters in latitude; concentric ribs generally numerous, in 

some specimens, confluent, not greatly thickened, generally continued across the dorsal 

area in the form of sharply elevated laminae: 

Concentric ribs not confluent.

Chione (Lirophord) glyptocyma Dall. 

Concentric ribs in whole or in part confluent: 

Concentric laminae little or not at all 

elevated laterally.

Chione (Lirophord) glyptocyma daphne 

Gardner, n. subsp. 

Concentric laminae elevated laterally.

Chione (Lirophord) funiakensis 

Gardner, n. sp.

Latitude of adult shell exceeding 35.0 millimeters: 

Concentric ribs in whole or in part confluent:

Shell not conspicuously large and heavy; radial 

lineation generally developed.

Chione (Lirophord) funiakensis Gardner, n. sp. 

Shell conspicuously large and heavy; radial lineation little or not at all developed.

Chione (Lirophord) trimeris Gardner, n. sp. 

Concentric ribs not confluent.

Chione (Lirophord) ceramota Gardner, n. sp.

Subgenus CHIONE s. s. 

Type: Venus dysera Chemnitz = CJiione cancellata

(Linnaeus) . (Recent off the east coast from Hatteras

to Trinidad.)

Dall 18 describes this subgenus as follows:

Sculpture of radial ribs decussated by concentric, sharp, elevated lamellae; the dental formula is ~' . . . ; the teeth are

Jtx. O1O1O1

generally entire and smooth or feebly channeled. The 

siphons are short and partly separated.

Chione chipolana Dall

Plate XXVI, Figure 1

1903. Chione chipolana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1290, pi. 55, fig. 20.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell moderately convex, in general much resembling 0. 

cancellata, but smaller, with the radial sculpture finer, the radii 

more numerous, the concentric lamellae more regularly, evenly, 

and distinctly fluted on the ventral side, the lunule larger, and 

the pallial sinus more sharply angular. The mutations of the 

individuals pass through about the same range as in C. cancellata but modified by the differences above noted. Length 

of a fully adult specimen 32.0, height 25.6, diameter 18.0 milType: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114739.

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla.

The adult shell is somewhat flexuous, owing to the 

slight constriction behind the dorsal area; the anterior 

extremity is bowed slightly in front of the lunule 

and rounds smoothly into the upcurved base, but the 

posterior extremity of the shell is obliquely truncate 

from the umbones almost to the base; the posteroventral extremity is sharply rounded and the base 

flexuous in the adult. On the young shells the radials 

are uniform over the entire disk, but in the adults 

they are very fine over the anterior medial portion

» Dall, W H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1287, 1903.
168 THE MOLLUSCAIST FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GEOUP OF FLOEIDA

of the disk, slightly coarser toward the anterior extremity, decidedly coarser on the slightly depressed 

posterior medial portion of the disk, and abruptly finer 

toward the escutcheon. The interior of the shell is 

commonly somewhat thickened, so that the muscle 

and pallial scars are very distinct. The pallial line 

is distant from the base and the pallial sinus very 

short. The crenation upon the inner margins is very 

fine. As might be expected, Chione cliipolana Dall 

resembles more closely that type of C. cancellata which 

is represented upon the Florida coast than it does the 

races to the south.

A single worn valve from a place near Alaqua, 

Walton County, is more closely sculptured concentrically than most of the Chipola shells but presents 

no other characters by which it may be separated.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2212p, 

2213°, 2564°, 3419°, 2211°, 7183P, ?3704r, 7468P. 

Shoal Kiver formation, locality ?7264r.

Chione sp. indet.

1903. Chione sp. indet. Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1292.

This shell is moderately large, moderately compressed, and trigonal in outline, with a strongly 

rounded base. The umbones are not prominent and 

slightly anterior, with acute and prosogyrate tips. 

The lunule is short but wide and on the fresh surfaces 

is concentrically sculptured. Erosion, however, reveals 

a very fine subcutaneous radial lineation. The escutcheon also is wide and produced the entire length 

of the posterior dorsal margin. Directly in front of 

the escutcheon the shell is planed off over an area of 

approximately the same width as the escutcheon, but 

unlike the escutcheon the planed area widens toward 

the ventral margin. The concentric sculpture is continued across this area, but disappears abruptly at 

the inner margin of the escutcheon. The concentric 

sculpture is remarkably uniform over the entire external surface from the lunule to the escutcheon. It 

is badly worn down in all the available specimens 

but apparently takes the form of rather coarse concentric lamellae fluted on their ventral surfaces and 

numbering 10 to 12 to the centimeter. On further 

weathering the concentric sculpture disappears entirely, leaving only the fine and regular subsurficial 

radials, which unlike the radials of C. chipolana are 

uniform in width and arrangement over the entire 

disk. The characters of the interior are not weh1 preserved. The dentition seems to be normal, and the 

pallial sinus is very short and angular. The species 

recognized by Dall in 1913 is apparently represented 

in considerable abundance in the environs of White 

Springs on Suwannee River. The material is all in 

bad shape, however, and there is no individual worthy 

of being selected as the type. There is still another 

nameless form near Sopchoppy characterized by a very

fine and even radial sculpture similar to that of the 

Alum Bluff species but with a distant though uniform 

concentric sculpture.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 221 lp, 

7468r, 6769*, 6776°.

Section LIROFHORA Conrad

1863. Lirophora Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc, 

for 1862, pp. 575, 586.

Type: Circumphalus athleta Conrad = Chione latilirata (Conrad) (Miocene and Pliocene of the Middle 

and south Atlantic coasts; Recent from Hatteras to 

Brazil.)

Dall 19 describes this section as follows:

Sculpture of broad concentric waves, attenuated and often 

conspicuously lamellose distally; radially striate; ligament not 

covered by the valve margins; the edges of the right nymph 

and of the left posterior cardinal with interlocking rugosities. 

* * *

In this section we have an interesting exhibit of development from forms like those just described [Chione s. s.] to those 

in which the middle concentric ribbing becomes dense and 

heavy, then irregular, more or less coalescent and finally entirely so, and of reversion to the earlier type under circumstances, we may assume, which make it better suited to the 

environment than that which had been laboriously evolved. 

In the existing faunas we have C. kellettii of the Pacific coast, 

in which the coalescent ribs form a smooth, even surface on 

the middle of the disk, with high, leaf-like expansions distally; 

forms like C. paphia, in which the ribs have become even and 

regular; and still others, wanting the distal expansions, in which 

the size and sequence of the thick ribs seems to depend on mere 

luck or accident. So that we may have an evolution from a 

clear-cut, elegant, attractive type of sculpture to a dull, unformed, irregular type, which in its turn may meet the difficulties of the situation better than the former.

Chione (Lirophora) burns!! Dall

Plate XXVI, Figures 2-3

1900. Venus (Anaitis) burnsii Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci.

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 5, pi. 42, fig. 4. (Fig. 11 excluded.) 

1900. Venus (Anaitis) ulocyma Dall, idem, pt. 5, pi. 42, fig. 5a.

(Fig. 5 excluded.)

Not Chione (Lirophora) ulocyma Dall, idem, pt. 6, p. 1296. 

1903. Chione (Lirophora) burnsii Dall, idem, pt. 6, p. 1294.

(Fig. 11 excluded.)

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell subtrigonal, heavy, moderately convex, with low prosogyrate beaks over a striated cordate lunule, with the escutcheon elongate, nearly smooth, bounded by a well-marked 

keel; beaks with a few distant, low, concentric lamellae; later 

the ribs become greatly thickened and recurved with narrower 

interspaces or more commonly confluent, suddenly pinched 

out behind, where they rise in thin, elevated foliations, and 

below the lunule in front are somewhat similar but more 

crowded; these ribs are crossed by faint radial striations sharper 

toward the beaks but not visible in the interspaces; hinge 

normal, teeth entire, adductor scars subequal; pallial sinus 

angular, small. Length 34, height 26, diameter 16 millimeters.

Except in the radial striation this species recalls the recent 

C. kellettii Hinds of the Pacific coast fauna. The ribbed form 

is close to C. glyptocyma of the Oak Grove sands but may be 

distinguished by the sculpture of the beaks.

» Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, pp. 1288, 1293, 1903.
VENEEACEA 169

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114755.

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla.

Chione trimeris from the Shoal River fauna is a 

larger and heavier shell with the elevated foliations on 

the anterior portion of the shell much more prominent 

and a much more obscure radial sculpture. Chione 

Junia~kensis Gardner, n. sp., is intermediate between 

C. trimeris and C. burnsii in dimensions and in the 

prominence of the radial sculpture, but the concentric 

laminae are elevated laterally as in C. trimeris. Those 

individuals in which the ribs do not coalesce have been 

segregated under the subspecies C. burnsii discreta.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 7893r, 

2212', 2214C , 7257 p, 2213C , 2564,° 3419°, 7151*, 2211C .

Chione (Lirophora) burnsii discreta Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate XXVI, Figure 4

1900. Chione (Lirophora) burnsii Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci.

Trans., vol. 3, pt, 5, pi. 42, fig. 11. 

1903. Chione (Lirophora) burnsii Dall, idem, pt. 6, p. 1294

(part).

Shell of moderate dimensions and thickness, transversely ovate-trigonal in outline, apparently less compressed than C. burnsii s. s. because of the character 

of the sculpture. External surface ornamented with 

9 to 15 heavy, concentric, recurved ribs, pinched out 

abruptly upon the dorsal area into narrow flanges 

which disappear with equal abruptness at the margin 

of the escutcheon; later ribs of adult somewhat pinched 

and flaring anteriorly as well; a very fine secondary 

concentric striation also developed; radial sculpture 

restricted to the ventral surfaces of the ribs. Ligament, dentition, and adductor and pallial scars normal 

for the species.

Dimensions: Altitude, 24.0 millimeters; latitude, 

30.2 millimeters; seniidiameter, 9.8 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 353834.

Type locality: No. 2213, 1 mile below Baileys 

Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Fla.

The forms intermediate between the typical 0. 

burnsii and the type of the subspecies G. burnsii 

discreta are relatively few in number. The subspecies, 

though present in the lower beds of the Chipola formation, is more characteristic of the upper beds and is 

apparently the race from which descended the exceedingly prolific Chione glyptocyma Dall of the Oak 

Grove sand. The Oak Grove species is a more delicate shell than the ancestral form and is sculptured 

with more numerous and consequently less heavy 

concentric ribs. The radial lineation instead of being 

restricted to the ventral surface of the ribs as in the 

Chipola form is continuous in the Oak Grove species 

across the interspaces between the ribs.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 2214 P, 

2213r.

Chione (Lirophora) sellardsi Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXVI, Figures 5-6

Shell of moderate dimensions for the group and 

average convexity, heavy, trigonal, commonly somewhat flexuous posteriorly. Umbones slightly anterior, flattened upon their summits, the tips acute and 

prosogyrate; umbonal angle a little more than 90°. 

Lunule rather small, conspicuously cordate, slightly 

wider in the right valve than in the left, circumscribed 

by a deeply incised line, closely striated in harmony 

with the concentric sculpture. Escutcheon wide, produced almost to the ventral margin, closely and finely 

laminated. Anterior extremity bowed in front of the 

lunule, rounding broadly into the upcurved base; 

posterior extremity obliquely truncate, rounding 

sharply into the base; base line somewhat flexuous 

posteriorly and medially, upcurved anteriorly. External surface sculptured with 10 to 12 heavy concentric ribs, thickened and recurved on the medial 

and ventral portions of the shell, more or less unequal 

in size and spacing, though preserving a certain uniformity in general aspect; ribs becoming abruptly 

obsolete directly behind the lunule and breaking up 

directly in front of the escutcheon into closely packed 

lamellae, which at the margin of the escutcheon are 

turned at an acute angle and directed obliquely across 

it; a fine secondary concentric striation developed 

over the entire disk, generally coarser on the outer 

surface of the heavy ribs; traces of a feeble but uniform radial sculpture persisting on the outer surfaces 

of the ribs and forming with the secondary concentric 

sculpture an irregular checkering; radials generally 

obsolete altogether on the concave surfaces between 

the ribs. Ligament short but rather deeply inset, the 

groove only a little longer than the posterior cardinal. 

Dentition normal; three cardinals radiating fanlike in 

either valve; the anterior right cardinal very thin and 

laminar; the medial cardinal rather heavy, deltoid; 

the posterior cardinal produced and moderately 

robust; the left anterior cardinal also laminar but 

heavier than that of the right valve; the medial 

cardinal deltoid; the posterior thin and laminar; inner 

surface of lunule flexuous and finely crenate. Adductor and pallial scars distinct; anterior adductor 

somewhat pyriform in outline, the posterior semielliptical. Pallial line distant from the margin; pallial sinus a mere nick. Inner margins very finely 

crenate ventrally and anteriorly.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 20.3 millimeters; latitude, 25.0 millimeters; semidiameter, 9.2 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 349444.

Type locality: No. 7893, Boynton Landing, Choctawhatchee River, Washington County, Fla
170 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GEOUP OF FLORIDA

Chione sellardsi Gardner, n. sp., is allied to CJiione 

burnsii discreta Gardner, n. subsp., of the Chipola 

formation and to Chione glyptocyma Dall of the Oak 

Grove fauna. The concentric ribs are fewer in number, however, and decidedly heavier than in glyptocyma. Instead of pinching out into a narrow flange 

on the dorsal area, as in both C. burnsii discreta and 

C. glyptocyma, the ribs of C. sellardsi break down into 

the laminae which by their confluence make up the 

fold.

CJiione sellardsi, though common only in the environs of the type locality, has a meager representation in the Oak Grove as well.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 7893°. 

Oak Grove sand, localities 2646r, 2652r.

Chione (Lirophora) glyptocyma Dall

Plate XXVI, Figure 7

1903. Chione (Lirophora) glyptocyma Dall, Wagner Free Inst. 

Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1296, pi. 55, fig. 21

Dall describes this species as follows:

This species is very close to the ribbed variety of C. burnsii, 

from which it is best distinguished by a differential description.

In C. burnsii there is a slight inflection of the posterior base 

in front of the posterior dorsal area which gives the hinder end 

of the shell a look as if it were slightly bent down; in the present 

species the base is evenly arcuate and the rostration points 

backward. In C. burnsii there are but three or four concentric 

lamellae on a young shell 5 millimeters in height; in the present 

species eight or nine. By looking at the beaks the two can be 

at onee separated. In C. glyptocyma there are from 16 to 23 

ribs, in C. burnsii when the ribs are not confluent there are 9 

to 11. The surface of C. glyptocyma is more polished; the 

radial striation on the ventral aspect of the ribs stops at their 

base in C. burnsii; in the present species it continues over the 

interspace to the base of the rib below. In C. glyptocyma the 

ribs are apparently never normally confluent, but in C. burnsii 

confluence is the rule. An average specimen measures: Length 

33, height 24, diameter 16 millimeters, but the form may be 

longer or more trigonal, as in all these species. I have figured 

a youngish valve 26.5 millimeters long because it shows remains 

of the foliations, which in adult specimens are always broken 

off. The pallial sinus is very small and angular, the adductor 

scars subequal, and the teeth are entire.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 135887.

Type locality: No. 2646, Oak Grove, Yellow River, 

Okaloosa County, Fla.

The flanges on the dorsal area serve to separate the 

species from Chione sellardsi of the Chipola fauna. 

The features by which it may be isolated from Chione 

burnsii discreta Gardner, n. subsp., the Chipola 

analog and probable ancestor, have already been 

related. The Shoal River analog Chione ceramota is 

a larger and heavier shell with broader and rather 

more numerous ribs, which instead of disappearing 

abruptly directly behind the lunule, as is common in 

C. glyptocyma, become attenu-ated and widely flaring. 

The end members, which are characterized by the 

confluence of some or all of the ribs, have been segregated under the subspecies C. glyptocyma daphne.

Chione glyptocyma is by reason of its abundance 

one of the most conspicuous elements in the entire 

Oak Grove fauna. Though surprisingly constant 

in view of the mass of material by which the species 

is represented, a series can be established ranging 

from individuals sculptured with numerous equal and 

equally spaced concentric ribs, standing erect, to end 

members of the subspecies daphne, which are devoid 

of sculpture except a few concentric riblets hi the 

umbonal region and a fault radial lineation.

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646pr, 

5632^% 563la , 5630°, 5633a , 7054% 2652P.

Chione (Lirophora) glyptocyma daphne Gardner, n. subsp. 

Plate XXVI, Figure 8

Shell of moderate dimensions, rather heavy, moderately compressed, transversely ovate-trigonal in 

outline. Umbones smoothly rounded, tapering evenly 

to the small, acute, and prosogyrate tips. Lunule 

cordate, circumscribed by a deeply incised line, 

finely striated concentrically. Escutcheon rather 

wide, lanceolate, produced the length of the dorsal 

margin. Anterior extremity bowed in front of the 

lunule, rounding smoothly into the upcurved base; 

posterior dorsal margin steeply descending, the lateral 

margin obtusely truncate, rounding sharply into 

the somewhat flexuous base. Surface sculpture variable; concentric ribbing rather fine at the tips of the 

umbones, the ribs of the medial and ventral portion 

of the disk, however, much thickened and more or 

less completely coalescent; radial lineation continuous 

from the umbones to the basal margin; dorsal areas 

well differentiated, sculptured with the pinched and 

laminar extremities of the component concentric ribs 

of the disk; a very fine secondary striation also 

developed and unlike the primary laminae continued 

obliquely across the escutcheon. Ligament groove 

deep, produced a little beyond the posterior cardinal. 

Dentition normal; three cardinals radiating fanlike 

in each valve; anterior right cardinal short thin, 

laminar; the medial cardinal moderately elevated, 

deltoid; the posterior cardinal produced; anterior left 

cardinal heavier than the right; medial cardinal 

cuneate; posterior cardinal laminar, produced; posterior dorsal margins beveled and grooved to function 

as laterals. Adductor and pallial scars distinct, the 

area of the attached mantle surface usually a little 

thickened. Pallial line rather far removed from the 

base; pallial sinus very short, narrow, angulated at 

its extremity. Inner anterior and ventral margins 

finely crenate.

Dimensions: Altitude, 22.0 millimeters; latitude, 

26.3 millimeters; diameter, 14.6 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352548.

Type locality: No. 7055, old Senterfeit mill, 4^ 

miles southwest of Laurel Hill, Walton County, Fla.
VENEBACEA 171

These end members of the glyptocyma group are 

characterized by the relatively heavy shell and the 

more or less coalescent concentric ribs. The general 

aspect of the shell is very similar to that of some of 

the larger forms of Astarte, which develop pronounced 

resting stages. In some of the specimens the laminae 

on the dorsal areas show a tendency to break down 

much as in C. sellardsi, but the shell is larger and not so 

heavy relatively and the concentric ribbing is less 

pronounced and more irregular. Ohione funiakensis, 

on the other hand the nearest of kin in the Shoal River 

fauna, is a thinner shell than the subspecies daphne, 

not so high relatively, with the concentric laminae 

more elevated laterally and the radial lineation more 

uniformly developed. Apparently the subspecies is 

an offshoot from the exceedingly prolific Oak Grove 

glyptocyma. Though unable to compete with the 

normal form in the environs of Oak Grove, it seems to 

have found conditions peculiarly favorable a little to 

the west.

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities 2646r, 5632r, 

2652r, 7055a.

Chione (Lirophora) funiakensis Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXVI, figures 9-11

Shell of moderate thickness and dimensions for the 

genus and moderately compressed, transversely ovatetrigonal in outline Umbones decidedly anterior, well 

rounded, tapering evenly to the acute, prosogyrate, 

proximate tips. Lunule cordate, moderately wide, 

the right lunular area slightly wider than the left, 

finely laminated in harmony with the concentric 

sculpture, outlined by a deeply incised groove; Escutcheon lanceolate, extending the length of the posterior 

dorsal margin, even more finely laminated than the 

lunule. Anterior extremity strongly bowed in front 

of the lunule, rounding smoothly into the upcurved 

base; posterior dorsal margin steeply declining, the 

extremity obtusely truncate; base line arcuate, somewhat flexuous. External surface sculptured with 

about 15 to 20 concentric ribs, which become increasingly broader toward the ventral margin and tend to 

coalesce on the disk; posterior areas defined by an 

abrupt change in the character of the sculpture, the 

ribs giving place to elevated shelly plates, which become 

obsolete just in front of the margin of the escutcheon; 

dorsal surface, both on the plates and the area between 

them, very finely striated concentrically; analogous 

plate also developed on the anterior portion of the 

shell, though at a later stage; anterior plates recurved; 

radial sculpture manifested in the form of a radial 

lineation, in some individuals persistent on the disk 

from the umbones to the basal margin, in other 

individuals restricted to the ventral surface of the 

ribs, absent on the dorsal areas, except on the under 

suface of the plates. Ligament and dentition normal;

three cardinals radiating fanlike in each valve; 

anterior right cardinal short and laminar; middle 

cardinal heavier, cuneate; posterior cardinal also 

rather heavy and produced; anterior and middle left 

cardinals rather short, not very heavy; the posterior 

cardinal laminar and produced; posterior dorsal 

margin of left valve beveled to fit in corresponding 

groove of right valve. Adductor muscle scars distinct, 

the posterior the larger. Pallial line far distant from 

the base, the sinus very short, narrow, and angulated 

at its extremity. Inner ventral and anterior margins 

finely crenate.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 28.3 millimeters; 

latitude, 37.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 8.9 millimeters. Left valve (immature shell): Altitude, 22.7 

millimeters; latitude, 27.8 millimeters; semidiameter, 

7.3 millimeters.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352545.

Type locality: No. 5618, 3^ miles southwest of 

De Funiak Springs, Walton County, Fla.

CMone funiakensis is not so large nor so wide as 

C. trimeris, the most abundant member of the group 

in the environs of Shell Bluff. Both the concentric 

and the radial sculpture are more uniform in character than they are in C. trimeris, and the radial sculpture in particular is more persistent over the disk. 

In this feature C. funiakensis approaches (7. lurnsii 

Dall, a Chipola species of similar dimensions but 

with the anterior laminae less prominently developed 

and at a later stage in the growth of the shell. The 

Oak Grove analog Chione glyptocyma daphne Gardner, 

n. subsp., is not so large; the ribs when not coalescent 

are more undulatory, and the radial sculpture is less 

uniformly developed. The numerous individuals 

tentatively referred to this species from half a mile 

below Shell Bluff are all immature, but they exhibit 

the relatively strong and even sculpture, both radial 

and concentric, which characterizes C. funiakensis.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities ?5079C , 

5193P, ?3733r, ?7261r, 7264?, 5618°.

Chione (Lirophora) trimeris Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXVII, Figures 1-3

Shell large and heavy for the genus, rude and inelegant in aspect, transversely ovate-trigonal in outline, moderately compressed. Umbones anterior, 

well rounded, twisted forward, the tips acute and 

proximate. Lunule large, sunken, conspicuously 

cordate, the right lunular area slightly wider than 

the left, outlined by an impressed line and very 

finely laminated in harmony with the secondary 

concentric sculpture. Escutcheon wide, lanceolate, 

produced almost to the basal margin, sculptured with 

laminae similar to those of the lunule but even finer. 

Anterior extremity strongly bowed in front of the 

lunule, rounding smoothly into the upcurved base;
172 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OP THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

posterior extremity obliquely truncate, rounding 

sharply into the base. External surface sculptured 

with heavy concentric ribs, more or less completely 

coalescent over the medial portion of the disk but 

abruptly elevated lateraUy into thin, shelly plates, 

recurved anteriorly but not posteriorly, continuing 

only to the margins of the lunule and escutcheon; 

a very fine secondary concentric imbrication developed, persistent across the lunule and escutcheon; 

a rather fine incised radial sculpture also developed 

in many specimens entirely obsolete except on the 

ventral surface of the ribs, stronger toward the umbones and the ventral margin than on the medial 

portion of the disk. Ligament external, lodged in a 

linear groove extending less than half the length of 

the escutcheon. Hinge normal but rather heavy; 

the anterior cardinal in the right valve and the 

posterior cardinal in the left very thin and delicate; 

the medial cardinals cuneate; the posterior cardinal 

of the right valve also somewhat cuneate but much 

more produced; the anterior cardinal of the left 

valve short and rather slender. Muscle and pallial 

scars distinct; the posterior adductor scar larger than 

the anterior and more nearly semielliptical. Pallial 

line rather far removed from the margin; pallial 

sinus very short and narrow, slightly ascending, 

angulated at the extremity. Inner margins, except 

the posterior dorsal margin, finely crenate.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 34.0 millimeters; latitude, 41.3 millimeters; semidiameter, 12.4 

millimeters. Left valve: Altitude, 36.5 millimeters; 

latitude, 48.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 12.5 millimeters.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352543.

Type locality: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, Shoal River, 

Walton County, Fla.

Chione trimeris Gardner, n. sp., is the largest and 

rudest member of the genus in the Alum Bluff fauna. 

It is abundant in the environs of the type locality and 

fairly constant in its characters. Away from the type 

locality, however, it is less common and more variable. 

Near Mossyhead, for example, the specimens are 

higher on the average than the typical race, and bear 

a few heavy ribs, which do not show so strong a 

tendency to coalesce. Peripheral members, however, 

are not separable. At De Funiak Springs the representatives of this group are so distinct that they have 

been segregated under another name, Chione funiakensis. This species has a smaller and more delicate shell 

than 0. trimeris and a stronger and more persistent 

radial sculpture. Chione burnsii Dall is also smaller 

and more strongly sculptured radially and differs 

further in the much less marked elevation of the 

lamellae on the anterior portion of the shell.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 

3856°, 2645 r, 3732P, 3742Pr, 373F, 5080?, 5184P, 

?3748P, ?3747 r, ? 5192 r, 5195P.

Chione (Lirophora) ceramota Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXVII Figure 4

Shell large and moderately heavy for the genus, 

transversely ovate-trigonal in outline. Umbonal region broadly and smoothly rounded, the umbones 

tapering gradually to the acute and prosogyrate tips; 

umbonal angle a little more than 90°. Lunular 

margin flexuous. Anterior extremity strongly bowed 

in front of the lunule, rounding evenly into the upcurved base; posterior dorsal margin steeply declining; 

posterior extremity obtusely truncate, rounding sharply into the base; base line somewhat flexuous. Lunule 

cordate, slightly wider in the right valve than in the 

left, finely laminated concentrically. Escutcheon 

rather wide, produced the length of the dorsal margin, 

finely and evenly striated. External surface sculptured with about 20 heavy laminar ribs, which are 

strongly recurved over the disk and show here and 

there a tendency to coalesce; dorsal area marked by 

an abrupt transition of the recurved ribs to an outstanding flange; anterior extremities of ribs also free 

but less sharply differentiated, attenuated and widely 

flaring; a fine secondary concentric striation also 

developed in the interspaces, which are as a rule 

entirely concealed by the dorsal curvature of the ribs; 

a rather obscure radial lineation developed on the 

ventral surface of the ribs but entirely absent on the 

inner surface and on the lateral areas. Ligament 

deeply inset in an angular groove, which is produced 

only a little beyond the extremity of the posterior 

cardinals. Dentition normal for the species, rather 

heavy; anterior cardinal of right valve very short, 

thin, and laminar; medial right cardinal strong, elevated, deltoid; the posterior cardinal moderately heavy 

and produced; anterior left cardinal rather slender, 

laminar; the middle cardinal less prominent than that 

of the right valve; the posterior cardinal laminar, produced almost to the extremity of the ligament groove; 

dorsal margin of left valve beveled to fit into the groove 

along the inner dorsal margin of the right. Adductor 

scars distinct, the posterior larger and more semielliptical in outline than the anterior. Pallial line well 

marked, far removed from the base; pallial sinus very 

short, narrow, ascending, angulated at its extremity. 

Inner basal and anterior margins finely crenate.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 31.7 millimeters; 

latitude, 39.3 millimeters; semidiameter, 11.8 millimeters.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 351924.

Type locality: No. 3732, Dave Adams Mill Creek, 

sec. 2, T. 3 N., R. 21 W., Walton County, Fla.

CJiione ceramota is the analog in the Shoal River 

fauna of C. glyptocyma in the Oak Grove. The shell 

is larger, however, and the ribs more numerous and 

widely flaring behind the lunule instead of evanescent, 

as in C. glyptocyma.

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, locality ?3749 p. Shoal 

River formation, localities 3856 a, 3732 r, 3742P, 3731 P, 

? 3748 P.
VENEBACEA 173

Section TIM 0 OLE A Thomas Brown

1827. Timoclea Thomas Brown, Illustrations of the conchology 

of Great Britain and Ireland, pi. 19, fig. 11.

Type: Venus ovata Pennant. (Recent off the shores 

of western Europe and in the Mediterranean,) 

Dall 20 described this section as follows:

Sculpture predominantly radial, the concentric element feeble; 

the middle left and two posterior right cardinals grooved; the 

escutcheon smooth. The siphons are united to their orifices in 

this group.

The presence of the group in the Alum Bluff is 

witnessed by juveniles probably referable to two 

species one from the Chipola formation (3419), the 

other from the Shoal River (7264), both of them distinct from any described species, though similar in 

general character to CJiionegrus (Holmes).

Section CHAMELEA Morch

1853. Chamelea Morch, Catalogus conchyliorum, Comes de 

Yoldi, fasc. II, p. 23.

Type: Venus gallina, Linnaeus. (Recent in the 

Mediterranean.)

Dall 21 characterizes this group as follows:

Sculpture of narrow, close concentric waves or low lamellae 

without radials or distal lamellation; teeth entire; escutcheon 

and lunule smooth; the ligament exoosed. The siphons are 

partly united.

Chione (Chamelea) rhodia Dall

1903. Chione (Chamelea) rhodia Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1301, pi. 55, fig. 10.

The specimens so identified from Oak Grove are the 

young of Venus.

Genus ANOMALOCARDIA Schumacher

1817 Anomalocardia Schumacher, Essai d'un nouveau systeme 

des habitations des vers testac6s, pp. 44, 134.

Type: Venus flexuosa Linnaeus. (Recent in the 

West Indies and southward to Brazil.) 

Dall 2'2 describes this genus as follows:

This group is distinguished by its general aspect and similarity of the species rather than by strongly marked characters, 

and if it had not been generally accepted I should have been 

tempted to regard it as merely a subgenus of Chione.

The dental formula is TFT r^~-' The teeth are entire and rv. 010101

rather slender and diverge widely from their common center. 

The upper side of the posterior left cardinal and the lower 

edge of the right nymph are usually minutely rugose. The 

external sculpture usually is of coarse, more or less confluent, 

concentric ribs, with obsolete radial striae, though when the 

shell disintegrates under the influence of decay it is seen to 

have internally a strong radial element in its structure. * * * 

The sculpture of the shell is often obsolete at the middle of the 

valves, which in the typical group are covered by a vernicose 

olivaceous periostracum. The inner margins are crenulate and 

the valves attenuated and more or less nasute behind. The

80 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1288, 1903. 

« Idem, p. 1289. 

«Idem, p. 1302.

ligament is exposed and rather short; the lunule and escutcheon 

impressed, the posterior right dorsal margin grooved to receive 

the edge of the opposite valve. The beaks are rather pointed 

in most of the species and the pallial sinus is very small, 

angular, and sometimes almost obsolete. Most of the species 

are very solid and heavy.

The meager representation of the genus in the Alum 

Bluff, is augmented by a single juvenile. Anomalocardia Jloridana Conrad has been reported from the 

"Sopchoppy limestone" (a shallow-water facies of the 

Chipola formation), but the presence of this Tampa 

Bay species is not confirmed by any of the available

material.

Anomalocardia penita Conrad

1846. Venus penita Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, 

p. 399.

1887. Venus penita Conrad. Heilprin, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 1, p. 116.

1903. Anomalocardia fioridana Conrad. Dall, Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1303 (in part: figures 

excluded).

1915. Anomalocardia fioridana Conrad. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Bull. 90, p. 150, pi. 23, figs. 4, 5 (in part; figures excluded) .

Conrad described this species in 1846 as follows:

Cuneiform, concentrically striated, the lines strong anteriorly, 

posteriorly less distinct, posterior side produced, compressed, 

extremity angulated; ligament margin very oblique and straight 

from umbo to extremity; summits very prominent; cardinal 

teeth very robust; basal margin slightly arched posteriorly; 

inner margin crenulated.

Ballast Point, Tampa Bay.

Little of the shell remains, which exhibits those radiating 

furrows common to all the chalky specimens of the genus in 

a fossil state. A cast of the hinge shows the form of the teeth 

and an impression in the rock copies the exterior characters of 

the shell.

Dall gives the following notes in 1903:

Conrad figures two species, the first and largest under the 

name of Venus penita (p. 399) and the second V. fioridana. 

I am somewhat inclined to think Heilprin was right in uniting 

them, but in a very large number of specimens I have found 

none which agrees precisely with Conrad's figure of V. penita. 

The identity of the common species of the silex beds with 

V. fioridana is, however, undoubted, and therefore I have 

preferred to use that name, as Conrad's type of V. penita 

did not come from the silex beds but was a cast in limestone, 

evidently the Tampa limestone, the next succeeding horizon. 

There is a chance that V. penita may turn up again and prove 

distinct from V. fioridana, and it seems more prudent for the 

present to treat them separately. * * *

Anomalocardia penita Conrad appears to differ by a more 

slender and elongated shell, the posterior end of which shows 

hardly any flexuosity but is extended like that of A. caloosana, 

while the lunular region is much less impressed than in A. 

fioridana.

This form is not typical but might be regarded as a precursor, 

in which Anomalocardia is developing from Chione.

The species has not been recognized in any of the 

later collections.

Occurrence: Chipola formation. (" Sopchoppy limestone, and Baileys Mill Creek sink, and of the Tampa 

limestone overlying the silex beds at Ballast Point, 

Fla." Dall.)
174 THE MOLLTJSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLOEIDA

Anomalocardia chipolana Dall

Plate XXVIII, Figure 1

1903. Anomalocardia chipolana Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1304, pi. 55, fig. 1.

Dall describes this species as follows:

Shell small, trigonal, produced behind, sculptured with elevated concentric lines, more crowded toward the base; both 

lunule and escutcheon feebly denned, beaks low and pointed; 

hinge very delicate, normal, the internal margins faintly crenulate; both ends of the shell rounded, the base with hardly any 

flexuosity. Length 7.0, height 5.0, diameter 3.0 millimeters.

A single valve, perhaps young, was obtained and is named 

to fix the presence of the genus in these beds, from which it 

has been otherwise, so far, unknown.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114592.

Type locality: No. 2211, Alum Bluff (lower bed of 

Chipola formation), Liberty County, Fla.

The juvenile from Chipola River is probably referable to a closely related but distinct species, differing 

in the more acutely rounded and closely sculptured 

umbones.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities ?3419 r,

2211 r.

Genus VENUS (Linnaeus) Lamarck

1758. Venus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 10th ed., p. 68. 

1799. Venus Lamarck, Soc. nat. hist. Paris Me"m., Prodrome 

d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles, p. 84.

Type: Venus mercenaries Linnaeus. (Recent off the 

east coast of North America from Prince Edward 

Island to Yucatan.)

Dall 23 describes this genus as follows:

The genus Venus, as restricted, is a very compact and homogeneous group, illustrating the highest development of the hinge 

structure and the most extreme limit of size afforded by the 

genus in its widest sense. While not affording such exemplars 

of beauty in color and sculpture as the tropical groups contain, 

nevertheless the reputation of the species as a basis for Indian 

trade and a very important food supply is worthy of its distinction as type of the most characteristic product of evolution 

in the Pelecypoda.

The shell of Venus is solid and heavy, porcellanous, and somewhat earthy; the periostracum extremely thin and hardly 

visible; the form is rounded or trigonal with faint radial striation and stronger concentric lamellosity; the inner margins 

are crenulate; the pallial sinus is small and triangular; the 

beaks are prominent; the lunule and escutcheon well defined; 

there are two bifid cardinal teeth in the left valve; one posterior bifid and two anterior simple cardinals in the right valve; 

a supplementary posterior cardinal in each valve below the 

ligamentary nymph is modified to form a rugose area of which 

the asperities interlock with those of the opposite valve. The 

genus is represented on muddy or sandy bottom in shallow 

water from the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod, 

with some still more northern colonies reaching the Gulf of 

St. Lawrence; a single species is found in the Oregonian region. 

The group appears first in the Oligocene and seems to have 

had its maximum development in the Miocene. As far as yet 

known it is confined to North America and Japan.

Three species of Venus iiave been recognized in the 

Alum Bluff the earliest, Venus langdoni Dall, obviM Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1306, 1903.

ously of the group of Venus ducateli Conrad from the 

Calvert formation (lower Chesapeake) of the middle 

Atlantic coast, the other two intermediate in their 

characters between Venus ducateli and Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. Each species is chiefly known from 

a single formation, though there is a certain amount of 

overlapping. Venus langdoni Dall, which is restricted, 

in Florida to the Chipola formation, persists into the 

Oak Grove sand in the environs of Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga. Venus prodroma occurs near De 

Funiak Springs, though elsewhere it is restricted to 

the Oak Grove. Venus nannodes has not been recognized except in deposits of Shoal River age. At no 

locality is the genus very abundantly represented, and 

nowhere, except possibly near Laurel Hill in Walton 

County, does it assume the relative importance in the 

molluscan faunas which it holds in the faunas of the 

later Miocene.

Concentric laminae conspicuously elevated, relatively distant 

upon the medial portion of the shell, not fused.

Venus langdoni Dall.

Concentric laminae not conspicuously elevated, crowded upon 

the medial portion of the shell, recurved, and commonly 

fused:

Latitude of adult shell generally exceeding 6.5 millimeters___________ ..-Venus prodroma Gardner, n. sp.

Latitude of adult shell rarely exceeding 6.5 millimeters. 

Venus nannodes Gardner, n. sp.

Venus langdoni Dall 

Plate XXVII, Figure 7; Plate XXVIII, Figures 2-3

1900. Venus langdoni Dall, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 

3, pt. 5, p. 1198, pi. 42, figs. 2, 7, 12 (no description). 

1903. Venus langdoni Dall, idem, pt. 6, p. 1308.

Dall described this species in 1903 as follows:

Shell of moderate size, subtrigonal, inflated, with prominent 

decurved beaks and a large cordate lunule; posterior dorsal 

area large, laterally keeled, with coarse concentric striation, the 

dorsal margin of the right valve somewhat overlapping that of 

the left; sculpture of numerous rather distant, thick, elevated, 

concentric recurved ribs, which on the posterior part of the 

disk are bent downward and expanded; the interspaces are 

closely, sharply, deeply, concentrically striated, so that the interspaces of the striae are almost lamellose; owing to the general 

slight decortication the internal radial structure of the shell is 

usually more or less visible, though in a perfectly intact specimen it would be completely hidden; hinge as in the other species, 

the rugose area in the adult large and prominent; pallial line 

with a short angular sinus; the inner anterior and basal margins of the valves finely crenulate. Height 70, length 88, 

diameter 50 millimeters.

This fine species is named in honor of D. W. Langdon, jr., 

who has done much work on our southern Tertiary.

The species is distinguished by its heavy, prominent, recurved 

concentric ribbing from any of the other species of the genus, 

recalling in this respect some of the forms of Chione. It has so 

far been obtained only from the lower or Chipolan bed at Alum 

Bluff, where it is rather abundant.

Type: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 114569. 

Type locality: No. 2211, lower bed at Alum Bluff, 

Liberty County, Fla.
VENERACEA 175

Venus langdoni suggests Venus ducateli of the later 

Miocene of the middle Atlantic coast, though the 

northern species is rather higher and less produced 

anteriorly and is sculptured with closer and less elevated concentric laminae. The conspicuously elevated lamellae and their relatively distant spacing 

upon the medial portion of the shell serve to separate 

Venus langdoni from Venus prodroma and Venus nannodes of the later Alum Bluff.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, localities 221 l a, 

7183C , 395C , 7468 r. Oak Grove sand, localities ? 3386 c , 

3385P, ? 7148°.

Venus prodroma Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXVIII, Figures 4-5

Shell rather small for the genus, not very heavy, 

full, ovate-trigonal in outline. Umbonal area smoothly inflated, the umbones acute, incurved, and prosogyrate at their tips, which fall near the margin of the 

anterior third. Lunule wider in the right valve than 

in the left, the cordate outline defined by a deeply 

incised linear groove. Escutcheon defined by the 

abrupt suppression of the concentric lamellae, arcuatecuneate in outline, wider and more sharply defined in 

the left valve than in the right; an obscure ridge developed a little behind the escutcheon. Anterior extremity of shell bowed out in front of the lunule; posterior 

extremity broadly rounded or slightly produced; 

basal margins smoothly arcuate, more strongly upcurved in front than behind. External surface covered with crowded lamellae, bent forward, flattened, 

and commonly more or less fused on the medial portion of the shell, persisting across the lunule though 

much less coarse on it, reduced on the left valve of the 

escutcheon to fine striations, much less reduced on the 

right valve. Ligament external, the area wide, wedging out at the extremities; the groove behind deeply 

undercutting the dorsal margin. Roughened area 

rather small. Dentition normal for the genus; three 

cardinals radiating fanlike in each valve; the anterior 

cardinals short, simple; the medial cardinals heavier, 

feebly bifid; the right posterior cardinal deeply sulcate; 

the left posterior cardinal laminar and produced. 

Interior of shell generally thickened, especially anteriorly, within the area of the attached mantle. Adductor muscle scars large, the anterior semicylindrical, 

buttressed along its inner surface in the adult shell; 

posterior muscle scar larger than the anterior and more 

irregular in outline; pedal scar small but deep, set 

under the anterior extremity of the hinge plate. 

Pallial line distant from the margin, especially toward 

the front, distinct; pallial sinus rather short, trigonal, 

terminating in an acute angle of approximately 60°, 

dorsal margin approximately horizontal. Inner margins very finely crenate.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 62.0 millimeters; latitude, 73.5 millimeters; semidiameter,

24.0 millimeters. Left valve: Altitude, 68.0 millimeters; latitude, 78.7 millimeters; semidiameter, 25.0 

millimeters.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352544.

Type locality: No. 7055, old Senterfeit mill, 4^ 

miles southwest of Laurel Hill, Walton County, Fla.

Venus prodroma is the probable forerunner of the 

later Miocene and Recent Venus mercenaria Say. The 

older shell is heavier and more inflated, particularly 

in the medial and anterior portions. The average 

Venus prodroma is less produced and pointed behind 

than the average Venus mercenaria, though they both 

offer a rather wide series of variations. The fusing 

of the concentric lamellae is generally more marked 

in the later form, and the thickening upon the inner 

surface is less marked and less uniformly developed.

Venus ducateli Conrad, one of the characteristic 

fossils of the Calvert formation of Maryland, is a shell 

of similar dimensions and outline. It differs, however, 

in the concentric sculpture. The laminae of the Maryland shell are more elevated and less closely spaced 

than in Venus prodroma, and there is no fusing upon 

the medial portion of the shell. Indeed, in the character of the concentric sculpture, Venus ducateli is 

intermediate between Venus langdoni Ball and 

Venus prodroma.

Venus nannodes from Shell Bluff suggests a dwarf 

Venus prodroma. The shell is about three-fifths the 

size of the Laurel Hill species, though it is more 

inflated and generally heavier. The lunule is shorter 

and wider as a rule and the concentric sculpture more 

dense.

The young suggest V. rileyi Conrad in comformation, though the concentric lamination is much heavier 

and the recurving and fusing of the laminae much more 

pronounced.

Except for its occurrence near De Funiak Springs, 

a locality which has yielded a fauna with more Oak 

Grove affinities than any other in the Shoal River 

formation, Venus prodroma is restricted in its known 

distribution to the Oak Grove sand.

Occurrence: Oak Grove sand, localities ?7148 P, 

? 7054 r, 2652 c, 7055 a, 3749 °. Shoal River formation, 

locality 5618°.

Venus nannodes Gardner, n. sp.

Plate XXVIII, Figures 6-7

Shell rather heavy but small and dwarfish, ovatetrigonal to rudely quadrate in outline, moderately 

convex, the maximum inflation near the medial 

portion of the shell. Umbones smoothly rounded, 

the tips small, incurved, prosogyrate, falling near the 

margin of the anterior third. Lunule short but wide, 

finely laminated, outlined by a deeply incised linear 

groove. Escutcheon very wide, wedging out toward 

the umbones, the outer margin arcuate, the portion in 

the right valve much more strongly sculptured than
176 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA

that in the left; an obscure ridge developed a little 

behind the escutcheon. Anterior extremity bowed 

out in front of the lunule, the posterior broadly 

rounded or produced to an obtusely pointed extremity; basal margins arcuate, upcurved anteriorly. 

External surface covered with closely crowded lamellae bent toward the umbones, flattened and commonly 

fused over the medial portion, discrete but densely 

packed laterally. Ligament external, the area relatively large, with a deeply undercutting groove 

behind it. Roughened area rather small in most 

individuals. Hinge plate heavy. Dentition normal 

for the species; three cardinals radiating fan-like in 

each valve; the medial and posterior cardinals in the 

right valve and the anterior and medial cardinals in 

the left inclined to be bifid; anterior right cardinal 

and posterior left very thin and laminar. Inner 

surface of adult thickened anteriorly within the area 

of the attached mantle. Adductor scars distinct, 

rudely semicylindrical, the anterior more prominent 

by reason of the thickening along its inner margin; 

pedal scar small but deeply inset under the anterior 

extremity of the hinge plate. Pallial line distinct, 

more remote from the ventral margin anteriorly than 

posteriorly; pallial sinus rather short, terminating in 

an acute angle of approximately 60°, the dorsal line 

of the sinus nearly horizontal; inner margins sharply 

crenate.

Dimensions: Right valve: Altitude, 51.5 millimeters; latitude, 57.0 millimeters; semidiameter, 22.3 

millimeters. Left valve: Altitude, 45.0 millimeters; 

latitude, 53.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 19.5 millimeters.

Cotypes: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 351878 (right valve); 

No. 352542 (left valve).

Type locality: Right valve: No. 3742, Shell Bluff, 

Shoal River, Walton County, Fla. Left valve: No. 

3856, 6 miles west-northwest of Mossyhead, Walton 

County, Fla.

Venus nannodes is typically a small, heavy, strongly 

inflated shell, closely allied to V. prodroma Gardner, 

n. sp. It differs from the Oak Grove species in the 

smaller size and generally higher and heavier shell. 

At certain localities, however, the shells are rather 

thin, a character emphasized by the decortication of 

the outer surface, and the forms approach the relatively small Venus prodroma, which is developed in 

the environs of De Funiak Springs.

In superficial characters Venus plena inflata Dall 

from Yorktown is rather close, though it is a thinner, 

less inflated shell, is more trigonal in outline, and has 

more strongly anterior umbones.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, localities 3856°, 

3742?, 373P, ? 5080?, 5184?, 5195r, ? 3748°; Aldrich 

collection.

Subfamily GEMMINAE Dall

Dall 24 defines this group as follows:

This group includes small species of Veneridae which are 

characterized by viviparity and carry the young for a considerable period, like Sphaerium, within the perivisceral chamber. 

They have, as a rule, purple and white coloration, if any, and a 

smooth or concentrically striated surface. They live in sand 

or mud in moderate depths of water on both coasts of North 

America, and have not been identified from any other region.

Genus FARASTARTE Conrad

1863. Parastarte Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 

for 1862, p. 288.

Type: Parastarte triquetra Conrad. (Recent off the 

Florida Peninsula and occurs also in the Miocene, 

Pliocene, and Pleistocene deposits of Florida.) 

Conrad described this species as follows: 

Elevated, triangular, equilateral, ventricose; epidermis 

pale and shining; hinge of right valve with one thick, nearly 

direct tooth and deep and rather long channel in the hinge plate 

anterior to the tooth; left valve with two equally diverging 

teeth; posterior submargin of both valves channeled above.

The genus includes a number of small but heavy 

shells, smooth or feebly sculptured concentrically. 

The lunule is very large, but there is no defined escutcheon. The ligament is short and external. 

The venerid hinge of three radiating cardinals in each 

valve is so modified by the relative prominence of the 

medial cardinal of the right valve and the anterior 

and medial cardinals of the left that it superficially 

resembles that of Astarte. The pallial sinus is very 

shallow and the inner margins crenate. Parastarte is 

restricted in its known distribution, both recent and 

fossil, to the Florida peninsula. Hitherto the earliest 

deposits at which the group had been recognized were 

those at Jackson Bluff on Ochlockonee River. By 

the discovery of a new species in the Chipola formation the origin of the genus is pushed back to the beginning of the Miocene.

Parastarte chipolana Gardner, n. sp. 

Plate XXVII, Figures 5-6; Plate XXVIII, Figure 8

Shell roughly a minute isosceles triangle with an 

apical angle of approximately 60°; valves highly inflated medially, flattened laterally. Umbones full, 

prominent by reason of their position at the apex of 

the angle, the tips minute and feebly prosogyrate. 

Posterior slope a little steeper than the anterior and 

the posterior basal angle less gently rounded; basal 

margin approximately horizontal medially, upcurved 

laterally. Lunule extending to the basal angle, depressed but not delimited by an incised groove. 

Posterior area flattened and cut off from the medial 

portion by an obtuse ridge. External sculpture reduced to incrementals with a few exaggerated growth 

stages toward the base. Ligament very short, ex2* Dall, W. H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1329,1903.
VENEKACEA 177

ternal, opisthodetic. Hinge with three radiating 

cardinals in each valve but so modified that they superficially resemble the dentition of Astarte; anterior 

cardinal of right valve reduced to a very thin, low, 

rather short lamina; the posterior cardinal also thin 

and short but more elevated; medial cardinal very 

heavy, deltoid; anterior and medial cardinals of left 

valve rather heavy, laminar, diverging on either side 

of the deep socket that receives the large cardinal of 

the right valve; posterior left cardinal reduced to a 

short, thin lamina similar to the right anterior cardinal; posterior lateral margin of right valve and 

anterior lateral margin of left feebly sulcated to receive the beveled edges of the opposite valve. Characters of interior distinct. Adductor scars rather 

large for so small a shell, irregular in outline. Pallial 

line distant from the base, the pallia! sinus little more 

than a deep dent. Interior in many specimens 

obscurely striate radially in harmony with the finely 

crenate inner margins.

Dimensions: Right valve (paratype): Altitude, 2.8 

millimeters; latitude, 2.7 millimeters; semidiameter, 

0.9 millimeter. Left valve (type): Altitude, 2.65 millimeters; latitude, 2.5 millimeters; semidiameter, 0.9 

millimeter.

Type and paratype: U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 352546.

Type locality: No. 3419, McClelland farm, 1 mile 

below Bailey's Ferry, Calhoun County, Fla.

Parastarte chipolana Gardner, n. sp., is obviously 

the progenitor of the later Tertiary and Recent 

Parastarte triquetra Conrad. Conrad's species runs 

larger and, as a rule, the umbones are narrower and 

more sharply rounded. The Chipola species is, however, more uniform in outline than the later form.

This is the first reported occurrence of the genus in 

strata older than the Chesapeake group.

Occurrence: Chipola formation, locality 3419P.

Family PETRICOLIDAE D'Orbigny 

Genus PETRICOLA Lamarck

1801. Petricola Lamarck, Systeme des animaux sans vertSbres, 

p. 121.

Type: Venus lapicida Gmelin. (Recent on the 

South Atlantic Coast and in the West Indies.)

Shell thin, oval or elongate, commonly irregular, 

gaping. Umbones anterior but not terminal. External sculpture predominantly radial; inner margins 

smooth. Lunule ill-defined. Ligament external, 

attached to nymphs. Armature of right valve generally 

consisting of two cardinals, the posterior of which is 

grooved or bifid; third rudimentary cardinal rarely 

present; left valve furnished either with three divergent

cardinals, the middle one bifid, the remaining two 

simple, or with two divergent cardinals a simple 

posterior and a bifid anterior; laterals absent in the 

normal adult. Pallial sinus narrow, as a rule, and 

ascending, varying considerably in depth.

A nestling or burrowing genus, which exhibits the 

variability characteristic of dwellers in such a habitat.

The group has been recognized from strata as early 

as the Cretaceous; the Recent species, which number 

only about 25, are widely distributed in the temperate 

and warmer waters.

The evidence of the presence of Petricola in the 

Alum Bluff rests upon a single fragment. It is sufficient, 

however, to prove the existence, in the latest of the 

Alum Bluff horizons, of a group hitherto not recognized in strata older than the Yorktown formation.

Subgenus RUPELLARIA Fleuriau-Bellevue

1802. Rupellaria Fleuriau-Bellevue, Me'moire sur quelques 

nouveaux genres de mollusques et de vers lithophages, 

p. 3.

Type: Venus lithophaga Retzius. (Recent in the 

Mediterranean.)

Dall 25 characterized this subgenus as follows:

Shell inflated and rounded in front, attenuated and more 

compressed behind; sculpture chiefly radial, stronger anteriorly.

Petricola (Rupellaria) sp. indet.

A single fragment of a left valve referable to this 

group was collected in the Shoal River formation of 

Walton County. The shell is very thin and probably 

immature. The valves are compressed for the group 

and the beaks low and decidedly anterior. The posterior dorsal margin is apparently nearly horizontal. 

The entire external surface is sculptured with crowded, 

somewhat crinkled radials, more sharply elevated 

laterally than upon the medial portion of the shell and 

interrupted by the rather prominent resting stages. 

The ligament area indicates a strong and deeply 

sunken ligament. The cardinals are thin but sharply 

elevated, the anterior lower than the other two and 

partly fused with the dorsal margin, the medial cut 

so deep that it is almost A-shaped, the posterior thin 

and laminar and removed from the dorsal margin. 

The pallial sinus is deep and rudely rectangular in 

outline.

This species, too poorly preserved to name, is the 

possible progenitor of Petricola Tiarrisii Dall of the 

Yorktown Miocene. It is apparently a relatively 

lower and less inflated shell and certainly a shell with 

a much finer radial sculpture than that of P. Jiarrisii.

Occurrence: Shoal River formation, locality 3 856r.

« Dall, W, H., op. cit., vol. 3, pt. 5, p. 1058, 1903,

t-1 >aGO XXI-H

<!

{*! X
PLATE XXIV

[The specimen figured is the type unless otherwise stated]

FIGURE 1. Dosinia (Dosinidia) cnipolana Dall (p. 153). Exterior of left valve; altitude 36.5 millimeters; latitude 39.0 millimeters. 

(After Dall.)

FIGURE 2. Dosinia (Dosinidia) liogona Dall (pp. 153-154). Exterior of right valve; altitude 45.0 millimeters; latitude 48.0 millimeters. (After Dall.)

FIGURES 3-5. Dosinia (Dosinidia) dalli Gardner, n. sp. (p. 154).

3. Exterior of right valve (paratype); altitude 37.5 millimeters; latitude 40.0 millimeters (not the type).

4. Umbonal view of double valves (type); diameter 12.5 millimeters.

5. Interior of right valve (type); altitude 31.5 millimeters; latitude 33.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 6. dementia grayi Dall (pp. 154-155). Exterior of left valve; altitude 55.0 millimeters; latitude 63.0 millimeters. (After

Dall.) 

FIGURE 7. Macrocallista acuminata Dall (p. 160). Exterior of left valve; altitude 16.5 millimeters; latitude 27.5 millimeters.

(After Dall.) 

FIGURES 8-9. Macrocallista (Paradione) ivaltonensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 161).

8. Interior of right valve; altitude 51.0 millimeters; latitude 71.0 millimeters.

9. Exterior of right valve: altitude 51.0 millimeters; latitude 71.0 millimeters. 

180
XJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142 PLATE XXIV

VENERACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142 PLATE XXV

20

VENERACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP
PLATE XXV

FIGURE 1. Grateloupia (Cytheriopsis) alumensis Dall (pp. 155-156). Exterior of right valve; altitude 12.5 millimeters; latitude

15.0 millimeters. (After Dall.)

FIGURE 2. Transennella utica Dall (p. 156). Exterior of left valve; altitude 4.5 millimeters; latitude 6.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 3. Transennella chipolana Dall (pp. 156-157). Exterior of right valve; altitude 4.0 millimeters; latitude 4.8 millimeters.

(After Dall.) 

FIGURES 4-5. Transennella dasa Gardner n. sp. (p. 157).

4. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude 4.8 millimeters; latitude 5.2 millimeters.

5. Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude 4.3 millimeters; latitude 4.8 millimeters.

FIGURE 6. Transennella dasa makra Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 157). Exterior of left valve; altitude 5.3 millimeters; latitude 6.0 millimeters.

FIGURE 7. Transennella santarosana Dall (pp. 157-158). Exterior of left valve; altitude 5.5 millimeters; latitude 6.5 millimeters. 

(After Dall.)

FIGURE 8. Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum Dall (p. 158). Exterior of left valve; altitude 6.2 millimeters; latitude 7.3 millimeters. 

(After Dall.)

FIGURE 9. Gafrarium (Gouldia) erosum bolteni Gardner, n. subsp. (pp. 158-159). Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude 4.5 

millimeters; latitude 4.8 millimeters.

FIGURE 10. Gafrarium (Gouldia) altum Dall (p. 159). Exterior of right valve; altitude 4.5 millimeters; latitude 4.5 millimeters- 

(After Dall.)

FIGURE 11. Gafrarium (Gouldia) phacotum Gardner, n. sp. (p. 159). Exterior of right valve; altitude 3.2 millimeters; latitude 3.0 

millimeters.

FIGURE 12. Callocardia (Agriopoma) sincera Dall (p. 162). Exterior of right valve; altitude 17.5 millimeters; latitude 20.75 millimeters. (After Dall.)

FIGURES 13 14. Callocardia (Agriopoma) prosayana Gardner, n. sp. (p. 162).

13. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude 29.0 millimeters; latitude 35.5 millimeters.

14. Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude 30.0 millimeters; latitude 38.5 millimeters. 

FIGURES 15 16. Callocardia (Agriopoma) prosayana dodona Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 163).

15. Interior of left valve; altitude 18.0 millimeters; latitude 21.0 millimeters.

16. Exterior of left valve; altitude 18.0 millimeters; latitude 21.0 millimeters. 

FIGURES 17-18. Callocardia (Agriopoma) albofonte Gardner, n. sp. (p. 163).

17. Exterior of left valve; altitude 13.5 millimeters; latitude 17.0 millimeters.

18. Cast of interior of right valve (not the type) .

FIGURE 19. Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) floridana Dall (p. 164). Exterior of left valve; altitude 25.0 millimeters; latitude 29.2 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 20-21. Pitaria (Hyphantosoma) waltonensis Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 164-165).

20. Interior of left valve; altitude 21.5 millimeters; latitude 25.5 millimeters.

21. Exterior of left valve; altitude 21.5 millimeters; latitude 25.5 millimeters.

FIGURE 22. Antigona caesarina (Dall) (p. 166). Exterior of right valve; altitude 58.0 millimeters; latitude 66.0 millimeters. (After 

Dall.)

181
PLATE XXVI

FIGURE 1. Chione chipolana Dall (pp. 167-168). Exterior of right valve: altitude 25.6 millimeters: latitude 32.0 millimeters.

(After Dall.) 

FIGURES 2-3. Chione (Lirophora) burnsii Dall (pp. 168-169).

2. Exterior of left valve; altitude 26.0 millimeters; latitude 34.0 millimeters. (After Dall.)

3. Exterior of left valve (not the type); altitude 13.5 millimeters; latitude 17.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURE 4. Chione (Lirophora) burnsii discrete Gardner, n. subsp. (p. 169). Exterior of left valve; cJtitude 24.0 millimeters; latitude

30.2 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 5-6. Chione (Lirophora) sellardsi, n. sp. (pp. 169-170).

5. Interior of right valve; altitude 20.3 millimeters; latitude 25.0 millimeters.

6. Exterior of left valve; latitude 20.3 millimeters; latitude 25.0 millimeters. 

FIGURE 7. Chione (Lirophora) glyptocyma Dall (p.170 ). Exterior of left valve; altitude 21.5 millimeters; latitude 26.5 millimeters

(After Dall.)

FIGURE 8. Chione (Lirophora) glyptocyma daphne Gardner, n. subsp. (pp. 170-171). Exterior of right valve; altitude 22.0 millimeters; latitude 26.3 millimeters. 

FIGURES 9-11. Chione (Lirophora) funiakensis Gardner, n. sp. (p. 171).

9. Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude 22.7 millimeters; latitude 27.8 millimeters.

10. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude 28.3 millimeters; latitude 37.5 millimeters.

11. Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude 28.3 millimeters; latitude 37.5 millimeters. 

182
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142 PAPER XXVI

11

VENERACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142 PLATE XXVII

3 4

VENERACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP
PLATE XXVII

FIGURES 1-3. Chione (Lirophora) trimeris Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 171-172).

1. Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude 36.5 millimeters; latitude 48.5 millimeters.

2. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude 36.5 millimeters; latitude 48.5 millimeters.

3. Exterior of right valve (cotype); altitude 34.0 millimeters; latitude 41.3 millimeters. 

FIGURE 4. Chione (Lirophora) ceramota Gardner, n. sp. (p. 172). Exterior of right valve; altitude 31.7 millimeters; latitude 39.3

millimeters. 

FIGURES 5-6. Parastarte chipolana Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 176-177).

5. Exterior of right valve; altitude 2.65 millimeters; latitude 2.5 millimeters.

6. Interior of right valve (paratype); altitude 2.8 millimeters; latitude 2.7 millimeters.

FIGURE 7. Venus langdoni Dall (pp. 174-175). Umbonal view of double valves; diameter 50.0 millimeters. (After Dall.)

183
PLATE XXVIII

FIGURE 1. Anomalocardia chipolana Dall (p. 174). Exterior of left valve; altitude 5.0 millimeters; latitude 7.0 millimeters. (After

Dall.) 

FIGURES 2-3. Venus langdoni Dall (pp. 174-175).

2. Exterior of left valve; altitude 65.0 millimeters; latitude 82.0 millimeters. (After Dall.)

3. Interior of left valve; altitude 65.0 millimeters; latitude 82.0 millimeters. (After Dall.) 

FIGURES 4-5. Venus prodroma Gardner, n. sp. (p. 175).

4. Interior of right valve (cotype); altitude 62.0 millimeters; latitude, 73.5 millimeters.

5. Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude 68.0 millimeters; latitude 78.7 millimeters. 

FIGURES 6-7. Venus nannodes Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 175-176).

6. Exterior of left valve (cotype); altitude 45.0 millimeters; latitude 53.5 millimeters.

7. Interior of left valve (cotype); altitude 45.0 millimeters; latitude 53.5 millimeters. 

FIGURE 8. Parastarte chipolana Gardner, n. sp. (pp. 176-177). Interior of left valve; altitude 2.65 millimeters; latitude 2.5

millimeters.

NOTE. The types of formerly described species have been remeasured, and some of the dimensions here given differ from 

those in the original descriptions. 

184
U. S. GEOLOGICAL KVRVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142 PLATE XXVIII

VENERACEA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP

INDEX

Page

Agriopoma Ball____________________________________ 162

Anomalocardia Schumacher___________________________ ITS

caloosana Ball________________________________ 173

chipolana Ball.............__.__._......._......... 1T4, PI. XXVIII

floridana Conrad.______________________________. 173 

penita Conrad__________________________________ 173 

Antigona Schumacher ..______________________________ 165 

caesarina (Ball)____________________.._.__ 165,166, PI. XXV 

lamellaris Schumacher...__________________________ 165,166 

(Ventricola) n. sp.?_...___________________________._ 166

Callocardia A. Adams______________________________ 161-162

albofonte Gardner, n. sp._____________._____ 162,163, PI. XXV

guttata A. Adams____________________________. 161

morrhuana Linsley_______. _______________________ 161

prosayana Gardner, n. sp __________________ 161,162,163, PL XXV

prosayana dodona Gardner, n. subsp_________.. 161,162,163, PI. XXV

sayana Conrad ______________________________ 161,162,163

sincera Ball________________________._ 161,162,163, PI. XXV

(Agriopoma) albofonte Gardner, n. sp...__________ 162,163, PI. XXV

prosayana Gardner, n. sp______________ 161,162,163, PI. XXV

dodona Gardner, n. subsp. _______.__.. 161,162,163, PI. XXV

sincera Ball______________________.. 161,162,163, PI. XXV

Chamadosin Adanson...___ _______________________ 153

Chamelea Morch...____________________._...__........... 173

Chione Megerle von Miihlfeld_____________.___.............. 168-167

Chione s. s____________________________._______ 167 

burnsii Ball...... ............____.... 167,168-169,170,171,172, PL XXVI

burnsii discreta Gardner, n. subsp____________ 167,169,170, PL XXVI 

cancellata (Linnaeus)...._______________________ 166,167,168

ceramota Gardner, n. sp.________________ 167,170,172, PI. XXVII 

chipolana Ball........................................ 167,167-168, PI. XXVI

funiakensis Gardner, n. sp_____________.. 167,169,171,172, PL XXVI 

glyptocyma Ball......................_.. 167,168,169,170,171,172, PL XXVI

glyptocyma daphne Gardner, n. subsp..________ 167,170-171, PL XXVI 

grus (Holmes) ___ _____________________ 173 

kellettii Hinds..._______.___________.__....___... 168

latilirata Conrad.________________________________ 168 

paphia (Linnaeus)...____________________________ 168

rhodia Ball....______________________________.. 173

rugosa Chemnitz.______________________________ 166 

sellardsi Gardner, n. sp...._.____.__.___ 167,169-170,171, PL XXVI

sp. indet...__________________________________ 167,168 

trimeris Gardner, n.sp............................ 167,169,171-172, PL XXVII

(Chamelea) rhodia Ball_..________________________ 173 

(Lirophora) burnsii Ball.................. 167,168-169,170,171,172, PI. XXVI

burnsii discreta Gardner, n. subsp_________ 167,169,170, PI. XXVI 

ceramota Gardner, n. sp______________ 167,170,172, PL XXVII 

funiakensis Gardner, n. sp ____.__.. 167,169,171,172, PI. XXVI 

glyptocyma Ball...................... 167,168,169,170,171,172, PI. XXVI

daphne Gardner, n. subsp........_.......... 167,170-171, PI. XXVI

sellardsi Gardner, n. sp...........____..... 167,169-170,171, PI. XXVI

trimeris Gardner, n.sp..._......_........ 167,169,171-172, PI. XXVII

ulocymaBall...____________________________ 168 

(Timoclea)sp-_- .._._.........__....._.... 167

Circumphalus athleta Conrad_________________________ 168

dementia Gray ___________________________________ 154

Clementia? gracillima Carpenter..._____________________ 154

grayi Ball. ............ ...-........-........... 154-155, PL XXIV

solidaBall...________________________________ 154

subdiaphana Carpenter___________________________ 154

vatheletii Mabille...____________________________ 154

Conrad, T. A., cited________________________________ 173,176

CythereaBolten.... __________________._._..._...... 165

blandiana Guppy....._____________________________ 166

caesarina Ball_________________________...._. 166, PL XXV

carbasea Guppy_________________________________ 164 

concinna Sowerby.__________________._____..___ 165 

hydana Conrad________________________________ 155 

multicostata Sowerby.._______________........_____._ 166

texasiana Ball_______________________..._____... 162

ovalina Lamarck. ________________________________ 160

Cytheriopsis Conrad (see Grateloupia).. _________._________ 155

Dall, W. H., cited......... .-. ...-.............. .....-. . 152,153,154,

155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163-164, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 173, 174

Page

Bonax irregularis Basterot..____ . 155

Bosinia Scopoli_.___..._____ - 153

africana Gray. ____... 153

(Bosinidia) chipolana Ball 153,154, PI. XXIV

dalli Gardner, n. sp... ................ 154, PL XXIV

liogona Ball..... .. ...._._____ _ 153,153-154,154, Pl.XXIV

Bosinidia (see Bosinia)__._ 153 

Bosiniinae.....__.. 152

Gafrarium Bolten.._.....___ 158

altum Ball.... . __-_ - 158,159, PL XXV

erosum Ball____..___-________________ 158,159, PL XXV 

erosum bolteni Gardner, n. subsp.. 158-159, PI. XXV 

metastriatum Conrad..__._ 158 

phacotum Gardner, n. sp.......................... . 158,159, PI. XXV

(Gouldia) altum Dall................ ........ ........ 158,159, PL XXV

erosum Dall_____.___-_.____._____ 158,159, PI. XXV 

bolteni Gardner, n. subsp.. ............... 158-159, PI.XXV

phacotum Gardner, n.sp..______.__________ 158,159, PL XXV

GemminaeBall..._ 176

Gouldia C. B. Adams-(see Gafrarium)- 158 

cerina C. B. Adams...___ 158

Grateloupia Besmoulins. . 155 

alumensis Ball. __..._._____________-___ 155-156, PL XXV 

hydana (Conrad)_ 156 

moulinsi Lea_.. 155 

(Cytheriopsis) alumensis Ball .... .. 155-156, PI. XXV

Hyphantosoma Ball (see Pitaria) . 164 

Hysteroconcha Fischer (see Pitaria) 165

Lamelliconcha Ball (see Pitaria)-- 165

Lirophora Conrad (see Chione)._ 168

Lucina divaricata Lamarck . 156

Macrocallista Meek........ 159-160

acuminata Ball _ ... ........ 160, PI. XXIV

maculata (Linnaeus)._....... ..... .. .. 159,160-161

reposta Conrad_.. . 160 

waltonensis Gardner, n. sp................ ... . 160,161, PI. XXIV

(Paradione) maculata (Linnaeus)..._ 159,160-161 

waltonensis Gardner, n. sp..........____......... 160,161, PI. XXIV

Maury, C. J., cited - -... 165

Meretricinae Ball. ------ - - - 155

Meretrix dariena Conrad 160 

Mulinia congesta Conrad..-. 163

Paradione Ball (see Macrocallista) 180

Parastarte Conrad- 176

chipolana Gardner, n. sp....___________ 176-177, Pis. XXVII, XXVIII

triquetra Conrad.. 176,177

Petricola Lamarck. 177

harrisii Dall ..... ..... 177

(Rupellaria) sp. indet.... -- 177

Petricolidae D'Orbigny 177 

Pitaria Romer ......_ 163-164

Pitaria s. s_______...._ 164

astartiformis Conrad..... . 165

carbasea Guppy. 164 

floridana Ball 164,165, PL XXV

harrisi Maury - 164,165

imitabilis Conrad-. __ - 165 

waltonensis Gardner, n. sp.__ 164-165, PL XXV 

(Hyphantosoma) floridana Dall ..__ -- 164,165, PI. XXV 

waltonensis Gardner, n. sp_.. .. 164-165, PL XXV 

(Hysteroconcha [Lamelliconcha]) harrisi Maury 164,165

Rbmer, C. f., cited.... . ... . - -- 163

Rupellaria Fleuriau-Bellevue (see Petricola) 177

Timoclea Thomas Brown (see Chione)- 173

Transennella Dall___ __ I8'

chipolana Ball 156-157,157, PI. XXV

conradina Ball.__.... - 156 

dasa Gardner, n. sp. ........ ........ ... 156,157, PI. XXV

makra Gardner, n. subsp... . ............. . 156,157, PI. XXV

santarosana Dall ............... __-___- 156.157-158, PI. XXV

utica Ball....__ .____________-___ __. - 166.P1..XXV
II INDEX

Page

Veneracea, distribution of, by localities_______________.____ 151-152

stratigraphic distribution of-. ____________________ ____ 151

Veneridae Leach..________________,____________ 151,151-177

Venerinae Dall____________.______________________ 166

Ventricola Romer (see Antigona)---._-___________________ 166

Venus (Linnaeus) Lamarck..__________________________. 174

concentrica Born....____....__...___.._.___._....__, 153

dione Linnaeus_____.____...........___.__..._.__ 165

ducateli Conrad_____________________________.. 174,175 

dysera Chemnitz________._______._____________ 166 

flexuosa Linnaeus..___________._____________.___ 173 

gallina Linnaeus.............______.___..._.__.......... 173

gigantea Qmelin___.__.____.._____.__...__..... 159

langdoni Dall. .................... 174, 174-175, 175, Pis. XXVII, XXVIII

Page

Venuslapicida Qmelin______...__...________..______... 177 

lithophaga Retzius.___________________ __ __ 177 

mercenaria Linnaeus.-... -------_---------- 174,175

nannodes Gardner, n. sp............................ 174,175-176, PI. XXVIII

nimbosaSolander...___....___...__.____. .. 159

ovata Pennant.....__.____...___________.... _ 173

papyracea Gray ___.______.______.._____ 154 

pectinata Linnaeus... ..._... .---.. --- 158 

penita Conrad_.._ ...._......_........ -.... .. 173

plena inflata Dall..----..-.-.--.----.__...--------.__....___.... 176

prodroma Gardner, n. sp.-_................ 174,175,176, PI. XXVIII

rileyi Conrad____.-..____.______ 175 

tumensGmelin__..........__.................. ....... ...... 163,164

(Anaitis) ulocyma Dall......._.. . .... ....--.--.----.--.. 168

o