NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A - 6240
- 10T1 IMO INDUSTRIES INC., Plaintiff
- Appellant/ Cross - Respondent,

v. TRANSAMERICA CORPORATION, TIG INSURANCE COMPANY , f/k/a TRANSAMERICA INSURANCE COMPANY, A.C.E. INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD., THE CENTRAL NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF OMAHA, INSURANCE COMP ANY OF NORTH AMERICA, ACE LTD., as successor - in
- interest to INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA, INDUSTRIAL UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE COMPANY, CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD'S OF LONDON, CERTAIN LONDON MARKET INSURANCE COMPANIES, PACIFIC EMPLOYERS INSURAN CE COMPANY, SERVICE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY OF ILLINOIS, as successor - in
- interest to ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, AMERICAN ZURICH INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, ZURICH INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
interest to ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, ZURICH INTERNATIONAL LTD., ZURICH INSURANCE GROUP, as successor in
- interest to ZURICH INTERNATIONAL LTD., ACE PROPERTY & C ASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to AETNA INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendants
- Respondents/ Cross - Appellants, and APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION September 30, 2014 APPELLATE DIVISIONA - 6240
- 10T1 2 PYRAMID INSURANCE COMPANY OF BERMUDA, LTD. , a/k/a PYRAMID INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD. , AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY , a/k/a TRAVELERS CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY, TRAVELERS CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY f/k/a AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY, TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY CORP., as successor - in
- interest to AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY and TRAVELERS CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY, FIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE COMPANY, INTERSTATE FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY, PURITAN INSURANCE COMPANY, WESTPORT INSURANCE CORPORATION, as successor - in
- interest to PURITAN INSURANCE COMPANY, TRANSPORT INDEMNITY COMPANY, MISSION AMERICAN INSURANC E COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to TRANSPORT INDEMNITY COMPANY, ASSOCIATED INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, INTEGRITY INSURANCE COMPANY, THE NEW JERSEY PROPERTY - LI ABILITY GUARANTY ASSOCIATION on behalf of INTEGRITY INSURANCE COMPANY in insolvenc y, MIDLAND INSURANCE COMPANY, THE NEW JERSEY PROPERTY - LIABILITY GUARANTY ASSOCIATION on behalf of MIDLAND INSURANCE COMPANY in insolvency, MISSION INSURANCE COMPANY, THE NEW JERSEY PROPERTY - LIABILITY GUARANTY ASSOCIATION on behalf of MISSION INSURA NCE COMPANY in insolvency, WESTERN EMPLOYERS INSURANCE COMPANY, THE NEW JERSEY PROPERTY - LIABILITY GUARANTY ASSOCIATION on behalf of WESTERN EMPLOYERS INSURANCE COMPANY in insolvency, YOSEMITE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendants
- Respondents, and
ALLIANZ UNDERWRITERS, INC., ALLIANZ UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE COMPANY, asA - 6240
- 10T1 3 successor - in
- interest to ALLIANZ UNDERWRITERS, INC., ALLIANZ GLOBAL RISKS US INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
i nterest to ALLIANZ UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE COMPANY, AMERICAN BANKERS INSURA NCE COMPANY OF FLORIDA, AMERICAN EMPIRE SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to GREAT AMERICAN SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, AMERICAN EMPIRE SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, XL INSURANCE COMPANY, L.T.D., as successor - in
- inter est to AMERICAN EXCESS INSURANCE COMPANY, AMERICAN HOME ASSURANCE COMPANY, AMERICAN RE - INSURANCE COMPANY, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNDERWRITERS, AIU INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNDERWRITERS, AMERICAN INTERNATI ONAL GROUP, as successor - in
interest to AIU INSURANCE COMPANY, EMPLOYERS MUTUAL CASUALTY COMPANY, FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, FIRST STATE INSURANCE COMPANY, GRANITE STATE INSURANCE COMPANY, GREAT AMERICAN SURPLUS INSURANCE COMPANY, CITY INSURANCE COM PANY, THE HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to CITY INSURANCE COMPANY, COLUMBIA CASUALTY COMPANY, COVENANT MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, COVENANT INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to COVENANT MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, GREAT AMER ICAN SURPLUS INSURANCE COMPANY, CITY INSURANCE COMPANY, THE HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor in
- interest to CITY INSURANCE COMPANY, COLUMBIA CASUALTY COMPANY, COVENANT MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, COVENANT INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
interes t to COVENANT MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, GREENWICH INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to HARBOR INSURANCE COMPANY, HARBOR INSURANCE COMPANY, INTERNATIONAL SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
-A - 6240
- 10T1 4 inter est to INTERNATIONAL SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, CRUM AND FORSTER INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to INTERNATIONAL SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, HIGHLANDS INSURANCE COMPANY, HUDSON INSURANCE COMPANY, THE INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, LANDMARK INSURANCE COMPANY, LEXINGTON INSURANCE COMPANY, NATIONAL CASUALTY COMPANY, NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH, PA, NORTHBROOK INDEMNITY COMPANY, ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to NORTHBROOK INDEMNITY COMPANY, ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY, ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, as successor in
- interest to ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY, ROYAL INDEMNITY COMPANY, as successor in
- interest to ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY, ROYAL INDEMNITY COMPANY, X. L. , REINSURANCE AMERICA, INC., as successor in
- interest to SERVICE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, NATIONAL AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA, as successor in
- interest to MISSION AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, PREMIER INSURANCE COMPANY, S&H INSURANCE CO MPANY, NATIONAL FARMERS UNION PROPERTY AND CASUALTY COMPANY, as successor - in
interest to S&H INSURANCE COMPANY, TRANSAMERICA PREMIER INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor - in
- interest to PREMIER INSURANCE COMPANY, TIG PREMIER INSURANCE COMPANY, as success or - in
- interest to TRANSAMERICA PREMIER INSURANCE COMPANY, TRANSCONTINENTAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendants .

____________________________________________

Argued March 31, 2014
– Decided Before Judges Yannotti, Ashrafi , and St. John. September 30, 2014A - 6240
- 10T1 5 On appeal from Su perior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Morris County, Docket No. L - 19
- 09. Robin L. Cohen and Kenneth H. Frenchman of the New York bar, admitted pro hac vice, argued the cause for appellant/cross

respondent IMO Industries Inc. (DeCotiis, FitzPatrick & Cole, L.L.P., Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman, L.L.P., Steven J. Roman (Dickstein Shapiro, L.L.P.) of the D.C. bar, admitted pro hac vice, and Mr. Frenchman, attorneys; Mr. Roman, Jeffrey D. Smith, Ms. Cohen and Elizabeth A. Sherwin, on the brief). Sh erilyn Pastor argued the cause for respondent/cross

- appellant Transamerica Corporation (McCarter & English, L.L.P., attorneys; Ms. Pasto r and G regory H. Horowitz, of counsel and on the brief; Nicholas M. Insua, Adam J. Budesheim, Stephanie Platzman
- Diamant , and Mark D. Villanueva, on the brief). Shawn L. Kelly argued the cause for respondent/cross

- appellant TIG Insurance Company (Riker Danzig Scherer Hyland & Perretti, L.L.P., attorneys; Mr. Kelly, Ronald Puhala, Sigrid S. Franzblau and Richard C. Kielbani a, of counsel and on the brief). Mark D. Hoerrner argued the cause for respondent Pyramid Insurance Company, Ltd. (Budd Larner, P.C., attorneys; Mr. Hoerrner, Marc I. Bressman and David I. Satine, on the brief). Patricia B. Santelle argued the cause for respondents/cross

- appellants ACE Property & Casualty Insurance Company, Century Indemnity Company, Central National Insurance Company of Omaha, Industrial Underwriters Insurance Company, Pacific Employers Insurance Company, and ServiceA - 6240
- 10T1 6 Fire Insurance Com pany (White and Williams L.L.P., attorneys; Ms. Santelle, Gregory S. Capps, and Paul A. Briganti, on the brief). Mark J. Leimkuhler (Lewis Baach, P.L.L.C.) of the D.C. bar, admitted pro hac vice, argued the cause for respondents/cross

appellants London Ma rket Insurers (Tompkins, McGuire, Wachenfeld & Barry, L.L.P., and Mr. Leimkuhler, attorneys; Mr. Leimkuhler, of counsel and on the brief; Aisha E. Henry (Lewis Baach, P.L.L.C.) of the D.C. bar, admitted pro hac vice, and Matthew P. O'Malley, on the brief). Michael A. Kotula argued the cause for respondents Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, Interstate Fire & Casualty Company and Westport In surance Corporation (Rivkin Radl er, L.L.P., attorneys; Mr. Kotula and Lawrence A. Levy of the New York bar, admitted pr o hac vice, on the brief). Coughlin Duffy, L.L.P. and John K. Daly (Meckler Bulger Tilson Marick & Pearson, L.L.P.) of the Illinois bar, admitted pro hac vice, attorneys for respondents/cross

appellants Zurich American Insurance Company and Zurich Interna tional (Bermuda), Ltd. (Robert J. Re and Mr. Daly, of counsel and on the brief; Maida Perez, on the brief). L'Abbate, Balkan, Colavita & Contini, L.L.P., attorneys for respondent Transport Insurance Company (Gretchen B. Connard and John D. McKenna, on the brief).
F ord Marrin Esposito Witmeyer & Gleser, L.L.P., attorneys for respondent Travelers Casualty & Surety Company (James M. Adrian and Kenneth D. Walsh, on the brief). Locke Lord L.L.P., attorneys for respondent CX Reinsurance Company Limited ( Richar d I. Scharlat, on the brief).A - 6240
- 10T1 7 Norris McLaughlin & Marcus, P. A., attorneys for amicus curiae Independent Energy Producers of New Jersey (Robert Mahoney, on the brief ) . The opinion of the court was delivered by ASHRAFI, J.A.D. Several parties appeal fr om a final judgment determin ing insurance coverage for asbestos
- related personal injury claims . Plaintiff IMO Industries, Inc. is the insured and the successor to a manufacturer of industrial products that contained asbestos. Defendants are primary and e xcess liability insurers,

a s well as Transamerica Corporation, the former parent company of the predecessor manufacturer . Over the years, IMO purchased a total of $1.85 billion in insurance coverage from all the defendant insurers. That amount is suffic ient to pay for its anticipated liabilities and defense costs for asbestos
- related personal injury claims. N one theless, IMO initiated this litigation to establish its rights under those insurance policies and to recover money damages. Among many issues a nd topic s, t he appeals present some question s that have not been previously addressed in the New Jersey Supreme Court's insurance allocation decisions for so
called long
- tail environmental losses , beginning with Owens -A - 6240
- 10T1 8 Illinois, Inc. v. United Insurance Co. , 138 N.J. 437 (1994) , and
Carter - Wallace, Inc. v. Admiral Insurance Co. , 154 N.J. 312 (1998) . W e must decide whether the trial court correctly treated primary insurance policies that pay for all litigation defense costs "outside the limits , " or in additi on to , the indemnification limits of the policies . W e must also decide how the coverage limits of excess multi
- year policies must be treated in the allocation model. Additional issues include whether IMO was entitled to a jury trial on its claims for mon ey damages, and numerous challenges to the trial court's interpretation of insurance policies within the Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocation m ethodology . Having considered the record and the parties' written and oral arguments, we find no groun d to reverse the many rulings of the s everal judges who presided over this litigation. We affirm the final judgment of the Law Division.
I. Facts and Procedural History The Parties
P laintiff IMO originated in 1901 as the Delaval Steam Turbine Company . It manufacture d turbines , pumps, gears, and other machinery with industrial and military uses, including for United States Navy ships. In some of Delaval 's productsA - 6240
- 10T1 9 manufactured from the 1940s to the 1980s , component parts contained asbestos. Defendant Tran samerica is a holding company that acquired Delaval in 1963 . Delaval operated as a subsidiary of Transamerica under different names until its divest iture in 1986 by means of a spin
- off to shareholders . After the divestiture , plaintiff became IMO Industri es, Inc. From the 1960s until 1993 , Transamerica owned T ransamerica
I nsurance C ompany , which became defendant TIG Insurance Company ("TIG") when it was divest ed in 1993 . Transamerica acquired Pyramid Insurance Company of Bermuda in the 1970s and still

own ed i t a t the time of this litigation . Transamerica, TIG, and Pyramid are at times collectively referred to in this litigation as the Transamerica defendants. The other defendants are insurance companies , together with their predecessors and affiliates , that provided different levels of primary or excess liability insurance to plaintiff or Transamerica . Among the excess insurers that have raised issues on appeal are two group s of insurers that we will refer to in this opinion as "ACE" and "LMI." 1 We w ill also refer to IMO and TIG to mean the present company or its predecessors.

1 "ACE" in this opinion shall mean one or more of the following insurers: ACE Property and Casualty Insurance Company, Century (continued)A - 6240
- 10T1 10 Risk Management Program In 1972, Transamerica established a corporate risk management program ("TARM") that oversaw insurance matter s for its subsidiaries . The objectives of t he TARM program were to protect Transamerica and its subsidiaries from catastrophic losses and to minimize cost s for insurance coverage and accidental loss es . According to Transamerica's director of risk management in the 198 0s , the TARM program was never intended to be an insurer for subsidiaries , although Transamerica would often pay losses that fell within a subsidiary's self
- insured

re tention ("SIR") . A SIR operates in some ways like a deductible for an insurance policy but also is significantly diffe rent , as we will discuss later in this opinion . The T ARM program procured insurance on behalf of Transamerica' s subsidiaries in exchange for an annual fee. The fee cover ed the costs of purchasing insurance, TARM's operating costs, and the subsidiary's sh are of losses. (continued) Indemnity Company, CCI Insurance Company , Insurance Company of North America, Indemnity Insurance Company of North America, Central National Insurance Company of Omaha, Service Fire Insurance Company, Industrial Underwriters Insurance Company, and Pacific Employers Insurance Company.
"LMI" st ands for "London Market Insurers" and shall mean one or more of individual Lloyd's syndicates or London Market companies.A - 6240
- 10T1 11 Transamerica would charge back its payments covering a subsidiary's SIRs through the risk management fees. Subsidiaries like IMO that experienced unique or significant losses were also charged a catastrophe fee beyond the normal risk man agement fee. Before its divestiture in 1986, IMO had paid approximately $33 million in such fees to Transamerica . IMO's Insurance Policies Before 1964, IMO had general liability policies issued by New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Company ("NJM") and Ae tna Casualty and Surety Company ("Aetna") . From 1964 to 1972, IMO purchased primary insurance directly from T IG . We will refer to th e se pre - 1972 policies as TIG' s "direct policies . " From 1972 through 1976, Transamerica purchased insurance on behalf of IMO from the Highlands Insurance Company. The Highlands policies were written above a $100,000 SIR , meaning that IMO's losses must exceed that level of lo ss from any single occurrence before it could access coverage under the Highlands policies . T here wa s no insurance in place to cover IMO's SIR . TIG also issued excess policies to IMO during this time period. From 1977 to 1986 , Transamerica purchased first
- layer excess insurance coverage for IMO from A C E and Pyramid . These policies also required SIRs. To cover the SIRs, Transamerica purchased insurance policies from TIG , which are referred to inA - 6240
- 10T1 12 this litigation as " fronting policies . " These policies allow ed
IMO to obtain insurance certificates showing full coverage for all losses . The "fronting" refer ence meant there was no risk assumed by the insurance carrier , here TIG. 2 The TIG fronting policies had stated coverage limits of $1 million from 1977 through 1984 and higher limits for 1985 and 1986, totaling in the aggregate $10.75 million for the ten - year period . For the fronting policies in effe ct from 1977 through 1981 , defense costs were paid " outside the limits " of the policies . This means that the policies would pay their stated $1 million indemnity limits plus defense costs ; the defense

co sts were supplemental to the indemnification coverage and did not erode the indemnity limits. We will refer to these policies as "outside the limits" policies. Defense costs for the policies in effect from 198 2 through 1986 were within the policy

2 "Fronting" means "[t]he use of a licensed, admitted insurer to issue an insurance policy on behalf of a self
- insured organization or captive insurer without the intention of transferring any of the risk. The risk of loss is retained by the self
- insured or captive insurer with an indemnity or reinsurance agreement. . . . Fronting arrangements allow captives and self
- insurers to comp ly with financial responsibility laws imposed by many states that require evidence of coverage written by an admitted insurer, such as for automobile liability and workers compensation insurance." Fronting , IRMI Risk & Ins . , http://www.irmi.com/online/ insurance
- glossary/terms/f/fronting .aspx (last visited Sept. 4, 2014) ; see also Richard V. Rupp, Insurance & Risk Management Glossary 150 (1991) (fronting insurer issues policy o n behalf of captive insurer but assumes little or no financial exposure).A - 6240
- 10T1 13 limits, meaning payments for defense costs did erode the indemnity limits. Thus , IMO had "direct policies" from TIG from 1964 through 1972 , excess policies at various times including 1972 through 1976, and "fronting policies" from 1977 to 1986, the first five years of which were "outside the limits" policies. Over the years since the 1986 divestiture, TIG made payments totaling more than $30 million for IMO's asbestos liabilities and defense costs from both its direct and fronting policies. Adding TIG's payme nts from excess policies, TIG paid IMO more than $72 million for its asbestos liabilities and costs . IMO also received payments from Pyramid 's excess policies , including from the time that TIG claimed it had no more responsibility for IMO's losses. Dig ressing briefly from the facts to re stat e the lead issue i n this appeal, TIG claims its policies are exhausted because it has paid far more than the amount of loss allocated to it under the Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace loss allocation m odel . IMO cont ends TIG's obligations have not ended because the indemnification limits of the "outside the limits" policies cannot be exhausted by allocating responsibility to those policies. It contends only actual payments that reach the $1 million dollar indemnifica tion limits will exhaust TIG'sA - 6240
- 10T1 14 obligation to cover defense costs under the five years of "outside the limits" policies. According to IMO, as of the end of 2010, TIG owed an additional $48 million in defense costs under those policies. Transamerica's Agree ments with TIG Between 1976 and 1992, Transamerica entered into four agreements with TIG to indemnify TIG for its payments under the fronting policies. In 1992, Transamerica and TIG also entered into an agreement with regard to the pre - 1972 direct polici es pursuant to which Transamerica would contribute to TIG half the total amounts of defense and indemnity sought by IMO for asbestos litigation. The result of these agreements was that Transamerica actually paid approximately half the amounts paid by TIG to IMO under its direct and fronting policies . Divestitur e of IMO In 1986, Transamerica divest ed IMO's predecessor by spinning off its s hare s to Transamerica shareholders , and the
new company became IMO. The terms of the divestiture were contained in a D istribution A greement dated December 18, 1986 . On the subject of insurance coverage, the agreement stated :

Section 6.02 Insurance With respect to all insurance plans of [IMO], [IMO] shall be liable for payment of claims (to the extent not covered by Tran samerica's Risk Management Program) arising out of incidents, known or unknown, reported orA - 6240
- 10T1 15 unreported, which were incurred prior or subsequent to the Distribution Date. [(E mphasis added).] A dispute on appeal pertains to the underscored language and t he obligations, if any, it imposes upon Transamerica after the divestiture. Asbestos Lawsuits , I FAs , and Exhaustion of Policies At the time of the 1986 divestiture, IMO had been named as a third
- party defendant in three asbestos liability lawsuits.
IMO tendered these claims to TIG for i ndemnification and defense . TIG provided one hundred percent of the funds to pay these claims, and Transamerica then reimbursed TIG at least half that amount pursuant to their agreements. Many more asbestos claims were filed after the divestiture, and TIG continued to provide a defense to IMO under both its direct policies and its fronting policies. In 1989, IMO sent "first notice" letters to excess insurers. These letters made no demand for payment and provided mini mal information about the claims against IMO or any underlying policies that might be in place. In fact, according to the excess insurers, IMO told the m it had ample primary insurance coverage and their policies were unlikely to be reached in the foreseea ble future.A - 6240
- 10T1 16 In 1991, IMO discovered NJM's and Aetna's older primary insurance policies and tendered its asbestos claims to NJM and
to Travelers Insurance Company ("Travelers") as successor to
Aetna. Aetna's policies covered IMO from 1955 to 1964. On
S eptember 30, 1992, IMO entered into an Interim Defense and Indemnification Funding Agreement ("IFA") with TIG and
Aetna /Travelers under which all defense costs were to be paid by TIG and Aetna, and indemnity payments were split in three equal shares among TIG, Aetna, and IMO. NJM, on the other hand, did not acknowledge coverage on its primary liability policies issued to IMO from 1935 through 1954 . IMO filed suit against NJM and was successful in compelling it to provide coverage . O n March 24, 1993, IMO entered into an IFA with NJM , which a ppl ied in conjunction with the earlier IFA with TIG and Aetna/Travelers . Neither of the two IFA s was intended to be a final allocation of IMO's loss es , and both reserved the parties' rights to seek reallocation of the amounts paid. Under the two IFAs, defense costs were split equally among Aetna, NJM, and TIG, and indemnity costs were split equally
among the three insurers and IMO. In 1998, NJM declared its policies exhausted, having paid $4,234,703 in defense and in d em nity costs . It made no further pay ments after that time . When Aetna balked at continuing payments, IMO filed suit againstA - 6240
- 10T1 17 Aetna and IMO's excess insurers seeking to compel payments under
Aetna' s IFA. IMO did not actively pursue the matter against the excess insurers, and in 2000 it voluntarily dismissed them from the litigation. A new sharing arrangement was reached among Aetna/Travelers, TIG, and IMO under which Aetna paid one fourth of defense costs and one fourth of indemnity costs, IMO paid one th ird of indemnity costs and none of the defense costs, and the balance of both types of costs was paid by TIG.
Aetna declared its polici e s exhausted in August 2003 , having paid a total of $15,240,064 . IMO did not challenge Aetna's declaration of exhausti on. TIG then continued making
p ayments under the IFAs for several more months , paying one hundred percent of defense costs and two thirds of the indemnity
costs. A ll of IMO's defense costs through the end of 2003 were paid by means of the IFAs, and IMO i ncurred no unreimbursed defense costs through th at time . In early 200 4 , when TIG declared its 1977 through 1986 fronting policy limits exhausted, TIG had paid a total of $30,856,193 to IMO as reimbursement of indemnity and defense costs, these payments b eing allocated by TIG to both its pre 1972 direct policies and to the 1977 through 1986 fronting policies.A - 6240
- 10T1 18 Owens - Illinois and Carter
- Wallace The New Jersey Supreme Court's 1994 decision in Owens Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 478
- 79 , first established the

" continuous trigger" theory of insurance coverage for long
- tail environmental losses, such as exposure to asbestos. The Court defined the term "occurrence" in liability policies to mean a separate triggering event for insurance coverage in each year from t he time a claimant alleging injury was first exposed to asbestos until manifestation of an asbestos
- related disease or until insurance coverage became unavailable . Ibid. The Court also established a pro - rated model for the allocation of coverage responsi bilities among multiple insurers based on an insurer's time on the loss and limits of risk coverage in the policies . I d. at 474
- 75 . In July 1998, the Court issued its decision in Carter Wallace , supra , 154 N.J. 312, as further development of the allocat ion me thodo l ogy . The Court held that excess insurers were included in the model , and that policies would be exhausted "vertically" in each year of coverage applicable to a claim rather than all primary insurance policies being exhausted "horizontally" fir st across the range of "triggered" coverage years before excess insurers ' policies would attach. Id. at 32 5 - 2 8 .A - 6240
- 10T1 19 In November 1998, representatives from IMO, TIG, and Transamerica met and discussed applying the Carter - Wallace allocation methodology to IMO's claims. IMO's General Counsel strongly disagreed with Carter - Wallace and refused to apply it s methodology to allocate responsibility among IMO's insurers . He

was satisfied with the IFA arrangement s in place where IMO paid a third of indemnity and no def ense costs. The Present Litigation In 2002, IMO sought assurance from the Transamerica defendants that t hey would continue to pay full defense costs and most of the indemnity costs for asbestos claims. When

assurance was not given , IMO filed its initi al complaint in August 2003 against the Transamerica defendants . In early 2004, the T ransamerica defendants informed IMO that TIG' s fronting policies were exhausted as of December 31, 2 003. A February 4, 2004 letter written by counsel for Pyramid

s tated that , up to December 31, 2003, Transamerica had paid "at least $9,703,101 in indemnity for asbestos bodily injury claims, and at least $5,138,148 for expenses for those claims" and that those sums exceeded the amount of the SIRs and the limits of
TIG 's fronting policies . The letter informed IMO that any future payments for indemnity and expenses would be paid " by Pyramid's excess policies, up to the limits of the PyramidA - 6240
- 10T1 20 policies . " Pyramid's future payments would be based on its
Carter - Wallace alloc ation share after a short transitional period . Although IMO eventually added the excess insurers to the present litigation, it initially told them in private meetings that it had done so to avoid inconsistent judgments if active litigation against th e excess insurers were to become necessary in the future. IMO reassured the excess insurers that their policies were not going to be reached because the TIG "outside the limits" policies for 1977 through 1981 would never reach the ir limits of coverage. 3
I n July 2005, IMO appeared to waver in its belief that the TIG policies had not been exhausted. A s a result , Pyramid agreed that its excess policies were triggered and advanced IMO $2 million toward defense invoices. In August 2005, however,

3 A ccording to TIG and some of the excess insurers , IMO originally took the position that the $1 million limits of the fronting policies w ould never be reached because each asbestos personal injury claim was a separate occurrence, and IMO's indemnification liability for those claims was a relatively small amount. N o individual asbestos claim would exhaust the $1 million in indemnification coverage and TIG would perpetually have to p rovide defense costs on the "outside the limits" policies. As we will explain further, IMO and its expert presented a different version of their theory of " limitless defense costs " during this litigation that did not rely on a separate occurrence and $1 m illion dollars of indemnity coverage for each individual claim .A - 6240
- 10T1 21 IMO again ass erted that the TIG policies had n ot been exhausted . Pyramid then stopped making payments.
O n August 21, 2007, IMO wrote to excess insurers demanding that they pay IMO's asbestos losses in accordance with an allocation calculated by IMO's expert, Dr. Char les Mullin. In his trial testimony, Mullin reviewed his calculations and agreed that they indicated TIG's fronting policies should be allocated $13,349,296 in defense and indemnity costs. He subsequently adjusted that figure to $13,433,600. Since makin g its August 2007 demand on excess insurers , IMO has settled with more than a dozen of them , with total policy limits of at least $708 million. S ome of the excess insurers that did not settle and raise issues in this appeal have also paid millions of doll ars to IMO under their policies. On September 10, 2008, IMO produced a new allocation of loss es and claimed that TIG and Transamerica owed millions more than the approximately $13 .5 million calculated in Mullin's earlier allocations . I MO based this cla im on TIG's continuing obligation to pay defense costs under the first five fronting policies until its actual payment s of indemnification obligations , rather than allocation, reached the $1 million level of each policy . IMO claimed that allocation of los ses to the fronting policies under the Carter - Wallace model was notA - 6240
- 10T1 22 sufficient to reach their limits but actual payment had to be made by TIG in accordance with the language of those policies. In this litigation, IMO has referred to this coverage positio n by several different name s , including " bookend " and "limitless defense costs . " The Transamerica defendants refer to it as the " running spigot" theory of coverage under TIG's fronti ng policies of 1977 through 198 1 . The crux of this theory is that, with defense costs being paid outside the policy limits, TIG's obligation to cover defense costs for claims that could be attributed to those policy years would continue until TIG actually paid $1 million in indemnity costs from the policy in each of those year s. With the small amount of indemnity payments on the liability that IMO has for injured plaintiffs in asbestos cases ( many of those case s settl ing for only several thousand dollars from IMO ), the limits of the TIG "outside the limits" policies would not be reached for many years. TIG's obligation to continue paying for defense costs would continue indefinitely. Pleadings and Pre
- Trial Proceedings
IMO began this litigation with its first complaint and jury demand filed in August 2003 against only the Tran samerica defendants . It sought a declaration of rights and obligations under the TARM program and under the primary and excessA - 6240
- 10T1 23 insurance policies issued by TIG and Pyramid. It also sought compensatory and punitive damages fo r breach of contract and relat ed causes of action . Defendants filed answers, cross
claims, counterclaims, and a third
- party complaint against three excess insurance carriers. In 2004, IMO filed a second amended complaint, add ing new claims against the Transamerica defendants an d also nam ing

numerous excess insurer s as defendants. Over time in this litigation, most of the excess insurers either settled with IMO or were dismissed from the case. Twelve defendants remained in the case at the time of the trials beginning in 2009. In the intervening time, the court entered orders holding that New Jersey law i s applicable to certain pertinent issues, granting or denying summary judgment on various grounds , determining that the Carter - Wallace allocation methodology would be applied, and appointing a special allocation master ("SAM") to consider all allocation
- related issues and to make recommendations to the trial judge. In January 2009, Retired Judge Robert Muir, Jr., was recalled to the bench and assigned to the case. At about t hat time, Pyramid and TIG renewed motions they had filed earlier to strike plaintiff's jury demand and to proceed with a bench trial. On June 30, 2009, Judge Muir granted the motions andA - 6240
- 10T1 24 ordered that all issues would be tried without a jury. This
court a nd the Supreme Court denied IMO's motions for leave to appeal that ruling. Bench Trials on Discrete Issues In June 2009, Judge Muir tried the issues related to certain excess insurers in a four
- day bench trial. He issued a final decision and order on the excess insurers' coverage disputes on December 16, 2009. Several excess insurers

— including ACE, LMI, and Zurich American Insurance Company and its predecessors and affiliates ("Zurich")

— have cross
appealed, challenging Judge Muir's December 2009 decis ion as well as other aspects of the final judgment entered two years later. After the June 2009 bench trial, Judge Muir scheduled separate bench trials on two major issues. At the Phase I trial conducted in the early months of 2010 , the issue was whether the TIG fronting policies were in fact exhausted. Judge Muir found by an oral decision on October 14 , 2010, that the policies were not only exhausted by the end of 2003, but that TIG had overpaid its obligations . In reaching that conclusion, Judge Muir found that IMO's allocation expert, Mullin , was not a credible witness and that
IMO's "limitless defense costs" or " running spigot " theory wasA - 6240
- 10T1 25 not supported by the evidence or legal precedent . He determined that TIG had paid $9,655,200 in indemnity losses and $6,254,400 in defense costs , for a total of $15,909,600 paid under its fronting policies of 1977 through 1986 and also excess policies from 1972 through 1976 . Since the judge's findings allocated $13,636,700 to IMO's defense costs and indemnification losses during th at tim e period based on an allocation model prepared by the SAM , TIG had overpaid its obligation s by $2,271,900. Judge Muir stated it would be inequitable and unconscionable to all ow IMO to keep the overpayments , but he did not rule furth er with respect to disposition of TIG's overpayments , and did not reach any decision as to payments TIG had made under its pre
- 1972 direct policies . At the Phase II trial held in the spring of 2010 , Judge Muir consider ed the dispute between IMO and Tran samerica. In his written decision issued on December 29, 201 0 , the j udge found that IMO had failed to establish th e existence of an implied
- in
- fact contract requiring Transamerica to continue reimbursing IMO for its SIRs and other unreimbursed costs of

as bestos claims , and that the written Distribution Agreement controlling the 1986 divestiture of IMO is an unambiguous contract that governs the issues between IMO and Transamerica . The judg e rejected IMO's assertion that Transamerica was IMO'sA - 6240
- 10T1 26 de facto ins urer for its SIRs , deductibles , and other expenses, and he dismissed IMO's claims for breach of contract, estoppel , and bad faith . Judge Muir completed his service on recall in January 2011 after issuing his decision s on the Phase I and Phase II trials . Retired Judge Donald Coburn was then assigned on recall to preside over the case. Final Judgment Following the Phase I trial, the SAM prepared a retroactive allocation of IMO's losses, which "ignored" payments by TIG and others in calculating the allocati on figures and made no recommendations as to the treatment of overpayments by TIG that Judge Muir had found. Because t he SAM's report attributed defense costs to TIG after 2003, it concluded that TIG still owed IMO almost $2 million under the fronting pol icies. Judge Coburn directed the SAM to prepare a new loss allocation report that did not accept IMO's " running spigot " theory and took into account all payments made by TIG. The SAM's revised allocation schedule issued in April 2011 was based
on tota l estimated costs to IMO of $325 million through the end of 20 1 0. It allocated $15,232,832 to the TIG fronting policies under what TIG calls a " modified spigot " theory.A - 6240
- 10T1 27 In his ruling on the final loss allocation, Judge Coburn rejected parts of the SAM 's revised allocation schedule as contrary to Judge Muir's Phase I decision . Applying Judge Muir's decision that TIG payments from policy years that were overpaid would be transferred to those years that were underpaid , Judge Coburn determined tha t all pa yments from TIG, including those previously attributed to the pre
- 1972 direct policies , could be transferred to determine if policies were exhausted under the proper Carter - Wallace allocation . He further found that the " running spigot " theory was not supp orted by IMO's own reasonable expectations when it procured the insurance policies , and that the allocation of additional defense costs to the fronting policies would be disproportionate to the degree of risk transferred to TIG under those policies . Judg e Coburn adjusted the SAM's calculation by reducing defense costs attributed to TIG by the amount s inc urred after the TIG policies were exhausted. He allocat ed $8,165,364 in indemnity and $5,159,341 in defense costs to TIG's pre
- 1972 direct policies, a to tal of $13, 324 , 705. He allocated $8,403,478 in indemnity and $5, 342 , 606 in defense costs to TIG's fronting policies, a total of $13, 746 ,0 84. By taking into account TIG's payments under the IFAs, which total ed $30,856,193 , and also payments made by anothe r insurerA - 6240
- 10T1 28 affiliated with TIG , Judge Coburn determined that TIG had overpaid IMO $15, 20 1,438 , which he rounded off to $15,200,000 . Judge Coburn suggested that the parties discuss resolution of how that amount might be reimbursed to TIG by the excess insu rers that had coverage obligations. T he parties , however, were not able to resolve the issue . By final judgment dated August 16, 2011 , the judge awarded $15, 200,000 to TIG as money damages against IMO for TIG' s overpayment s on its policies , plus prejudgm ent interest of $ 1, 400,000 . Of the amount awarded to TIG, the judgment accounted for a total of $8,521,771 as sums paid or to be paid by ACE, LMI, and one other excess insurer to
IMO , the balance being IMO's separate responsibility . The final judgment also declared that Transamerica had no further obligation to IMO for its asbestos claims , and t he excess insurers were ordered to pay their shares according to the allocation schedule a dopted by the final judgment . The judgment also denied IMO's applicati on for attorneys' fee s and prejudgment interest and Transamerica's application for attorneys' fees under an indemnification provision of the 1986 Distribution Agreement . All remaining claims, counterclaims, and cross
- claims that were not specifically addr essed in the final judgment were dismissed with prejudice.A - 6240
- 10T1 29 II. Exhaustion of TIG's Fronting Policies The lead issue in the case

— the exhaustion issue

— is whether TIG must cover defense costs for an endless or indefinite time until it has actual ly paid the indemnification limits of its policies, or whether those policies were exhausted and TIG has no further obligations to IMO.
IMO , some excess insurers, and amicus curiae Independent Energy Producers of New Jersey c laim erro r in Judge Muir's exhaustion decision and its implementation by Judge Coburn in the final allocation judgment . T hey contend th e judges failed to hold TIG liable for a continuing obligation to pay defense
costs although the fronting policies from 1977 through 1981 require p ay ment of defense costs "outside the limits" of the indemnification coverage . The policies provide that the insurer w ill "not be obligated to pay any claim or judgment or to defend any suit after the applicable limit of the company's liability ha s been

e xhausted by payment of judgments or settlements " (emphasis added) . IMO argue s that the policies unambiguously require exhaustion by formal payment, not just by allocation of sufficient losses to the policies .A - 6240
- 10T1 30 Before we address th is argument, we will rev iew Owens Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. 437 , and some cases that followed it.
Owens - Illinois is the seminal case in New Jersey setting forth the methodology for proportional allocation of indemnity and defense costs among multiple insurers in " long
- tail " envi ronmental exposure litigation. Spaulding Composites Co. v.
Aetna Cas . & Sur . Co. , 176 N.J. 25, 39 (2003), cert. denied sub

nom. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Caldwell Trucking PRP Grp . , 540
U.S. 1142, 124 S. Ct. 1061, 157 L. Ed. 2d 953 (2004). The insurance policies in Owens - Illinois contained standard clauses providing liability coverage for bodily injury that "occur[ed]" within the policy period . Owens - Illinois , supra , 1 38 N.J. at 447 . The Court explained that, w he re injuries were sustained over long peri ods of time, questions ar i se as to when and how liability insurance coverage of the allegedly responsible parties i s triggered and as to how losses sh ould be fairly allocated among the range of triggered policies. Spaulding Composites , supra , 176 N.J. at 32. T he Court observed that rigid enforcement of the policy terms as governed by traditional principles of insurance law could not capture the time of an occurrence in the context of such toxic
- tort litigation . Owens - Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 457
- 59. It concluded that "[m]ass
- exposure toxic
- tort cases ha ve simplyA - 6240
- 10T1 31 exceeded the capacity of conventional models of judicial response." Id. at 459. The Court reviewed a number of options to resolve the question of determin ing the " occurrence " of an injury th at does not manifest for many years . It ultimately adopted a

" continu ous - trigger " theory by which an injury would trigger coverage continuously from th e date of the claimant's first
exposure to asbestos onward as a single "occurrence " for each
year. Id. at 478
- 79. The Court then adopted a pro
- rata allocation method ology , distributing the insured's losses for the triggered time period in percentage shares commensurate with the "degree of risk transferred or retained in each of the years of repeated exposu re to injurious conditions." Id. at 47 5 . The resulting allocation among insurance policies would th us be "related to both the time on the risk and the degree of risk assumed." Id. at 479. The insured would share in the allocation for periods where it v oluntarily retained the risk rather than contracting for available insurance. Ibid. Policy limits and exc lusions would remain applicable, and the resulting allocation would conform to the particulars of the policies at issue. Id. at 476. The Court "reco gnize[d] the difficulties of apportioning costs with any scientific certainty," but accepted that a "roughA - 6240
- 10T1 32 measure" of each insurer's proportionate allocation of losses might be the best that could be achieved. Id. at 47 6
- 7 7. T he Court never independentl y addressed allocation of defense costs as opposed to indemnification for claims that the insured would have to pay to the injured person , though the undeniable implication of Owens - Illinois is that defense costs are also allocable, subject to policy terms , in the same manner as indemnity expenditures.
I n Carter - Wallace , supra , 154 N.J. at 325
- 27 , t he Court confirmed the application of the continuous
- trigger theory and
pro - rata methodology in allocatin g liability among both primary and excess policies. I t rejected an argument made by the second
- level excess insurer in that case that the insured party
must exhaust all primary and first
- level excess policies in the entire coverage block before accessing any second
- level excess coverage . Id. at 324. The Cou rt also rejected the insured's contention that the entire universe of losses should be collapsed to a single year
so as to access immediately th e coverage from all insurers for that one year . Id. at 325. Neither of these arguments was faithful to the hol ding of Owens - Illinois that ongoing injur ies should be treated as a single occurrence within each year . Consequently , the Court adopted an approach requiring thatA - 6240
- 10T1 33 losses first be allocated " horizontally " among the range of years in the coverage block, but that policies be exhausted

" vertically " within each year, such that each successive layer of insurance within a given year would be accessed as the one below was exhausted. Id. at 327
- 28. The Cour t added:

Our jurisprudence in this area has not been mark ed by rigid mathematical formulas, and we do not advocate any such inflexibility now. Rather, our focus remains on "[a] fair method of allocation . . . that is related to both the time on the risk and the degree of risk assumed." [ Owens - Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. ] at 479. Nevertheless, we anticipate that the principles of Owens Illinois , as clarified by our decision today, represent the presumptive rule for resolving the allocation issue among primary and excess insurers in continuous trigger liability ca ses unless exceptional circumstances dictate application of a different standard. [ Carter - Wallace , supra , 154 N.J. at 327
- 28.]
In Spaulding Composites , supra , 176 N.J. at 28, the Court considered whether application of a "non
- cumulation" clause in a
comp rehensive general liability policy could be enforced consistently with the Owens - Illinois methodology . Such clauses "operate[] to limit an insurer's liability under multiple sequential . . . policies where losses related to a ' single

occurrence ' trigger t he successive policies . " Id. at 43
- 44 (emphasis added). The purpose of such clauses is to avoid the "'cumulation' of policy limits for damage arising out of [ a ]A - 6240
- 10T1 34 single occurrence . . . . " Id. at 44. Because Owens - Illinois had explicitly rejected the th eory that an injury in a long
- term environ mental exposure case constitutes one single occurrence , the Court held that non - cumulation clauses simply did not apply in th at context. I bi d. I t added :

[E] ven if the non
- cumulation clause was not facially inappl icable, we would not enforce it because it would thwart the Owens Illinois pro - rata allocation modality. Once the court turns to pro rata allocation, it makes sense that the non
- cumulation clause, which would allow the insurer to avoid its fair share of r esponsibility, drops out of the policy. [ Ibid. ] Thus Spaulding Composites s uppor ts the proposition that the
Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocation model supersede s contrary terms of an insurance policy. The Court again affirmed th e allocation mode l in Benjamin Moore & Co. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. , 179 N.J. 87, 91 (2004) , but this time the Court adhered to the language of the policies where they did not conflict with the allocation model . In Benjamin Moore , the Court determined that an insure d would have to satisfy its full per
- occurrence deductibles for each policy before accessing indemnity coverage . In so doing, t he
Court clarified that :

when a policy is triggered, so are its fundamental terms and conditions. AlthoughA - 6240
- 10T1 35 Owens - Illinois did not turn on policy language or traditional interpretation rules because it was crafting an overarching scheme for solving the scientifically unsolvable problem of determining how to allocate progressive environmental damage to sequential policies, that sch eme was nevertheless meant to be superimposed on the specific terms of insurance contracts. That is why the Owens - Illinois allocation methodology is subject to "limits and exclusions." In other words, Owens - Illinois was never intended to displace the bas ic provisions of the insurance contract so long as those provisions are not inconsistent with the underlying methodology specifically adopted in that case . [ Id. at 101 (emphasis added and citations omitted).] IMO argues this last
- quoted explanation by th e Court means that the Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocation methodology must be superimposed over the terms of TIG's fronting policies rather than supersed ing those terms. If, as IMO contends , the policies require that only actual payment s for
IMO 's losses can relieve TIG of its contractual obligation to
pay for defense costs , total coverage of IMO's losses and the attachment point for excess insurer s will be affected . IMO and amicus curiae cont end that Judge Coburn mistakenly deemed the policy language requiring actual payment to be ambiguous and inappropriately resolved that ambiguity in favor of his own belief that a reasonable insured would never expect coverage of defense costs far exceeding the indemnity limits ofA - 6240
- 10T1 36 a policy . Judge Coburn co mmented that an insurer would pay its indemnification limit in full before incurring a much larger obligation to pay defense costs , but IMO and amicus curiae contend that case law prohibits an insurer that provided

" outside the limits " defense coverage fro m avoiding its obligation s by paying its indemnity limit and then abandoning the insured . See , e.g. , Chubb/Pacific Indem. Group v. Ins. Co. of N. Am. , 233 Cal. Rptr. 539, 543 (Ct. App. 1987); Douglas v. Allied Am. Ins. , 727 N.E. 2d 376, 38 2 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000 ); Simmons v. Jeffords , 260 F. Supp. 641 , 642 (E.D. Pa. 1966). According to IMO and amicus curiae , many insureds actively seek and bargain for limitless coverage of litigation defense and related costs . Amicus curiae cites examples in the federal

co urts to support its argument that such coverage may far exceed the limits of the indemnifi cation obligation of the insurer.
See , e.g. , Emhart Indus. v. Home Ins. Co. , 515 F. Supp. 2d 228, 2 31, 257 (D.R.I. 2007) , aff’d sub nom. Emhart Indus. v. Century Ind em. Co. , 559 F. 3d 57 (1st Cir. 2009) . In his final allocation decision, Judge Coburn first noted that coverage for defense costs outside policy limits was provided in policies representing only $40.6 million of more than $1.85 billion of total coverage. Consequently, the SAM's allocation schedule had "only used the indemnity amount of eachA - 6240
- 10T1 37 policy without attempting to include any value for those portions of policies that paid defense costs in addition to the face amount . " The parties agreed with this app roach for the sake of efficiency since the difference in the allocation percentages would be negligible. Judge Coburn disagreed with IMO that the policy language of
TIG's " outside the limits " fronting policies unambiguously requires exhaustion by formal payment . He stated he would
construe that language consistently with Owens - Illinois and the reasonable expectations of the parties to permit exhaustion by allocation of indemni ty losse s rather than by actual payment of those losse s . Judge Coburn also ado pted Judge Muir's conclusion that all of TIG's payments pursuant to the IFAs, whether or not reimbursed by Transamerica, would count to satisfy the limits of the fronting policies. H e agreed with Judge Muir that annual policy limits would be exhausted by crediting across coverage years payments that TIG had previously attributed to one policy year to a different underpaid policy year. As a result of his calculations , Judge Coburn not only accepted Judge Muir's earlier conclusion that the fronting policies had been exhausted by the end of 2003, but he found that some of the " outside the limits " policies had been exhaust ed in 1999 and others in 2000.
IMO complain s that not even TIG and Transamerica claim ed thatA - 6240
- 10T1 38 the fronting policies were exhausted earlier t han the end of 2003. IMO and amicus curiae also criticize Judge Coburn's statements that the expectations of the parties would not make sense if the obligation of TIG to pay defense costs far exceeded its obligation to provide indemnity coverage under an y policy. They argue that many liability policies provide for coverage of litigation or defense expenses far beyond the indemnification limits of the policies, and courts have uniformly recognized the enforceability of such policy provisions. See Gen. Ac cident Ins. Co. of Am. v. Dep't of Envt'l Prot . , 143 N.J. 462, 464 (1996) (using the term "cost
- exclusive" policies to mean the same as our "outside the limits" policies) . We recognize that some of Judge Coburn's statements in his oral decision of May 24, 2011, if applied to other types of liability coverage, may deviate from the expectations of insureds who purchase "outside the limits" policies and pay premiums to cover all their litigation expenses. But Judge Coburn was not addressing a typical insuranc e claim for a single occurrence and a single insurance policy. He was deciding how the allocation model established in Owens - Illinois and Carter Wallace should apply to long
- tail claims, with many primary and excess policies covering years of loss , some o f which did notA - 6240
- 10T1 39 have defined limits of coverage for defense costs . As Judge Coburn stated in his decision, " exhaustion may mean one thing in
one context [and] it may mean another thing in another context ." To allay some of the fears expressed by amicus curiae, the exhaustion decision in this case i s closely tied to its facts. We reach no general conclusion that an insurer's obligations to cover defense costs and other litigation expenses through an "outside the limits" policy is limited by the maximum a mount of indemnification coverage provided in that policy.
In the context of crafting a fair though imprecise allocation model for long
- t ail claim s , our Supreme Court has allowed that a policy term that is contrary to the model may "drop [] out of the pol icy . " Spaulding Composites , supra , 176
N.J. at 44 . It also suggested that policy terms that are

" inconsistent with the underlying methodology specifically adopted in [ Owens - Illinois ]" may be displaced . Benjamin Moore , supra , 179 N.J. at 101. We find no legal error in the trial judges' interpret at i o n of the "payment" provision of the "outside the limits" policies and their reliance on the supervening effect of the Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocation methodology. Challenging the final allocation judgment on a separate ground, IMO argues that the payments from TIG that were notA - 6240
- 10T1 40 reimbursed by Transamerica were paid out of the direct policies
pre - dating 1972 and should not be attributed to the fronting policies from 1977 to 1986. According to IMO, J udge Coburn deviated from Judge Muir's decision in transferring payments across policy years, result ing in Judge Coburn's finding that TIG had overpaid its obligations by $15.2 million rather than the approximately $2.27 million that Judge Muir found. Judg e Muir's legal conclusion , however, was not as IMO claims. In responding to IMO's contention that TIG payments reimbursed by Transamerica should not be credited to TIG's allocations, Judge Muir conclud ed that Transamerica 's payments were equally applicabl e for TIG's exhaustion purposes as were TIG's unreimbursed payments . He stated:

[W] ho made the payments to IMO [was] irrelevant, just as it would be if TIG went out and borrowed money to make the payments. That the payments were made and were received b y IMO as part of the Fronting Policy indemnity duty is the only issue of concern. I reject any adverse inferences IMO projects from the fact Transamerica made payments. But Judge Muir did not limit the transfer of overpayments on TIG policies to the year s that the fronting policies were in effect. The final a llocation schedule adopted by the court showed some of TIG's policies individually overpaid and others individually underpaid . Judge Coburn carried forward toA - 6240
- 10T1 41 additional calculations Judge Muir's co nclusion that overpaid years could be shifted to underpaid years and that IMO should not be permitted to retain the total overpa yment once the allocation schedule was complete and the entirety of TIG's obligations w as determined . TIG's payments totaled m ore than $30 million . Although some of those payments are attributable to the pre
- 1972 direct policies , more than $1 5 million, according to Judge Muir's findings and more than $1 3 million according to Judge Coburn's findings based on a revised allocation schedule , were attributable to TIG's fronting policies. T here is no dispute that TIG made payments that exceeded the aggregate of its Owens Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocations. So, we can say its policies were exhausted not just by allocation, but by allocation combined with payments that exceeded the total amount allocated to TIG.
W e also reject IMO's argument that such retrospective shifting of payments across coverage years violates the holding of Carter - Wallace that prohibit s horizontal distribu tion of losses over several policy years . That holding pertain s to a different question, whether all primary insurance policies over the range of coverage years ha ve to be exhausted before the coverage obligations of any excess policies attach . Carter -A - 6240
- 10T1 42 Wa llace , supra , 154 N.J. at 32 4
- 2 5 . That holding is not applicable to the exhaustion decision in this case. A contrary conclusion on shifting of payments among
coverage years might provide an incentive for an insurer not to pay claims promptly on the chance that a future development in the law, or the discovery of additional policies and additional responsible insurers, result s in a lesser obligation. When TIG, acting alone or in conjunction with Aetna and NJM, paid for IMO's defense expenses in full under the IFAs through 2003 , it did so without a concession that its payments were the correct amount of its allocated responsibility and without waiving a right to claim credits when a final allocation was determined . As a result of Judge Muir's and Judge Cobu rn's decisions , defense costs are allocated to TIG's fronting policies in general conformity with the risks transferred to those policies.
O nce the indemnity limits of the fronting policies were reached by allocation , and the prior aggregate payments from TIG exceeded those allocations, TIG's coverage was exhausted. The alternative, that TIG's responsibility for defense costs would remain open indefinitely , would contradict the mandate of Owens Illinois requiring allocation proportionate to the risks
tran sferred to the insurer . T he trial court correctly constru edA - 6240
- 10T1 43 the "payment" language in the "outside the limits" policies in the context of an Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocation . IMO further contends that the trial judges ignored the insurers ' con temporaneous conduct in performing their obligations under the policies . It contends that TIG and Transamerica made payments for seventeen years after the 1986 divestiture because they understood their obligations to do so under their contracts with IMO. We reject this argument , too . It hinges on a spreadsheet prepared by a representative of Transamerica , which show s that the policies were overpaid in the aggregate but not all the individual fronting policies had sufficient losses allocated to exhaust the m outright. Judge Muir rejected the probative value of the spreadsheet as both inaccurate in its figures and ultimately immaterial to a n Owens Illinois and Carter - Wallace a llo cation. We defer to the judge's rejection of th at evidence as evaluated in the context of the full record . See Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co. , 65 N.J. 474, 483
- 84 (1974). TIG made payments in good faith pursuant to the IFAs. At the time of TIG' s payments, allocation pursuant to Owens Illinois and Carter - Wallace had n ot been mandated or was not attempted yet in this matter. The overpayments resulted from ongoing development of the law fixing the responsibilities ofA - 6240
- 10T1 44 the many insurers on the risk . Th e fact th at the timing of
TIG's payments failed to coincide with loss allocations as calculated later was simply an accident of the development of the pertinent law . It was also a product of IMO's refusal to allow a Carter Wallace allocation at an earlier time to replace the IFAs. If the court were to d ecreas e IMO's and t he excess insurers' liability for defense costs at TIG's expense , it would distort the parties ' relative share of liability in a manner that does

no t accurately reflect the degree of risk each assumed. In addition, IMO's " running spigot " theory contradic t s the dictates of Owens - Illinois and would afford IMO an impermissible double recovery of some defense costs already borne by its primary insurers pursuant to the IFAs. In this case, produc ing a proper allocation pursuant to Owens - Illinois and Carter Wal lace requires that the fronting policies be construed to have been exhaust ed by allocation and aggregate payment by TIG that exceeded the policy limits . Finally, Transamerica and TIG offer as an alternative ground for affirmance of the exhaustion issue t hat IMO should be barred from raising its " running spigot " theory by the doctrine of unclean hands. That doctrine permits the court to refuse equitable relief to a "wrongdoer with respect to the subjectA - 6240
- 10T1 45 matter of the suit," specifically where the party is "guilty of bad faith . . . in the underlying transaction." Pellitteri v. Pellitteri , 266 N.J. Super. 56, 65 (App. Div. 1993). Thus, a court may refuse to hear the wrongdoer's argument , even if otherwise meritorious, in the interest of equity and justice . Goodwin Motor Corp. v. Mercedes
- Benz of N. Am., Inc. , 172 N.J. Super. 263, 271 (App. Div. 1980). Application of the doctrine lies within the trial court's discretion. Pellitteri , supra , 266 N.J. Super. at 65. Because IMO had previously insisted that T IG adhere to its obligations under the IFAs rather than determine its obligations pursuant to the Carter - Wallace methodology , Judge Muir invoked the doctrine of unclean hands to bar IMO from contesting the shifting of overpayments to TIG's underpaid polici es when IMO pursued a Carter - Wallace allocation in this litigation . The judg e stated IMO could not reverse course after it filed suit and take the position that the IFA payments were voluntarily made by TIG and Transamerica and could not be use d as credit s for underpaid years . We agree with the Transamerica defendants that the unclean hands doctrine also supports affirmance of
J udge Muir' s exhaustion decision. In sum, Judge Muir correctly determined that payments by or on behalf of a single insurer could be shifted from one policyA - 6240
- 10T1 46 year to another to determine exhaustion, and that the TIG fronting policies were exhaust ed by the end of 2003 . In addition, J udge Coburn's final judgment, which deem ed the fronting policies exhausted by allocation rather than by payment on specific policies , was consistent with the dictates of Owens Illinois . I II . A. Coverage Limit s of Multi
- Year Polic ies
On cross - appeals, ACE , LMI , and TIG allege error in the treatment of multi
- year policies in the allocation schedule. They co ntend that the plain language of the ir multi
- year polic ies mandate s that a single coverage limit for the entire term of the policy should have been used in the allocation schedule rather than the full coverage limit for each year the policy was in effect. They contend there was no basis for rel ying on extrinsic evidence to interpret the polic ies , and the trial court's acceptance of annualized application of the coverage limits results in multiplying the coverage that IMO purchased by the number of years th e policies were in effect . ACE and LMI Multi
- Year Policies ACE and LMI challenge Judge Muir's adoption of the SAM's ruling imposing annual occurrence limits on their multi
- yearA - 6240
- 10T1 47 excess policies. ACE contends that policies it issued for November 1, 1959, to May 1, 1961; for January 1, 1974, to January 1, 1977; and for September 1, 1974, to January 1, 1977, provide a single per
- occurrence limit for the duration of each policy. LMI similarly contends that its multi
- year policies issued during 1967 to 1976 c ontain single per
- occurrence limits. The language addressing the limits of liability differs among the policies, but each establishes a liability limit for each occurrence (or accident) and sets forth an aggregate limit for each annual period. IMO does not dispute that the plain language of the policies would impose per
- occurrence limits on a term rather than annual basis, but it sought a blanket ruling that every year of a multi
- year policy should be treated as if a separate annual limit is available fo r asbestos claims. The SAM noted that Owens - Illinois did not resolve this issue and that the Supreme Court granted discretion to the master appointed by the trial court to develop a formula that fairly reflects the risks transferred to insurers or assume d by the insured. He reviewed the holdings of Spaulding Composites , supra , 176 N.J. at 25; Benjamin Moore , supra , 179 N.J. at 87; and Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety
Co. , 978 F. Supp. 589, 60 8 (D.N.J. 1997), aff'd in part , rev' dA - 6240
- 10T1 48 in part , 177 F. 3d 210 (3d Cir. 1999) , and concluded that it would be appropriate to attribute a separate occurrence to each year of a multi
- year policy. On November 18, 2009, Judge Muir affirmed the SAM's recommendation in a written opinion and conform ing order. The judge observed:

Owens - Illinois undergirded its methodology with the premise that when progressive indivisible injury results from exposure to injurious conditions courts may reasonably treat the progressive injury "as an occurrence within each of the years of a [comprehensive general liability] policy." [138 N.J. at 478.] The single occurrence for multi
- year CGL policies contravenes that premise and accordingly is unenforceable. We agree and affirm the judge's decision. First, w e note that the cases upon which ACE and LMI rely, Diamond Shamrock Chem ical Co. v. Aetna Cas ualty & Sur ety Co. , 258 N.J. Super. 167 (App. Div. 1992), certif. denied , 134 N.J. 481 (1993) , and two unpublished decisions of this court, are not on point. Diam ond Shamrock predates Owens - Illinois and was decided under the laws of New York. Id. at 222
- 23. As to the other cases, in addition to being unpublished opinions with no precedential value, R. 1:36
- 3, they were also decided under the laws of other states. These cases do not answer the question of whether provisions in policies that apply a single occurrenceA - 6240
- 10T1 49 limit over multi
- year terms contravene the dictates of Owens Illinois . In Chemical Leaman , supra , 978 F. Supp. at 607
- 08, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey applied Owens - Illinois to the question of multi
- year occurrence limits. The court stated that the proper construction of Owens Illinois was to "direct treatment of progressive property damage

as distinct occurrences tr iggering per
- occurrence limits in each year of a policy." Id. at 607. It noted that a precedential Califo rnia case, Armstrong World Industries, Inc. v. Aetna
Cas ualty & Sur ety Co. , 26 Cal. Rptr. 2d 35 (C t . App. 1993), review granted and opinion supersede d sub nom. In re Asbestos
Ins urance Coverage Cases , 866 P. 2d 1311 (Cal. 1994) , was discussed favorably in Owens - Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 451, 455, 475 . The United States District Court quoted Armstrong World Industries as follows with regard to the pr oper allocation method for multi
- year policies :

"This Court finds that the most equitable method of allocation is proration on the basis of policy limits, multiplied by years of coverage. This method is consistent with the policy language in that it takes policy limits into consideration . . . This method also reflects the fact that higher premiums are generally paid for higher 'per person' or 'per occurrence' limits. Since some policies are in effect for more than one year, and injury occ urs during every year from first exposure until death . . .A - 6240
- 10T1 50 [ m ] ultiplying the policy limits by years of coverage results in a more equitable allocation than proration based on policy limits alone ." [ Chemical Leaman , supra , 978 F. Supp. at 607
- 08 (emphas is added) (quoting Armstrong World Industries , supra , 26 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 57 ) .] The District Court understood "occurrence" in these cases
to mean "discrete and separate injury in every year." Id. at 608. It agreed with the commentary in Barry R. Os trager & Thomas R. Newman, Handbook on Insurance Coverage Disputes § 9.04 (7th ed. 1994), that the decision of the California court in Armstrong World Industries supports payment of per
- occurrence limits for each year of a multi
- year policy. Chemical Leam an , supra , 978 F. Supp. at 608. Accordingly, it found that the insurance policies at issue in that case with terms greater than one year were "liable up to their respective per
- occurrence limits for a separate occurrence during each triggered policy
year in which they were on the risk." Ibid. We implicitly endorsed the holding of Chemical Leaman in United States Mineral Prod uct s Co. v. Am erican Ins urance Co. , 348 N.J. Super. 526 , 545
- 46 (App. Div. 2002), a case that pertained to the issue of policy ext ensions , not multi
- year policies . I d. at 529. More generally, we stated , "[I]t is clear that underpinning the [Supreme] Court's allocation methodA - 6240
- 10T1 51 is acceptance of the proposition that losses in an environmental damages case must be treated as an occurren ce in each of the periods covered by a comprehensive general liability policy." Id. at 550. Were it not for the pro
- rata methodology adopted in Owens Illinois , each asbestos claim filed against IMO that triggered the ACE and LMI policies would be treated as a separate occurrence subject to the per
- occurrence limit for the entire multi
- year terms of the policies. The aggregate limits of the policies would control the insurers' total liability on the claims. Owens - Illinois changed the ground rules and cla ssified all asbestos claims made in a year as a single occurrence. If all three years were to be viewed as a single occurrence, the insured would be deprived of the annual aggregate limits of the policies. Because the imposition of per
- occurrence limits in multi
- year policies contravenes the goals of the pro
- rata methodology established in Owens - Illinois , such limits are unenforceable as specifically written. Judge Muir's decision adopting annualized application of the per
- occurrence limits of the ACE and LMI multi
- year policies is a fairer allocation of the risks transferred and assumed by those policies.A - 6240
- 10T1 52 TIG Multi
- Year Policy TIG challenges the grant of summary judgment to IMO as to the proper interpretation of a three
- year policy it issued in the 1960s . S pecifically , TIG contends that the $2.5
- million aggregate limit for bodily injury liability should have been applied for the full three
- year period , not sepa rately for each policy year . IMO initially presented the issue to the special discovery

m aster ("SDM" ) appointed for this litigation, a different individual from the SAM. The SDM ruled that the policy language

was ambiguous in regard to an annual aggregate limit or a single limit for the entire three
- year period of the policy . He further rul ed that the only available extrinsic evidence bearing on the policy's interpretation was so one
- sided in favor of IMO's position as to justify the conclu sion that the $2.5 million aggregate limit applied separately in each policy year.
T he trial court sub sequently adopted the SDM's ruling. The relevant facts are that TIG issued a policy that r an from July 1 , 1967, to July 1, 1970 . The policy provide d bodily injury coverage under its C overage A designation and property damage coverage under its Coverage B designation . The declarations page described Coverage A as having an aggregate products liability limit of $2.5 million and Coverage B asA - 6240
- 10T1 53 having limits of $500,000 each for aggregate products, operations, protective, and contractual liabilities. Section 6 of the policy, which addressed products liabi lity Coverages A and B, provided that, "[s]ubject to the limit of liability with respect to 'each occurrence' the limits of bodily injury liability and property damage liability stated in the Declarations as 'a ggregate products' are respectively the total limits of the Company's liability for all damages arising out of the products hazard . " Section 7, which addressed operations, protective, and contractual liability under Coverage B, used similar language to de lineate the boundaries of those coverage s , but explicitly added in a final, isolated sentence that "[a]ggregate limits of liability as stated in the Declarations shall apply separately to each annual period " (emphasis added). IMO argues that th is last
- quo ted provision creates an ambiguity and that TIG's own representatives treated the $2.5 million limit as applying annually rather than as a total limit for all three years of the policy. In response, TIG cites Chubb Custom Ins urance Co. v. Prudential Ins u rance Co mpany of Am erica , 195 N.J. 231, 238 (2008), among other case law , and argues there is no ambiguity in the policy and thus the court may not resort to extrinsic evidence to interpret it. TIG contends Section 6 of the policyA - 6240
- 10T1 54 is applicable to coverag e for bodily injury claims arising out of exposure to asbestos and that section's silen ce with respect to annual coverage limits, together with Section 7's explicit provision for separate annual limits for property damage , is clear policy language that can only be interpreted to limit the polic y' s total aggregate limit for the three years to $2.5 million . According to TIG, t he trial court's unwarranted interpretation increased the aggregate limit to $7.5 million.
T here is support in the case law for TIG's argument that a multi
- year policy should not be interpreted as having annual coverage limits unless the language of the policy provides such limits . S ee Diamond Shamrock , supra , 258 N.J. Super. at 224
- 25; CSX Transp . , Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins . Co. , 82 F. 3d 478, 483 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ; Soc ' y of the Roman Catholic Church of the Diocese of Lafayette & Lake Charles, Inc. v. Interstate Fire & Cas . Co. , 26 F. 3d 1359, 1366 (5 th Cir. 1994) ; Hercules, Inc. v.
AIU Ins. Co. , 784 A. 2d 481, 495
- 96 (Del. 2001) . But, again, these cases were not applying the Owens - Illinois and Carter Wallace allocation methodology.
W e do not find legal error in the SDM's and the trial court's conclusion that the policy at issue here was sufficiently ambiguous that resort to extrinsic evidence sh ould be employed to interpret it. The representative s of TIG who hadA - 6240
- 10T1 55 responsibility for implementing the policy invariably applied an annual $2.5 million aggregate limit in their handling of pertinent claims and in o ther communications.
TIG a rgues that the actions of those employees w ere not relevant to interpreting the policy because the y were not involved in drafting or issuing the policy in 1967. They were administering the terms of the policy some thirty years later without ever having re viewed the clear limit ation s language of the policy . T he limitations language of the policy , however, is not as clear as TIG claims, and TIG had no witness to contradict the interpretation that its own representatives placed on the multi
- year policy. We d o not find reversible error in th e trial court' s ruling. The court's application of an annual aggregate limit for bodily injury to each year of TIG's multi
- year policy was consistent with the Owens - Illinois and Carter - Wallace allocation methodology, and w e will not disturb that ruling on appeal.
B. "Stub Policies " (Partial
- Year Coverage ) The ACE defendants claim that the coverage limit of a " stub policy ," that is, a policy issued or extended for only part of a
year, s hould be pro
- rated. They asser t that assigning the full policy limit for purposes of the Owens - Illinois and Carter -A - 6240
- 10T1 56 Wallace methodology unfairly allows the insured to increase the liability limits for which it paid a premium . We disagree.
An A CE policy in effect from February 13, 197 6, to January 1, 1977, provides umbrella liability coverage to a limit of $1 million for each occurrence, and $1 million annual aggregate. ACE contends its coverage limit should be pro
- rated to reflect the time on the risk, which would be eleven
- twelfths (or 0.9167) of $1 million. The SAM found that policies issued or extended for a term of less than one year should be treated for purposes of the allocation as having a separate annual aggregate limit that will be in place for the term of the shortened pol icy period . Judge Muir a dopt ed the SAM's report and recommendation.
In United States Mineral Products , supra , 348 N.J. Super. at 536
- 37, we reasoned that an insured who paid a pro
- rated premium for an additional two weeks of coverage on an excess policy identical to that provided by the initial policy would expect that such a premium reflected only the insurer's reduced time on the risk, not a reduction of the policy's aggregate limits. We concluded that the stub polic y created an additional set of aggre gate limits that were available to the insured for the term of the policy. Id. at 550. Treating a stub policy as providing a pro
- rated limit would result in the loss allocatedA - 6240
- 10T1 57 to the policy being reduced twice, once by its time on the risk and a second t ime by the pro
- rating of the policy limit.
Our holding in United States Mineral Products is clear. If the annual aggregate limits of a stub policy are to be pro
rated, specific language in the policy must so provide. Id. at 559. Nothing in the ACE pol icy indicates that the annual aggregate limits are pro
- rated. Judge Muir did not err in attributing the full policy limit to the ACE policy for the period of time it insur ed the risk . C. SIRs as Outside the Limits of Policies ACE contends that the trial court erred in determining that IMO's payment of its SIR obligations was outside the coverage limits of ACE policies. ACE issued two excess umbrella policies to Transamerica and its subsidiaries, which were in effect from January 1, 1976, through April 1 , 1979. They provided a $1 ,000,000 limit of coverage, and also stated:

$500,000 C ombined A nnual A ggregate T hat W ould O therwise B e R ecoverable H ereunder S hall B e R etained by the I nsured in A ddition to the U nderlying S et F orth A bove . A C E sought a ruling that the limits of the policies were eroded by IMO's retention of $500,000. The SAM issued a written report and recommendation concluding that the $1 million annualA - 6240
- 10T1 58 limits are not eroded by the retention. He noted that "[i]t is long standing custom and p ractice in the insurance industry to distinguish between deductibles and self insured retentions." While the limits of a policy are reduced by a deductible, they remain intact in the case of a self
- insured retention. The SAM rejected ACE's argument that the phrase "that would otherwise be recoverable" as quoted from the policy demonstrat ed an intention that the $500,000 "retention" would be deducted from the coverage limits. The SAM also observed that ACE's position was weakened by its past course of co nduct . I t had paid its full $1 million limit for claims occurring during the 1977
- 78 policy period. Moreover, an ACE claims adjuster stat ed in a 1980 status report that the policy limits were "in excess of a self insured retention of the insured of $500, 000 each occurrence plus an annual aggregate of an additional $500,000 which can be utilized only once per year." The SAM found that the adjustor's "interpretation of the clause is entirely logical and consistent with the reading of the endorsements where by the word 'retained' is given the standard meaning denoting a self insured retention, as commonly understood in the insurance industry." Judge Muir adopted the SAM's ruling and denied ACE's motion for summary judgment with respect to this issue. The finalA - 6240
- 10T1 59 judgment allocated a total of $1 million each to the two ACE policies. Although the SAM found that the distinction between a deductible and a SIR is "black letter insurance law," the issue appears not to have been directly addressed by a New Jersey court. In fact, we have in the past observed that "[o]ur courts appear to have used the terms self
- insured retention and deductible interchangeably." Moore v. Nayer , 321 N.J. Super. 419, 438
- 39 (App. Div. 1999), appeal dismissed , 164 N.J. 187 (2000). Ho wever, because Moore was addressing co
- insurance and did not consider the effect of deductibles or SIRs on policy limits, it is not controlling on this issue . New Jersey courts have recognized that an insured's deductible erodes the policy limits. See Benjamin Moore , supra , 179 N.J. at 105
- 06; cf. Am. Nurses Ass'n v. Passaic Gen. Hosp. , 98 N.J. 83, 88
- 89 (1984) (explaining why a deductible does not constitute "other insurance"). On the other hand, federal courts have stated clear ly that a SIR does not reduce the limits of an insurance policy. In In re September 11th Liability Insurance Coverage Cases , 333 F. Supp. 2d 111, 124 n.7 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), the United States District Court explained the distinction between SIRs and deductibles :

A SIR differs from a deductible in that a SIR is an amount that an insured retains andA - 6240
- 10T1 60 covers before insurance coverage begins to apply. Once a SIR is satisfied, the insurer is then liable for amounts exceeding the retention, less any agreed deductible. Barry R. Ostrager & Thomas R. Newman, Handbook on Insurance Coverage Disputes § 13.13[a] (12th ed. vol.2, 2004). . . . In contrast, a deductible is an amount that an insurer subtracts from a policy amount, reducing the amount of insurance. With a deductible, the insu rer has the liability and defense risk from the beginning and then deducts the deductible amount from the insured coverage. [ Ibid. (citation omitted). ] See also Rite Aid Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co. , 414 F. Supp. 2d 508, 517 (M.D. Pa. 2005) (a SIR transforms a primary policy into an excess policy covering amounts in excess of the SIR); Gen. Star Nat'l Ins. Corp. v. World Oil Co. , 973 F. Supp. 943, 949 (C.D. Cal. 1997) (same); Jeffrey E. Thomas & Aviva Abramovsky, 4 New Appleman on Insurance Law § 3 1.02[7][d] (2012) (once a SIR is satisfied the insurer is liable for amounts exceeding the retention less any agreed deductible). Here, the $500,000 " retained by the insured" would reduce the coverage limit from $1 million if it is a deductible, but leave the $1 million intact if it is a SIR. In th e policies, the $500,000 is described as an amount to be retained by the insured. The word "deductible" appears nowhere in the relevant provisions. The endorsements also use the specific terms "retained" and " retention." "[T]he words of an insurance policyA - 6240
- 10T1 61 should be given their ordinary meaning . . . ." Longobardi v. Chubb Ins. Co. of N.J. , 121 N.J. 530, 537 (1990). T he more general phrase "otherwise recoverable" does not change the meaning of the words used in the policies to mean deductible . As to ACE's argument that the SAM should not have considered extrinsic evidence of the parties' intent, that ground for the SAM's ruling was included as a secondary rationale. Moreover, the conduct of the parties does provide an important source for deriving their intent as to the meaning of an insurance contract. Am. Home Prods. Corp. v. Liberty Mut.
Ins. Co. , 565 F. Supp. 1485, 1503 (S.D.N.Y. 1983), aff'd as modified , 748 F. 2d 760 (2d Cir. 1984).
T he assignment o f $1 million limits to the subject ACE policies was not error in the allocation schedule.
I V . A. Allocation Preceding Coverage Determinations ACE and LMI , joined by other excess insurers, challenge Judge Muir 's decision at the 2009 excess insurers' trial that coverage issues would not be re
- litigated for each individual asbestos claim. Judge Muir reli ed on language in Owens Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 477, prohibiting the insurers in that case from re
- litigating already
- settled claims afterA - 6240
- 10T1 62 refusin g to defend them . We agree with that decision . A llowing excess insurers to contest coverage is not feasible for long
tail , multi
- claim coverage cases and would compromise the allocation methodology mandated by th e Supreme Court . Ordinarily, the insured " bears the burden of establishing that a claim lies within [a] policy's scope of coverage." Shaler ex rel. Shaler v. Toms River Obstetrics & Gynecology
Assocs. , 383 N.J. Super. 650, 662 (App. Div.), certif. denied , 187 N.J. 82 (2006). ACE and LMI argued f rom the outset that IMO
must satisf y its burden of establishing that claims it had paid

were cover ed under the terms of the ACE and LMI policies . Judge Muir first observed that IMO and the insurers that had participated in its defense had adopted reasona ble procedures for settling only claims for which IMO potentially faced liability. At the time of that observation , about 75,000 asbestos
- related claims had been filed against IMO, of which IMO had settled approximately 15,000 and obtain ed dismissal of ab out 30,000 . IMO beg a n to notify the excess insurers of the claims in 1989 and offered to make its claim files available to them for inspection. Mean while, the excess insurers declined to involve themselves in defense of the claims . The y chose th eir

cour se of action although they had the right, explicitly stated in their policies, to associate in the defense. Judge MuirA - 6240
- 10T1 63 considered this "continuing indifference" to be "tantamount to a refusal [by the excess insurers] to involve themselves in presented
- cla ims defense."
A primary insurer that refuses its obligation to defend claims against its insured without first timely challenging coverage forfeits the right to hold an insured to that burden at a later time . Griggs v. Bertram , 88 N.J. 347, 363
- 64 (1982 ). Excess insurers, on the other hand, generally have no duty to participate in the defense and may rely on the good faith of the primary insurer in settling claims against the insured. CNA Ins. Co. v. Selective Ins. Co. , 354 N.J. Super. 369, 383
- 84 (App . Div. 2002).
I n Owens - Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 477, the Court distinguished long
- tail coverage cases from the norm in the insured's burden of proving coverage for each claim . It stated:

B ecause the defendants refused to involve themselves in the defe nse of the claims as presented, they should be bound by the facts set forth in plaintiff's own records with respect to the dates of exposure and with respect to the amounts of settlements and defense costs. Those losses for indemnity and defense costs sho uld be allocated promptly among the companies in accordance with the mathematical model developed, subject to policy limits and exclusions. We stress that there can be no relitigation of those settled claims . [( C itation omitted and emphasis added).]A - 6240
- 10T1 64 Jud ge Muir underst ood th is last directi ve of the Court as applying with equal force to primary and excess insurers to bar them from contesting coverage of claims. He stat ed that Owens Illinois was a watershed decision delineating "the response required of ex cess insurers to their insureds' liability for asbestos related injuries sustained over decades," and, moreover, that it was a "critical point that divide s past case law principles from its doctrines . " Applying the language used by the Supreme Court in O wens Illinois , J udge Muir concluded that where insurers, primary or excess, "refused" to avail themselves of the right to associate in defense of claims against the insured, they "should be bound by facts set forth in the insureds ' records with respect to amounts of settlements and defense costs" and could not otherwise "relitigate the settled claims . " ACE and LMI contend they have a right as excess insurers but no affirmative duty to associate in IMO's defense . They add that Owens - Illinois neither imposed any such duty nor otherwise limited the right of excess insurers to demand that their insured bear its normal burden of establ ishing coverage for each claim made against their policies . As th is court's underlying opinion in Owens - Illinois noted, b oth pr imary and excess policies were involved in that case.A - 6240
- 10T1 65 Owens - Illinois, Inc. v. United Ins. Co. , 264 N.J. Super. 460, 467, 477 (App. Div. 1993), rev'd in part , 138 N.J. 437 (1994).
T he Supreme Court did not explicitly condition its directive prohibitin g re - litigation of coverage issues to the primary insurer s ' affirmative duty to defend . Rather, t he Court stated:

" I n future cases, insurers aware of their responsibility under the continuing
- trigger theory might minimize their costs by assuming responsibilit y for or involving themselves in the defense of the actions . . . ." Owens - Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 478 (emphasis added) . I t stands to reason that accommodating a challenge to coverage in tens of thousands of individual claims would not only prove d aunting but would compromise the integrity of the framework Owens - Illinois offers for efficient and equitable allocation of losses among policies. A s we have state d, policy terms and traditional principles applicable to ordinary coverage litigation must b end insofar as they conflict with application of the Owens - Illinois framework. Benjamin Moore , supra , 179
N.J. at 104. The Court could thus impose a greater obligation on the part of excess insurers than specifically stated in their policies to participa te in the insured's defense , or risk losing the right to challenge coverage decisions.A - 6240
- 10T1 66 Nor is our conclusion inequitable . IMO put the excess insurers on notice of the thousands of claims against it, and
Owens - Illinois put the m on notice of the necessity o f participating in order to preserve their right to challenge coverage determinations. The trial court appropriately gave effect to a plain ly stated directive of Owens - Illinois

— that insurers who have declined to associate in the defen se of claims again st the insured may be precluded from later challenging coverage.
B . Duty to Defend Uncovered Claims ACE argues that the court erred in determining that defense costs incurred by IMO in connection with uncovered asbestos claims are recoverable under poli cies that limit defense reimbursement to costs paid as a consequence of a covered

occurrence. ACE contends the majority of its policies are ultimate net loss policies that only obligate it to indemnify
IMO where IMO itself becomes obligated by adjudicatio n or compromise to pay for a covered occurrence. Relying on case law from other jurisdictions, ACE maintains that courts interpreting similar policy language have held that the duty to indemnify defense costs arises only when the costs are incurred in

con nection with covered claims.A - 6240
- 10T1 67 LMI advances the same argument, although its policies differ from the ACE policies. However, b oth excess insurers' policies use the same definition of ultimate net loss. LMI argues that the ultimate net loss provision make s the existence of an actually covered claim, and not just a potentially covered claim, a prerequisite for indemnification of defense costs. It asserts that requiring IMO to segregate defense costs and to identify those utilized for actually covered claim s would have no impact on the allocation process, and it would not be overly difficult to apportion defense costs after the allocation i s completed. IMO responds that the excess insurers' policies promise to pay for the costs of defending liabilit ies arising from covered "occurrences," not covered "claims . " I t emphasizes that Owens Illinois defines an "occurrence" to be the decision to manufacture asbestos
- containing products, not the exposure of a specific claimant to an asbestos product.
I MO f urther asserts that the excess insurers have relied on cases that are not pertinent to th e proper definition of occurrence, and that the differences between the law of New Jersey and the law of New York and other states as to the nature of a covered occurr ence distinguish the holdings of the case law cited by ACE and LMI . IMO argues that the trial court's refusalA - 6240
- 10T1 68 to parse defense costs between covered and uncovered claims accords with the realities of defending mass tort claims, where the effective defense of meritless claims is part and parcel of the defense of covered claims. A representative provision of the many policies involved provides that the insurer will indemnify the insured:

for all sums which the [in] sured shall be obligated to pay by r eason of the liability: (a) imposed upon the [in] sured by law, or (b) assumed under contract or agreement . .

. for damages on account of: (i) Personal Injuries . . . caused by or arising out of each occurrence . . . as defined in the Underlying Umbrella P olicies . . . . [( E mphasis added).] A representative underlying policy covers damages and expenses for the insured's "ultimate net loss," which it defines as:

the total sum which the insured, or any company as his insurer, or both becomes obligate d to pay by reason of personal injury . . . either through adjudication or compromise . . . expense for . . . lawyers . . . and investigators and other persons and for litigation, settlement, adjustment and investigation of claims and suits which are paid as a consequence of any occurrence covered hereunder . . . . [( E mphasis added).] The excess insurers argue that the phrase " be [or becomes] obligated to pay" absolves them of paying for defending against claims that are dismissed or adjudicated to be without merit.A - 6240
- 10T1 69 In a written report and recommendation dated March 27, 2008, the SAM ruled that "[t]he common straightforward reading of the language is that indemnification for defense related expenses must be related to an occurrence. If there is no occurrence then there can be no covered damages." He observed that New Jersey law defines the occurrence as IMO's decision to sell asbestos products, and concluded that all of IMO's defense expenses flow from that decision. He therefore recommended that the court deny the excess insurers' motion and find that IMO is entitled to receive indemnity for all its defense expenses. On the request of LMI and ACE for reconsideration, the SAM noted: "Mass
- tort asbestos claims are defended very differently from th e average claims," and some defendants choose to try questionable cases to a conclusion in order to send a deterrent message to the plaintiffs' bar. He also noted that applying LMI's and ACE's interpretation of an occurrence to each individual claim would present a significant practical challenge, in that it would impose an unworkable burden on IMO and require the expenditure of substantial judicial resources. He added: It is extremely difficult to see how

adjudicating LMI's policies' provision to indemni fy defense costs for only covered claims would not hijack the allocation process. While IMO should be required to demonstrate that a claim does fall within aA - 6240
- 10T1 70 given policy year, to require an evidentiary process on thousands of claims to determine their li nkage to defense costs would be unworkable and unmanageable. It would seem extremely difficult to connect every defense payment to a claim and to make a second determination that the claim is, indeed, a covered claim. Judge Muir adopted the SAM's reason ing and ruling by an order dated November 4, 2009. Both the excess policies and the underlying policies obligate the insurers to pay for damages arising out of an
"occurrence." In Owens - Illinois , supra , 138 N.J. at 447, where the insurers' poli cies had coverage and ultimate net loss provisions virtually identical to those in this case, the Court recited our conclusion that the manufacture and sale of the asbestos
- containing product should be regarded as the single occurrence triggering liability for asbestos
- related injuries or damage. Id. at 445
- 46 (citing Owens - Illinois , supra , 264 N.J. Super. at 503). Our opinion, in turn, had relied on the reasoning of the District Court in Owens - Illinois, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. , 597 F. Supp. 1 515, 1525 (D.D.C. 1984), which held that "the number of injuries or claims, even if temporally removed from their causes, are irrelevant when determining the number of occurrences." See also In re Integrity Ins. Co. , 214 N.J. 51, 69
- 70 (2013) (the majorit y of courts have adopted a "cause test" for defining "occurrences");A - 6240
- 10T1 71 U.S. Mineral Prods. , supra , 348 N.J. Super. at 542 (manufacture and sale of asbestos
- containing product constitutes single occurrence triggering liability). The same result must follow h ere in the context of proving coverage for each individual claimant . The excess insurers' obligation to cover IMO's ultimate net losses, which include defense costs, was triggered when IMO manufactured and sold asbestos
- cont a in ing products and claimants b ecame injured by those products . IMO's decision to trade in such products resulted in IMO paying damages to claimants following litigation or settlement. Under the terms of the excess insurance policies, LMI and ACE are required to indemnify IMO for the sums it expended in defending all those claims . The conclusion that the excess insurers must reimburse IMO for defense costs even if some of them were incurred to defend uncovered claims is also compelled by another aspect of Owens Illinoi s . As the SAM n oted, the need to segregate and classify defense costs according to each individual claim would greatly complicate the already complex allocation process. C hallenges among the parties as to whether particular claims were covered or uncovered would increas e litigation and require additional judicial attention. The reason the Court developed the pro
- rata methodology was to reduce the litigation costs and judicialA - 6240
- 10T1 72 inefficiencies attendant to resolving insurance coverage for long
- term environmental damages. Owens - Illinoi s , supra , 138
N.J. at 474. Adopting the process that the excess insurers suggest would directly contravene th ose objective s . The unpublished and out
- of
- state decisions cited by the excess insurers are not controlling. None of them applies an analysis based on the principles articulated in Owens - Illinois . We affirm the trial court's ruling that defense costs are subject to allocation even if a portion of them ultimately were devoted to defending against claims that were determined not to be covered under the insurance policies.
V. Denial of Jury Trial
IMO contend s that the court erred in den ying its demand for a jury trial on the legal issues in the case for which it sought money damages. More s pecifically, IMO argues that the court i mprope rly relied on the relief sought in IMO's original complaint. It further argues that claims for future costs did not predominate the Phase I and II trials, and that the court misapplied the holding of Ciba
- Geigy Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. (In re Environmental Insurance Declaratory Judgment Actions ) ( " In r e Environmental " ) , 149 N.J. 278 (1997).A - 6240
- 10T1 73 IMO sought a jury trial on its TARM and bad faith claims against the Transamerica defendants and on its bad faith denial of coverage claims against other insurers , for which it sought compensatory and punitive damages. The Transamerica defendants moved to strike IMO's jury demand, arguing that IMO's claims were predominately equitable, that all the claims that sought money damages were ancillary to IMO's declaratory judgment and specific performance claims , and that relevant case law supported dispensing with a jury in the complex circumstances of this litigation . Judge Muir reviewed the substance of the original complaint and each amended complaint file d by IMO. He stated that the equitable or legal nature of a lawsuit is primarily determined by the remedies sought in the original complaint. Cf. Mantell
v. Int ' l Plastic Harmonica Co . , 141 N.J. Eq. 379, 383
- 89 (E. & A. 1947) (parties cannot amend a plea ding to change the jurisdiction of the court hearing the case). Relying on the holdings of Mantell and Boardwalk Properties, Inc . v. BPHC Acquisitions , 253 N.J. Super. 515 (App. Div. 1991), the j udge determined that IMO's predominant claims were for speci fic performance in the future and for a declaration that defendant insurers were obligated to provide coverage for futureA - 6240
- 10T1 74 indemnification and defense costs. As a result, no right to a jury attached to IMO's pleadings.
"F ailure to grant a constitutiona lly guaranteed right of jury trial is not amenable to the harmless error rule . " 500 Columbia Tpk. Assocs. v. Haselmann , 275 N.J. Super. 166, 171 (App. Div. 1994) . Thus, the trial court's ruling may not be disregarded if IMO had a right to a jury trial pr otected by our State Constitution. IMO does not have a right to a jury trial unless such a right is in fact found in our State Constitution or in a
statute . Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Anthony Amadei Sand & Gravel , Inc. , 162 N.J. 168, 175 (1999) . " Without stat utory authorization, a right to trial by jury does not attach to a claim if the claim did not exist at common law. " In re Environmental , supra , 149 N.J. at 298 . The Declaratory Judgment Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:16
- 50 to
- 62, dictates the specifics of declarator y relief but does not provide a right to a jury trial. In re Environmental , supra , 149 N.J. at 292 . Furthermore, " [d] eclaratory judgment actions were unknown at common law." I bi d. "In a declaratory judgment action, the right to a jury trial depends on whether the action is the counterpart to one in equity or law." Ibid.A - 6240
- 10T1 75 In general, a jury trial is available in an action at law, but not in an action in equity. I d . at 291. To determine whether an action is legal or equitable, the court must consider the remedies requested by the complaint. Weinisch v. Sawyer , 123 N.J. 333, 344 (1991). It must look to "the historical basis for the cause of action and focus on the requested relief." Id.
at 343; accord In re Environmental , supra , 149 N.J. at 293; Wood v. N.J. Mf rs . Ins. Co. , 206 N.J. 562, 575 (2011). How the parties classify the matter is irrelevant; the court must examine the substance of the allegations and the relief sought. Wood , supra , 206 N.J. at 576.
IMO alleges that its third amended compla int contained prominent and independent claims for money damages, which gave it a right to a jury trial. It adds that some claims first made in the third amended complaint did not arise until six months after the original complaint was filed , and those al legations could not have been included in the original filing. Therefore, it argues, Judge Muir should not have focused on the declaratory relief IMO sought in its original complaint. When equitable issues or defenses are presented, the matter of whether a jury trial should be granted is left to the determination of the judge. Sun Coast Merch. Corp. v. Myron Corp. , 393 N.J. Super. 55, 86
- 87 (App. Div. 2007), certif.A - 6240
- 10T1 76 denied , 194 N.J. 270 (2008). Pursuant to the doctrine of ancillary jurisdiction, if a com plaint presents a primarily equitable action but also includes causes of action at law, the court of equity can assume jurisdiction over the legal issues. Wood , supra , 206 N.J. at 575.
In Lyn - Anna Properties v. Harborview Development Corp . , 145
N.J. 313 ( 1996), the Court held that the c hancery court has ancillary jurisdiction over legal issues to the extent that those are "incidental or essential to the determination of some equitable question." Id. at 330 (quoting Shaw v. G.B. Beaumont
Co. , 88 N.J. Eq. 333, 336 (E. & A. 1917) ). When a complaint seeks both legal and equitable remedies, the court must consider the nature of the controversy in addition to the requested relief. Id. at 331. If the predominant relief is equitable, then the legal issues are ancillary and may be decided in a bench trial. Id. at 33 0 . If a legal claim is not incidental or essential to the predominant equitable remedy, then it should be severed and transferred to the Law Division. I bi d. Furthermore, t he court may strive to dispose of all matters in a controversy in a single action if it can do so without violating a litigant's constitutional or statutory rights . Massari v. Einsiedler , 6 N.J. 303, 313 (1951). In Boardwalk Properties , supra , 253 N.J. Super. at 52 6
- 2 7 , w e stat ed that theA - 6240
- 10T1 77 Chancery Division can deci de both legal and equitable issues and provide appropriate remedies . We also stated th at matters triable without a jury under the Constitution of 1844 are similarly triable without a jury under the Constitution of 1947. Id. at 52 7 - 2 8 . When legal claims arise from controversies that are independent of the equitable action , they should be tried separately before a jury. I bi d. ; see, e.g. , N . J . Highway Auth . v. Renner , 18 N.J. 485, 488
- 89 (1955) . T he court should examine the legal claims and determine if the y are "so intertwined with the equitable issues that the legal issues" fall within the equity court's jurisdiction to decide them without a jury. Boardwalk Properties , supra , 253 N.J. Super. at 528. Here, the original complaint focused on declaratory relief , although it also included prayers for compensatory and punitive damages. Primarily, IMO sought the court 's aid in defin ing and fixing the obligations of Transamerica and TIG in relation to the 1986 Distri bution A greement. The crux of the complaint was the alleged "imminent" exhaustion of the TIG insurance policies. The defense costs and indemnification payments that IMO sought were in connection with pending or future asbestos cases. The second amend ed complaint named several dozen excess insurers, but IMO still sought the same declaration of rights asA - 6240
- 10T1 78 its original complaint and, further , a declaration of rights of IMO and the obligations of Transamerica in connection with the excess insurers. For th e most part, the asbestos claims in dispute were either ongoing or future claims. The twenty
- four counts of the third amended complaint did not change the primary relief sought. IMO's bad faith claims were rooted in the alleged wrongful abandonment of its defense and the failure to notify IMO in advance that certain insurance policies were about to be exhausted. Again, IMO was concerned that defendants failed or "will fail" to fulfill their obligations under the insurance contracts, and have refused o r "will refuse" to defend and indemnify IMO against asbestos claims filed in New Jersey and other states. All of IMO's pleadings sought declarations about the future obligations of defendants. Any alleged claims of bad faith, wrongful abandonment, bre ach of fiduciary dut y , or tortious interference stem from whether the contractual rights alleged by IMO in fact existed. From the outset and throughout the litigation, IMO's complaints were mainly equitable. Although additional causes of action for m oney damages may have arisen after the filing of the initial complaint, th o se claims are still intertwined with the primary events and the allegation s presented in the original complaint. See EckerdA - 6240
- 10T1 79 Drugs of N.J. , Inc. v. S.R. 215 , Rite
- Aid Corp. , 170 N.J . Super. 37, 42
- 43 (Ch. Div. 1979). As we have stated , the y are linked to the question of whether or not the Transamerica defendants and the excess insurers had an obligation to provide ongoing or future defense and indemnification, and an earlier notice of exhaustion. IMO argues that none of its claims fell within the exceptions to the right to a jury trial as stated in In re Environmental , supra , 149 N.J. at 29 1
- 300 . In that case, the plaintiff was seeking a judgment declaring that the insurers

were required to indemnify and defend for future costs of an environmental remediation action. Id. at 286. The issue on appeal was whether a constitutional right to a jury trial existed in a declaratory judgment action involving claims against insurers for b reach of contract and recovery of future costs where the plaintiff also sought compensatory damages for past costs. Ibid. The case was complex. It involved dozens of insurance companies and estimated future costs that exceeded $1 billion. Id. at 288
- 8 9. The Supreme Court observed that the action was at its root a request for specific performance of the insurance contracts because the plaintiff wished to be placed in the position it would have enjoyed had the insurers performed on theA - 6240
- 10T1 80 insurance contrac ts. Id. at 2 93
- 95. In addition, specific performance was a n appropriate remedy because several of the alleged breaches had not yet occurred, leaving the insured's damages incalculable. Id. at 296. Therefore , the plaintiff did not have a right to a jury trial. Id. at 287, 295. A court of equity could decide any ancillary legal issues and award money damages for past losses . Id. at 295. Similarly in this case, there was no right to a jury trial because IMO's complaints presented a unique and complex mass tort insurance coverage case focused on a declaration of the parties' rights and obligations and on the specific performance of insurance contracts as so declared. In fact, the Court in In re Environmental observed that the predominance of equitable issues combined with the complexity of the subject matter distinguished that case from other insurance actions. Id. at 298. The same is true here. IMO's breach of contract and bad faith claims grew out of the same dispute and were intertwined with its equitable claims. They were based on the same facts and proofs as the claims for declaratory judgment and specific performance. They were properly and economically adjudicated within the equity court's ancillary jurisdiction. Wood , supra , 206 N.J. at 57 5.A - 6240
- 10T1 81 Additionally, this case is different from Ward v. Merrimack Mutual Fire Insurance Co . , 312 N.J. Super. 162, 167
- 6 9 (App. Div. 1998), because Ward was a coverage case where the primary remedy sought was money for damages already incurred. T he plain tiff was not making claims for any future or on going injury . Ibid. We conclude that Judge Muir did not err as a matter of law when he denied IMO's demand for a jury trial and decided the equitable matters and the ancillary legal issues by means of bench trial s . [At the court's direction, the remainder of this opinion ha s been redacted f o r purposes of publi cation. See R . 1:36 - 2(d) (guidelines for publication) . The full opinion is available on the Rutgers Newark School of Law website at http://njlaw . rutgers.edu/collections/courts/ search.php. ]

Affirmed.