PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
a 999998 99 98 95 _90_—0— 7 50 40 30 20S 5S Sn
r ort

or — +

Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
{in the Ground-based 100-meter Layer
5

= ro CHARLESTON

N «=
3 February ——— Moy 48 ec
S ——-— August --- -- - November 8
S 9 : 1 8
z — 4133 &g
KE SSS g

- —
§ 0 > S
: f
SG 2 &
é g
S -309 te 4, 8
S S
& ~409 \. &
g G
500)

00!
OH O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Charleston, South Carolina

32-54 N, 80-02 W. 15 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 61/38; July 89/72

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 40; July 72

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 49.2; July 7.71; November 2.09

Generally level terrain in vicinity; located on a peninsula bounded by the
Ashley River and Cooper River, with a large harbor to the southeast. The
prevailing winds are northerly in fall and winter; southerly in spring
and summer. Mild, temperate climate approaching the sub-tropical humid in
summer.

45


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 $9999 99989590 O70 0 50 40 380 20s 5S OS
300 — F T | aE 3

Ol

— — on
Cumulative Distribution of the
20) Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
jin the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5

= | COLUMBIA [|
3 February ———May 481
= aoe a August November
So i '
2 ———— 4133
5 =a
= -109 2 > aa
g SF
Sy X MN
= oT he ©
S -200
» “WWE
‘SS =.
S . a
R300 =
x
E400
&

~500)

~600

MO 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Columbia, Missouri

38-58 N, 92-22 W. 239 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2100 and 0900 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 38/21; July 87/67

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 21; July 65

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 37.0; May 4.70; January 1.71

Located about 10 miles from the Missouri River; rolling terrain in

vicinity. This continental interior station has cold winters and hot,

humid summers.

50

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

ae 999998 99 989590807050 40 3020 5 Ok OS Ct
— TI

—— So t
a Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
XK. in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer
Lj | 1A 45
= , CLARK FIELD «
8 I PLR: February ——— May TF ¢
5, SK ——:— August) ~~» -- November 8
Ss Sst 1 8
3 ies i= diss &
= -100 aie 3
g 3
: me
S 200] &
&
» NX
x a
S w
3 413
S LL S
z : id
i -409| : &
& il a
-500 te.
T
|
T
|

600!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5

20 30 40 50 60 70 8 90 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines

15-08 N, 120-35 E.

Data: Radiosonde.

Temperature (°F):
Mean Dewpoint (°F):

Precipitation (inches):

170 meters MSL

0300 and 1500Z (1100 and 2300 LST)

1/51 - 3/57
0000 and 1200Z (0800 and 2000 LST)
4/57 - 12/57

January 85/70; July 87/74
January 64; July 73

Annual 68.3; August 16.14; February 0.67

Located about 50 miles northwest of Manila. A hot, humid tropical maritime
climate; normally dry January through April and rainy the rest of the year.

47


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
a 999998 99: 989590 800 0 50 40 30 0 ek ZO
I r

—— —
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
‘in the Ground-based !0O-meter Layer
45
= a CHITA
\
Py February ———May 44
= + > November
> 9 !
‘3 = 133
= _
a — >
gm
8
oO
S -200]
~
&
>.
= 30 a
x
&
iS -400
&
~50

00
OH O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99  ga8ga9 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Chita, U.S.S.R.

52-05 N, 113-29 E. 671 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 1200Z (0800 and 2000 LST)
8/57 - 11/59
0000zZ (0800 LST)
2/60 - 11/61

Temeprature (°F): January -10/-27; July 75/51

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 12.3; July, August 3.3; January,
February, March 0.1

Located on the Chita River near its confluence with the Ingoda; mostly

rough, forested region in vicinity. Severe continental climate with
extremely cold winters.

46

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 9895908 50 40 30 0H SC
300 - r ——

a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5

= ind COCOA BEACH a
3 February ———May 4st ge
= a August November g
3 0 1 8
: &
= el +4133
S -100 = 3
g cS z
x oO
S -200 z
» x
§ i)
= -309 hs
S 5
=
& _ u
& £
& q

~504

~600

Oo 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 3 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Cocoa Beach, Florida (Patrick Air Force Base)

28-14 N, 80-36 W. 3 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LST)
1/51 - 5/57
0000 and 1200Z (1900 and 0700 LST)
6/57 - 12/57
Temperature (°F): January 69/55; July 87/76
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 55; July 73
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 46.6; September 7.82; December 1.59

Station is on a narrow strip of land between the Indian River and the
Atlantic Ocean, and is nearly surrounded by water. Land and sea breeze
effects are modifying factors in the humid sub-tropical climate; the rainy
season is normally June - October.

49


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

gogg 999998 9998957 SO 40 0 20S SS
300 a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
iin the Ground-based /00 -meter Layer 5
= BRUXELLES «
4st yg:

g All-season Distribution S
= i
m4 1 3
= TS diz &
K
E - — :
§ S &
s bes
& 2 S
5 &
SE w
a v8
& &
‘ f
& g

5

00!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 20 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99  sa8ga9 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Brussels (Bruxelles), Belgium

50-54 N, 04-29 E. 55 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 1200Z (0000 and 1200 LsT)
1961 and 1962

Analyzed by: Dr. L. Fehlhaber, Fernmeldetechnisches Zentralamt, Darmstadt

Temperature (°F): January 40/33; July 73/56
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 32; July 58
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 29.7; November 3.20; June, Oct. 1.70

Located in the valley of the Senne River. Moderate maritime climate;
cool summers and mild winters.

41


REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

yQpc2__s09998 99 98_95_90_8_ 60 5040 020 SF 2S 2 Ol
Cumulative Distribution of the a
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
200) q ; 7 in the Ground-based l0O-meter Layer 4
L [23001ST} 5
CLARK FIELD
100 \ E
mTM 5.87
NS September 1955
Q — |
7 133
ig
qd ~
100 a5 ~
NJ =|
200) +
== [//00 LST} P
730 = 3.
n
\
~400 t
1
~500
\
~600

ol

051 2

5

2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

48

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
ae 999998 99-98 = 9590S 8700 50 40 30 2 2
—

I ——
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
‘in the Ground-based Layer A

=, om CARDINGTON Le
3 =z [een - i 4a ge
iS 0-150m \ All-season Distributions Ss
= Nd 5
3 0 a 1 8
; so x
= 2 ; shee) +133 g
iE Ps

& -100) {o- 500m} ern §
iS rN z
5 wk
& ~200} » E
iS b fy
iS u
Ss. w
ae 4 =
g 5
& g

509

600!
oO 04.2 5 | 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Cardington, England

52-06 N, 00-25 W. 28 meters MSL

Data: Tethered sonde ("Balthum" psychrometer soundings); 1273 soundings
in 3 years, 1963 - 1965, by the Meteorological Office. Observa-
tions made at 75-meter intervals, surface to 1200 meters, at
0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800Z (LST), except in adverse weather
conditions (high winds, lightning, etc.).

Analyzed by: M.P.M. Hall and C.M. Comer, Radio and Space Research Station,
Ditton Park, Slough, Bucks, England

Temperature (°F): January 42/34; July 68/53 (Bedford)
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 35; July 51 (Bedford)
Precipitation (inches): Annual 19.8; December 2.42; March 0.66 (Bedford)

Located in central lowlands area. Maritime climate with cool summers and
relatively mild winters.

44


REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 99.9998 99 98 95 908070 0 50 40 30 0 ek SZ CF
300 A A AS A
- Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer 5
CALCUTTA :
100} 4.87
{0900 LsT| {1 November 1956
0 aN \
IAN = 4133
mee
100 <I KI
a o
200)
-300} F-1
[2/00LST}
400 \
>
50
600!
O O12 5 | 2 5 10 20 3 40 50 0 7 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

43

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 989590 B70 50 40 30 0,0 OSC
300; Ir rt =I

\>
\ Cumulative Distribution of the
2001 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
\ in the Ground-based l00-meter Layer 5
= i \ CALCUTTA ‘
3 ke February ——— May 7
— Sy SM ——:— August . - November gs
BS 0} a 1 8
5 5 z=
2 aaa 4iz &
E ‘ie g
= -l00 faa g
Q 9 NS q
S &
§ ms
S 200) ky iS
3 i
SS 4 : ~
.~ v§
g &
5
t
-600! \

O 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Calcutta, India
22-39 N, 88-27 E. 6 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 1500Z (2100 LST): 8/52 - 2/55; 0300 and 15002
(0900 and 2100 LST): 5/55 - 2/57; 0000 and 12002
(0600 and 1800 LST): 5/57 - 11/59;
1200Z (1800 LST): 2/60 - 8/60

Temperature (°F): January 80/55; July 89/79
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 63; July 80
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 63.0; August 12.9; December 0.2

Located on the Hooghly River, about 100 km from the Bay of Bengal in
northeast India. A humid sub-tropical monsoon climate, with cool dry
winters and hot humid summers.