1

Filed 3/7/13 In re A.D. CA1/5 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION FIVE 

In re A.D., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law. 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

A.D., 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 A131450 

 (Contra Costa County 

 Super. Ct. No. J0901539) 

 A.D. (appellant), born in August 1993, appeals the juvenile court’s jurisdictional 

and dispositional orders. The case involves an incident in which appellant fired a firearm 

at a car occupied by five other minors. Among other things, appellant contends that, 

because there was no substantial evidence he committed the charged offenses in concert 

with another gang member, there was insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s 

order sustaining a charge of active participation in a criminal street gang (Pen. Code, § 

186.22, subd. (a))1

 and gang sentencing enhancements (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) attached to 

six counts. Following the Supreme Court’s recent decision in People v. Rodriguez (2012) 

55 Cal.4th 1125 (Rodriguez), we conclude the evidence was insufficient to support the 

 

1

 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
2

gang participation charge but sufficient to support the sentencing enhancements. We 

reject appellant’s other claims. 

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 A January 2010 supplemental petition under section 602 of the Welfare and 

Institutions Code, filed in Contra Costa County Superior Court, alleged that appellant, 

already a ward of the court, committed the following offenses: five counts of assault with 

a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2); counts one through five) involving personal use of a 

firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)(1)) for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. 

(b)(1)), each count corresponding to a different victim; one count of active participation 

in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a); count six); and one count of shooting at an 

occupied motor vehicle (§ 246; count seven) for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 

186.22, subd. (b)(1)). 

 On November 24, 2010, the juvenile court sustained all allegations of the petition 

after a contested jurisdictional hearing. In January 2011, the court continued appellant’s 

juvenile wardship and set the maximum term of confinement at eight years. 

 This appeal followed.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND2

 On November 12, 2009, M.N., a student at Antioch High School, got a ride home 

from school with L.F. Also in the car, a green Honda Civic, were R.D., J.R., and A.V. 

After leaving the school, they encountered appellant and an unidentified companion and 

got into an argument; L.F. was in the driver’s seat of his car and appellant and his 

companion were walking on the other side of the street. Appellant’s companion 

produced a machete and used it to threaten L.F. L.F. began to drive away, and appellant 

removed a gun from his waist area. 

 

2

 On appeal we are obligated to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

juvenile court’s orders and to presume in their support the existence of every fact the 

court could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (In re V.V. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1020, 

1026.) Our factual summary reflects this standard of review. (See Pool v. City of 

Oakland (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1051, 1056, fn. 1.)
3

 M.N. saw appellant run towards the car with the gun, ducked, and heard two 

gunshots. Before the shooting, J.R. saw appellant make a hand movement by placing his 

four fingers sideways and tucking his thumb in his palm, indicating the number four. 

Appellant told L.F., “let’s go to 14th [Street]. And there we’ll kick some ass.” J.R. saw 

appellant draw a gun. J.R. ducked and he heard two shots as L.F. drove the car away. 

 At 2:56 p.m. on November 12, 2009, Antioch Police Officer Ryan Andelin was 

parked in a patrol car when he heard two gunshots. He then saw a green Honda Civic 

speed by his location. Officer Andelin drove up behind the Honda, and the Honda pulled 

over. The front passenger exited the Honda and told the officer someone had shot at the 

car. The officer could see bullet holes in the rear left window and the back of the car. 

Officer Andelin searched all of the occupants of the car but found no weapons. 

 Later that day, Officer Andelin searched appellant’s bedroom. He found a white 

piece of paper with the word “Norte” written twice in red and a rum bottle with the words 

“Norte XIV” marked in red. Antioch Police Detective James Stenger, an expert on 

gangs, testified he believed appellant was a Norteño gang member. He based his opinion 

on a four dots tattoo on appellant’s hand, appellant’s “Norteño-specific haircut,” the hand 

sign appellant flashed before the shooting, appellant’s reference to 14th Street, the 

Norteño symbols found in appellant’s bedroom, appellant’s frequent association with 

Norteño gang members, and information that appellant had relatives who were Norteño 

gang members. 

DISCUSSION 

I. The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in Relation to the Competency Determination 

 Appellant contends the juvenile court made several reversible errors in relation to 

the determination of his competency to stand trial. He contends he was constitutionally 

entitled to appointment of a neuropsychologist, the trial court abused its discretion in 

concluding the appointed psychologist was qualified, and the determination that appellant 

was competent is not supported by substantial error and based on an incorrect legal 

standard. 
4

 A. Background 

On July 12, 2010, counsel for appellant expressed doubt about appellant’s 

competency to assist in his defense due to information counsel had received regarding an 

injury suffered by appellant in December 2003. In particular, counsel informed the 

juvenile court that appellant was struck in the forehead with a bat on that occasion, and 

appellant informed a police officer that he suffered from headaches as a result of the 

injury. Counsel indicated his interactions with appellant also underlay his request, 

although he did not provide any specific information. Counsel concluded, “I do believe 

that there’s enough information here that should lead us . . . to appoint a 

neuropsychologist to perform the necessary tests to determine whether he is competent to 

proceed in the jurisdictional hearing.” The juvenile court suspended proceedings and 

ordered the appointment of an expert to evaluate appellant’s competency. After counsel 

reviewed a list of experts, the court appointed psychologist Dr. Paul Good to evaluate 

appellant and provide a report. 

 On August 27, 2010, Dr. Good submitted his report. The doctor reported that 

appellant conversed appropriately and gave no indication of severe mental illness or gross 

cognitive deficits. Appellant’s “thought process was clear, coherent and goal directed.” 

Appellant was “engrossed” in his case and the testing showed he demonstrated an 

awareness and adequate understanding of the proceedings. The doctor commented, 

“Whatever cognitive impairment he may have, they do not appear to be of such 

proportion as to be grossly interfering with his thinking on the issues.” The doctor 

concluded that appellant “is competent to be adjudicated at the present time.” 

 On September 17, 2010, appellant moved for the appointment of a 

neuropsychologist, to “conduct[ ] necessary psychological evaluations and assessments, 

and testify, if necessary, at the competency hearing or other proceedings in this case.” 

Counsel submitted a declaration in support of the motion. The declaration relayed 

information provided by Dr. Patricia Weiss, a neuropsychologist, that the type of head 

injury suffered by appellant “may result in significant long-term damage, including, but 

not limited to, [appellant’s] ability to exercise judgment, engage in rational thinking, 
5

evaluate cause and effect, and develop normally, which would comprise overall 

functioning.” Counsel asserted that appellant “has struggled in structured school 

environments since his head injury” and “experiences migraines on [a] regular basis that 

he attributes to his head injury.” On October 1, it was agreed that the juvenile court 

would rule on the motion after Dr. Good had testified at appellant’s competency hearing.

 On November 15, 2010, the date of the competency hearing, appellant moved “for 

reconsideration [of] appointment of [a] qualified expert.”3

 The motion was supported by 

a declaration from appellant’s counsel that repeated many of the averments in his 

September 17 declaration. Regarding the 2003 injury, the declaration asserted that 

appellant “received no treatment for his head injury” and that he stayed home from 

school for two months. 

 At the competency hearing, Dr. Good testified he is a clinical and forensic 

psychologist, but not a neuropsychologist. He does not do neurological testing. For 15-

20 years he has been on the court panel of psychologists and psychiatrists in six Bay Area 

counties. He has conducted 700-1,000 competency evaluations and testified regarding 

competency 40-50 times, 5-10 of which were juvenile cases. He has not testified 

regarding traumatic brain injury, although he has worked on cases involving such injury; 

he could not recall whether any of those were juvenile cases. He had specialized training 

in the late 1990s regarding juvenile competency and he keeps abreast of published works 

on juvenile competency issues. He was familiar with the published work suggesting that 

“there are developmental immaturities that can interfere with a juvenile’s understanding 

of competency.” He also pointed out that he has had a “lot of experience with 

adolescence,” in both forensic and clinical contexts. He was not familiar with a specific 

test to assess juvenile competency, but he did not think his opinion would be any 

different had he used such a test. He stated, “if you consider [appellant] as an adult, he 

would have been competent without any shadow of a doubt in my mind.” Dr. Good did 

 

3

 Although the motion was styled a motion for reconsideration, it is not clear whether the 

juvenile court had denied the original September 17 motion at the time the motion for 

“reconsideration” was filed. 
6

not keep abreast of developments in California case law on competency, but he was 

familiar with the standard of Dusky v. United States (1960) 362 U.S. 402 (Dusky) (see 

part I(D), post). 

 Dr. Good testified that the tests he administered in evaluating appellant for 

competency were “not developed to identify a neurological deficit. However, if a person 

has a deficit that impairs their competence, then I would pick it up in terms of the -- the 

data showing incompetence on a particular answer.” Dr. Good reviewed the medical 

report describing appellant’s injury to the head from a bat. From the description of the 

injury in the report, it did not appear likely appellant had suffered neurological injury. 

 The juvenile court deemed Dr. Good qualified as an expert in the evaluation of 

competency. Dr. Good testified that appellant is competent. In particular, appellant has 

the ability to consult with counsel and assist in his defense, and he has a rational 

understanding of the proceedings and the nature of the charges against him. In fact, Dr. 

Good testified appellant is “more competent than many adults that I have found 

competent.” Dr. Good did not see any signs of developmental immaturity that would 

interfere with his competence. Regarding the possibility of neurological injury, he 

testified appellant’s counsel did not provide him anything that suggested there was such 

injury, and even if there were such injury it did not interfere with appellant’s competence. 

 The juvenile court denied the motion for reconsideration regarding appointment of 

a neuropsychologist. The court found appellant was competent based on Dr. Good’s 

undisputed testimony. Among other things, the court stated, “I think Dr. Good’s 

testimony . . . was quite clear -- that if there was some neurological damage . . . then that 

damage would have shown up somehow in his assessment and there was no evidence that 

there was such damage that would impair his competence. [¶] And so I think that Dr. 

Good did take into account assessing for neurological problems that might impair 

[appellant’s] competency, but his testimony is that he found none.” 
7

 B. Appellant Did Not Have a Right To Appointment of a Neuropsychologist 

 Appellant contends he was constitutionally entitled to appointment of a 

neuropsychologist to determine his competency. His claim is based on two established 

constitutional rights. 

 First, the criminal trial of an incompetent defendant violates due process. (Medina 

v. California (1992) 505 U.S. 437, 453.) “Similarly, a child subject to delinquency 

proceedings has a due process right to a competency hearing.” (In re Christopher F.

(2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 462, 468 (Christopher F.); see also Timothy J. v. Superior Court

(2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 847, 857 (Timothy J.).) 

 Second, “[a] criminal defendant has the due process right to the assistance of 

expert witnesses, including the right to consult with a psychiatrist or psychologist, if 

necessary, to prepare his defense. [Citation.] The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to 

the United States Constitution also guarantee a defendant’s right to present the testimony 

of these expert witnesses at trial. [Citation.]” (People v. San Nicolas (2004) 34 Cal.4th 

614, 661-662.) That right is rooted in the proposition that “a criminal trial is 

fundamentally unfair if the State proceeds against an indigent defendant without making 

certain that he has access to the raw materials integral to the building of an effective 

defense.” (Ake v. Oklahoma (1985) 470 U.S. 68, 77.) Thus, the United States Supreme 

Court “has often reaffirmed that fundamental fairness entitles indigent defendants to ‘an 

adequate opportunity to present their claims fairly within the adversary system,’ 

[citation]. To implement this principle, [the Court has] focused on identifying the ‘basic 

tools of an adequate defense or appeal,’ [citation], and [has] required that such tools be 

provided to those defendants who cannot afford to pay for them.” (Ibid.) The right to the 

assistance of a psychiatric expert applies equally in California juvenile delinquency 

proceedings. (Tyrone B. v. Superior Court (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 227, 231 (Tyrone 

B.).) 

 Applied in the juvenile delinquency context, those two rights—to a competency 

determination and to the assistance of a psychiatric expert where necessary—require the 

appointment of a psychiatric expert to assess a minor’s competency where it is in doubt. 
8

(Tyrone B., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 231.) “ ‘ “Counsel cannot effectively represent 

a defendant who is unable to understand the proceedings or to rationally assist him.” 

[Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) 

 But appellant goes further. He contends his constitutional right to the assistance of 

a psychiatric expert to determine competency obligated the trial court to appoint a 

neuropsychologist to assess his competency. Appellant’s authorities do not support his 

argument. The most pertinent case cited by appellant, Doe v. Superior Court (1995) 39 

Cal.App.4th 538 (Doe), disapproved on another ground in James G. v. Superior Court

(2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 275, 283-284, does not suggest that a defendant has the right to 

determine the specific qualifications of appointed experts. In Doe, a death penalty case, 

the defendant sought appointment of an expert on Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) 

and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). (Doe, supra, 39 Cal.App.4th at p. 541.) 

The Court of Appeal held that, where the defense counsel “presented facts sufficient to 

demonstrate [defendant’s] need for a psychiatrist or psychologist with expertise in the 

fields of BWS and PTSD,” the defendant’s constitutional right to “ ‘access to a competent

psychiatrist’ ” who “ ‘will conduct an appropriate examination and assist in evaluation, 

preparation, and presentation of the defense,’ ” required the trial court to appoint an 

expert with some expertise in those areas, even if such an expert could not be found on 

the court’s panel. (Id. at pp. 543, 546, quoting Ake v. Oklahoma, supra, 470 U.S. at p. 

83.) 

 In the present case, appellant was entitled to an expert regarding competency, and 

the trial court found that Dr. Good had the requisite expertise. (Cf. Doe, supra, 39 

Cal.App.4th at p. 546 [no evidence showed whether any panel experts had experience 

with BWS and/or PTSD].) Although the record shows that appellant suffered a serious 

head injury as a child, unlike the defendant in Doe, appellant did not show that 

neurological testing was necessary to the competency determination. His motion for 

appointment of a neuropsychologist was supported only by a declaration from his counsel 

including hearsay statements about what Dr. Weiss told counsel. As described in the 

declaration, Dr. Weiss’ hearsay opinion that appellant’s injury could affect his 
9

competency was not based on any current behavior by appellant suggestive of 

neurological damage. Defense counsel’s declaration did not indicate that appellant had 

demonstrated any difficulty in assisting in the defense. (Cf. Tyrone B., supra, 164 

Cal.App.4th at p. 230 [“Counsel explained that petitioner did not have a ‘complete or 

even near complete grasp’ of court processes, participants, or potential ramifications.”].) 

Appellant did not show that any neurological problems resulting from a head injury 

would not manifest themselves in a competency examination conducted by a 

psychologist not specialized in neurology. 

 Moreover, before denying the request for appointment of Dr. Weiss, the juvenile 

court heard the testimony of Dr. Good on the issue of competency. Dr. Good testified 

appellant was competent with a significant degree of certainty. Also, although he 

admitted his assessment was not designed to identify neurological deficits, he testified 

that if any such deficits existed and impaired appellant’s competency, he would have seen 

the impact of such deficits in his examination.

 In essence, appellant contends he was entitled to a neuropsychologist to assess his 

competency simply because he suffered a significant head injury seven years earlier, 

which hypothetically could affect competency, regardless of whether there is any present 

indication he is not competent to assist in his defense. We disagree. Absent a sufficient 

showing of circumstances making clear the need for a neurological examination, the 

juvenile court did not err in failing to appoint a neurological psychologist to assess 

appellant’s competency. (See Ake v. Oklahoma, supra, 470 U.S. at p. 86 [listing 

numerous circumstances that made it “clear” that the defendant’s mental state “was a 

substantial factor in his defense”].) 

 Appellant does not have a “constitutional right to choose a psychiatrist of his 

personal liking[.]” (Ake v. Oklahoma, supra, 470 U.S. at p. 83.) Instead, he has the right 

to access an expert who is “competent” to address the relevant psychological question at 

issue, in this case his competency. (Ibid.) Appellant has not shown, in the circumstances 
10

of this case, he was constitutionally entitled to the assistance of a neuropsychologist to 

address the issue of competency.4

 C. The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in Finding Dr. Good Qualified 

 Appellant contends that, even if he was not entitled to appointment of a 

neuropsychologist, the juvenile court abused its discretion in concluding that Dr. Good 

was qualified to render an expert opinion regarding juvenile competency. In support of 

his argument, appellant asserts there have been major changes in California law 

governing juvenile competency resulting from “advances in scientific understanding of 

development of the human brain during adolescence.” He argues Dr. Good was not 

qualified to render an opinion on competency that took into consideration those 

developments. 

 We disagree. “A person is qualified to testify as an expert if he has special 

knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education sufficient to qualify him as an expert 

on the subject to which his testimony relates.” (Evid. Code, § 720, subd. (a); People v. 

Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81, 131.) The trial court is given considerable latitude in 

determining the qualifications of an expert; its ruling will not be disturbed on appeal 

unless an abuse of discretion is shown. (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 321-322.) 

A reviewing court may find error only if the witness “ ‘clearly lacks qualification as an 

 

4

 The other cases cited by defendant are facially distinguishable. (See, e.g., Porter v. 

McCollum (2009) 558 U.S. ___ , ___ [130 S.Ct. 447, 453] [defense counsel ineffective 

where he failed to investigate and present evidence of defendant’s mental health or 

mental impairment as mitigation evidence in penalty phase of capital trial]; Abdul-Kabir 

v. Quarterman (2007) 550 U.S. 233, 237, 252-256, 263-264 [jury instructions improperly 

prevented jurors from considering relevant mitigating psychological evidence in 

determination of whether to impose death penalty]; State v. Izaguirre (Idaho Ct. App. 

2008) 145 Idaho 820, 823 [trial court erred in denying a request for a neuropsychological 

evaluation to support a motion for a sentence reduction where psychologist’s affidavit 

“identified a number of factors gleaned from [the defendant’s] personal history and 

behavior that led [the psychologist] to suspect that neurocognitive abnormalities may 

have affected [the defendant’s] behavior and would affect the risk of future aggressive 

behavior”]; Fitzgerald v. State (Okla. Crim. App. 1998) 972 P.2d 1157, 1167 [the 

defendant “made a showing of need when he presented detailed evidence, including a 

psychologist’s report. . .”].) 
11

expert[.]’ ” (People v. Hogan (1982) 31 Cal.3d 815, 852, disapproved on another ground 

in People v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 771, 836.) 

 As detailed previously, Dr. Good has been a panel psychologist for 15-20 years, 

conducted 700-1,000 competency evaluations, and testified regarding competency 40-50 

times. He has received specialized training on juvenile competency, has kept abreast of 

developments in juvenile competency, and is experienced in working with adolescents. 

That Dr. Good could have demonstrated greater familiarity with the recent developments 

in research does not mean he was clearly unqualified to render an opinion on appellant’s 

competency. 

 It is not significant that Dr. Good was not familiar with three California Court of 

Appeal decisions inquired about by appellant’s counsel during the competency hearing, 

because those cases did not change the Dusky standard (see part I(D), post). Moreover, 

Dr. Good testified he did not see any signs of developmental immaturity that would 

interfere with appellant’s competency, which was the matter addressed in one of those 

decisions, Timothy J., supra, 150 Cal.App.4th 847. Another decision, Tyrone B., supra,

164 Cal.App.4th 227, held only that the juvenile court erred in failing to appoint an 

expert after the minor’s counsel expressed a doubt as to the minor’s competency; the 

juvenile court here did appoint an expert to assess competency. The final decision, In re 

Ricky S. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 232, 236 (Ricky S.), held the juvenile court erred in 

concluding that the minor was competent because he could gain an adequate 

understanding “ ‘over time.’ ” In this case, Dr. Good testified that appellant had a present 

understanding of the charges and proceedings. Notably, all three decisions applied the 

Dusky standard for determining competency; Dr. Good demonstrated familiarity with that 

standard. (Timothy J., supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 857; Tyrone B., supra, 164 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 230-231; Ricky S., supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 234.) 

 The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in finding Dr. Good qualified. 

 D. Substantial Evidence Supports the Juvenile Court’s Competency Finding

 Finally, appellant contends that the juvenile court’s order finding appellant 

competent was not supported by substantial evidence. The claim is without merit. 
12

 The standard for determining a defendant’s competency to stand trial was set forth 

in Dusky, supra, 362 U.S. 402, and the same standard applies in juvenile delinquency 

proceedings. “Under that standard, the inquiry is whether the defendant ‘ “has sufficient 

present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational 

understanding—and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the 

proceedings against him.” ’ ” (Timothy J., supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 857, quoting 

Dusky, supra, 362 U.S. at p. 402.) The test “does not define incompetency in terms of 

mental illness or disability . . . The question is cognitive, whether the defendant’s mental 

condition is such that he or she lacks that degree of rationality required by law [citation] 

so as to have ‘the mental acuity to see, hear and digest the evidence, and the ability to 

communicate with counsel in helping prepare an effective defense.’ [Citation.]” 

(Timothy J., supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 860.) The juvenile court’s competency 

determination is reviewed for substantial evidence. (Christopher F., supra, 194 

Cal.App.4th at p. 471; In re Alejandro G. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 472, 480 (Alejandro 

G.).) Substantial evidence is evidence that “inspires confidence and is of ‘ solid value.’ ” 

(People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1, 34.) It is not clear which party bears the burden 

of proof of competency (Christopher F., supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 472; Alejandro G., 

supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at pp. 481-482); for the purposes of this appeal we assume 

respondent bore the burden. 

 Appellant contends Dr. Good’s report and testimony do not reflect that he 

“inquired into or analyzed [appellant’s] cognitive development with an eye to his ability 

to rationally assist his counsel.” But the report and testimony did address cognitive 

development. For example, the report stated that appellant’s “thought process was clear, 

coherent and goal directed. His thought content was appropriate to the situation and 

contained no preoccupations, obsessions, compulsions, delusions or exaggerated 

concerns. [Appellant’s] perceptions contained no abnormalities such as auditory or 

visual hallucinations. His immediate memory was good and he recalled remote events 

easily. He displayed a concrete ability for abstract thought.” In his testimony, Dr. Good 

specifically stated he did not see any signs of developmental immaturity that would 
13

interfere with appellant’s competency. There is no evidence to the contrary, showing that 

appellant has defects in his cognitive development that affect his competency. Appellant 

also disputes Dr. Good’s statement that any neurological damage would have manifested 

itself in his testing of appellant. To wit, Dr. Good explained that “if a person has a deficit 

that impairs their competence, then I would pick it up in terms of the . . . data showing 

incompetence on a particular answer.” Even if Dr. Good was not qualified to identify any 

neurological defects, he was qualified to determine whether appellant was incompetent, 

regardless of the cause of any incompetency. As the doctor explained, “you’re 

competent or not regardless of why[.]” Appellate counsel’s skepticism is not evidence 

that can undermine Dr. Good’s testimony. 

 As explained above, Dr. Good’s report and testimony showed that appellant was 

competent under the Dusky standard. Dr. Good’s evaluation showed that appellant had 

sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational 

understanding, and he had a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings 

against him. (Dusky, supra, 362 U.S. at p. 402; Alejandro G., supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 481.) In fact, Dr. Good testified appellant was more competent than many adults he 

had concluded met the competency standard, and the doctor related a story of how 

appellant had conducted his own legal research to determine the maximum possible 

sentence applicable to the charges. This was not a close case on competency, and the 

record is devoid of any evidence showing that appellant is incompetent. Instead, 

appellant’s claim on appeal depends entirely on speculation that his childhood injury 

caused a neurological defect that rendered him incompetent in a manner entirely invisible 

to the competency assessments employed by Dr. Good. We reject that speculation and 

conclude substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding that appellant is 

competent.5

 

5

 Because the recent case law developments have not altered the Dusky standard (see part 

I(C), ante), we also reject appellant’s contention that the trial court’s finding based on Dr. 

Good’s testimony “incorporates an incorrect legal standard by reference.” 
14

II. Appellant’s Claims Regarding the Gang Charge and Sentencing Enhancements 

 Appellant next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the juvenile 

court’s findings on the count 6 charge of active participation in a criminal street gang (§ 

186.22, subd. (a); hereafter § 186.22(a)) and on the gang sentencing enhancements (§ 

186.22, subd. (b)(1); hereafter § 186.22(b)(1)) attached to counts one through five and 

seven. He contends that, in the circumstances of this case, the charge and enhancements 

could only be sustained if he committed the charged offenses in concert with another 

Norteño gang member, and there was insufficient evidence his companion was a gang 

member.6

 “We review claims of insufficient evidence by examining the entire record in the 

light most favorable to the judgment below. [Citation.] We review to determine if 

substantial evidence exists for a reasonable trier of fact to find the counts against the 

minor true beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] Substantial evidence must be 

reasonable, credible, and of solid value. [Citation.] We also presume the existence of 

every fact the lower court could reasonably deduce from the evidence in support of its 

judgment. [Citation.]” (In re Frank S. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1192, 1196.) 

 A. Legal Background to Sections 186.22(a) and (b)(1) 

 Section 186.22 is part of the California Street Terrorism Enforcement and 

Prevention Act, also known as the STEP Act. (§ 186.20.) Section 186.22 contains two 

relevant provisions, a substantive offense in subdivision (a) and a sentence enhancement 

in subdivision (b)(1). Section 186.22(a) states in pertinent part: “Any person who 

actively participates in any criminal street gang with knowledge that its members engage 

in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity, and who willfully promotes, 

furthers, or assists in any felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang” shall be 

punished as a felony or misdemeanor. Section 186.22(b)(1) provides, with exceptions 

not relevant here, that “any person who is convicted of a felony committed for the benefit 

of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang, with the specific 

 

6

 Appellant does not dispute he is a member of the Norteños and the Norteños is a 

criminal street gang within the meaning of section 186.22. 
15

intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members, shall” be 

punished by an enhanced penalty consecutive to the punishment for the felony. 

 B. Under Rodriguez, Section 186.22(a) Required Proof of Action in Concert

 The substantive offense defined in section 186.22(a) has three elements: [1] 

“Active participation in a criminal street gang, in the sense of participation that is more 

than nominal or passive. . . . [2] ‘[K]nowledge that [the gang’s] members engage in or 

have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity,’ and [3] . . . that the person ‘willfully 

promotes, furthers, or assists in any felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang.’ 

(§ 186.22(a).)” (People v. Lamas (2007) 42 Cal.4th 516, 523.) In People v. Castenada

(2000) 23 Cal.4th 743 (Castenada), the Supreme Court considered the meaning of the 

phrase “actively participates” in section 186.22(a). The court said the Legislature was 

cognizant of the holding in Scales v. United States (1961) 367 U.S. 203 (Scales) “that 

‘mere association with a group cannot be punished unless there is proof that the 

defendant knows of and intends to further its illegal aims.’ ” (Castaneda, supra, 23 

Cal.4th at p. 749.) “This explains why the Legislature expressly required in section 

186.22(a) that a defendant not only ‘actively participates’ in a criminal street gang . . ., 

but also that the defendant does so with ‘knowledge that [the gang’s] members engage in 

or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity,’ and that the defendant ‘willfully 

promotes, furthers, or assists in any felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang.’ 

These statutory elements necessary to prove a violation of section 186.22(a) exceed the 

due process requirement of personal guilt that the United States Supreme Court 

articulated in Scales[.]” (Castenada, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 749.) 

 In Rodriguez, the Supreme Court considered whether a gang member who acts 

alone in committing a felony violates section 186.22(a). (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at 

p. 1128.) The Court overruled two Court of Appeal decisions, People v. Salcido (2007) 

149 Cal.App.4th 356 and People v. Sanchez (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 1297, that held that 

a gang member acting alone could violate section 186.22(a) by promoting or furthering 

his own felonious conduct. (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1137 & fn. 8.) Instead, 

the Supreme Court focused on the Legislature’s use of the plural noun “members,” 
16

reasoning: “Section 186.22(a) speaks of ‘criminal conduct by members of that gang.’ 

(Italics added.) ‘[M]embers’ is a plural noun. The words ‘promotes, furthers, or assists’ 

are the verbs describing the defendant’s acts, which must be performed willfully. The 

phrase ‘any felonious criminal conduct’ is the direct object of these verbs. The 

prepositional phrase ‘by members of that gang’ indicates who performs the felonious 

criminal conduct. Therefore, to satisfy the third element, a defendant must willfully 

advance, encourage, contribute to, or help members of his gang commit felonious 

criminal conduct. The plain meaning of section 186.22(a) requires that felonious 

criminal conduct be committed by at least two gang members, one of whom can include 

the defendant if he is a gang member. (See § 186.22, subd. (i).)” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 

Cal.4th at p. 1132.) 

 Although the Supreme Court stated the statutory language was plain, it also 

considered the Legislature’s intent. Referencing the due process concerns discussed in 

Castaneda and Scales, the court stated, in “requiring that a person commit an underlying 

felony with at least one other gang member,” the Legislature “sought to avoid punishing 

mere gang membership[.]” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1134.) Rodriguez further 

explained, “It is established . . . that one need not have the specific intent to promote, 

further, or benefit the gang to violate section 186.22(a), nor must one commit a gangrelated felony. . . . [I]n considering the STEP Act, ‘the Legislature was careful to observe 

that “mere membership [in a gang] is not punishable under the bill. The United States 

Supreme Court has held that mere association with a group cannot be punished unless 

there is proof that the defendant knows of and intends to further its illegal aims. 

[Citation.] This bill imposes sanctions on active participation in the gang only when the 

defendant knows about and specifically intends to further the criminal activity; or where 

he knows of the criminal activity and willfully promotes, furthers, or assists it.” ’ 

[Citation.] The Legislature thus recognized the constitutional prohibition against 

punishing mere gang membership, and its use of the plural ‘members’ in section 

186.22(a) reflected the Legislature’s attempt to provide a nexus between the felonious 

conduct and gang activity that avoided the concerns raised in Scales. [Citation.] The 
17

Attorney General’s interpretation that a gang member may satisfy the statute simply by 

committing a felony alone reads out of the statute the nexus between defendant’s conduct 

and gang activity that the Legislature put in the statute by requiring one act with another 

gang member.” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1135.) 

 In the present case there was no substantial evidence appellant’s companion was a 

Norteño gang member. There was no evidence he wore any gang indicia, flashed gang 

signs, or made comments including gang references. Even if the juvenile court could 

reasonably infer the companion was aware appellant was a member of the Norteños 

based on comments made by appellant and the gang sign flashed by appellant, that did 

not provide an adequate basis for the court to infer appellant’s companion was a gang 

member, rather than merely a friend of appellant’s or a nonmember affiliate of the gang. 

(See In re Daniel C. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1362 [referring to finding that minor 

was a gang “affiliate” rather than a “gang member”].) Gang expert Stenger’s testimony 

that a police detective told him a certain Norteño gang member “was identified as 

possibly being the subject with the machete” also did not constitute substantial evidence. 

Although the trial court qualified Stenger as an expert on criminal gang activity (see 

Evid. Code, § 720, subd. (a)), that did not encompass rendering an opinion on whether 

appellant’s companion was a particular individual. In any event, Stenger did not render 

any such opinion, and the uncertain, unexplained, and uncorroborated hearsay related in 

his testimony did not constitute substantial evidence. (See In re Lucero L. (2000) 22 

Cal.4th 1227, 1244-1245 [“Except in those instances recognized by statute where the 

reliability of hearsay is established, ‘hearsay evidence alone “is insufficient to satisfy the 

requirement of due process of law, and mere uncorroborated hearsay does not constitute 

substantial evidence. [Citation.]” ’ [Citations.]”].) 
18

 Because there was no substantial evidence appellant’s companion was a gang 

member, we must reverse the juvenile court’s finding sustaining the gang participation 

charge.7

 C. Section 186.22(b)(1) Did Not Require Proof of Action in Concert 

 Section 186.22(b)(1) contains two prongs: proof that a felony was committed (1) 

“for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang,” 

and (2) “with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by 

gang members[.]” (§ 186.22(b)(1); see also People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 59.) 

Appellant does not dispute there is sufficient evidence on the first prong, that the assault 

was committed for the benefit of the Norteños. Instead, he contends there is insufficient 

evidence regarding the intent prong which, he argues, requires a showing he promoted, 

furthered, or assisted criminal conduct by another gang member. Although Rodriguez

was not directly confronted with the question of whether section 186.22(b)(1) requires a 

showing that the defendant acted in concert with other gang members, the Supreme Court 

made it clear that no such showing is necessary to imposition of the sentencing 

enhancement. 

Rodriguez pointed out that the gang participation offense and the gang sentencing 

enhancement “strike at different things.” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1138.) In 

particular, section 186.22(b)(1) punishes felonies committed with the specific intent to 

benefit the gang, while section 186.22(a) punishes action in concert between gang 

members regardless of whether the felony was gang-related. (Rodriguez, supra, 55 

Cal.4th at p. 1138.) In rejecting a contention it would be absurd to exempt a lone actor 

gang member from the coverage of section 186.22(a), the Supreme Court made it clear it 

did not interpret section 186.22(b)(1) as requiring proof of action in concert. The court 

stated, “A lone gang member who commits a felony will not go unpunished; he or she 

will be convicted of the underlying felony. Further, such a gang member would not be 

 

7

 We need not and do not address appellant’s argument that, with respect to the second 

element of section 186.22(a), “no evidence was adduced as to [appellant’s] knowledge of 

the gang’s criminal activities.” 
19

protected from having that felony enhanced by section 186.22(b)(1), which applies to 

‘any person who is convicted of a felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, 

or in association with any criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, 

further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members. . . .’ Because the gang 

enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1) requires both that the felony be gang related and 

that the defendant act with a specific intent to promote, further, or assist the gang, these 

requirements provide a nexus to gang activity sufficient to alleviate due process concerns. 

[Citation.] Furthermore, we note that the lone perpetrator’s punishment under the 

sentencing enhancement would be more substantial than that imposed for a defendant 

who violates section 186.22(a).” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 1138-1139, fn. 

omitted.) In a concurrence, Justice Baxter pointed out that the relevant language in 

sections 186.22(a) and 186.22(b)(1) is not identical, justifying different conclusions with 

respect to whether proof of action in concert is required. (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at 

p. 1139, conc. opn. of Baxter, J.)

 Even though Rodriguez’s comments on section 186.22(b)(1) are dicta, the court’s 

dicta generally should be followed, particularly where the comments reflect the court’s 

considered reasoning. (Hubbard v. Superior Court (1997) 66 Cal.App.4th 1163, 1169 

[“When the Supreme Court has conducted a thorough analysis of the issues and such 

analysis reflects compelling logic, its dictum should be followed.”]; see also In re 

Brittany M. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1396, 1403.) In the present case, the court’s 

construction of section 186.22(b)(1) was not tangential; it pointed to the availability of 

the sentencing enhancement as reassurance that its interpretation of section 186.22(a) 

would not leave gang members who commit solo gang-related felonies inadequately 

punished. (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1139.) Because the court’s statements in 

dicta were not “inadvertent” or “ill-considered” (Jaramillo v. State of California (1978) 

81 Cal.App.3d 968, 971), we follow Rodriguez in holding that a showing of action in 

concert between gang members was not necessary to sustain the section 186.22(b)(1) 
20

gang enhancements.8

 We affirm the juvenile court’s findings sustaining the sentencing 

enhancements to counts one through five and seven. 

III. Appellant’s Discriminatory Enforcement Claim

 Appellant contends the findings on the gang participation count (§ 186.22(a)) and 

the gang sentencing enhancements (§ 186.22(b)(1)) should be reversed because 

enforcement of those provisions of the STEP Act (§ 186.20 et seq.) constitutes 

discriminatory prosecution. A claim of discriminatory prosecution “goes . . . to a defect 

of constitutional dimension in the initiation of the prosecution. [Citations.] The defect 

lies in the denial of equal protection to persons who are singled out for a prosecution that 

is ‘deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other 

arbitrary classification.’ [Citation.]” (Baluyut v. Superior Court (1996) 12 Cal.4th 826, 

831.) “[T]he defendant must prove: (1) ‘that he has been deliberately singled out for 

prosecution on the basis of some invidious criterion:’ and (2) that ‘the prosecution would 

not have been pursued except for the discriminatory design of the prosecuting 

authorities.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Superior Court (Hartway) (1977) 19 Cal.3d 338, 

348.) 

 Appellant contends the allegations under the STEP Act constituted discriminatory 

prosecution because Detective Stenger had received substantial training relating only to 

Hispanic gangs. We conclude the claim is not cognizable on appeal because the issue 

was not raised in the juvenile court. (See In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 880-881 

(Sheena K.) The Supreme Court has directed that claims of discriminatory prosecution 

should be raised through a pretrial motion to dismiss. (Murgia v. Municipal Court (1975) 

15 Cal.3d 286, 293-294, fn. 4.) Appellant argues this court can resolve his claim because 

 

8

 Our holding is also supported by People v. Hill (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 770, which 

concluded that the section 186.22(b)(1) sentencing enhancement could be imposed based 

on a defendant’s intent to promote his own criminal conduct in the charged offense. (Id., 

at p. 774 [“There is no requirement in section 186.22, subdivision (b), that the 

defendant’s intent to enable or promote criminal endeavors by gang members must relate 

to criminal activity apart from the offense defendant commits. . . . Therefore, defendant’s 

own criminal threat qualified as the gang-related criminal activity. No further evidence 

on this element was necessary.”].) 
21

the forfeiture rule does not apply to “constitutional challenges that present ‘pure 

questions of law[.]’ ” (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 884.) However, appellant’s 

claim does not present a pure question of law because there are numerous facts that are 

potentially relevant to his claim. For example, the record does not disclose what training 

Detective Stenger received regarding non-Hispanic gangs, whether other local law 

enforcement officers were experts on non-Hispanic gangs, whether there are local nonHispanic gangs, whether appellant’s prosecution under the STEP Act was causally related 

to the training received by Detective Stenger, and how often the STEP Act is used in the 

prosecution of any non-Hispanic gangs. 

 Appellant’s claim of discriminatory prosecution has been forfeited. Appellant has 

also forfeited his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to support the claim 

with reasoned argument and citations to authority. (Badie v. Bank of America (1998) 67 

Cal.App.4th 779, 784-785.) 

IV. The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in its Disposition

 Appellant contends the juvenile court abused its discretion in committing him to 

the Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ)9

 because there was insufficient evidence to support 

a finding of probable benefit to him. 

 In reviewing a DJJ commitment for abuse of discretion (In re Angela M. (2003) 

111 Cal.App.4th 1392, 1396 (Angela M.), we must indulge all reasonable inferences to 

support the juvenile court’s decision and will not disturb its findings if they are supported 

by substantial evidence. (In re Robert H. (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 1317, 1329-1330.) The 

record must demonstrate both a probable benefit to the minor by a DJJ commitment and 

the inappropriateness or ineffectiveness of less restrictive alternatives. (Angela M., 

supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 1396.) These criteria must be considered in conjunction 

with the purposes underlying the juvenile court law, including the “protection and safety 

 

9

 The California Youth Authority (CYA) was renamed the California Department of 

Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Juvenile Justice, effective July 1, 2005. 

(Gov. Code, §§ 12838, 12838.5, 12838.13; see also In re Jose T. (2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 

1142, 1145, fn. 1.) 
22

of the public” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 202, subd. (a)) and “care, treatment, and guidance 

that is consistent with [the minors’] best interest, that holds them accountable for their 

behavior, and that is appropriate for their circumstances.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 202, 

subd. (b).) (See In re Jimmy P. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1679, 1684.) “Although the DJJ 

is normally a placement of last resort, there is no absolute rule that a DJJ commitment 

cannot be ordered unless less restrictive placements have been attempted. [Citations.] A 

DJJ commitment is not an abuse of discretion where the evidence demonstrates a 

probable benefit to the minor from the commitment and less restrictive alternatives would 

be ineffective or inappropriate. [Citation.]” (In re M.S. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1241, 

1250.) “[I]t is not merely the programs at DJJ which provide a benefit to [a] minor, but 

the secure setting as well.” (In re Jonathan T. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 474, 486.) 

 In the present case, the probation report pointed out that appellant had been on 

probation since he was 12 years old and had committed a range of criminal offenses. The 

report recommended, “Due to the minor’s on-going criminal behavior, complete 

disregard for the safety of others and for the protection of the community it is 

recommended the minor be removed from the community and placed in a secure facility. 

The [DJJ] offers this option and is recommended for this minor. With a commitment to 

the DJJ, the minor will have the opportunity to benefit from the reformatory and 

educational services offered there. While at the DJJ, the minor will be contained in a 

secure, highly structured and closely supervised environment. He will be given the 

opportunity to complete his high school education and participate in counseling to 

address his behaviors, the impact of crime on its victims, and other socialization and 

decision making skills. Hopefully the minor will take this opportunity to examine his 

behavior and develop appropriate ways on how to handle himself in the community.” 

The juvenile court followed that recommendation in stating, “I do find local resources are 

inappropriate in rehabilitation of this young man. I find he’s too dangerous. We do not 

have a secure placement for a length of time that would provide the rehabilitation he 

needs and the safety to the community. I do find the mental and physical qualifications 
23

of the minor will render it probable that he’ll be rehabilitated and helped by the 

reformatory and discipline or treatment provided by the [DJJ].” 

 The court’s commitment of appellant to DJJ was well within its discretion. 

Appellant’s offenses and criminal history support the court’s finding that he was too 

dangerous to be confined in a less structured facility. The court also found that DJJ 

would be beneficial to appellant. Appellant disputes the court’s finding that his mental 

qualifications made a DJJ commitment suitable. He contends the court could not have 

made the determination in the absence of results from a neuropsychological examination. 

However, the juvenile court had the benefit of a psychological examination by Dr. Good 

that found that appellant was competent and uncovered no evidence of significant mental 

deficiencies. Appellant failed to present any evidence to the court to the contrary, beyond 

the bare fact of his injury over seven years before the date of the disposition. Appellant 

has presented no authority that the court was required to obtain a neurological report 

before making a disposition in the circumstances of this case. Any other objections to the 

disposition have been forfeited for lack of support by reasoned argument with citations to 

authority. (Badie v. Bank of America, supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at pp. 784-785.) 
24

DISPOSITION 

 We reverse the juvenile court’s jurisdictional finding on count six and remand for 

further proceedings consistent with this decision. 

 

 SIMONS, J. 

We concur. 

 

JONES, P.J. 

 

BRUINIERS, J.