PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Prd gsogges = 99 98S 950 OT 50 40 0 20S SCO
u crt

tr
Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5

> !
= ied TURA
3 st
$
Sg —} \
3 & 4133
= 100)
3 +0
S 200 :
x \.
iS
> -
= 300) =o
x
é =)

“5

~600!

O O12 5 1 2 5 0 20 30 40 50 0 70 8 9 9 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Tura, Krasnoyarsk Territory, U.S.S.R.

64-16 N, 100-14 E. 147 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 12002 (0700 and 1900 LST)
8/57 - 11/59

Station is located on the bank of the Lower Tunguska River. Severe
continental climate. Precipitation 10 to 16 inches/yr.

115

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99:98 9590807060 50 40 30 0k SC
300) —— T= I

= TT 71

Cumulative Distribution of the +
200! Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer

WIESBADEN

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

00) 4
Oo 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Wiesbaden, Germany (Federal Republic)

50-03 N, 08-20 E. 140 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (0400 and 1600 LST)
8/50 - 5/57

Analyzed by Stan Doran, Telcom, Inc., McClean, Virginia

Temperature (°F): January 37/28; July 74/57

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 27; July 54

Precipitation (inches): Annual 18.5; August 2.52; April 0.91
Located on the north side of the Rhine Valley, just below the junction

of the Rhine with the Main River. A continental climate modified by
exposure to maritime air masses.

120

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 999895908070 0 50 40 30 0 OS
300 Tt ‘—'

Ol

——a I
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer A
= iy VLADIVOSTOK ;
BS February ——— May 48
S — August +++ ++ November | | |
Ss 0 !
= -| D 4133
S100 Tae ET
& S
iS}
x “ey F aloe
§ -200 ——
» ~N
IS
> .
= -309 4-1
x
&
K  -400)
&
~501
~600
O 6051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 20 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Vladivostok, U.S.S.R.

43-07 N, 131-54 E. 138 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 00002 (0900 LST)
8/52 - 8/62
Temperature (°F): January 13/0; July 71/60
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 23.6; August 4.7; January 0.3

Located at the southern tip of a peninsula extending into Peter the
Great Bay. The harbor freezes in winter, but is kept open by
icebreakers. Temperate climate, affected by monsoon in summer and
Siberian air masses in winter; warm, wet summers and very cold, dry
winters.

117

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 -98_—S 950 BO 0 40 30 20 tO
300 ‘ars a

—————
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer ;

= VERKHOYANSK
3 February ———May 4st
= ——— August . “November
> 0 U
= 133
S 109 allo
Q
3 {<0
§ -200
»
&
> .
= 300] 4.
x
&
& 400)

~500]

800!

O 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Verkhoyansk, North Yakut, U.S.S.R.

67-33 N, 133-23 E. 135 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 12002 (0900 and 2100 LST)
8/57 - 11/59

Temperature (°F): January -54/-63; July 66/47

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 5.3; July 1.1; March 0.1

Located on the bank of the Yana River, 385 miles north-northeast of
Yakutsk. This station is north of the Arctic Circle in one of the
earth's coldest areas--the lowest recorded temperature is -90°F. A
severe continental climate.

116

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 gogg98 §=— 99 98—_— 95H 0G OS
300) ss a se a oe a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /0O -meter Layer

WASHINGTON, D.C.

133

if

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
8
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

600!
Oo O42 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 70 8 0 9 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Washington, D.C.

38-51 N, 77-02 W. 20 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LST)
8/52 - 11/52
0300, 0900, 1500, 21002
2/53 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 44/30; July 87/69

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 26; July 65

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 40.8; August 4.90; February 2.47

Located at the junction of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers about 30 miles
from Chesapeake Bay; the surrounding country is rolling and wooded. Main-
ly a continental temperate climate, but influenced by proximity to large
bay and the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Appalachian Mountains to west.
Warm, humid summers and relatively mild winters, but occasionally severe
winter storms bring very cold temperatures and snow.

119


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

pnd gg9908 99 9895 0 BD 0 40 30 0S OS
7 Ir

————
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
jin the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
= s
4 der
8
Sg \
= 4133
S100
oO
nS >
§ 200 : |
» r aD
iS 7
= 300 <j 4.)
S N,
& \
&
& ~400)
‘ t\
:
\
~500]
\
600!
O O51.2 5 | 2 5 1 20-30 40 50 6 7 8 % 95 98 99  9a8cg9 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Tan An, Viet Nam
10-32 N, 106-23 E.

Data: Radiosonde .

10

meters MSL

19 Jan. - 5 April 1970

Located in the delta region about 25 miles southwest of Saigon.

humid, tropical monsoon climate.

(See Long Xuyen and Saigon)

111

A

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99:98 95908070 50 40 30 0k OC
300 a ee ET

T | os
+ Cumulative Distribution of the
200 MW Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer 5
= ol WAKE ISLAND .
BY February ——— May ai xe
Se ee August --- -- - November iS
Sg S 1g
2 ERE +4133 g
= 100) 8
8 &
g > z=
S200] &
S g
Ss w
SS. xs
R 300 =i 5
& u
& e
$ ~400) &
~500}

ot) 0.1.2 5 | 2 5 10 20 30 40 50-60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Wake Island, Pacific

19-17 N, 166-39 E. 4 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 1200Z (1100 and 2300 LST)
8/58 - 5/63

Temperature (°F): January 82/73; July 87/77

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 67; July 74

Precipitation (inches): Annual 36.9; August 7.08; January 1.14

This is part of a coral atoll; the three islands (Wake, Peale, and
Wilkes) total less than 3 sq. miles in area; highest terrain only 20 ft.
Maritime climate with prevailing easterly trade winds of 12 mph or higher
throughout the year. Sky seldom completely overcast or clear. No fog.

118


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Rae 999998 99 989590; «8070 60 50 40 30 20H OS
I

Ol

TT ul a T a a TI
Cumulative Distribution of the
200! Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !0O-meter Layer 5

= a TATOOSH ISLAND |
3 February ——— May 4
>= i August +--+ + “November
S !
& == 4133
S100
Q
3 |e
§ -200
»
iS
> .
FS ee +1
x
=
& \

~500)

600!

O 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 9 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Tatoosh Island, Washington

48-23 N, 124-44 W. 26 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1900 and 0700 LST)
8/52 - 5/57 0

Temperature (°F): January 45/39; July 59/51

Precipitation (inches): Annual 80.7; December 12.7; July 1.8

Station is located on a small island off Cape Flattery on the northwest

coast of Washington. A cool, maritime climate with rainy winters.

114

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
we 999998 999895908070 O50 40 302 5 2 1 52 05
r I tr

—a —— ss r
Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
a in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer 5
S TATENO a
& 09 += 4st
o \ Ss
R
= SY 5
3 0 it a | &
= ee 4133
% g
7 3
& 100) 3
8 og
§ -209 ; E
» + q
S i la
S x
& 300) T 4-| =
ns u
& c
& ~400) €
i
-500| T
+++ t t
7 i

on 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Tateno, Japan

36-03 N, 140-08 E. 27 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000Z (0900 LST)
8/58 - 2/62 and 8/62 - 5/63

(Data below are for Tokyo International Airport: 35-33 N, 139-45 E)
Temperature (°F): January 47/29; July 83/70

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 31; July 72
Precipitation (inches): Annual 61.6; September 9.20; January 1.90

Station at air base near Tokyo; on east side of Honshu Island. Low
alluvial plains in vicinity. Humid temperate climate.

113


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

1.05

99.99 999998 99-98
300

9590-8070 60 50 40:30 20S
rT T

Se i
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
= ‘0 N TASHKENT :
3 February ———May 48
S PTT PNET ooo August ++» +» November
> 0 |
0
133
s ee
© -100 =
Q
8 ©
S -200
x
&
Sa
= -309 I
x
nS
i -400]
&
-500}
600! i
OO 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Tashkent, Uzbekistan, U.S.S.R.

41-20 N, 69-18 E.

Data: Radiosonde.

Temperature (°F):

Precipitation (inches) :

478 meters MSL

00002 (0500 LST)
5/59 - 8/62

January 37/21; July 92/64

Annual 14.7; March 2.6; August and Sept. 0.1

Located on Chirchik River, on the northwestern edge of the Tien Shan
Mountains, in the basin of the middle course of the Syrdarya.
continental climate, semi-arid, with mild winters and hot, dry

summers.

112

A

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k